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CLASSICAL DICTIONARY; 

CONTAINING 

A COPIOUS ACCOUNT 

OF ALL THE PROPER NAMES 

MENTIONED IN ANCIENT AUTHORS; 
WITH 

THE VALUE OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES, 

USED AMONG THE GREEKS AND ROMANS; 

AND 

A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



BY J. LEMPRIERE, D.D. 



THIRD AMERICAN EDITION. 

PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED BY JAMES CRISSY. 

J. MAXWELL, PRINTER. 

1822. 






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Brown University 
JUL % 7 1934 



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I TO RICHARD VALPY, D.D. F.A.S 



&c. &c. &c. 
THIS EDITION 

OF 

A WORK UNDERTAKEN AND IMPROVED 
UNDER HIS AUSPICES, 

LS 

GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED 

BY 

THE AUTHOR, 



PREFACE. 



In the following pages it has been the wish of the Author, to give the 
most accurate and satisfactory account of all the proper names which oc- 
cur in reading the Classics, and by a judicious collection of anecdotes and 
historical facts, to draw a picture of ancient times, not less instructive 
than entertaining. Such a work, it is hoped, will not be deemed an use- 
less acquisition in the hands of the public; and while the student is initia- 
ted in the knowledge of history and mythology, and familiarized with the an- 
cient situation and extent of kingdoms and cities that no longer exist, the 
man of letters may, perhaps, find it not a contemptible companion, from 
which he may receive information, and be made, a second time, acquainted 
with many important particulars which time, or more laborious occupations, 
may have erased from his memory. In the prosecution of his plan, the au- 
thor has been obliged to tread in the steps of many learned men, whose 
studies have been directed, and not without success, to facilitate the attain- 
ment of classical knowledge, and the ancient languages. Their composi- 
tions have been to him a source of information, and he trusts that their la- 
bours have now found new elucidation in his own, and that, by a due con- 
sideration of every subject, he has been enabled to imitate their excellen- 
cies, without copying their faults. Many compositions of the same nature 
have issued from the press, but they are partial and unsatisfactory. The at- 
tempts to be concise, have rendered the labours of one barren and unin- 
structive, while long and unconnected quotations of passages, from Greek 
and Latin writers, disfigure the page of the other, and render the whole 
insipid and disgusting. It cannot, therefore, be a discouraging employ- 
ment now, to endeavour to finish what others have left imperfect, and, 
with the conciseness of Stephens, to add the diffuse researches of Lloyd, 
Hoffman, Collier, &c. After paying due attention to the ancient poets 
and historians, from whom the most authentic information can be received, 
the labours of more modern authors have been consulted, and every com- 
position, distinguished for the clearness and perspicuity of historical nar- 
ration, or geographical descriplions, has been carefully examined. Truly 
Sensible of what he owes to modern Latin and English writers and com- 
mentators, the author must not forget to make a public acknowledgment of 
the assistance he has likewise received from the labours of the French. In 
the Siecles Payens of l'Abbe Sabatier de Castres, he has found all the in- 
formation which judicious criticism, and a perfect knowledge of heathen 
mythology, could procure. The compositions of PAbb€ Banier, have alsa 



vi PREFACE. 

been useful; and in the Dictionaire Historique, of a literary society, print- 
ed at Caen, a treasure of original anecdotes, and a candid selection and 
arrangement of historical facts have been discovered. 

It was the original design of the author of this Dictionary to give a mi- 
nute explanation of all the names of which Pliny, and other ancient geo- 
graphers, make mention; but, upon a second consideration of the subject, 
he was convinced, that it would have increased his volume in bulk, and not 
in value. The learned reader will be sensible of the propriety of this re- 
mark, when he recollects, that the names of many places mentioned by 
Pliny and Pausanias, occur no where else in ancient authors, and that to 
find the true situation of an insignificant village, mentioned by Strabo, no 
other writer but Strabo is to be consulted. 

This Dictionary being undertaken more particularly for the use of 
schools, it has been thought proper to mark the quantity of the penultimate 
of every word, and to assist the student who can receive no fixed and po- 
sitive rules for pronunciation. In this the authority of Smethius has been 
followed, as also Leedes's edition of Labbe's Catholici Indices. 

As every publication should be calculated to facilitate literature, and to 
be serviceable to the advancement of the sciences, the author of this Dic- 
tionary did not presume to intrude himself upon the public, before he was 
sensible that his humble labours would be of some service to the lovers of 
the ancient languages. The undertaking was for the use of schools, there- 
fore he thought none so capable of judging of its merit, and of ascertaining 
its utility, as those who preside over the education of youth. With this 
view, he took the liberty to communicate his intentions to several gentle- 
men in that line, not less distinguished for purity of criticism, than for their 
classical abilities, and from them he received all the encouragement which 
the desire of contributing to the advancement of learning can expect. To 
them, therefore, for their approbation and friendly communications, he pub- 
licly returns his thanks, and hopes, that, now his labours are completed, his 
Dictionary may claim from them that patronage, and that support, to which, 
in their opinion, the specimen of the work seemed to be entitled. He has 
paid due attention to their remarks, he has received with gratitude their 
judicious observations, and cannot pass over in silence their obliging recom- 
mendations, and particularly the friendly advice he has received from the 
Rev. R. Valpy, master of Reading school. 

For the account of the Roman laws, and for the festivals celebrated by 
the ancient inhabitants of Greece and Italy, he is particularly indebted to 
the useful collections of Archbishop Potter, of Godwyn, and Kennet. In 
the tables of ancient coins, weights, and measures, which he has annexed 
to the body of the Dictionary, he has followed the learned calculations of 
Dr. Arbuthnot. The quoted authorities have been carefully examined, and 
frequently revised; and, it is hoped, the opinions of myth ologists will appear 
without confusion, and be found devested of all obscurity. 

Therefore, with all the confidence which an earnest desire of being use- 
ful can command, the author offers the following pages to the public, con- 
scious that they may contain inaccuracies and imperfections. A Dictiona- 
ry, the candid reader is well aware, cannot be made perfect all at once; it 
must still have its faults and omissions, however cautious and vigilant the 
author may have been, and in every page there may be found, in the opinion 



PREFACE. vii 



of some, room for improvement, and for addition. Before the candid, there- 
fore, and the impartial, he lays his publication, and for whatever observa- 
tions the friendly critic may make, he will show himself grateful, and take 
advantage of the remarks of every judicious reader, should the favours and 
the indulgence of the public demand a second edition. 



PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD, 
NOVEMBER, 1788. 



The very favourable reception which the first edition of the Classical 
Dictionary has met from the public, fully evinces the utility of the perform- 
ance. From the consciousness of this, the author has spared no pains to 
render this second edition more deserving of the same liberal patronage. 
The hints of friends, and the animadversions of critics, have been carefully 
adopted, and almost every article has been corrected and improved. New 
names have not only been introduced, but the date of events has been 
more exactly ascertained; and, therefore, to such as compare the two edi- 
tions, the improvements will appear numerous and important in everj 
page. 

In answer to those gentlemen who have objected against the smallness 
of the print, and have recommended a larger type, the author begs leave 
to observe, that it has been found impracticable to remove the inconvenience; 
so much matter could not have been well compressed in one octavo; and 
it must be remembered, that the book is intended as a volume of occasional 
reference, and, therefore, that it cannot long fatigue the eye. 

It will be found not an unnecessary addition, to have an account of the best 
editions of each classic at the end of the respective character of the authors. 
Dr. Harwood's plan has in general been attended to, but the price has not 
been inserted from its great fluctuation, which often depends more upon 
the caprice of opinion than upon real value. 

The chronological table prefixed to the Dictionary will, it is hoped, be 
acknowledged universally useful. It has been compiled with great accu- 
racy, and chiefly extracted from "The Chronology and history of the 
World, by Dr. J. Blair, folio edition, 1754;" and from Archbishop Usher's 
" Annales Veteris et Novi Testamenti," printed at Geneva, folio, 1734. 

LONDON, JULY, 1792. 



TiU PREFACE. 

The improvements introduced into this third edition will be discovered 
to be numerous and essential. The author would have recommended his 
work to the same liberal patronage which the public have already extended 
to the two preceding impressions, without apology, did he not conceive 
that some answer is due to the preface of the Bibliotheca Classica, publish- 
ed at Daventer in Holland, in the year 1794. The anonymous editor, 
whose language proves his abilities as a scholar, after reflecting with unbe- 
coming severity upon the first edition of this work, has not only been guid- 
ed by the same plan, he has not only laterally translated and adopted as his 
own, verbatim, almost every article, but he has followed the original so closely, 
as even faithfully to copy some of the errors which the second edition, publish- 
ed in 1792, corrected, and which, in a composition so voluminous and so com- 
plex, it is not possible for the most minute attention to avoid. Such an at- 
tack must, therefore, be deemed as illiberal as it is unfriendly; but, how- 
ever, far from wishing to detract from the merit of judgment and perseve- 
rance in the translator, the author considers himself indebted to him for 
the elegance and the correctness of the language in which he has made the 
Dictionary appear in a Latin dress, and consequently for the recommen- 
dation which he has given to his labours among the learned on the Conti- 
nent. 

ABINGDON, 
FEBRUARY, 1797. 



PREFACE. 

In the following pages it has been the wish of the author to give the 
most accurate and satisfactory account of all the proper names which occur 
in reading the Classics, and by a judicious collection of anecdotes and his- 
torical facts, to draw a picture of ancient times, not less instructive than en- 
tertaining. Such a work, it is hoped, will not be deemed an useless acqui- 
sition in the hands of the public; and while the student is initiated in the 
knowledge of history and mythology, and familiarized with the ancient situa- 
tion and extent of kingdoms and cities that no longer exist, the man of 
letters may, perhaps* find it not a contemptible companion, from which he 
may receive information, and be made, a second time, acquainted with ma- 
ny important particulars which time, or more laborious occupations, may 
have erased from his memory. In the prosecution of his plan, the author 
has been obliged to tread in the steps of many learned men, whose studies 
have been directed, and not without success, to facilitate the attainment of 
classical knowledge, and the ancient languages. Their compositions have 
been to him a source of information, and he trusts that their labours have 
now found new elucidation in his own, and that, by a due consideration of 
everv subject, he has been enabled to imitate their excellencies, without 
copying their faults. Many compositions of the same nature have issued 
from the press, but they are partial and unsatisfactory. The attempts to 
be concise, have rendered the labours of one barren and uninstructive, 
while long and unconnected quotations of passages, from Greek and Latin 
writers, disfigure the page of the other, and render the whole insipid and 
disgusting. It cannot, therefore, be a discouraging employment now to en- 
deavour to finish what others have left imperfect, and, with the concise- 
ness of Stephens, to add the diffuse researches of Lloyd, Hoffman, Collier, 
&c. After paying due attention to the ancient poets and historians, from 
whom the most authentic information can be received, the labours of more 
modern authors have been consulted, and every composition, distinguished 
for the clearness and perspicuity of historical narration, or geographical 
descriptions, has been carefully examined. Truly sensible of what he 
owes to modern Latin and English writers and commentators, the author 
must not forget to make a public acknowledgment of the assistance he 
has likewise received from the labours of the French. In the Siecles Pay- 
ens of l'Abbe Sabatier de Castres, he has found all the information which 
judicious criticism, and a perfect knowledge of heathen mythology, could 
procure. The compositions of l'Abbe Banier, have aiso been useful; and 
in the Dictionaire Historique, of a literary society, printed at Caen, a trea- 
sure of original anecdotes and a candid selection and arrangement of his- 
torical facts, have been discovered. 

It was the original design of the author of this Dictionary to give a mi- 
nute explanation of all the names of which Pliny, and other ancient geogra- 
phers, make mention; but upon a second consideration of the subject,he was 
convinced, that it would have increased his volume in bulk, and not in va- 
lue. The learned reader will be sensible of the propriety of this remark, 
when he recollects, that the names of many places mentioned by Pliny and 
Pausanias occur no where else in ancient authors, and that to find the true 

B 



vi PREFACE. 

situation of an insignificant village, mentioned by Strabo, no other writer 
but Strabo is to be consulted. 

This Dictionary being undertaken more particularly for the use of 
schools, it has been thought proper to mark the quantity of the penulti- 
mate of every word, and to assist the student who can receive no fixed and 
positive rules for pronunciation. In this the authority of Smethius has 
been followed, as also Leedes's edition of Labbe's Cathoiici Indices. 

As every^ublication should be calculated to facilitate literature, and to 
be serviceable to the advancement of the sciences, -the author of this Dic- 
tionary did not presume to intrude himself upon the public, before he was 
sensible that his humble labours would be of some service to the lovers of 
the ancient languages. The undertaking was for the use of schools, there- 
fore he thought none so capable of judging of its merit, and of ascertaining 
its utility, as those who preside over the education of youth. With this 
view, he took the liberty to communicate his intentions to several gentle- 
men in that line, not less distinguished for purity of criticism, than for their 
classical abilities, and from them he received all the encouragement which 
the desire of contributing to the advancement of learning can expect. To 
them, therefore, for their approbation and friendly communications, he 
publicly returns his thanks, and hopes, that, now his labours are comple- 
ted, his Dictionary may claim from them that patronage, and that support, 
to which, in their opinion, the specimen of the work seemed to be entitled. 
He has paid due attention to their remarks; he has received with gratitude 
their judicious observations, and cannot pass over in silence their obliging 
recommendations, and particularly the friendly advice he has received from 
the Rev. R Valpy, master of Reading school. 

For the account of the Roman laws, and for the festivals celebrated by 
the ancient inhabitants of Greece and Italy, he is particularly indebted to 
the useful collections of Archbishop Potter, of Godwyn, and Kennet. In 
the tables of ancient coins, weights and measures, which he has annexed 
to the body of the Dictionary, he has followed the learned calculations of 
Dr. Arbuthnot. The quoted authorities have been carefully examined, 
and frequently revised; and, it is hoped, the opinions of rnythologists will 
appear without confusion, and be found devested of all obscurity. 

Therefore, with all the confidence which an earnest desire of being use- 
ful can command, the author offers the following pages to the public, con- 
scious that they may contain inaccuracies and imperfections. A Dictiona- 
ry, the candid reader is well aware, cannot be made perfect all at once; it 
must still have its faults and omissions, however cautious and vigilant the 
author may have been, and in every page there may be found, in the opin- 
ion of some, room for improvement, and for addition. Before the candid, 
therefore, and the impartial, he lays his publication, and for whatever ob- 
servations the friendly critic may make, he will show himself grateful, and 
take advantage of the remarks of every judicious reader, should the fa- 
vours and the indulgence of the public demand a second edition. 

PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD, 
NOVEMBER, 1788. 



PREFACE. vii 

T HE very favourable reception which the first edition of the Classical 
Dictionary has met from the public, fully evinces the utility of the perform- 
ance. From the consciousness of this, the author has spared no pains to 
render this second edition more deserving of the same liberal patronage. 
The hints of friends, and the animadversions of critics, have been carefully 
adopted, and almost every article has been corrected and improved. New 
names have not only been introduced, but the date of events |ias been more 
exactly ascertained; and, therefore, to such as compare the two editions, 
the improvements will appear numerous and important in every page. 

In answer to those gentlemen who have objected against the smallness 
of the print, and have recommended a larger type, the author begs leave 
to observe, that it has been found impracticable to remove the inconve- 
nience: so much matter could not have been well compressed in one octa- 
vo; and it must be remembered, that the book is intended as a volume of 
occasional reference, and, therefore, that it cannot long fatigue the eye. 

It will be found not an unnecessary addition, to have an account of the 
best editions of each classic at the end of the respective character of the au^ 
thors. Dr. Harwood's plan has in general been attended to, but the price 
has not been inserted from its great fluctuation, which often depends more 
upon the caprice of opinion than upon real value. 

The chronological table prefixed to the Dictionary, will, it is hoped, be 
acknowledged universally useful. It has been compiled with great accu- 
racy, and chiefly extracted from "The Chronology and History of the 
World, by Dr. J. Blair, folio edition, 1754; 5 ' and from Archbishop Usher's 
"Annales Veteris et Novi Testamenti," printed at Geneva, folio, 1724. 

LONDON, JULY, 1792. 



THE improvements introduced into this third edition will be discovered 
to be numerous and essential. The author would have recommended his 
work to the same liberal patronage which the public have already extend- 
ed to the two preceding impressions, without apology, did he not conceive 
that some answer is due to the preface of the Bibliotheca Classica, pub- 
lished at Daventer in Holland, in the year 1794. The anonymous editor, 
/whose language proves his abilities as a scholar, after reflecting with un- 
becoming severity upon the first edition of this work, has not only been 
guided by the same plan, he has not only literally translated and adopted 
as his own, verbatim, almost every article, but he has followed the original 
so closely, as even faithfully to copy some of the errors which the second 
edition, published in 1792, corrected, and which, in a composition so volu- 
minous and so complex, it is not possible for the most minute attention to 
avoid. Such an attack must, therefore, be deemed as illiberal as it is un- 
friendly; but, however, far from wishing to detract from the merit of judg- 
ment and perseverance in the translator, the author considers himself in- 
debted to him for the elegance and the correctness of the language in which 
he has made the Dictionary appear in a Latin dress, and consequently lor 
the recommendation which he has given to his labours among the learned, 
on the continent. 

ABINGDON, FEBRUARY, 1797, 



1 



A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 

From the Creation of the World to the fall of the Roman Empire 

in the west and in the east. 



Before Christ.* 

THE world created in the 710th year of the Julian period . . 4004 

The deluge 2348 

The tower of Babel built, and the confusion of languages . . 2247 
Celestial observations are first made at Babylon . . . .2234 

The kingdom of Egypt is supposed to have begun under Misraim, the 
son of Ham, and to have continued 1663 years, to the conquest of 
Cambyses . . . . . . . . .2188 

The kingdom of Sicyon established . . . . 2089 

The kingdom of x\ssyria begins ...... 2059 

The birth of Abraham ......... 1996 

The kingdom of Argos established under Inachus . . . 1856 

Memnon the Egyptian, said to invent letters, 15 years hefore the reign 

of Phoroneus . . . . . . . . . 1822 

The deluge of Ogyges, by which Attica remained waste above 200 

years, till the coming of Cecrops ...... 1764 

Joseph sold into Egypt by his brethren 1728 

The chronology of the Arundelian Marbles begins about this time, 
fixing here the arrival of Cecrops in Attica, an epoch which other 
writers have placed later by 26 years ..... 1582 

Moses born . . . . . . . • . .1571 

The kingdom of Athens begun under Cecrops, who came from Egypt 
with a colony of Saites. This happened about 780 years before the 
first Olympiad . . . . .... . 1556 

Scamander migrates from Crete, and begins the kingdom of Troy 1546 
The deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly .... 1503 

The Panathenaea first celebrated at Athens . . . .1495 

Cadmus eomes into Greece, and builds the citadel of Thebes . 1493 
The first Olympic Games celebrated in Elis by the Idsei Dactyli 1453 

* In the following table, I have confined myself to the more easy and convenient eras of be- 
fore, (B. C.) and after. (A. D.) Christ. For the sake of those, however, that do not wish the 
exclusion of the Julian period, it is necessary to observe, that, as the first year of the Chris- 
tian era always falls on the 4714th of the Julian years, the number required either before or 
after Christ, will easily be discovered by the application of the rules of subtraction or addition. 
The era from the foundation of Rome (A. U. C.) will be found with the same facility by re- 
collecting that the city was built 753 years before Christ; and the Olympiads can likewise be 
recurred to by the consideration, that the conquest of Corcebus (B. C. 776,) forms the first 
Olympiad, and that the Olympic games were celebrated after the revolution of four years. 



x CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

B. &. 

The five books of Moses written in the land of Moab, where he dies 
the following year, aged 1 10 ...... 1452 

Minos flourishes in Crete, and iron is found by the Dactyliby the ac- 
cidental burning of the woods of Ida in Crete .... 1406 

The Eleusinian mysteries introduced at Athens by Eumolpus . 1356 
The Isthmian games first instituted by Sisyphus, king of Corinth 1326 

The Argonautic expedition. The first Pythian games celebrated by 
Adrastus, king of Argos . . . . . . .1263 

Gideon flourishes in Israel ....... 1245 

The Theban war of the seven heroes against Eteocles . . 1225 

Olympic games celebrated by Hercules . . . . .1222 

The rape of Helen by Theseus, and, 15 years after, by Paris . 1213 

Troy taken after a siege of 10 years. iEneas sails to Italy . 11 84 

Alba Longa built by Ascanius . . . . . . .1152 

Migration of the JEolian colonies . • . . . .1124 

The return of the Heraclidae into Peloponnesus, 80 years after the 
taking of Troy. Two years after, they divide the Peloponnesus 
amo.ig themselves; and here, therefore, begins the kingdom of 
Lacedaemon under Eurysthenes and Procles . . . 1104 

Saul made king over Israel . . . . . . 1095 

The kingdom of Sicyon ended . . . . . . .1088 

The kingdom of Athens ends in the death of Codrus . . 1070 

The migration of the Ionian colonies from Greece, and their settle- 
ment in Asia Minor . . . . ... . 1044 

Dedication of Solomon's temple ....... 1004 

Samos built . . . . . . . . . . 986 

Division of the kingdom of Judah and Israel , . . . . 975 

Homer and Hesiod flourished about this time, according to the Marbles 907 
Elias the prophet taken up into heaven . . . . . 896 

Lycurgus, 42 years old, established his laws at Lacedaemon, and, to- 
gether with Iphitus and Cleosthenes, restores the Olympic games 
at Elis, about 108 years before the era which is commonly called 
the first Olympiad . . . . . . ... 884 

Phidon, king of Argos, is supposed to have invented scales and mea- 
sures, and coined silver at i&gina. Carthage built by Dido . 869 
Fall of the Assyrian empire by the death of Sardanapalus, an era 
placed 80 years earlier by Justin ...... 820 

The kingdom of Macedonia begins, and continues 646 years, till the 

battle of Pydna . 814 

The kingdom of Lydia begins, and continues 249 years . . 797 

The triremes first invented by the Corinthians .... 786 
The monarchical government abolished at Corinth, and the Prytanes 

elected 779 

Corcebus conquers at Olympia, in the 28th Olympiad from the insti- 
tution of Iphitus. This is vulgarly called the first Olympiad, 
about 23 years before the foundation of Rome . . . 776 

The Ephori introduced into the government of Lacedaemon by Theo- 
pompus . . . . . . . . . . 760 

Isaiah begins to prophesy 757 

The decennial archons begin at ( Athens, of which Charops is the first 754 
Rome built on the 20th of April, according to Varro, in the year 3961 
of the Julian period . . . . . . . .753 

The rape of the Sabines ........ 750 

The era of Nabonassar king of Babylon begins ..,-*. 747 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xi 

B. C. 

The first Messenian war begins, and continues 19 years, to the tak- 
ing of Ithome 743 

Syracuse built by a Corinthian colony 732 

The kingdom of Israel finished by the taking of Samaria by Salma- 
nasar, king of Assyria The first eclipse of the moon on record, 
March 19, according to Ptolemy . . . . . .721 

Candaules murdered by Gyges, who succeeds to the Lydian throne 718 

Tarentum built by the Parthenians * 7u7 

Corcyra built by the Corinthians ...... 703 

The second Messenian war begins, and continues 1 4 years, to the 
taking of Ira, after a siege of 1 1 years. About this time flourish- 
ed the poets Tyrtaeus and Archiiochus ..... 685 

The government of Athens entrusted to annual archons . . 684 

Alba destroyed . . . . . . . . . . 665 

Cypselus usurps the government of Corinth, and keeps it for 30 

years ........... 659 

Byzantium built by a colony of Argives or Athenians . . . 658 

Cyrene built by Battus . 630 

The Scythians invade Asia Minor, of which they keep possession for 

28 years ........... 624 

Draco establishes his laws in Athens ...... 623 

The canal between the Nile and the Red Sea begun by king Necho 610 

Nineveh taken and destroyed by Cyaxares and ins allies . . 606 
The Pncenicians sail round Africa, by order of Necho. About this 

time flourished Anon, Pittarus, Alcaeus, Sappho, &c. . . 604 

The Scythians are expelled from Asia Minor by Cyaxares . . 596 
The Pythian games first established at Delphi. About this time flou- 
rished Chilo, Anacnarcis, Thaies, Epimenides, Solon, the prophet 
Ezekiel, iEsop, Stersichorus . . . . . . .591 

Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 9th of June, after a siege of 18 

months ........... 587 

The Isthmian games restored and celebrated every 1st and 3d year 

of the Olympiads 582 

Death of Jeremiah the prophet ....... 577 

The Nemean games restored 568 

The first comedy acted at Athens by Susarion and Dolon . . 562 

Pisistratus first usurped the sovereignty at Athens . . . 560 
Cyrus begins to reign. About this time flourished Anaximenes, 

Bias, Anaximander, Phalaris, and Cleobuius .... 559 

Croesus conquered by Cyrus. About this time flourished Theognis 

and Pherecydes . . . . . . . . .5 48 

Marseilles built by the Phocseans. The age of Pythagoras, Simo- 

nides, Thespis, Xenophanes, and Anacreon .... 539 

Babylon taken by Cyrus 538 

The return of the Jews by the edict of Cyrus, and the rebuilding of 

the temple 536 

The first tragedy acted at Athens on the wagon of Thespis . . 535 

Learning encouraged at Athens, and a public library built . . 526 

Egypt conquered by Cambyses ....... 525 

Poiycrates, of Samos, put to death ...;.. 522 
Darius Hystaspes chosen king of Persia. About this time flourish- 
ed Confucius, the celebrated Chinese philosopher . . . 521 
The tyranny of the Pisistratidae abolished at Athens .. . . * 510 



xii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

B.C. 

The consular government begins at Rome after the expulsion of the 
Tarquins, and continues independent, 461 years, till the battle of 
Pharsalia ...... .... 509 

Sardis taken by the Athenians and burnt, which became afterwards 
the cause of the invasion of Greece by the Persians. About this 
time flourished Heraclitus, Parmenides, Milo the wrestler, Aris- 
tagoras, &c. .......... 504 

The first dictator, Lartius, created at Rome . . . . 498 

The Roman populace retire to mount Sacer . . . . 493 

The battle of Marathon . 490 

The battles of Thermopylae, August 7th, and Salamis, October 20th. 
About this time flourished iEschylus, Pindar, Charon, Anaxagoras, 
Zeuxis, Aristides, &c. ........ 480 

The Persians defeated at Platsea and Mycale on the same day, 22d 
September . . , , . . . . . . . 479 

The 300 Fabii killed at Cremera, July 17th .... 477 

Themistocles, accused of conspiracy, flies to Xerxes . . . 471 

The Persians defeated at Cyprus, and near the Eurymedon . 470 

The third Messenian war begins, and continues 10 years - . . 465 
Egypt revolts from the Persians under Inarus, assisted by the Athe- 
nians ........... 463 

The Romans send to Athens for Solon's laws. About this time flou- 
rished Sophocles, Nehemiah the prophet, Plato the comic poet, 
Aristarchus the tragic, Leocrates, Tnrasybulus, Pericles, Zaleu- 

cus, &c. 454 

The first sacred war concerning the temple of Delphi . . 448 

The Athenians defeated at Chaeronea by the Boeotians . . 447 

Herodotus reads his history to the council of Athens, and receives pub- 
lic honours in the 39th year of his age. About this time flourish- 
ed Empedocles, Helanicus, Euripides, Herodicus, Phidias, Ane- 
mones, Charondas, &c. ........ 445 

A colony sent to Thurium by the Athenians .... 444 

Comedies prohibited at Athens, a restraint which remained in force 

for three years ......... 440 

A war between Corinth and Corey ra ..... 439 

Meton begins here his 19 years* cycle of the moon . . . 432 

The Peloponnesian war begins, May the 7th, and continues about 27 
years. About this time flourished Cratinus, Eupolis, Aristopha- 
nes, Meton, Euctemon, Malachi, the last of the prophets, Demo- 
critus, Gorgias, Thucydides, Hippocrates, &c. . . . 431 

The history of the Old Testament finishes about this time. A plague 

at Athens for five years . . . . . . 430 

A peace of 50 years made between the Athenians and Lacedaemo- 
nians, which is kept only during six years and ten months, though 
each continued at war with the other's allies . . . . 421 

The scene of the Peloponnesian war changed to Sicily. The Agra- 
rian law first moved at Rome . . . . . . 416 

Egypt revolts from the Persians, and Amyrtaeus is appointed king 414 
The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy Selinus and'Hi- 

mera, but they are repulsed by Hermocrates . . . 409 

The battle of jEgospotamos. The usurpation of Dionysius . 405 

Athens taken by Lysander, 24th April, the end of the Peloponnesian 
war, and the appointment of 30 tyrants over the conquered city. 
About this time flourished Parrhasius, Protagoras, Lysias, Aga- 
thon, Euclid, Cebes, Telestes, &c. . . . . 404 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xiii 

B.C. 

Gyrus the younger killed at Cunaxa. The glorious retreat of the 
10,000 Greeks, and the expulsion of the 30 tyrants from Athens, 
by Thrasybulus ......... 401 

Socrates put to death ...... . 400 

Agesilaus, of Lacedaemon's, expedition into Asia against the Per- 
sians. The age of Xenophon, Ctesias, Zeuxis, Antisthenes, Eva- 
goras, Aristippus of Cyrene, and Archytas . . . . 396 

The Corinthian war begun by the alliance of the Athenians, The- 

bans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedaernon . . . 395 
The Lacedaemonians, under Pisander, defeated by Conon at Cnidus; 
and a few days after, the allies are defeated at Coronaea, by Agesi- 
laus ........... 394 

The battle of Allia, July 1 7th, and the taking of Rome by the Gauls 390 
Dionysius besieges Rhegiuro, and takes it after 1 L months. About 
this time flourished Plato, Philoxenus, Damon, Pythias, Iphicra- 
tes, &c. . . . . . . . . . . 388 

The Greek cities of Asia tributary to Persia, by the peace of Antal- 

cidas, between the Lacedaemonians and Persians . . . 387 
The war of Cyprus finished by a treaty, after it had continued two 

years ........... 385 

The Lacedaemonians defeated in a sea fight at Naxos, September 
20th, by Chabrias. About this time flourished Philistus, Isaeus, 
Isocrates, Arete, Philolaus, Diogenes the cynic, &c. . . 27f 

Artaxerxes sends an army under Pharnabazus, with 20,000 Greeks, 
commanded by Iphicrates . . . . . . . 274 

The battle of Leuctra, July 8th, where the Lacedaemonians are de- 
feated by Epaminondas, the general of the Thebans . . 371 
The Messenians, after a banishment of 300 years, return to Pelopon- 
nesus ........... 370 

One of the consuls at Rome elected from the Plebeians . . 367 
The battle of Mantinea, gained by Epaminondas, a year after the 
death of Pelopidas ........ 363 

Agesilaus assists Tachos, king of Egypt. Some of the governors 
of Lesser Asia revolt from Persia ..... 362 

The Athenians are defeated at Methone, the first battle that Philip 
of Macedon ever won in Greece ...... 360 

Dionysius the younger is expelled from Syracuse by Dion. The se- 
cond Sacred War begins, on the temple of Delphi being attacked 
by the Phoceans . . . . . . . . . 357 

Dion put to death, and Syracuse governed seven years by tyrants. 
About this time flourished Eudoxus, Lycurgus, Ibis, Theopom- 
pus, Ephorus, Datames, Philomelus, &c. .... 354 

The Phoceans, under Onomarchus, are defeated in Thessaly by 

Philip 353 

Egypt is conquered by Ochus . . . . - . . 350 

The Sacred War is finished by Philip taking all the cities of the 

Phoceans .......... 348 

Dionysius recovers the tyranny of Syracuse, after 10 years banish- 
ment ........... 347 

Timoleon recovers Syracuse, and banishes the tyrant . . 343 
The Carthaginians defeated by Timoleon near Agrigentum. About 
this time flourished Speusippus, Protogenes, Aristotle, jEschines, 
Xenocrates, Demosthenes, Phocion, Mamercus, Icetas, Stilpo, 
Demades 340 



tfiv CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

B. C. 

The battle of Cheronaea, August 2, where Philip defeats the Athe- 
nians and Thebans ........ 338 

Philip of Macedon killed by Pausanias. His son Alexander, on the 

following year, enters Greece, destroys Thebes, Sec. . . 336 

The battle of the Granicus, 22d of May 334 

The battle of Issus in October . . . . . . 3.33 

Tyre and Egypt conquered by the Macedonian prince, and Alexan- 
dria built . . • . • . • • • 332 

The battle of Arbela, October 2d 331 

Alexander's expedition against Porus. About this time flourished 
Apelles, Callisthenes, Bagoas, Parmenio, Philotas, Memnon, 
Dinocrates, Calippus, Hyperides, Philetus, Lysippus, Menede- 
mus, &c. ........ . 327 

Alexander dies on the 2 1st of April. His empire is divided into four 
kingdoms. The Samian war, and the reign of the Ptolemies in 
Egypt . . .. . . . . ... . 323 

Polyperchon publishes a general liberty to all the Greek cities. The 
age of Praxiteles, Crates, Theophrastus, Menander, Demetrius, 
Dinarchus, Polemon, Neoptolemus, Perdiccas, Leosthenes . 320 
Syracuse and Sicily usurped by Agathocles. Demetrius Phalereus 
governs Athens for ten years . . . . . . 317 

Eumenes delivered to Antigonus by his army . . . . 315 

Seleucus takes Babylon, and here the beginning of the era of the Se* 

leucidae . . . . . . * . . 312 

The conquests of Agathocles in Africa ..... 309 

Democracy established at Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes . 307 

The title of kings first assumed by the successors of Alexander 306 

The battle of Ipsus, where Antigonus is defeated and killed by Pto- 
lemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander. About this time flou- 
rished Zeno, Pyrrho, Philemon, Megasthenes, Crantor, Sec. . 301 
Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year's siege . 296 

The first sun dial erected at Rome, by Papirius Cursor, and the time 

first divided into hours 293 

Seleucus, about this time, built about 40 cities in Asia, which he peo- 
pled with different nations. The age of Euclid the mathematician, 
Arcesilaus, Epicurus, Bion, Timocharis, Erasistratus, Aiistyllus, 
Strato, Zenodotus, Arsinoe, Lachares, Sec. . . . . 291 

The Athenians revolt from Demetrius ..... 287 

Pyrrhus expelled from Macedon by Lysimachus . . . 286 

The Pharos of Alexandria built. The Septuagint supposed to be 
translated about this time ....... 284 

Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. The Tarentine war be- 
gins, and continues 10 years. The Achaean league begins . 281 
Pyrrhus, of Epirus, goes to Italy, to assist the Tarentines . . 280 

The Gauls, under Brennus, are cut to pieces near the temple of Del- 
phi. About this time flourished Dionysius the astronomer, Sostra- 
tus, Theocritus, Dionysius, Heracleotes, Philo, Aratus, Lycophron, 
Pei saeus, Sec. . . . . . . . . . 278 

Pyrrhus, defeated by Curius, retires to Epirus . . . ' 274 

The first coining of silver at Rome ...... 269 

Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who keeps it 12 years . 268 

The first Punic war begins, and continues for 23 years. The chro- 
nology of the Arundelian Marbles composed. About this time flou- 
rished Lycon, Crates, Berosus, Hermachus, Helenas, Clinias, Aris- 
totimus, Sec. ... ..*...: 264 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. XV 

B.C. 

Antiochus Soter defeated at Sardis by Eumenes of Pergamus . 262 
The Carthaginian fleet defeated by Duiiius .... 260 

Regulus defeated by Xanthippus. Athens is restored to liberty by 
Antigonus . . . . . . . . . *. 256 

Aratus persuades the people of Sicyon to join the Achaean league. 
About this time flourished Cieanthes, Homer junior, Manetho, Ti- 
maeus, Callimachus, Zoilus, Duris, JNeanthes, Ctesibius, Sosibius, 
Hieronymus, Hanno, Laodice, Lysias, Ariobarzanes . . 251 

The Parthians under Arsaces, and the Bactrians under Theodotus, 
revolt from the Macedonians .» . . . . . 250 

The sea-fight of Drepanum . . , . . , . 249 

The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus, 12th of August . . 243 

Agis, king of Sparta, put to death fo** attempting to settle an Agra- 
rian law. About this period flourished Antigonus Carystius, Conon 
of Samos, Eratosthenes, Apollonius of Perga, Lacydes, Amilcar, 
Agesilaus the ephor, Sec. . . . . . . . 24} 

Plays first acted at Rome, being those of Livius Andronicus . 240 

Amikar passes with an army to Spain, with Annibal his son , 237 

Tlie temple of Janus shut at Rome, the first time since Numa . 235 
The Sardinian war begins, and continues three years . . 234 

Original manuscripts of iEschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles, lent by 

the Athenians to Ptolemy for a pledge of 15 talents . . 233 

The first divorce known at Rome, by Sp. Carvilius. Sardinia and 
Corsica conquered . . . . . . . . 231 

The Roman ambassadors first appeared at Athens and Corinth . 228 

The war between Cleomenes and Aratus begins, and continues for 
five years ■ « . . . . . ... . . 227 

The colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake. The Romans 
first cross the Po, pursuing the Gauls, who had entered Italy. About 
this time flourished Chrysippus, Polystratus, Euphorion, Archime- 
des, Valerius, Messala, C. Naevius, Aristarchus, Apollonius, Philo- 
corus, Aristo Ceus, Fabius Pictor, the first Roman historian, Phy- 
larchus, Lysiades, Agro, Sec. ... . . . . 224 

The battle of Sellasia . . . ... . 222 

The Social War between the iEtolians and Achaeans, assisted by Philip 220 
Saguntum taken by Annibal . . . . .. . . 219 

The second Punic war begins, and continues 17 years . . 218 

The battle of the lake Thrasy menus, and next year, that of Cannae, 

May 21 217 

The Romans begin the auxiliary war against Philip, in Epirus, which 

is continued by intervals for 14 years . . . . . 214 
Syracuse taken by Marcellus, after a siege of three years . 212 

Philopcemon defeats Machanidas at Mantinea .... 208 
Asdrubal is defeated. About this time flourished Plautus, Archaga- 
thus, Evander, Teleclus, Hermippus, Zeno, Sotion, Ennius, Hiero- 
nymus of Syracuse, Tlepolemus, Epicydes .... 207 
The battle of Zama . . , . ' . . . . . 202 

The first Macedonian war begins, and continues near four years . 200 
The battle of Panius, where Antiochus defeats Scopas . . 198 

The battle of Cynoscephale, where Philip is defeated . , 197 

The war of Antiochus the Great begins, and continues three years 192 
Lacedaemon joined to the Achaean league by Phiiopoemen . 191 

The luxuries of Asia brought to Rome in the spoils of Antiochus 189 

Thelawsof Lycurgus abrogated for a while at Sparta by Phiiopoemen 188 
Antiochus the Great defeated and killed in Media. About this time 



xvi CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

B. a 

flourished Aristophanes of Byzantium, Asclepiades, Tegula, C. Lae- 
lius, Aristonymus, Hegesinus, Diogenes the stoic, Critolaus, Masi- 
nissa, the Scipios, the Gracchi, Thoas, &c. . . . . J 87 
A war which continues for one year, between Eumenes and Prusias, 

till the death of Annibal 184 

Philopoemen defeated and killed by Dinocrates . . . . 183 

Numa's books found in a stone coffin at Rome . . . . 179 

Perseus sends his ambassadors to Carthage . . . . 175 

Ptolemy's generals defeated by Antiochus, in a battle between Pelu- 

sium and Mount Cassius. The second Macedonian war . 171 

The battle of Pydna, and the fall of the Macedonian empire. About 
this period flourished Attalus the astronomer, Metrodorus, Terence, 
Crates, Polybius, Pacuvius, Hipparchus, Heraclides, Carneades, 
Aristarchus, &c. ......... 168 

The first library erected at Rome, with books obtained from the plun- 
der of Macedonia . . . . . . . . 167 

Terence's Andria first acted at Rome . . . . . 166 

Time measured out at Rome by a water machine, invented by Scipio 

Nasica, 134 years after the introduction of sun dials ' . . 159 

Andriscus, the Pseudophilip assumes the royalty in Macedon . 152 

Demetrkrs, king of Syria, defeated and killed by Alexander Balas 150 

The third Punic war begins. Prusias, king of Bythinia, put to death 

by his son Nicodemes . . . . . . . . 149 

The Romans make war against the Achaeans, which is finished the 
next year by Mummius . . . . . . 148 

Carthage is destroyed by Scipio, and Corinth by Mummius . 147 

Viriathus is defeated by Laelius, in Spain . . . . . 146 

The war of Numantia begins, and continues for eight years . 141 

The Roman army, of 30,000, under Mancinus, is defeated by 4000 
Numantines . . . . . . . . 138 

Restoration of learning at Alexandria, and universal patronage offer- 
ed to all learned men by Ptolemy Physcon. The age of Satyrus, 
Aristobulus, Lucius Accius, Mnaceas, Antipater, Diodorus the pe- 
ripatetic, Nicander, Ctesibius, Sarpedon, Micipsa, &c. . . 137 
The famous embassy of Scipio, Metellus, Mummius, and Panaetius, 
into Egypt, Syria, and Greece . . . . . . 136 

The history of the Apocrypha ends. The Servile War in Sicily be- 
gins, and continues for three years . . . . . 135 

Numantia taken. Pergamus annexed to the Roman empire . 133 

Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Aristonicus defeated by Per- 
penna ........... 130 

Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alexander Zebina 127 

The Romans make war against the pirates of the Baleares. Carthage 
is rebuilt by order of the Roman senate . . . . 123 

C. Gracchus killed . ..;.... 121 

Dalmatia conquered by Metellus . . . . . . 118 

Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt. The age of Erym- 
naeus, Athenian, Artemidorus, Clitomachus, Apollonius, Herodi- 
cus, L Caelius, Castor, Menecrates, Lucilius, &c. . . 116 

The Jugurthine war begins, 1 and continues for five years . . 112 

The famous sumptuary law at Rome, which limited the expenses of 
eating every day ......... 110 

The Teutones and Cimbri begin the war against Rome, and continue 
it for eight years ......... 109 

The Teutones defeat 80,000 Romans on the banks of the Rhone . 105 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. ivii 

B.C. 

The Teutones defeated by C. Mariusat Aquae Sextige . 102 

The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catulus . . . . 101 

Dolabella conquers Lusitania . 99 

Cyrene left by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans .... 97 

The Social war begins, and continues three years, till finished by Sylla 9 1 
The Mithridatic war begins, and continues 26 years ... 89 
The civil wars of Marius and Sylla begin, and continue six years 88 

Sylla conquers Athens, and sends its valuable libraries to Rome 86 

Young Marius is defeated by Sylla, who is made dictator . . 82 

The death of Sylla. About this time flourished Philo, Charmidas, 
Asclepiades, Appellicon, L. Sisenna, Alexander Polyhistor, Piotius 
Gallus, Diotimus, Zeno, Hortensius, Archias, Posidonius, Gemi- 
nus, &c. . . . ... . . • • • 78 

Bythinia left by Nicomedes to the Romans .... 75 

The Servile war, under Spartacus, begins, and two years after, the 

rebel general is defeated and killed by Pompey and Crassus . 73 
Mithridates and Tigranes defeated by Luculius .... 69 

Mithridates conquered by Pompey in a night battle. Crete is sub- 
dued by Metellus, after a war of two years . . . 66 
The reign of the Seleucidae ends in Syria on the conquest of the 
country by Pompey ........ 65 

Catiline's conspiracy detected by Cicero. Mithridates kills himself 63 
The first triumvirate in the persons of J. Caesar, Pompey and Cras- 
sus. About this time flourished Apo llonius of Rhodes, Terentius 
Varro, Tyrannion, Aristodemus of Nysa, Lucretius, Dionysius the 
grammarian, Cicero, Antiochus, Spurinus, Andronicus, Catullus, 
Sailust, Timagenes, Cratippus, &c. . ... . . 69 

Cicero banished from Rome, and recalled the next year . . 58 
Caesar passes the Rhine, defeats the Germans, and invades Britain 55 

Crassus is killed by Surena in June ...... 53 

Civil war between Caesar and Pompey . . . . . 50 

The battle of Pharsalia about May 1 2th . . -.- • 48 

Alexandria taken by Caesar ....... 47 

The war of Africa. Cato kills himself. This year is called the year 
of Confusion, because the calendar was corrected by Sosigenes, 
and the year made to consist of 15 months, or 445 days . . 46 
The battle of Munda . . .... . . 45 

Caesar murdered . . . . . . . . 44 

The battle of Mutina. The second triumvirate in Octavius, Antony, 
and Lepidus. Cicero put to death. The age of Sosigenes, C. Ne- 
pos, Diodorus Siculus, Trogus Pompey, Didymus the scholiast, 
Varo the poet, &c. ......... 43 

The battle of Philippi . . . . . . . . 42 

Pacorus, general of Parthia, defeated by Ventidius, 14 years after the 

disgrace of Crassus, and on the same day • . . 39 

Pompey the Younger defeated in Sicily by Octavius ... 56 
Octavius and Antony prepare for war ..... 32 

The battle of Actium 2d September. The era of the Roman empe- 
rors properly begins here . ... . . . 31 

Alexandria taken, and Egypt reduced into a Roman province . 30 

The title of Augustus given to Octavius ..... 27 

The Egyptians adopt the Julian year. About this time flourished 
Virgil, Manilius, Dioscorides, Asinius Pollio, Maecenas, Agrippa, 
Strabo, Horace, Macer, Propertius, Livy, Musa, Tibulius, Ovid, 
Pylades, Bathyllus, Varius, Tucca, Vitruvius, &c. . . . 25 



xviii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

b. c. 

The conspiracy of Mursena against Augustus ...... 22 

Augustus visits Greece and Asia . . . . . . 21 

The Roman ensigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius . 20 

The secular games celebrated at Rome ..... If 

Lollius defeated by the Germans . . . . . . 16 

The Rnseti and Vindelici defeated by Drusus . . . . 15 

The Pannonians conquered by Tiberius . . . . . 12 

Some of the German nations conquered by Drusus . . . 11 
Augustus corrects the calendar, by ordering the 1 2 ensuing years to 
be without intercalation. About this time flourished Damascenus, 
Hyginus, Flaccus the grammarian, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 

and Dionysius the geographer ...... 8 

Tiberius retires to Rhodes for seven years ..... 6 

Our Saviour is born four years before the vulgar era, in the year 4709 
of the Julian period, A. U. C. 749, and the fourth of the 193d Olym- 
piad . . . . * . . . 4 

A.D. 

Tiberius returns to Rome ----- 2 

The leap year corrected* having formerly been every 3d year - 4 

Ovid banished to Tomos - - - - 9 

Varus defeated and killed in Germany by Arminius - - 10 
Augustus dies at Nola, August 19th, and is succeeded by Tiberius. 
The age of Phsedrus, Asinius Gallus, Velleius Patercuius, Ger- 

manicus, Cornel, Celsus, &x. - - - - - 14 

Twelve cities in Asia destroyed by an earthquake - - - 17 

Germanicus poisoned by Piso, dies at Antioch - - - 19 

Tiberius goes to Caprese - - - * - 26 

Sejanus disgraced - - - - - - 31 

Our Saviour crucified, Friday April 3d. This is fiut four years 

earlier by some Chronologists , - - - .- - 33 
Tiberius dies at Misenum near Baiae, March 16th, and is succeeded 
by Caligula. About this period flourished Valerius Maximus, Co- 
lumella, Pomponius Mela, Appion, Philo Judaeus, Artabanus, and 

Agrippina - - - - - ■* 37 

St. Paul converted to Christianity - - - - 36 

St. Matthew -writes his Gospel - - - - - 39 

The name of Christians first given at Antioch, to the followers of our 
Saviour - - - - .40 

Caligula murdered by Cheereas, and succeeded by Claudius - 41 

The expedition of Claudius into Britain - - - - 43 

St. Mark writes his Gospel - - - - ..44 

Secular games celebrated at Rome - - - -47 

Caractacus carried in chains to Rome - - - - 51 

Claudius succeeded by Nero - - - - - 54 

Agrippina put to death by her son Nero - - - 59 

First persecution against the Christians - - - - 64 

Seneca, Lucan, and others put to death - - - - 65 

Nero visits Greece. The Jewish war begins. The age of Persius, 
Q Curtius, Pliny the elder, Josephus, Frontinus, Burrhus, Corbulo, 

Thrasea, Boadicea, Sec. - - - - - 66 

St. Peter and St. Paul put to death - ... 67 

Nero dies and is succeeded by Galba - - - - 68 

Galba put to death. Otho, defeated by Vitellius, kills himself. Vitel- 

lius is defeated by Vespasian's army - - - 69 
Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus - -70 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xix 

A D. 

The Parthians revolt ----- 77 

Death oi Vespasian, and succession of Titus. Herculaneum and 
Pompeii destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, November 
1st. - - - - - - - 79 

Death of Titus, and succession of Domitian. The age of Sil. Itali- 
cus, Martial, Apollon, Tyanseus, Valerius Flaccus, Solinus, Epic- 
tetus, Quintilian, Lupus, Agricoia, &c. - - 81 

Capitoline games instituted by Domitian, and celebrated every fourth 
year - - - - - - - -86 

Secular games celebrated. The war with Dacia begins and continues 
15 years -------88 

Second persecution of the Christians - - - - 95 

Domitian put to death by Stephanus, &c. and succeeded by Nerva. 

The age of Juvenal, Tacitus, Statius, Sec. - - - 96 

Nerva dies, and is succeeded by Trajan - - - 98 

Pliny, proconsul of Bithynia, sends Trajan an account of the Chris- 
tians - - - - - - - 102 

Dacia reduced to a Roman province - 103 

Trajan's expedition against Parthia. About this time flourished Flo- 
rus, Suetonius, Pliny junior, Philo Bybiius, Dion, Prusseus, Plu- 
tarch, &c. - - - - - . 106 

Third persecution of the Christians - 107 

Trajan's column erected at Rome - - - 114 

Trajan dies, and is succeeded by Adrian - - - 117 

Fourth persecution of the Christians - - - - 118 

Adrian builds a wall in Britain - - - - -121 

Adrian visits Asia and Egypt for seven years - - - 126 

He rebuilds Jerusalem^ and raises there a temple to Jupiter - 130 

The Jews rebel, and are defeated after a war of five years, and all 
banished - - - - - - -131 

Adrian dies, and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius. In the reign of 
Adrian flourished Theon, Phavorinus, Phlegon, Traliian, Aristides, 
Aquila, Salvius Julian, Polycarp, Arrian, Ptolemy, &c. - 138 

Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians - - 145 

The worship of Serapis brought to Rome - - 1 46 

Antoninus dies, and is succeeded by M. Aurelius and L. Verus, the last 
of whom reigned nine years. In the reign of Antoninus flourished 
Maximus Tyrius, Pausanias, Diophantes, Lucian, Hermogenes, 
Polysenus, Appian, Artemidorus, Justin the martyr, Apuleius, &c. 161 
A war with Parthia, which continues three years - 162 

A war against the Marcomanni, which continues five years - 169 

Another which continues three years - - - - 177 

M. Aurelius dies, and Commodus succeeds. In the last reign flour- 
ished Galen, Athenagoras, Tatian, Athersaeus, Montanus, Diogenes 
Laertius - - - - -. - - 180 

Commodus makes peace with the Germans - - - 181 

Commodus put to death by Martia and Lsetus. He is succeeded for 
a few months by Pertinax, who is murdered, 193, and four rivals 
arise, Didiu* Juiianus, Pescennius Niger, Severus, and Albinus. 
Under Commodus flourished J. Pollux, Theodotian, St.Irenaeus, &c. 192 
Niger is defeated by Severus at Issus - 194 

Albinus defeated in Gaul, and killed at Lyons, February 19th - 198 
Severus conquers the Parthians ----- 200 

Fifth persecution against the Christians - - - 202 



xx CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

A.D. 

Severus visits Britain, and two years after builds a wall there across 

from the Frith of Forth - 207 

Severus dies at York, and is succeeded by Caracalla and Geta. In his 
reign flourished Tertullian, Minutius Feiix, Papinianus, Clemens 
of Alexandria, Pnilostratus, Plotianus, and Bulas - - 211 

Geta killed by his brother Caracalla - - -' 212 

The septuagint discovered. Caracalla murdered by Macrinus. Flour- 
ished Oppian - - - -. - - -217 

Opilius Macrinus killed by the soldiers, and succeeded by Helioga- 
balus - - . - - " - - - -218 

Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus. The Goths then exacted 
an annual payment not to invade or molest the Roman empire. The 
age of Julius Africanus ----- 222 

The Arsacidae of Parthia are conquered by Artaxerxes king of Me- 
dia, and their empire destroyed - - - 229 
Alexander defeats the Persians ----- 234 

The sixth persecution against the Christians ... 235 

Alexander killed, and succeeded by Maximinus. At that time flour- 
ished Dion Cassius, Origen, and AmmoniUs . - . . 235 
The two Gordians succeed Maximinus, and are put to death by 
Pupienus, who soon after is destroyed, with Balbinus, by the sol- 
diers of the younger Gordian . . . .. . 236 

Sabinianus defeated in Africa . 240 

Gordian marches against the Persians . . . . 242 

He is put to death by Philip, who succeeds, and makes peace with 
Sapor the next year. About this time flourished Censorius, and 
Gregory Thaumaturgus , . . . . 244 

Philip killed, and succeeded by Decius. Herodian flourished . 249 
The seventh persecution against the Christians . . . ,250 

Decius succeeded by Gallus . . . ' . . 251 

A great pestilence over the empire . . ... 252 

Gallus dies, and is succeeded by iEmilianus, Valerianus, and Gal- 

lienus. In the reign of Gallus flourished St. Cyprian arid Plotinus 254 
The eighth persecution against the Christians . . . 257 

The empire is harassed by 30 tyrants successively . .. 258 

Valerian is taken by Sapor and flayed alive . - . , 260 

Odenatus governs the east for Gallienus . . . 264 

The Scythians and Goths defeated by Cleodamus aad Athenaeus > 267 
Gallienus killed, and succeeded by Claudius. In this reign flourished 
Longinus, Paulus, Samosatenus, &c. . . . .268 

Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000 of them. Zenobia 

takes possession of Egypt . . . • . .269 

Aurelian succeeds ....... 270 

The ninth persecution against the Christians . . . 272 

Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edessa .... 273 

Dacia ceded to the Barbarians by the emperor . . . 274 

Aurelian killed, and succeeded by Tacitus, who died after a reign of 
six months, and was succeeded by Florianus, and, two months after, 
by Probus . . . . . . 275 

Probus makes an expedition into Gaul ..... 277 

He defeats the Persians in the east . . . . . 280 

Probus is put to death, and succeeded by Carus, and his sons Carinus 
and Numerianus ...... 282 

Dioclesian succeeds . ♦ ♦ . . .284 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxi 

A. D. 

The empire attacked by the barbarians of the north. Dioclesian 

takes Maximianus as his imperial colleague. - - 286 

Britain recovered, after a tyrant's usurpation of ten years. Alexandria 
taken by Dioclesian. - - - - - 296 

The tenth persecution against the Christains, which continues ten 
years ------- 303 

Dioclesian and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and live in retirement, 
succeeded by Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Maximianus, the 
two Caesars. About this period flourished J. Capitolinus, Arno- 
bius, Gregory and Hermogenes, the lawyers, iElius Spartianus, 
Hierocies, Flavius Vopiscus, Trebellius Pollio, &c. - 304 

Constantius dies, and is succeeded by his son - - 306 

At this time there were four emperors, Constantine, Licinius, Maxi- 
mianus, and Maxentius ----- 308 

Maxentius defeated and killed by Constantine - - 312 

The emperor Constantine begins to favour the Christian religion 319 

Licinius defeated and banished by Constantine - - 324 

The first general Council of Nice, composed of 318 bishops, who sit 
from June 19 to August 25 - - - - 325 

The seat of the empire removed from Rome to Constantinople 328 

Constantinople solemnly dedicated by the emperor on the eleventh of 
May - - - - - 330 

Constantine orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed - 331 

The death of Constantine, and succession of his three sons, Constanti- 
nus, Constans, and Constantius. In the reign of Constantine flou- 
rished Lactantius, Athanasius, Arius, and Eusebius - 337 
Constantine the younger defeated and killed by Constans at Aquileia 340 
Constans killed in Spain by Magnentius - - - 350 
Gallus put to death by Constantius - 354 
One hundred and fifty cities of Greece and Asia ruined by an earth- 
quake ------- 358 

Constantius and Julian quarrel, and prepare for war; but the former 

dies the next year, and leaves the latter sole emperor. About this 

period flourished iElius Donatus, Eutropius, Libanius, Ammian, 

Marcellinus, Jamblicus, St. Hilary, &c. - 360 

Julian dies, and is succeeded by Jovian. In Julian's reign flourished 

Gregory Nazianzen, Themistius, Aurelius Victor, &c. - 363 

Upon the death of Jovian, and the succession of Valens and Valen- 
tinian, the empire is divided, the former being emperor of the east, 
and the other of the west - - - - 364 

Gratian taken as partner in the western empire by Valentinian 367 

Firmus, tyrant of Africa, defeated - - - - 373 

Valentinian the Second succeeds Valentinian the First - 375 

The Goths permitted to settle in Thrace, on being expelled by the 
Huns - - - - - 376 

Theodosius the Great succeeds Valens in the eastern empire. The 

Lombards first leave Scandinavia and defeat the Vandals - 379 

Gratian defeated and killed by Andrigathius - - 383 

The tyrant Maximus defeated and put to death by Theodosius 388 

Eugenius usurps the western empire, and is two years after defeated 

by Theodosius - - - - - 392 

Theodosius dies, and is succeeded by his sons, Arcadius in the east, 
and Honorius in the west. In the reign of Theodosius flourished 

D 



xxii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

A. D. 

Ausonius, Eunapius. Pappus, Theon, Prudentius, St. Austin, St. 
Jerome, St. Ambrose, &c. 395 

Gildo, defeated by his own brother, kills himself - - 398 

Stilicho defeats 200,000 of the Goths at Fesulae - - 405 

The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi, permitted to settle in Spain and 

France by Honorius - 406 

Theodosius the Younger succeeds Arcadius in the east, having Isde- 

gerdes, king of Persia, as his guardian, appointed by his father 408 

Rome plundered by Alaric, king of the Visigoths, August 24th 410 

The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain - - 412 

The kingdom of the Burgundians is begun in Alsace - 413 

The Visigoths found a kingdom at Thoulouse - - 415 

The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths - - 417 

The kingdom of the French begins on the lower Rhine - 420 

The death of Honorius, and succession of Valentinian the Third. 
Under Honorius flourished Sulpicius Severus, Macrobius, Anianus, 
Panodorus, Stobaeus, Servius the commentator, Hypatia, Pelagius, 
Synesius, Cyril, Orosius, Socrates, &c. ... 423 

Theodosius establishes public schools at Constantinople, and attempts 

the restoration of learning - - - 425 

The Romans take leave of Britain, and never return - 426 

Pannonia recovered from the Huns by the Romans. The Vandals 

pass into Africa - - - - 427 

The French defeated by ^Etius - - - . - 428 

The Theodosian code published - 435 

Genseric the Vandal takes Carthage, and begins the kingdom of the 

Vandals in Africa - - - . - 439 

The Britons, abandoned by the Romans, make their celebrated com- 
plaint to iEtius against the Picts and Scots, and three years after 
the Saxons settle in Britain, upon the invitation of Vortigern 446 

Attila, king of the Huns, ravages Europe - 447 

Theodosius the Second dies, and is succeeded by Marcianus. About 
this time flourished Zozimus, Nestorius, Theodoret, Sozomen, 
Olympiodorus, Sec. -■:-,- - - - 450 

The city of Venice first began to be known - - 452 

Death of Valentinian the Third, who is succeeded by Maximus for 
two months, by Avitus for ten, and, after an interregnum of ten 
months, by Majorianus ----- 454 

Rome taken by Genseric in July. The kingdom of Kent first estab- 
lished _---_.. 455 
The Suevi defeated by Theodoric on the Ebro - - 456 
Marcianus dies, and is succeeded hy Leo, surnamed the Thracian. 

Vortimer defeated by Hengist at Crayford, in Kent - 457 

Severus succeeds in the western empire - - - 461 

The paschal cycle of 532 years invented by Victorius of Aquitain 463 
Antheniius succeeds in the western empire, after an interregnum of 

two years ---.„_ 457- 

Olybrius succeeds Anthemius, and is succeeded, the next year, by 

Glycerius, and Glycerius by Nepos - - . - 472 

Nepos is succeeded by Augustulus. Leo junior, son of Ariadne, 
though an infant, succeeds his grandfather Leo in the eastern em- 
pire, and, some months after, is succeeeed by his father Zeno 474 
The western empire is destroyed by Odoacer, king of the Heruli, who 
assumes the title of king of Italy. About that time flourished Euty- 
ches, Prosper, Victorius 3 Sidonius Appollinaris - - 476 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxiii 

A. D. 

Constantinople partly destroyed by an earthquake, which lasted 40 
days at intervals . . . . . . 480 

The battle of Soissons and victory of Clovis over Siagrius the Roman 
general . . . . . . .485 

After the death of Zeno in the east, Ariadne married Anastasius sur- 

named the Silentiary, who ascends the vacant throne - 49 1 

Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, revolts about this time, and con- 
quers Italy from the Heruli. About this time flourished Boethius 
and Symmachus ...... 493 

Christianity embraced in France by the baptism of Clovis 496 

The Burgundian laws published by king Gondebaud . 501 

Alaric defeated by Clovis at the battle of Vorcille near Poitiers 507 

Paris made the capital of the French dominions . . 510 

Constantinople besieged by Vitalianus, whose fleet ie burned with a 
brazen speculum^y Proclus . . . . 514 

The computing of time by the Christian era, introduced first by Diony- 
sius . . . . . . . 516 

Justin the First, a peasant of Dajmatia, makes himself emperor 518 

Justinian the First, nephew of Justin, succeeds. Under his g'orious 
reign flourished Belisarius, Jornandes, Paul the Silentiary, Simpli- 
cius, Dionysius, Procopius, Proclus, Narses, &c. . 527 

Justinian publishes his celebrated Code of laws, and four years after his 
Digest . . . . . . . 529 

Conquest of Africa by Belisarius, and that of Rome, two years after 534 
Italy is invaded by the Franks . . . . 538 

The Roman consulship suppressed by Justinian . . 542 

A great plague which arose in Africa, and desolated Asia and Europe 543 
The beginning of the Turkish empire in Asia . . 545 

Rome taken and pillaged by Totila . . . 547 

The manufacture of silk introduced from India into Europe by monks 55 1 
Defeat and death of Totila, the Gothic king of Italy . 553 

A dreadful plague over Africa, Asia, and Europe, which continues 
for 50 years . . . . . . 558 

Justin the Second, son of Vigilantia, the sister of Justinian, succeeds 565 
Part of Italy conquered by the Lombards from Pannonia, who form a 
kingdom there . . . . . . 568 

Tiberius the Second, an officer of the imperial guards, is adopted, and, 
soon after, succeeds . . . . . 578 

Latin ceases to be the language of Italy about this time . 581 

Maurice, the Cappadocian, son-in-law of Tiberius? succeeds 582 

Gregory the First, surnamed the Great, fills St. Peter's chair at Rome. 
The few men of learning who flourished the latter end of this cen- 
tury, were Gildas, Agathias, Gregory of Tours, the father of French 
history, Evagrius, and St. Augustin the Monk . . 590 

Augustin the Monk, with 40 others, comes to preach Christianity in 
England ....... 597 

About this time the Saxon Heptarchy began in England . 600 

Phocas, a simple centurion, is elected emperor, after the revolt of the 

soldiers, and the murder of Maurice and of his children 602 

The power of the Popes begins to be established by the concessions 
of Phocas ...... 606 

Heraclius, an officer in Africa, succeeds, after the murder of the 
usurper Phocas . . . . . . 610 



xxiv CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

A. D. 

The conquests of Chosroes, king of Persia, in Syria, Egypt, Asia 

Minor, and, afterwards, his siege of Rome . . 611 

The Persians take Jerusalem with the slaughter of 90,000 men, and 

the next year they over-run Africa . . . 614 

Mahomet, in his 53d year, flies from Mecca to Medina, on Friday, 
July 16, which forms the first year of the Hegira, the era of the Ma- 
hometans ....... 622 

Constantinople is besieged by the Persians and Arabs . 626 

Death of Mahomet ...... 632 

Jerusalem taken by the Saracens, arid three years after Alexandria, 
and its famous library destroyed .... 637 

Constantine the Third, son of Heraclius, in partnership with Hera- 
cleonas, his brother by the same father, assumes the imperial purple. 
Constantine reigns 103 days, and after his death, his son. Constan- 
tine's son Constans is declared emperor, though Heracleonas, with 
his mother Martina, wished to continue in possession of the supreme 
power . . . . . . . 641 

Cyprus taken by the Saracens . . . 648 

The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the Colossus . 653 

Constantine the Fourth, surnamed Pogonatus, succeeds, on the mur- 
der of his father in Sicily .... 668 

The Saracens ravage Sicily ... . . . 669 

Constantinople besieged by the Saracens, whose fleet is destroyed by 
the Greek fire ...... 673 

Justinian the Second succeeds his father Constantine. In his exile of 
10 years, the purple was usurped by Leontius and Absimerus Tibe- 
rius. His restoration happened 704. The only men of learning 
in this century were Secundus, Isidorus, Theophylactus, Geo. Pi- 
sides, Callinicus, and the venerable Bede . . . 685 
Pepin engrosses the power of the whole French monarchy . 690 
Africa finally conquered by the Saracens . . . . 709 

Bardanes, surnamed Philippicus, succeeds at Constantinople, on the 
murder of Justinian . . . . 711 

Spain is conquered by the Saracens. Accession of Artemius, or Anas- 
tasius the Second to the throne . . . . 713 

Anastasius abdicates, and is succeeded by Theodosius the Third, who, 
two years after, yields to the superior influence of Leo the Third, 
the first of the Isaurian dynasty . . . . 715 

Second, but unsuccessful siege of Constantinople by the Saracens 717 
Tax called Peterpence begun by Ina, king of Wessex, to support a 
college at Rome . . . . . . 727 

Saracens defeated by Charles Martel between Tours and Poitiers, in 
October ....... 732 

Constantine the Fifth, surnamed Copronymus, succeeds his father 
Leo . ...... 741 

Dreadful pestilence for three years over Europe and Asia . 746 

The computation of years from the birth of Christ first used in his- 
torical writings - - - - - - 748 

Learning encouraged by the race of Abbas caliph of the Saracens 749 
The Merovingian race of kings ends in France - - 750 

Bagdad built, and made the capital of the Caliphs of the house of 
Abbas - - - - - - - 762 

A violent frost for 150 days, from October to February - 763 

Monasteries dissolved in the east by Constantine - - 770 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxv 

A.D. 

Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which ends the kingdom of the Lom- 
bards, after a duration of 206 years - 774 
Leo the Fourth, son of Constantine, succeeds, and, five years after, is 

succeeded by his wife Irene, and his son Constantine the Sixth 775 

Irene murders her son and reigns alone. The only men of learning in 
this century were Johannes Damascenus, Fredegaire, Alcuinus, 
Paulus Diaconus, and George the Monk - - - 797 

Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of Rome and of the western em- 
pire. About this time the Popes separate themselves from the 
princes of Constantinople - - - - 800 

Egbert ascends the throne of England, but the total reduction of the 

Saxon heptarchy is not effected till 26 years after - 801 

Nicephorus the first, great treasurer of the empire-, succeeds 802 

Stauracius, son of Nicephorus, and Michael the first, surnamed Rhan- 
gabe, the husband of Procopio, sister of Stauracius, assume the 
purple - - - - - - - 811 

Leo the Fifth, the Armenian, though but an officer of the palace, as- 
cends the throne of Constantinople - - - 813 
Learning encouraged among the Saracens by Almamon, who made 
observations on the sun, &c. . . . . 816 

Michael the Second, the Thracian, surnamed the stammerer, succeeds, 
after the murder of Leo . . . . . 82 1 

The Saracens of Spain take Crete, which they call Candia . 823 

The Almagest of Ptolemy translated into Arabic by order of Almamon 827 
Theophilus succeeds his father Michael . . . 829 

Origin of the Russian monarchy .... 839 

Michael the Third succeeds his father Theophilus with his mother 
Theodora . . . . . . 842 

The Normans get possession of some cities in France . 853 

Michael is murdered, and succeeded by Basil the First, the Macedo- 
nian ' . . . , . . 867 
Clocks first brought to Constantinople from Venice . . 872 
Basil is succeeded by his son Leo the Sixth, the philosopher. In this 
century flourished Mesue, the Arabian physician, Eginhard, Ra- 
banus, Albumasar, Godescalchus, Hincmarus, Odo, Photius, John 
Scotus, Anastasius the librarian, Alfraganus, Albategni, Reginon, 
John Asser . . . . . . * 886 

Paris besieged by the Normans, and bravely defended by Bishop Goslin 887 
Death of Alfred, king of England, after a reign of 30 years . 900 

Alexander, brother of Leo, succeeds with his nephew Constantine the 

Seventh, surnamed Porphyrogenitus . . . 911 

The Normans establish themselves in France under Rollo . 912 

Romanus the First, surnamed Lecapenus, general of the fleet, usurps 
the throne, with his three sons, Christopher, Stephen, and Constan- 
tine the Eighth . . . . . . 919 

Fiefs established in France . . . . . 923 

Saracen empire divided by usurpation into seven kingdoms . 936 

Naples seized by the eastern emperors . . * . 942 

The sons of Romanus conspire against their father, and the tumults 

this occasioned produced the restoration of Porphyrogenitus 945 

Romanus the Second, son of Constantine the Seventh, by Helena, the 
daughter of Lecapenus, succeeds .... 959 

Romanus poisoned by his wife Theophano, is succeeded by Nice- 
phorus Phocas the Second, whom the empress, unable to reign 



xxvi CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

A. D. 

alone under the title of protectress of her young children, had mar- 
ried ....... 963 

Italy conquered by Otho, and united to the German empire* . 964 

Nicephorus, at the instigation of Theophano, is murdered by John 

Zimisces, who assumes the purple . . . 969 

Basil the Second, and Constantine the Ninth, the two sons of Romanus 

by Theophano, succeed on the death of Zimisces . . 975 

The third or Capetian race of kings in France begins July 3d 987 

Arithmetical figures brought into Europe from Arabia by the Sara- 
cens . . . . . . . 991 

The empire of Germany first made elective by Otho III. The 
learned men of this century were Eudes de Cluni, Azophi, Luit- 
prand, Alfarabius, Rhazes, Geber, Abbo, Aimoin, Gerbert 996 

A general massacre of the Danes in England, Nov. 13th 1002 

All old churches, about this time, rebuilt in a new manner of archi- 
tecture ....... 1005 

Flanders inundated in consequence of a violent storm . 1014 

Constantine becomes sole emperor on the death of his brother 1025 

Romanus the Third, surnamed Argyrus, a patrician, succeeds, by 

marrying Zoe, the daughter of the late monarch . 1028 

Zoe, after prostituting herself to a Paphlagonian money-lender, 
causes her husband Romanus to be poisoned, and, afterwards, mar- 
ries her favourite, who ascends the throne under the name of Mi- 
chael the Fourth ...... 1034 

The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon begin . . 1035 

Zoe adopts for her son Michael the Fifth, the trade of whose father 

(careening vessels) had procured him the surname of Calaphates 1041 
Zoe, and her sister Theodora, are made sole empresses by the popu- 
lace, but after two months, Zoe, though 60 years old, takes, for her 
third husband, Constantine the Tenth, who succeeds . 1042 

The Turks invade the Roman empire . . . . 1050 

After the death of Constantine, Theodora recovers the sovereignty, 
and, 19 months after, adopts, as her successor, Michaelthe Sixth, 
surnamed Stratioticus ..... 1054 

Isaac Commenus the First, chosen emperor by the soldiers 1057 

Isaac abdicates, and when his brother refuses to succeed him, he ap- 
points his friend Constantine the Eleventh, surnamed Dueas 1059 
Jerusalem conquered by the Turks from the Saracens . 1065 
The crown of England is transferred from the head of Harold by the 
battle of Hastings, October the 14th, to William the Conqueror, 
duke of Normandy . . . . ■. . 1066 

On the death of Ducas, his wife Eudocia, instead of protecting his 
three sons, Michael, Andronicus and Constantine, usurps the sove- 
reignty, and marries Romanus the Third, surnamed Diogenes 1067 
Romanus being taken prisoner by the Turks, the three young princes 
ascend the throne, under the name of Michael Parapinaces the 
Seventh, Andronicus the First, and Constantine the Twelfth 1071 
The general Nicephorus Botaniates the Third, assumes the purple 1078 
Doomsday-book begun to be compiled from a general survey of the 

estates of England, and finished in six years . . 1080 

Alexius Commenus the First, nephew of Isaac the First, ascends the 
throne. His reign is rendered illustrious by the pen of his daugh- 
ter, the princess Anna Commena. The Normans, under Robert 
of Apulia, invade the eastern empire . , 1081 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxvii 

A. D. 

Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks . . 1084 

Accession of William the Second to the English throne 1087 

The first crusade ...... 1096 

Jerusalem taken by the crusaders 15th July. The only learned men 
of this century were Avicenna, Guy d'Arezzo, Glaber, Hermanus, 
Franco, Peter Damiani, Michael Celularius, Geo. Cedrenus, Be- 
renger, Psellus Marianus, Scotus, Arzachel, William of Spires, 
Suidas, Peter the Hermit, Sigebert . . . 1099 

Henry the First succeeds to the throne of England . . 1 100 

Learning revived at Cambridge . . . . 1110 

John, or Calojohannes, son of Alexius, succeeds at Constantinople 1118 
Order of Knights Templars instituted . . . 1118 

Accession of Stephen to the English crown . . 1135 

Manuel, son of John, succeeds at Constantinople . . 1 143 

The second crusade . . . . . 1 147 

The canon law composed by Gratian, after 24 years* labour . 1151 

The party names of Guelfs and Gibbelines begin in Italy 1 154 

Henry the Second succeeds in England . . . 1154 

The Teutonic order begins „ . . . . 1164 

The conquest of Egypt by the Turks . . . 1 169 

The famous council of Clarendon in England, January 25th. Con- 
quest of Ireland by Henry II. . . . . 1172 

Dispensing of justice by circuits first established in England 1176 

Alexius the Second succeeds his father Manuel . . 1180 

English laws digested by Glanville . . . 1181 

From the disorders of the government, on account of the minority of 
Alexius, Andronicus, the grandson of the great Alexius, is named 
guardian, but he murders Alexius, and ascends the throne 1 183 

Andronicus is cruelly put to death, and Isaac Angelus, a descendant 

of the great Alexius by the female line, succeeds . 1 185 

The third crusade, and siege of Acre . . . 1188 

Richard the First succeeds his father Henry in England . 1 189 

Saladin defeated by Richard of England in the battle of Ascalon 1192 
Alexius Angelus, brother of Isaac, revolts, and usurps the sovereign- 
ty, by putting out the eyes of the emperor . . 1 195 
John succeeds to the English throne. The learned men of this cen- 
tury were, Peter Abelard, Anna Commena, St. Bernard, Averroes, 
William of Malmesbury, Peter Lombard, Otho Trisingensis, Mai- 
monides, Humenus, Wernerus, Gratian, Jeoftry of Monmouth, 
Tzetzes, Eustathius, John of Salisbury, Simeon of Durham, Henry 
of Huntingdon, Peter Comestor, Peter of Blois, Ranulph Glan- 
ville, Roger Hoveden, Campanus, William of Newburgh 1 199 
Constantinople is besieged and taken by the Latins, and Isaac is taken 
from his dungeon and replaced on the throne with his son Alexius. 
This year is remarkable for the fourth crusade •■■.."■ . 1203 
The father and son are murdered by Alexius Mourzoufle, and Con- 
stantinople is again besieged and taken by the French and Vene- 
tians, who elect Baldwin, count of Flanders, emperor of the east. 
In the mean time, Theodore Lascaris makes himself emperor of 
Nice; Alexius, grandson of the tyrant Andronicus, becomes empe- 
ror of Trebizond; and Michael, an illegitimate child of the Angeli, 
founds an empire in Epirus .... 1204 

The emperor Baldwin is defeated by the Bulgarians, and next year, 
is succeeded by his brother Henry . . . 1205 



1209 


1215 


1216 


1217 


1221 



xxviii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

A. D. 

Reign and conquests of the great Zingis Khan, first emperor of the 

Moguls and Tartars, till the time of his death, 1227 . 1206 

Aristotle's works, imported from Constantinople, are condemned by 
the council of Paris ..... 

Magna Charta granted to the English barons by king John 
Henry the Third succeeds his father John on the English throne 
Peter of Courtenay, the husband of Yolanda, sister of the two last em- 
perors Baldwin and Henry, is made emperor by the Latins 
Robert, son of Peter Courtenay, succeeds 
Theodore Lascaris is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his son-in- 
law, John Ducas Vataces .... 1222 

John of Brienne, and Baldwin the Second, son of Peter, succeeded 
on the throne of Constantinople . . . . 1228 

The inquisition which had been begun 1204 is now trusted to the Do- 
minicans . ... . . . 1233 

Baldwin alone . . . . . . 1237 

Origin of the Ottomans . . . . . 1240 

The fifth crusade . . . . . . 1248 

Astronomical tables composed by Alphonso the Eleventh of Castile 1253 
Ducas Vataces is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his son Theo- 
dore Lascaris the Second . . . . 1255 

Lascaris succeeded by his son John Lascaris, a minor . 1259 

Michael Palseologus, son of the sister of the queen of Theodore 
Lascaris, ascends the throne, after the murder of the young prince's 
guardian . . ... 1260 

Constantinople is recovered from the Latins by the Greek emperors 
of Nice . . . . . . . 1261 

Edward the First succeeds on the English throne . . 1272 

The famous Mortmain act passes in England . . 1279 

Eight thousand French murdered during the Sicilian vespers, 30th of 
March . . . . . . .1282 

Wales conquered by Edward and annexed to England . . 1283 

Michael Palseologus dies, and his son Andronicus, who had already^ 
reigned nine years conjointly with his father, ascends the throne. 
The learned men of this century are, Gervase, Diceto, Saxo, 
Walter of Coventry, Accursius, Antony of Padua, Alexander Ha- 
lensis, William of Paris, Peter de Vignes, Matthew Paris, Grosse- 
teste, Albertus, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventura, John Joinville, 
Roger Bacon, Cimabue, Durandus, Henry of Ghent, Raymond 
Lulli, Jacob Voragine, Albertet, Duns Scotus, Thebit 1293 

A regular succession of English parliaments from this time 1293 

The Turkish empire begins in Bithynia . . . 1298 

The mariner's compass invented or improved by Flavio . 1302 

The Swiss Cantons begin . . . . . 1307 

Edward the Second succeeds to the English crown . 1307 

Translation of the holy see to Avignon, which alienation continues 68 

years, till the return of Gregory the Eleventh . . 1308 

Andronicus adopts, as his colleagues, Manuel and his grandson, the 
younger Andronicus. Manuel dying, Andronicus revolts against 
his grandfather, who abdicates . . . . 1320 

Edward the Third succeeds in England ., . . 1327 

First comet observed, whose course is described, with exactness, in 
June ....... 1337 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxix 

A. D. 

About this time flourished Leo Pilatus, a Greek professor at Flo- 
rence, Barlaam, Petrarch, Boccace, and Manuel Chrysoloras, 
where may be fixed the era of the revival of Greek literature in 
Italy ....... 1339 

Andronicus is succeeded by his son John Palaeologus in the ninth 
year of his age. John Cantacuzene, who had been left guardian 
of the young prince, assumes the purple. First passage of the 
Turks into Europe . .-_ . . . 1341 

The knights and burgesses of Parliament first sit in the same house 1 342 
The battle of Crecy, August 26 .... 1346 

Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the tribuneship 1347 

Order of the Garter in England established April 23 . 1349 

The Turks first enter Europe .... 1352 

Cantacuzene abdicates the purple . . . . 1355 

The battle of Poictiers, September 19th . . . 1356 

Law pleadings altered from French into English, as a favour from 

Edward III. to his people, in his 50th year . . 1362 

Rise of Timour, or Tamerlane, to the throne of Samarcand, and his 

extensive conquests till his death, after a reign of 35 years 1370 

Accession of Richard the Second to the English throne . 1377 

Manuel succeeds his father, John Palaeologus . . 1391 

Accession of Henry the Fourth in England. The learned men of 
this century were Peter Apono, Flavio, Dante, Arnoldus Villa, 
Nicholas Lyra, William Occam, Nicephoras, Gregoras, Leontius 
Pilatus, Matthew of Westminster, Wickliff, Froissart, Nicholas 
Flamel, Chaucer ...... 1399 

Henry the Fourth is succeeded by his son Henry the Fifth . 1413 

Battle of Agincourt, October 25th ..... 1415 

The island of Madeira discovered by the Portuguese . 1420 

Henry the Sixth succeeds to the throne of England. Constantinople 

is besieged by Amurath the Second, the Turkish emperor 142 2 

John Palaeologus the Second succeeds his father Manuel . 1424 

Cosmo de Medici recalled from banishment, and rise of that family 

at Florence ...... 1434 

The famous pragmatic sanction settled in France . . 1439 

Printing discovered at Mentz, and improved gradually in 22 years 1440 
Constantino, one of the sons of Manuel, ascends the throne after his 
brother John ...... 1448 

Mahomet the Second, emperor of the Turks, besieges and takes 
Constantinople on the 29 th of May. Fall of the eastern empire. 
The captivity of the Greeks, and the extinction of the imperial 
families of the Commeni and Palaeologi- About this time, the 
House of York in England began to aspire to the crown, and, by 
their ambitious views, to deluge the whole kingdom in blood. The 
learned men of the 15th century were Chaucer, Leonard Aretin, 
John Huss, Jerome of Prague, Poggio, Flavius Blondus, Theo- 
dore Gaza, Frank Philelphus, Geo. Trapezuntius, Gemistus Pletho, 
Laurentius Valla, Ulugh Beigh, John Guttemburg, John Faustus, 
Peter Schoeffer, Wesselus, Peurbachius, iEneas Sylvius, Bessa- 
rion, Thomas a Kempis, Argyropulus, Regiomontanus, Platina, 
Agricola, Pontanus, Ficinus, Lascaris, Tiphernas, Annius of Viter- 
bo, Merula, Savonarola, Picus, Politian, Hermolaus, Grocyn, Man- 
tuanus, John Colet> Reuchlin, Lynacre, Alexander ab Alexandro, 
Demetrius Chalcondyles, &c. 1453 



AB 



AB 



Abatos, an island in the lake near Memphis 
in Egypt, abounding with flax and papyrus. Osi- 
ris was buried there. Lucan. 10, v. 323. 

Abdalonimus, one of the descendants of the 
kings of Sidon, so poor, that, to maintain him- 
self, he worked in a garden. When Alexander 
took Sidon, he made him king in the room of 
Strato, the deposed monarch, and enlarged his 
possessions on account of the great disinterest- 
edness of his conduct. Justin. 11, c. 10. — Curt. 
4, c. 1,— Diod. 17. 

Abdera, a town of Kispania Baetica, built 
by the Carthaginians. Strab. 3. A mari- 
time city of Thrace, built by Hercules, in me- 
mory of Abderus, one of his favourites. The 
Ciazoinenians and Teians beautified it. Some 
suppose that Abdera, the sister of Diomedes, 
built it. The air was so unwholesome, and the 
inhabitants of such a sluggish disposition, that 
stupidity was commonly called Abderitica mens. 
It gave birth, however, to Democritus, Protago- 
ras, Anaxarchus, and Hecataeus. Mela, 2, c. 2. 
— Cic. ad Attic* 4, ep. 16. — Herodot. l,c. 186. 
Mart. 10. ep. 25- 

Abderia, a town of Spain. Jlpollod. 2, c. 5. 

Abderites, a people of Paeonia, obliged to 
leave their country on account of the great num- 
ber of rats and frogs which infested it. Justin. 
15, c. 2. 

Abderus, a man of Opus in Locris, arm- 
bearer to Hercules, torn to pieces by the mares 
of Diomedes, which the hero had intrusted to 
his care when going to war against the Bistones. 
Hercules built a city, which in honour of his 
friend he called Abdera. Jlpollod. 2, c. 5.— 
Philosirat. 2, c 25. 

Abeatje, a people of Achaia, probably the 
inhabitants of Abia. Paus. 4, c. 30. — Plin. 4, 
c. 6. 

Abella, a town of Campania, whose inha- 
bitants were called Abellani. Its nuts, called 
avellance, and also its apples, were famous. 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 740.— Justin. 20, c. 5.— Sil, 
8, v 544. 

Abelux, a noble of Saguntum, who favoured 
the party of the Romans against Carthage. Liv. 
22, c. 22. 

Abenda, a town of Caria, whose inhabitants 
were the first who raised temples to the city of 
Rome. Liv. 45, c. 6. 

Abia, formerly Ire, a maritime town of Mes- 
senia, one of the seven cities promised to Achil- 
les by Agamemnon. It is called after Abia, 
daughter of Hercules, and nurse ofHyllus. Paus. 
4, c. 30.— Strab. S.—Hom. II. 9, v. 292. 

Abii, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. 
They lived upon milk, were fond of celibacy, 
and enemies to war. Homer. II. 13, v. 6. Ac- 
cording to Curt. 7, c. 6, they surrendered to 
Alexander, after they had been independent 
since the reign of Cyrus. 

Abila, or Abyla, a mountain of Africa, in 
that part which is nearest to the opposite moun- 
tain called Calpe, on the coast of Spain, only 
eighteen miles distant. These two mountains 
are called the columns of Hercules, and were 
said formerly to be united, till the hero separated 
them, and made a communication between the 



Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Strab. 3.-^ 
Mela, 1, c. 5, 1. 2, c. 6.— Plin. 3. 

Abisares, an Indian prince, who offered to 
surrender to Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 12. 

Abisaris, a country beyond the Hydaspes in 
India. Jirrian. 

Abisontes, some inhabitants of the Alps. 
Plin. 3, c. 20. 

Aeletes, a people near Troy. Strab. 

Abnoba, a mountain of Germany. Tacit. G. 1. 

Abobrica, a town of Lusitania. Plin. 4, c< 
20. Another in Spain. 

ABffiCRiTus, a Boeotian general, killed with a 
thousand men, in a battle at Chaeronea, against 
the Italians. Plut- in Aral. 

Abolani, a people of Latium, near Alba. 
Plin. 5, c. 5. 

Abolus, a river of Sicily. Plut. in Timoh 

Aboniteichos, a town of Galatia. Arrian. 
in Peripl. 

Aboraca, a town of Sarmatia. 

Aborigines, the original inhabitants of Italy; 
or, according to others, a nation conducted by 
Saturn into Latium, where they taught the use 
of letters to Evander, the king of the country. 
Their posterity was called Latini, from Latinus, 
one of their kings. — They assisted iEneas against 
Turnus. Rome was built in their country. The 
word signifies without origin, or whose origin is 
not known, and is generally applied to the ori- 
ginal inhabitants of any country. Liv. I, c. 1, 
&c. — Dionxjs. Hal. 1, c. 10. — Justin. 43, c. 1. 
—Plin. 3, c. 5.— Strab. 5. 

Aborras, a river of Mesopotamia. Strab. 16. 

Abradates, a king of Susa, who, when his 
wife Panthea had been taken prisoner by Cyrus, 
and humanely treated, surrendered himself and 
his troops to the conqueror. He was killed in 
the first battle which he undertook in the cause 
of Cyrus, and his wife stabbed herself on his 
corpse. Cyrus raised a monument on their tomb. 
Xenoph. Cyrop. 5, 6, &c. 

Abrentius, was made governor of Tarentum 
by Annibal. He betrayed his trust to the ene- 
my to gain the favours of a beautiful woman, 
whose brother was in the Roman army. Polyazn. 8. 

Abrocomas, son of Darius, was in the army 
of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. He was 
killed at Thermopylae. Herodot. 1, c. 224. — 
Plut, in Cleom. 

Abrodi^tus, a name given to Parrhasius the 
painter, on account of the sumptuous manner of 
his living. Vid. Parrhasius. 

Abron, an Athenian, who wrote some trea- 
tises on the religious festivals and sacrifices of 
the Greeks. Only the titles of his works are pre- 
served. Suidas. A grammarian of Rhodes, 

who taught rhetoric at Rome. Another who 

wrote a treatise on Theocritus. A Spartan, 

son of Lycurgus the orator. Plut. in 10. Oral. 
— A native of Argos, famous for his debauchery. 

Abronycus, an Athenian very serviceable to 
Themistocles in his embassy to Sparta. Thucyd* 
1, c. 91.— Herodot. 8, c. 21. 

Abronius, Silo, a Latin poet in the Augus- 
tan age. He wrote some fables. Senec. 

Abrota, the wife of Nisus, the youngest of 
the sons of ,/Egeus. As a monument to her chas- 



AC 



AC 



Si'ty, Nisus, after her death, ordered the gar- 
ments which she wore to become the models of 
fashion in Megara. Plut. Qucest. Graze 

Abrotonum, the mother of Themistocles. 

Plut. in Them. A town of Africa, near the 

Syrtes. Plin. 5, c. 4. -A harlot of Thrace. 

Plut. in Jlrat. 

Abrus, a city of the Sapaei. Pans. 7, c. 10. 

Abrypolis, an ally of Rome, driven from his 
possessions by Perseus, the last king of Macedo- 
nia. Liv. 42 c. 13 and 41. 

Abseus, a giant, son of Tartarus and Terra. 
Hygin. Prazf. fab. 

Absinthh, a people on the coasts of Pontus, 
where there is also a mountain of the same 
name. Herodot. 6, c. 34. 

Absorus, Absyrtis, Absyrtides, islands in the 
Adriatic, or near Istria, where Absyrtus was 
killed, whence their name. Strab. 7. — Apollod. 
1, c. 9.— Lucan. 3, v. 190. 

Absyrtos, a river falling into the Adriatic 
sea, near which Absyrtus was murdered. Lucan. 
3, v. 190. 

Absyrtus, a son of JEetes king of Colchis 
and Hypsea. His sister Medea, as she fled away 
with Jason, tore his body to pieces, and strewed 
his limbs in her father's way to stop his pursuit. 
Some say that she murdered him in Colchis, 
others, near Istria. It is said by others, that he 
was not murdered, but that he arrived safe in 
Illyricum. The place where he was killed has 
been called Tomos, and the river adjoining to it 
Absyrtos. Lucan. 3, v. 190. — Strab. 7.— Hygin. 
fab. 23.— Apollod. 1, c. 9.— Place. 8, v. 261.— 
Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 9.— Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 19. 
—Plin. 3, c. 21 and 26. 

Abulites, governor of Susa, betrayed his trust 
to Alexander, and was rewarded with a province. 
Curt. 5, c. 2.—Diod. 17. 

Abydenus, a disciple of Aristotle, too much 
indulged by his master. He wrote some histo- 
rical treatises on Cyprus, Delos, Arabia, and 
Assyria. Phil. Jud. — Joseph, contr. Jlp. 

Abydos, a town of Egypt, where was the fa- 
mous temple of Osiris. Plut. de hid. and Osir. 

- A city of Asia, opposite Sestos, in Europe, 

with which, from the narrowness of the Helles- 
pont, it seemed, to those who approached it by 
sea, to form only one town. It was built by the 
Milesians, by permission of king Gyges. It is 
famous for the amours of Hero and Leander, 
and for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built 
there across the Hellespont. The inhabitants 
being besieged by Philip, the father of Perseus, 
devoted themselves to death with their families, 
rather than fall into the hands of the enemy. 
Liv. 31. c. 18. — Lucan. 2, v. 674. — Justin. 2, 
c. 13. — Musceus. in Her. §• Leand. — Flacc. 1, v. 
285. 

Abyla. Vid. Abila. 

Abylon, a city of Egypt. 

Abyssinia, a large kingdom of Africa, in 
Upper ^Ethiopia, where the Nile takes its rise. 
The inhabitants are said to be of Arabian origin, 
and were little known to the ancients. 

Acacallis, a nymph, mother of Philander 
and Phylacis by Apollo. These children were 
exposed to the wild beasts in Crete; but a goat 
gave them her milk and preserved their life. 



Paws. 10, c. 16. A daughter of Minos, mo- 
ther of Cydon, by Mercury, and of Amphithemi9 
by Apollo. Paus. 8, c. 53,—Apollon. 4. v. 1493. 

Acacesium, a town oi' Arcadia, built by Aca- 
cus, son of Lycaon. Mercury, surnamed Acace- 
sius, because brought up by Acacus as his foster- 
father, was worshipped there. Poms. 8, c. 3, 
36, &c. 

Acacius, a rhetorician in the age of the em- 
pejror Julian. 

Academia, a place near Athens, surrounded, 
with high trees, and adorned with spacious co- 
vered walks, belonging to Academus, from whom 
the name is derived. Some derive the word from 
z-Kctg J»fA.os, removed from the people. Here Pla- 
to opened his school of philosophy, and from this, 
every place sacred to learning has ever since 
been called Academia. To exclude from it pro- 
faneness and dissipation, it was even forbidden 
to laugh there, It was called Academia veius, 
to distinguish it from the second Academy found- 
ed by Arcesilaus, who made some few altera* 
tions in the Platonic philosophy, and from the 
third which was established by Carneades. Cic. 
de Div. 1, c. 3.— Diog. Z.Mlian V. H. 3. c. 35. 

Academus, an Athenian, who discovered to 
Castor and Pollux where Theseus had concealed 
their sister Helen, for which they amply reward- 
ed him. Plut. in Thes. 

Acalandrus, or Acalyndrus, a river falling 
into the bay of Tarentum. Plin. 3, c. 11. 

Acalle, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphae. 
Apollod. 3. c. 1. 

Acamarchis, one of the Oceanides. 

Ac am as, son of Theseus and Phaedra, went 
with Diomedes to demand Helen from the Tro- 
jans after her elopement from Menelaus. In his 
embassy he had a son, called Munitus by Lao- 
dice, the daughter of Priam. He was concern- 
ed in the Trojan war, and afterwards built the 
town of Acamantium in Phrygia, and on his re- 
turn to Greece called a tribe after his own name 
at Athens. Paus. 10 c. 26.— Q. Calab. 12. 
Hygin. 108. A son of Antenor in the Tro- 
jan war. Homer. II. 11. v. 60, &c. A Thra- 

cian auxiliary of Priam in the Trojan war. Ho- 
mer. II. 11. 

Acampsis, a river of Colchis. Jlrrian. 

Acantha, a nymph loved by Apollo, and 
changed into the flower Acanthus. 

Acanthus, a town near mount Athos, belong- 
ing to Macedonia, or, according to others, to 
Thrace. It was founded by a colony from An- 

dros. Thucyd. 4, c. 84.— Mela, 2, c 2. 

Another in Egypt, near the Nile, called also 
Dulopolis. Plin. 5, c. 28. An island men- 
tioned by Plin. 5,c. 32. 

Acara, a town of Pannonia. Another in 

Italy. 

Acaria, a fountain of Corinth, where Iolas 
cut off the head of Eurystbeus. Slrab. 8. 

Acarnania, (anciently Curetis) a country of 
Epirus, at the north of the Ionian sea, divided 
from iEtolia by the Achelous. The inhabitants 
reckoned only six months in the year; they were 
luxurious, and addicted to pleasure, so that por- 
ous Jlcarnas became proverbial. Their horses 
were famous. It received its name from Acar- 
nas. Plin. 2, c. 90.— Mela, 2, c. 3.— Strab. 7 



AC 



AC 



and 9. — Pans. 8, c. 24. — Lucian. in Dial Me- 
retr. 

Acarnas and Amphoterus, sons of Alcmaeon 
and Caliirhoe Alcmaeon being murdered by 
the brothers of Alphesiboea, his former wife. 
Caliirhoe obtained from Jupiter, that her chil- 
dren, who were still in the cradle, might, by a 
supernatural power, suddenly grow up to punish 
their father's murderers. This was granted. 
Vid. Alcmaeon. — Pans. 8, c. 24. — Ovid. Met. 9. 
fab. 10. 

Acarnas and Acarnan, a stony mountain of 
Attica. Senec. in Hippol. v. 20, 

AcastAj one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. Theog. 
v. 356. 

Acastus, son of Pelias king of Thessaly, by 
Anaxibia, married Astydamia or Hippolyte, who 
fell in love with Peleus, son of iEacus, when in 
banishment at her husband's court. Peleus, re- 
jecting the addresses of Hippolyte, was accused 
before Acastus of attempts upon her virtue, and 
soon after, at a chpce, exposed to wild beasts. 
Vulcan, by order of Jupiter, delivered Peleus, 
who returned to Thessaly, and put to death Acas- 
tus and his wife. Vid. Peleus and Astrydamia. 
— Ovid. Met 8, v. 306. Heroid. 13, v. 25.— 

Apollod. 1, c. 9, &c. The second archon at 

Athens. 

Acathantus, a bay in the Red Sea. Strab. 
16. 

Acca Laurentia, the wife of Faustulus, shep- 
herd of king Numitor's flocks, who brought up 
Romulus and Remus, who bad been exposed on 
the banks of the Tiber. — -From her wontonness, 
she was called Lupa, (a prostitute,) whence the 
fable that Romulus was suckled by a she-wolf. 
Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 18. — Liv. 1, c. 4. — Aul. Gell. 
6, c. 7. The Romans yearly celebrated cer- 
tain festivals [vid. Laurentalia] in honour of 
another prostitute of the same name, which arose 
from this circumstance: the keeper of the temple 
of Hercules, one day playing at dice, made the 
god one of the number, on condition that if Her- 
cules was defeated, he should make him a pre- 
sent, but if he conquered, he should be entertain- 
ed with an elegant feast, and share his bed with 
a beautiful female. Hercules was victorious, 
and accordingly Acca was conducted to the bed 
of Hercules, who in reality came to see her, and 
told her in the morning to go into the streets, 
and salute with a kiss the first man she met. 
This was Tarrutius, an old unmarried man, who, 
not displeased with Acca's liberty, loved her, 
and made her the heiress of all his possessions. 
These at her death, she gave to the Roman peo- 
ple, whence the honours paid to her memory. 
Plut. Quazst. Rom. &f in Romul A compa- 
nion of Camilla. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 820. 

Accia or Atia, daughter of Julia and M. 
Atius Balbus, was the mother of Augustus, and 
died about 40 years B.C. Dio. — Suet, in Aug. 

4. "Variola, an illustrious female, whose 

cause was elegantly pleaded by Pliny. Plin. 6. 
ep. 33 

Accila, a town of Sicily. Liv. 24, c. 35. 

L. Accius, a Roman tragic poet, whose rough- 
ness of style Quintilian has imputed to the un- 
polished age in which he lived. He translated 



some of the tragedies of Sophocles, but of his 
numerous pieces only some of the names are 
known; and among these, his Nuptiae, Mercator, 
Neoptolemus, Phcenice, Medea, Atreus, &c. 
The great marks of honour which he received at 
Rome, may be collected from this circumstance: 
that a man was severely reprimanded by a ma- 
gistrate for mentioning his name without rever- 
ence. Some few of his verses are preserved in 
Cicero and other writers. He died about 180 years 
B.C. Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 56.— Ovid. Am. I, el.. 
15, v. 19.— Quintil. 10, c. l.—Cic. ad Att. 8f 

in Br. de Orat. 3, c. 16. A famous orator of 

Pisaurum in Cicero's age. Labeo, a foolish 

poet mentioned Pers. 1, v. 50. Tullius, a 

prince of the Volsci, very inimical to the Romans. 
Coriolanus, when banished by his countrymen, 
fled to him, and led his armies against Rome. 
Liv. 2, c. 37. — Plut. in Coriol. 

Acco, a general of theSenones in Gaul. Cms. 

bell. Gall. 6, c. 4 and 44. An old woman 

who fell mad on seeing her deformity in a look- 
ing-glass. Hesych. 

Accua, a town in Italy. Liv. 24, c. 20. 

Ace, a town in Phoenicia, called also Ptole- 

mais, now Acre. C. Nep in Datam c. 6 

A place of Arcadia, near Megalopolis, where 
Orestes was cured from the persecution of the 
furies, who had a temple there. Pans. 8, v. 34. 

Aceratus, a soothsayer, who remained alone 
at Delphi when the approach of Xerxes fright- 
ened away the inhabitants. Herodot. 8, c, 37. 

Acerbas, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, who 
married Dido. Vid. Sichaeus. — Justin. 18, c.4. 

Acerina, a colony of the Brutii in Magna 
Graecia, taken by Alexander of Epirus. Liv. 8, 
c. 24. 

Acerr^;, an ancient town of Campania, near 
the river Clanius. It still subsists, and the fre- 
quent inundations from the river which terrified 
its ancient inhabitants, are now prevented by the 
large drains dug there. Virg. G. 2, v. 225. — 
Liv. 8, c 17. 

Acersecomes, a surname of Apollo, which 
signifies unshorn. Juv. 8, v. 128. 

Aces, a river of Asia. Herodot. 3, c, 117. 

Acesia, part of the island of Lemnos, which 
received this name from Philoctetes, whose 
wound was cured there. Philostr. 

Acesines, a river of Sicily. Thucyd. 4. c. 25. 

Acesinus, or Acesines, a river of Persia 
falling into the Indus Its banks produce reeds 
of such an uncommon size, that a piece of them, 
particularly between two knots, can serve as a 
boat to cross the water. Justin. 12, c. 9. — Plin. 

4. c. 12. 

Acesius, a surname of Apollo, in Elis and 
Attica as god of medicine. Paus. 6, c. 24. 

Acesta, a town of Sicily, called after king 
Acestes, and known also by the name of Seges- 
ta. It was built by iEneas, who left here part 
of his crew as he was going to Italy. Virg. JEn. 

5, v. 746, &c 

Acestes, son of Crinisus and Egesta, was 
king of the country near Drepanum in Sicily. 
He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and kind- 
ly entertained iEneas during his voyage, and 
helped him to bury his father on mount Eryx. 



AC 



AC 



In commemoration of this, iEneas built a city 
there, called Acesta, from Acestes. Virg. JEn. 
5, v. 746. 

Acestium, a woman who saw all her relations 
invested with the sacred office of torch-bearers 
in the festivals of Ceres. Paus. 1, c. 37. 

Acestodorus, a Greek historian, who men- 
tions the review which Xerxes made of his forces 
before the battle of Salamis. Plut. in Themist. 

Acestorides, an Athenian archon. A 

Corinthian governor of Syracuse. Diod. 19. 

Acetes. one of Evander's attendants. Virg. 
Mn. 11, v.' 30. 

Achabytos, a lofty mountain in Rhodes, 
where Jupiter had a temple. 

Ach.ea, a surname of Pallas, whose temple 
in Daunia was defended by dogs, who fawned 
upon the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all other 
persons. Bristol, de Mirab. Ceres was call- 
ed Achaea, from her lamentations (*x tA ) a * tne 
loss of Proserpine. Plut. in Isid. §• Osir. 

Achaei, the descendants of Achaeus, at first 
inhabited the country near Argos, but being dri- 
ven by the Heraclidae 80 years after the Trojan 
war, they retired among the Ionians, whose 
twelve cities tbey seized and kept. The names 
of these cities are Pelena, iEgira, iEges, Bura, 
Tritsea, iEgron, Rhypae, Olenos, Helice. Patrae, 
Dyme, and Pharae. The inhabitants of these 
three last began a famous confederacy, 284 
years B.C. which continued formidable upwards 
of 130 years, under the name of the Jichozan 
league, and was most illustrious whilst supported 
by the splendid virtues and abilities of Aratus 
and Philopcemen. Their arms were directed 
against the iEtolians for three years, with the as- 
sistance of Philip of Macedon, and they grew 
powerful by the accession of neighbouring states, 
and freed their country from foreign slavery, till 
at last they were attacked by the Romans, and, 
after one year's hostilities, the Achaean league 
was totally destroyed, B.C. 147. The Achaeaus 
extended the borders of their country by con- 
quest, and even planted colonies in Magna Grae- 

cia The name of Achozi is generally applied 

to all the Greeks indiscriminately, by the poets. 
Vid. Achaia. Herodot. 1. e. 145, 1. 8, c. 36. — 
'Stat. Theb. 2, v. 164.— Polyb.— Liv. 1. 27, 32, 
&c. — Plut. in Philop. — Plin. 4, c. 5. — Ovid. 

Met. 4, v. 605 — Paus. 7, c. 1, &c Also a 

people of Asia on the borders of the Euxine. 
Ovid, de Pont. 4, el 10, v. 27. 

AcHwEium, a place of Troas opposite Teuedos. 
—Strab. 8. 

Ach^menes, a king of Persia, among the 
progenitors of Cyrus the Great; whose descen- 
dants were called Achaemenides, and formed a 
separate tribe in Persia, of which the kings were 
members. Cambyses,son of Cyrus, on his death- 
bed, charged his nobles, and particularly the 
Achaemenides, not to suffer the Medes to recover 
their former power, and abolish the empire of 
Persia. Herodot. 1, c. 125. 1. 3. c. 65. 1. 7. c. 

1L Horat. 2. Od. 12, v. 21. A Persian, 

made governor of Egypt by Xerxes, B. C. 484. 

Ach^emenia, part of Persia, called after 
Achaemenes. Hence Achaemenius. Horat. Epod. 
13, v. 12. 

Ach^menides, a native of Ithaca, son of 



Adramastus, and one of the companions of Ulys- 
ses, abandoned on the coast of Sicily, where 
iEneas, on his voyage to Italy, found him. Virg. 
JEn. 3, v. 624. Ovid. lb. 417. 

Achjeorum littus, a harbour in Cyprus. 
Strab. In Troas, In iEolia, in Pelo- 



ponnesus, 



-on the Euxine, Paus. 4, c. 34. 



Ach-eorum statio, a place on the coast of 
the Thracian Chersonesus, where Polyxena was 
sacrificed to the shades of Achilles, and where 
Hecuba killed Polymnestor, who had murdered 
her son Polydorus. 

Ach-eus, a king of Lydia, hung by his sub- 
jects for his extortion. Ovid in lb. A son of 

Xuthus of Thessaiy. He fled, after the acciden- 
tal murder of a man, to Peloponnesus; where the 
inhabitants were called, from him, Achaei He 
afterwards returned to Thessaiy. Strab. S. — 

Paus. 7, c. 1. A tragic poet of Eretria, who 

wrote 43 tragedies, of which some of the titles 
are preserved, such as Adrastus, Linus, Cycnus, 
Eumenides, Philoctetes, Pirithous, Theseus, 
CEdipus, &c; of these only one obtained the 

prize. He lived some time after Sophocles. 

Another of Syracuse, author of ten tragedies. 

A river which falls into the Euxine. Jir- 

rian in Peripl. A relation of Antiochus the 

Great, appointed governor of all the king's pro- 
vinces beyond Taurus. He aspired to sovereign 
power, which he disputed for 8 years with An- 
tiochus, and was at last betrayed by a Cretan. 
His limbs were cut off, and his body, sewed in 
the skin of an ass, was exposed on a gibbet. 
Polyb. 8. 

Achaia, called also Hellas, a country of Pe- 
loponnesus at the north of Elis on the bay of Co- 
rinth, which is now part of Livadia. It was ori- 
ginally called iEgialus (shore) from its situation. 
The Ionians called it Ionia, when they settled 
there; and it received the name of Achaia from 
the Achaei, who dispossessed the Ionians. Vid. 

Achcti. A small part of Phthiotis was also 

called Achaia, of which Alos was the capital. 

Achaicum bellum. Vid. Achaei. 

Achara, a town near Sardis. Strab. 14. 

Acharenses, a people of Sicily, near Syra- 
cuse. Cic. in Ver. 3. 

Acharn^:, a village of Attica. Thucyd. 2, 
c. 19. 

Achates, a friend of iEneas, whose fidelity- 
was so exemplary, that Fidus Achates became a 

proverb. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 316. A river of 

Sicily. 

Acheloides, a patronymic given to the Si- 
rens as daughters of Achelous. Ovid. Met. 5, 
fab. 15. 

Achelorium, a river of Thessaiy. Polycen. 8, 

Achelous, the son of Oceanus or Sol, by 
Terra or Tethys, god of the river of the same 
name in Epirus. As one of the numerous suit- 
ors of Dejanira, daughter of CEneus, he entered 
the lists against Hercules, and being inferior, 
changed himself into a serpent, and afterwards 
into an ox. Hercules broke off one of his horns, 
and Achelous being defeated, retired in disgrace 
into his bed of waters. The broken horn was 
taken up by the nymphs, and filled with fruits 
and flowers; and after it had for some time 
adorned the hand of the conqueror, it was pre- 



AG 



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obscurity of his origin, wrote these verses on an 
apple, which he threw into her bosom. 
Juro tibi sanctce per mystica sacra Dianaz. 
Me tibi venturam comitem, sponsamque futu- 
rum. 
Cydippe read the verses, and being compelled 
by the oath she had inadvertently made, married 

Acontius. Ovid. Her. ep. 20 A mountain 

of Boeotia. Plin. 4, c 7. 

Acontobulis, a place of Cappadocia, under 
Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons. Jlpollon. 
arg. 2. 

Acoris, a king of Egypt, who assisted Eva-. 
gorus king of Cyrus against Persia. Diod. 15. 

Acra, a town of Italy, Euboea, Cy- 
prus, Acarnania, Sicily, Africa, — 

Sarmatia, &c. A promontory of Calabria, 
now Cape di Leuca. 

Acradina, the citadel of Syracuse, taken by 
Marcellus the Roman consul. Plut. in Marcel. 
— Cic. in Verr. 4. 

Acr.e, a mountain in Peloponnesus. Paus. 
2, c 34. 

AcRjiA, a daughter of the river Asterion. 

A surname of Diana, from a temple built to her 
by Melampus, on a mountain near Argos.-N — 
A surname of Juno. Paws. 2, c. 17. 

AcrjEphnia, a town in Boeotia; whence 
Apollo is called Acraephnius. Herodot. 8, c 135. 
AcragalliDjE, a dishonest nation livirjg an- 
ciently near Athens. JEsch. contra Ctesiph. 
Acragas. Vid. Agragas. 
Acratus, a freed man of Nero, sent into 
Asia to plunder the temples of the gods. Tac. 
An. 15, c. 45,1. 16, c. 23. 

Acrias, one of Hippodamia's suitors. Paus. 
6, c. 21. He built Acriae, a town of Laco- 
nia. Id. 3, c. 21. 

Acridophagi, an ^Ethiopian nation, who fed 
upon locusts, and lived not beyond their 40th 
year. At the approach of old age, swarms of 
winged lice attacked them, and gnawed their 
belly and breast, till the patient by rubbing him- 
self drew blood, which increased their number, 
and ended in his death. Diod. 3. — Plin. 11, c. 
29.— Strab. 16. 

Acrion, a Pythagorean philosopher of Locris, 
Cic. dejin. 5, c. 29. 

Acrisioneus, a patronymic applied to the 
Argives, from Acrisius, one of their ancient 
kings, or from Arisione, a town of Argolis, call- 
ed after a daughter of Acrisius of the same name. 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 410. 

Acrisioniades, a patronymic of Perseus, 
from his grandfather Acrisius. Ovid. Met. 5. 
V. 70. 

Acrisius, son of Abas, king of Argos, by Oca- 
lea, daughter of Mantineus. He was born at 
the same birth as Proetus, with whom it is said 
that he quarrelled even in bis mother's womb. 
After many dissentions Proetus was driven from 
Argos. Acrisius had Danae by Eurydice daugh- 
ter of Lacedsemon; and being told by an oracle, 
that his daughter's son would put him to death, 
he confined Danae in a brazxn tower, to prevent 
her becoming a mother. She however became 
pregnant, by Jupiter, changed into a golden 
shower - , and though Acrisius ordered her, and 
her infant, called Perseus, to be exposed on the 



sea, yet they were saved ; and Perseus soon after 
became so famous for his actions, that Acrisius, 
anxious to see so renowned a grandson, went to 
Larissa. Here Perseus, wishing to show his 
skill in throwing a quoit, killed an old man who 
proved to be his grandfather, whom he knew not, 
and thus the oracle was unhappily fulfilled. 
Acrisius reigned about 31 years. Hygin. fab. 
63.— Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 16.— Horat. 3. od. 16. 
— Apollod. 2, c. 2, &c. — Paus. 2, c. 16, &c. — 
Vid. Danae, Perseus, Polydectes. 

Acritas, a promontory of Messenia, in Pelo- 
ponnesus. Plin. 4, c 5. — Mela. 2, c. 3. 

Acroathon, or Acrothoos, a town on the 
top of mount Athos, whose inhabitants lived to 
an uncommon old age. Mela. 2, c. 2. — Plin. 8, 
c. 10. 

Acroceraunium, a promontory of Epirus, 
with mountains called Acroceraunia, which pro- 
ject between the Ionian and Adriatic seas. The 
word comes from aKg@*, high, and xigavv&j 
thunder; because on account of their great 
height, they were often struck with thunder. 
Lucret. 6, v. 420.— Plin. 4, c. 1.— Virg. Mn. 
3, v. 506.— Strab. 6.— Horat. 1, od. 3, v. 20. 

Acrocorinthus, a lofty mountain on the isth- 
mus of Corinth, taken by Aratus, B. C. 243. 
There is a temple of Venus on the top, and Co- 
rinth is built at the bottom. Strab. 8.— Paus. 
2, c. 4.— Plut. in drat.— Stat. Theb. 7, v. 106. 

Acron, a king of Cenina, killed by Romulus 
in single combat, after the rape of the Sabines. 
His spoils were dedicated to Jupiter Feretrius. 

Plut. in Romul. A physician of Agrigen- 

tum, B. C. 439, educated at Athens with Empe- 
docles. He wrote physical treatises in the Doric 
dialect, and cured the Athenians of a plague, by 
lighting fire near the houses of the infected^ 

Plin. 29, c. 1.— Plut. in Isid. One of the 

friends of JEneas, killed by Mezentius. Virg. 
JEn. 10, v. 719. 

Acropatos, one of Alexander's officers, who 
obtained part of Media after the king's death. 
Justin 13, c. 4. 

Acropolis, the citadel of Athens, built on a 
rock, and accessible only on one side. Minerva 
had a temple at the bottom. Paus. in Jlttic. 

Acrotatus, son of Cleomenes, king of Spar- 
ta, died before his father, leaving a son called 

Areus. Paws. 1, c 13, 1. 3, c 6. A son of 

Areus, who was greatly loved by Chelidonis, 
wife of Cleonymus. This amour displeased her 
husband., who called Pyrrhus the Epirot, to avenge 
his wrongs. When Sparta was besieged by Pyrr- 
hus, Acrotatus was seen bravely fighting in the 
middle of the enemy, and commended by the 
multitude, who congratulated Chelidonis on being 
mistress to such a warlike lover. Plut . in Pyrrh. 

Acrothoos. Vid. Acroathon. 

Acta or Acte, a country of Attica. This 
word signifies shore, and is applied to Attica, as 
being near the sea. It is derrved by some wri- 
ters, from Actacus a king, from whom the Athe- 
nians have been called Actaei. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 
313.— Virg. Eel. 2, v. 23. 

Acta, a place near mount Athos on the iEgean 
Sea. Thucyd. 4, c. 109. 

Act.3ea, one of the Nereides. Hesiod. Th. 
250.— Homer. II. 18, y, 41, A surname of 



AC 



AD 



Ceres. -A daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 2, 

c 1. 

Action, a famous huntsman, son of Aris- 
taeus and Autonoe daughter of Cadmus, whence 
he is called Autoneius heros. He saw Diana and 
her attendents bathing near Gargaphia, for which 
he was changed into a stag, and devoured by his 
own dogs. Pans. 9, c. 2. — Ovid. Met. 3. fab. 
3. A beautiful youth, son of Melissus of Co- 
rinth, whom Archias one of the Heraclidae, en 
deavoured to debauch and carry away. He was 
killed in the struggle which in consequence of 
this happened between his father aud ravisher. 
Melissus complained of the insult, and drowned 
himself; and soon after the country being visited 
by a pestilence, Archias was expelled. Plut. in 
Jimat. 

AcTJEus, a powerful person who made him- 
self master of a part of Greece, which he called 
Attica. His daughter Agraulos married Cecrops, 
whom the Athenians called; their first king, 
though Actasus reigned before him. Paus. 1, c. 
2 and 14 The word is of the same significa- 
tion as Atticus an inhabitant of Attica. 

Acte, a mistress of Nero, descended from 

Attalus. Sueton. in Ner. 28. One of the 

Horse. Hygin. fab, 183. 

Actia, the mother of Augustus. As she slept 
in the temple of Apollo, she dreamt that a dra- 
gon had lain with her. Nine months after, she 
brought forth, having previously dreamt that her 
bowels were scattered all over the world. Suet. 
in Aug. 94. Games sacred to Apollo, in com- 
memoration of the victory of Augustus over M . 
Antony at Actium. They were celebrated every 
third, sometimes fifth year, with great pomp, 
and the Lacedaemonians had the care of them. 
Plut. in Anton. Strab. 7. Virg. J£n. 3, v. 
280. 1. 8, v. 675. — '■ — A sister of Julius Caesar. 
Plut. in Cic. 

Actis, a son of Sol, went from Greece into 
Egypt, where he taught astrology, and founded 
Heliopolis. Diod. 5. 

Actisanes, a king of ^Ethiopia, who conquer- 
ed Egypt and expelled king Amasis. He was 
famous for his equity, and severe punishment of 
robbers, whose noses he cut off, and whom he 
banished to a desert place, where they were in 
want of all aliment, and lived only upon crows. 
Diod. 1. 

Actium, now Azio, a town and promontory of 
Epirus, famous for the naval victory which Au- 
gustus obtained over Antony and Cleopatra, the 
2d of September, B. C. 31, in honour of which 
the conqueror built there the town of Nicopolis, 
and instituted games. Vid. Actia. Plut. in 

Anton. Sueton. in Aug. A promontory of 

Corcyra. Cic. ad Att. 7, ep. 2. 

Actius, a surname of Apollo, from Actium, 
where he had a temple. Virg JEn. 8, v. 704. 

A poet. Vid. Accius. A prince of the 

Volsci. Vid. Accius. 

Actius Navius, an augur who cut a load- 
stone in two with a razor, before Tarquin and 
the Roman people, to convince them of his skill 

as an augur. Flor. 1, c. 5. Liv. 1, c. 36. 

Labeo. Vid. Labeo. 

Actor, a companion of Hercules, in his ex- 
pedition against the Amazons. The father of 



Mencetius by iEgina, whence Patroclus is called 

Actorides. Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 8 A man called 

also Aruncus. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 93. One 

of the friends of iEueas. Id. 9, v. 500. A 

son of Neptune by Agameda. Hygin. fab. 14. 

A son of Deion and Diomede. Apollod. 1, 

c. 9: The father of Eurytus, and brother of 

Augeas. Apollod 2, c. 7. A son of Acas- 

tus, one of the Argonauts. Hygin. fab. 14. 

The father of Astyoche. Homer. II. 2. Paus. 
9, c. 37. A king of Lemnos. Hygin. 102. 

Actorides, a patronymic given to Patroclus, 

grandson of Actor. Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 1. 

Also to Erithus, son of Actor. Id. Met. 5, fab. 

3. Two brothers so fond of each other, that 

in driving a chariot, one generally held the reins, 
and the other the whip; whence they are repre- 
sented with two heads, four feet and one body. 
Hercules conquered them. Pindar. 

Actoris, a maid of Ulysses. Homer. Od. 23. 

M. Actorius Naso, a Roman historian. Sue- 
ton, in Jul. 9. 

C. Aculeo, a Roman lawyer celebrated as 
much for the extent of his understanding, as for 
his knowledge of law. He was uncle to Cicero. 
Cic. in Or at. 1, c. 43. 

Acuphis, an ambassador from India to Alex- 
ander. Plut. in Alex. 

Acusilaus and Damagetus, two brothers of 
Rhodes, conquerors at the Olympic games. The 
Greeks strewed flowers upon Diagoras their fa- 
ther, and called him happy in having such wor- 
thy sons. Paus. 6, c. 7. An historian of 

Argos, often quoted by Josephus. He wrote on 
genealogies in a style simple and destitute of all 

ornament. Cic. de Orat. 2, c. 29. — Suidas. > 

An Athenian who taught rhetoric at Rome under 
Galba. 

M. Acuticus, an ancient comic writer, whose 
plays were known under the names of Leones, 
Gemini, Anus, Bceotia, &c. 

Ada, a sister of queen Artemisia, who mar- 
ried Hidricus. After her husbands death, she 
succeeded to the throne of Caria; but being ex- 
pelled by her younger brother, she retired to 
Alindae, which she delivered to Alexander, after 
adopting him as her son. Curt. 2, c. 8. Strab. 
14. 

Adad, a deity among the Assyrians, supposed 
to be the sun. 

Adieus, a native of Mitylene, who wrote a 
Greek treatise on statuaries. Athen. 13. 

Adamant jea, Jupiter's nurse in Crete, who 
suspended him in his cradle to a tree, that he 
might be found neither in the earth, the sea, nor 
in heaven. To drown the infant's cries, she had 
drums beat and cymbals sounded around the 
tree. Hygin. fab. 139. 

Adamas, a Trojan prince, killed by Merion. 

Homer. II. 13. v. 560, A youth who raised 

a rebellion on being emasculated by Cotys, king 
of Thrace. Arist. Pol. 5, c 10. 

Adamastus, a native of Ithaca, father of 
Achaemenides. Virg.AZn. 3, v. 614. 

Adaspii, a people at the foot of mount Cau- 
casus. Justin. 12, c. 5. 

Addephagia, a goddess of the Sicilians. 
JElian. 1, V. H. c. 27. 



AD 



AD 



Addua, now Adda, a river of Cisalphine Gaul, 
falling into the Po near Cremona. Plin. 2, c. 
103. 

Adelphius, a friend of M. Antoninus, whom 
he accompanied in his expedition into Par- 
thia, of which he wrote the history. Strab. 11. 

Ademon, raised a sedition in Mauritania to 
avenge his master Ptolemy, whom Caligula had 
put to death. Sueton. in Catig. 35. 

Ades, or Hades, the god of hell among the 
Greeks, the same as the Pluto of the Latins. The 
word is derived from a. & uSitv, [ncn videre] be- 
cause hell is deprived of light. It is often used 
for hell itself by the ancient poets. 

Adgandestrius, a prince of Gaul who sent 
to Rome for poison to destroy Arminius, and was 
answered by the senate, that the Romans fought 
their enemies openly, and never used perfidious 
measures. Tac. An. 2, c. 88. 

Adherbal, a son of Micipsa, and grandson 
of Masinissa, was besieged at Cirta, and put to 
death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring the 
aid of Rome, B. C. 112. Sallust. in Jug. 

Adherbas, the husband bf Dido. Vid. Si- 
chaeus. 

Adiante, a daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 2, 
c. 11. 

Adiatorix, a governor of Galatia, who, to 
gain Antony's favour, slaughtered, in one night, 
all the inhabitants of the Roman colony of Hera- 
clea, in Pontus. He was taken at Actium, led 
in triumph by Augustus, and strangled in prison. 
Strab. 12. 

Adimantus, a commander of the Athenian 
fleet, taken by the Spartans. All the men of 
the fleet were put to death, except Adimantus, 
because he had opposed the designs of his coun- 
trymen, who intended to mutilate all the Spar- 
tans. Xenoph. Hist Grcec. Pausanias says, 4, 
c. 17, 1. 10, c. 9, that the Spartans had bribed 
him A brother of Plato. Laert. 3. A 



who reproached Themisto- 
— A king struck with thun- 



Corinthian general, 
cles with his exile. - 
der for saying that Jupiter deserved no sacri- 
fices Ovid, in Ibin 337. 

Admeta, daughter of Eurystheus, was priest- 
ess of Juno's temple at Argos. She expressed a 
wish to possess the girdle of the queen of the 
Amazons, and Hercules obtained it for her. 

Apollod. 2, c. 23. One of the Oceanides. 

Hesiod. Theog. v. 349. 

Admetus, son of Pheres and Clymene, king 
of Pherae in Thessaly, married Theone daughter 
of Thestor, and after her death, Alceste daugh- 
ter of Pelias. Apollo, when banished from hea- 
ven, is said to have tended his flocks for nine 
years, and to have obtained from the Parcse, 
that Admetus should never die, if another person 
laid down his life fo.r him: a proof of unbounded 
affection, which his wife Alceste cheerfully ex- 
hibited by devoting herself voluntarily to death. 
Admetus was one of the Argonauts, and was at 
the bunt of the Calydonian boar. > Pelias pro- 
mised his daughter in marriage only to him who 
could bring him a chariot drawn by a lion and 
wild boar; and Admetus affected this by the aid 
of Apollo, and obtained Alceste's hand. Some 
say that Hercules brought him back Alceste 
from hell. Seme, in Medea. — Hygin. fab. 50, 



51, & 243.— Ovid, de Art. Am. 2.— Apollod. I, 
c. 8 & 9, &c— Tibul. 2, el. 3— Pans. 5, c 17. 

A king of the Melossi, to whom Themisto- 

cles fled for protection. C. Nep. in Them. 8. 

An officer of Alexander, killed at the siege 

of Tyre. Diod. 17. 

Adonia, festivals in honour of Adonis, first 
celebrated at Byblos in Phoenicia They lasted 
two days, the first of which was spent in how- 
lings and lamentations, the second in joyful cla- 
mours, as if Adonis was returned to life. In some 
towns of Greece and Egypt they lasted eight 
days; the one half of which was spent in lamen- 
tations, and other in rejoicings. Only women 
were admitted, and such as did not appear were 
compelled to prostitute themselves for one day; 
and the money obtained by this shameful custom 
was devoted to the service of Adonis. The time 
of the celebration was supposed to be very un- 
lucky. The fleet of Nicias sailed from Athens 
to Sicily on that day, whence many unfortunate 
omens were drawn. Pint, in Nicia — Ammian. 
22, c 9. 

Adonis, son of Cinyras, by his daughter 
Myrrha, [vid. Myrrha] -was the favourite of Ve- 
nus. He was fond of hunting, and was often 
cautioned by his mistress not to hunt wild beasts 
for fear of being killed in the attempt. This ad- 
vice he slighted and at last received a mortal 
bite from a wild boar which he had wounded, 
and Venus, after shedding many tears at his 
death, changed him into a flower called anemo- 
ny. Proserpine is said to have restored him to 
life, on condition that he should spend six months 
with her, and the rest of the year with Venus. 
This implies the alternate return of summer and 
winter. Adonis is often taken for Osiris, because 
the festivals of both were often begun with mourn- 
ful lamentations, and finished with a revival of 
joy, as if they were returning to Iifeagain . Adonis 
had temples raised to. his memory, and is said 
by some to have been beloved by Apollo and 
Bacchus. — Apollod. 3, c. 14. — Propert. 2, el. 
13, v. 53.— Virg. Eel. 10, v. 18.— Bion. in 
Adon.—Hygin. 58, 164, 248, &c— Ovid. Met. 
10, fab. 10.— Musceus de Her.—Paus. 2, c 20, 

1. 9,c. 41. A river of Phoenicia, which falls 

into the Mediterranean below Byblus. 

Adramyttium, an Athenian colony on the 
sea-coast of Mysia, near the Caycus. Strab. IS. 
— Thucyd. 5, c 1. 

Adrana, a river in Germany. Tac. Ann. 1, 
c. 56. 

Adranum, a town of Sicily near JEtna, with 
a river of the same name. The chief deity of 
the place was called Adranus, and his temple 
was guarded by 1000 dogs Pint, in Timol. 

Adrasta, one of the Oceanides who nursed 
Jupiter. Hygin. fab. 182. 

Adrastia, a fountain of Sicyon. Pans. 2, 

c 15. A mountain. Plut. in Lucul 

A country near Troy, called after Adrastus, who 
built there a temple to Nemesis. Here Apollo 

had an oracle. Strab. 13. A daughter of 

Jupiter and Necessity. She is called by some 
Nemesis, and is the punisher of injustice. The 
Egyptians placed her above the moon, whence 
she looked down upon the actions of men. Strab. 
13. A daughter of Melisseus, to whom some 



AD 



MA 



attribute the nursing of Jupiter. She is the 
same as Adrasta Apol. 1, c. 1. 

Adrastii Campi, a plain near the Granicus, 
where Alexander first defeated Darius. Justin. 
11, c. 6. 

Adrasttjs, son of Talaus and Lysimache, 
was king of Argos. Polynices being banished 
from Tbebes by his brother Eteocles, fled to Ar- 
gos, where he married Argia, daughter of Adras- 
tus. The king assisted his son-in-law, and 
marched against Thebes with an army headed 
by seven of his most famous generals. All pe- 
rished in the war except Adrastus, who, with a 
few men saved from slaughter, fled to Athens, 
and implored the aid of Theseus against the The- 
bans, who opposed the burying of the Argives 
slain in battle. Theseus went to his assistance, 
and was victorious. Adrastus, after a long reign, 
died through grief, occasioned by the death of 
his son iEgialeus. A temple was raised to his 
memory at Sicyon, where a solemn festival was 
annually celebrated. Homer. 11. 5. Virg. Mn. 
6, v. 480. rfpollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 7. Stat. 
Theb. 4 and 5. Hygin. fab. 68, 69, and 70. 
Pans. 1, c 39, 1. 8, c. 25. 1 10, c. 90. He- 
rcdot. 5, c. 67, &c. A peripatetic philoso- 
pher, disciple to Aristotle. It is supposed that a 
copy of his treatise on harmonics is preserved in 

the Vatican.- A Phrygian prince, who having 

inadvertently killed his brother, fled to Croesus, 
where he was humanely received, and intrusted 
with the care of his son Atys. In hunting a 
wild boar, Adrastus slew the young prince, and 
in his despair killed himself on his grave. He- 

rodot. 1, c 35, &c. A Lydian, who assisted 

the Greeks against the Persians. Paus. 7, c. 5. 

A soothsayer in the Trojan war, son of Me- 

rops. Homer II. 2 and 6. The father of 

Eurydice, who married Ilus the Trojan. Jlpollod. 

2, c. 12. A king of Sicyon, who reigned 4 

years B. C. 1215. — —A son of Hercules. Hy- 
gin. 242. 

Adria, Adrianum, or Adriaticum mare, 
a sea lying between Ulyricum and Italy, now 
called the gulf of Venice, first made known to 
the Greeks by the discoveries of the Phocaeans. 
Herodot. 1. Horat 1, od. 33, 1. 3, od. 3 and 
9. Cutull. 4, 6. 

Adrianopolis, a town of Thrace on the He- 

brus. Another in iEtolia.' Pisidia, and 

Bithynia. 

Adriantjs, or Hadrianus, the 15th emperor 
of Rome He is represented as an active, learn- 
ed, warlike and austere general. He came to 
Britain, where he built a wall between the mo- 
dern towns of Carlisle and Newcastle 80 miles 
long, to protect the Britons from the incursions 
of the Caledonians He killed in battle 500,000 
Jews who had rebelled, and built a city on the 
ruins of Jerusalem, which he called iElia. 
His memory was so retentive, that he remem- 
bered every incident of his life, and knew all 
the soldiers of his army by name. He was the 
first emperor who wore a long beard, and this 
he did to hide the warts on his face. His suc- 
cessors followed his example not through neces- 
sity, but for ornament. Adrian went always 
bareheaded, and in long marches generally tra- 
velled on foot. In the beginning of his reign, 



he followed the virtues of his adopted father and 
predecessor Trajan ; he remitted all arrears due 
to his treasury for 16 years, and publicly burnt 
the account-books, that his word might not be sus- 
pected. His peace with the Parthians proceed- 
ed from a wish of punishing the other enemies 
of Rome, more than from the effects of fear. 
The Travels of Adrian were not for the display 
of imperial pride, but to see whether justice was 
distributed impartially; and public favour was 
courted by a condescending behaviour, and the 
meaner familiarity of bathing witb the common 
people. It is said that he wished to enrol Christ 
among the gods of Rome; but his apparent leni- 
ty towards the Christians was disproved, by 
the erection of a statue to Jupiter on the spot 
where Jesus rose from the dead, and one to Ve- 
nus on mount Calvary. The weight of diseases 
became intolerable. Adrian attempted to des- 
troy himself: and when prevented, he exclaim- 
ed, that the lives of others were in his hands, 
but not his own. He wrote an account of his 
life, and published it under the name of one of 
his domestics. He died of a dysentery at Baiae, 
July 10, A. D. 138, in the 72d year of his age, 

after a reign of 21 years. Dio. An officer 

ofLucullus. Pint, in Luc. A rhetorician 

of Tyre in the age of M. Antonius, who wrote 
seven books of metamorphoses, besides other 
treatises now lost. 

Adrimetum, a town of Africa, on the Medi- 
terranean, built by the Phoenicians. Sallust. in 
Jug. 

Aduataca, a town of Belgic Gaul, now Ton- 
gres, on the Maese. 

Adula, a mountain among the Rhaetian Alps, 
near which the Rhine takes its rise, now St. 
Gothard . 

Adulis, a town of Upper Egypt. 

AdyrmachiDuE, a maritime people of Africa, 
near Egpyt. Herodot. 4, c. 168. 

Ma, a huntress changed into an island of the 
same name by the gods, to rescue her from the 
pursuit of her lover, the river Phasis. It had a 
town called iEa, which was the capital of Col- 
chis. Flacc. 5, v. 420. A town of Thessa- 

)y. Of Africa. A fountain of Macedonia 

near Amydon. 

iEACEA, games at iEgina, in honour of i£a- 
cus. 

iEACiDAS, akingof Epirus, son of Neopto- 
le?nus, and brother to Olympias. He was ex- 
pelled by his subjects for his continual wars 
with Macedonia. He left a son, Pyrrhus, only 
two years old, whom Chaucus king of Illyricumj.. 
educated. Paus. 1, c. 11. 

iEACiDEs, a patronymic of the descendants 
of JEacus, such as Achilles, Peleus, Telamon, 
Pyrrhus, &c. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 103, &c. 

iEXcus, son of Jupiter by iEgina daughter of 
Asopus, was king of the island of (Enopia, which 
he called by his mother's name. A pestilence 
having destroyed all his subjects, he in treated 
Jupiter to re-people his kingdom; and according 
to his desire, all the ants which were in an old 
oak were changed into men, and called by iEa- 
cus myrmidons, from /iav^/uh^, an ant. iEacus 
married Endeis, by whom he had Telamon and 
Peleus. He afterwards had Phcous and Psama-. 



MD 



.EE 



the, one of the Nereids. He was a man of such 
integrity that the ancients have made him one 
of the: judges of hell, with Minos and Rhada- 
manthis. Horat. 2, od. 13, 1. 4, od. 8. — Paus. 
1, c. 41, I. 2, c. 29. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 25, 1. 
13, v. 25. Propert. 4, el. 12. Plut. dc con- 
sol, adflpoll. Jipollod. 3, c. 12. Diod. 4. 

JEm, iEa, or iEaea, an island of Colchis, in 
the Phasis. Vid. iEa. Jipollon. 3. 

iEiEAj a name given to Circe, because born 
at iEae. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 386. 

iEANiiiuM, a city of Troas, where Ajax was 

buried. Plin. 5, c 30. An Island near the 

Thracian Chersonesus. Id. 4, c. 12. 

JEaktides, a tyrant of Lampsacus, intimate 
with Darius. He married a daughter of Hip- 

pias, tyrant of Athens. ' Tlwcyd. 6, c. 59. 

One of the 7 poets, called Pleiades. 

JEantis, an Athenian tribe. Plut. Symp. 2. 

iEAs, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian 
sea. In the fable of Io, Ovid describes it as 
falling into thePeneus, and meeting other rivers 
at Tempe. This some have supposed to be a 
geographical mistake of the poet. Lucan, 6, v. 
361. Ovid, Met. 1, v. 580. 

jEatus, son of Philip, and brother of Poly- 
clea, was descended from Hercules. An oracle 
having said that whoever of the two touched the 
land after crossing the Achelous should obtain 
the kingdom, Polyclea pretended to be lame, 
and prevailed upon her brother to carry her 
across on his shoulders. When they came near 
the opposite side, Polyclea leaped ashore from 
her brother's back, exclaiming that the kingdom 
was her own. iEatus joined her in her excla- 
mation, and afterwards married her, and reign- 
ed conjointly with her. Their son Thessalus 
gave his name to Thessaly. Polycen. 8 . 

JEcHMACoRAs, a son of Hercules, by Pbyl- 
lone, daughter of Alcimedon. When the fa- 
ther heard that bis daughter had had a child, he 
exposed her and the infant in the woods to wild 
beasts, where Hercules conducted by the noise 
of a magpie which imitated the cries of a child, 
found and delivered them. Paus. 8, c. 12. 

iEcHMis, succeeded his father Polymnestor 
on the throne of Arcadia, in the reign of Theo- 
pompus, of Sparta. Pans. 8, c. 5. 

iEDEPsuM, a town of Euboea. Plin. 4, c. 
12. Strab. 10. 

JEdessa, or Edessa, a town near Pella. Ca- 
ranus king of Macedonia took it by following 
goats that sought shelter from the rain, and call- 
ed it from that circumstance, (euyctc, capras) 
iEgeas. It was the burying-place of the Mace- 
donian kings; and an oracle had said, that as 
long as the kings were buried there, so long 
would their kingdom subsist. Alexander was 
buried in a different place; and on that account, 
some authors have said that the kingdom be- 
came extinct. Justin. 7, c. 1. 

JEdicula Ridiculi, a temple raised to the god 
of mirth from the following circumstance: after 
the battle of Cannae, Hannibal marched to 
Rome, whence he was driven back by the incle- 
mency of the weather; which caused so much 
joy in Rome, that the Romans raised a temple to 
the god of mirth. This deity was worshipped at 



Sparta. Plut. in Lye. Jigid. fy Cleom: Pau- 
sanias also mentions a S-e@ J ytxeor®'. 

JEdiles, Roman magistrates that had the 
care of all buildings, baths and aqueducts, and 
examined the weights and measures, that no- 
thing might be sold without its due value. There 
were three different sorts; the iEdiles, Plebeii, 
or Minores; the Majores iEdiles, and the iEdiles 
Cereales. The plebeian ediles were two, first 
created with the tribunes; they presided over 
the more minute affairs of the state, good order, 
and the reparation of the streets. They procured 
all the provisions of the city, and executed the 
decrees of the people. The Majores and Cerea- 
les had greater privileges, though they at first 
shared in the labour of the plebeian ediles; they 
appeared with more pomp, and were allowed to. 
sit publicly in ivory chairs. The office of an 
edile was honourable, and was always the pri- 
mary step to greater honours in the republic. 
The ediles were chosen from the plebeians for 
127 years, till A. U. C. 338. Varo de L. L. 4, 
c. 14. Cic Legib. 3. 

iEDrpsus, a town in Eubcea, now Dipso, 
abounding in hot-baths. 

Val. iEDiTuus, a Roman poet before the age 
of Cicero, successful in amorous poetry and epi- 
grams. 

iEDON, daughter of Pandarus, married Zethus 
brother to Amphion, by whom she had a son call- 
ed Itylus. She was so jealous of her sister 
Niobe, because she had more children than 
herself, that she resolved to murder the elder, 
who was educated with Itylus. She by mistake 
killed her own son, and was changed into a gold- 
finch as she attempted to kill herself. Homer. 
Od. 19, v. 518. 

JEvvi, or Hedui, a powerful nation of Celtic 
Gaul known for their valour in the wars of Cae- 
sar. When their country was invaded by this 
celebrated general, they were at the head of a 
faction in opposition to the Sequani and their 
partisans, and they had established their superio- 
ty in frequent battles. To support their cause, 
however, the Sequani obtained the assistance of 
Ariovistus king of Germany, and soon defeated 
their opponents. The arrival of Caesar changed 
the face of affairs, the iEdui were restored to 
the sovereignty of the country, and the artful 
Roman, by employing one faction against the 
other, was enabled to conquer them all, though 
the insurrection of Ambiorix, and that more 
powerfully supported by Vercingetorix, shook for 
a while the dominion of Rome in Gaul, and 
checked the career of the conqueror. Coes. in 
bell. G. 

iEETA, or JEetes, king of Colchis, son of Sol, 
and Perseis daughter of Oceanus, was father of 
Medea, Absyrtus, and Chalciope, by Idya, one of 
the Oceanides. He killed Phryxus son of Atha- 
mas, who had fled to his court on a golden ram. 
This murder he committed to Obtain the fleece 
of the golden ram. The Argonauts came against 
Colchis, and recovered the golden fleece by 
means of Medea, though it was guarded by bulls 
that breathed fire, and by a venemous dragon. 
Their expedition has been celebrated by all the 
ancient poets. [Vid. Jason, Medea, 8f Pliryxus.] 
Jlpollod.l , c. 9. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 1, &c— 



MG 



MG 



Pans. 2, c. 3. Justin. 42. c. 2. Flacc. fy 
Orpheus in Argon. 

iEETiAs, a patronymic given to Medea, as 
daughter of iEetes. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 9. 

Mga, an island of the iEgean sea between 
Tenedos and Chios. 

uJEgeas, a town whose inhabitants are called 
iEgeates. [Vid. iEdessa] 

Mgm, a city of Macedonia, the same as Edes- 
sa. Some writers make them different, but Jus- 
tin proves this to be erroneous, 7, c. 1. Plin. 
4, c. 10. A town of Euboea, whence Nep- 
tune is called iEgaeus. Strab. 9. 

Mgm.m, a town and sea port of Cilicia. Lu- 
can. 3, v. 227. 

iEGjEON, one of Lycoan's 50 sons. Jlpollod. 

3, c. 8. The son of Coelus, or of Pontus and 

Terra, the same as Briareus. [Vid. Briareus.] 
It is supposed that he was a notorious pirate 
chiefly residing at iEga, whence his name; and 
that the fable about his 100 hands arises from his 
having 100 men to manage his oars in his pira- 
tical excursions. Virg. Mn. 10, v. 565 — He- 
siod. Th. 149. Homer. II. 10, v. 404. Ovid. 
Met. 2, v. 10. 

2£g.eum mare (now Archipelago,) part of 
the Mediterranean, dividing Greece from Asia 
Minor. It is full of islands, some of which are 
called Cyclades, others Sporades, &c. The 
word iEgaeum is derived by some from iEgae, 
a town of Euboea; or from the number of islands 
which it contains, that appear above the sea, as 
aiytc, goats; or from the promontory iEga, or 
from iEgea, a queen of the Amazons; or from 
iEgeus who is supposed to have drowned himself 
there. Plin. 4, c. 11. Strab. 7. 

jEg^eus, a surname of Neptune, from iEgae 

in Euboea. Strab. 9. A river of Corcyra. 

A plain in Phocis. 

iEGALEos, or iEgaleum, a mountain of Atti- 
ca opposite Salamis, on which Xerxes sat during 
the engagement of his fleet with the Grecian 
ships in the adjacent sea. Herodot. 8, c. 90. — 
Thucyd. 2, c. 19. 

iEGAN, [Groec. etiyay or ziyxav] the iEgean 
sea. Stat. Tkeb. 5, v. 56. 

iEGAs, a place of Euboea. Another near 

Daunia in Italy. Polyb. 3. 

iEGATEs, a promontory of iEolia. Three 

islands opposite Carthage, called Arse by Virg. 
JEm,. 1, near which the Romans under Catulus, 
in the first Punic war, defeated the Carthaginian 
fleet under Hanno, 242 B. C. Liv. 21, c. 10 
and 41, 1. 22, c. 34. Mela, 2, c. 7. Sil. 1, 
v. 61. 

iEGELEON, a town of Macedonia taken by 
king Attalus. Liv. 31, c. 46. 

JEgeria. Vid. Egeria. 

iEGESTA, the daughter of Hippotes, and mo- 
ther of iEgestus, called Acestes. Virg. JEn. 1, 

v. 554. An ancient town of Sicily near 

mount Eryx, destroyed by Agathocles. It was 
sometimes called Segesta and Acesta. Diod. 10. 
IEgeus, king of Athens, son of Pandion, being 
desirous of having children, went to consult the 
oracle, and in his return, stopped at the court of 
Pittheus king of Trcezene, who gave him his 
daughter ^Ethra in marriage. He left her preg- 
nant, and told her, that if she had a son, to send 



him to Athens as soon as he could lift & stone 
under which he had concealed his swore. By 
this sword he was to be known to iEgeus, who 
did not wish to make any public discovery of a 
son, for fear of his nephews, the Pallantides, 
who expected his crown. iEthra became moth- 
er of Theseus whom she accordingly sent to 
Athens with his father's sword. At that time 
iEgeus lived with Medea the divorced wife of 
Jason. When Theseus came to Athens, Medea 
attempted to poison him; but he escaped, and 
upon showing iEgeus the sword he wore, disco- 
vered himself to be his son. When Theseus re- 
tured from Crete after the death of the Mino- 
taur, he forgot, agreeable to the engagement 
made with his father, to hoist up white sails as a 
signal of his success; and iEgeus, at the sight of 
black sails, concluding that his son was dead, 
threw himself from a high rock into the seaj 
which from him, as some suppose, has been 
called the iEgean. iEgeus reigned 48 years, 
and died B. C. 1235. He is supposed to have 
first introduced into Greece the worship of Ve- 
nus Urania, to render the goddess propitious to 
his wishes in having a son. [Vid. Theseus, 
Minotaurus, &{■ Medea.] Jipollod. 1, c. 8, 9, 1. 

3, c. 15. Pans. 1, C 5, 22, 38, 1. 4, c. 2.— 
Pint, in Thes. Hygin. fab. 37, 43, 79, and 
173. 

iEoiALE, one of Phaeton's sisters, changed 
into poplars, and their tears into amber. They 

are called Heh'ades. A daughter of Adras- 

tus, by Amphitea, daughter of Pronax. She 
married Diomedes, in whose absence, during 
tbe Trojan war, she prostituted herself to her 
servants, and chiefly to Cometes, whom the 
king had left master of his house. At his re- 
turn, Diomedes being told of his wife's wanton- 
ness, went to settle in Daunia. Some say that 
Venus implanted those vicious and lustful pro- 
pensities in iEgiale, to revenge herself on Dio- 
medes, who had wounded her in the Trojan war. 
Ovid, in lb. v. 350. Homer. II. 5 v. 412. 
rfpollod. 1, c. 9. Stat. 3, Silv. 5, v. 48. 

iEdALEA, an island near Peloponnesus, in 

the Cretan sea. Another in the Ionian sea, 

near the Echinades. Plin. 4, c. 12. Herodot. 

4, c. 107. The ancient name of Peloponne- 
sus. Strab. 12. Mela. 2, c. 7. 

iEGiALEus, son of Adrastus by Amphitea or 
Demoanassa, was one of the Epigoni, i. e. one 
of the sons of those generals who were killed in 
the first Theban war. They went against the 
Thebans, who had refused to give burial to their 
fathers, and were victorious. They all returned 
home safe, except iEgialeus, who was killed. 
That expedition is called the war of the Epigoni. 
Paus. 1, c. 43, 44, 11. 2, c 20,1. 9, c. 5.— - 

Jipollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, 7. The same as 

Absyrtus, brother to Medea. Justin. 42, c. 3. — 
Cic. de Mtt. D. 3.— Diod. 4. 

iEdALus, son of Phoroneus, was entrusted 
with the kingdom of Achaia by king Apis going 
to Egypt. Peloponnesus was called iEgialea 
from him. A man who founded the kingdom 
of Sicyon, 2091 before the Christian era, and 
reigned 52 years. 

iEGiALus, a name given to part of Pelopon- 
nesus, [Vid. Achaia.] Paus. 5, c. 1, 1. 7jC. 



i£G 



JEG 



1, An inconsiderable town of Pontus. 

A city of Asia Minor. A city of Thrace 

near dbe Strymon. 



-A mountain of Galatia. 



-A city of Pontus. Another in ^Ethiopia. 

JEgIdes, a patronymic of Theseus. Homer. 
II. 1, v. 265. 

iEeiLA, a place in Laconia, where Aristo- 
menes was taken prisoner by a crowd of reli- 
gious Women whom he had attacked. Paus. 

4, c 17. 

iEdLiA, an island between Crete and Pelo- 
ponnesus. A place in Euboea. Herodot. 6, 

C. 101. 

iEGiMius, an old man who lived, according 

to Anacreon, 200 years. Plin. 7, c. 48. A 

king of Doris, whom Hercules assisted to con- 
quer the Lapithae. Jipollod. 2, c. 7. 

iEGiMORus or iEGiMURUs, an island near Li- 
bya, supposed by some to be the same which 
Virgil mentions under the name of Arse. Plin. 

5, c. 7. 

iEGiNA, daughter of Asopus, had iEacus by 
Jupiter changed into a flame of fire. She af- 
terwards married Actor, son of Myrmydon, by 
whom she had some children, who conspired 
against their father. Some say that she was 
changed by Jupiter into the island which bears 
her name. Plin. 4, c. 12. — Strab.8. — Mela. 
2, c. l.—Jlpollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 12.— Paus. 

2, c. 5 and 29. An island formerly called 

(Enopia and now Engia, in a part of the iEgean 
sea, called Saronicus Sinus, about 22 miles in 
circumference. The inhabitants were once de- 
stroyed by a pestilence, and the country was r$- 
peopled by ants changed into men by Jupiter at 
the prayer of king JEacus. They were once a 
very powerful nation by sea, but they cowardly 
gave themselves up to Darius when he demand- 
ed submission from all the Greeks. The Athe- 
nians under Pericles made war against them; 
and after taking 70 of their ships in a naval 
battle, they expelled them from iEgina. The 
fugitives settled in Peloponnesus, and after the 
ruin of Athens by Lysander, they returned to 
their country, but never after rose to their for- 
mer power or consequence. Herodot. 5, 6, and 
1—Paus. 2, c. 29, 1. 8, c. 44.— Strab. 8.— 
JElian. V. H. 12, c 10. 

iEGiNETA Paulus, a physician born in iEgina. 
He flourished in the 3d, or, according to others, 
the 7th century, and first deserved to be called 
man-midwife. He wrote De Re Medicd, in seven 
books. 

JEginetes, a king of Arcadia, in whose age 
Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. Paus. 
I, c. 5. 

iEGiocnus, a surname of Jupiter, from his 
being brought up by the goat Amalthaea, and 
using her skin, instead of a shield, in the war 
of the Titans. Diod. 5. 

iEGipAN, a name of Pan, because he had 
goat's feet. 

iEGiRA, a town between JEtolia and Pelo- 
ponnesus. A town of Acbaia. Paus. 7, c. 

26.— Herodot. 1, c. 145. 

iEGUtoEssA, a town of iEtolia. Herodot. 1. 
c. 149. 

iEGis, the shield of Jupiter, cltto t»c etiy&, 
agoaVs skin. This was the goat Amalthaea, 



with whose skin he covered his shield: The 
goat was placed among the constellations. Ju- 
piter gave this shield to Pallas, who placed upon 
it Medusa's head, which turned into stones all 
those who fixed their eyes upon it. Virg . JEn. 
8, v. 352 and 435. 

iEGisTHUs, king of Argos, was son of Thy- 
estes by his daughter Pelopea. Thyestes being 
at variance with his brother Atreus, was told by 
the oracle, that his wrongs could be revenged 
only by a son born of himself and his daughter* 
To avoid such an incest, Pelopea had been 
consecrated to the service of Minerva by her 
father, who some time after met ber in a wood, 
and ravished her, without knowing who she was. 
Pelopea kept the sword of her ravisher, and 
finding it to be her father's, exposed the child 
she had brought forth. The child was preserv- 
ed, and when grown up, presented with the 
sword of his mother's ravisher. Pelopea soon 
after this melancholy adventure, had married 
her uncle Atreus, who received into his house 
her natural son. As Thyestes had deba-iched 
the first wife of Atreus, Atreus sent iEgisthus to 
put him to death; but Thyestes knowing the assas- 
sin's sword, discovered that he was his own son, 
and, fully to revenge his wrongs, sent him back 
to murder Atreus. After this murder, Thyestes 
ascended the throne, and banished Agamemnon 
and Menelaus, the sons, or as others say, the 
grandsons of Atreus. These children fled to 
Polyphidus of Sicyon; but as he dreaded the 
\ power of their persecutors, he remitted the pro- 
tection of them to (Eneus, king of iEtolia. By 
their marriage with the daughters of Tyndarus, 
king of Sparta, they were empowered to recover 
the kingdom of Argos, to which Agamemnon 
succeeded, while Menelaus reigned in his father- 
in-law's place. iEgisthus had been reconciled 
to the sons of Atreus; and when they went to 
the Trojan war, he was left guardian of Aga- 
memnon's kingdoms, and of his wife Clytem- 
nestra. iEgisthus fell in love with Clytemnes- 
tra, and lived with her. On Agamemnon's re- 
turn, these two adulterers murdered him, and, 
by a public marriage, strengthened themselves 
on the throne of Argos. Orestes, Agamemnon's 
son, would have shared his father's fate, had 
not his sister Electra privately sent him to his 
uncle Strophius, king of Phocis, where he con- 
tracted the most intimate friendship with his 
cousin Pylades. Some time after, Orestes came 
to Mycenae, the residence of iEgisthus, and re- 
solved to punish the murderers of his father, in 
conjunction with Electra, who lived in disguise 
in the tyrant's family. To eflect this more ef- 
fectually, Electra publickly declared that her 
brother Orestes was dead; upon which iEgisthus 
and Clytemnestra went to the temple of Apollo, 
to return thanks to the god for his death. Ores- 
tes, who had secretly concealed himself in the 
temple, attacked them, and' put them both to 
death, after a reign of seven years. They were 
buried without the city walls. [Vid. Jlgamemr 
non, Thyestes, Orestes, Clytemnestra, Pylades, 
and Electra.] Ovid, de Rem. Am 161. Trist. 
2, v. 396.— Hygin. fab. 87 and 88.— Milan. 
V. H. 12, c. 42. — Paus. 2, c. 16. &c. — Sophocl. 
in EUctrd.—JEschyl. &f Sentc in Agam.— 



vEG 



JEG 



Homer. Od. 3 and 11. — Lactant. in Theb. 1, v. 

684. Pompey used to call J. Caesar iEgis- 

thus, on account of his adultery with his wife 
Mutia, whom he repudiated after she had borne 
him three children. Suet, in Cces. 50. 

jEgitum, a town of iEolia, on a mountain 
eight miles from the sea. Thucyd. 3, c. 97. 

iEGiuM, a town on the Corinthian isthmus, 
where Jupiter was said to have been fed by a 
goat, whence the name. Strab. 8. — Liv. 28, 
c. 7. 

iEGLE, the youngest daughter of JEsculapius 
and Lampetie. — A nymph, daughter of Sol and 

Neasra. Virg. Ec. 6, v. 20. A nymph, 

daughter of Panopeus, beloved by Theseus after 

he had left Ariadne. Plut. in Thes. One 

of the Hesperides. One of the Graces. 

A prostitute. Martial. 1, ep. 95. 

jEgles, a Samian wrestler, born dumb, see- 
ing some unlawful measures pursued in a con- 
test, he broke the string which held his tongue, 
through the desire of speaking, and ever after 
spoke with ease. Val. Max. 1, c. 8. 

iEGLETEs, a surname of Apollo. 

iEGLOGE, a nurse of Nero. Sueton. in 
Ner. 50. 

JEgobolus, a surname of Bacchus at Potnia, 
in Bceotia. 

zEgoceros, or Capricornus, an animal into 
which Pan transformed himself when flying 
before Typhon, in the war with the giants. Ju- 
piter made him a constellation. Lucret. 1, v. 
613. 

iEGCN, a shepherd. Virg. Eel — Theocrit. 

Idyl. A promontory of Lemnos. A name 

of the iEgean sea. Flacc. 1, v. 628. A 

boxer of Zacynthus, who dragged a large bull 
by the heel from a mountain into the city. 
Theocrit. Idyll. 4. 

iEGos potamos, i. e. the goafs river, a town 
in the Thracian Chersonesus, with a river of 
the same name, where the Athenian fleet, con- 
sisting of 180 ships, was defeated by Lysander, 
on the 13th Dec. B. C. 405, in the iast year of 
the Peloponnesian war. Mela, 2, c. 2. — Plin. 
2, c. 58.— Paus. 3, c. 8 and 11. 
, JEgosaGjE, an Asiatic nation under Attalus, 
with whom be conquered Asia, and to whom 
he gave a settlement near the Hellespont. 
Polyb. 5. 

iEGus and Roscillus, two brothers amongst 
the Allobroges, who deserted from Caesar to 
Pompey. Cces. bell. civ. 3, c. 59. 

JEgusa, the middle island of the iEgates 
near Sicily. 

^Egy, a town near Sparta, destroyed because 
its inhabitants were suspected by the Spartans 
of favouring the Arcadians. Paus. 3, c. 2. 

.ZEgypanes, a nation in the middle of Afri- 
ca, whose body is human above the waist, and 
that of a goat below. Mela, 1, c. 4 and 8. 

iEGYPSus, a town of the Getas, near the 
Danube. Ovid, ex Pont. 1, ep. 8, 1. 4. ep. 7. 

iEGYPTA, a freedman of Cicero, ad Attic. 8. 

iEGYPTii, the inhabitants of Egypt. [Vid. 

^gyptus.] 

iEGYPTiuM mare, that part of the Mediter- 
ranean sea which is on the coast of Egypt. 



iEGYPTus, son of Belus, and brother to 
Danaus, gave his 50 sons in marriage to the 50 
daughters of his brother. Danaus, who had 
established himself at Argos, and was jealous 
of his brother, who, by following him from 
Egypt into Greece, seemed envious of his pros- 
perity, obliged all his daughters to murder their 
husbands the first night of their nuptials. This 
was executed; but Hypermnestra alone spared 
her husband Lynceus. Even iEgyptuswas killed 
by his niece Polyxena. Vid. Danaus, Danaides, 
Lynceus. — iEgyptus was king, after his father, 
of a part of Africa, which from him has been 
called ^gyptus. Hygin. fab. 168, 170.— JlpoU 
lod. 2, c. 1. — Ovid. Heroid. 14. — Paus. 7, c. 

21. An extensive country of Africa watered 

by the Nile, bounded on the east by Arabia, 
and on the west by Libya. Its name is deriv- 
ed from iEgyptus brother to Danaus. Its ex- 
tent, according to modern calculation, is 180 
leagues from north to south, and it measures 
120 leagues on the shore of the Mediterranean; 
but at the distance of 50 leagues from the sea, 
it diminishes so much as scarce to measure 7 
or 8 leagues between the mountains on the 
east and west. It is divided into lower, which 
lies near the Mediterranean, and upper, which 
is towards the south. Upper Egypt was famous 
for the town of Thebes, but Lower Egypt was 
the most peopled, and contained the Delta, a 
number of large islands, which, from their form, 
have been called after the fourth letter of the 
Greek alphabet. This country has been the 
mother of arts and sciences. The greatest part 
of Lower Egypt has been formed by the mud 
and sand carried down by the Nile. The Egyp- 
tians reckoned themselves the most ancient na- 
tion in the universe, ( Vid Psammetichus,) but 
some authors make them of ^Ethiopian origin. 
They are remarkable for their superstition; they 
paid as much honour to the cat, the crocodile, 
the bull, and even to onions, as to his. — Rain 
never or seldom falls in this country; the ferti- 
lity of the soil originates in the yearly inunda- 
tions of the Nile, which rises about 25 feet 
above the surface of the earth, and exhibits a 
large plain of waters, in which are scattered 
here and there, the towns and villages, as the 
Cyclades in the iEgean sea. The air is not 
wholesome, but the population is great, and the 
cattle very prolific. It is said that Egypt once 
contained 20,000 cities, the most remarkable of 
which were Thebes, Memphis, Alexandria, 
Pelusium, Coptos, Arsinoe, &c. It was governed 
by kings who have immortalized themselves by 
the pyramids they have raised and the canals 
they have opened. The priests traced the 
existence of the country for many thousand 
years, and fondly imagined that the gods were 
their first sovereigns, and that their monarchy 
had lasted 11,340 years according to Herodo- 
tus. According to the calculation of Constan- 
tine Manasses, the kingdom of Egypt lasted 
1663 years from its beginning under Misraim 
the son of Ham, 2188 B C. to the conquest of 
Cambyses, 525 B. C. Egypt revolted afterwards 
from the Persian power, B. C. 414, and Amyr- 
tseus then became king. After him succeeded 
Psammetichus, whose reign began 408 B. C.: 



ML 



ML 



Nephereus 396: Accoris, 389: Psammutbis, 
376: Nepherites 4 months, and Nectanebis, 
375: Tachos, or Teos, 363: Nectanebus, 361. 
It was conquered by Ochus 350 B. C. ; and after 
the conquest of Persia by Alexander, Ptolemy 
refounded the kingdom, and began to reign 323 
B. C. Philadelphus, 284: Evergetes, 246: 
Philopater, 221: Epiphanes, 204: Philomator, 
180 and 169, conjointly with Evergetes II. or 
Physcon, for 6 years: Evergetes II. 145: Lathu- 
rus Soter, and his mother Cleopatra, 116: Alex- 
ander of Cyprus, and Cleopatra, 106: La- 
thurus Soter restored, 88 : Cleopatra II . 6 months', 
with Alexander the second 19 days, 81: Ptole- 
my, surnamed Alexander III. 80: Dionysius, 
surnamed Auletes, 65: Dionysius II. with Cleo- 
patra III. 51: Cleopatra III. with young Ptole- 
my, 46, and in 30 B. C. it was reduced by 
Augustus into a Roman province. The history 
of Egypt, therefore, can be divided into three 
epochas, the first beginning with the foundation 
of the empire, to the conquest of Cambyses; 
the second ends at the death of Alexander; and 
the third comprehends the reign of the Ptole- 
mies, and ends at the death of Cleopatra, in the 
age of Augustus — Justin. 1 . — Hurtius in Mex. 
24. — Macrob. in somn. Scip. 1, c. 19 & 21 — 
Herodian 4, c. 9. — Strab. 17. — Herodot. 2, 3, 
& 7 .—Theocrit. Id. 17, v. 79.— Polyb. 15.— 
Diod. 1 PB.n. 5, c. 1, 1. 14, c. l.—Marcell. 22, 
c. 40. — Justin. 1. — C. Nep. in Paus, 3, in 
Iphic. in D atom- 3. — Curt. 4, c. 1. — Juv. 15, 
v. 175. — Paus. 1, c. 14. — Pint, de Facie in 
Or6. Lam. de Isid. fy Osir. in Plot, in J lex. — 
Mela. 1, c. 9. — Apollod. 2, c. 1 & 5. — —A 
minister of Mausolus king of Caria. Polyoen. 
6. — The ancient name of the Nile. Homer Od. 
|, v. 258.— Paus. 9, c. 40. 

Mgys. Vid. Mgy 

iEGYSTHus. Vid. JEgisthus. 

iELiA, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in Syll.- 



The name of some towns built or repaired by 
the emperor Adrian. 

iELiA lex, enacted by iElius Tubero the 
tribune, A. U. C. 559, to send two colonies into 

the country of the Brutii. Liv. 34, c. 53. 

Another A. U. C. 568, ordaining, that, in 

public affairs, the augurs should observe the ap- 
pearance of the sky, and the magistrates be em- 
powered to postpone the business. Another 

called iElia Sexta. by JElius Sextus, A. U. C. 
756, which enacted, that all slaves who bore any 
marks of punishment received from their mas- 
ters, or who had been imprisoned, should be set 
at liberty, but not rank as Roman citizens. 

JElia Petina, of the family of Tubero, mar- 
ried Claudius Caesar, by whom she had a son. 
The emperor divorced her, to marry Messalina. 
Sueton. in Claud. 26. 

iELiANtts Claudus, a Roman sophist of Prse- 
neste, in the reign of Adrian. He first taught 
rhetoric at Rome; but being disgusted with his 
profession, he became author, and published 
treatises on animals in 1 7 books, on various his- 
tory in 14 books, &c. in Greek, a language 
which he preferred to Latin In his writings 
he shows himself very fond of the marvellous, 
and relates many stories which are often devoid 
of elegance and purity of style; though Philostra- 



tus has commended his language as superior to 
what could be expected from a person who was 
neither Dorn nor educated in Greece. iElian 
died in the 60th year of his age, A. D. 140. 
The best editions of his works collected together 
are that of Conrad Gesner, folio, printed Tiguri, 
1556, though now seldom to be met with, and 
that of Kuenius, 2 vol. 8 vo. Lips. 1789. Some 
attribute the treatise on the tactics of the Greeks 
to another iElian. 

JElius and tElia, a family in Rome, so poor 
that 16 lived in a small house, and were main- 
tained by the produce of a little field. Their 
poverty continued till Paulus conquered Perseus 
king of Macedonia, and gave his son-in-law M\. 
Tubero five pounds of gold from the booty. 
Vol. Max. 4, c. 4. 

iELius Adrianus, an African, grandfather to 

the emperor Adrian. Gallus, a Roman 

knight, the first who invaded Arabia Felix. He 
was very intimate with Strabo the geographer, 
and sailed on the Nile with him to take a view 

of the country. Plm. 6, c. 28. Publius, 

one of the first questors chosen from the ple- 
beians at Rome. Liv. 4. c. 54. Q. M. 

Paetus, son of Sextus or Publius. As he sat in 
the senate-house, a wood-pecker perched upon 
his head; upon which a soothsayer exclaimed, 
that if he preserved the bird, his house would 
flourish, and Rome decay; and if he killed it, 
the contrary must happen. Hearing this, iElius, 
jn the presence of the senate, bit off the head 
of the bird. All the youths of his family were 
killed at Cannae, and the Roman arms were soon 

attended with success. Val. Max. 5, c. 6. 

Saturninus, a satyrist thrown down from the 
Tarpeian rock for writing verses against Tibe- 
rius. — Sejanus, Vid. Sejanus. Sextus Catus, 

censor with M. Cethegus. He separated the 
senators from the people in the public spectacles. 
During his consulship, the ambassadors of the 
iEtohans found him feasting in earthen dishes, 
and offered him silver vessels, which he refused, 
satisfied with the earthen cups, &.c. which, for 
his virtues, he had received from his father-in- 
law, L. Paulus, after the conquest of Mace- 
donia. Plin. 33, c. 11. — Cic. de Orat. 1. 

Spartianas wrote the lives of the emperors 
Adrian, Antoninus Pius, and M. Aurelius. He 
flourished A. D. 240.' — Tubero, grandson of L. 
Paulus, was austere in his morals, and a for- 
midable enemy to the Gracchi. His grandson 
was accused before Caesar, and ably defended 

by Cicero. Cic. ep. ad Brut. Verus Caesar, 

the name of L. C. Commodus Verus, after 
Adrian had adopted him. He was made pretor 
and consul by the emperor, who was soon con- 
vinced of his incapacity in the discharge of pub- 
lic duty. He killed himself by drinking an an- 
tidote; and Antoninus, surnamed Pius, was 
adopted in his place. iElius was father to An- 
toninus Verus, whom Pius adopted. A physi- 
cian mentioned by Galen. L. Gallus, a law- 
yer, who wrote 12 books concerning the signifi. 

cation of ail law words. Sextus Paetus, a 

lawyer, consul at Rome A. U. C. 566. He is 
greatly commended by Cicero for his learning, 
and called cordatus homo by Ennius for his 
knowledge of law. Cic. de Orat. I, c. 48. in 



iEM 



iEN 



Brut. 20. Stilo, a native of Lanuvium, 

master to N. Ter. Varro, and author of some 
treatises. Lamia, Vid. Lamia. 

iELLO, one of the Harpies (from ixovo-ct ukko, 
alienum tollens, or clikx* tempestas.) Flac. 4, 
v. 450.— Hesiod. Th. 261.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 
110. — One of Actaeon's dogs. — Ovid. Met. 3, 
v. 220. 

iELURos, (a cat,) a deity worshipped by the 
Egyptians; and after death, embalmed, and 
buried in the city of Bubastis. Herodot 2, c. 
66, &c— Died. l.—Cic de Nat. D. l.—Jl. 
Gell. 20, c. l.—Plut. in Pr. 

iEMATHioN, and iEMATHiA. Vid. Ema- 
thion. 

Emilia lex, was enacted by the dictator 
^milius, A. U. C. 309, It ordained that the 
censorship, which was before quinquennial, 
should be limited to one year and a half. Liv. 

9, c- 33. Another in the second consulship 

ofiEmilius Mamercus, A. U. C. 391. It gave 
power to the eldest pretor to drive a nail in the 
capitol on the ides of September. Liv. 7, c. 3. 

The driving of a nail was a superstitious 

ceremony, by which the Romans supposed that 
a pestilence could be stopped, or an impending 
calamity averted. 

iEMiLiANUs, (C. Julius) a native of Mau- 
ritania, proclaimed emperor after the death of 
Decius. He marched against Gallus and Va- 
lerian, but was informed they had been mur- 
dered by their own troops. He soon after shar- 
ed their fate. — —One of the thirty tyrants who 
rebelled in the reign of Gallienus. 

.ZEmilius. Vid. iEmylius. 

iEMNESTos, tyrant of Enna, was deposed by 
Dionysius the elder. Diod. 14. 

.ZEmon. Vid Haemon. 

iEMONA, a large city of Asia. Cic. pro Flacc. 

JEmonia, a country of Greece, which receiv- 
ed its name from iEmon, or iEmus, and was af- 
terwards called Thessaly. Achilles is called 
JEmonius, as being born there. Ovid. Trist. 3, 
el. 11, 1. 4, el. l.—Horat. 1, od. 37. It was 
also called Pyrrha, from Pyrrha Deucalion's 

wife, who reigned there. The word has been 

indiscriminately applied to all Greece by some 
writers. Plin. 4. c. 7. 

iEiaoNiDEs. A priest of Apollo, in Italy, 
killed by ^neas. Virg. Mn. 10. v. 537. 

iEMus, an actor in Domitian's reign. Juv. 6, 
V. 197. 

iEiviYLiA, a noble family in Rome, descend- 
ed from Mamercus, son of Pythagoras, who for 

his humanity was called Ai/uuxos blandus. 

A vestal who rekindled the fire of Vesta, which 
was extinguished by putting her veil over it. 

Vol. Max. 1, c. 1. — Dionys. Hal. 2. The 

wife of Africanus the elder, famous for her be- 
haviour to her husband, when suspected of infi- 
delity. Vol. Max- 6, c. 7. Lepida, daugh- 
ter of Lepidus, married Drusus the younger, 
whom she disgraced by her wantonness She 
killed herself when accused of adultery with a 
slave. Tacit, 6, c. 40. A part of Italy call- 
ed also Flaminia. Martial 6, ep. 85. A 

public road leading from Placentia to Ariminum, 
called after the consul JEmylius, who is supposed 
to have made it. Martial. 3, ep 4. 



JEmtlianus, a name of Africanus the 
younger, son of P. iEmylius. In him the fa- 
milies of the Scipios and iEmylii were united. 
Many of that family bore the same name. Juv. 
8, v. 2. 

iEMYLii, a noble family in Rome, descended 
from iEmylius the son of Ascanius. — Plutarch, 
says, that they are descended from Mamercus, 
the son of Pythagoras, surnamed IEmylius from 
the .sweetness of his voice, in Num. fy JEmyl.-*- 
The family was distinguished in the various 
branches of the Lepidi, Mamerci, Mamercini, 
Barbulae, Pauli, and Scauri. 

iEMYLios, a beautiful youth of Sybaris, 
whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. 

Vid. Procris. CensorTnus, a cruel tyrant of 

Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who invent- 
ed new ways of torturing. Paterculus gave him 
a brazen horse for this purpose, and the tyrant 
made the first experiment upon the donor. Plut. 

de Fort Rom. Lepidus, a youth who had a 

statue in the capitol, for saving the life of a 

citizen in a battle. Val. Max. 4, c. 1. A 

triumvir with Octavius. Vid. Lepidus. 

Macer, a poet of Verona in the Augustan age. 
He wrote some poems upon serpents, birds, and, 

as some suppose, on bees, Vid. Macer. 

Marcus Scaurus, a Roman who flourished about 
100 years B.C. and wrote three books concern- 
ing his own life. Cic. in Brut. A poet ia 

the age of Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called 
Atheus, and destroyed himself. Sura, ano- 
ther writer on the Roman year. — — Mamercus, 
three times dictator, conquered the Fidenates, 
and took their city. He limited to one year 
and a half the censorship, which before his time 
was exercised during five years. Liv. 4, c 17. 

19, &c Papinianus, son of Hostilius Papi= 

nianus, was in favour with the emperor Severus, 
and was made governor to his sons Geta and 
Caracalla. Geta was killed by his brother, and 
Papinianus for upbraiding him was murdered 
by his soldiers. From his school the Romans 
have had many able lawyers, who were called 
Papinianists. Pappus, a censor, who banish- 
ed from the senate, P. Com. Ruffinus, who had 
been twice consul, because he had at his table 
ten pounds of silver plate, A. U. C. 478. Liv. 

14. Porcina, an elegant orator. Cic. in 

Brut— — Rectus, a severe governor of Egypt, 

under Tiberius. Dio. -Regillus, conquered 

the general of Antiochus at sea, and obtained 

a naval triumph. Liv. 37, c. 31. Scaurus, 

a noble, but poor citizen of Rome His father, 
to maintain himself, was a coal-merchant. He 
was edile, and afterwards praetor, and fought 
against Jugurtha. His son Marcus was son-in- 
law to Sylla, and in his edileship he built a very 
magnificent theatre. Plin. 36, c. 15. — — A 
bridge at Rome, called also Sublicius. Juv. 6, 
v. 32. 

jEnaria, an island in the bay of Puteoli, 
abounding with cypress trees. It received its" 
name from iEneas, who is supposed to have 
landed there on his way to Latium. It is called 
Pithecusa by the Greeks, and now Ischia, and 
was famous once for its mineral waters. Liv. 
8, c. 22.— Plin. 3, c. 6, 1. 31, c. 2.— Stat. 3, 
Sylv. 5, v. 104. 



^N 



MN 



MiJARWMy a forest near Olenos in Achaia 
sacred to Jupiter. 

/Enasius, one of the Ephori at Sparta. 
Thucyd. 9, c. 2. 

JEnea, or .ZEneia, a town of Macedonia, 15 
miles from Thessalonica, founded by iEneas. 
Liv. 40, c. 4. 1. 44, c. 10. 

iENEADEs, a town of Chersonesus, built by 
iEneas. Cassander destroyed it, and carried 
the inhabitants to Thessalonica, lately built. 
Dionys. Hal. 1. 

iENEAD^E, a name given to the friends and 
companions of iEneas, by Virg. JEn. 1, v. 
161. 

iENEAs, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and 
the goddess Venus. The opinions of authors 
concerning his character are different. His in- 
fancy was intrusted to the care of a nymph, and 
at the age of 5 he was recalled to Troy. He 
afterwards improved himself in Thessaly under 
Chiron, a venerable sage, whose house was fre- 
quented by the young princes and heroes of the 
age. Soon after his return home he married 
Creusa, Priam's daughter, by whom he had a 
son called Ascanius. During the Trojan war, 
he behaved with great valour, in defence of his 
country, and came to an engagement with Dio- 
medes and Achilles. Yet Strabo, Dictys of 
Crete, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Dares 
of Phrygia, accuse him of betraying his country 
to the Greeks, with Antenor, and of preserving 
his life and fortune by this treacherous measure. 
He lived at variance with Priam, because he 
received not sufficient marks of distinction from 
the king and his family, as Homer, II. 13, says. 
This might have provoked him to seek revenge 
by perfidy. Authors of credit report, that when 
Troy was in flames, he carried away, upon his 
shoulders, his father Anchises, and the statues 
of his household gods, leading in his hand his 
son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to follow 
behind. Some say that he retired to Mount 
Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 ships, and set 
sail in quest of a settlement. Strabo and others 
maintain that iEneas never left his country, 
but rebuilt Troy, where he reigned, and his 
posterity after him. Even Homer, who lived 
400 years after the Trojan war, says, II. 20, v. 
30, &c. that the gods destined iEneas and his 
posterity to reign over the Trojans. This pas- 
sage Dionys. Hal. explained, by saying that 
Homer meant the Trojans who had gone over 
to Italy with iEneas, and not the actual inhabi- 
tants of Troy. According to Virgil and other 
Latin authors, who, to make their court to the 
Roman emperors, traced their origin up to 
iEneas, and described his arrival into Italy as 
indubitable, he with his fleet first came to the 
Thraciun Chersonesus, where Polymnestor one 
of his allies, reigned. After visiting Delos, the 
Strophades, and Crete, where he expected to find 
the empire promised him by the oracle, as in the 
place where his progenitors were born, he land- 
ed in Epirus and Diepanum, the court of king 
Acestes in Sicily, where he buried his father. 
From Sicily he sailed for Italy, but was driven 
on the coasts of Africa, and kindly received by 
Dido queen of Carthage, to whom, on his inter- 
view, he gave one of the garments of the beau- 



tiful Helen. Dido being enamoured of him, 
wished to marry him; but he left Carthage by 
older of the gods. In his voyage he was driven 
to Sicily, and from thence he passed to Cumae, 
where the Sybil conducted him to hell, that he 
might hear from his father the fates which at- 
tended him and all his posterity. After a voyage 
of seven years, and the loss of 13 ships, he 
came to the Tyber: Latinus, the king of the 
country, received him with hospitality, and pro- 
mised him his daughter Lavinia, who had been 
before betrothed to king Turnus by her mother 
Amata. To prevent this marriage, Turnus made 
war against iEneas; and after many battles, the 
war was decided by a combat between the two 
rivals, in which Turnus was killed. iEneas 
married Lavinia, in whose honour he built the 
town of Lavinium, and succeeded his father-in- 
law. After a short reign, iEneas was killed in 
a battle against the Etrurians. Some say that 
he was drowned in the Numicus, and his body 
weighed down by his armour; upon which the 
Latins, not finding their king, supposed that he 
had been taken up to heaven, and therefore of- 
fered him sacrifices as to a god. Dionys. Hal. 
fixes the arrival of iEneas in Italy in the 54th. 
olymp. Some authors suppose that iEneas, after 
the siege of Troy, fell to the share of Neoptole- 
mus, together with Andromache, and that he 
was carried to Thessaly, whence he escaped to 
Italy. Others say, that after he had come to 
Italy, he returned to Troy, leaving Ascanius 
king of Latium. iEneas has been praised for 
his piety, and submission to the will of the gods. 
Homer. II. 13 and 20. Hymn in Vener. — Apol- 
lod. 3, c. 12.— Diod. S.—Paus. 2, c. 33, 2. 3, 
c. 22, 1. 10, c. 25.— Plut. in RomvL &f Corol. 
Qu<£st. Rom.— Vol. Max. 1, c. 8. — Flor> 1, c. 
1.— Justin. 20, c. 1, 1. 31, c 8, 1. 43, c. 1. — 
Dictys. Cret. 5. — Dares Phry. 6. — Dionys. Hal. 
1, c. 11.— Strab. 13. r-Liv. 1, c. I. — Virg. 
JEn.—Jlur. Victor.— JElian. V. H. 8, c. 22.— 
Propert. 4, el. 1, v. 42. — Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 3, 

&c. Trist. 4, v. 799. A son of iEneas and 

Lavinia, called Sylvius, because his mother re- 
tired with him into the woods after his father's 
death. He succeeded Ascanius in Latium, 
though opposed by Julius the son of his prede- 
cessor. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 770. — Liv. 1, c. 3. 
•An ambassador sent by the Lacedaemo- 



nians to Athens, to treat of peace, in the 8th 

year of the Peloponnesian war. An ancient 

author who wrote on tactics, besides other 
treatises, which, according to iElian, were epi- 
tomised by Cineas the friend of Pyrrhus. — A 
native of Gaza, who, from a platonic philoso- 
pher became a christian, A. D. 485, and wrote 
a dialogue called Theophrastus, on the immor- 
tality of the soul, and the resurrection. 

iENEiA, or iENiA, a place near Rome after- 
wards called Janiculum. — —A city of Troas. 

Strab. 17. A city of Macedonia. Dionys. 

Hal. 1. 

jEneides, a patronymic given to Ascanius a 
son of iEneas. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 653. 

jEneis, a poem of Virgil, which has for its 
subject the settlement of iEneas in Italy. The 
great merit of this poem is well known. The 
author has imitated Homer, and as some say, 



MN 



MO 



Homer is superior to him only because he is 
more ancient, and is an original. Virgil died 
before he had corrected it, and at his death de- 
sired it might be burnt This was happily dis- 
obeyed, and Augustus saved from the flames, a 
poem which proved his family to be descended 
from the kings of Troy. The iEneid had en- 
gaged the attention of the poet for 1 1 years, 
and in the first six books it seems that it was 
Virgil's design to imitate Homer's Odyssey, and 
in the last the Iliad- The action of the poem 
comprehends eight years, one of which only, the 
last, is really taken up by action, as the seven 
first are merely episodes, such as Juno's at- 
tempts to destroy the Trojans, the loves of iEneas 
and Dido, the relation of the fall of Troy, &c. 
In the first book of the iEneid, the hero is in- 
troduced, in the seventh year of his expedition, 
sailing in the Mediterranean, and shipwrecked 
on the African coast, where he is received by 
Dido. In the second, iEneas, at the desire of 
the Phoenician queen, relates the fall of Troy, 
and his flight through the general conflagration 
to mount Ida. In the third, the hero continues 
his narration, by a minute account of his voyage 
through the Cyclades, the places where he land- 
ed, and the dreadful storm, with the description 
of which the poem opened. Dido, in the fourth 
book, makes public her partiality to iEneas, 
which is slighted by the sailing of the Trojans 
from Carthage, and the book closes with the sui- 
cide of the disappointed queen. In the fifth 
book, iEneas sails to Sicily, where he celebrates 
the anniversary of his fathers' death, and thence 
pursues his voyage to Italy. In the sixth, he 
visits the Elysian fields, and learns from his fa- 
ther the fate which attends him and his descend- 
ants the Romans. In the seventh book, the he- 
ro reaches the destined land of Latium, and con- 
cludes a treaty with the king of the country, 
which is soon broken by the interference of Juno, 
who stimulates Turnus to war. The auxiliaries 
of the enemy are enumerated; and in the eighth 
book, iEneas is assisted by Evander, and re- 
ceives from Venus a shield wrought by Vulcan, 
on which are represented the future glory and 
. triumphs of the Roman nation. The reader is 
pleased in the ninth book, with the account of 
battles between the rival armies, and the im- 
mortal friendship of Nisus and Euryalus. Jupi- 
ter in the tenth, attempts a reconciliation between 
Venus and Juno, who patronised the opposite 
parties; the fight is renewed, Pallas killed, and 
Turnus saved from the avenging hand of iEneas, 
by the interposition of Juno. The eleventh book 
gives an account of the funeral of Pallas, and of 
the meditated reconciliation between iEneas and 
Latinus, which the sudden appearance of the 
enemy defeats. Camilla is slain, and the com- 
batants separated by the night. In the last book, 
Juno prevents the single combat agreed upon by 
Turnus and iEneas. The Trojans are defeated 
in the absence of their king; but on the return 
of iEneas, the battle assumes a different turn, 
a single combat is fought by the rivai leaders, 
and the poem is concluded by the death of king 
Turnus. Plin. 7. c. 30, &c. 

jEnesidemus, a brave general of Argos. Liv. 
32, c. 25. A Cretan philosopher, who wrote 



8 books on the doctrine of his master Pyrrh". 
Diog in Pyr. 

iENEsius, a surname of Jupiter, from mount 
iEnum. 

jEnetus, a victor at Olympia who, in the mo- 
ment of victory, died through excess of joy. Pn/,s„ 
3, c. 18. 

iENIA. Vid. iENEIA. 

iENicus, a comic writer at Athens. 

^E.niochi, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. Lw- 
can. 2, v. 591. 

iENOBARBus, or Ahenobarbus, the surname 
of Domitius. When Castor and Pollux ac- 
quainted him with a victory, he discredited them; 
upon which they touched his chin and beard, 
which instantly became of a brazen colour, 
whence the surname given to himself and his 
descendants. * 

iENocLEs, a writer of Rhodes. Jithen. 

iENos, now Eno, an independent city of 
Thrace, at the eastern mouth of the Hebrus, 
confounded with iEneia, of which iEneas was 
the founder. Mela. 2, c. 2. 

jEnum, a town of Thrace— of Thessaly. — A 

mountain in Cepballenia. Strab. 7. A river 

and village near Ossa. A city of Crete built 

by iEneas. 

iENYRA, a town of Thasos. Herodot. 6, c. 
47. 

iEoLiA, a name given to Arne. Sappho is 
called JEolia puella, and lyric poetry JEolium 
carmen, because of Alcseus and Sappho, natives 
of Lesbos, in iEolia. Horat. 4, od. 3, v. 12, 
and od. 9, v. 12. 

iEoLiA, or iEolis, a country of Asia Minor, 
near the iEgean sea. It has Troas at the north, 
and Ionia at the south. The inhabitants were 
of Grecian origin, and were masters of many of 
the neighbouring islands. They had 12, others 
say 30, considerable cities, of which Cumae and 
Lesbos were the most famous. They received 
their name from iEolus son of Hellenus. They 
migrated from Greece about 1124 B. C. 80 
years before the migration of the Ionian tribes. 
Herodot. 1, c 26, &c. — Strab. 1, 2, and 6.— 
Plin. 5, c. 30.— Mela, 1, c. 2 and 18. Thes- 
saly has been anciently called JEolia. Bceotus, 
son of Neptune, having settled there, called his 
followers Boeotians, and their country Bcetia. 

Molim andiEoLiDEs, seven islands between 
Sicily and Italy; called Lipara, Hiera, Strongyle, 
Didyme, Ericusa, Phcenicusa, and Euonymous. 
They were the retreat of the winds; and Virg. 
JEn. 1, v. 56, calls them iEolia, and the king- 
dom of iEolus the god of storms and winds. 
They sometimes bear the name of Vulcanite and 
Hephcestiades, and are known now among the 
moderns under the general appellation of Lipari 
islands. Lucan. 5, v. 609. — Justin. 4, c. 1. 

-ZEolida, a city of Tenedos. Another near 

Thermopylae. Herodot, 8, c. 35. 

iEoLiDES, a patronymic of Ulysses, from iEo- 
lus; because Anticlea, his mother, was pregnant 
by Sisyphus, the son of iEolus, when she mar- 
ried Laertes It is also given to Athamas and 
Misenus, as sons of iEolus. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 
511, 1. 13, v. 31.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 164 and 
529. 

iEoms, the king of storms and winds, was 



MR 



MB 



the son of Hippotas. He reigned over iEolia; 
and because he was the inventor of sails, and a 
great astronomer, the poets have called him the 
god of the wind. It is said that he confined in 
a bag, and gave to Ulysses, all the winds that 
could blow against his vessel when he returned 
to Ithaca. The companions of Ulysses untied 
the bag, and gave the winds their liberty. ZEo- 
lus was indebted to Juno for his royal dignity, 
according to Virgil. The name seems to be 
derived from cuokos, various, because the winds 
over which he presided are ever varying, 



There were two others, a king of Etruria, father 
to Macareus and Canace, and a son of Helenus, 
often confounded with the god of the winds. 
This last married Enaretta, by whom he had 
seven sons and five daughters. Jlpollod. 1, c. 7. 
•—Homer. Od. 10, v. l.—Ovid Met. 11, v. 478, 
1. 14, v. 224.— Jlpollon. 4. Argon. — Place. 1, 
v. 556.— Diod. 4 and b. — Virg. JEn. 1, v. 56, 
&c 

iEoRA, a festival in Athens, in honour of Eri- 
gone. 

iEpALius, a king of Greece, restored to his 
kingdom by Hercules, whose son Hyllus he 
adopted. Strab. 9 

iEpiiA, a town of Crete, called Solis, in ho- 
nour of Solon. Plut. in Solon. 

iEpuLO, a general of the Istrians, who drank 
to excess, after he had stormed the camp of A. 
Manlins, the Roman general. Being attacked 
by a soldier, he fled to a neighbouring town, 
which the Romans took, and killed himself for 
fear of being taken. Flor. 2, c. 10. 

iEpY, a town of Elis, under the dominion of 
Nestor. Stat. 4, Theb. v. 180. 

.ZEpytus, king of Mycenae, son of Chresphontes 
and Merope, was educated in Arcadia with Cyp- 
selus, his mother's father. To recover his king- 
dom, he killed Polyphontes, who had married 
his mother against her will, and usurped the 

crown. Jlpollod. 2, c. 6. — Pans 4, c. 8. 

A king of Arcadia, son of Elatus.- A son of 

Hyppothous, who forcibly entered the temple of 
Neptune, near Mantinea, and was struck blind 
by the sudden eruption of salt water from the 
altar. He was killed by a serpent in hunting. 
Paus. 8, c. 4 and 5. 

JEqui or iEo_uicoLi, a people of Latium, near 
Tybur; they were great enemies to Rome in its 
infant state, and were conquered with much dif- 
ficulty. Flor. 1, c. 11.— Liv. 1, c. 32, 1. 2, c. 
30, I. 3, c. 2, &c — Plin. 3, c. 4.— Virg. JFm. 
7, v. 747, 1. 9, v. 684.— Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 93.— 
Dionys. Hal. 2, c. 19. 

iEo.uiMEi.iuM, a place m Rome where the house 
of Melius stood, who aspired to sovereign power, 
for which crime his habitation was levelled to 
the ground. Liv. 4, c. 16. 

JErias, an ancient king of Cyprus, who built 
the temple of Paphos. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 3. 

iEnopE, wife of Atreus, committed adultery 
with Thyestes, her brother-in-law, and had by 
him twins, who were placed as food before Atre- 
us. Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 391. A daughter of 

Cepbeus, ravished by Mars. She died in child- 
bed: her child was preserved, and called iEro- 
pus. Paus. 8, c. 44. 

J2ropus, a general of Epirus, in the reign of 



Pyrrhus. A person appointed regent to Ores- 
tes, the infant son of Archelaus, king of Mace- 
donia. An officer of king Philip, banished 

for bringing a singer into his camp. Poly<en. 

4, c. 2. A mountain of Chaonia. Liv. 31, 

c.5. 

iEsXcus, a river of Troy near Ida. A son 

of Priam, by Alexirhoe; or, according to others, 
byArisba. He became enamoured of Hesperia, 
whom he pursued into the woods. The nymph 
threw herself into the sea, and was changed into 
a bird. iEsaeus followed her example, and was 
changed into a cormorant by Tethys. Ovid. 
Met. 11, fab. 11. 

iEsXpus, a river of Mysia, in Asia, falling 
into the Hellespont. Plin. 5, c 32. 

iEsAR, or iEslRAs, a river of Magna Graecia, 
falling into the sea near Crotona. Ovid. Met. 
15, v 28. 

iEscniNEs, an Athenian orator, who flourish- 
ed about 342 B. C. and distinguished himself 
by his rivalship with Demosthenes. His father's 
name was Atrometus, and he boasted of his des- 
cent from a noble family, though Demosthenes 
reproached him asbeing-fhe son of a courtezan. 
The first open signs of enmity between the rival 
orators appeared at the court of Philip, where 
they were sent as Ambassadors; but the charac- 
ter of iEschines was tarnished by the acceptance 
of a bribe from the Macedonian prince, whose 
tyranny had hitherto been the general subject of 
his declamation. When the Athenians wished 
to reward the patriotic labours of Demosthenes 
with a golden crown, .ZEschines impeached Cte- 
siphon, who proposed it; and to their subsequent 
dispute we are indebted for the two celebrated 
orations de corona. iEschines was defeated by 
his rival's superior eloquence, and banished to 
Rhodes; but as he retired from Athens, Demos- 
thenes ran after him, and nobly forced him to 
accept a present of silver. In his banishment, 
the orator repeated to the Rkodians, what he 
had delivered against Demosthenes; and after 
receiving much applause, he was desired to read 
the answer of his antagonist It was received 
with greater marks of approbation; but, exclaim- 
ed iEschines, how much more would your admi- 
ration have been raised, had you heard Demos- 
thenes himself speak it! .ZEschines died in the 
75th year of his age, at Rhodes, or, as some 
suppose, at Samos. He wrote three orations, 
and nine epistles, which, from their number, re- 
ceived the name, the first of the graces, and the 
last of the muses. The orations alone are ex- 
tant, generally found collected with those of Ly- 
sias. An oration which bears the name of De- 
liaca lex, is said not to be his production, but 
that of iEschines, another orator of that age. 
Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 24, 1. 2, c- 53. in Brut. c. 
17. — Plut. in Demosth. — Diog. 2 and 3. — Plin. 
7, c 30. Diogenes mentions seven more of the 
same name. A philosopher,' disciple of Soc- 
rates, who wrote several dialogues, some of 
which bore the following titles: Aspasia, Phae- 
don, Alcibiades, Draco, Erycia, Polyaenus, Te- 
lauges, &c. The dialogue entituled Axiochus, 
and ascribed to Plato, is supposed to be his 
composition. The best editions are that of Leo- 
Yard, 1718, with the notes of Horraeus, in 8vo. 



JiS 



^s 



and that of Fischer, Svo. Lips. 1766. A man 

who wrote an oratory. An Arcadian. A 

Mitylenean. A disciple of Melanthius, 

A Milesian writer. A statuary. 

jEschrion, a Mitylenean poet, intimate with 
Aristotle. He accompanied Alexander in his 

Asiatic expedition. An Iambic poet of Sa- 

mos. Jlthen. A physician commended by 

Galen. A treatise of his on husbandry has been 

quoted by Pliny. A lieutenant of Archaga- 

thus, kilied by Hanno. Diod. 20. 

iEscHYLiDEs, a man who wrote a book on 
agriculture. JEliaii. H. Jin. 15. 

iEscHYLus, an excellent soldier and poet of 
Athens, sou of Euphorion, and brother to Cynae- 
girus. He was in the Athenian army at the bat- 
tles of Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea. But the 
most solid fame he has obtained, is the offspring 
less of his valour in the field of battle than of his 
writings. Of ninety tragedies, however, the fruit 
of his ingenious labours, 40 of which were re- 
warded with the public prize; only seven have 
come safe to us: Prometheus vinctus, Septem du- 
ces apud Thebas, Persce, Agamemnon, Chazpho- 
ri, Eumenides, Supplices. iEschylus is the first 
who introduced two actors on the stage, and 
clothed them with dresses suitable to their cha- 
racter. He -likewise removed murder from the 
stage. It is said, that when he composed, his 
countenance betrayed the greatest ferocity; and, 
according to one of his scholiasts, when his Eu- 
menides were represented, many children died 
through fear, and several pregnant women ac- 
tually miscarried in the house, at the sight of the 
horrible masks that were introduced. The ima- 
gination of the poet was strong and comprehen- 
sive, but disorderly and wild; fruitful in prodi- 
gies, but disdaining probabilities. His style is 
obscure, and the labours of an excellent modern 
critic have pronounced him the most difficult of 
all the Greek classics. A few expressions of im- 
pious tendency in one of his plays, nearly proved 
fatal to iEschylus; he was condemned to death; 
but his brother Amynias, it is reported, reversed 
the sentence, by uncovering an arm, of which 
the hand had been cut off* at the battle of Sala- 
mis in the service of his country, and the poet 
Was pardoned. iEschylus has been accused of 
drinking to excess, and of never composing ex- 
cept when in a state of intoxication. In his old 
age be retired to the court of Hiero in Sicily. 
Being informed that he was to die by the fall of 
a house, he became dissatisfied with the fickle- 
ness of his countrymen, and withdrew from the 
city into the fields, where he sat down. An eagle 
with a tortoise in her bill, flew over his bald 
head, and supposing it to be a stone, dropped 
her prey upon it to break the shell, and iEschy- 
lus instantly died of the blow, in the 69th year 
of his age, 456 B. C. It is said that he wrote an 
account of the battle of Marathon in ei« giac 
verses. The best editions of his works are that 
of Stanley, fol. London, 1663. that of Glasg. 2 
vols, in 12mo. 1746, and that of Schutz, 2 vols. 
Svo. Halae, \lS2.—Horat. Art. Poet. 278.— 
Qidnlil. 10, c. l.—Plin. 10, c. 3.— Fa/. Max. 

9, c. 12. [he 12th perpetual archon of 

Athens A Corinthian, brother-in-law to 

Timophanes, intimate with Timoleon. Plut. in 



Timol. — —A Rhodian set over Egypt with Peu- 
cestes of Macedonia. Curt. 4. c. 8. A na- 
tive of Cnidus, teacher of rhetoric to Cicero. 
Cic. in Brut. 

JEsculapius, son of Apollo, by Coronis, or as 
some say, by Larissa, daughter of Phlegias, was 
god of medicine. After his union with Coronis, 
Apollo set a crow to watch her, and was soon 
informed that she admitted the caresses of 
Ischys, of JEnionia. The god, in a fit of anger, 
destroyed Coronis with lightning, but saved the 
infant from her womb, and gave him to be edu- 
cated to Chiron, who taught him the art of me- 
dicine. Some authors say, that Coronis left her 
father to avoid the discovery of her pregnancy, 
and that she exposed her child near Epidaurus. 
A goat of the flocks of Aresthanas gave him her 
milk, and the dog who kept the flock stood by 
him to shelter him from injury. He was found, 
by the master of the flock, who went in search 
of his stray goat, and saw his head surrounded 
with resplendent rays of light iEsculapius was 
physician to the Argonauts, and considered so 
skilled in the medicinal power of plants, that he 
was called the inventor as well as the god of me- 
dicine. He restored many to life, of which Pluto 
complained to Jupiter, who struck iEsculapius 
with thunder, but Apollo, angry at the death of 
his son, killed the Cyclops who made the thun- 
derbolts. iEsculapius received divine honours 
after death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus, 
Athens, Smyrna. &c. Goats, bulls, lambs, and 
pigs were sacrificed on his altars, and the cock 
and the serpent were sacred to him. Rome, A. 
U. C. 462, was delivered of a plague, and built 
a temple to the god of medicine, who, as was 
supposed, had come there in the form of a ser- 
pent, and hid himself among the reeds in an 
island of the Tyber. iEsculapius was represent- 
ed with a large beard, holding in his hand a 
staff*, round which was wreathed a serpent; his 
other hand was supported on the head of a ser- 
pent. Serpents are more particularly sacred to 
him, not only as the ancient physicians used 
them in their prescriptions; but because they 
were the symbols of prudence and foresight, so 
necessary in the medical profession. He mar- 
ried Epione, by whom he had two sons, famous 
for their skill in medicine, Machaon and Podali- 
rus; and four daughters, of whom Hygiea, god- 
dess of health, is the most celebrated. Some 
have supposed that he lived a short time after 
the Trojan war. Hesiod makes no mention of 
him. Homer. II. 4, v. 193. Hymn. inMscul. — 
Jlpollod. 3, c. 10. — Jippollon. 4, Jlrgon. — Hy- 
gin, fab. 49— Ovid. Met 2, fab. 8.— Paws. 2, 
c. 11. and 27, I.. 7, c. 23, &c— Diod. 4.— 
Pindar. Pyth. 3. — Lucian Dial, de Sallat. — 
Val. Max. 1, c. 8.— Cic. de Mat D. 3, c. 22, 
says there were three of this name; the 1st, a 
son of Apollo, worshipped in Arcadia; 2d, a 
brother of Mercury; 3d, a man who first taught 
medicine. 

iEsiipus, a son of Bucolion. Homer. II. 6,^v. 
21. A river. Vid. iEsapus. 

iEsERNiA, a city of the Samnites, in Italy, 
Liv. 27, c. U.—Sil. 8, v. 567. 

iEsioN, an Athenian, known for his respect 
for the talents of Demosthenes. Plut. in Demost 



vES 



JET 



iEsis, a river of Italy, which separates Um- 
bria from Picenum. 

JEson, son of Cretbeus, was born at the same 
birth as Pelias. He succeeded his father in the 
kingdom of Iolchos, but was soon exiled by his 
brother. He married Alcimeda, by whom he 
had Jason, whose education fee intrusted to Chi- 
ron, being afraid of Pelias. When Jason was 
grown up, he demanded his father's kingdom 
from his uncle, who gave him evasive answers, 
and persuaded him to go in quest of the golden 
fleece. [Vid Jason,] At his return, Jason found 
his father very infirm; and Medea [Vid. Medea,} 
at his request, drew the blood from JEson's 
veins, and refilled them with the juice of certain 
herbs which she had gathered, and immediately 
the old man recovered the vigour and bloom of 
youth. Some say that JEson killed himself by 
drinking bull's blood, to avoid the persecution of 
Pelias. Diod. 4. — Jlpollod. I, c. 9. — Ovid. 

Met 7, v. 285.— Hygin. fab. 12. A river of 

Thessaly, with a town of the same name. 

JEsonides, a patronymic of Jason, as being 
descended from JEson. 

JEsopus, a Phrygian philosopher, who, though 
originally a slave, procured his liberty by the 
sallies of his genius. He travelled over the 
greatest part of Greece and Egypt, but chiefly 
resided at the court of Croesus, king of Lydia, 
by whom he was sent to consult the oracle of 
Delphi. In this commission JEsop behaved 
with great severity, and satirically compared the 
Delphians to floating sticks, which appear large 
at a distance, but are nothing when brought 
near. The Delphians, offended with his sarcas- 
tic remarks, accused him of having secreted one 
of the sacred vessels of Apollo's temple, and 
threw him down from a rock, 561 B. C. Maxi- 
mus Planudes has written his life in Greek; but 
no credit is to be given to the biographer, who 
falsely asserts that the mythologist was short 
and deformed. JEsop dedicated his fables to his 
patron Croesus; but what appears now under his 
name, is no doubt a compilation of ail the fables 
and apologues of wits before and after the age of 
JEsop, conjointly with his own. Plut in Solon. 

—Phasd. 1. fab. 2, 1. 2, fab. 9, Claudus, an 

actor on the Roman stage, very intimate with 
Cicero. He amassed an immense fortune. His 
«on, to be more expensive, melted precious 
stones to drink at his entertainments. Horat. 2, 
Sat. 3, v. 239.— Vol. Max. 8, c. 10. 1. 9, c I. 

— Plin. 9, c. 35, 1. 10, c. 51. An orator. 

Diog. An historian in the time of Anaxi- 

snenes. PhU. in Solon. A river of Pontus. 

Strab. 12. An attendant of Mithridates, 

who wrote a treatise on Helen, and a panegyric 
on his royal master. 

JEstria, an island in the Adriatic. Mela, 2, 
C. 7. 

JEsula, a town on a mountain between Tybur 
and Praeneste. Horat. 3, od. 29. 

JEsyetes, a man from whose tomb Polites 
spied what the Greeks did in their ships during 
the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2, v. 793. 

JEsymnetes, a surname of Bacchus. Paws. 
7, c. 21. 

JEsymnus, a person of Megara, who consult- 



ed Apollo to know the best method of governing 
his country. Pans. 1. c 43. 

JEthalia, or JEtheria, now Elba, an island 
between Etruria and Corsica. Plin. 3, c. 6, 1. 
6, c. 30. 

JEthalides, a herald, son of |Mercury, to 
whom it was granted to be amongst the dead 
and the living at stated times. J]pollon. Jlrgon. 
1. v. 641. 

JEthion, a man slain at the nuptials of Andro- 
meda Ovid. Met. 5, v. 146. 

JEthiofia, an extensive country of Africa, 
at the south of Egypt, divided into east and west 
by the ancients, the former division lying near 
Meroe, and the latter near the Mauri. The 
country, properly now called Abyssinia, as well 
as the inhabitants, were little known to the an- 
cients, though Homer has styled them the just- 
estof men, and the favourites of the gods. Diod, 
4. says, that the JEthiopians were the first inha- 
bitants of the earth. — They were the first who 
worshipped the gods, for which, as some sup- 
pose, their country has never been invaded by a 
foreign enemy. The inhabitants are of a dark 
complexion. The country is inundated for five 
months every year, and their days and nights 
are almost of an equal length. The ancients 
have given the name, of JEthiopia to every coun- 
try whose inhabitants are of a black colour. Lu- 
can. 3. v. 253, 1. 9, v. 651.— Jw. 2, v. 23.— 
Virg. Eel. 6, v. 68.— Plin. 6, c. 29. Pans. l,c. 
33.— Horner. Od. 1, v. 22. II. 1, v. 423. 

JEthlius, son of Jupiter by Protogenia, was 
father of Endymion. Jlpollod. 1, c 7. 

JEthon, a horse of the sun. Ovid. Met. 2, 

fab. 1. A horse of Pallas, represented as 

shedding tears at the death of his master, by 

Virg. JEn. 11, v. R9.- A horse of Hector. 

Homer. 11. 8, v. 1S5. 

JEthra, daughter of Pitheus king of Trce- 
zene, had Theseus by JEgeus. [Vid. JEgeus.] 
She was carried away by Castor and Pollux, 
when they recovered their sister Helen, whom 
Theseus had stolen, and intrusted to her care. 
[Vid Helen.] She went to Troy with Helen. 
Homer. II. 3, v. 144.— Paws. 2, c. 31, 1. 5, c 
19,— Hygin. fab. 37 and 79.— Pint, in Thes.— 
Ovid Her. 10, v. 131. — One of the Oceanides, 
wife to Atlas. She is more generally called 
Pleione. 

JEthusa, a daughter of Neptune by Amphi- 
trite, or Alcyone, mother by Apollo of Eleutbere 

and two sons. Pans. 9, c 20. An island 

near Lilybaeum. Pirn. 3, c. 8. 

JEtia, a poem of Callimachus, in which he 
speaks of sacrifices, and of the manner in which 
they were offered. Mart. 10, ep. 4. 

JEtion, or Eetion, the father of Andro- 
mache, Hector's wife. He was killed at Thebes, 

with his seven sons, by the Greeks. A 

fans jus painter. He drew a painting of Alexan- 
der going to celebrate his nuptials with Roxane. 
This piece was much valued, and was exposed 
to public view at the Olympic games, where it 
gained so much applause that the president of 
the games gave the painter his daughter in mar- 
riage. Cic. Br. 18. 

./Etna, a mountain of Sicily, now called Gi- 
bello, famous for its volcano-, which, for about 



AF 



AG 



§000 years, has thrown out fire at intervals. It 
is two miles in perpendicular height, and mea- 
sures 100 miles round at the base, with an as- 
cent of 30 miles. Its crater forms a circle 
about three and a half miles in circumference, 
and its top is covered with snow and smoke at 
the same time, whilst *he sides of the mountain, 
from the great fertility of the soil, exhibit a 
rich scenery of cultivated fields and blooming 
vineyards. Pindar is the first who mentions an 
eruption of iEtna; and the silence of Homer on 
the subject is considered as a proof that the 
fires of the mountain were unknown in his age. 
From the time of Pythagoras, the supposed date 
of the first volcanic appearance, to the battle of 
Pharsalia, it is computed that iEtna has had 
100 eruptions. The poets supposed that Ju- 
piter had confined the giants under this moun- 
tain, and it was represented as the forge of 
Vulcan, where his servants the Cyclops fabrica- 
ted thunderbolts, &c. Hesiod. Theog. v. 860. 
—Virg. JEn. 3, v. 570.— Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 6, 

1. 15, v. 340.— Ital. 14,v.59. 

.ZEtolia, a country bounded by Epirus, Acar- 
nania, and Locris, supposed to be about the 
middle of Greece. It received its name from 
iEtolus. The inhabitants were covetous and il- 
liberal, and were little known in Greece, till 
after the ruin of Athens and Sparta they as- 
sumed a consequence in the country, and after- 
wards made themselves formidable as the allies 
of Rome and as its enemies, till they were con- 
quered by Fulvius. Liv. 26, c. 24, &c. — Flor. 

2, c. 9.—Strab. 8 and 10.— Mela, 2, c. 3 — 
Plin. 4, c 2.— Pans. 10, c. 18.— Plut. in 
Flam. 

iETOLus, son of Endymion of Elis and Iphi- 
anassa, married Pronoe, by whom he had Pleu- 
ron and Calydon Having accidentally killed 
Apis, son of Phoroneus, he left his country, and 
came to settle in that part of Greece which has 
been called, from him, iEtolia. Jipollod. 1, c. 
7 and 9. Potts. 5, c. 1. 

iEx, a rocky island between Tenedos and 
Chios. Plin. 4, c. 11. A city in the coun- 
try of the Marsi. The nurse of Jupiter 

changed into a constellation. 

, Afer, an inhabitant of Africa. An infor- 
mer under Tiberius and his successors. He be- 
came also known as an orator, and as the pre- 
ceptor of Quintilian, and was made consul by 
Domitian. He died A. D. 59. 

AfrInia, a Roman matron who frequented 
the forum forgetful of female decency. Val. 
Max. 8, c 3. 

Luc. Afranius, a Latin comic poet in the 
age of Terence, often compared to Menander, 
whose style he imitated. He is blamed for the 
unnatural gratifications which he mentions in 
his writings, some fragments of which are to be 
found in the Corpus Poetarum. Quint. 10, c 1. 
— Sueton. JVer. 11. — Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 57.— 

Cic. defin. 1, c. 3.—^. Gell. 13, c. 8. A 

general of Pompey, conquered by Caesar in 
Spain. Sueton. in Cces. 34 — Plut. in Pomp. 

Q, a man who wrote a severe satire against 

Nero, for which he was put to death in the Pi- 
sonian conspiracy. Tacit. Potitus, a ple- 
beian, who said before Caligula, that he would 



willingly die if the emperor could recover from 
the distemper he laboured under. Caligula re- 
covered, and Afranius was put to death that he 
might not forfeit his word. Dio. 

Africa, called Libya by the Greeks, one of 
the three parts of the ancient world, and the 
greatest peninsula of the universe, was bounded 
on the east by Arabia and the Red Sea, on the 
north by the Mediterranean, south and west by 
the ocean. In its greatest length, it extends 
4300 miles, and in its greatest breadth, it is 
3500 miles. It is joined on the east to Asia, by 
an isthmus 60 miles long, which some of the 
Ptolemies endeavoured to cut, in vain, to join 
the Red and Mediterranean seas. It is so im- 
mediately situate under the sun, that only the 
maritime parts are inhabited, and the inland 
country is mostly barren and sandy, and infested 
with wild beasts. The ancients, through igno- 
rance, peopled the southern parts of Africa with 
monsters, enchanters, and chimeras; errors 
which begin to be corrected by modern travel- 
lers. Vid. Libya. Mela, 1, c. 4, &c. — Di- 
od. 3, 4, and 20.— Herodot. 2, c. 17, 26 and 

32, 1. 4, c. 41, &c— Plin. 5, c 1, &c. ■ 

There is a part of Africa, called Propria, which 
lies about the middle, on the Mediterranean, 
and has Carthage for its capital. 

Africanus, a blind poet, commended by En- 

nius. A christian writer, who flourished 

A. D. 222. In his chronicle, which was uni- 
versally esteemed, he reckoned 5500 years from 
the creation of the world to the age of Julius 
Caesar. Nothing remains of this work, but 
what Eusebius has preserved. In a letter to 
Origen, Africanus proved that the history of Su- 
sanna is suppositious; and in another to Aris- 
tides, still extant, he endeavours to reconcile the 
seeming contradictions that appear in the gene- 
alogies of Christ in St. Matthew and Luke. He 
is supposed to be the same who wrote nine books, 
in which he treats of physic, agriculture, &c. — 
A lawyer, disciple to Papinian, and intimate 

with the emperor Alexander. An orator 

mentioned by Quintilian. The surname of 

the Scipios, from the conquest of Africa. Vid. 
Scipio. 

Africum mare, is that part of the Mediter- 
ranean which is on the coast of Africa. 

Agagriaioe port^e, gates at Syracuse, near 
which the dead were buried. Cic. in Tusc 

Agalasses, a nation of India, conquered by 
Alexander. Diod. 17. 

Agalla, a woman of Corcyra, who wrote a 
treatise upon grammar. Mien. 1. 

Agamedes and Trophonhjs, two architects 
who made the entrance of the temple of Delphi, 
for which they demanded of the god, whatever 
gift was most advantageous for a man to receive. 
Eight days after, they were found dead in their 
bed. Plut. de cons, ad Apol — Cic. Tusc 1, c. 
147. — Paus. 9, c. 11 and 37, gives a different 
account. 

Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and Argos, 
was brother to Menelaus, and son of Plisthenes, 
the son of Atreus. Homer calls them sons of 
Atreus, which is false upon the authority of He- 
siod, Apollodorus, &c. [Vid. Plisthenes.] When 
Atreus was dead, his brother Thyestes seized 

H § 



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the kingdom of Argos, and removed Agamem- 
non and Menelaus, who fled to Polyphidus, king 
of Sicyon, and hence to CEneus, king of JEtolia, 
where they were educated. Agamemnon mar- 
ried Clytemnestra, and Menelaus Helen, both 
daughters of Tyndarus, king of Sparta, who as- 
sisted them to recover their father's kingdom. 
After the banishment of the usurper to Cythera, 
Agamemnon established himself at Mycenae, 
whilst Menelaus succeeded his father-in-law at 
Sparta. When Helen was stolen by Paris, Aga- 
memnon was elected commander in chief of the 
Grecian forces going against Troy; and he 
showed his zeal in the cause by furnishing 100 
ships, and lending 60 more to the people of Ar- 
cadia. The fleet was detained at Aulis, where 
Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter to appease 
Diana. [Vid. Iphigenia.] During the Trojan 
war, Agamemnon behaved with much valour; 
but his quarrel with Achilles, whose mistress he 
took by force, was fatal to the Greeks. [Vid. 
Briseis.] After the ruin of Troy, Cassandra 
fell to his share, and foretold him that his wife 
would put him to death. He gave no credit to 
this, and returned to Argos with Cassandra. 
Clytemnestra, with her adulterer iEgisthus, 
[Vid. JEgisthus,] prepared to murder him; and 
as he came from the bath, to embarras him, she 
gave him a tunic, whose sleeves were sewed to- 
gether, and while he attempted to put it on, she 
brought him to the ground with a stroke of a 
hatchet, and iEgistbus seconded her blows. — 
His death was revenged by his son Orestes. — 
[Vid. Clytemnestra, Menelaus, and Orestes] 
Homer. II. 1, 2, &c. Od. 4, &c— Ovid, de 
Rem. Am. v. 777.— Met. 12, v. 30.— Hygin. 
fab. 88 and Ql.—Strab. S— Thucyd. 1, c. 9.— 
JElian. V. H. 4, c. 26. — Dictys Cret. 1, 2, &c. 
— Dares Phryg. — Sophocl. in Elect. — Euripid. 
in Orest. — Senec. in Jigam. — Pans. 2, c. 6, 1. 
9, c 40, &c— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 838.— Mela, 2, 
c. 3. 

Agamemnonius, an epithet applied to Orestes, 
a son of Agamemnon. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 47 1. 

Agametor, an athlete of Mantinea. — Paus. 
6, c. 10. 

Agamnestor, a king of Athens. 

Aganippe, a celebrated fountain of Boeotia, 
at the foot of mount Helicon. It flows into the 
Permessus, and is sacred to the muses, who, 
from it, were called Aganippedes. — Paus. 9, c. 
29.— Propert. 2, el, 3— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 312. 
— Plin. 4, c. 7. 

Agapenor, the commander of Agamemnon's 

fleet. Homer. II. 2.- The son of Ancaeus, 

and grandson of Lycurgus, who, after the ruin of 
Troy, was carried by a storm into Cyprus, where 
he built Paphos. Paus. 8, c 5. — Homer. II. 2. 

Agar, a town of Africa. Hirt. bell. Jijr. 
76. 

Agareni, a people of Arabia. Trajan de- 
stroyed their city, called Agarum. Strab. 16. 

Agarista, daughter of Clistheries, was court- 
ed iiy all the princes of Greece. She married 
Megacles. JElian. V. II 12, c. 24. — Herodot. 

6, c. 126, &C- A daughter of Hippocrates, 

who married Xantippus. She dreamed that she 
had brought forth a lion, and- some time after 



became mother of Pericles. — Plut. inPericl.— 
Herodot. 6, c. 131. 

Agasicles, king of Sparta, was son of Ar- 
chidamus, and one of the Proclidae. He used 
to say that a king ought to govern his subjects 

as a father governs his children. Paus. 3, 

c. 7. — Plut. in Jlpoph. 

Agassi, a city of Thessaly. Liv. 45, c. 27. 

Agasthenes, father to Polyxenus, was, as 
gne of Helen's suitors, concerned in the Trojan 

war. Homer. II. 2. — Jlpollod. 3, c. 11. A 

son of Augeas, who succeeded as king of Elis. 
Paus. 5, c. 3. 

Agastrophtjs, a Trojan, wounded by Di- 
omedes. Homer. II. 11, v. 338. 

Agasthus, an archon of Athens. 

Agasus, a harbour on the coast of Apulia. 
Plin. 3, c. 11. 

Agatha, a town of France, near Jlgde, in 
Languedoc. Mela, 2, c. 5. 

Agatharchidas, a general of Corinth, in the 
Peloponnesian war. Thucyd. 2, c. 83. — A Sa- 
mian philosopher and historian, who wrote a 
treatise on stones, and a history of Persia and 
Phcenice, besides an account of the Red Sea, of 
Europe, and Asia. Some make him a native of 
Cnidas, and add that he flourished about 177 B. 
C. Joseph, cont. Jip. 

Agatharchtjs, an officer in the Syracusan 

fleet. Thucyd. 7, c. 2b.- A painter in the 

age of Zeuxis. Plut. in Perkl. 

Agathias, a Greek historian of iEolia. A 
poet and historian in the age of Justinian, of 
whose reign he published the history in five 
books. Several of his epigrams are found in 
the Jlnthologia. His history is a sequel to that 
of Procopius. The best edition is that of Paris, 
fol. 1660. 

Agatho, a Samian historian, who wrote an 
account of Scythia. A tragiepoet, who flour- 
ished 406 B. C. The names of some of his 
tragedies are preserved, such as Telepbus, 
Thyestes, &c. — A comic poet who lived in the 

same age. Plut. in Paral. A son of Priam. 

Homer. 11. 24. A governor of Babylon. 

Curt. 5, c. 1. A Pythagorean philosopher. 

JElian. V. H. 13, c 4. A learned and me- 
lodious musician, who first introduced songs, in 

tragedy. Jiristot. in Poet. A youth of 

Athens, loved by Plato. Diog. Laert. 3, c. 32. 

Agathoclea, a beautiful courtezan of Egypt. 
One of the Ptolemies destroyed his wife Eurydice 
to many her. She, with her brother, long go- 
verned the kingdom, and attempted to murder 
the king's son. Plut- in Cleon. — Justin. 30, c. 1. 

Agathocles, a lascivious and ignoble youth, 
son of a potter, who, by entering in the Sicilian 
army, arrived to the greatest honours, and made 
himself master of Syracuse. He reduced all 
Sicily under his power, but being defeated at 
Himera by the Carthaginians, he carried the 
war into Africa, where, for four years he ex- 
tended his conquests over his enency. He af- 
terwards passed into Italy, and made himself 
master of Crotona. He died in his 72d year, 
B. C. 289, after a reign of 28 years of mingled 
prosperity and adversity. Plut. in Jlpopth. — 
Justin. 22 and 23.—Polyb. Ib.—Diod. 18, &c. 
A son of Lysimachus, taken prisoner by the 



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Getae. He was ransomed, and married Lysan- 
dra, daughter of Ptolemy Lagus. His father, 
in his old age married Arsinoe, the sister of 
Lysander. After her husband's death, Arsinoe, 
fearful for her children, attempted to murder 
Agathocles. Some say that she fell in love with 
him, and killed him because he slighted her. 
When Agathocles was dead, 283 B. C. Lysan- 
dra fled to Seleucus. Strab. 13. — Plut. in 
Pyrrh. and Demetr. — Pans. 1, c. 9 and 10. — 
A Grecian historian of Babylon, who wrote an 

account of Cyzicus. Cic. de div. 1, c 24. 

A Chian who wrote on husbandry. Varro. 

A Samian writer. A physician. An 

Athenian archon. 

Agathon, vid. Agatho. 

Agathonymus, wrote a history of Persia. 
Plut. de Flum. 

Agathosthenes, a poet, &c. 

Agathyllus, an elegiac poet of Arcadia. 
Dionys. Hal. 1. 

Agathyrnum, a town of Sicily. 

Agathyrsi, an effeminate nation of Scythia, 
who had their wives in common. They received 
their name from Agathyrsus, son of Hercules. 
Herodot. 4, c. 10. — Virg. JEn. 4, v. 146. 

Agave, daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, 
married Ecbion, by whom she had Pentheus, 
who was torn to pieces by the Bacchanals. [Vid. 
Pentheus.~\ She is said to have killed her hus- 
band in celebrating the orgies of Bacchus. She 
received divine honours after death, because she 
had contributed to the education of Bacchus. 
Theocrit. 26. — Ovid. Met. B, v. 725. — Lucan. 
1, v. 574.— Stat. Theb. 11, v. 318.— Jlpollod. 

3, c. 4 One of the Nereides. Jlpollod. 1. 

A tragedy of Statius. Juv 7, v. S7, &c. 

Agadi, a northern nation who lived upon 
milk. Homer. II. 13. 

Agavus, a son of. Priam. Homer. II. 24. 

Agdestis, a mountain of Phrygia, where 

Atys was buried. Pans. 1, c. 4. A surname 

of Cybele. 

Agelades, a statuary of Argos. Pans. 6, c. 
8, 1. 7, c. 23. 

Agelastus, a surname of Crassus, the grand- 
father of the rich Crassus. He only laughed 
once in his life, and this, it is said, was upon 
seeing an ass eat thistles. Cic. de fin. 5. — Plin. 
7, c. 19 — The word is also applied to Pluto, 
from the sullen and melancholy appearance of 
his countenance. 

Agelaus, a king of Corinth, son of Ixion 

One of Penelope's suitors. Horner. Od. 20. 



A son of Hercules and - Omphale, from whom 
Croesus was descended. — Jlpollod. 2, c. 7. 



A servant of Priam, who preserved Paris when 
exposed on mount Ida. Id. 3, c. 12. 

Agendicum, now Sens, a town of Gaul, the 
capital of the Senones. Cats. bell. Gall. 6, c. 44. 

Agentor, king of Phoenicia, was son of Nep- 
tune and Libya, and brother to Belus. He 
married Telephassa, by whom he had Cadmus, 
Phoenix, Cilix, and Europa. Hygin. fab. 6. — 
Ital. 1, v. 15, I. 17, v. 58. Jlpollod. 2, c 1, I. 

3, c. 1. A son of Jasus and father of Argus. 

Jlpollod. 2, c. 10. A son of iEgyptus Id. 

2, c. 1 A son of Phlegeus. Id. 3, c. 7. 

A son of Pleuron, father to Phineus. Id. 1, c. 



7. A son of Amphion and Niobe. Id. 3, c. 

4. A king of Argos, father to Crotophus. 

A son of Antenor. Homer. II. 21, v. 579. 

A Mitylenean, who wrote a treatise on 

music. 

Ageno rides, a patronymic applied to Cad- 
mus, and the other descendants of Agenor. 
Ovid. Met. 3, v. 8. 

Agerinus, a freed man of Agrippina, accused 
of attempting Nero's life. Tacit. Jinn. 14, c. 
16. 

Agesander, a sculptor of Rhodes, under 
Vespasian, who made a representation of Lao- 
coon's history, which now passes for the best re- 
lict of all ancient sculpture. 

Agesias, a platonic philosopher who taught 
the immortality of the soul. One of the Ptole- 
mies forbade him to continue his lectures, be- 
cause his doctrine was so prevalent that many 
of his auditors committed suicide. 

Agesilaus, king of Sparta, of the family of 
the Agidse, was son of Doryssus, and father of 
Archelaus. During his reign, Lycurgus institu- 
ted his famous laws. Herodot. 7, c. 204. — 

Pans. 3, c. 2. A son of Archidamus, of the 

family of the Proclidse, made king in preference 
to his nephew Leotychides. He made war 
against Artaxerxes king of Persia with success; 
but in the midst of his conquests in Asia, he 
was recalled home to oppose the Athenians and 
Boeotians, who desolated his country; and his 
return was so expeditious that he passed, in thir- 
ty days, over that tract of country which had ta- 
ken up a whole year of Xerxes' expedition. He 
defeated his enemies, at Coronea; but sickness 
prevented the progress of his conquests, and the 
Spartans were beat in every engagement, espe- 
cially at Leuctra, till he appeared at their head. 
Though deformed, small of stature, and lame, 
he was brave, and a greatness of soul compen- 
sated all the imperfections of nature. He was 
as fond of sobriety as of military discipline; and 
when he went, in his 80th year, to assist Ta- 
chus, king of Egypt, the servants of the monarch 
could hardly be persuaded that the Lacedaemo- 
nian general was eating with his soldiers on the 
ground, bare-headed, and without any covering 
to repose upon. Agesilaus died on his return 
from Egypt, after a reign of 36 years, 362 B. C. 
and his remains were embalmed and brought to 
Lacedaemon. Justin. 6, c. 1.- — Plut. and C. 
Js'ep. in vit — Pans. 3, c. 9. — Xenoph. Or at. 

pro Jlges. A brother of Themistocles, who 

was sent as a spy into the Persian camp, where 
he stabbed Mardonius instead of Xerxes. Plut. 

in Par all. A surname of Pluto. A Greek 

who wrote a history of Italy. 

Agesipolis, 1st, king of Lacedaemon, son of 
Pausanias, obtained a great victory over the 
Mantineans. He reigned 14 years, and was 
succeeded by his brother Cleombrotus, B. C. 
380. Pans. 3, c 5, 1. S, c 8.— Xenoph. 3. 

Hist. Grccc. 2d, son of Cieombrotus, king of. 

Sparta, was succeeded by Cleomenes, 2d, B. C. 
370. Pans. 1, c. 13, 1. 3, c. 5. 

Agesistrata, the mother of king Agis, Plut. 
in Jlgid. 

Agesistrattjs, a man who wrote a treatise 
entitled, De arte machinali. 



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Aggrammes, a cruel king of the Gangarides. 
His father was a hair-dresser, of whom the 
queen became enamoured, and whom she made 
governor to the king's children, to gratify her 
passion. He killed them to raise Aggrammes, 
his son by the queen, to the throne. Curt. 9, 
c. 2. 

Aggrin-s:, a people near mount Rhodope. 
Cic. in L. Pis. 37. 

Agwje, the descendants of Eurysthenes, who 
shared the throne of Sparta with the Proclidae; 
the name is derived from Agis, son of Eurys- 
thenes. The family became extinct in the per- 
son of Cleomenes, son of Leonidas. Virg. 

Mn. S, v. 682. 

Agilaus, king of Corinth, reigned 36 years, 

One of the Ephori, almost murdered by the 

partizans of Cleomenes. Plut. in Cleom. 

Agis, king of Sparta, succeeded his father, 
Eurysthenes, and after a reign of one year, was 
succeeded by his son Echestratus, B. C. 1058. 

Pans. 3, c. 2. Another king of Sparta, who 

waged bloody wars against Athens, and re- 
stored liberty to many Greek cities. He at- 
tempted to restore the laws of Lycurgus at 
Sparta, but in vain; the perfidy of friends, who 
pretended to second his views, brought him to 
difficulties, and he was at last dragged from a 
temple where he had taken refuge, to a prison, 
where he was strangled by order of the Ephori. 

Plut. in Jlgid. Another, son of Archidamus, 

who signalized himself in the war which the 
Spartans waged against Epidaurus. He obtain- 
ed a victory at Mantinea, and was successful in 
the Peloponnesian war. He reigned 27 years. 
Tlmcyd. 3 and 4. — Paus. 3, c. 8 and 10.— 
Another, son of Archidamus, king of Sparta, 
who endeavoured to deliver Greece from the 
empire of Macedonia, with the assistance of the 
Persians. He was conquered in the attempt, 
and slain by Antipater, Alexander's general, 
and 5300 Lacedaemonians perished with him. 
Curt. 6, c. I. — Diod. 17. — Justin. 12, c. 1, &c. 
^-Another, son of Eudamidas, killed in a bat- 
tle against the Mantineans. Paus. 8, c. 10. 

An Arcadian in the expedition of Cyrus against 
his brother Artaxerxes. Polyazn. 7, c. 18 



A poet of Argos, who accompanied Alexander 
into Asia, and said that Bacchus and the sons of 
Leda, would give way to his hero, when a god. 

Curt. 8, c. 5. A Lycian who followed iEneas 

into Italy, where he was killed. Virg. JEn. 10, 
V. 751. 

Aglaia, one of the Graces, called sometimes 
Pasiphae. Her sisters were Euphrosyne and 
Thalia, and they were all daughters of Jupiter 
and Eurynome. Paws. 9, c. 35. 

Aglaonice, daughter of Hegcmon, was ac- 
quainted with astronomy and eclipses, whence 
she boasted of her power to draw the moon from 
heaven. Phil, de Orac. defect. 

Aglaope, one of the Sirens. 

Aclaophon, an excellent Greek painter. 
Plin. 35, c. S. 

Aglaosthenes, wrote an history of Naxos. 
Strab. 6. 

Aglauros, or Agratjlos, daughter of Erech- 
theus, the oldest king of Athens, was changed 
into a stone by Mercury. Some make her a 



daughter of Cecrops. Vid. Heist. — Ovid. Met. 
2, fab. 12. 

Aglaus, the poorest man of Arcadia, pro- 
nounced by the oracle more happy than Gyges, 
kingofLydia. Plin. 7, c. 46. — Val. Max. 7, 
c. 1. 

Agna, a woman in the age of Horace, who 
though deformed, had many admirers. Horat. 
1, Sat. 3, v. 40. 

Agno, one of the nymphs who nursed Jupiter. 
She gave her name to a fountain on mount Ly- 
caeus. When the priest of Jupiter, after a 
prayer, stirred the waters of this fountain with 
a bough, a thick vapour arose, which was soon 
dissolved into a plentiful shower. Paws. 8, c. 
31, &c 

Agnodice, an Athenian virgin, who disguised 
her sex to learn medicine. She was taught by 
Hierophilus the art of midwifery, and when em- 
ployed, always discovered her sex to her pa- 
tients. This brought her into so much practice, 
that the males of her profession, who were now 
out of employment, accused her before the 
Areopagus of corruption. She confessed her 
sex to the judges, and .a law was immediately 
made to empower all free born women to learn 
midwifery. Hygin. fab. 274. 

Agnon, son of Nicias, was present at the 
taking of Samos by Pericles. In the Pelopon- 
nesian war he went against Potidaea, but aban- 
doned his expedition through disease. He built 
Amphipolis, whose inhabitants rebelled to Bra- 
sidas, whom they regarded as their founder, for- 
getful of Agnon. Tlmcyd. 2, 3, &c. A wri- 
ter. Quintil. 2, c. 17. One of Alexander's 

officers. Plin. 33, c. 3. 

Agnonides, a rhetorician of Athens, who 
accused Phocion of betraying the Piraeus to Ni- 
canor. When the people recollected what ser- 
vices Phocion had rendered them, they raised 
him statues, and put to death his accuser. Plut. 
and JVep. in Phocion. - 

Agonalia and Agonia, festivals in Rome, 
celebrated three times a year, in honour of Ja- 
nus, or Agonius. They were instituted by Nu- 
ma, and on the festive days the chief priest used 
to offer a ram. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 317. — Varro. 
de L. L. 5. 

Agones Capitolini, games celebrated every 
fifth year upon the Capitoline hill. — Prizes were 
proposed for agility and strength, as well as for 
poetical and literary compositions. The poet 
Statius publicly recited there his Thebaid, which 
was not received with much applause. 

Agonis, a woman in the temple of Venus, on 
mount Eryx. Cic. Verr. 1. 

Agonius, a Roman deity, who patronised 
over the actions of men. Vid. Agonalia. 

AGORACRiTus,a sculptor of Pharos, who made 
a statue of Venus for the people of Athens, B.C. 
150. 

Agoranomi, ten magistrates, at Athens, who 
watched over the city and port, and inspected 
whatever was exposed to sale. 

Agoranis, a river falling into the Ganges. 
Jlrrian. de Irid. 

Agor^ea, a name of Minerva at Sparta. 
Paus. 3, c. 11. 

Agoreus, a surname of Mercury amoDg the 



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Athenians, from his presiding over the markets. 
Paus. 1, c. 15. 

Agra, a place of Boeotia, where the Missus 
rises. Diana was called Agraea, because she 

hunted there.' A city of Susa — of Arcadia, 

find Arabia. i 

AgrjEi and Agrenses, a people of Arabia, j 
Plin. 6, c. 28. -Of iEtolia. Liv. 42, c. 34. 

Agragas, or Acragas, a river, town, and 
mountain of Sicily; called also, Agrigentum. 
The town was built by the people of Gela, who 
were a Rhodian colony. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 703. 
— Diod. 11. 

Agraria lex, was enacted to distribute 
among the Roman people all the lands which 
they had gained by conquest. It was first pro- 
posed A. U. C. 268, by the consul Sp. Cassius 
Vicellinus, and rejected by the senate. This 
produced dissentions between the senate and 
the people, and Cassius, upon seeing the ill 
success of the new regulations he proposed, of- 
fered to distribute among the people the money 
which was produced from the corn of Sicily, af- 
ter it had been brought and sold in Rome. This 
act of liberality the people refused, and tran- 
quillity was soon after re-established in the state. 
It was proposed a second time A. U. C. 269, by 
the tribune Lieinius Stolo; but with no better 
success; and so great were the tumults which 
followed, that one of the tribunes of the people 
was killed and many of the senators fined for 
their opposition. Mutius Scaevola, A. U. C. 
620, persuaded the tribune Tiberius Gracchus 
to propose it a third time; and although Octavi- 
us, his colleague in the tribuneship, opposed it, 
yet Tiberius made it pass into a law, after much 
altercation, and commissioners were authorized 
to make a division of the lands. This law at last 
proved fatal to the freedom of Rome under J. 
Caesar. Flor. 3, c. 3 and 13. — Cic. pro Leg. 
Jigr. — Liv. 2, c 41. 

AgraulE, a tribe of Athens. Pint, in Them. 

Agraulia, a festival at Athens in honour of 
Agraulos. The Cyprians also observed these 
festivals, by offering human victims. 

Agraulos, a daughter of Cecrops. A sur- 
name of Minerva. 

A.GRAuoNiTi£, a people of lllyria. Liv. 45, 
C 26. 

Agre, one of Action's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, 
v. 213. 

Agrianes, a river of Thrace. Herodot. 4, 
c. 9. A people that dwelt in the neighbour- 
hood of that river. Id. 5, c. 16. 

Agricola, the father-in-law of the historian 
Tacitus, who wrote his life. He was eminent 
for his public and private virtues. He was go- 
vernor of Britain, and first discovered it to be 
an island. Domitian envied his virtues; he 
recalled him from the province he had governed 
with equity and moderation, and ordered him to 
enter Rome in the night, that no triumph might 
be granted to him. Agricola obeyed, and with- 
out betraying any resentment, he retired to a 
peaceful solitude, and the enjoyment of the so- 
ciety of a few friends. He died in his 56th 
year, A. D. 93. Tacit in .flgric. 

Agrigentum, now Girgenli, a town of Sicily, 
18 stadia from the sea, on mount Agragas. It 



was founded by a Rhodian, or, according to 
some, by an Ionian colony. The inhabitants 
were famous for their hospitality and for their 
luxurious manner of living. In its flourishing 
situation, Agrigentum contained 200,000 inha- 
bitants, who submitted with reluctance to the su- 
perior power of Syracuse. The government 
was monarchical, but afterwards a democracy 
was established. The famous Phalaris usurped 
the sovereignty, which was also for some time 
in the hands of the Carthaginians. Agrigentum 
can now boast of more venerable remains of an- 
tiquity than any other town of Sicily. Polyb. 
9.-^Strab. 6.— Diod. \S.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 707. 
— Sil. It. 14, v. 211. 

Agrinium, a city of Acarnania. Polyb. 6. 

Agrionia, annual festivals in honour of Bac- 
chus, celebrated generally in the night. They 
were instituted, as some suppose, because the 
god was attended with wild beasts. 

Agriopas, a man who wrote the history of all 
those who had obtained the public prize at 
Olympia. Plin. 8, c. 22. 

Agriope, the wife of Agenor, king of Phoe- 
nicia. 

M. Agrippa Vipsanius, a celebrated Ro- 
man, who obtained a victory over, S. Pompey, 
and favoured the cause of Augustus at the bat- 
tles of Actium and Philippi, where he behaved 
with great valour. He advised his imperial 
friend to re-establish the republican government 
at Rome, but he was overruled by Mecaenas. In 
his expeditions in Gaul and Germany, he 
obtained several victories, but refused the ho- 
nours of a triumph, and turned his liberality to- 
wards the embellishing of Rome, and the rais- 
ing of magnificent buildings, one of which, the 
Pantheon, still exists. After he had retired for 
two years to Mitylene, in consequence of a 
quarrel with Marcellus, Augustus recalled him, 
and as a proof of his regard, gave him his daugh- 
ter Julia in mai'riage, and left him the care of 
the empire, during an absence of two years, em- 
ployed in visiting the Roman provinces of 
Greece and Asia. He died, universally lament- 
ed, at Rome, in the 51st year of his age, 12 B. 
C. and his body was placed in the tomb which 
Augustus had prepared for himself. He bad 
been married three times, to Pomponia, daughter 
of Atticus, to Marcella, daughter of Octavia, 
and to Julia, by whom he had five children, 
Caius, and Lucius Caesarcs, Posthumus Agrip- 
pa, Agrippina, and Julia. His son, C. Caesar 
Agrippa, was adopted by Augustus, and made 
consul, by the flattery of the Roman people, at 
the age of 14 or 15. This promising youth went 
to Armenia, on an expedition against the Per- 
sians, where he received a fatal blow from the 
treacherous hand of Lollius, the governor of one 
of the neighbouring cities. He languished for u 
little time, and died in Lycia. His younger 
brother, L. Caesar Agrippa, was likewise adopt- 
ed by his grandfather Augustus; but he was soon 
after banished to Campania, for using seditious 
language against his benefactor. In the 7th 
year of his exile he would have been recalled, 
had not Livia and Tiberius, jealous of the par- 
tiality of Augustus for him, ordered him to be 
assassinated in his 26th year. He has been 



AG 



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called ferocious and savage; and lie gave him- 
self the name of Neptune, because he was fond 
of fishing. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 682.— Horat. 1, od. 

6. Sylvius, a son of Tiberinus Sylvius, king 

of Latium. He reigned 33 years, and was suc- 
ceeded by his son Romulus Sylvius. Dionys. 
Hal. 1, c. 8. One of the servants of the mur- 
dered prince assumed his name and raised com- 
motions. Tacit. Jinn. 2, c. 39. A consul, 

who conquered the JEqui. A philosopher. 

Diog. Herodes, a son of Aristobulus, grand- 
son of the Great Herod, who became tutor to 
the grand-child of Tiberius, and was soon after 
imprisoned by the suspicious tyrant. When 
Caligula ascended the throne, his favourite was 
released, presented with a chain of gold as hea- 
vy as that which had lately confined him, and 
made king of Judaea. He was a popular cha- 
racter with the Jews; and it is said, that while 
tbey were flattering him with the appellation of 
god, an angel of God struck him with the lousy 
disease of which he died, A. D. 43. His son, 
of the same name, was the last king of the Jews, 
deprived of his kingdom by Claudius, in ex- 
change for other provinces. He was with Titus 
at the celebrated siege of Jerusalem, and died, 
A. D. 94. It was before him that St. Paul 
pleaded, and made mention of his incestuous 
commerce with his sister Berenice. Juv. 6, v. 

156.— Tacit. 2. Hist. c. 81. Menenius, a 

Roman general, who obtained a triumph over 
the Sabines, appeased the populace of Rome by 
the well-known fable of the belly and the limbs, 
and erected the new office of tribunes of the 
people, A. U. C. 261. He died poor, but uni- 
versally regretted; his funeral was at the expense 
of the public, from which also his daughters re- 
ceived doweries. Liv. 2, c 32. Flor. 1, c. 
23. — A mathematician in the reign of Domiti- 
an; he was a native of Bithynia. 

Agrippina, a wife of Tiberius. The empe- 
ror repudiated her to marry Julia. Sueton. in 

Tib. 1. A daughter of M. Agrippa, and 

grand-daughter to Augustus. She married Ger- 
manicus, whom she accompanied in Syria; and 
when Piso poisoned him, she carried his ashes to 
Italy, and accused his murderer, who stabbed 
himself. She fell under the displeasure of Ti- 
berius, who exiled her in an island, where she 
died, A. D. 26, for want of bread. She left 9 
children, and was universally distinguished for 
intrepidity and conjugal affection. Tacit. 1, 

Jinn, c 2, &c. — Sueton. in Tib. 52. Julia, 

daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, married 
Domitius iEnobarbus, by whom she had Nero. 
After her husband's death she married her un- 
cle, the emperor Claudius, whom she destroyed 
to make Nero succeed to the throne. After ma- 
ny cruelties and much licentiousness, she was 
assassinated by order of her son, and as she ex- 
pired, she exclaimed, " strike the belly which 
could give birth to such a monster." She died 
A. D. 59, after a life of prostitution and inces- 
tuous gratifications. It is said that 1 her son view- 
ed her dead body with all the raptures of admi- 
ration, saying, he never could have believed his 
mother was so beautiful a woman. She left 
memoirs which assisted Tacitus in the composi- 
tion of his annals. The town which she built, 



where she was born, on the borders of the Rhine, 
and called Jlgrippina Colonia, is the modern 
Cologne. Tacit. Jinn. 4, c. 75, 1. 12, c. 7, 
22, &c. 

Agrisius. Fid. Acrisius. 

Agrisope, the mother of Cadmus. Hygin- 
fab. 6. 

Agrius, son of Parthaon, drove his brother 
(Eneus from the throne. He was afterwards 
expelled by Diomedes, the grandson of (Eneus, 
upon which he killed himself. Hygin. fab. 175 
and 242. — Jlpollod. 1, c. 7. — Homer. 11. 14, v. 

117. A giant. A centaur, killed by Her- 

culus. Jlpollod, 2, c. 5. A son of Ulysses, 

by Circe. Hesiod. Theog. v. 1013. The fa- 
ther of Thersites. Ovid, ex Pont. 3, el. 9, v. 9. 

Agrolas, surrounded the citadel of Athens 
with walls, except that part which afterwards 
was repaired by Cimon. Paus. 1, c. 28. 

Agron, a king of Illyria, who, after conquer- 
ing the iEtolians, drank to such excess that he 
died instantly, B. C. 231. Polxjb. 2, c. 4. 

Agrotas, a Greek orator of Marseilles. 

Agrotera, an anniversary sacrifice of goats, 
offered to Diana at Athens. It was instituted 
by Callimachus the Polemarch, who vowed to 
sacrifice to the goddess so many goats as there 
might be enemies killed in a battle which he was 
going to fight against the troops of Darius, who 
had invaded Attica. The quantity of the slain 
was so great, that a sufficient number of goats 
could not be procured ; therefore they were limit- 
ed to 500 every year, till they equalled the num- 
ber of Persians slain in battle. A temple of. 

iEgira in Peloponnesus erected to the goddess 
under this name. Paus. 7, c. 26. 

Agyleus and Agyieus, from <*yvict, a street, 
a surname of Apollo, because sacrifices were 
offered to him in the public streets of Athens. 
Horat. 4, od. 6. 

Agylla, a town of Etruria, founded by a co- 
lony of Pelasgians, and governed by Mezentius 
when iEneas came to Italy. It was afterwards 
called Caere, by the Lydians, who took posses- 
sion of it. Virg. Jhn. 7, v. 652, 1. 8. v. 479. 

Agyll^us, a gigantic wrestler of Cleonae, 
scarce inferior to Hercules in strength. Stat. 
Theb. 6, v. S37. 

Agyrus, a tyrant of Sicily, assisted by Dio- 
nysius against the Carthaginians. Diod. 14. 

Agyrium, a town of Sicily, where Diodorus 
the historian was born. The inhabitants were 
called Jlgyrinenses. Diod. 14. — Cic. in Verr. 
2, c. 65. 

Agyrius, an Athenian general who succeed- 
ed Thrasybulus. Diod. 4. 

Agyrtes, a man who killed his father. Ovid. 
Met. 5, v. 148. A piper. Sil. 2, Jlch. v. 50. 

Ahala, the surname of the Servilii at Rome. 

Ahenobarbus Fid. iEnobarbus 

Ajax, son of Telamon by Periboea or Eriboea 
daughter of Alcathous, was, next to Achilles, 
the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan war. 
He engaged Hector, with whom, at parting, he 
exchanged arms. After the death of Achilles, 
Ajax and Ulysses disputed their claim to the 
arms of the dead hero. When they were given 
to the latter, Ajax was so enraged, that he 
slaughtered a whole flock of sheep, supposing 



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them to be the sons of Atreus, who had given 
the preference to Ulysses, and stabbed himself 
with his sword. The blood which ran to the 
ground from the wound, was changed into the 
flower hyacinth. Some say that he was killed 
by Paris in battle, others, that he was murdered 
by Ulysses. His body was buried at Sigaeum, 
some say on mount Rhcetus, and his tomb was 
visited and honoured by Alexander. Hercules, 
according to some authors, prayed to the gods 
that his friend Telamon, who was childless, 
might have a son, with a skin as impenetrable 
as the skin of the Nemaen lion, which he then 
wore. His prayers were heard. Jupiter, under 
the form of an eagle, promised to grant the pe- 
tition, and when Ajax was born, Hercules wrap- 
ped him up in the lion's skin, which rendered 
his body invulnerable, except that part which 
was left uncovered by a hole in the skin, through 
which Hercules hung his quiver. This vulner- 
able part was in his breast, or, as some say, be- 
hind the neck. Q. Calab. 1 and 4 — Jlpollod. 
3, c. 10 and 13. — Philostr. in Heroic, c. 12. — 
Pindar. Isthm. 6. — Homer. II. 1, &c. — Od. 11. 
— Dictys. Cret. 5. — Dares Phry. 9. — Ovid. 
Met. IS.—Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 197.— Hygin. 
fab.^07 and 242.— Paus. 1, c 35, 1. 5, c. 19. 

The son of Oileus king of Locris, was sur- 

named Locrian, in contradistinction to the son 
of Telamon. He went with 40 ships to the 
Trojan war, as being one of Helen's suitors. 
The night that Troy was taken he offered vio- 
lence to Cassandra, who fled into Minerva's 
temple; and for this offence, as he returned 
home, the goddess, who had obtained the thun- 
ders of Jupiter, and the power of tempests from 
Neptune, destroyed his ship in a storm. Ajax 
swam to a rock, and said that he was safe in 
spite of all the gods. Such impiety offended 
Neptune, who struck the rock with his trident, 
and Ajax tumbled into the sea with part of the 
rock and was drowned. His body was after- 
wards found by the Greeks, and black sheep 
offered on his tomb. According to Virgil's ac- 
count, Minerva seized him in a whirlwind, and 
dashed him against a rock, where he expired, 
consumed by thunder. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 43, &c. 
—flomer. II. 2, 13, &c— Od. 4.— Hygin. fab. 
116 and 213.— Pkilostr. Ico. 2, c. 13— Senec. 
in xBgam. — Horat- epod. 10, v. 13. — Paus. 10, 
c. 26 and 31. — The two Ajaces were, as some 
suppose, placed after death in the island of 
Leuce, a separale place reserved only for the 
bravest heroes of antiquity. 

ArooNEus, a surname of Pluto. A king of 

the Molossi, who imprisoned Theseus, because 
he and Pirithous attempted to ravish his daugh- 
ter Proserpine, near the Acheron; whence arose 
the well-known fable of the descent of Theseus 

and Pirithous into hell. Pint, in Thes. A 

river near Troy. Paus. 10, c. 12. 

Aimylus, son of Ascanius, was, according to 
some, the progenitor of the noble family of the 
^Emilii in Rome. 

Aius Locutius, a deity to whom the Romans 
erected an altar, from the following circumstan- 
ces; one of the common people, called Ceditius, 
informed the tribunes, that as he passed one 
night through-one of the streets of the city, a 



voice more than human, issuing from above 
Vesta's temple, told him that Rome would soon 
be attacked by the Gauls. His information was 
neglected, but his veracity was proved by the 
event; and Camillus, after the conquest of the 
Gauls, built a temple to that supernatural voice 
which had given Rome warning of the approach- 
ing calamity, under the name of Aius Locutius. 
Alabanda, oz, or orum, an inland town of 
Caria, abounding with scorpions. The name is 
derived from Alabandus, a deity worshipped 
there. Cic. de JVa£. D. 3, c. 16.— Herodot 7, 
c. 195— Strab. 14. 

Alabastrum, a town of Egypt. Plin. 36, c. 7. 
Alabus, a river of Sicily. 
Al-ea, a surname of Minerva in Peloponne= 
sus. Her festivals are also called Alaea. Paus. 
8, c. 4, 7. 

Al^i, a number of islands in the Persian 
gulf, abounding in tortoises. Arrian in Perip. 
Al.es a, a city en a mountain of Sicily. 
Ax^us, the father of Auge, who married 
Hercules. 

Alagonia, a city of Laconia. Paus. 3, c. 
21 and 26. 

Alala, the goddess of war, sister to Mars. 
Pint, de glor. Athen. 

Alalcomen.e, a city of Bceotia, where some 
suppose that Minerva was born. Plut. Qutest. 
Gr.—Stat Theb. 7, v. 330. 

Alalia, a town of Corsica, built by a colony 
of Phocaeans, destroyed by Scipio, 562 B. C. and 
afterwards rebuilt by Sylla. Herodot. 1, c. 165. 
—Flor. 2, c. 2. 

Alamanes, a statuary at Athens, disciple of 
Phidias. 

Alamanni, or Alemanni, a people of Ger~ 
many, near the Hercynian forest. They were 
very powerful, and inimical to Rome. 

Alani, a people of Sarmatia, near the Palus 
Moeotis, who were said to have twenty-six dif- 
ferent languages. Plin. 4, c. 12. — Strab. 

Alares, a people of Pannonia. Tac. 15, 
Jinn. c. 10. 

Alarictjs, a famous king of the Goths, who 
plundered Rome in the reign of Honorius. He 
was greatly respected for his military valour, 
and during his reign he kept the Reman empire 
in continual alarms. He died after a reign of 
13 years, A. D. 410. 

Alarodii, a nation near Pontus. Herodot. 3, 
c. 94. 

Alastor, a son of Neleus and Chloris. Jlpol- 
lod. 1, c. 9. An arm-bearer to Sarpedon, 

king of Lycia, killed by Ulysses. Horn. II. 5. 

v. 677.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 257. One of 

Pluto's horses when he carried away Proserpine, 
Claud, de Rapt. Pros. 1, v. 286. 

Alaud^e, soldiers of one of Caesar's legions 
in Gaul. Sueton. in Jul. 24. 

Alazon, a river flowing from mount Cauca- 
sus into the Cyrus, and separating Albania from 
Iberia. Flac. 6, v. 101. 

Alba Sylvius, son of Latinus Sylvius, suc- 
ceeded his father in the kingdom of Latium, 
and reigned 36 years. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 612. 

Longa, a city of Latium, built by Ascanius, 

B. C. 1152, on the spot where iEneas found, 
according to the prophecy of Helenus, IVirz 



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«5En. 3, v. 390, &c.) and of the god of the river, 
(Mn. 8, v. 43.) a white sow with thirty young 
ones* It was called longa, because it extended 
along the hill Albanus. The descendants of 
^Eneas reigned there in the following order: — 
1. Ascanius, son of iEneas, with little intermis- 
sion, 8 years. 2. Sylvius Posthumus, twenty- 
nine years. 3. iEneas Sylvius, thirty-one years. 
4. Latinus, five years. 5. Alba, thirty-six years. 
6. Atys or Capetus, twenty-six years. 7. Capys, 
twenty-eight years. 8. Calpetus, thirteen years. 
9. Tiberinus, eight years. 10. Agrippa, thirty- 
three years. 11. Remulus, nineteen years. 12. 
Aventinus, thirty-seven years. 13. Procas, 13 
years. 14. Numitor and A'i ulius. Alba, which 
had long been the powerful rival of Rome, was 
destroyed by the Romans 665 B. C. and the in- 
habitants were carried to Rome. Liv. — Flor. 

— Justin. &c. A city of the Marsi in Italy. 

Pompeia, a city of Liguria. Plin. 3, c. 5. 

Albani ana Albenses, names applied to the 
inhabitants of the two cities of Alba. Cic. ad. 
Her. 2, c. 28. 

Albania, a country of Asia, between the 
Caspian sea and Iberia. The inhabitants are 
said to have their eyes all blue. Some main- 
tain that they followed Hercules from mount 
Albanus in Italy, when he returned from the 
conquest of Geryon. Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 15. — 
Justin. 42, c. 3.— Strab. 11. — Plin. 8, c 40.— 

Mela, 3, c. 5. -The Caspian sea is called 

Jllbanum, as being near Albania. Plin. 6, c. 13. 
Albanus, a mountain with a lake in Italy, 
sixteen miles from Rome, near Alba. It was on 
this mountain that the Latins ferice, were cele- 
brated with great solemnity. Horat. 2 ep. 1, 
v. 27. The word taken adjectively, is applied 
to such as are natives of, or belonging to, the 
town of Alba. 
Albia Terentia, the mother of Otho. Suet. 
Albici, a people of Gallia Aquitana. Cms. 
Bell. Civ. 1, c. 34. 
Albiet^e, a people of Latium. Dionys. Hal. 
Albigaunum, a town of Liguria. Mela, 2, 
c. 4. 

Albini, two Roman orators of great merit, 
mentioned by Cicero in Brut. This name is 
common to many tribunes of the people. Liv. 
2, c. 33, 1. 6, c. 30. Sallust. de Jug. Bell. 

Aleinovanus Celsus. Vid. Celsus. 

Pedo, a poet contemporary with Ovid. He 
wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic poetry in a 
style so elegant that he merited the epithet of 
divine. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, ep. 10. — Quintil. 10, 
c. 5. 

Albintemelium, a town of Liguria. Tacit. 
2, Hist, c 13. 

Albinus, was born at Adrumetum in Africa, 
and made governor of Britain, by Commodus. 
After the murder of Pertinax, he was elected 
emperor by the soldiers in Britain. Severus 
had also been invested with the imperial digni- 
ty by his own army; and these two rivals, with 
about 50,000 men each, came into Gaul to de- 
cide the fate of the empire. Severus was con- 
queror, and he ordered the head of Albinus to 
be cut off, and his body to be thrown into the 
Rhone, A. D. 198. Albinus, according to the 
exaggerated account of a certain writer, called 



Codrus, was famous for his voracious appetite, 
and sometimes eat for breakfast nu less than 500 
figs, 100 peaches, 20 pounds of dry raisins, 10 

melons, and 400 oysters. A pretorian sent to 

Sylla, as ambassador from the senate during the 
civil wars. He was put to death by Sylla's sol- 
diers. Plut. in Syll. An usurer. Horat. 

A Roman plebeian who received the vestals 

into his chariot in preference to his family, when 
they fled from Rome, which the Gauls had 
sacked. Vol. Max. 1, c. 1. — Liv. 5, c. 40. — 

Flor. 1, c. 13. A. Posthumus, consul with 

Lucullus, A. U. C. 603, wrote a history of 
Rome in Greek. 

Albion, son of Neptune, by Amphitrite, came 
into Britain, where he established a kingdom, 
and first introduced astrology and the art of build- 
ing ships. He was killed at the mouth of the 
Rhone with stones thrown by Jupiter, because 
he opposed the passage of Hercules. Mela, 2, 

c. 5. The greatest island of Europe, now 

called Great-Britain. It is called after Albion, 
who is said to have reigned there; or from its 
chalky white (albus) rocks, which appear at a 
great distance. Plin-. 4, c 16. Tacit, in 
Jlgric. The ancients compared its figure to a 
long buckler, or to the iron of a hatchet. 

Albis, a river of Germany falling into the 
German ocean, and now called the Elbe. Lu- 
can. 2, v. 52. 

Albius, a man, father to a famous spend- 
thrift. Horat. 1. Sat. 4. A name of the 

poet Tibullus. Horat. 1. Od. 33, v. 1. 

Albucilla, an immodest woman. Tacit. 
Jin. 6, c. 47. 

Albula, the ancient name of the river Tiber. 
Virg. Mn. 8, v. 332.— Liv. 1, c. 3. 

Albunea, a wood near Tibur and the river 
Anio, sacred to the muses. It received its name 
from a Sibyl, called also Albunea, worshipped 
as a goddess at Tibur, whose temple still re- 
mains. Near Albunea there was a small lake 
of the same name, whose waters were of a sul- 
phureous smell, and possessed some medicinal 
properties. This lake fell by a small stream 
called Albula, into the river Anio, with which 
it soon lost itself in the Tiber. Horat. 1. Od. 
7, v. 12.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 83. 

Alburnus, a lofty mountain of Lucania, 
where the Tanager takes its rise. Virg. G. 3. 
v. 147. 

Albus Pagus, a place near Sidon, where 
Antony waited for the arrival of Cleopatra. 
Albutius, a prince of Celliberia, to whom 

Scipio restored his wife. Jirrian. A sordid 

man, father to Canidia. He beat his servants 
before they were guilty of any offence, lest, said 
he, I should have no time to punish them when 
they offend. Horat. 2. — Sat. 2. A rhetori- 
cian in the age of Seneca. An ancient sa- 
tirist. Cic. in Brut. Titus, an epicurean 

philosopher, born at Rome; s,o fond of Greece, 
and Grecian manners, that he wished not to 
pass for a Roman. He was made governor of 
Sardinia; but he grew offensive to the senate, 
and was banished. It is supposed that he died 
at Athens. 

Alc^us, a celebrated lyric poet, of Mitylene 
in Lesbos, about COO years before the christian 



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era. He fled from a battle, and his enemies 
hung up, in the temple of Minerva, the armour 
which he left in the field, as a monument of his 
disgrace. He is the inventor of alcaic verses. 
He was contemporary to the famous Sappho, to 
whom he paid his addresses. Of all his works, 
nothing but a few fragments remain, found in 
Athenaeus. Quintil. 10, c. 1. — Herodot. 5, c. 

95.— Hor. 4, od. 9.— Cic. A.—Tusc c. 33. 

A poet of Athens, said by Suidas to be the in- 
ventor of tragedy. A writer of epigrams. 

A comic poet- A son of Androgeus, who went 

with Hercules into Thrace, and was made king 

of part of the country. Jlpollod. 2, c. 5. A 

son of Hercules, by a maid of Omphale. A 

son of Perseus, father of Amphitryon and Anaxo. 
From him Hercules has been called Alcides. — 
Spol. 2, c. 4. — Paus. 8, c. 14. 

Alcamenes, one of the Agidae, king of Spar- 
ta, known by his apophthegms. He succeeded 
his father Teleclus, and reigned 37 years. The 
Helots rebelled in his reign. Paus. 3, c. 2, 1. 

4, c. 4 and 5. A general of the Achseans, 

Paus. 7, c. 15. A statuary, who lived 448 

B. C. and was distinguished for his statues of 

Venus and Vulcan. Paws. 5, c. 10. The 

commander of a Spartan fleet, put to death by 
the Athenians. Thucyd. 4, c. 5, &c. 

Alcander, an attendant of Sarpedon, killed 
by Ulysses. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 257. A La- 
cedaemonian youth, who accidentally put out one 
of the eyes of Lycurgus, and was generously 
forgiven by the sage. Plut. in Lye. — Paws. 3, 

c. 18. A Trojan, killed by Turnu's. Virg, 

.En. 9, v. 767. 

Alcandp.e, the wife of Polybius, a rich The- 
ban. Homer. Od. 4, v. 672. 

Alcanor, a Trojan of mount Ida, whose sons 
Pandarus and Bitias followed iEneas into Italy. 
Virg. JEn. 9, v. 672.. A son of Phorus, kill- 
ed by iEneas. Ibid. 10, v. 33S. 

Alcathoe, a name of Megara in Attica, be- 
cause rebuilt by Alcathous, son of Pelops, Ovid. 
Me.U 8, v. 8. 

Alcathous, a son of Pelops, who being sus- 
pected of murdering his brother Chrysippus, 
came to Megara, where he killed a lion, which 
had destroyed the king's son. He succeeded to 
the kingdom of Megara, and, in commemoration 
of his services, festivals, called Alcathoia, were 

instituted at Megara. Paws. 1, c. 4, &c. A 

Trojan who married Hippodamia, daughter of 
Anchises. He was killed in the Trojan war, by 

Idomeneus. Homer. II. 12, v. 93, A son of 

Parlhaon, killed by Tydeus. Jlpollod. 1, c. 7, 

&c. A friend of iEneas, killed in the Rutu- 

lian war. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 747. 

Alce, one of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid A 

town of Spain, which surrendered to Gracchus, 
now Alcazar, a little above Toledo. Liv. 40, 
c.47. 

Alcenor, an Argive, who along with Chro- 
mius survived the battle between 300 of his 
countrymen and 300 Lacedaemonians. Hero- 
dot. l,c. 82. 

Alceste, or Alcestis, daughter of Pelias 
and Anaxibia, married Admetus. She, with 
her sisters, put to death her father, that he 
might be restored to youth and vigour by Me- 



dea, who, however, refused to perform her pro- 
mise. Upon this, the sisters fled to Admetus, 
who married Alceste. They were soon pursued 
by an army, headed by their brother Acastus; 
and Admetus being taken prisoner, was redeem- 
ed from death by the generous offer of his wife, 
who was sacrificed in his stead to appease the 
shades of her father. Some say that Alceste, 
with an unusual display of conjugal affection, 
laid- down her life for her husband, when she 
had been told by an oracle, that he could never 
recover from a disease except some one of his 
friends died in his stead. According to some au- 
thors, Hercules brought her back from hell. She 
had many suitors while she lived with her fa- 
ther. Vid. Admetus. Juv 6, v. 651.— Jipol- 
lod. 1, c. 9. — Paws. 5, c. 17 — Hygin. fab. 
251. — Eurip. in Jllcest. 

Alcetas, a king of the Molossi, descended 
from Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles. Paws. 1, 
c. 11. A general of Alexander's army, bro- 
ther to Perdiccas. The eighth king of Ma- 
cedonia, who reigned 29 years. An histori- 
an, who wrote an account of every thing that 
had been dedicated in the temple of Delphi. 

Jithen. A son of Arybas, king of Epirus. 

Paus. 1, c. 11. 

Alchidas, a Rhodian, who became enamour- 
ed of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles. Plin. 36, 
c. 5. 

Alchimachus, a celebrated painter. Plin. 
35, c. 11. 

Alcibiades, an Athenian general, famous 
for his enterprising spirit, versatile genius, and 
natural foibles. He was disciple to Socrates, 
whose lessons and example checked, for a while, 
his vicious propensities. In the Peloponnesian 
war he encouraged the Athenians to make an 
expedition against Syracuse. He was chosen 
general in that war, and in his absence, his 
enemies accused him of impiety, and confiscated 
his goods. Upon this he fled, and stirred up the 
Spartans to make war against Athens, and when 
this did not succeed, he retired to Tissaphernes, 
the Persian general. Being recalled by the 
Athenians, he obliged the Lacedaemonians to 
sue for peace, made several conquests in Asia, 
and was received in triumph at Athens. His 
popularity was of short duration; the failure of 
an expedition against Cyme, exposed him again 
to the resentment of the people, and he fled to 
Pharnabazus, whom he almost induced to make 
war upon Lacedaemon. This was tc!d to Ly- 
sander, the Spartan general, who prevailed up- 
on Pharnabazus to murder Alcibiades. Two 
servants were sent for that purpose, and they 
set on fire the cottage where he was, and killed 
him with darts as he attempted to make his es- 
cape. He died in the 46th year of his age, 
404 B. C. after a life of perpetual difficulties. 
If the fickleness of his countrymen had known 
how to retain among them the talents of a man 
who distinguished himself, and was admired 
wherever he went, they might have risen to 
greater splendour, and to the sovereignty of 
Greece. His character has been cleared from 
the aspersions of malevolence, by the writings 
of Thucydides, Timseus, and Theopompus; and 
he is known to us as a hero, who, to the princi- 
i 



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pies of the debauchee, added the intelligence 
and sagacity of the statesman, tbe cool intrepi- 
dity of the general, and the humanity of the 
philosopher. Plut. 8f C. Mp. in Alcib.— 
Thucyd. 5, 6 and l.—Xenoph. Hist. Graze 1, 
&c. Diod. 12. 

Alcidamus, of Cos, father to Ctesilla, who 
was changed into a dove. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 

12. A celebrated wrestler. Stat. Theb. 10, 

v. 500. A philosopher and orator, who wrote 

a treatise on death. He was pupil to Gorgias, 
and flourished B. C. 424. Qjiintil. 3, c. 1. 

Alcidamea, was mother of Bunus, by Mer- 
cury. 

Alcidamidas, a general of the Messenians, 
who retired to Rhegium, after the taking of 
Ithome by the Spartans, B. C. 723. Strab. 6. 

Alcidamus, an Athenian rhetorician, who 
wrote an eulogy on death, &c. Cic 1. Tusc. 
C 48 — Plut. de Orat. 

Alcidas, a Lacedaemonian, sent with 23 gal- 
leys against Corcyra, in the Peloponnesian war. 
Thucyd. 3, c. 16, &c. 

Alcides, a name of Hercules, from his 
strength, *\x.q?, or from his grandfather Alcae- 

us. A surname of Minerva in Macedonia. 

Liv. 42, c 51. 

Alcidice, the mother of Tyro, by Salmoneus. 
Apollod. 1, c. 9. 

Alcimachus, an eminent painter. Plin. 35, 
c. 11. 

Alcimede, the mother of Jason, by iEson. 
Flacc. 1, v. 296. 

Alctmedon, a plain of Arcadia, with a cave, 
the residence of Alcimedon, whose daughter 
Phillo, was ravished by Hercules. Paus. 8, c. 

12. An excellent carver. Virg. Eel. 3. 

A sailor, &c. Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 10. 

Alcimenes, a tragic poet of Megara. A 

comic writer of Athens.: An attendant of 

Demetrius. Plut. in Dem.- A man killed 

by his brother Bellerophon. Apollod. 2, c. 3. 

Alcimus, an historian of Sicily, who wrote 
an account of Italy.— — An orator. Diog. 

Alcinoe, a daughter of Sthenelus, son of 
Perseus. Apollod. 2, c. 4. 

Alcinor. Vid. Alcenor. 

Alcinous, a son of JNausithous and Peribcea, 
ivas king of Phseacia, and is praised for bis love 
of agriculture. He married his niece Arete, 
by whom he had several sons and a daughter, 
Nausicaa. He kindly entertained Ulysses, who 
had been shipwrecked on his coast, and heard 
the recital of his adventures; whence arose tbe 
proverb of the stories of Alcinous, to denote im- 
probability. Homer Od. 7. — Orph. in Argon. 
— Virg. G. 2, v. SI.— Stat. 1. Syl. 3, v. 81. 
— Juv. 5, v. 151.— Ovid. Am. 1, el. 10, v. 56. 

— Plato de Rep. .10. — Apollod. 1, c. 9. A 

son of Hippocoon. Apollod. 3, c. 10. A 

man of Elis. Paus A philosopher in the 

second century, who wrote a book, De doctrind 
Platonis, tbe best edition of which is the 12mo. 
printed Oxon. 1667. 

Alcioneus, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid. 
Met. 5, fab. 4. 

Alciphron, a philosopher of Magnesia, in 
the age of Alexander. There are some epistles 
in Greek that bear his name, and contain a very 



perfect picture of the customs and manners of 
the Greeks. They are by some supposed to be 
the production of a writer of the 4th century.— - 
The only edition is that of Leips. 12mo. 1715, 
cum notis Bergleri. 

Alcippe, a daughter of the god Mars, by 
Agraulos. She was ravished by Halirrhotius. 

Apollod. 3, c. 14. The wife of Metion, and 

mother to Eupalamus. Id. 3, c. 16. The 

daughter of (Enomaus, and wife of Evenus, by 

whom she had Marpessa. A woman who 

brought forth an elephant. Plin. 7. A 

countrywoman. Virg. Eel. 7. 

Alcippus, a reputed citizen of Sparta, ban- 
ished by bis enemies. He married Democrite, 
of whom Plut. in Erat. 

Alcis, a daughter of iEgyptus. Apollod. 

Alcithoe, a Theban woman who ridiculed 
the orgies of Bacchus. She was changed into a 
bat, and the spindle and yarn with which she 
worked, into a vine and ivy. Ovid. Met. 4, 
fab. 1. 

Alcm^eon, was son of the prophet Amphia- 
raus and Eriphyle. His father going to the 
Theban war, where, according to an oracle, he 
was to perish, charged him to revenge his death 
upon Eriphyle, who had betrayed him. [Vid. 
Eriphyle] As soon as he heard of his father's 
death, he murdered his mother, for which crime 
the furies persecuted him till Phlegeus purified 
him, and gave him his daughter Alphesibcea in 
marriage. Alcmaeon gave her the fatal collar 
which his mother had received to betray his fa- 
ther, and afterwards divorced her, and married 
Callirhoe, the daughter of Achelous, to whom 
he promised the necklace he had given to Al- 
phesibcea. When he attempted to recover it, 
Alphesiboea's brothers murdered him on account 
of the treatment which he had shown their sister, 
and left his body a prey to dogs and wild beasts. 
Alcmaeon's children by Callirhoe revenged their 
father's death by killing his murderers. [Vid. 
Alphesibcea, Amphiaraus.] Paus. 5, c. 17, 1 6, 
c. 18, 1. 8, c. 24. — Plut. de Exil. — Apollod. 3, 
c. l.—Hygin. fab. 73 and 245.— Stat. Theb. 
2 and 4.— Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 44. Met. 9, fab. 
10 A son of iEgyptus, the husband of Hip- 
pom edusa. Apollod. A philosopher, disci- 
ple to Pythagoras, born in Crotona. He wrote 
on physic, and he was the first who dissected 
animals to examine into the structure of the 

human frame. Cic. de Nat. D. 6, c. 27 

A son of the poet JEschylus, the 13th archon of 

Athens. A son of Syllus, driven from Mes- 

senia with the rest of Nestor's family, by the 
Heraclidae. He came to Athens, and from him 
the Alcmaeonidse are descended. Pans. 1, c. 18. 

Alcmjeonid^e, a noble family of Athens, de- 
scended from Alcmason. They undertook for 
300 talents to rebuild the temple of Delphi, 
which had been burnt, and they finished the 
work in a more splendid manner than was re- 
quired, in consequence of which they gained 
popularity, and by their influence the Pythia 
prevailed upon the Lacedaemonians to deliver 
their country from the tyranny of the Pisistra- 
tidse. Herodot. 5 and 6. — Thucyd. 6, c. 59. — 
Plut. in Solon. 

Alcman, a very ancient lyric poet, born in 



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Sardinia, and not at Lacedaemon, as some sup- 
pose. He wrote, in the Doric dialect, 6 books 
of verses, besides a play called Colymbosas. He 
flourished B. C 670, and died of the lousy dis- 
ease. Some of his verses are preserved by 
Athenaeus and others. Plin. 1 1 , c. 33. — Pans. 
1, c. 41, I. 3, c. 15. — Jlrislot. Hist. Anim. 5, 
c. 31. 

Alcmena, was daughter of Electryon, king of 
Argos, by Anaxo, whom Plut de Reb. Grcec. 
calls Lysidice, and Diod. 1. 2, Eurymede. Her 
father promised his crown and his daughter to 
Amphitryon, if he would revenge the death of 
his sons, who had been all killed, except Li- 
cymnius, by the Teleboans, a people of JEtolia. 
While Amphitryon was gone against the iEto- 
lians, Jupiter, who was enamoured of Alcmena, 
resolved to introduce himself into her bed. The 
more effectually to insure success in his amour, 
he assumed the form of Amphitryon, declared 
that he had obtained a victory over Alcmena's 
enemies, and even presented her with a cup, 
which he said he had preserved from the spoils 
for her sake. Alcmena yielded to her lover 
what she had promised to her future husband; 
and Jupiter, to delay the return of Amphitryon, 
ordered his messenger, Mercury, to stop the ri- 
sing of Phoebus, or the sun, so that the night he 
passed with Alcmena was prolonged to three 
long nights. Amphitryon returned the next day; 
and after complaining of the coldness with which 
he was received, Alcmena acquainted him with 
the reception of a false lover the preceding 
night, and even showed him the cup which she 
had received. Amphitryon was perplexed at the 
relation, and more so upon missing the cup from 
among his spoils. He went to the prophet Ti- 
resias, who told him of Jupiter's intrigue; and 
he returned to his wife, proud of the dignity of 
his rival. Alcmena became pregnant by Jupi- 
ter, and afterwards by her husband; and when 
she was going to bring forth, Jupiter boasted in 
heaven, that a child was to be born that day, to 
whom he would give absolute power over his 
neighbours, and even over all the children of 
his own blood. Juno, who was jealous of Ju- 
piter's amours with Alcmena, made him swear 
by the Styx, and immediately prolonged the tra- 
vails of Alcmena, and hastened the bringing 
forth of the wife of Sthenelus, king of Argos, 
who, after a pregnancy of seven months, had a 
son called Eurystheus. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 5, 
&c. says that Juno was assisted by Lucina to 
put off the bringing forth of Alcmena, and that 
Lucina, in the form of an old woman, sat before 
the door of Amphitryon with her legs and arms 
crossed. This posture was the cause of infinite 
torment to Alcmena, till her servant, Galanthis, 
supposing the old woman to be a witch, and to 
be the cause of the pains of her mistress, told 
her that she had brought forth. Lucina retired 
from her posture, and immediately Alcmena 
brought forth twins, Hercules conceived by Ju- 
piter, and Iphiclus by Amphitryon. Eurystheus 
was already born, and therefore Hercules was 
subjected to his power. After Amphitryon's death, 
Alcmena married Rhadamanthus, and retired 
to Ocalea in Boeotia. This marriage, according 
to some authors, was celebrated in the island of 



Leuce. The people of Megara said that she 
died in her way from Argos to Thebes, and that 
she was buried in the temple of Jupiter Olympi- 
us. Paus. 1, c. 41, I. 5, c 18, 1. 9, c, 16.— 
Plut. in Thes. &c Romul. — Homer. Od. 11.-— II. 
19.— Pindar. Pyth. 9 —Lucian. Dial. Deor.— 
Diod. 4.— Hygin. fab 29.— Apollod.'2, c. 4, 7, 
1. 3, c. 1. — Plant, in Amphit.—Herodot. 2, c. 

43 and 45. Vid. Amphitryon, Hercules, 

Eurystheus. 

Alcon, a famous archer, who one day saw 
his son attacked by a serpent, and aimed at him 
so dexterously that he killed the beast without 

hurting his son. A silversmith. Ovid. Met. 

13, fab. 5. A son of Hippocoon. Paus. 3, 

c. 14. a surgeon under Claudius, who gain- 
ed much money by his professsion, in curing 

hernias and fractures. A son of Mars. A 

son of Amycus. These two last were at the 
chase of the Calydonian boar. Hygin. fab. 173. 

Alcyone, or Halcyone, daughter of ^Eolus, 
married Ceyx, who was drowned as he was go- 
ing to Claros to consult the oracle. The gods 
apprized Alcyone, in a dream, of her husband^s 
fate; and when she found, on the morrow, his 
body washed on the sea-shore, she threw herself 
into the sea, and was with her husband, changed 
into birds of the same name, who keep the wa- 
ters calm and serene while they build, and sit 
on their nests on the surface of the sea, for the 
space of 7, 11, or 14 days. Virg. G. 1, v. 
399.— Jlpollod: 1. c 7.— Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 

10 —Hygin. fab. 65. One of the Pleiades, 

daughter of Atlas. She had Arethusa by Nep- 
tune, and Eleuthera by Apollo. She, with her 
sisters, was changed into a constellation. Vid. 
Pleiades. Paus. 2, c. 30, 1. 3, c. 18. Jlpollod. 

3,c. 10.— Hygin. fab. 157. The daughter of 

Evenus, carried away by Apollo, after her mar- 
riage. Her husband pursued the ravisher with 
bows and arrows, but was not able to recover 
her. Upon this, her parents called her Alcyone, 
and compared her fate to that of the wife of 

Ceyx. Homer. 11. 9, v. 558. The wife of 

Meleager. Hygin. fab. 174. A town of 

Thessaly, where Philip, Alexander's father, lost 
one of his eyes. 

Alcyoneus, a youth of exemplary virtue, 
son to Antigonus. Plut. in Pyrrh. — Diog. 4. 

A giant, brother to Porphyrion. He was 

killed by Hercules. His daughters, mourning 
his death, threw themselves into the sea, and 
were changed into alcyons, by Amphitrite. — 
Claudian de Rap. Pros. — Jlpollod. 1, c. 6. 

Alcyona, a pool of Greece, whose depth the 
emperor Nero attempted in vain to find. Paus. 
2, c. 37. 

Aldescus, a river of European Sarmatia, 
rising from the Riphxan mountains, and falling 
into the northern sea. Diomjs. Per. 

Alduabis. Vid. Dubis. 

Alea, a surname of Minerva, from her tem- 
ple, built by Aleus, son of Aphidas, at Tegsea, 
in Arcadia. The statue of the goddess, made 
of ivory, was carried by Augustus to Rome. 

Paus. 8, c. 4 and 46. -A town of Arcadia, 

built by Aleus. It had three famous temples, 
that of Minerva, Bacchus, and Diana the Ephe- 
sian. When the festivals of Bacchus were ce- 



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lebrated, the women were whipped in the tem- 
ple. Pans. 8, c. 23. 

Alebas, a tyrant of Larissa, killed by his 
own guards for his cruelties. Ovid, in lb. 323. 

Alebion and Dercynus, sons of Neptune, 
Were killed by Hercules for stealing his oxen in 
Africa. Apollod. 2, c. 5. 

Alecto, one of the furies, ( a., \»ya>, non de- 
sino,) is represented with flaming torches, her 
head covered with serpents, and breathing ven- 
geance, war, and pestilence. Vid. Eumenides. 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 324, &c. 1. 10, v. 41. 

Alector, succeeded his father Anaxagoras. 
in the kingdom of Argos, and was father to 
Iphis and Capaneus. Paus. 2, c. 18. — Apollod. 
3, c. 6. 

Alectryon, a youth whom Mars, during his 
amours with Venus, stationed at the door to 
watch against the approach of the sun. He fell 
asleep, and Apollo came and discovered the lo- 
vers, who were exposed by Vulcan, in each 
other's arms, before all the gods. Mars was so 
incensed that he changed Alectryon into a cock, 
which, still mindful of his neglect, early an- 
nounces the approach of the sun. Lucian. in 
Alect. 

Alectus, a tyrant of Britain in Dioclesian's 
reign, &c. He died, 296, A. D. 

Aleius Campus, a place in Lycia, where 
Bellerophon fell from the horse Pegasus, and 
wandered over the country till the time of his 
death. Homer. II. 6, v. 201. — Dionys. Perieg. 
$12.— Ovid, in Ibid 257. 

Alemanni, or Alamanni, a people of Ger- 
many. They are first mentioned in the reign 
of Caracalla, who was honoured with the sur- 
name of Jllemanicus, for a victory over them. 

Alemon, the father of Myscellus. He built 
Crotona in Magna Graecia. Myscellus is often 
called Alemonides. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 19 and 
26. 

Alemusii, inhabitants of Attica, in whose 
country there was a temple of Ceres and of 
Proserpine. Paus. in Attic. 

Alens, a place in the island of Cos. 

Aleon, or Ales, a river of Ionia, near Colo- 
phon. Paus. 7, c. 5, 1. 8, c. 28. 

Alese, a town of Sicily, called afterwards 
Archonidion, after the founder. The Romans 
made it an independent city. 

Aless^l, or Alexia, now Jllise, a famous city 
of the Mandubri, in Gaul, founded by Hercules 
as he returned from Iberia, on a high hill. J. 
Caesar conquered it. Flor. 3, c. 10. — Cats. 
Bell. Gall. 7, c. 68. 

Alesium, a town and mountain of Pelopon- 
nesus. Paus. 8, c. 10. 

Aletes, a son of JEgisthus, murdered by 
Orestes. Hygin. fab. 122. 

Alethes, the first of the Heraclidae, who was 
king of Corinth. He was son of Hippotas. 
Paus. 2, c. 4. A companion of iEneas, de- 
scribed as a prudent and venerable old man. 
Virg. JEn. 1, v. 125, 1. 9, v. 246. 

Alethia, one of Apollo's nurses. 

Aletidas, (from a.\a,o/u&t, to toandn,) cer- 
tain sacrifices at Athens, in remembrance of 
Erigone, who wandered with a dog after her fa- 
ther Icarus. 



Aletrium, a town of Latium, whose anhabi- 
tants are called Aletrinates. Liv. 9, c. 42. 

Aletum, a tomb near the harbour of Car- 
thage in Spain. Polyb. 10. 

Aleuad-s:, a royal family of Larissa in Thes« 
saly, descended from Aleuas, king of that coun- 
try. They betrayed their country to Xerxes. 
The name is often applied to the Thessalians 
without distinction. Diod. IS. — Herodot. 7, c. 
6, 172.— Paus. 3, c. 8, 1. 7, c. 10.— JElian- 
Anim. 8, c. 11. 

Aleus, a son of Aphidas king of Arcadia, fa- 
mous for his skill in building temples. Paus- 
8, c. 4 and 53. 

Alex, a river in the country of the Brutii. 
Dionys. Perieg. 

Alexamenus, an iEtolian, who killed Nabis, 
tyrant of Lacedaemon, and was soon after mur- 
dered by the people. Liv. 35, c. 34. 

Alexander 1st, son of Amyntas, was the 
tenth king of Macedonia. He killed the Per- 
sian ambassadors for their immodest behaviour 
to the women of his father's court, and was the 
first who raised the reputation of the Macedoni- 
ans. He reigned 43 years, and died 451 B. C, 
Justin. 7, c. 3. — Herodot. 5, 7, 8 and 9. 

Alexander 2d, son of Amyntas 2d, king of 
Macedonia, was treacherously murdered, B. C. 
370, by his younger brother Ptolemy, who held 
the kingdom for four years, and made way for 
Perdiccas and Philip. Justin. 7, c. 5, says, Eu- 
rydice, the wife of Amyntas, was the cause of 
his murder. 

Alexander 3d, surnamed the Great, was 
son of Philip and Olympias. He was born 
B. C. 355, that night on which the famous tem- 
ple of Diana at Ephesus was burnt by Erostra- 
tus. This event, according to the magicians, 
was an early prognostic of his future greatness, 
as well as the taming of Bucephalus, a horse 
whom none of the king's courtiers could manage; 
upon which Philip said, with tears in his eyes, 
that his son must seek another kingdom, as that 
of Macedonia would not be sufficiently large for 
the display of his greatness. Olympias, during 
her pregnancy, declared that she was with child 
by a dragon; and the day that Alexander was 
born, two eagles perched for some time on 
the house of Philip, as if foretelling that his 
son would become master of Europe and Asia. 
He was pupil to Aristotle during five years, 
and he received his learned preceptor's in- 
structions with becoming deference and plea- 
sure, and ever respected his abilities. When 
Philip went to war, Alexander, in his fifteenth 
year was left governor of Macedonia, where 
he quelled a dangerous sedition, and soon after 
followed his father to the field, and saved his 
life in a battle. He was highly offended when 
Philip divorced Olympias to marry Cleopatra, 
and he even caused the death of Attalus the 
new queen's brother. After .this he retired 
from court to his mother Olympias, but was 
recalled; and when Philip was assassinated, 
he punished his murderers; and, by his prudence 
and moderation, gained the affection of his sub- 
jects. He conquered Thrace and Illyricum, and 
destroyed Thebes; and after he had been cho- 
sen chief commander of all the forces of Greece, 



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he declared war against the Persians, who, under 
Darius and Xerxes, had laid waste and plunder- 
ed the noblest of the Grecian cities. With 
32,000 foot and 5000 horse, he invaded Asia, 
and after the defeat of Darius at the Granicus, 
he conquered ail the provinces of Asia Minor. 
He obtained two other celebrated victories over 
Darius at Issus and Arbela, took Tyre after an 
obstinate siege of seven months, and the slaugh- 
ter of 2000 of the inhabitants in cold blood, and 
made himself master of Egypt, Media, Syria, 
and Persia. From Egypt he visited the temple 
of Jupiter Ammon, and bribed the priests, who 
saluted him as the son of their god, and enjoined 
his army to pay him divine honours. He built 
a town which he called Alexandria, on the west- 
ern side of the Nile, near the coast of the Medi- 
terranean, an eligible situation, which his pene- 
trating eye marked as best entitled to become 
the future capital of his immense dominions, and 
to extend the commerce of his subjects from the 
Mediterranean to the Ganges. - His conquests 
were spread over India, where he fought with 
Porus, a powerful king of the country, and after 
he had invaded Scythia, and visited the Indian 
ocean, he retired to Babylon, loaded with the 
spoils of the east. His entering the city was 
foretold by the magicians as fatal, and their pre- 
diction was fulfilled. He died at Babylon the 
21st of April, in the 32d year of his age, after a 
reign of 12 years and 8 months of brilliant and 
continued success, 323 B. C. His death was so 
premature that some have attributed it to the 
effects of poison, and excess of drinking. Anti- 
pater has been accused of causing the fatal poison 
to be given him at a feast; and perhaps the re- 
sentment of the Macedonians, whose services he 
seemed to forget by intrusting the guard of his 
body to the Persians, was the cause of his death. 
He was so universally regretted, that Babylon 
was filled with tears and lamentations; and the 
Medes and Macedonians declared, that no one 
was able or worthy to succeed him . Many con- 
spiracies were formed against him by the officers 
of his army, but they were all seasonably sup- 
pressed. His tender treatment of the wife and 
mother of king Darius, who were taken prison- 
ers, has been greatly praised ; and the latter, who 
had survived the death of her son, killed herself 
when she heard that Alexander was dead. His 
great intrepidity more than once endangered his 
life; he always fought as if sure of victory, and 
the terror of his name was often more powerfully 
effectual than his arms. He'was always forward 
in every engagement, and bore the labours of the 
field as' well as the meanest of his soldiers. Dur- 
ing his conquest in Asia, he founded many cities, 
which he called Alexandria, after his own name. 
When he had conquered Darius he ordered him- 
self to be worshipped as a god; and Callisthenes, 
who refused to do it, was shamefully put to death . 
He murdered, at a banquet, his friend Clitus, 
who had once saved his life in a battle, because 
he enlarged upon the virtues and exploits of 
Philip, and preferred them to those of his son. 
His victories and success increased his pride; he 
dressed himself in the Persian manner, and gave 
himself up to pleasure and dissipation. He set 
oh fire the town of Persepolis, in a fit of madness 



and intoxication, encouraged by the courtezan 
Thais. Yet among all his extravagancies, he 
was fond of candour and of truth; and when one 
of his officers read to him, as he sailed on the 
Hydaspes, an history which he had composed of 
the wars with Porus, and in which he had too 
liberally panegyrised him, Alexander snatched 
the book from his hand, and threw it into the 
river, saying, " what need is there of such flat- 
tery? are not the exploits of Alexander sufficient- 
ly meritorious in themselves, without the colour- 
ings of falsehood?" He in like manner rejected 
a statuary, who offered to cut mount Athos like 
him, and represent bim as holding a town in one 
hand, and pouring a river from the other He 
forbade any statuary to make his statue except 
Lysippus, and any painter to draw his picture 
except Apelles. On his death-bed he gave his 
ring to Perdiccas, and it was supposed that by 
this singular present, he wished to make him his 
successor. Some time before his death, his offi- 
cers asked him whom he appointed to succeed 
him on the throne? and he answered, the wor- 
thiest among you; but I am afraid, added he, my 
best friends will perform my funeral obsequies 
with bloody hands. Alexander, with all his 
pride, was humane and liberal, easy and fami- 
liar with his friends, a great patron of learning, 
as may be collected from his assisting Aristotle 
with a purse of money to effect the completion 
of his natural history. He was brave often to 
rashness; he frequently lamented that his father 
conquered every thing, and left him nothing to 
do; and exclaimed, in all the pride of regal dig- 
nity, Give me kings for competitors, and I will 
enter the lists at Olympia. All his family and 
infant children were put to death by Cassander. 
The first deliberation that was made after his de- 
cease, among his generals, was to appoint his 
brother Philip Aridaeus successor, until Roxane, 
who was then pregnant by him, brought into the 
world a legitimate heir. Perdiccas wished to be 
supreme regent, as Aridaeus wanted capacity; 
and, more strongly to establish himself, he mar- 
ried Cleopatra, Alexander's sister, and made al- 
liance with Eumenes. As he endeavoured to 
deprive Ptolemy of Egypt, he was defeated in a 
battle by Seleucus and Antigonus, on the banks 
of the river Nile, and assassinated by his own 
cavalry. Perdiccas was the first of Alexander's 
generals who took up arms against his fellow sol- 
diers, and he was the first who fell a sacrifice to 
his rashness and cruelty. To defend himself 
against him, Ptolemy made a treaty of alliance 
with some generals, among whom was Antipater, 
who had strengthened himself by giving his 
daughter Phila, an ambitious and aspiring wo- 
man, in marriage to Craterus, another of the 
generals of Alexander. After many dissentions 
and bloody wars among themselves, the generals 
of Alexander laid the foundation of several great 
empires in the three quarters of the globe. Pto- 
lemy seized Egypt, where he firmly established 
himself, and where his successors were called 
Ptolemies, in honour of the founder of their em- 
pire, which subsisted till the time ef Augustus. 
Seleucus and his posterity reigned in Babylon 
and Syria. Antigonus at first established him- 
self in Asia Minor, and Antipater in Macedonia. 



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The descendants of Antipater were conquered 
by the successors of Antigouus, who reigned in 
Macedonia, till it was reduced by the Romans 
in the time of king Perseus. Lysimachus 
made himself master of Thrace; and Leonatus, 
who had taken possession of Phrygia, meditated 
for a while to drive Antipater from Macedonia. 
Eumenes established himself in Cappadocia, 
but was soon overpowered by the combinations 
of his rival Antigonus, and starved to death. — 
During his life-time, Eumenes appeared so for- 
midable to the successors of Alexander, that 
none of them dared to assume the title of king» 
Curt. Arrian. if Plut. have written an account 
of Alexander's life. Diod. 17 and 18. Pans. 
1, 7, 8, 9.— Justin. 11 and 12.— Val. Max. 

Strab. 1, &c. A son of Alexander the Great, 

by Roxane, put to death, with his mother, by 

Cassander. Justin. 15, c. 2. A man, who, 

after the expulsion of Telestes, reigned in Co- 
rinth. Twenty-five years after, Telestes dispos- 
sessed him, and put him to death. A son of 

Cassander, king of Macedonia, who reigned two 
years conjointly with his brother Antipater, and I 
was prevented by Lysimachus from revenging ' 
his mother Thessalonica, whom his brother had 
murdered. Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, | 
put him to death. Justin 16, c. 1. — Paus. 9, ! 

c. 7. A king of Epirus, brother toOlympias, J 

and successor to Arybas. He banished Timolaus 
to Peloponnesus, and made war in Italy against 
the Romans, and observed that he fought with 
men, while his nephew, Alexander the Great, 
was fighting with an army of women, (meaning 
the Persians.) He was surnamed Molossus. 
Justin. 17, c. 3. — Diod. 16. — Liv. 8, c. 17 and 

27. — Strab. 16. A son of Pyrrhus, was king 

of Epirus. He conquered, Macedonia, from 
which he was expelled by Demetrius. He re- 
covered it by the assistance of the Acarnanians. 

Justin- 26, c 3. — Plut inPyrrh. A king of 

Syria, driven from his kingdom by Nicanor, son 
of Demetrius Soter, and his father-in-law Ptole- 
my Philometor. Justin. 35, c. 1 and 2. — Jo- 
seph. 13. Ant. Jud. — Strab. 17. A king of 

Syria, first called Bala, was a merchant, and 
succeeded Demetrius. He conquered Nicanor 
by means of Ptolemy Physcon, and was after- 
wards killed by Antiochus Gryphus, son of Ni- 
canor. Joseph. Ant. Jud. 13, c 18. Ptole- 
my was one of the Ptolemean kings in Egypt. 
His mother, Cleopatra, raised him to the throne 
in preference to his brother Ptolemy Lathurus, 
and reigned conjointly with him. Cleopatra, 
however, expelled him, and soon after recalled 
him; and Alexander, to prevent being expelled 
a second time, put her to death, and for this un- 
natural action, was himself murdered by one of 
his subjects. Joseph. 13. Ant. Jud. c. 20, &c. — 

Justin. 39, c 3 and 4. — Paus. 1, c. 9 

Ptolemy 2d, king of Egypt, was son of the pre- 
ceding. He was educated in the island of Cos, 
and falling into the hands of Mithrjdates, esca- 
ped to Sylla, who restored him to his kingdom. 
He was murdered by his subjects a few days 
after his restoration. Appian. 1. — Bell. Civ. 

Ptolemy 3d, was king of Egypt, after his 

brother Alexander, the last mentioned. After 
a peaceful reign he was banished by his sub- 



jects, and died at Tyre, B. C. 65, leaving his 
kingdom to the Roman people. Vid. AUgyptus 
8f Ptolemozus. Cic pro Rull. A youth, or- 
dered by Alexander the Great to climb the rock 
Aornus, with thirty other youths. He was 

killed in the attempt. Curt. 8, c. 11. An 

historian mentioned by Plut- in Mario. An 

Epicurean philosopher. Plut. A governor 

of iEolia, who assembled a multitude on pre- 
tence of showing them an uncommon spectacle, 
and confined them till they had each bought 
their liberty with a sum of money. Polycen. 6, 

c. 10. A name given to Paris, son of Priam. 

Vid. Paris. Jannaeus, a king of Judea, son 

of Hyrcanus, and brother of Aristobulus, who 
reigned as a tyrant, and died through excess of 
drinking, B. C. 79, after massacreing 800 of 
his subjects for the entertainment of his concu- 
bines. A Paphlagonian who gained divine 

honours by his magical tricks and impositions, 
and likewise procured the friendship of Marcus 

Aurelius. He died 70 years old. A native 

of Carra, in the 3d centuiy, who wrote a com- 
mentary on the writings of Aristotle, part of 
which is still extant. — r-^-Trallianus, a physician 
and philosopher of the 4th century, some of 

whose works in Greek are still extant. A 

poet of JEtolia, in the age of Ptolemy Philadel- 

phus. A peripatetic philosopher, said to have 

been preceptor to Nero. An historian called 

also Polyhistor, who wrote five books on the Ro- 
man republic, in which he said that the Jews 
had received their laws, not from God, but from 
a woman he called Moso, He also wrote trea- 
tises on the Pythagorean philosophy, B. C. 88.. 

A poet of Ephesus, who wrote a poem on 

astronomy and geography. A writer of Myn- 

dus, quoted by Athen. and AZlian. A sophist 

of Seleucia, in the age of Antoninus. A 

physician in the age of Justinian. A Thessa- 

lian, who, as he was going to engage in a naval 
battle, gave to his soldiers a great number of 
missile weapons, and ordered them to dart them 
continually upon the enemy, to render their 

numbers useless. Polyam. 6, c. 27. A son 

of Lysimachus. Polyozn. 6, c. 12. A go- 



vernor of Lycia, who brought a reinforcement of 
troops to Alexander the Great. Curl 7, c. 10. 

A son of Polyperchon, killed in Asia, by 

the Dymaeans. Diod, 18 and 19. A poet of 

Pleuron, son of Satyrus and Stratoclea, who said 
that Theseus had a daughter called Iphigenia, 
by Helen. Paus. 2,c. 22. A Spartan, kill- 
ed with two hundred of his soldiers, by the 
Argives, when he endeavoured to prevent their 
passing through the country of Tegea. Diod. 

15. A cruel tyrant of Phaera, in Thessaly, 

who made war against the Macedonians, and 
took Pelopidas prisoner. He was murdered, B. 
C. 357, by his wife called Thebe, whose room 
he carefully guarded by a Thracian sentinel, 
and searched every night, fearful of some dag- 
ger that might be concealed to take away his 
life. Cic. de Inv. 2, c. 49. de Off. 2, c. 9.— 
Val. Max. 9, c. 13.— Plut. if C. JVep. in Pe- 
lop. — Paus. 6, c. 5. — Diod. 15 and 16. — Ovid. 

in lb. v. 321. Severus, a Roman emperor. 

Vid. Severus. 
Alexandra, the name of some queens of Ju- 



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dsea, mentioned by Joseph. A nurse of Ne- 
ro. Suet, in JVer. 50. A name of Cassan- 
dra, because she assisted mankind by her pro- 
phecies. Lycophr. 

Alexandri arm, the boundaries, according 
to some, of Alexander's victories, near the Ta- 
nais. Plin 6, c. 16. 

Alexandria, the name of several cities, 
which were founded by Alexander, during his 
conquests in Asia; the most famous are— A grand 
and extensive city, built B. C. 332, by Alexan- 
der, on the western side of the Delta. The il- 
lustrious founder intended it not only for the 
capital of Egypt, but of bis immense conquests, 
and the commercial advantages which its situa- 
tion commanded, continued to improve from 
the time of Alexander till the invasion of the 
Saracens in the 7th century. The commodities 
of India were brought there, and thence dis- 
persed to the different countries around the Me- 
diterranean. Alexandria is famous, among 
other curiosities, for the large library which the 
pride or learning of the Ptolemies had collected 
there, at a vast expense, from all parts of the 
earth. This valuable repository was burnt by 
the orders of the caliph Omar, A. D. 642; and 
it is said, that during six months, the numerous 
volumes supplied fuel for the 4000 baths, which 
contributed to the health and convenience of the 
populous capital of Egypt. Alexandria has like- 
wise been distinguished for its schools, not only 
of theology and philosophy, but of physic, where 
once to have studied was a sufficient recommen- 
dation to distant countries. The astronomical 
school, founded by Philadelphus, maintained its 
superior reputation for 10 centuries, till the time 
of the Saracens. The modern town of Scande- 
roon has been erected upon the ruins of Alex- 
andria, and, as if it were an insult to its former 
greatness, it scarce contains 6000 inhabitants! 

Curt. 4, c. 8.—Strab.\1 —Plin. 5, c. 10. 

Another in Albania, at the foot of mount Cau- 
casus. Another in Arachosia, in India. 



The capital of Aria, between Hecatompylon 
and Bactra. Another of Carmania. An- 
other in Cilicia, on the confines of Syria 

Another, the capital of Margiana. Another 

ofTroas, &c. Curt. l.—Plin. 6,c- 16, 23, 25. 

Alexandrides, a Lacedaemonian who mar- 
ried his sister's daughter, by whom he had Do- 

rycus, Leonidas and Cleombrotus. A native 

of Delphi, of which he wrote a history. 

Alexandrina aqua, baths in Rome, built by 
the emperor Alexander Severus. 

Alexandropolis, a city of Parthia, built by 
Alexander the Great. Plin. 6, c. 25. 

Alexanor, a son of Machaon, who built in 
Sicyon a temple to his grandfather iEsculapius, 
and received divine honours after death. Paus. 
2,c. 11. 

Alexarchus, a Greek historian. 

Alexas, of Laodicea, was recommended to 
M. Antony by Timagenes. He was the cause 
that Antony repudiated Octavia to marry Cleo- 
patra. Augustus punished him severely after 
the defeat of Antony. Plut. in Jlnton. 

Alexia, or Alesia. Vid. Alesia. 

Alexicacus, a surname given to Apollo by 



the Athenians, because he delivered them from 
the plague during the Peloponnesian war. 

AlexInus, a disciple of Eubulides, the Mile- 
sian, famous for the acuteness of his genius and 
judgment, and for his fondness for contention 
and argumentation. He died of a wound which, 
he had received from a sharp-pointed reed, as be 
swam across the river Alpheus. Diog in Eu- 
clid. 

Alexion, a physician intimate with Cicero. 
Cic. ad Jilt. 13, ep. 25. 

Alexipfus, a physician of Alexander. Plut. 
in Mex. 

Alexiraes, a son of Hercules by Hebe. 

Jlpollod. 2, c. 7. A place of Bceotia, where 

Alexiraes was born, bears also this name. Paus. 
9, c. 25. 

Alexirhoe, a daughter of the river Grani- 
cus. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 763. 

Alexis, a man of Samos, who endeavoured 
to ascertain, by his writings, the borders of his 
country. A comic poet, 336 B. C. of Thu- 
lium, who wrote 245 comedies, of which some 

few fragments remain . A servant of Asinius 

Pollio. An ungrateful youth of whom a shep- 
herd is deeply enamoured, in Virgil's Eel. 2. 

A statuary, disciple to Polycletes, 87 Olym. 

Plin. 34, c. 8. A school-fellow of Atticus. 

Cic. ad Attic 7, ep. 2. 

Alexon, a native of Myndos, who wrote fa- 
bles. Diog. 

Alpaterna, a town of Campania, beyond 
mount Vesuvius. 

P. Alfenus Varus, a native of Cremona, 
who, by the force of his genius and his applica- 
tion, raised himself from his original profession 
of a cobbler, to offices of trust at Rome, and at 
last became consul. Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 130. 

Algidum, a town of Latium, near Tusculum, 
about 12 miles from Rome. There is a moun- 
tain of the same name in the neighbourhood. — 
Horat 1, od. 21. 

Aliacmon, and Haliacmon, a river of Ma- 
cedonia, separating it from Thessaly. It flows 
into the iEgean sea. Plin. 4, c. 10. 

Aliartum, a city of Bceotia, taken by M. 
Lucretius. Liv. 42, c. 63. 

Aliartus and Haliartus, a town of Bceotia, 
near the river Permessus. Another in Pelo- 
ponnesus, on the coast of Messenia. Stat. Theb. 
7, v. 274. 

Alicis, a town of Laconia. A tribe of 

Athens. Strab. 

Alienus C^ecina, a questor in Bceotia, ap- 
pointed, for his services, commander of a legion 
in Germany, by Galba. The emperor disgraced 
him for his bad conduct, for which he raised 
commotions in the empire. Tacit. 1, Hist, c, 52. 

AlIfje, Alifa, or Alipha, a town of Italy, 
near the Vulturnus, famous for the making of 
cups. Horat. 2, Sat. 8, v. 39.— Liv. 8, c. 25/ 

Alil-SI, a people of Arabia Felix. 

Alimentus, C. an historian in the second 
Punic war, who wrote in Greek an account of 
Annibal, besides a treatise on military affairs, 
Liv 21 and 30. 

Alind^, a town of Caria. Jlrrian. 

Alipheria, a town of Arcadia, situate on a 
hill. Polyb. 4, c. 77. 



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Aurrotiiius, a son of Neptune. Hearing 
that his father had been defeated by Minerva, 
in his dispute about giving a name to Athens, 
he went to the citadel, and endeavoured to cut 
down the olive which had sprung from tbe 
ground, and given the victory to Minerva; but 
in the attempt he missed his aim, and cut his 
own legs so severely that he instantly expired. 

T Alledius Severus, a Roman knight who 
married bis brother's daughter to please Agrip- 

pina. A noted glutton in Domitian's reign. 

Juv 5, v. 118. 

Allia, a river of Italy, falling into the Ti- 
ber. The Romans were defeated on its banks 
by Brennus and the Gauls, who were going to 
plunder Rome, 17th July, B. C. 390. Pint, in 
Camil. — Liv. 5, c. 37. — Flor. 1, c. 13. — Virg. 
Mn. 7, v. 717.— Ovid. Art. Am. 1, 413. 

Allienos, a pretor of Sicily, under Caesar. 
Hirt Afric. 2. 

Allobroges, a warlike nation of Gaul near 
the Rhone, in that part of the country now call- 
ed Savoy, Dauphine, and Vivarais. The Ro- 
mans destroyed their city, because they had as- 
sisted Annibal. Their ambassadors were allured 
by great promises to join in Cataline's conspira- 
cy against his country; but tbey scorned the of- 
fers and discovered the plot. Dio. — Strab. 4. 
— Tacit. 1. Hist. c. 66. — Sallust. in Jug. bell. 

Allobryges, a people of Gaul, supposed to 
be the same as the Allobroges. Polyb. 30, c. 
56. 

Allotriges, a nation on the southern parts 
of Spain. Strab. 

Allutius, or Albtjtius, a prince of the Celti- 
beri, to whom Scipio restored the beautiful prin- 
cess whom he had taken in battle. 

Almo, a small river near Rome, falling into 
the Tiber. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 387. — Lucan. 1, 
v. 600. 

Almon, the eldest of the sons of Tyrrhus. 
He was the first Rutulian killed by the Trojans; 
and from the skirmish which happened before 
and after his death, arose the enmities which 
ended in the fall of TurnUs. Virg. Mn. 7, v* 
532. 

Aloa, festivals at Athens, in honour of Bac- 
ehus and Ceres, by whose beneficence the 
husbandmen received the recompense of their 
labours. The oblations were the fruits of the 
earth. Ceres has been called, from this, Aloas 
and Alois. 

Aloeus, a giant, son of Titan, and Terra. 
He married Iphimedia, by whom Neptune had 
the twins, Othus and Ephialtus. Aloeus edu- 
cated them as his own, and from that circum- 
stance they have been called Aloides. They 
made war against the gods, and were killed by 
Apollo and Diana. They grew up nine inches 
every month, and were only nine years old when 
they undertook their war. They built the town 
of Ascra, at the foot of mount Helicon. Paus. 
9, c. 29. — Virg. Mn. 6, v. 582.— 'Homer II. 5, 
Od. 11. 

Aloides and Aloides, the sons of Aloeus. 
Vid. Aloeus. 

Alope, daughter of Cercyon, king of Eleu- 
sis, had a child by Neptune, \vhom she exposed 
in the woods, covered with a piece of her gown. 



I The child was preserved, and carried to Alope's 
| father, who, upon knowing the gown ordered his 
I daughter to be put to death. Neptune, who 
i could not save his mistress, changed her into a 
\ fountain. The child, called Hippothoon, was 
preserved by some shepherds, and placed by 
Theseus upon his grandfather's throne. Paus. 

1, c. 5 and 39.— Hygin. fab. 187. One of 

the Harpies. Hygin. fab. 14. A town of 

Thessaly. Plin. 4, c. 7. Homer. II. 2. v. 682. 

Alopece, an island in the Palus Maeotis. 

Strab. Another in the Cimmerian Bospho- 

rus. Plin. 4, c. 12. Another in theiEgean 

sea, opposite Smyrna. Id. 5, c. 31. 

Alopeces, a small village of Attica, where 
was the tomb of Anchimolius, whom the Spar- 
tans had sent to deliver Athens from the tyran- 
ny of the Pisistratidae. Socrates and Aristides 
were born there. Mschin. contra Timarch. — 
Herodot. 5, c. 64. 

Alopius, a son of Hercules and Antiope. 
Apollod. 2, c. 35. 

Alos, a town of Achaia. Strab. 9. — Plin. 
4, c. 7. 

Alotia, festivals in Arcadia, in commemora- 
tion of a victory gained over Lacedaemon by the 
Arcadians. 

Alpenus, the capital of Locris, at the north 
of Thermopylae. Hercdot. 7, c. 176, &c. 

Alpes, mountains that separate Italy from 
Spain, Gaul, Rhaetia, and Germany: consider- 
ed as the highest ground in Europe. From 
them arise several rivers which after watering 
the neighbouring countries discharge themselves 
into the German, Mediterranean and Euxine 
seas. The Alps are covered with perpetual 
snows, and distinguished, according to their sit- 
uation, by the different names of Cottice, Car- 
niece, Graix, Noricce, Julice, Maritima, Pan- 
nonia, Pennince, Pance, Rficeticce, TridentinK, 
Venetoz. A traveller is generally five days in 
reaching the top in some parts. Tbey were 
supposed, for a long time, to be impassable. 
Hannibal marched his army over them, and 
made his way through rocks, by softening and 
breaking them with vinegar. They were inha- 
bited by fierce uncivilized nations, who were 
unsubdued till the age of Augustus, who, to 
eternize the victory he had obtained over them, 
erected a pillar in their territory. Strab. 4 and 
5.— Liv. 21. c. 35.— Juv. 10, v. 151.— Horat. 

2, Sat. 5, v. 41.— Lucan. 1, v. 183.— Tacit. 
Hist. 3, c 53. 

Alpheia, a surname of Diana in Elis. It 
was given her when the river Alpheus endea- 
voured to ravish her without success A sur- 
name of the nymph Arethusa, because loved by 
the Alpheus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 487. 

Alphenor, one of Niobe's sons. Ovid. Met. 
6, fab. 6. 

Alphenus. Vid. Alfenus. 

Alphesibosa, daughter of the river Phlege- 
us, married Alcmaeon son of Amphiaraus, who 
had fled to her father's court after the murder 
of his mother. [Vid. Alcmxon.] She received 
as a bridal present, the famous necklace which 
Polynices had given to Eriphyle, to induce her 
to betray her husband Amphiaraus. Alcmaeon, 
being persecuted by the manes of his mother, 



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left bis wife by or *er of the oracle, and retired 
near tbe Achelous, whose daughter Callirhoe 
bad two sons by him, and begged of him, as a 
present, the necklace which was then in the 
bands of Alphesiboea. He endeavoured to ob- 
tain it, and was killed by Temenus and Axion, 
Alphesiboea's brothers, who thus revenged their 
sister, who had been so innocently abandoned. 
Hygin. fab. 244. — Propert. 1, el. 15, v. 15. — 
Pans. 8, c. 24. 

Alphesibeus, a shepherd often mentioned 
in Virgil's eclogues. 

Alpheus, now Jllpheo, a famous river of Pe- 
loponnesus, which rises in Arcadia, and after 
passing through Elis, fails into the sea. The 
god, of this river fell in love with the nymph 
Arethusa, and pursued her till she was changed 
into a fountain by Diana. The fountain Arethu- 
sa is in Ortygia, a small island near Syracuse; 
and the ancients affirm, that tbe river Alpheus 
passes under the sea from Peloponnesus, and 
without mingling itself with the salt waters, ri- 
ses again in Ortygia, and joins the stream of 
Arethusa. If any thing is thrown into the Al- 
pheus in Elis, according to their traditions, it 
will re-appear, after some time, swimming on 
the waters of Arethusa near Sicily. Hercules 
made use of the Alpheus to clean the stables of 
Augeas. Strab. 6. — Virg JEn. 3, v. 694.— 
Ovid, Met. 5, fab. 10.— Lucan. 3, v. 176. — 
Stat Theb. 1 and 4.— Mela, 2, c. l.—Paus. 5, 
c. 7, 1. 6. c. 21.— Marcellin. 25.— Plin. 2, c. 
103. 

Alphius, or Alfeus, a celebrated usurer, ri- 
diculed in Horat. Epod. 2. 

Alphius Avitus, a writer in tbe age of Se- 
verus, who gave an account of illustrious men, 
and a history of the Carthaginian war. 

Alpinus, belonging to the Alps. Virg. JEn. 
4, v. 442. 

Alpinus, (Cornelius) a contemptible poet, 
whom Horace ridicules for the awkward manner 
in which he introduces the death of Memnon, in 
a tragedy, and the pitiful style with which he 
describes the Rhine in an epic poem he had at- 
tempted on the wars in Germany. Horat. 1, 

Sat. 10, v 36. Julius, one of the chiefs of 

the Helvetii. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 68. 

Alpis, a small river falling into the Danube. 

Alsium, a maritime town at the west of the 
Tiber, now Statua- Sil. 8 . 

Alsus, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus, 
flowing from mount Sipylus. Paus. 7, c. 27. 

■ A shepherd, during the Rutulian wars. 

Virg. JEn. 12, v. 304. 

ALTHiEA, daughter of Thestius and Eurythe- 
mis, married (Eneus, king of Calydon, by whom 
she had many children, among whom was Me- 
ieager. When Althaea brought forth Meleager, 
the Parcae placed a log of wood in the fire, and 
said, that as long as it was preserved, so long 
would the life of the child just born be prolong- 
ed. The mother saved the wood from the 
flames, and kept it very carefully; but when 
Meleager killed his two uncles, Althaea's bro- 
thers, Althaea, to revenge their death, threw the 
log into the fire, and as soon as it was burnt, Me- 
leager expired. She was afterwards so sorry for 
the death which she had caused, that she killed 



herself, unable to survive her son. Vid. Mele- 
ager. — Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 4. — Homer II. 9 — 
Paus. 8, c. 45, 1. 10, c. 31.— Jlpollod. 1, c 8. 

AlthjEmenes, a son of Creteus, king of 
Crete. Hearing that either he or his brothers 
were to be their father's murderers, he fled to 
Rhodes, where he made a settlement to avoid 
becoming a parricide. After the death of all 
his other sons, Creteus went after his son Al- 
thaemenes; when he landed in Rhodes, the in- 
habitants attacked him, supposing him to be an 
enemy, and he was killed by the hand of his 
own son. When Althaemenes knew that he had 
killed his father, he entreated the gods to re- 
move him, and the earth immediately opened 
and swallowed him up. Jlpollod. 3, c. 2. 

Altinum, a flourishing city of Italy near. 
Aquiieia, famous for its wool. Martial. 14, ep. 
25.— Plin. 3, c. 18. 

Altis, a sacred grove round Jupiter's temple 
at Olympia, where the statues of the Olympic 
conquerors were placed. Paus. 5, c. 20, &c. 

Altus, a city of Peloponnesus. Xenoph. 
Hist. Graze. 

Aluytium, a town of Sicily. Plin. 5, c. 8. 
— Cic in Ver. 4. 

Alus, Aluus, and Halus, a village of Ar- 
cadia, called also the temple of iEscuIapius. — 
Paus'. 8, c. 25. 

Alyattes T. a king of Lydia, descended 

from the Heraclidag. He reigned 57 years 

II. king of Lydia, of the family of the Merm- 
nadae, was father of Croesus. He drove the 
Cimmerians from Asia, and made war against 
the Medes. He died, when engaged in a war 
against Miletus, after a reign of 35 years. A 
monument was raised on his grave with the mo- 
ney which the women of Lydia had obtained by 
prostitution. An eclipse of the sun terminated 
a battle between him and Cyaxares. Herodot. 
1, c. 16, 17, &c_ Strab. 13. 
Alyea, a country near Mysia. Homer. II. 2. 
Alycma, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 
27. 

ALYCiEus, a son of Sciron, was killed by 
Theseus. A place in Megara received its name 
from him. Plut. in Thes. 

Alymon, the husband of Circe. 
Alyssus, a fountain of Arcadia, whose wa- 
ters could cure the bite of a mad dog. Paus. S, 
c. 19. 

Alyxothoe, or Alexirhoe, daughter of Dy- 
mus, was mother of iEsacus, by Priam. Ovid. 
Met. 11, v. 763. 

Alyzia, a town of Acarnania on the western 
mouth of the Achelous, opposite to the Echi 
nades. Cic. ad Fam. 16 ep. 2, 

Amadocus, a king of Thrace, defeated by his 
antagonist Seuthes. Aristot. 5 Polit. 10. 

Amage, a queen of Sarmatia, remarkable for 
her justice and fortitude. Polyozn. 8, c. 56. 

AMALTHiEA, daughter of Melissus king of 
Crete, fed Jupiter with goat's milk. Hence - 
some authors have called her a goat, and have 
maintained that Jupiter, to reward her kind- 
nesses, placed her in heaven as a constellation, 
and gave one of her horns to the nymphs who 
had taken care of his infant years. This horn 
was called the horn of plenty, and had the pow- 



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er to give the nymphs whatever they desired. — 
Diod. 3, 4, and 5. — Ovid. Fast. 5, v 113. — 
Strab. \0.—Hygin. fab 139.— Pans. 7, c. 26. 

A Sibyl of Cumae, called also Hierophile 

and Demophile. She is supposed to be the 
same who brought nine books of prophecies to 
Taiquin, king of Rome, &c. Varro. — Tibul. 
2, el. 5, v. 67. [Vid. Sibylla.] 

Amaltheum, a public place which Atticus 
had opened in his country-house, called Amal- 
thea, in Epirus, and provided with every thing 
which could furnish entertainment, and convey 
instruction. Cic ad Attic. 1, ep. 13. 

Amana or Amanus, part of mount Taurus in 
Cilicia. Lucan. 3. v. 244. 

Cn. Sal. Amandus, a rebel general under 
Dioclesian, who assumed imperial honours and 
was at last conquered by Dioclesian's colleague. 

Am antes or Amantinj, a people of Illyri- 
cum. descended from the Abantes of Pbocis. 
Callimach. * 

Amanus, one of the deities worshipped in Ar- 
menia and Cappadocia. Strab. 11. A moun- 
tain of Cilicia. 

Amakacus, an officer of Cinyras, changed 
into marjoram. 

Amardi, a nation near the Caspian sea. 
Mela, 1, c. 3, 

Amartus, a city of Greece. Homer. Hymn, 
in Jlpoll. 

Amaryllis, the name of a country woman in 
Virgil's eclogues. Some commentators have 
supposed that the poet spoke of Rome under this 
fictitious appellation. 

Amarynceus, a king of the Epeans, buried 
at Buprasium, Strab. 8 — Pans. 8, c. 1. 

Amarynthus, a village of Euboea, whence 
Diana is called Amarysia, and her festivals in 

that town Amarynthia Eubcea is sometimes 

called Amarynthus Pans. 1, c. 31. 

Amas, a mountain of Laconia. Paus. 3. 

AvtisENus, a small river of Latium, falling 
into the Tyrrhene sea. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 685. 

Amasia, a city of Pontus, where Mithridates 
the great, and Strabo the geographer, were 
born. Strab. 12 —Plin. 6, c. 3. 

Amasis, a man who, from a common soldier, 
became king of Egypt. He made war against 
Arabia, and died before the invasion of his 
country by Cambyses, king of Persia He 
made a law, that every one of his subjects 
should yearly give an account to the public ma- 
gistrates, of the manner in which he supported 
himself. He refused to continue in alliance 
with Polycrates the tyrant of Samos, on account 
of his uncommon prosperity. When Cambyses 
came into Egypt, he ordered the body of Ama- 
sis to be dug up, and to be insulted and burnt; 
an action which was very offensive to the reli- 
gious notions of the Egyptians. Herodot. 1, 2, 

3. A man who led the Persians against the 

inhabitants of Barce Herodot. 4, c 201, &c 

Amastris, the wife of Dionysius the tyrant 
of Sicily, was sister to Darius, whom Alexan- 
der conquered. Strab. Also, the wife of 

Xerxes, king of Persia. [Vid Jlmeslris.] 

A city of Paphlagonia, on the Euxine sea. 
Catull. 

Amastrus, one of the auxiliaries of Perses, 



j against iEetes, king of Colchis, killed by Ar- 

! gus, son of Phryxus. Flacc. 6. v. 544 A 

i friend of iEneas, killed by Camilla in the Ru- 
tulian war. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 673. 

Amata, the wife of king Latinus. She had 
betrothed her daughter Lavinia to Turnus, be- 
fore the arrival of iEneas in Italy. She zeal- 
ously favoured the interest of Turnus; and when, 
her daughter was given in marriage to iEneas, 
she hung herself to avoid the sight of her son-in- 
law. Virg. JEn. 7, &c. 

Amathus, (gen. untis) now Limisso, a city 
on the southern side of the island of Cyprus, 
particularly dedicated to Venus. The island is 
sometimes called Amathusia, a name not un- 
frequently applied to the goddess of the |)lace. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 51.— Ptol. 5, c. 14. 

Amaxampeus, a fountain of Scythia, whose 
waters imbitter the stream of the river Hypa- 
nis. Herodot. 4, c. 52. 

Amaxia or Amaxita, an ancient town of 

Troas. A place of Cilicia, abounding with 

wood fit for building ships. Plin, 5, c. 9. — 
Strab. 14. 

Amazenes, or Mazenes, a prince of the isl- 
and Oaractus, who sailed for some time with the 
Macedonians and Nearchus in Alexander's ex- 
pedition to the east. Jlrrian in Indie. 

Amazones, or Amazonides, a nation of fa- 
mous women, who lived near the river Ther- 
modon in Cappadocia. All their life was em- 
ployed in wars and manly exercises. They 
never bad any commerce with the other sex; 
but only for the sake of propagation, they visit- 
ed the inhabitants of the neighbouring country 
for a few days, and the male children which 
they brought forth were given to the fathers. 
According to Justin, they were strangled as 
soon as born, and Diodorus says that they 
maimed them and distorted their limbs. The 
females were carefully educated with their mo- 
thers, in the labours of the field; their right 
breast was burnt off, that they might hurl a 
javelin with more force, and make a better use 
of the bow; from that circumstance, therefore, 
their name is derived (a. non, (ah^o. mamma.) 
They founded an extensive empire in Asia Mi- 
nor, along the shores of the Euxine, and near 
the Thermodon. They were defeated in a bat- 
tle near the Thermodon, by the Greeks; and 
some of them migrated beyond the Tanais, and 
extended their territories as far as the Caspian 
sea. Themyscyra was the most capital of their 
towns. Smyrna, Magnesia, Thyatira, and Ephe- 
sus, according to some authors, were built by 
them. Diodorus 1. 3, mentions a nation of 
Amazons in Africa, more ancient than those of 
Asia. Some authors, among whom is Strabo, 
deny the existence of the Amazons, and of a re- 
public supported and governed by women, who 
banished or extirpated all their males; but Jus- 
tin and Diodorus particularly support it; and 
the latter says, that Penthesilea, one of their 
queens, came to the Trojan war, on the side of 
Priam, and that she was killed by Achilles, and 
from that time the glory and character of the 
Amazons gradually decayed, and was totally for- 
gotten. The Amazons of Africa flourished long 
before the Trojan war, and many of their ac- 



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AM 



tions have been attributed to those of Asia. It 
is said, that after they had subdued almost all 
Asia, they invaded Attica, and were conquered 
by Theseus. Their most famous actions were 
their expedition against Priam, and afterwards 
the assistance they gave him during the Trojan 
war; and their invasion of Attica, to punish 
Theseus, who had carried away Antiope, one of 
their queens. They were also conquered by 
JBellerophon and Hercules. Among their 
queens, Hippolite, Antiope, Lampeto, Marpe- 
sia, &c. are famous. Curtius says, that Tha- 
lestris, one of their queens, came to Alexander, 
whilst he was pursuing his conquests in Asia, 
for the sake of raising children from a man of 
such military reputation; and that after she had 
remained 13 days with him, she retired into her 
country. The Amazons were such expert arch- 
ers, that, to denote the goodness of a bow or 
quiver, it was usual to call it Amazonian. Virg. 
JEn. 5, v. 311.— Journand. de Reb. Get. c. 7. 
— Phitcstr. Icon. 2, c. 5. — Justin. 2, c. 4. — 
Curt. 6, c. 5 — Plin. 6, c. 7, 1. 14, c. 8, 1. 36, 
c.h.—Herodot. 4, c. 110— Strab. U.—Diod. 
2. — Dionys. Hal. 4. — Paus. 7, c. 2. — Plut. in 
Thes. — Apollod. 2, c. 3 and 5. — Hygin. fab. 
14 and 163. 

Amazonia,' a celebrated mistress of the em- 
peror Coramodus. The country of the Ama- 
zons, near the Caspian sea. 

Amazonium, a place in Attica, where The- 
seus obtained a victory over the Amazons. 

Amazonius, a surname of Apollo at Lacedae- 
mon. 

Ambarri, a people of Gallia Celtica, on the 
Arar, related to the iEdui. Cces. bell. G. 1, c. 
11. 

AmbarvIlia, a joyful procession round the 
ploughed fields, in honour of Ceres, the goddess 
of corn. There were two festivals of that name 
celebrated by the Romans; one about the month 
of April, the other in July. They went three 
times round their fields, crowned with oak 
leaves, singing hymns to Ceres, and entreating 
her to preserve their corn. The word is derived 
ab ambiendis arvis, going round the fields. A 
sow, a sheep, and a bull, called ambarvalia 
hostice, were afterwards immolated, and the sa- 
crifice has sometimes been called suovetaurilia, 
from sus, ovis, and taurus. Virg. G. 1, v. 339 
and 345.— Tib. 2, el. 1, v. 19.— Cato de R. R. 
c. 141. 

Ambenus, a mountain of European Sarmatia. 
Flacc. 6, v. 85. 

Ambialites, a people of Gallia Celtica. 
Cm. bell. G. 3, c. 9. 

Ambianum, a town of Belgium, now Jlmiens. 
Its inhabitants conspired against J. Caesar. Cces. 
2, bell. G. c. 4. 

Ambiatinum, a village of Germany, where 
the emperor Caligula was born. Sueton. in 
Cal 8. 

Ambigatus, a king of the Celtae, in the time 
of Tarquinius Priscus. Seeing the great popu- 
lation of his country, he sent his two nephews, 
Sigovesus and Bellovesus, with two colonies, in 
quest of new settlements; the former towards 
Italy. Liv. 5, c, 34, &c. 
Ambiorix, a king of the Eburones, in Gaul. 



He was a great enemy to Rome, and was killed 
in a battle with J. Caesar, in which 60,000 of 
his countrymen were slain. Cats, bell. G. 5, c. 
11, 26, 1. 6, c. 30. 

Ambivius, a man mentioned by Cicero de 
Senect. 

Amblada, a town of Pisidia. Strdb. 

Ambracia, a city of Epirus, near the Ache- 
ron, the residence of king Pyrrhus. Augustus, 
after the battle of Actium, called it Nicopolis. 
Mela, 2, c. 3. — Plin. 4, c. 1 — Polyb. 4,.c. 63. 
—Strab. 10. 

Ambracius Sinus, a bay of the Ionian sea, 
near Ambracia, about 300 stadia deep, narrow 
at the entrance, but within near 100 stadia in 
breadth, and now called the gulf of Larta. Po- 
lyb. 4, c. 63.— Mela, 2, c. 3.— Flor. 4, c. 11.— 
Strab. 10. 

Ambri, an Indian nation. Justin. 12, c. 9. 

Ambrones, certain nations of Gaul, who 
lost their possessions by the inundation of the 
sea, and lived upon rapine and plunder,. whence 
the word ambrones implied a dishonourable 
meaning. They were conquered by Marius. 
Plut. in Mario. 

Ambrosia, festivals observed in honour of 
Bacchus, in some cities in Greece. They were 

the same as the Brumalia of the Romans. 

One of the daughters of Atlas, changed into a 

constellation after death. The food of the 

gods was called ambrosia, and their drink nec- 
tar. The word signifies immortal. It had the 
power of giving immortality to all those who 
eat it. It was sweeter than honey, and of a 
most odoriferous smell; and it is said, that 
Berenice, the wife of Ptolemy Soter, was saved 
from death by eating ambrosia given her by 
Venus. Titonus was made immortal by Auro- 
ra, by eating ambrosia; and in like manner 
Tantalus and Pelops, who, on account of their 
impiety had been driven from heaven, and com- 
pelled to die upon earth. It had the power of 
healing wounds, and therefore, Apollo, in Ho- 
mer's Iliad, saves Sarpedon's body from putre- 
faction, by rubbing it with ambrosia; and Venus 
also heals the wounds of her son, in Virgil's 
iEneid with it. The gods used generally to 
perfume their hair with ambrosia, as Juno, 
when she adorned herself to captivate Jupiter, 
and Venus, when she appeared to iEneas. Ho- 
mer. II. 1, 14, 16 and 24. — Lucian. de ded Sy- 
ria. — Catull. ep. 100. — Theocrit. Id. 15. — Virg. 
JEn. 1, v. 407, 1. 12, v. 419.— Ovid. Met 2.— 
Pindar. 1, Olymp. 

Ambrosius, bishop of Milan, obliged the 
emperor Theodosius to make penance for the 
murder of the people of Thessalonica, and dis- 
tinguished himself by his writings, especially 
against the Arrians. His three books de officiis 
are still extant, besides eight hymns on the cre- 
ation. His style is not inelegant, but his dic- 
tion is sententious, his opinions eccentric, though 
his subject is diversified by copiousness of 
thought. He died A. D. 397. The best edition 
of his works is that of the Benedictines, 2 vols, 
fol. Paris. 1686. 

Ambryon, a man who wrote the life of The- 
ocritus of Chios. Diog. 

Ambryssus, a city of Phocis, which receives 



AM 



AM 



its name from a hero of the same name. Paus. 
10, c. 36. 

AmbubajjE, Syrian women of immoral lives, 
who, in the dissolute period of Rome, attended 
festivals and assemblies as minstrels. The 
name is derived by some from Syrian words, 
which, signify a flute. Horat. 1, Sat. 2, — Suet, 
in Ner. 27. 

Ambulli, a surname of Castor and Pollux, 
in Sparta. 

Ameles, a river of hell, whose waters no 
vessel could contain. Plut. 10, de Rep. 

Amenanus, a river of Sicily, near mount 
iEtna, now Guidicello. Strab. 5. 

Amenides, a secretary of Darius, the last 
king of Persia. Alexander set him over the 
Arimaspi. Curt. 7, c. 3. 

Amenocles, a Corinthian, said to be the first 
Grecian who built a three-oared galley at Sa- 
mos and Corinth. Thucyd. 1, c. 13. 

Ameria, a city of Umbria, whose osiers 
(amerinoz salices) were famous for the binding 
of vines to the elm trees. Plin. 3, c. 14. — 
Virg.'G. 1, v. 265. 

Amestratus, a town of Sicily, near the 
Halesus. The Romans besieged it for seven 
months, and it yielded at last, after a third 
siege, and the inhabitants were sold as slaves. 
Polyb. l,c. 24. 

Amestris, queen of Persia, was wife to 
Xerxes. She cruelly treated the mother of 
Artiante, her husband's mistress, and cut off 
her nose, ears, lips, breast, tongue, and eye- 
brows. She also buried alive 14 noble Persian 
youths, to appease the deities under the earth. 

Herodot. 7, c 61, 1. 9, c. 111. rA daughter 

of Oxyartes, wife to Lysimachus. Diod. 20. 

Amida, a city of Mesopotamia, besieged and 
taken by Sapor, king of Persia. Jlmmian. 19. 

Amilcar, a Carthaginian general of great 
eloquence and cunning, sui named Rhodanus. 
When the Athenians were afraid of Alexander, 
Amilcar went to his camp, gained his confi- 
dence, and secretly transmitted an account of 
all his schemes to Athens. Trogtis. 21, c. 6. 

A Carthaginian, whom the Syracusans 

called to their assistance against the tyrant 
Agathocles, who besieged their city. Amilcar 
soon after favoured the interest of Agathocles, 
for which he was accused at Carthage. He 
died in Syracuse, B.C. 309. Diod. 20. — Justin. 

22, c. 2 and 3. A Carthaginian, surnamed 

Barcas, father to the celebrated Annibal. He 
was general in Sicily during the first Punic 
war; and after a peace had been made with the 
Romans, he quelled a rebellion of slaves who 
had besieged Carthage, and taken many towns 
of Africa, and rendered themselves so formida- 
ble to the Carthaginians, that they begged and 
obtained assistance from Rome. After this, he 
passed into Spain with his son Annibal, who 
was but nine years of age, and laid the founda- 
tion of the town of Barcelona. Pfe was killed 
in a battle against the Vettones, B. C. 237. He 
had formed the plan of an invasion of Italy, by 
crossing the Alps, which his son afterwards car- 
ried into execution. His great enmity to the 
Romans was the cause of the second Punic war. 
He used to say of his three sons, that he kept 



three lions to devour the Roman power. C. 
Nep. in Vit. — Liv. 21, c. 1. — Polyb. 2 — Plut 
in Jinnib. A Carthaginian general, who as- 
sisted the Insubres against Rome, and was taken 
by Cn. Cornelius. Liv. 32, c. 30, I. 33, c. 8. 
A son of Hanno, defeated in Sicily by Ge- 



lon, the same day that Xerxes was defeated at 
Saiamis, by Themistocies. He burnt himself, 
that his body might not be found among the 
slain Sacrifices were offered to him. Hero- 
dot. 7, c 165, &c. 

Amilos, or Amilus, a river of Mauritania, 
where the elephants go to wash themselves by 

moonshine. Plin. 8, c. 1.. A town of Ar 

cadia. Paus. in Jircadic. 

Amimone, or Amvmone, a daughter of Danaue, 
changed into a fountain, which is near Argos, 
and flows into the lake Lerna. Ovid. Met. 2, 
v. 240. 

Aminea, or Amminea, a part of Campania, 
where the inhabitants are great husbandmen. — 
Its wine was highly esteemed. Virg, G. 2, v. 
97. A place of Thessaly. 

Aminias, a famous pirate, whom Antigonus 
employed against Apollodorus, tyrant of Cas- 
sandrea. Polycen. 4, c. 18. 

Aminius, a river of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 30. 

Aminocles, a native of Corinth, who flour- 
ished 705 B. C. &c. 

Amisena, a country of Cappadocia. Strab. 
12. 

Amisias, a comic poet, whom Aristophanes 
ridiculed for his insipid verses. 

Amissas, an officer of Megalopolis, in Alex- 
ander's army. Curt. 10, c. 8. 

Amiternum, a town of Italy, where Sallust 
was born. The inhabitants assisted Turnus 
against iEneas. Virg.- JEn. 7, v. 710. — Plin. 
3, c. 5.— Liv. 28, c. 45. 

Amithaon, or Amythaon, 'was father to 
Melampus, the famous prophet. Stat. Theb. 3, 
v. 451. 

A mmalo, a festival in honour of Jupiter, in 
Greece. 

Ammianus. Fid. Marcellinus. 

Ammon, and Hammon, a name of Jupiter, 
worshipped in Libya. He appeared under the 
form of a ram, to Hercules, or, according to 
others, to Bacchus, who, with his army, suffer- 
ed the greatest extremities for want of water, 
in the deserts of Africa, and showed him a foun- 
tain. Upon this Bacchus erected a temple to 
his father, under the name of Jupiter Ammon, 
i. e. sandy, with the horns of a ram. The ram, 
according to some, was made a constellation. 
The temple of Jupiter Ammon was in the de- 
serts of Libya, nine days journey from Alexan- 
dria. It had a famous oracle, which, according 
to ancient tradition, was established about 18 
centuries before the time of Augustus, by two 
doves, which flew away from Thebais in Egypt, 
and came, one to Dodona, 'and the other to 
Libya, where the people were soon informed of 
their divine mission. The oracle of Hammon 
was consulted by Hercules, Perseus, and others ; 
but when it pronounced Alexander to be the son 
of Jupiter, such flattery destroyed its long estab- 
lished reputation, and in the age of Plutarch, it 
was scarce known. The situation of the temple 



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was pleasant; and according to Ovid. Met. 15, 
v. 310.— Lucret. 6, v. 847 —Herodot. in Mel- 
pom. — Curt. 4, c. 7, there was near it a foun- 
tain, whose waters were cold at noon and mid- 
night, and warm in the morning and evening. 
There were above 100 priests in the temple, 
but only the elders delivered oracles. There 
was also an oracle of Jupiter Ammon, in Ethi- 
opia. Plin. 6, c 29.—Strab. 1, 11 and 17. — 
Plut. cur orac. edi desierint, Sf in hid. — Curt. 
6. c. 10, 1. 10, c 5.— Herodot. 1, c. 6, 1. 2, c. 
32 and 55, 1. 4, c. 44.— Paus. 3, c 18, 1. 4, c. 
23.—Hygin. fab. 133. Poet, asir 2, c. 20 — 
Justin. 1, c. 9, 1. 11, c. 11 A kiDg of Lib- 
ya, father to Bacchus. He gave his name to 
the temple of Hammon, according to Diod. 8. 

Ammon and Brothas, two brothers, famous 
for their skill in boxing. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 107. 

Ammonia, a name of Juno in Elis, as being 
the wife of Jupiter Amnion. Paus. 5, c. 15. 

Ammonii, a nation of Africa, who derived 
their origin from the Egyptians and Ethiopi- 
ans. Their language was a mixture of that of 
the two people from whom they were descend- 
ed. Herodot. 2, 3 and 4. 

Ammonius, a christian philosopher, who open- 
ed a school of platonic philosophy at Alexan- 
dria. 232 A. D. and had among bis pupils Ori- 
gen and Plotinus. His treatise Uipi O/uotw 
was published in 4to. by Vaclkenaer, L. Bat. 
1739 A writer who gave an account of sa- 
crifices, as also a treatise on the harlots of 

Athens. Mhen. 13. An Athenian general, 

surnamed Barcas. Polyb. 3. 

Ammothea, one of the Nereides. Hesiod. 
Theog. 

Amnias, a river of Bithynia. Jippian. de 
bell. Mithr. 

Amnisus, a port of Gnossus, at the north of 
Crete, with a small river of the same name, 
near which Lucina had a temple. The nymphs 
of the place were called Amnisiades. Callim. 

Amo2b.eus, an Athenian player of great re- 
putation, who sang at the nuptials of Demetrius 
and Nicaea. Poly<en. 4, c. 6. 

Amometus, a Greek historian. Plin. 6, c. 
17. 

'Amor, the son of Venus, was the god of love. 
Fid. Cupido. 

Amorges, a Persian general, killed in Caria 
in the reign of Xerxes. Herodot. 5, c. 121. 

Amorgos, an island among the Cyclades, 
where Simonides was born. Strab. 10. 

Ampelus, a promontory of Samos. A 

town of Crete, — Macedonia, — Liguria, — -and 

Cyrene. A favourite of Bacchus, son of a 

satyr and a nymph, made a constellation after 
death. Ovid. Fast. 3, v 407. 

Ampelusia, a promontory of Africa, in Mau- 
ritania. Mela, 1, c. 5 and 6. 

Amphea, a city of Messenia, taken by the 
Lacedaemonians. Paus. 4, c. 5. 

Amphialaus, a famous dancer in the island 
of the Phaeacians. Homer. Od. 8. 

Amphianax, a king of Lycia in the time of 
Acrisius and Prcetus. Jlpollod. 2, c. 2. 

Amphiaraus, son of Oicteus, or, according 
to others, of Apollo, by Hypermnestra, was at 
the chase of the Calydonian boar, and accompa- 



nied the Argonauts in their expedition. He was 
famous for his knowledge of futurity, and thence 
he is called by some son of Apollo. He married 
Eriphyle, the sister of Adrastus king of Argos, 
by whom he had two sons, Alctnaeon and Asa- 
philochus. When Adrastus, at the request of 
Polynices, declared war against Theoes, Am- 
phiaraus secreted himself, not to accompany,his 
brother-in-law in an expedition in which he 
knew he was to perish. But Eriphyle, who 
knew where he had concealed himself, was pre- 
vailed upon to betray him by Polynices, who 
gave her, as a reward for her perfidy, a famous 
golden necklace set with diamonds. Amphiaraus 
being thus discovered, went to the war, but pre- 
viously charged his son Aicmason, to put to death 
his mother Eriphyle, as soon as he was informed 
that he was killed. The Theban war was fatal 
to the Argives, and Amphiaraus was swallowed 
up in his chariot by the earth, as he attempted 
to retire from the battle. The news of his 
death was brought to Aicmason, who immedi- 
ately executed his father's command, and mur- 
dered Eriphyle. Amphiaraus received divine 
honours after death, and had a celebrated tem- 
ple and oracle at Oropos in Attica. His statue 
was made of white marble, and near his temple 
was a fountain, whose waters were ever held 
sacred. They only who had consulted his ora- 
cle, or had been delivered from a disease were 
permitted to bathe in it, after which they threw 
pieces of gold and silver into the stream. Those 
who consulted the oracle of Amphiaraus, first 
purified themselves, and abstained from food for 
twenty-four hours, and three days from wine, 
after which they sacrificed a ram to the prophet, 
and spread the skin upon the ground, upon 
which they slept, in expectation of receiving in 
a dream the answer of the oracle. Plutarch de 
orat. defect, mentions, that the oracle of Amphi- 
araus was once consulted in the time of Xerxes, by 
one of the servants of Mardonius, for his master, 
who was then with an army in Greece; and that 
the servant, when asleep, saw in a dream the 
priest of the temple, who upbraided him, and 
drove him away, and even threw stones at his 
head when he refused to comply. This oracle 
was verified in the death of Mardonius, who was 
actually killed by the blow of a stone he receiv- 
ed on the head. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 40. — Phi- 
loslr. in vit. Jlpollon. 2, c. 11. — Homer. Od. 15, 
v. 243, k.c—Hygin. fab. 70, 73, 128 and 150. 
—Diod. 4.— Ovid 9, fab. 10.— Paus. 1, c. 34, 
1. 2, c 37, 1. 9, c. 8 and 19.—Mschyl. Sept. 
ante Theb.—Apollod. 1, c 8 and 9, 1. 3, c 6, 
&c.— Strab. 8. 

Amphiaraides, a patronymic of Alcmaeon,as 
being son of Amphiaraus. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 43. 

Amphicrates, an historan who wrote the 
lives of illustrious men. Diog 

Amphictyon, son of Deucalion and Pvrrha, 
reigned at Athens after Cranaus, and first at- 
tempted to give the interpretation of dreams, - 
and to draw omens. Some say, that the deluge 

happened in his age. Justin. 2, c. 6. The 

son of Helenus, who first established the cele- 
brated council of the Jlmphictyons, composed of 
the wisest and most virtuous men of some cities 
of Greece. This august assembly consisted of 



AM 



AM 



twelve persons, originally sent by the following- 
states: the Ionians, Dorians, Perhaebians, Boeo- 
tians, Magnesians, Phthians, Locrians, Malians, 
Phocians, Thessalians, Dolopes, and the people 
of (Eta. Other cities, in process of time, sent 
also some of their citizens to the council of the 
Amphictyons, and in the age of Antoninus Pius, 
they were increased to the number of thirty. 
They generally met twice every year at Delphi, 
and sometimes sat at Thermopylae. They took 
into consideration all matters of difference which 
might exist between the different states of 
Greece. When the Phocians plundered the 
temple of Delphi, the Amphictyons declared 
war against them, and this war was supported 
by all the states of Greece, and lasted 10 years. 
The Phocians with their allies, the Lacedaemo- 
nians, were deprived of the privilege of sitting 
in the council of the Amphictyons, and the Ma- 
cedonians were admitted in their , place, for 
their services in support of the war. About 60 
years after, when Brennus, with the Gauls, in- 
vaded Greece, the Phocians behaved with such 
courage, that they were reinstated in all their 
former privileges. Before they proceeded to 
business, the Amphictyons sacrificed an ox to 
the god of Delphi, and cut his flesh into small 
pieces, intimating that union and unanimity 
prevailed in the several cities which they repre- 
sented. Their decisions were held sacred and 
inviolable, and even arms were taken up to en- 
force them. Paus. in Photic. &f Jlchaic — Strab. 
8 . — Suidas. — Hesych. — JEschin. 

Amphiclea, a town of Phocis, where Bac- 
chus had a temple. 

Amphidamus, a son of Aleus, brother to Ly- 
curgus. He was of the family of the Inachida?. 

Paus. 8, c. 4. One of the- Argonauts. Flac. 

1. v. 376. A son of Busiris, killed by Her- 
cules. Jtpollod. 2, c, 5. 

Amphidromia, a festival observed by private 
families at Athens, the fifth day after the birth 
of every child. It was customary to inn round 
the fire with a child in their arms; whence the 
name of the festivals. 

Amphigenia, a town of Messenia in Pelo- 
ponnesus. Stat. 4. Theb. v. 178. 

Amphilochus, a son of Amphiaraus and 
Eryphyle. After the Trojan war, he left Argos, 
his native country, and built Amphilochus, a 
town of Epirus. Strab. 7. — Paus. 2. c. 18. 

An Athenian philosopher who wrote upon 

agriculture. Varro de R. R. 1. 

Amphilytus, a soothsayer of Acarnania, who 
encouraged Pisistratus to seize the sovereign 
power of Athens. Herodot. 1, c. 62. 

Amphimache, a daughter of Amphidamus, 
wife of Eurystheus. Jipollod. 2. 

Amphimachus, one of Helen's suitors, son of 
Cteatus. He went to the Trojan war. Jipollod. 

3, c. 10. — Hygin. fab. 97. A son of Actor 

and Theronice. Paus. 5, c. 3. , 

Amphimedon, a Lybian killed by Perseus in 

the court of Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 75. 

One of Penelope's suitors killed by Telemachus. 
Homer. Od. 22, v. 283. 

Amphinome, the name of one of the attend- 
ants of Thetis. Homer. II. 18, v. 44. 



Awphinomus, one of Penelope's suitdio, 
killed by Telemachus. Homer. Od. 16 and 22. 

Amphinomus and Anapius, two brothers, 
who, when Catana and the neighbouring cities 
were in flames, by an eruption from mount 
iEtna, saved their parents upon their shoulders. 
The fire, as it is said, spared them while it con- 
sumed others by their side; and Pluto, to reward 
their uncommon piety, placed them after death 
in the island of Leuce, and they received divine 
honours in Sicily. Val. Max. 5, c. 4. — Strab. 
$. — Ital. 14, v. 197. — Seneca de Benef. 

Amphion, was son of Jupiter, by Antiope 
daughter of Nycteus, who had married Lycus, 
and had been repudiated by him when he mar- 
ried Dirce. Amphion was born at the same 
birth as Zethus, on mount Citheron, where An- 
tiope had fled to avoid the resentment of Dirce; 
and the two children were exposed in the woods, 
but preserved by a shepherd. [Vid Jlntiope.] 
When Amphion grew up, he cultivated poetry, 
and made such an uncommon progress in music, 
that he is said to have been the inventor of it, 
and to have built the walls of Thebes at the 
sound of his lyre. Mercury- taught him music, 
and gave him the lyre. He was the first who 
raised an altar to this god. Zethus and Am- 
phion united to avenge the wrongs which their 
mother had suffered from the cruelties of Dirce. 
They besieged and took Thebes, put Lycus to 
death, and tied his xvife to the tail of a wild bull, 
who dragged her through precipices till she ex- 
pired. The fable of Amphion's moving stones 
and raising the walls of Thebes at the sound of 
his lyre, has been explained by supposing that 
he persuaded, by his eloquence, a wild and un- 
civilized people to unite together and build a 
town to protect themselves against the attacks 
of their enemies. Homer. Od. 11. — Jipoilod. 
3,-c 5. and 10.— Paws. 6, c. 6, 1. 6, c. 20, I. 
9, e. 5. and 17. — Propert. 3, el. 15. — Ovid, de 
Jrt.Jlin.3, v, 323. — Eorat. 3, od. 11. Art- 

Pod. v. 394. Stat: Theb. 1, v. 10. A son of 

Jasus, king of Crchomenos, by Persephone 
daughter of Mius. He married Niobe, daugh- 
ter of Tantalus, by whom he had many chil- 
dren, among whom was Chloris the wife of 
Neleus. He has been confounded by mytholo- 
gists with the son of Antiope, though Homer 
in his Odyssey speaks of them both, and distin- 
guishes them beyond contradiction. The num- 
ber of Amphion's children, according to Ho- 
mer, was 12, six of each sex; according to 
iElian, 20: and according to Ovid, 14, seven 
males and seven females. When Niobe boasted 
herself greater, and more deserving of immor- 
tality than Latona, all her children, except 
Chloris, were destroyed by the arrows of Apollo 
and Diana; Niobe herself was changed into a 
stone, and Amphion killed himself in a fit of 
despair. Homer. Od. 11, v. 261 and 282.— 
JElian. V. H. 12, v. 36.— Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 5. 

One of the Argonauts. Hygin. fab. 14. 

A famous painter and statuary, son of 

Acestcr of Gnossus. Plin. 36, c. 10. One 

of the Greek generals in the Trojan war. 
Homer. It. 13, v. 692. 

Amphipoles, magistrates appointed at Syra- 
cuse, by Timoleon, after the expulsion of Dio- 



AM 



AM 



nysius the younger. The office existed for above 
300 years. Died. 16. 

Amphipolis, a town on the Strymon, between 
Macedonia and Thrace. An Athenian colony 
under Agnon, son of Nicias, drove the ancient 
inhabitants, called Edonians, from the country, 
and built a city, which they called Amphipolis, 
i. e. a town surrounded on all sides, because the 
Strymon flowed all around it. It has been also 
called Acra, Strymon, Myrica, Eion, and the 
town of Mars. It was the cause of many wars 
between the Athenians and Spartans. Thucyd. 
4, c. 102, &c.-~Herodot. 5, c. 126, I. 7, c. 114. 
—LHod. 11, 12, &c— C JYep. in Cim. 

Ampkipyros, a surname of Diana, because 
she carries a torch in both her hands. Sophocles. 
in Track. 

Amphiretus, a man of Acanthus, who artful- 
ly escaped from pirates who had made him pri- 
soner. Poly azn. 6. 

Amphiroe, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 
Theog.v. 361. 

Amphis, a Greek comic poet of Athens, son 
of Amphicrates, contemporary with Plato. Be- 
sides his comedies, he wrote other pieces, which 
are now lost. Suidas. — Diog. 

Amphisb^na, a two-headed serpent in the 
deserts of Libya, whose bite was venomous and 
deadly. Lucan. 9, v. 719. 

Amphissa, or Issa, a daughter of Macareus, 
beloved by Apollo. She gave her name to a 
city of Locris near Phocis, in which was a tem- 
ple of Minerva. Liv, 37, c. 5. — Ovid. Met. 

15, v. 703.— Lucan. 3, v. 172. A town of 

the Brutii on the east coast. 

Amphis sene, a country of Armenia. 

Amphissus, a son of Dryope. Ovid. Met. 
9, fab. 10. 

Amphisthenes, a Lacedaemonian, who fell 
delirious in sacrificing to Diana. Pans. 3, 
c. 16. 

Amphistides, a man so naturally destitute of 
intellects, that he seldom remembered that he 
ever had a father. He wished to learn arith- 
metic, but never could comprehend beyond the 
figure 4. Jlristot. probl. 4. 

Amphistratus and Rhecas, two men of 
Laconia, charioteers to Castor and Pollux. 
Strab. 11. — Justin. 42, c. 3. 

Amphitea, the mother of JEgialeus, by 
Cyanippus, and of three daughters, Argia, 
Deipyle, and iEgialea, by Adrastus king of Ar- 
gos. She was daughter to Pronax. Jlpollod. 

1. The wife of Autolycus, by whom she had 

Anticlea, the wife of Laertes. Homer. Od. 
19, v. 416. 

Amphitheatrum, a large round or oval 
building at Rome, where the people assembled 
to see the combats of gladiators, of wild beasts, 
and other exhibitions. The amphitheatres of 
Rome were generally built with wood; Statilius 
Taurus was the first who made one with stones, 
under Augustus. 

Amphithemis, a Theban general who in- 
volved the Lacedaemonians into a war with his 
country. Plut. in Lys. — Paus. 3, c. 9. 

Amphithoe, one of the Nereides. 

AmphitrIte, daughter of Oceanus and 
Tetbys, married Neptune, though she had made 



a vow of perpetual celibacy. She had by him 
Triton, one of the sea deities. She had a statue 
at Corinth in the temple of Neptune. She is 
sometimes called Salatia, and is often taken for 
the sea itself. Varro. de L. L. 4. — Hedod. 
Theog. 930. — Jlpollod. 3. Claudian de Rapt. 
Pros. 1, v. 104.— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 14— One of 
the Nereides. 

Amphitryon, a Theban prince, son of Al- 
caeus^and Hipponome. His sister Anaxo had 
married Electryon king of Mycenae, whose sons 
were killed in a battle by the I'eleboans. Eiec- 
tryon promised his crown, and daughter Alcme- 
na, to him who could revenge the death o." Ins 
sons upon the Teleboans; and Amphitryon offer- 
ed himself, and was received, on condition that 
he should not approach Alcmena before • had 
obtained a victory. Jupiter, who was capU^^ed 
with the charms of Alcmena, borrowed the fea- 
tures of Amphytryon, when he was gone to the 
war, and introduced himself to Electryon's 
daughter, as her husband returnees victorious. 
Alcmena became pregnant of Hercules, by Ju- 
piter, and of Iphiclus by Amphitryon after his 
return. [Vid. Jllcmena.] When Amphitryon 
returned from the war, he brought back to 
Electryon, the herds which the Teleboans had 
taken from him. One of the cotvs having strayed 
from the rest, Amphitryon, to bring them to- 
gether, threw a stick, which struck the horns of 
the cow, and rebounded with such violence upon 
Electryan, that he died on the spot. After this 
accidental mirder, Sthenelus, Electryon's bro- 
ther, seized the kingdom of Mycenae, and ob- 
liged Amphitryon to leave Argolis and retire to 
Thebes with Alcmena. Creon, king of Thebes, 
purified him of the murder. Jlpollod. 2, c. 4. — 
Virg. JEn. 8, v. 213.— Propert. 4. el. 10, v. 1. 
Hesiod in Scut. Hercul. — Hygin. fab. 29. — 
Paus. 8, c. 14. 

Amphitryoniades, a surname of Hercules, 
as the supposed son of Amphitryon. Virg. JEn. 
8, v. 103. 

Amphitus, a priest of Ceres, at the court of 
Cepheus. Ovid Met. 5, fab. 5. 

Amphoterus, was appointed commander of 
a fleet in the Hellespont by Alexander. Curt. 
3, c. 1. A son of Alcmaeon. 

Amphrysus, a river of Thessaly, near which 
Apollo, when banished from Heaven, fed the 
flocks of king Admetus. From this circumstance 
the god has been called Jlmphryssius, and his 
priestess Jlmphryssia. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 580. — ■ 
Lucan. 6, v. 367.— Virg. G. 3, v. 2. JEn. 6, 
v. 398.— — A river of Phrygia whose waters 
rendered women liable to barrenness. Plin. 
32, c. 2. 

Ampia Labiena Lex was enacted by T. Am- 
pius and A. Labienus, tribunes of the people, 
A. U. C. 693. It gave Pompey the great the 
privilege of appearing in triumphal robes and 
with a golden crown at the Circensian games, 
and with a praetexta and golden crown at the- 
atrical plays. 

Ampracia. [Vid. x^mbracia.] 

Ampysides, a patronymic of Mopsus, son of 
Ampyx. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 316. 

Ampyx, a son of Pelias. Paus. 7, c. 18. • 

A man mentioned by Ovid. Met 5, v. 184. — — 



AM 



AM 



The father of Mopsus. Orph. in Argon. — Paws. 
5, c. 17. 

Amsactus, a lake in the country of the Hir- 
pini, at the east of Capua, whose waters are so 
sulphureous that they infect and destroy what- 
ever animals come near the place. It was 
through this place that Virgil made the fury 
Alecto descend into hell, after her visit to the 
upper regions. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 565. — Cic de 
Div. 1, c. 36. 

Amulius, king of Alba, was son of Procas, 
and youngest brother to Numitor. The crown 
belonged to Numitor by right of birth; but 
Amulius dispossessed him of it, and even put to 
death his son Lausus, and consecrated his 
daughter Rhea Sylvia to the service of Vesta 
to prevent her ever becoming a mother. Yet, 
in spite of all these precautions, Rhea became 
pregnant by the god Mars, and brought forth 
twins, Romulus and Remus. Amulius, who was 
informed of this, ordered the mother to be bu- 
ried aiive for violating the laws of Vesta, which 
enjoined perpetual chastity, and the two chil- 
dren to be thrown into the river. They were 
providentially saved by some shepherds, or, as 
others say, by a she-wolf; and when they had 
attained the years of manhood, they put to death 
the usurper, Amulius, and restored the crown to 
their grandfather. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 67. — Liv. 
1, c. 3 and 4. — Plut. in Romul. — Flor. 1, c. 1. 

— Dionys. Hal. A celebrated painter. Plin. 

35, c. 10. 

Amyci Portus, a place in Pontus, famous for 
the death of Amycus king of the Bebryces. His 
tomb was covered with laurels, whose boughs, 
as is reported, when carried on board a ship, 
caused uncommon dissentions among the sailors. 
Plin. 5, c 32. — Arrian. 

Amycla, a daughter of Niobe, who, with her 
sister Meliboea, was spared by Diana, when her 
mother boasted herself greater than Diana. 

Pans 2, c. 22. Homer says that all the 

daughters perished. //. 24. [ Vid. Niobe.]- 

The nurse of Alcibiades. 

Amycla, a town of Italy between Caietaand 
Tarracina, built by the companions of Castor and 
Pollux. The inhabitants were strict followers 
of the precepts of Pythagoras, and therefore 
abstained from flesh. They were killed by ser- 
pents, which they thought impious to destroy, 
though in their own defence. Plin. 8. c. 29. 
Once a report prevailed in Amyclae, that the 
enemies were coming to storm it; upon which 
the inhabitants made a law, that forbade such 
a report to be credited, and when the enemy 
really arrived, no one mentioned it, oi took up 
arms in his own defence, and the town was easily 
taken. From this circumstance the epithet of 
tacitaz has been given to Amyclae. Virg. JEn. 
10, v. 564.— SyL 8, v. 529.- A city of Pe- 
loponnesus, built by Amyclas. Castor and Pollux 
were born there. The country was famous for 
dogs. Apollo, called Amyclaeus, had a rich and 
magnificent temple there, surrounded with de- 
lightful proves. Paws. 3, c. 18— Stat. Theb. 
4, v. 223.— Strab. 8-— Virg. G. 3, v. 345.— 
Ovid, de Art. Am. 2, v. 5. 

Amyclaeus, a statuary. Pans. 10, c. 13, 

A surname of Apollo. 



Amyclas, son of Lacedaemoh and Sparta; 
built the city of Amyclae. His sister Eurydice 
married Acrisius, king of Argos, by whom she 

had Danae Pans. 3, c. 1, 1. 7, c 18. The 

master of a ship in whi^h Caesar embarked in 
disguise. When Amyclas wished to put back to 
avoid a violent storm, Caesar unveiling his head, 
discovered himself, and bidding the pilot pursue 
his voyage, exclaimed, Cozsarem vehis, Ccesa- 
risque fortimam Lucan. 5, v. 520. 

Amycus. son of Neptune by Melia, or Bi- 
thynis according to others, was king of the Be- 
bryces. He was famous for bis skill in the ma- 
nagement of the cestus, and he challenged all 
strangers to a trial of strength. When the Ar- 
gonauts, in their expedition, stopped on his 
coasts, he treated them with great kindness, and 
Pollux accepted his challenge, and killed him 
when he attempted to overcome him by fraud. 
Apollon. 2. Argon.— Theocrit. Id. 22 —Apol- 
lon. 1, c 9. — —One of the companions of 
JEneas, who almost perished in a stcrm on the 
coast of Africa. He was killed by Turnus. 

Virg. JEn. 1, v. 225, 1. 9, v. 772. Another, 

likewise killed by Turnus. lb. 12, v. 509. 

A son of Ixion and the cloud. Ovid. Met. 12 
v. 245. 

Amydon a city of Paeonia, in Macedonia, 
which sent auxiliaries to Priam during the Tro- 
jan war. Homer. II 2. 

Amymone, daughter of Danaus and Europa, 
married Enceladus, son of Egyptus, whom she 
murdered the first night of her nuptials. She 
wounded a satyr with an arrow which she had 
aimed at a stag. The satyr pursued her, and 
even offered her violence, but Neptune deli- 
vered her. It was said, that she was the only 
one of the 50 sisters who was not condemned 
to fill a leaky tub with water in hell, because 
she had been continually employed, by order of 
her father, in supplying the city of Argos with 
water, in a great drought. Neptune saw her in 
this employment, and was enamoured of her. 
He carried her away, and in the place where 
she stood, he raised a fountain, by striking a 
rock. The fountain has been called Amymone. 
She had Nauplius by Neptune. Propert. 2, el. 
26, v. 46.—Apollod. 2. — Strab. S.—Paus. 2, c. 
37.— Ovid Amor. 1, v. 515.— Hygin. fab. 169. 
A fountain and rivulet of Peloponnesus, 



flowing through Argolis into the lake of Lerna. 
Ovid Met. 2, v. 240. 

Amyntas, 1st, was king of Macedonia after 
his father Alectas. His son Alexander mur- 
dered the ambassadors of Megabyzus for their 
wanton and insolent behaviour to the ladies of 
his father's court. Bubares, a Persian general, 
was sent with an army to revenge the dea^b of 
the ambassadors; but instead of making war, 
he married the king's daughter, and defended 
his possessions. Justin. 7, c. 3. — rHerodot. 5, 

7 and 8 — The second of that name was son 

of Menelaus, and king of Macedonia, after his 
murder of Pausanias. He was expelled by the 
Illyrians, and restored by the Thessalians and 
Spartans. He made war against the Illyrians 
and Olynthians, and lived to a great age. His 
wife Eurydice conspired against his life; but her 
snares were seasonably discovered by one of his 



AN 



AN 



daughters by a former wife. He had Alexander, 
Perdiccas, and Philip, Alexander the great's 
father, by his first wife; and by the other he had 
Archelaus, Aridasus, and Menelaus. He reign- 
ed 24 years; and soon after hi9 death, his son 
Philip murdered all his brothers, and ascended 
the throne. Justin. 7, c. 4 and 9. — Diod. 14, 

&c. — C. Nep. 8{ Plut. in Pelopid. There is 

another king of Macedonia, of the same name, 
but of his life few particulars are recorded in 
history. — — A man who succeeded Dejotarus in 
the kingdom of Gallograecia After his death 
it became a Roman province under Augustus. 

Slrab. 12. One of Alexander's officers, — - 

Another officer who deserted to Darius, and was 
killed as he attempted to seize Egypt. Curt. 

3, c. 9. A son of Antiochus, who withdrew 

himself from Macedonia, because he hated 
Alexander. An officer in Alexander's caval- 
ry. He had two brothers, called Simmas and 
Polemon. He was accused of conspiracy against 
the king, on account of his great intimacy with 
Philotas, and acquitted. Curt. 4, c. 15, 1. 6, 
c. 9, 1 8. c. 12. A shepherd's name in Vir- 
gil's Eclog. A Greek writer who composed 

several works quoted by Athenaeus 10 and 12, 

Amyntianus, an historian in the age of An- 
toninus, who wrote a treatise in commendation of 
Philip, Olympias, and Alexander. 

Amyntor, a king of Argos, son of Phrastor. 
He deprived his son Phoenix of his eyes, to 
punish him for the violence he had offered to 
Clytia, his concubine. Hygin. fab. 173. — 
Ovid. Met. 8, v. 307.— Apollod. 3.— Homer. 11. 

9. A general of the Dolopes. Ovid. Met. 

12, v. 364. A son of ^gyptus, killed by 

Damone the first night of his marriage. Hy- 
gin- fab 170. 

Amyris, a man of Sybaris, who consulted the 
oracle of Delphi concerning the probable dura- 
tion of his country's prosperity, &c. 

Amyricus Campus, a plain of Thessaly. 
Polyb. 3. 

Amyrius, a king by wham Cyrus was killed 
in a battle. Ctesias. 

Amyrus, a town of Thessaly. A river 

mentioned by Val. Flacc. 2, v. 11. 

Amystis, a river of India, falling into the 
Ganges. Jlrrian in Indie. 

Amythaon, a son of Cretheus, king of Iol- 
chos, by Tyro. He married Idomene, by whom 
he had Bias and Melampus. After his father's 
death, he established himself in Messenia, with 
his brother Neleus, and re-established or regu- 
lated the Olympic games — Melampus is called 
Jlmythaonius, from his father Amythaon. Virg. 
G 3, v 550 —Diod. 4. Apollod. I.— Homer 

Od. 11. A son of Hippasus, who assisted 

Priam in the Trojan war, and was killed by 
Lycomedes. Homer. II. 17. 

Amytis, a daughter of Astyages, whom Cy- 
rus married. Ctesias A daughter of Xerxes, 

who married Megabyzus, and disgraced herself 
by her debaucheries. 

Anaces or Anactes, a name given to Cas- 
tor and Pollux among the Athenians. Their 
festivals were called Anaceia. Plut. in Tlies. 
Cic. JV. D. 3, c. 21. 

Anacharsis, a Scythian philosopher, 592 

L 



B. C. who, on account of his wisdom, temper- 
ance, and extensive knowledge, has been called 
one of the seven wise men. Like bis country- 
men, he made use of a cart instead of a house. 
He was wont to compare laws to cobwebs, 
which can stop only small flies, and are unable 
to ^resist the superior force of large 'insects. 
When he returned to Scythia, from Atheus, 
where he had spent some time in study, and in 
the friendship of Solon, he attempted to intro- 
duce there the laws of the Athenians, which so 
irritated his brother, who was then on the throne, 
that he killed him with an arrow. Anacharsis 
has rendered himself famous among the ancients 
by his writings, and his poems on war, the laws 
of Scythia, &c. Two of his letters to Croesus 
and Hauno are still extant. Later authors have 
attributed to him the invention of tinder, of an- 
chors, and of the potter's wheel. The name of 
Anacharsis is become very famiiiar to modern 
ears, by that elegant, valuable, and truly classi- 
cal work of Barthelemi, called the travels of 
Anacharsis. Herodot. 4, c. 46, 47 and 48. — 
Plut in Conviv. — Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 32. — Strab 7. 

Anacium, a mountain with a temple, sa- 
cred to the Anaces in Peloponnesus. Poly<en. 
1, c. 21. 

Anacreon, a famous lyric poet of Teos, in 
Ionia, highly favoured by Poiycrates and Hip- 
parchiis, son of Pisistratus. He was of a las- 
civious and intemperate disposition, much given 
to drinking, and deeply enamoured of a youth 
called Bathylus. His odes are still extant, and 
the uncommon sweetness and elegance of his 
poetry have been the admiration of every age 
and country- He lived to his 85th year, and 
after every excess of pleasure and debauchery, 
choked himself with a grape stone, and expired. 
Plato says, that he was descended from an illus- 
trious family, and that Codrus, the last king of 
Athens, was one of his progenitors. His statue 
was placed in the citadel of Athens, represent- 
ing him as an old drunken man, singing, with 
every mark of dissipation and intemperance. 
Anacreon flourished 532 B C. All that he- 
wrote is not extant; his odes were first published 
by H. Stephens, with an elegant translation. 
The best editions of Anacreon are, that of 
Maittaire, 4to. London, 1725, of which only one 
hundred copies were printed, and the very cor- 
rect one of Barnes, 12mo. Cantab. 1721, to 
which may be added that of Brunck, 12mo. 
Argeutor, 1778. Paus. 1, c. 2, 25 — Strab. 
14. — JElian. V. H. 9, c. 4. — Cic. in Tusc. 4, c. 
33.— Horat. epod. 14, v. 20.— Plin. 7, c. 7.— 
Herodot.2, c. 121. 

Anactoria and Anactorhjm, a town of Epi- 
rus, in a peninsula towards the gulf of Ambra- 
cia. It was founded by a Corinthian colony, 
and was the cause of many quarrels between 
the Corcyreans and Corinthians. — Augustus 
carried the inhabitants to the city of Nicopolis, 
after the battle of Actium. Strab. 10. — Tliucyd. 
1, c. 55.— Plin 4, c. 1, 1, 5, c. 29. An an- 
cient name of Miletus. 

Anactorie, a woman of Lesbos, wantonly 
loved by Sappho. Ovid Her. 15, v. 17. 

Anadyomene, a valuable painting of Venus, 
represented as rising from the sea, by Apelles. 



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Augustus bought it, and placed it in the temple 
of J. Caesar. The lower part of it was a little 
defaced, and there were found no painters in 
Rome, able to repair it. Plin. 35, c. 10. 

Anagnia, now Jlnagni, a city of the Her- 
nici in Latium, where Antony struck a medal 
when he divorced Octavia, and married Cleo- 
patra. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 684.— Strab. b.—Ital. 
8, v 392 

Anagogia, a festival celebrated by the people 
of Eryx in Sicily, in honour of Venus. JElian. 
V.H. 1, c. 15. H. A. 4. c 2. 

Anagvrontum, a small village of Attica. 
Herodot. 

Anaitis, a goddess of Armenia. The vir- 
gins who were consecrated to her service, es- 
teemed themselves more dignified by public 
prostitution. The festivals of the deity were 
called Sacarum Festa; and when they were cele- 
brated, both sexes assisted at the ceremony, and 
inebriated themselves to such a degree, that the 
whole was concluded by a scene of the great- 
est lasciviousness and intemperance. They 
were first instituted by Cyrus, when he marched 
against the Sacae, and covered tables, with the 
most exquisite dainties, that he might detain the 
enemy by the novelty and sweetness of food to 
which they were unaccustomed, and thus easily 

destroy them. Slrab. 11 Diana is also 

worshipped under this name by the Lydians. 
Plin. 33, c. 4. 

Ananias, an Iambic poet. Jlthen. 

Anaphe, an island that rose out of the Cretan 
sea, and received this name from the Argonauts, 
who, in the middle of a storm, suddenly saw the 
new moon. Apollo was worshipped there, and 
called Anaphaeus. Jlpollonius. 

Anaphlystus, a small village of Attica, near 
the sea, called after an ancient hero of the same 
name, who was son of Trcezen. A small vil- 
lage near Athens. 

Anapus, a river of Epirus. Thucyd 2, c. 82. 
Of Sicily, near Syracuse. Id. 6, c 96. 

Anartes, a people of lower Pannonia. Cces. 
bell. G c. 25. 

Anas, a river of Spain, now called Gaudiana. 
Strab 3. 

Anatole, one of the Horae. JBygin. fab. 

183. -A mountain near the Ganges, where 

Apollo ravished a nymph called Anaxibia. 

Anauchidas, a Samian wrestler. Paus. 5, 
C 27 

Anaurus, a river of Thessaly, near the foot 
of mount Pelion, where Jason lost one of his 

sandals. Callim. in Dian. A river of Troas 

near Ida. Coluth. 

Anausis, one of Medea's suitors, killed by 
Styrus. Val. Flacc.G, v. 43. 

Anax, a son of Ccelus and Terra, father to 
Asterius, from whom Miletus has been called 
Anactoria. Paus.. I, c- 36, 1. 7, c. 2. 

Anaxagoras, succeeded his father, Mega- 
penthes, on the throne of Argos. v He shared 
the sovereign power with Bias and Melampus, 
who had cured the women of Argos of madness. 

Paus. 2, c. 18. A Clazomenian philosopher, 

son of Hegesibulus, disciple to Anaximenes, and 
preceptor to Socrates, and Euripides. He dis- 
regarded wealth and honours, to indulge his 



fondness for meditation and philosophy. He 
applied himself to astronomy, was acquainted 
with eclipses and predicted, that one day a stone 
would fall from the sun, which it. is said really 
fell into the river iEgos. Anaxagoras travelled 
into Egypt for improvement, and used to say 
that he preferred a grain of wisdom to heaps of 
gold. Pericles was in the number of his pupils, 
and often consulted him in matters of state; and 
once dissuaded him from starving himself to 
death. The ideas of Anaxagoras, concerning 
the heavens, were wild and extravagant. He 
supposed that the sun was inflammable matter, 
about the bigness of Peloponnesus; and that the 
moon was inhabited. The heavens he believed 
to be of stone, and the earth of similar materi- 
als He was accused of impiety, and condemned 
to die; but he ridiculed the sentence, and said it 
had long been pronounced upon him by nature. 
Being asked whether his body should be carried 
into his own country, be answered, no, as the 
road that led to the other side of the grave was 
as long from one place as the other. His scho- 
lar, Pericles, pleaded eloquently and successful- 
ly for him, and the sentence of death was ex- 
changed for banishment. In prison, the philo- 
sopher is said to have attempted to square the 
circle, or determine exactly the proportion of its 
diameter to the circumference. When the peo- 
ple of Lampsacus asked him, before his death, 
whether he wished any thing to be done in com- 
memoration of him, Yes, says he, let the boys 
be allowed to play on the anniversary of my 
death. This was carefully observed, and that 
time, dedicated to relaxation, was called Anax- 
agoreia. He died at Lampsacus in his seventy- 
second year, 428 B. C. His writings were not 
much esteemed by his pupil Socrates. Diog. in 
Vita. — Plut. in Nicia&f Pericl. — Cic. Acad. Q. 

4, c. 23.— Tusc. 1, c. 43. A statuary of 

iEgina. Paus. 5, c. 23. A grammarian, 

disciple to Zenodotus." Diog. An orator, 

disciple to Socrates. Diog, A son of Eche- 

anax, who, with his brothers Codrus and Dio- 
dorus, destroyed Hegesias, tyrant of Ephesus. 

Anaxander, of the family of the Heraclida?, 
was son of Eurycrates, and king of Sparta. 
The second Messenian war began in his reign, ' 
in which Aristomenes so egregiously signalized 
himself. His son was called Eurycrates. He- 
rodot. 7, c. 204. — Plut. in Jlpoph. — Paus. 3, c. 
3, 1. 4, c. 15 and 16. A general of Mega- 
lopolis, taken by the Thebans. 

Anaxandrides, son of Leon, and father to 
Cleomenes 1st, and Leonidas, was king of 
Sparta. By the order of the Ephori he divorced 
his wife, of whom he was extremely fond, on ac- 
count of her barrenness; and he was the first 
Lacedaemonian who had two wives. Herodot. 
1, 5 and 7. — Plut. in Jlpoph. 1. — Paws. 3, c. 3, 

&c A son of Theopompus. Herodot. 8, c. 

131. A comic poet of Rhodes, in the age of 

Philip and Alexander. He was the first poet 
who introduced intrigues and rapes upon the 
stage. He was of such a passionate disposition 
that he tore to pieces all his compositions which 
met with no success. He composed about a 
hundred plays, of which ten obtained the prize. 
Some fragments of his poetry remain in Athe* 



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nseus. He was starved to death by order of the 

Athenians, for satirizing their government. 

Bristol. 3, Rhet. 

Anaxarchus, a philosopher of Abdera, one 
of the followers of Democritus, and the friend 
of Alexander. When the monarch had been 
wounded in a battle, the philosopher pointed to 
the place, adding, that is human blood, and not 
the blood of a god. The freedom of Anaxarchus 
offended Nicocreon, and after Alexander's death, 
the tyrant, in revenge, seized the philosopher, 
and pounded him in a stone mortar with iron 
hammers. He bore this with much resignation, 
and exclaimed, " Pound the body of Anaxar- 
chus, for thou dost not pound his soul." Upon 
this, Nicocreon threatened to cut his tongue, 
and Anaxarchus bit it off with his teeth, and 
spit it out into the tyrant's face. Ovid, in lb. 
v. 571. — Pint, in Symp. 7. — Diog. in Vitd. — 

Cic. in Tusc. 2, c. 22. A Theban general. 

Thucyd. 8, c. 100. 

Anaxarete, a girl of Salamis, who so arro- 
gantly despised the addresses of Iphis, a youth 
of ignoble birth, that the lover hung himself at 
her door. She saw this sad spectacle without 
emotion or pity, and was changed into a stone. 
Ovid. Met. 14, v. 748. 

ANAXENOR,'a musician, whom Antony great- 
ly honoured, and presented with the tribute of 
four cities. Strab. 14. 

Anaxias, a Theban general. Pans. 2, c. 
22. 

Anaxibia, a sister of Agamemnon, mother of 
seven sons and two daughters by Nestor. Paus. 

2,c. 29.- A daughter of Bias, brother to the 

physician Melampus. She married Pelias, king 
of Iolchos, by whom she had Acastus, and four 
daughters, Pisidice, Pelopea, Hippothoe, and 

Alceste. Apollod. 1, c. 9. She is called 

daughter of Dymas, by Hygin. fab. 14. 

Anaxicrates, an Athenian archon. Paus. 
10, c. 23. 

Anaxidamus, succeeded his father Zeuxida- 
mus on the throne of Sparta. Paus. 3, c. 7, 1. 
4, c. 15. 

Anaxilas and Anaxilaus, a Messenian, ty- 
rant of Rhegium. He took Zancle, and was so 
mild and popular during his reign, that when 
he died, 476 B. C. he left his infant sons to the 
care of one of his servants, and the citizens 
chose rather to obey a slave than revolt from 
their benevolent sovereign's children. Justin. 
3, c. 2.— Paws. 4, c. 23, 1. 5, c. 27.— Thucyd. 

6, c. b.—Herodot. 6, c. 23, 1. 7, c. 167. A 

magician of Larissa, banished from Italy by 

Augustus. A Pythagorean philosopher . 

A physician. Plin. 19, c. 1. An historian, 

who began his history with bitter invectives 

against former writers. Dionys. Hal. A 

Lacedaemonian. Plut. Alcib. A comic wri- 
ter, about the 100th olympiad. 

Anaxilides, wrote some treatises concerning 
philosophers, and mentioned that Plato's mother 
became pregnant by a phantom of the god 
Apollo, from which circumstance her son was 
called the prince of wisdom. Diog. in Plut. 

Anaximander, a Milesian philosopher, the 
companion and disciple of Thales. He was the 
first who constructed spheres, asserted that the 



earth was of a cylindrical form, and thought 
that men were born of earth and water mixed 
together, and heated by the beams of the sun; 
that the earth moved, and that the moon receiv- 
ed light from the sun, which he considered as a 
circle of fire, like a wheel, about twenty-eight 
times bigger than the earth. He made the first 
geographical maps and sun dials. He died in 
the 64th year of his age, B. C. 547. Cic. 
Acad. Qwest 4, c. ST.— Diog. in Vit. — Plin. 
2, c 79. Plut. Ph. He had a son who bore 
his name. Strab. 1. 

Anaximenes, a philosopher, son of Erasistra- 
tus, and disciple of Anaximander, whom he suc- 
ceeded in his school. He said that the air was 
the cause of every created being, and a self-ex- 
istent divinity, and that the sun, the moon, and 
the stars, had been made from the earth. He 
considered the earth as a plain, and the heavens 
as a solid concave figure, on which the stars 
were fixed like nails, an opinion prevalent at 
that time, and from which originated the pro- 
verb, t/ n ovpav(§r iy.7ricrct, if the heavens 
should fall? to which Horace has alluded, 3 
Od. 3, v. 7. He died 504 years B. C. Cic. 
Acad. Qwest. 4, c. 37, de Nat. D. 1, c. 10. 

Plut. Ph.— PUn. 2, c 76. A native of 

Lampsacus, son of Aristocles. He was pupil to 
Diogenes, the Cynic, and preceptor to Alexan- 
der the Great, of whose life, and that of Philip, 
he wrote the history. When Alexander, in a 
fit of anger, threatened to put to death all the 
inhabitants of Lampsacus, because they had 
maintained a long siege against him, Anaxime- 
nes was sent by his countrymen to appease the 
king, who, as soon as he saw him, swore he 
would not grant the favour he was going to ask. 
Upon this, Anaximenes, begged the king to de- 
stroy the city and enslave the inhabitants, and 
by this artful request the city of Lampsacus 
was saved from destruction. Besides the life 
of Philip and his son, he wrote a history of 
Greece in 12 books, all now lost. His nephew 
bore the same name, and wrote an accouut of 
ancient paintings. Paus. 6, c. 18. — Val. Max. 
7. c. 3. Diog. in Vit. 

Anaxipolis, a comic poet of Thasos. Plki, 

14, c. 14. A writer on agriculture, likewise 

of Thasos. 

Anaxippus, a comic writer in the age of 
Demetrius. He used to say that philosophers 
were wise only in their speeches, but fools in 
their actions. Jlthen. 

Anaxirrhoe, a daughter of Coronus, who 
married Epeus. Paus. 5, c. 1. 

Anaxis, a Boeotian historian, who wrote a 
history down to the age of Philip, son of Amyn- 
tas. Diod. 25. A son of Castor and Hilaira. 

Anaxo, a virgin of Trcezene carried away 

by Theseus. Plut. in Thess. A daughter of 

Alceus, mother of Alcrnene by Eieelryon. 

Ancjeus, the son of Lycurgus and Antinoe, 
was in the expedition of the Argonauts. He 
was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, in 
which he perished. Hygin. fab. 173 and 248. — 

Ovid. Met. 8. The son of Neptune and 

Astypalaea. He went with the Argonauts, and 
succeeded Tiphis as pilot of the ship Argo. He 
reigned in Ionia, where he married Samia, 



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daughter of the Maeander, by whom he had four I 
sons, Perilas, Enudas, Samus, Aiithersus, and 
one daughter called Parthenope. Orpheus Jir- 
gon. He was once told by one of his servants, 
whom he pressed with hard labour in his vine- 
yard, that he never would taste of the produce 
of his vines. He had already the cup in bis 
hand, and called the prophet to convince him of 
his falsehood; when the servant, yet firm in his 
prediction, uttered this well known proverb, 
TIoKXet /uirtt^u mxa kv\ik(& km %itxt<§f 

ctxpou. 
JWulta cadunt inter calicem supremaque lahra. 
And that very moment Anceus was told that a 
wild boar had entered his vineyard; upon which 
he threw down the cup, and ran to drive away 
the wild beast. He was killed in the attempt. 

Ancalites, a people of Britain, near the 
Trinobantes. Cces. Bell G. 5, c. 21. 

Ancakius, a god of the Jews. Vid. Jlnchia' 
lus. 

Ancharia, a family of Rome. — — The name 
of Octavia's mother. Pint, in Jlnton. 

Ancharius, a noble Roman killed by the 
partizans of Marius during the civil wars with 
Sylla. Plut. in Mario. 

Anchemolus, son of Rhoetus, king of the 
Marrubii in Italy, ravished his mother-in-law, 
Casperia, for which he was expelled by his fa- 
ther. He fled to Turnus, and was killed by 
Pallas, son of Evander in the wars of iEneas 
against the Latins. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 389. 

Anchesites, a wind which blows from An- 
chisa, a harbour of Epirus. Cic. ad Jittic. 7, ep. 
1. — Dionys. Hal. 

Anchesmus, a mountain of Attica, where Ju- 
piter Jlnchesmius has a statue. 

Anchiale and Anchiala, a city on the sea 
coast of Cilicia. Sardanapalus, the last king 
of Assyria, built it with Tarsus in its neighbour- 
hood, in one day. Strab. 14. — Plin. 5, c. 27. 
The founder was buried there, and had a statue, 
under which was a famous inscription in the 
Syrian language, denoting the great intemper- 
ance and dissipation which distinguished all his 
life. There was a city of the same name in 
Thrace, called by Ovid the city of Apollo. 
There was another in Epirus. Ovid. Trist. 1, 
el. 10, v. 36.— P/m. 4, c. 11 —Mela, 2, c. 2. 

Anchialus, a famous astrologer. A great 

warrior, father of Mentes. One of the Pha> 

acians. Homer. Od. A god of the Jews, as 

some suppose, in MartiaVs epigrams, 11 ep. 95. 

Anghimolius, a Spartan general sent against 
the Pisistratidae, and killed in the expedition. 

Herodot. 5, c. 63. A son of Rhoetus. Vid. 

Anchemolus. 

Anchinoe, daughter of Nilus, and wife of 
Belus. Jipollod. 2, c. 1. 

Anchion. Vid. Chion. 

Anchise, a city of Italy. Dionys. Hal. 

Anchises, a son of Capys by Themis, daugh- 
ter of Has He was of such a beautiful com- 
plexion, that Venus came down from heaven on 
mount Ida, in the form of a nymph, to enjoy 
his company. The goddess became pregnant, 
and forbade Anchises ever to mention the fa- 
vours he had received, on pain of being struck 
vyith thunder. The child which Venus brought 



forth, was called iEneas; he was educated as 
soon as born, by the nymphs of Ida, and, when 
of a proper age, was intrusted to the care of 
Chiron the Centaur. When Troy was taken, 
Anchises was become so infirm that iEneas, to 
whom the Greeks permitted to take away what- 
ever he esteemed most, carried him through the 
flames upon his shoulders, and thus saved his 
life. He accompanied his son in his voyage to- 
wards Italy, and died in Sicily in the 80th year 
of his age. He was buried on mount Eryx, by 
iEneas and Acestes, king of the eountry, and 
the anniversary of his death was afterwards ce- 
lebrated by his son and the Trojan son his tomb. 
Some authors have maintained that Anchises 
had forgot the injunctions of Venus, and boasted 
at a feast, that he enjoyed her favours on mount 
Ida, upon which he was killed with thunder. 
Others say, that the wounds he received from 
the thunder were not mortal, and that they only 
weakened and disfigured his body. Virgil, in 
the sixth book of the iEneid, introduces him in 
the Elysian fields, relating to his son the fates 
that were to attend him, and the fortune of his 
descendants the Romans. [Vid. iEneas.] Virg. 
JEn. 1, 2, &c.—Hygin. fab. 94, 254, 260, 270. 
— Hesiod Theog. v. 1010. — Jipollod. 3.— Ovid 
Fast. 4, v. 34. Homer II. 20. fy Hymn, in Ve- 
ner. — Xenoph. Cyneg. c. 1. Dionys. Hal. 1. de 
Jlntiq. Rom. — Pausanias. 8, c. 12, says, that 
Anchises was buried on a mountain in Arcadia, 

which, from him, has been called Anchisia. 

An Athenian archon. Dionys. Hal. 8. 

Anchisia, a mountain of Arcadia, at the bot- 
tom of which was a monument of Anchises. 
Paas. 8, c. 12 and 13. 

Anchisiades, a patronymic of iEneas, as 
being son of Anchises. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 348, 
&c. 

Anchoe, a place near the mouth of the Ce- 
phisus, where there is a lake of the same name. 
Strab. 

Anchora, a fortified place in Galatia. 

Anchurus, a son of Midas, king of Phrygia, 
who sacrificed himself for the good of his coun- 
try, when the earth had opened and swallowed 
up many buildings. The oracle had been con- 
sulted, and gave for answer, that the gulf would 
never close, if Midas did not throw into it what- 
ever he had most precious Though the king 
had parted with many things of immense value, 
yet the gulf continued open, till Anchurus, 
thinking himself the most precious of his father's 
possessions, took a tender leave of his wife and 
family, and leaped into the earth, which closed 
immediately over his head. Midas erected 
there an altar of stones to Jupiter, and that al- 
tar was the first object which he turned to 
gold, when he had received his fatal gift from 
the gods. This unpolished lump of gold existed 
still in the age of Plutarch. Plut. in Parall. 

Ancile and Ancyle, asaCred shield, which, 
according to the Roman authors, fell from hea- 
ven in the reign of Numa, when the Roman 
people laboured under a pestilence. Upon the 
preservation of this shield depended the fate of* 
the Roman empire, and therefore Numa ordered 
eleven of the same size and form to be made, 
that if ever any attempt was made to carry them 



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tway, the plunderer might find it difficult to 

distinguish the true one. They were made with 
such exactness, that the king promised Veterius 
Mainurius, the artist, whatever reward he desi- 
red. [Vid. Mamurius ] They were kept in 
the temple of Vesta, and an order of priests was 
chosen to watch over their safety. These priests 
were called Salii, and were twelve in number; 
they carried every year, on the first of March, 
the shields in a solemn procession round the 
walls of Rome, dancing and singing praises to 
the god Mars. This sacred festival continued 
three days, during which, every important busi- 
ness was stopped. It was deemed unfortunate 
to be married on those days, or to undertake any 
expedition, and Tacitus in 1 Hist, has attributed 
the unsuccessful campaign of the emperor Otho 
against Vitellius, to bis leaving Rome during 
the celebration of the Ancyliorum feslum. These 
two verses of Ovid explain the origin of the word 
Ancyle, which is applied to these shields: 
Idque aneyle vocat, quod ab omni parte red- 
sum est, 
Quemque notes oculis, angulus omnis abest. 
Fust. 3, v. 337, &c 
Varro de L. L. 5, c. 6. — Val. Max. 1, c. 1. — 
Juv. 2, v. 124.— Plut in Num.—Virg. Mn. 8, 
v. 664.— Dioriys. Hal. 2.—Liv 1, c. 20. 

Ancon and Ancona, a town of Picenum, 
built by the Sicilians, with a harbour in the form 
of a crescent or elbow, (dyx m ) on tne shores 
of the Adriatic. Near this place is the famous 
chapel of Loretto, supposed by monkish histori- 
ans to have been brought through the air by 
angels, August 10, A. D. 1291, from Judaea, 
where it was a cottage, inhabited by the virgin 
Mary. The reputed sanctity of the place has 
often brought 100,000 pilgrims in one day to 
Loretto. Plin. 3, c. 13.— Lucan. 2, v. 402. — 
ltal. 8, v. 437. 

Ancus Martius, the 4th king of Rome, was 
grandson to Numa, by his daughter. He waged 
a successful war against the Latins, Veientes, 
Fidenates, Volsci, and Sabines, and joined 
mount Janiculum to the city by a bridge, and 
enclosed mount Martius and the Aventine with- 
in the walls of the city. He extended the con- 
fines of the Roman territories to the sea, where 
he built the town of Ostia, at the mouth of the 
Tiber. He inherited the valour of Romulus 
with the moderation of Numa. He died B. C. 
616, after a reign of 24 years, and was succeed- 
ed by Tarquin the elder. Dionys. Hal. 3, c. 9. 
— Liv. 1, c. 32, &c.— Flor. 1, c, 4.— Virg. 
Aln. 6, v. 815. 

Ancyr^e, a town of Sicily. A town of 

Phrygia. Paus. 1. 

And a, a city of Africa. Polyb. 
Andabat.e, certain gladiators who fought 
blindfolded, whence the proverb, Andabatarum 
more, to denote rash and inconsiderate measures 
Cic. 6, ad Famil. ep. 10. 

Andakia, a city of Arcadia, where Aristo- 
menes was educated. Paus. 4, c. 1, &c It 
received its name from a gulf of the same name. 
Id. 4, c. 33. 

Andegavia, a country of Gaul, near the 
Turones and the ocean. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 41. 
Andera, a town of Phrygia. 



Andes, a nation among the Celtae, now An' 

jou. Cos. 2, Bell. Gall- c. 35. A village 

of Italy, near Mantua, where Virgil was born, 
hence Andinus. Ital. 8, v. 595. 

Andocides, an Athenian orator, son of Leo- 
goras. He lived in the age of Socrates, the 
philosopher, and was intimate with the most il- 
lustrious men of his age. He was often banish- 
ed, but his dexterity always restored him to fa- 
vour.. Pint, has written his life in 10 orat. 
Four of his orations are extant. 

Andomatis, a river of India, falling into the 
Ganges. Jlrrian. 
AndRjEbion, the father of Thoas. Hygin. 

fab. 97. The son-in-law and successor of 

(Eneus. Apollod. 1. 

Andragathius, a tyrant, defeated bv Gra- 
tian, A. D. 383, &c 

Andragathus, a man bribed by Lysimachus 
to betray his country, &c. Polyain. 4, c. 12. 

Andragoras, a man who died a sudden 
death Martial 6, ep. 53. 

Andramyles, a king of Lydia, who castra- 
ted women, and made use of them as eunuchs. 
Athen. 

Andreas, a statuary of Argos. Paus. 6, c. 
16. A man of Panormuni, who wrote an ac- 
count of all the remarkable events that had hap- 
pened in Sicily. Athen. A son of the Pene- 

us. Part of Boeotia, especially where Orcho- 
menos was built, was called Andreis after him, 
Paus. 9, c. 34, &c. 

Andriclus, a mountain of Cilicia. Strab. 

14. A river of Troas, falling into the Sca- 

mander. Plin. 5, c. 21. 

Andriscus, a man who wrote a history of 
Naxos. Athen. 1. A worthless person call- 
ed Pseudophilippus, on account of the likeness 
of his features to king Philip. He incited the 
Macedonians to revolt against Rome, and was 
conquered and led in triumph by Metellus, 152 
B. C. Flor. 2, c. 14. 

Androbius, a famous painter. Plin. 35, c. 
11. 

Androclea, a daughter of Antipcenus, of 
Thebes. She, with her sister Alcida, sacrificed 
herself in the service of her country, when the 
oracle had promised the victory to her country- 
men, who were engaged in a war against Or- 
chomenos, if any one of noble birth devoted 
himself for the glory of his nation. Antipcenus 
refused to do it, and his daughters cheerfully 
accepted it, and received great honours after 
death Hercules, who fought on the side of 
Thebes., dedicated to them the image of a lion 
in the temple of Diana. Paus. 9, c. 17. 
Androcles, a son of Phintas, who reigned 

in Messenia. Pavs. 4, c. 5, &c. A man 

who wrote a history of Cyprus. 

Androclides, a noble Theban who defended 
the democratical, against the encroachments of 
the oligarchical power. He was killed by one 

of his enemies. A sophist in the age of Au- 

relian, who gave an account of philosophers. 

Androclus, a son of Codrus, who reigned 
in Ionia, and took Ephesus and Samos. Paus. 
7, c. 2. 

Androcydes, a physician, who wrote the fol- 
lowing letter to Alexander: — Vinxvni potaturus y 



AN 



AN 



Rex, memento, te bibere sanguinem terra Sicuti 
venenum est homini cicala, sic el vinum. Plin. 
14, c. 5. 

Androdamus. Fid. Androdamas. 

Androdus, a slave known and protected in 
the Roman circus, by a lion whose foot he had 
cured. Gell. 5, c. 15. 

Androgeos, a Greek, killed by JEneas and 
his friends, whom he took to be his countrymen. 
Virg.JSEn. 2, v. 371. 

Androgeus, son of Minos and Pasipha?, was 
famous for his skill in wrestling. He overcame 
every antagonist at Athens, and became such a 
favourite of the people, that iEgeus king of the 
country grew jealous of his popularity, and 
caused him to be assassinated as he was going 
to Thebes. Some say that he was killed by the 
wild bull of Marathon. Minos declared war 
against Athens to revenge the death of his son, 
and peace was at last re-established on condi- 
tion tbatiEgeus sent yearly seven boys and seven 
girls from Athens to Crete to be devoured by the 
minotaur. [ Fid. Minotaurus.] The Athenians 
established festivals by order of Minos, in honour 
of his son, and called them Androgeia. Hygin. 
fab. 41.— Diod. 4— Fir. Mn. 6, v. 20.— Pans. 
1, c. 1 and 27 .—Spoiled. 2, c. 5, 1. 3, c. 1 and 
15. — Plut. in Thes. 

Androgynes, a fabulous nation of Africa, 
beyond the Nasamones. Every one of them 
bore the characteristics of the male and female 
sex; and one of their breasts was that of a man, 
and the other that of a woman. Lucret. 5, v. 
837 — Plin 7, c. 2. 

Andromache, a daughter of Eetion, king of 
Thebes in Cilicia, married Hector son of Priam, 
king of Troy, by whom she had Astyanax. She 
was so fond of her husband, , that she even fed 
his horses with hei own hand. During the Tro- 
jan war she remained at home employed in her 
domestic concerns. Her parting with Hector, 
who was going to a battle, in which he perished, 
has always been deemed the best, most tender 
and pathetic of all the passages in Homer's 
Iliad. She received the news of her husband's 
death with extreme sorrow; and after the taking 
of Troy, she had tbe misfortune to see her only 
son Astyanax, after she had saved him from the 
flames, thrown headlong from the walls of the 
city, by the hands of the man whose father had 
killed her husband. — (Senec. in Troad.) An- 
dromache, in the division of tbe prisoners by the 
Greeks, fell to the share of Neoptolemus, who 
treated her as his wife, and carried her to Epirus. 
He had by her three sons, Molossus, Piclus, and 
Pergamus, and afterwards repudiated her. After 
this divorce she married Helenus son of Priam, 
who, as herself, was a captive of Pyrrhus. She 
reigned with him over part of the country, and 
became mother by him of Cestrinus. Some say 
that Astyanax was killed by Ulysses, and Euri- 
pides says that Menelaus put him to death. 
Homer. II. 6, 22 and 24.— Q. Calab. l.— Firg. 
Mn. 3, v. 486.— Hygin. fab. 123.— Dares 
Phryg. — Ovid. Am. 1, el. 9, v. 35, Trist. 5, 
el. 6, v. 43.— rfpollod. 3, c. 12.— Pans. 1, 
c. 11. 

Andromachidee, a nation who presented to 
their king all the virgins who were of nubile 



years, and permitted him to use them as he 
pleased. 

Andromachus, an opulent person of Sicily, 
father to the historian Timaeus. Diod. 16. He 
assisted Timoleon in recovering the liberty of 

the Syracusans. A general of Alexander, 

to whom Parmenio gave the government of 
Syria. He was burnt alive by the Samaritans. 

Curt. 4, c. 5 and 8. An officer of Seleucus 

the younger. Poly&n. 4. A poet of By- 
zantium. — -A physician of Crete in the age of 

Nero A sophist of Naples, in the age of 

Dioclesian. 

. Andromadas or Androdamus, a native of 
Rhegium, who made laws for the Thracians 
concerning the punishment of homicide, &c. 
Jlristot. 

Andromeda, a daughter of Cepheus, king 
of ^Ethiopia, by Cassiope. She was promised 
in marriage to Phineus, her uncle, when Nep- 
tune drowned the kingdom, and sent a sea mon- 
ster to ravage the country, because Cassiope 
had boasted herself fairer than Juno and the 
Nereides. The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was 
consulted, and nothing could stop the resent- 
ment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not ex- 
posed to the sea monster. She was accordingly 
tied naked on a rock, and at the moment that 
the monster was going to devour her, Perseus, 
who returned through the air from the conquest 
of the Gorgons, saw her, and was captivated 
with her beauty. He promised to deliver her 
and destroy the monster, if he received her in 
marriage as a reward for his trouble. Cepheus 
consented, and Perseus changed the sea monster 
into a rock, by showing him Medusa's head, and 
untied Andromeda and married her. He had 
by her many children, among whom were 
Sthenelus, Ancaeus, and Electryon. The mar- 
riage of Andromeda with Perseus was opposed 
by Phineus, who after a bloody battle was chang- 
ed into a stone by Perseus. Some say that 
Minerva made Andromeda a constellation in 
heaven after her death. Fid. Medusa, Perseus. 
Hygin. fab. 64.— Cic. de Mtt. D. 2, c. 43.— 
JJpollod. 2, c. 4. — Manil. 5, v. 533. — JPropert. 

3, el. 21. According to Pliny, 1. 5, c. 31. 

it was at Joppa in Judaea that Andromeda was 
tied on a rock. He mentions that the skeleton 
of the huge sea monster, to which she had been 
exposed, was brought to Rome by Scaurus and 
carefully preserved. The fable of Andromeda 
and the sea monster has been explained, by 
supposing that she was courted by the captain of 
a ship, who attempted to carry her away, but 
was prevented by the interposition of another 
more faithful lover. 

Andron, an Argive, who travelled all over 
the deserts of Libya without drink. Jlristot. 

1. de Ebriet. A man set over the citadel of 

Syracuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised 
him to seize it and revolt from the tyrant, which 
he refused to do. The tyrant put him to death 
for not discovering that Hermocrates had incited 

him to rebellion. JPolycen, 5, c. 2. A man 

of Halicarnassus who composed some historical 

works. Plut- in Thes. A native of Ephesus, 

who wrote an account of the seven wise men of 
Greece. Diog. A man of Argos. — - 



AN 



AN 



Another of Alexandria, &c. rfpollon. Hist. 
Mirab. c. 25.—Jlthen. 

Andronicus Livius, Vid. Livius. 

Andronicus, a peripatetic philosopher of 
Rhodes, who flourished 59 years B. C. He was 
the first who published and revised the works 
of Aristotle and Tbeophrastus. His periphra- 
sis is extant, the best edition of which is that of 

Heinsius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1617. Plut. inSyll. ■ 

A Latin poet in the age of Csesar. A Latin 

grammarian, whose life Suetonius has written. 

A king of Lydia, surnamed Alpyus. 

One of Alexander's officers. One of the offi- 
cers of Antiochus Epiphanes. An astrono- 
mer of Athens, who built a marble octagonal 
tower in honour of the eight principal winds, 
on the top of which was placed a Triton with 
a stick in his hand, pointing always to the side 
whence the wind blew. 

Androphagi, a savage nation of European 
Scythia. Herodot. 4, c, 18, 102. 

Andropompus, a Theban who killed Xan- 
thus in single combat by fraud. Paus. 2, c. 18. 

Andros, an island in the iEgean sea, known 
by the different names of Epagrys, Antandros, 
Lasia, Cauros, Hydrussa, Nonagria. Its chief 
town was called Andros. It had a harbour, 
near which Bacchus had a temple, with a foun- 
tain whose waters during the ides of January 
tasted like wine. It received the name of An- 
dros from Andros son of Anius, one of its kings, 
who lived in the time of the Trojan war. Ovid. 
Met. 13, v. 648.— Virg JEn. 3, v. 80. Juv. 3, 
v. 10—Plin 2, c. 103. Mela, 1 and 2. 

Androsthenes, one of Alexander's gene- 
rals, sent with a ship on the coast of Arabia. 

Jlrrian. 7, c. 10. Strab. 16. A governor of 

Thessaly, who favoured the interest of Pom- 
pey. He was conquered by J. Caesar. Cas> 

3, Bell. Cm c. 80- A statuary of Thebes. 

Paus. 10, c. 19. A geographer in the age of 

Alexander. 

Androtrion, a Greek, who wrote a history 
of Attica, and a treatise on agriculture. JPlin. 
—Paws. 10, c. 8. 

Anelontis, a river near Colophon. Paus. 
8, c. 28. 

Anerastus, a king of Gaul. 

Anemolia, a city of Phocis, afterwards call- 
ed Hyampolis. Strab. 

Anemosa, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 
e. 35. 

Anfinomus and Anapias, rather Jimphirw- 
mus, which Vid. 

Angelia, a daughter of Mercury. 

Angelion, a statuary, who made Apollo's 
statue at Delphi. Paus. 2, c. 32. 

Angelus, a son of Neptune, born in Chios, 
of a nymph whose name is unknown. Paus. 
7, c. 4. 

Angites, a river of Thrace, falling into the 
Strymon. Herodot. 7, c. 113. 

Angli, a people of Germany, at the north of 
the Elbe, from whom , as being a branch of the 
Saxons, the English have derived their name. 
Tacit. G. 40. 

Angrus, a river of Illyricum, flowing in a 
northern direction. Herodot. 4, c. 49. 

Anguitia, a wood in the country of the 



Marci, between the lake Fucinus and Alba. 
Serpents, it is said, could not injure the inhabi- 
tants, because they were descended from Circe, 
whose power over these venomous creatures 
has been much celebrated. Sil. 8.— Virg. JEn. 
7, v. 759. 

Ania, a Roman widow, celebrated for her 
beauty. One of her friends advised her to 
marry again. No, said she, if 1 marry a man 
as affectionate as my firsi husband, I shall be ap- 
prehensive for his death; and if he is bad, why 
have him, after such a kind and indulgent one? 

Anicetus, a son of Hercules, by Hebe the 

goddess of youth. Jlpollod. 2. A freedman 

who directed the education of Nero, and be- 
came the instrument of his crimes. Suet, in 
Ner. 

, Anicia, a family at Rome, which, in the 
flourishing times of the republic, produced many 

brave and illustrious citizens.- A relation of 

Atticus. C. Nepos. 

Anicium, a town of Gaul. Cces. Bell, 
Gal. 7. 

Anicius Gallus triumphed over the Illyrians 
and their king Gentius, and was propraetor of 

Rome, A. IJ. C. 585. A consul with Corn. 

Cethegus, A. U. C. 594. Probus, a Roman 

consul in the fourth century, famous for his hu- 
manity. 

Anigrus, a river of Thessaly, where the 
centaurs washed the wounds which they had 
received from Hercules, and made the waters 
unwholesome. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 281. The 
nymphs of this river are called Anigriades. 
Paus. 5, c. 6. 

Anio and Anien, now Taverone, a river of 
Italy, flowing through the country of Tibur, and 
falling into the river Tiber, about five miles at 
the north of Rome. It receives its name, as 
some suppose, from Anius, a king of Etruria, 
who drowned himself there when he could not 
recover his daughter, who had been carried 
away. Stut. 1. Sylv. 3, v. 20.— Virg. JEn. 7, 
v. 683.— Strab. b.—Horat. 1, od. 7, v. 13.— 
Ptut. de Fort. Rom. 

Anitorgis, a city of Spain, near which a 
battle was fought between Asdrubal and the 
Scipios. Liv. 25, c. 33. 

Anius, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was king 
of Delos. and father of Andrus. He had by 
Dorippe, three daughters, Oeno, Speroio, and 
Elais, to whom Bacchus had given the power of 
changing whatever they pleased into wine, corn, 
and oil. When Agamemnon went to the Tro- 
jan war, he wished to carry them with him to 
supply his army with provisions; but they com- 
plained to Bacchus, who changed them into 
doves. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 642. — Dionys. Hal. 
l.—Diod. 5.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 80. 

Anna, a goddess, in whose honour the Ro- 
mans instituted festivals. She was, according 
to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sister 
of Dido, who after her sister's death, fled from 
Carthage, which Jarbashad besieged, and came 
to Italy, where iEneas met her, as he walked 
on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an 
honourable reception, for the kindnesses she had 
shown him when he was at Carthage. Lavinia, 
the wife of iEneas, was jealous of the tender 



AN 



AN 



treatment which was shown to Anna, and medi- 
tated her ruin. Anna was apprized of this by 
her sister in a dream, and she fled to the river 
Numicus, of which she became a deity, and or- 
dered the inhabitants of the country to call her 
•Anna Perenna, because she would remain for 
ever under the waters. Her festivals were per- 
formed with many rejoicings, and the females 
often, in the midst of their cheerfulness, forgot 
their natural decency. They were introduced 
into Rome, and celebrated the 15th of March. 
The Romans generally sacrificed to her, to ob- 
tain a long and happy life: and hence the words . 
Jlnnare and Perennare. Some have supposed 
Anna to be the moon, quia mensibus impleat 
annum; others call her Themis, or Io, the daugh- 
ter of Inachus, and sometimes Maia. Another 
more received opinion maintains, that Anna was 
an old industrious woman of Bovillae, who when 
the Roman populace had fled from the city to 
mount Sacer, brought them cakes every day: 
for which kind treatment the Romans, when 
peace was re-established, decreed immortal 
honours to her whom they called Perenna, ah 
perennitate cultus, and who, as they supposed, 
was become one of their deities. Ovid. Fast. 
3, v. 653, &c— SiL 8, v. 79.— Virg. &n.4, v. 
9, 20, 421, and 500. 

Anna Commena, a princess of Constanti- 
nople, known to the world for the Greek history, 
which she wrote of her father Alexius, emperor 
of the east. The character of this history is 
not very high for authenticity or beauty of com- 
position! the historian is lost in the daughter: 
and instead of simplicity of style and narrative, 
as Gibbon says, an elaborate affectation of rhe- 
toric and science betrays in every page the 
vanity of a female author. The best edition of 
Anna Commena, is that of Paris, folio, 1651. 

ANNisrs, a Roman family which was subdi- 
vided into the Lucani, Senecae, Flori, &c\ 

Annales, a chronological history which gives 
an account of all the important events of every 
year in a state, without entering into the causes 
which produced them. The annals of Tacitus 
may be considered in this light. In the first ages 
of Rome, the writing of the annals was one of 
the duties and privileges of the high priest; 
whence they have been called Annales Maximi, 
from the priest Pontifex Maximus, who conse- 
crated them, and gave them as truly genuine and 
authentic. 

Annalis lex settled the age at which, among 
the Romans, a citizen could be admitted to ex- 
ercise the offices of the state. This law origi- 
nated in Athens, and was introduced in Rome. 
No man could be a knight before 18 years of 
age, nor be invested with the consular power be- 
fore he had arrived to his 25th year. 

Annianus, a poet in the age of Trajan. 

Annibal, a celebrated Carthaginian general, 
son of Amilcar. He Was educated in his father's 
camp, and inured from his early years to the 
labours of the field He passed into Spain when 
nine years old, and at the request of his father, 
took a solemn oath that he never would be at 
peace with the Romans. After his father's death, 
he was appointed over the cavalry in Spain; and 
some time after, upon the death of Asdrubal, 



he was invested with the command of all the 
armies of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th 
year of his age. In three years of continual 
success, he subdued all the nations of Spain 
which opposed the Carthaginian power, and took 
Saguntum after a siege of eight months- The 
city was in alliance with the Romans; and its 
fall was the cause of the second Punic war, 
which Annibal prepared to support with all the 
courage and prudence of a consummate general. 
He levied three large armies, one of which he 
sent to Africa; he left another in Spain, and 
marched at the head of the third towards Italy. 
This army some have calculated at 20,000 foot 
and 6000 horse; others say that it consisted of 
100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. Liv. 21, c 
38. He came to the Alps, which were deemed 
almost inaccessible, and had never been passed 
over before him but by Hercules, and after 
much trouble gained the top in nine days. He 
conquered the uncivilized inhabitants that op- 
posed his passage, and after the amazing loss of 
30,000 men, made his way so easy, by softening 
the rocks with fire and vinegar, that even his 
armed elephants descended the mountains with- - 
out danger or difficulty, where a man, disencum- ' 
bered of his arms, could uot walk before in 
safety. He was opposed by the Romans as soon 
as he entered Italy; and after he had defeated 
P. Corn. Scipio and Sempronius, near the Rhone, 
the Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apen- 
nines, and invaded Etruria. He defeated the 
army of the consul Flaminius near the lake 
Trasimenus, and soon after met the two con- 
suls C. Terentius and L. iEmilius at Cannae. 
His army consisted of 40,000 foot and 10,000 
horse, when he engaged the Romans at the cele- 
brated battle of Cannae. The slaughter was so 
great, that no less than 40,000 Romans were 
killed, and the conqueror made a bridge with 
the dead carcasses; and as a sign of his victory, 
he sent to Carthage three, bushels of gold rings 
which had been taken from 5630 Roman knights 
slain in the battle. Had Annibal, immediately 
after the battle, marched his army to the gates 
of Rome, it must have yielded amidst the gene- 
ra! consternation, if we believe the opinions of 
some writers; but his delay gave the enemy spirit 
and boldness, and when at last he approached 
the walls, he was informed that the piece of 
ground on which his army then stood, was sell- 
ing at a high price in the Roman forum. After 
hovering for some time round the city, he re- 
tired to Capua, where the Carthaginian soldiers 
soon forgot to conquer in the pleasures and riot 
of this luxurious cit3 r . From that circumstance 
it has been said, and with propriety, that Capua 
was a Caunae to Annibal. After the battle of 
Cannae the Romans became more cautious, and 
when the dictator Fabius Maximus had defied 
the artifice as well as the valour of Annibal, 
they began to look for better times. Marcellus, 
who succeeded Fabius in the field, first taught the 
Romans that Annibal was not invincible. After 
many important debates in the senate, it was 
decreed, that War should be carried into Africa, 
to remove Annibal from the gates of Rome; and 
Scipio, who was the first proposei of the plan, 
was empowered to put it into execution. When 



AN 



AN 



Carthage saw the enemy on her coasts, she re- 
called Annibal from Italy, and that great general 
is said to have left with tears in his eyes, a 
country, which, during sixteen years, he had kept 
under continual alarms, and which he could al- 
most call his own. He and Scipio met near 
Carthage, and after a parley, in which neither 
would give the preference to his enemy, they ! 
determined to come to a general engagement. J 
The battle was fought near Zama: Scipio made ! 
a great slaughter of the enemy, 20,000 were 
killed, aud the same number made prisoners. 
Annibal, after he had lost the day, fled to Adru- 
metum. Soon after this decisive battle, the i 
Romans granted peace to Carthage, on hard ' 
conditions; and afterwards Annibal, who was; 
jealous and apprehensive of the Roman power, 
fled to Syria, to king Antiochus, whom he ad- 
vised to make war against Rome, and lead an 
army into the heart of Italy. Antiochus dis- 
trusted the fidelity of Annibal, and was con- 
quered by the Romans, who granted him peace 
on the condition of his delivering their mortal 
enemy into their hands. Annibal, who was ap- 
prized of this, left the court of Antiochus, and 
fled to Prusias, king of Bithynia. He encourag- 
ed him to declare war against Rome, and even 
assisted him in weakening the power of Eurne- 
nes, king of Pergamus, who was in alliance 
with the Romans. The senate received intelli- 
gence, that Annibal was in Bithynia, and im- 
mediately sent ambassadors, amongst whom 
was L. Q. Flaminius, to demand him of Pru- 
sias. The king was unwilling to betray Anni- 
bal, and violate the laws of hospitality, but at 
the same time he dreaded the power of Rome. 
Annibal extricated him from his embarrassment, 
and when he heard that his house was besieged 
on every side, and all means of escape fruitless, 
he took a dose of poison, which he always car- 
ried with him in a ring on his finger, and as he 
breathed his last, he exclaimed, Solvamus diu- 
tumd curd populum Romanum, quando mortem 
senis expectare longum censet. He died in his 
70th year, according to some, about 182 years 
B. C. That year was famous for the death of 
the three greatest generals of the age, Annibal, 
Scipio, and Philopoemen. The death of so for- 
midable a rival was the cause of great rejoicings 
in Rome; he had always been a professed ene- 
my to the Roman name, and ever endeavoured 
to destroy its power. If he shone* in the field, 
he also distinguished himself by his studies. 
He w r as taught Greek by So™us, a Lacedaemo- 
nian, and he even wrote some books in that lan- 
guage on different subjects. It is remarkable, 
that the life of Annibal, whom the Romans 
wished so many times to destroy by perfidy, was 
never attempted by any of his soldiers or coun- 
trymen. He made himself as conspicuous in 
the government of the state, as at the head of 
armies, and though his enemies reproached him 
with the rudeness of laughing in the Cartha- 
ginian senate, while every senator was bathed 
in tears for the misfortunes of the country, An- 
nibal defended himself by saying, that he, who 
had been bred all his life in a camp, ought to 
dispense with all the more polished feelings of 
a capital. He was so apprehensive for his safe- 



ty, that when he was in Bithynia, his house was 
fortified like a castle, and on every side there 
were secret doors, which could give immediate 
escape if his life was ever attempted. When 
he quitted Italy, and embarked on board a vessel 
for Africa, he so strongly suspected the fidelity 
of his pilot, who told him that the lofty mountain 
which appeared at a distance was a promontory 
of Sicily, that he killed him on the spot; and 
when he was convinced of his fatal error, he 
gave a magnificent burial to the man whom he 
had so falsely murdered, and called the promon- 
tory by his name. The labours which he sus- 
tained, and the inclemency of the weather to 
which he exposed himself in crossing the Alps, 
so weakened one of his eyes, that Le ever after 
lost the use of it The Romans have celebrated 
the humanitv of Annibal, who, after the battle 
of Cannae, sought the body of the fallen consul 
amidst the heaps of slain, and honoured it with 
a funeral becoming the dignity of Rome. He 
performed the same friendly offices to the re- 
mains of Marcellus and Tib. Gracchus, who had 
fallen in batlle. He often blamed the unsettled 
measures of his country; and when the enemy 
had thrown into his camp the head of his brother 
Asdrubal, who had been conquered as he came 
from Spain with a reinforcement into Italy, 
Annibal said that the Carthaginian arms would 
no longer meet with their usual success. Juve- 
nal, in speaking of Annibal, observes, that the 
ring which caused his death, made a due atone- 
ment to the Romans for the many thousand rings 
which had been sent to Carthage from the battle 
of Cannae. Annibal, when in Spain, married 
a woman of Castulo. The Romans entertained 
such a high opinion of him as a commander, 
that Scipio, who conquered him, calls him the 
greatest general that ever lived, and gives the 
second rank to Pyrrhus the Epirot, and places 
himself the next to these in merit and abilities. 
It is plain, that the failure of Annibal's expedi- 
tion in Italy did not arise from his neglect, but 
from that of his countrymen, who gave him no 
assistance; far from imitating their enemies of 
Rome, who even raised in one year IS legions 
to oppose the formidable Carthaginian. Livy 
has painted the character of Annibal like an 
enemy, and it is much to be lamented, that this 
celebrated historian has withheld the tribute due 
to the merits and virtues of the greatest of gene- 
rals. C. Nep. in vita- — Liv. 21, 22, &c. — 
Pint, in Flamin, Sac— Justin. 32, c. 4 —Sit. 
Ital. 1, &c — Jppian. — Florus 2 and 3. — Polyb. 
—Diod—Juv. 10, v, 159, &c. Vol. Max.— 

Horat. 4, Od. 4, Epod. 16. The son of the 

great Annibal, was sent by Himilco to Lily- 
bseum, which was besieged by the Romans to 

keep the Sicilians in their duty. Polyb. 1. 

A Carthaginian general, son of Asdrubal, com- 
monly called of Rhodes, above 160 years before 
the birth of the great Annibal. Justin. 19, c. 

2. — Xenoph Hist. Grctc A son of Giscon, 

and grandson of Amilcar, sent by the Cartha- 
ginians to the assistance of iEgista, a town of 
Sicily. He was overpowered by Hermocrates, 

an exiled Syracusan. Justin. 22 and 23. 

A Carthaginian, surnamed Senior. He was 
conquered by the consul, C. Tulpit. Paterculus, 

M 



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in Sardinia, and hung on a cross by his country- 
men for his ill success. 

Anniceris, an excellent charioteer of Cy- 
rene, who exhibited his skill in driving a chariot 
before Plato and the academy. When the phi- 
losopher was wantonly sold by Dionysius, Anni- 
ceris ransomed his friend, and he showed fur- 
ther his respect for learning, by establishing a 
sect at Cyrene, called after his name, which 
supported, that all good consisted in pleasure. 
Cic. de Off. S.—Diog. in Plat, fy Arist— 
JElian. V. H. 2, c. 27. 

Annius Scapula, a Roman of great dignity, 
put to death for conspiring against Cassius. 
Hirt. Alex. 55. 

Ann on and Hanno, a Carthaginian general 
conquered in Spain by Scipio, and sent to Rome. 
He was son of Bomilcar, whom Annibal sent 
privately over to the Rhone to conquer the Gauls. 

Liv. 21, c. 27. A Carthaginian who taught 

birds to sing " Annon is a god," after which he 
restored them to their native liberty; but the 
birds lost with their slavery what they had been 

taught. JElian, V. H. ult. lib. c. 30. A 

Carthaginian who wrote, in the Punic language, 
the account of a voyage he had made round 
Africa. This book was translated into Greek, 
and is still extant. Vossius de Hist. Gr. 4. 

- Another banished from Carthage for taming 

a lion for his own amusement, which was inter- 
preted, as if he wished to aspire to sovereign 
power. Plin. 8, c. 16. — This name has been 
common to many Carthaginians who have sig- 
nalized themselves among their countrymen dur- 
ing the Punic wars against Rome, and in their 
wars against the Sicilians. Liv. 26, 27, &c. 

Anop_£a, a mountain and road near the river 
Asopus. Herodot. 7, c. 216. 

Anser, a Roman poet whom Ovid, Trist 
3, el. 1, v. 425, calls bold and impertinent. 
Virgil and Propertius are said to have played 
upon his name with some degreee of severity. 

Ansibarii, a people of Germany. Tacit. 
Jlrm. 13, c. 55. 

Ant^a, the wife of Proteus, called also 
Stenobaea. Homer. II. A goddess worship- 
ped by the inhabitants of Antium. 

Ant-eas, a king of Scythia, who said that the 
neighing of a horse was far preferable to the 
music of Ismenias, a famous musician, who had 
been taken captive. Plut. 

Antaeus, a giant of Libya, son of Terra and 
Neptune. He was so strong in wrestling, that 
he boasted, that he would erect a temple to his 
father with the skulls of his conquered antago- 
nists. Hercules attacked him, and as he re- 
ceived new strength from his mother as often as 
be touched the ground, the hero lifted him up in 
the air, and squeezed him to death in his anns. 
Lucan. 4, v 59S.^Stat. 6. Theb. v. 893.— 

Juv. 3, v. 88. A servant of Atticus. Cic. 

ad Attic. 1 3, ep. 44. A friend of Turnus, 

killed by iEneas. Virg. JEn 10, v. 561. 

Antagoras, a man of Cos. Paws. 3, c. 5. 

A Rhodian poet, much admired by Anti- 

gonus, Id. 1, c. 2. One day as he was cooking 
some fish, the king asked him whether Homer 
ever dressed any meals when he was recording 
the actions of Agamemnon? And do you think, 



replied the poet, that he u> xaoi vv *5r/T£Tgtf 4>aT«< 
km Too-crx /ui/uaiht, ever inquired whether any 
individual dressed fish in his army? Plut. Symp. 
8f Jtpoph. 

Antalcidas of Sparta, son of Leon, was 
sent into Persia; where he made a peace with 
Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his coun- 
try, by which, B. C. 387, the Greek cities 
of Asia became tributary to the Persian mo- 
narch. Paus. 9, c. 1, &c. — Diod. 14.— Plut. 
in Jirtax. 

Antander, a general of Messenia, against 

the Spartans. Paus. 4, c. 7. A brother of 

Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily Justin. 22, c. 7. 

Antandros, now St. Dimitri, a city of Troas, 
inhabited by the Leleges, near which iEneas 
built his fleet after the destruction of Troy. It 
has been called Edonis, Cimmeris, Assos, and 
Apollonia, There is a hill in its neighbourhood 
called Alexanareia, where Paris sat, as some 
suppose, when the three rival goddesses appear- 
ed before him when contending for the prize of 
beauty. Strab. 13. — Virg. JEn, 3, v. 6. — 
Mela. 1, c. 18. 

Anterbrogius, an ambassador to Caesar from 
the Rhemi, a nation of Gaul. Cozs. Bell. Gall. 

2, c 3. 

Anteius Publius was appointed over Syria 
by Nero. He was accused of sedition and 
conspiracy, and drank poison, which operating 
slowly, obliged him to open his veins. Tacit. 
Jin. 13, &c. 

Antemnje, a city of the Sabines between 
Rome and the Anio, whence the name {ante 
amnem) Virg. JEn. 7, v. 631 Dionys Hal. 

Antenor, a Trojan prince related to Priam. 
It is said that during the Trojan war, he always 
kept a secret correspondence with the Greeks, 
and chiefly with Menela'us and Ulysses. In the 
council of Priam, Homer introduces him as ad- 
vising the Trojans to restore Helen, and con- 
clude the war. He advised Ulysses to carry 
away the Trojan palladium, and encouraged the 
Greeks to make the wooden horte, which, at his 
persuasion, was brought into the city of Troy by 
a breach made in the walls. iEneas has been 
accused of being a partner of his guilt; and the 
night that Troy was taken, they had a number 
of Greeks stationed at the doors of their houses 
to protect them from harm. After the destruc- 
tion of his country, Antenor migrated to Italy 
near the Adriatic, where he built the town of 
of Padua. His children were also concerned in 
the Trojan war, and displayed much valour 
against the Greeks. Their names were Poly- 
bius, Acamas, Agenor, and according to others, 
Polydamas and Helicaon. Liv. l,c. 1. — Plin. 

3, c 13.— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 242.— Tacit. 16, c. 
21.— Homer. II. 3, 7, 8, 11,— Ovid. Met 13 — 
Dictys. Cret- 5. Dares. Phryg. 6. — Strab. 13. — 
Dionys. Hal. 1. — Paus. 10, c. 27. A statu- 
ary. Paws A Cretan who wrote a history 

of his country. JElian. 

Antenorides, a patronymic given to the 
three sons of Antenor, all killed during the 
Trojan war. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 484. 

Anteros, (avri £§«?, against love,) a son of 
Mars and Venus. He was not, as the deriva- 
tion of his name implies, a deity that presided 



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aver an opposition to love, but tie was the god of 
mulual Jove and of mutual tenderness. Venus 
had complained to Themis, that her son Cupid 
alwas continued a child, and was told, that if he 
had another brother, he would grow up in a short 
space of time. As soon as Anteros was born, 
Cupid felt his strength increase, and his wings 
enlarge; but if ever his brother was at a distance 
from him, he found himself reduced to his an- 
cient shape. From this circumstance it is seen, 
that return of passion gives vigour to love. An- 
teros had a temple at Athens raised to his honour, 
when Meles had experienced the coldness and 
disdain of Timagoras, whom he psssionately es- 
teemed, and for whom he had killed himself. 
[Vid. Meles.] Cupid and Anteros are often re- 
presented striving to seize a palm-tree from one 
another, to teach us that true love always en- 
deavours to overcome by kindness and grati- 
tude. They were always painted in the Greek 
academies, to inform the scholars that it is tkeir 
immediate duty to be grateful to their teachers, 
and to reward their trouble with love and reve- 
rence. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 23. — Paus. 1, c. 
30, 1. 6, c. 23. A grammarian of Alexan- 
dria in the age of the emperor Claudius. 

A freeman of Atticus. Cic. ad Mtic 9, ep. 14 

Anthea, a town of Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 18. 

Of Messenia. Id. 4, c. 31. of Troe- 

zene. Id. 2, c. 30. 

Antheas, a son of Eumelus, killed in at- 
tempting to sow corn from the chariot of Trip- 
tolemus drawn by dragons. Paws. 7, c. 18. 

Anthedon, a city of Boeotia, which receives 
its name from the flowery plains that surround 
it, or from Anthedon, a certain nymph. Bacchus 
and Ceres had there temples. .Paus. 7, c. 10; 
I. 9, c. 22. — It was formerly inhabited by 
Thracians. Homer. II. 2. — Ovid. Met. 13, v. 

905 A port of Peloponnesus. Plin. 4, c. 

5.— Stat. 9, v. 291. 

Anthela, a town near the Asopus, near which 
Ceres and Amphictyon had a temple. Herodot. 
7, c. 176 

Anthemis, an island in the Mediterranean, 
the same as the Ionian Samos. Strab. 10. 

Anthemon, a Trojan. Homer. II. 4. 

Anthemus, a city of Macedonia at Thermae. 
i — —A city of Syria. Strab. 

Anthemusia, the same as Samos. A city 

of Mesopotamia Strab. 

Anthene, a town of Peloponnesus. Thucyd. 
5, c. 41 

Anthermus, a Chian sculptor, son of Mic- 
ciades, and grandson to Malas. He and his 
brother Bupalas made a statue of the poet Hip- 
ponax, which caused universal laughter, on 
account of the deformity of its countenance. 
The poet was so incensed upon this, and in- 
veighed with so much bitterness against the 
statuaries, that they hung themselves, according 
to the opinion of some authors. Plin. 36, c. 5. 

Anthes, a native of Anthedon, who first 

invented hymns. Plut. de Mus. A son of 

Neptune. 

Anthesphoria, festivals celebrated in Sicily, 
in honour of Proserpine, who was carried away 
by Pluto as she was gathering flowers. Claudian 
de Rapt. Pros, Festivals of the same name 



were also observed at Argos in honour of Juno, 
who was called Antheia. Paws. Corinth.*— 
Pollux. Onom. 1. c. 1. 

Anthesteria, festivals in honour of Bacchus 
among the Greeks. They were celebrated in 
the month of February, called Anthesterion, 
whence the name is derived, and continued 
three days. The first was called TliS-Qiyia. a.7ro 
tow zn$-8c oiyuv, because they tapped their barrels 
of liquor. The second day was called Xos?, from 
the measure %ocl, because every individual drank 
of his own vessel, in commemoration of the 
arrival of Orestes, who, after the murder of his 
mother, came without being purified, to Demo- 
phoon, or Pandion, king of Athens, and was 
obliged, with all the Athenians, to drink by 
himself, for fear of polluting the people by 
drinking with them before he was purified of the 
parricide. It was usual on that day, to ride out 
in chariots, and ridicule those that passed by. 
The best drinker was rewarded with a crown of 
leaves, or rather of gold, and with a cask of 
wine. The third day was called Xur^oi from 
%v<T£ct, a vessel brought out full of all sorts of 
seed and herbs, deemed sacred to Mercury, and 
therefore not touched. The slaves had the per- 
mission of being merry and free during these 
festivals; and at the end of the solemnity a herald 
proclaimed, ©t/grf^s, Kagsc, ovKir Av<9-e?Twg*«, 
i. e. Depart, ye Carian slaves, the festivals are 
at an end. JElian. V. H. 2, c. 41. 

Antheus, a sen of Antenor, much esteemed 

by Paris. One of the companions of iEneas. 

Virg Mm. 1, v. 514. 

Anthia, a sister of Priam, seized by the 
Greeks. She compelled the people of Pallene 
to burn their ships, aud build Scione. Polycen. 

7, c. 47. A town. Vid. Jinthea. A 

daughter of Thespius, mistress to Hercules. 
Jipollod. 2, c. 7. 

Anthias. Vid. Antheas. 

Anthippe, a daughter of Thestius. 

Anthium, a town of Thrace, afterwards, 

called Apollonia. Plin. 4, c. 11. A city of 

Italy. 

Anthius, (flowery,) a name of Bacchus 
worshipped at Athens. He had also a statue at 
Patrse. 

Antho, a daughter of Amilius king of Alba. 

Anthores, a companion of Hercules, who 
followed Evander, and settled in Italy. He was 
killed in the war of Turnus against iEneas. 
Virg. Ma. 10, v. 778. 

Anthracia, a nymph. Paws. 8, c. 31. 

Anthropinus, Tisarchus, and Diocles, 
three persons who laid snares for Agathocles 
tyrant of Sicily. Polycen. 5, c. 3. 

Anthropophagi, a people of Scythia that 
fed on human flesh. They lived near the coun- 
try of the Messagetse. Plin. 4, c. 12, I. 6, c, 
30. — Mela, 2, c. 1. 

Anthylla, a city of Egypt on the Canopic 
mouth of the Nile It maintained the queens 
of the country in shoes, or, according to Jllhe- 
nceus 1, in girdles. Herodot. 2, c. 98. 

Antia lex was made for the suppression of 
luxury at Rome. Its particulars are not known. 
The enactor was Antius Restio, who afterwards 
never cupped abroad for fear of being himself 



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a witness of the profusion and extravagance 
which his law meaht to destroy, but without ef- 
fect. Macrob. 3, c. 17. 

Antianira, the mother of Echion. 

Antias, the goddess of fortune, chiefly wor- 
shipped at Antium. A poet. Vid Furius. 

Anticlea, a daughter of Autolycus and Am- 
phithea. Her father, who was a famous robber, 
permitted Sisyphus, son of iEolus, to enjoy the 
favours of his daughter, and Anticlea was really 
pregnant of Ulysses when she married Laertes 
king of Ithaca. Laertes was nevertheless the 
reputed father of Ulysses. Ulysses is reproached 
by Ajax in Ovid. Met. as being the son of Sisy- 
phus. It is said that Anticlea killed herself 
when she heard a false report of her son's death. 
Homtr. Od. 11, 19.—Hygin fab. 201,243 — 

Paws. 10, c. 29 A woman who had Peri- 

phetes by Vulcan. Apollod. 3. A daughter 

of Diodes, who married Machaon the son of 
iEsculapius, by whom she had Nicomachus and 
Gorgasus. Paus. 4, c. 30. 

Anticles, an Athenian archon. A man 

who conspired against Alexander with Hermo- 

laus. Curt. 8, c. 6. An Athenian victor at 

Olympia. 

Anticlides, a Greek historian, whose works 
are now lost. They are often quoted by Athe 
nceus and Plut. in Alex. 

Anticragus, a mountain of Lycia, opposite 
mount Cragus. Strab. 4. 

Anticrates, a Spartan, who stabbed Epa- 
minondas, the Theban general, at the battle of 
Mantinea Plut. in Ages. 

Anticyra, two towns of Greece, the one in 
Phocis, and the other near mount Oeta, both 
famous for the ellebore which they produced. 
This plant was of infinite service to cure dis- 
eases, and particularly insanity; hence the pro- 
verb Naviget Anticyram. The Anticyra of 
Phocis was anciently called Cyparissa. It had a 
temple of Neptune, who was represented hold- 
ing a trident in one hand and resting the other 
on his side, with one of his feet on a dolphin. 
Some writers, especially Horace {Art. P. 300,) 
speak of three islands of this name, but this 
seems to be a mistake Paus. 10, c 36 — Horat, 
2, Sat. 3, v. 166. De Art. Poet v. 300.— 

Perows, 4, v. 16.— Strab 9 .— Mela. 2, c. 3 

Ovid. Pont. 4, ep. 3, v. 53- -A mistress of 

Demetrius. Plut in Demetr. 

Antidomus, a warlike soldier of king Philip 
at the seige of Peri n thus. 

Antidotus, an excellent painter, pupil of 
Euphraaor. Plin. 35, c. 11. 

Antigenes, one of Alexander's generals, 
publicly rewarded for his valour. Curt. 5, c. 14. 

Antigenidas, a famous musician of Thebes, 
disciple to Philoxenus. He taught his pupil 
Ismenias to despise the judgment of the populace. 
Cic in Brut. 97. 

Antigona, daughter of Berenice, was wife 
to king Pyrrhus. Plut. in Pyrrh. 

Antigone, a daughter of (Edipus, king of 
Thebes, by his mother Jocaeta. She buried by 
night her brother Polynices, against the positive 
orders of Crcon, who, when he heard of it, or- 
dered her to be burieii alive. She however 
killed herself before the sentence was executed; 



and Haemon, the king's son, who was passion- 
ately fond of her, and bad not been able to ob- 
tain her pardon, killed himself on her grave. 
The death of Antigone is the subject of one of 
the tragedies of Sophocles. The Athenians 
were so pleased with it at the first representa- 
tion, that they presented the author with the 
government of Samos. This tragedy was re- 
presented 32 times at Athens without interrup- 
tion. Sophocl. in Antig. — Hygin. fab. 67, 72, 
243, 254— Apollod. 3, c. 5.— Ovid. Trist. 3, 
el. 3—Philostrat. 2, c. 29.— Stat. Theb. 12, v. 

350. A daughter of Eurytion king of Phthia 

in Thessaly. Apollod. A daughter of Lao- 

medon. She was the sister of Priam, and was 
changed inio a stork for comparing herself to 
Juno. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 93. 

Antigonia, an inland town of Epirus. Plin. 
4, c. 1. One of Macedonia, founded by An- 
tigonus, son of Gonatas Id. 4, c. 10. One 

in Syria, on the borders of the Orontes. Strab. 

16. Another in Bithynia, called also Nicaea. 

Id. 12. Another in Arcadia, anciently called 

Mantinea. Paus. 8, c. 8. -One of Troas in 

Asia Minor. Strab. 13.- 

Antigonus, one of Alexander's generals, 
universally supposed to be the illegitimate son 
of Philip, Alexander's father. In the division 
of the provinces after the king's death, he re- 
ceived Pamphylia, Lycia, and Phrygia. He 
united with Antipater and Ptolemy, to destroy 
Perdiccas and Eumenes; and after the death of 
Perdiccas, he made continual war against 
Eumenes, whom, after three years of various 
fortune, he took prisoner, and ordered to be 
starved. He afterwards declared war against 
Cassander, whom he conquered, and had seve- 
ral engagements by his generals with Lysima- 
chus. He obliged Seleucus to retire from Syria, 
and fly for refuge and safety to Egypt. Ptolemy, 
who had established himself in Egypt, promised 
to defend Seleucus, and from that time all 
friendship ceased between Ptolemy and Antigo- 
nus, and a new war was begun, in which Deme- 
trius, the son of Antigonus, conquered the fleet 
of Ptolemy near the island of Cyprus, and took 
16,00Q men prisoners, and sunk 200 ships. 
After this famous naval battle, which happened 
26 years after Alexander's death, Antigonus and 
his son assumed the title of kings, and their ex- 
ample was followed by all the rest of Alexan- 
der's generals. The power of Antigonus was 
now become so formidable, that Ptolemy, Seleu- 
cus, Cassander, and Lysimachus, combined to- 
gether to destroy him; yet Antigonus despised 
them, saying that he would disperse them as 
birds. He attempted to enter Egypt in vain, 
though he gained several victories over his op- 
ponents, and he at last received so many wounds 
in a battle, that he could not survive them, and 
died in the 80th year of his age, 301 B. C. 
During his life, he was master of all Asia Minor, 
as far as Syria; but after his death, his son 
Demetrius lost Asia, and established himself in 
Macedonia after the death of Cassander, and 
some time after attempted to recover his former 
possessions, but died in captivity, in the court of 
his son-in-law, Seleucus. Antigonus was con- 
cerned in the different intrigues of the Greeks/ 



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He made a treaty of alliance with the iEtolians, 
and was highly respected by the Athenians, to 
who tn he showed himself very liberal and in- 
dulgent. Antigonus discharged some of his offi- 
cers because they spent their time in taverns, 
and he gave their commissions to common sol- 
diers, who performed their duty with punctuality. 
A certain poet called him divine; but the king 
despised his flattery, and bade him go and in- 
quire of his servants whether he was really what 
he supposed him. Strab. 13. — Diod. 17, &c — 
Paus. 1, c. 6, &c — Justin- 13, 14, and 15. — C. 
JVVp. in Eumen. — Plut in Demetr, Eumen. fy 
Jlrat. Gonatas, son of Demetrius, and grand- 
son to Antigonus, was king of Macedonia. He 
restored the Armenians to liberty, conquered 
the. Gauls, and at last was expelled by Pyrrhus, 
who seized his kingdom. After the death of 
Pyrrhus, he recovered Macedonia, and died after 
a reign of 34 years, leaving his son Demetrius 
to succeed, B. C. 243. Justin. 21 and 25. — 

Polyb.—Plut in Demetr The guardian of 

his nephew, Philip, the son of Demetrius, who 
married the widow of Demetrius, and usurped 
the kingdom. He was called Doson, from his 
promising much and giving nothing. He con- 
quered Cleomenes, king of Sparta, and obliged 
him to retire into Egypt, because he favoured 
the iEtolians against the Greeks. He died B. 
C. 221, after a reign of 11 years, leaving his 
crown to the lawful possessor, Philip, who dis- 
tinguished himself by his cruelties and the war 
he made against the Romans. Justin. 28 and 

29.— Polyb. 2.— Plut. in Cleom. =A son of 

Aristobulus king of Judaea, who obtained an 
army from the king of Parthia, by promising 
him 1000 talents and 500 women. With these 
foreign troops he attacked his country, and cut 
the ears of Hyrcanus to make him unfit for the 
priesthood. Herod, with the aid of the Ro- 
mans, took him prisoner, and he was put to death 
by Antony. Joseph, 14. — Dion, and Plut. in 

Jlnton. Carystius, an historian in the age of 

Philadelphus, who wrote the lives of some of 

the ancient philosophers. Diog. — Mien.- 

A writer on agriculture. A statuary who 

wrote on his profession. 

Antilco, a tyrant of Chalcis. After his 
death, oligarchy prevailed in that city. Jlrist. 
5, Polit. 

Antilibancs, a mountain of Syria, opposite 
mount Libanus; near which the Orontes flows. 
Strab.— Plin. 5, c. 20. 

Antilochos, a king of Messenia. The 

eldest son of Nestor, by Eurydice. He went to 
the Trojan war with his father, and was killed 
by Memnon, the son of Aurora. Homer. Od. 
4. — Ovid. Heriod. says he was killed by Hec- 
tor. A poet who wrote a panegyric upon 

Lysander, and received a hat filled with silver, 

Plut. in Lys. An historian commended by 

Dionys. Hal. 

Antimachus, a lascivious person. -An 

historian. A Greek poet and musician of 

Ionia in the age of Socrates. He wrote a. trea- 
tise on the age and genealogy of Homer, and 
proved him to be a native of Colophon. He 
repeated one of his compositions before a large 
audience, but his diction was so obscure and 



unintelligible, that all retired except Plato \ up- 
on which he said, Legam, nihilominus, Plato 
enim mihi est unus instar omnium. He was 
reckoned the next to Homer in excellence, atad 
the emperor Adrian was so fond of his poetry, 
that he preferred him to Homer. He wrote a 
poem upon the Theban war; and before he had 
brought his heroes to the city of Thebes, he had 
filled twenty-four volumes. He was surnamed 
Clarius, from Claros, a mountain near Colo- 
phon,' where he was born. Paus. 9, c. 35. — 
Plut. in Lysand 8f Timol — Propert. 2, el. 34, 

v. 45. — Quintil. 10. c. i. Another poet of 

the same name, surnamed Psecas, because he 

praised himself. Suidas. A Trojan whom 

Paris bribed to oppose the restoring of Helen to 
Meneiaus and Uiysses, who had come as am- 
bassadors, to recover her. His sons, Hippolo- 
chus and Pisander, were killed by Agamemnon. 

Homer. II. 11, v. 123, 1. 23, v- 188. A son 

of Hercules by a daughter of Thestius. Jlpol- 

lod. 2 and 3. A native of Heliopolis, who 

wrote a poem on the creation of the world, in 
3780 verses. 

Antimenes, a son of Deiphon. Paus. 2, c. 
28. 

Antinoe, one of the daughters of Pelius, 
whose wishes to restore her father to youthful 
vigour proved so fatal. Jlpollod. l.—Paus. 8, 
c. 11. 

Antinoeia, annual sacrifices and quinquen- 
nial games, in honour of Antinous, instituted by 
the emperor Adrian, at Man tinea, where Anti- 
nous was worshipped as a divinity. 

Antinopolis, a town of Egypt, built in ho- 
nour of Antinous 

Antinous, a youth of Bithynia, of whom the 
emperor Adrian was so extremely fond, that at 
his death he erected a temple to him, and 
wished it to be believed that he had been 
changed into a constellation. Some writers sup- 
pose that Antinous was drowned in the Nile, 
while others maintain that he offered himself at 
a sacrifice as a victim, in honour of the empe- 
ror.- A native of Ithaca, son of Eupeitbes, 

and one of Penelope's suitors. He was brutal 
and cruel in his manners, and excited his com- 
panions to destroy Telemachus, whose advice 
comforted his mother Penelope. When Ulysses 
returned home, he came to the palace in a beg- 
gar's dress, and begged for bread, which Anti- 
nous refused, and even struck him. After 
Ulysses had discovered himself to Telemachu9 
and Eumseus, he attacked the suitors, who were 
ignorant who he was, and killed Antinous among 
the first. Homer. Od. 1, 16, 17, and 22.— 
Propert. 2, el 5, v 7. 

Antiochia, the name of a Syrian province. 

Mela, 1, c. 14 A city of Syria, once the 

third city of the world for beauty, greatness, 
and population. It was built by Antiochus and 
Seleucus Nicanor, partly on a hill and partly in 
a plain. It has the river Orontes in its neigh- 
bourhood, with a celebrated grove called Daph- 
ne; whence, for the sake of distinction, it has 
been called Antiochia near Daphne. Dionys. 
Piereg. A city called also Nisibis, in Meso- 
potamia, built by Seleucus, son of Antiochus. 
The capital of Pisidia, 92 miles at the east 



AN 



AN 



of Ephesus.— — A city on mount Cragus. 

Another near the river Tigris, 25 leagues from 

Seleucia, on the west. Another in Margiana, 

called Alexandria and Seleucia. Another 

near mount Taurus, on the confines of Syria. 

Another of Caria, on the river Meander. 

Antiochis, the name of the mother of Auti- 

ochus, the son of Seleuchus. A tribe of 

Athens. 

Antiochus, surnamed Soter, was son of Se- 
leuchus, and king of Syria and Asia. He 
made a treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Phila- 
delphus, king of Egypt. He fell into a linger-, 
ing disease, which none of his father's physi- 
cians could cure for some time, till it was dis- 
covered that his pulse was more irregular than 
usual, when Stratonice, his step-mother, enter- 
ed his room, and that love for her was the cause 
of his illness. This was told to the father, who 
willingly gave Stratonice to his son, that his 
immoderate love might not cause his death. 
He died 291 B. C. after a reign of 19 years 
Justin. 17, c. 2, &c. — Val. Max. h.—Polyb 4. 
Jippian. The second of that name, surnam- 
ed Theos, (God) by the Milesians, because he 
put to death their tyrant Timarchus, was son 
and successor of Antiochus Soter. He put an 
end to the war which had been begun with 
Ptolemy; and to strengthen the peace, he mar- 
ried Berenice, the daughter of the Egyptian 
king. This so offended his former wife, Lao- 
dice, by whom he had two sons, that she poi- 
soned him, and suborned Artemon, whose fea- 
tures were similar to his, to represent him as 
king. Artemon, subservient to her will, pre- 
tended to be indisposed, and, as king, called 
all the ministers, and recommended to them 
Seleucus, surnamed Callinicus, son of Laodice, 
as his successor. After this ridiculous impos- 
ture, it was made public that the king had died 
a natural death, and Laodice placed her son on 
the throne, and dispatched Berenice and her 
son, 246 years before the christian era. Jippi- 
an. The third of that name, surnamed the 

Great, brother to Seleucus Ceraunus, was king 
of Syria and Asia, and reigned 36 years. He 
was defeated by Ptolemy Philopater, at Raphia, 
after which he made war against Persia, and 
took Sardes. After the death of Philopater, he 
endeavoured to crush his infant son Epiphanes; 
but his guardians solicited the aid of the Ro- 
mans, and Antiochus was compelled to resign 
his pretensions. He conquered the greatest 
part of Greece, of which some cities implored 
the aid of Rome; and Annibal, who had taken 
refuge at his court, encouraged him to make 
war against Italy. He was glad to find himself 
supported by the abilities of such a general; 
but his measures were dilatory, and not agree- 
able to the advice of Annibal, and he was con- 
quered, and obliged to retire beyond mount 
Taurus, and pay a yearly fine of 2000 talents 
to the Romans. His revenues being unable to 
pay the fine, he attempted to plunder the tem- 
ple of Belus, in Susiana, which so incensed the 
inhabitants that they killed him with his follow- 
ers, 187 years before the christian aera. In his 
character of king, Antiochus was humane and 
tiberal, the patron of learning and the friend of 



merit: and he published an edict, ordering his 
subjects never to obey except his commands 
were consistent with the laws of the country. 
He had three sons, Seleucus Philopater, Antio- 
chus Epiphanes, and Demetrius. The first 
succeeded him, and the two others were kept as 
hostages by the Romans. Justin. 31 and 32. — 
Strab. 16. — Liv. 34, c. 59.— Flor. 2, c. 1. — 
Jippian. Bell. Syr. — — The fourth Antiochus, 
surnamed Epiphanes, or Illustrious, was king 
of Syria, after the death of his brother Seleucus, 
and reigned eleven years. He destroyed Jeru- 
salem, and was so cruel to the Jews, that they 
called him Epimanes, or Furious, and not Epi- 
phanes. tie attempted to plunder Persepolis 
without effect. He was of a voracious appetite, 
and fond of childish diversions; he used, for his 
pleasure, to empty bags of money in the streets, 
to see the people's eagerness to gather it; he 
bathed in the public baths with the populace, 
and was fond of perfuming himself to excess. 
He invited all the Greeks he could at Antioch, 
and waited upon them as a servant, and danced 
with such indecency among the stage players, 
that even the most dissipated and shameless 
blushed at the sight. Polybius. — Justin. 34, c. 

3. The fifth, surnamed Eupator, succeeded 

his father Epiphanes on the throne of Syria, 
164 B. C. He made a peace with the Jews, 
and in the second year of his reign was assas- 
sinated by his uncle Demetrius, who said that 
the crown was lawfully his own, and that it had 
been seized from his father. Justin. 34. — Jo- 
seph. 12. The sixth, king of Syria, was sur- 
named Eutheus, or Noble. His father, Alex- 
ander Bala, intrusted him to the care of Mal- 
cus, an Arabian; and he received the crown 
from Tryphon, in opposition to his brother De- 
metrius, whom the people hated. Before he 
had been a year on the throne, Tryphon mur- 
dered him 143 B. C. and reigned in his place 

for three years. Joseph.. 13. The seventh, 

called Sidetes, reigned nine years. In the be- 
ginning of his reign, he was afraid of Tryphon, 
and concealed himself, but he soon obtained the 
means of destroying his enemy. He made war 
against Phraates, king of Parthia, and he fell in 
the battle which was soon after fought, about 
130 years before the christian era Justin. 36, 
c. 1. — Jippian. Bell. Syr. The eighth, sur- 
named Grypus, from his aquiline nose, was son 
of Demetrius Nicanor, by Cleopatra. His 
brother Seleucus was destroyed by Cleopatra, 
and he himself would have shared the same fate, 
had he not discovered his mother's artifice, and 
compelled her to drink the poison which was 
prepared for himself. He killed Alexander 
Zebina, whom Ptolemy had set to oppose him 
on the throne of Syria, and was at last assassi- 
nated B. C. 112, after a reign of eleven years. 

Justin. 39, &c. — Joseph. — Jippian. The 

ninth, surnamed Cyzenicus, from the city Cyzi- 
cus, where he received his education, was son 
of Antiochus Sidetes, by Cleopatra. He dispu- 
ted the kingdom with his brother Grypus, who 
ceded to him Coelosyria, part of his patrimony. 
He was at last conquered by his nephew Seleu- 
cus, near Antioch, and rather than to continue 
longer in his hands, he killed himself, B. C 



AN 



AN 



93. While a private man, he seemed worthy 
to reign; but when on the throne, he was disso- 
lute and tyrannical. He was fond of mechan- 
ics, and invented some useful military engines. 

Jippian — Joseph. The tenth, was ironically 

surnamed Pius, because he married Selena, the 
wife of his father and of his uncle. He was the 
son of Antiochus ninth, and he expelled Seleu- 
cus the son of -Grypus from Syria, and was kill- 
ed in a battle he fought against the Paithians, 
in the cause of the Galatians Joseph. — Jippian. 

After his death, the kingdom of Syria was 

torn to pieces by the factions of the royal fami- 
ly, or usurpers, who, under a good or false title, 
under the name of Antiochus, or his relations, 
established themselves for a little time as so- 
vereigns either of Syria, or Damascus, or other 
dependent provinces. At last Antiochus, sur- 
named Jlsiaticus, the son of Antiochus the ninth, 
was restored to his paternal throne by the influ- 
ence of Luculius the Roman general, on the 
expulsion of Tigranes, king of Armenia, from 
the Syrian dominions; but four years after, 
Pompey deposed him, and observed, that he who 
had hid himself, while an usurper sat upon his 
throne, ought not to be a king. From that time, 
B. C. 65, Syria became a Roman province, and 
the race of Antiochus was extinguished Justin. 

40. A philosopher of Ascalou, famous for 

his writings, and the respect with which he was 
treated by his pupils, Luculius, Cicero, and 

Brutus. Plut. in Lucull. An historian of 

Syracuse, son of Xenophanes, who wrote, be- 
sides other works, an history of Sicily, in nine 
books, in which he began at the age of king 

Cocalus. Strab. — Diod. 12. A rich king, 

tributary to the Romans in the age of Vespasian. 

Tacit. Hist 2, c. 81. A sophist who refused 

to take upon himself the government of a state, 

on account of the vehemence of his passions. 

A king conquered by Antony, &c. Cccs. 3, Bell 
Civ- 4. A kins of Messenia. Paus. 4. 



A commander of the Athenian fleet, under Alci- 
biades, conquered by Lysander. Xenoph. Hist. 
Greec. A writer of Alexandria, who pub- 
lished a treatise on comic poets. Athen. — — A 

sceptic of Laodicea. Diog. in Pyrrh. A 

learned sophist. Philostra. A servant of 

Atticus. Cic. ad Attic 3, ep. 38. A hair- 
dresser, mentioned by Martial, 11, ep. 85. — ■ — 
A son of Hercules by Medea. Apollod. 2, c. 

$• A stage player. Juv. 3, v. 98. A 

sculptor, said to have made the famous statue 
of Pallas, preserved in the Ludovisi gardens at 
Rome. 

Antiope, daughter of Nycteus, king of 
Thebes, by Polyxo, was beloved by Jupiter, 
who, to deceive her, changed himself into a sa- 
tyr. She became pregnant, and, to avoid the 
resentment of her father, she fled to mount Ci- 
thseron, where she brought forth twins, Am- 
phion and Zethus. She exposed them, to pre- 
vent discovery, but they were preserved. After 
this she fled to Epopeus, king of Sicyon, who 
married her. Some say that Epopeus carried 
her away, for which action Nycteus made war 
against him, and at his death left his crown to 
his brother Lycus, entreating him to continue 
the war, and punish the ravisher of his daugh- 



ter. Lycus obeyed his injunctions, killed Epo= 
peus, and recovered Antiope, whom he !oved 5 
and married, though his niece. His first wife, 
Dirce, was jealous of his new connection; she 
prevailed upon her husband, and Antiope was 
delivered into her hands, and confined in a 
prison, where she was daily tormented- Anti- 
ope, after many years imprisonment, obtained 
means to escape, and went after her sons, who 
undertook to avenge her wrongs upon Lycus and 
his wife Dirce They took Thebes, put the 
king to death, and tied Dirce to the tail of a 
wild bull, who dragged her till she died. Bac- 
chus changed her into a fountain, and deprived 
Antiope of the use of her senses. In this forlorn 
situation she wandered all over Greece, and at 
last found relief from Phocus, son of Ornytion, 
who cured her of her disorder, and married her. 
Hyginus, fab. 7, says that Antiope was divorced 
by Lycus, because she had been ravished by 
Epopeus, whom be calls Epaphus, and that af- 
ter her repudiation she became pregnant by 
Jupiter. Meanwhile Lycus married Dirce, 
who suspected that fcer husband still kept the 
company of Antiope, upon which he imprisoned 
her. Antiope, however, escaped from her con- 
finement, and brought forth on mount Cithajron. 
Some authors have called her daughter of 
Asopus, because she was born on the banks of 
that river. The Scholiast on Jipollon. 1, v. 735, 
maintains that there were two persons of the 
name, one the daughter of Nycteus, and the other 
of Asopus, and mother of Amphion and Zethus. 
Perns. 2, c. 6, 1. 9, c. 17.— Ovid. 6. Mel. v. 
110.— JUpollod. 3, c b.—Piopert. 3, el. 15.— 
Horn. Od. 11, v 259.— Hygin fab. 7, 8, and 

155. A daughter of Thespius or Thestius, 

mother of Aiopius by Hercules. Jlpollod. 2, 

c. 7 A daughter of Mars, queen of the 

Amazons, taken prisoner by Hercules, and 
given in marriage to Theseus. She is also call- 
ed Hippolyte. Vid. Hippolyte. A daughter 

of iEolus, mother of Bceotus and Hellen, by 

Neptune. Hygin. fab 157. A daughter of 

Piion, who married Eurytus. Id. fab. 14. 

Antiorus, a son of Lycurgus. Plut. inLycurg. 

Antiparos, a small island in the iEgean 
sea, opposite Paros, from which it is about six 
miles distant. 

Antipater, son of Iolaus, was soldier under 
king Philip, and raised to the rank of a general 
under Alexander the Great When Alexander 
went to invade Asia, he left Antipater supreme 
governor of Macedonia, and of all Greece- 
Antipater exerted himself in the cause of his 
king; be made war against Sparta, and was sooe 
after called into Persia with a reinforcement by 
Alexander. He has- been suspected of giving 
poison to Alexander, to raise hinself to power. 
After Alexander's death, his generals divided 
the empire among themselves, and Macedonia 
was allotted to Antipater. The wars which 
Greece, and chiefly Athens, meditated during 
Alexander's life, now burst forth with uncom- 
mon fury as soon as the news of lis death was 
received. The Athenians ievied an army of 
30,000 men, and equipped 200 ships against 
Antipater, who was master of Macedonia. Their 
expedition was attended with much success, An- 



AN 



AN 



tipater was routed in Thessaly, and even be- 
sieged in the town of Lamia But when Leos- 
theues the Athenian general was mortally 
wounded under the walls of Lamia, the fortune 
of the war was changed. Antipater obliged the 
enemy to raise the siege, and soon after received 
a reinforcement from Craterus from Asia, with 
which he conquered the Athenians at Cianon in 
Thessaly. After this defeat, Antipater and 
Craterus marched into Boeotia, and conquered 
the JEtoIians, and granted peace to the Atheni- 
ans, on the conditions which Leosthenes had 
proposed to Antipater, when uesieged in Lamia, 
i. e that he should be absolute master over 
them. Besides this, he demanded from their 
ambassadors, Demades, Phociou, and Xeno- 
crates, that they should deliver into his hands 
the orators, Demosthenes and Hyperides, whose 
eloquence had inflamed the minds of their coun- 
trymen, and had been the primary causes of the 
war. The. conditions were accepted, a Mace- 
donian garrison was stationed in Athens, but the 
inhabitants still were permitted the free use of 
their laws and privileges Antipater and Cra- 
terus were the first who made host-it prepara- 
tions against Perdiccas; and, during that time, 
Polyperchon was appointed over Macedonia. 
Po'yptrchon defeated ihe'/Etolians, who made 
an invasion upon Macedonia. Antipater gave 
assistance to Eumenes, in Asia, against Antigo- 
nas, according to Justin, 14, c 2, At his death, 
B. C. 319, Antipater appointed Polyperchon 
master of all his possessions; and as he was the 
oldest of all the generals and successors of Alex- 
ander, he recommended that he might be the 
supreme ruler in their councils, that every thing- 
might be done according to his judgment. As 
for his son Cassander, he ieft him in a subordi- 
nate station under Polyperchon. But Cassander 
was of too aspiring a disposition tamely to obey 
his father's injunctions. He recovered Mace- 
donia, and made himself absolute. Curt. 3, 4, 
S, 6, 7, and 10.— Justin. 11, 12. 13, &c. — Diod 
17, 18, &c— C, Nep in Phoc. if Eumen.— 

JPlut. in Eumen. Alex and &c. A son of 

Cassander, king of Macedonia, and son-in-law 
of Lysimachus. He killed his mother, because 
she wished his brother Alexander to succeed to 
the throne. Alexander, to revenge the death of 
bis mother, solicited the assistance of Deme- 
trius, but peace was re-established between the 
two brothers by the advice of Lysimachus, and 
soon after, Demetrius killed Antipater, and 
made himself king of Macedonia, 294 B. C. 

Justin. 26, c. I. A king of Macedonia, who 

reigned only 43 days, 277 B. C. A king of 

Cicilia. A powerful prince, father to Herod. 

He was appoitted governor of Judea by Csesar, 
whom he had assisted in the Alexandrine war. 

Joseph. An Athenian archon. One of 

Alexander's soldiers, who conspired against his 
life with Hermolaus. Curl. 8, c. 6. A ce- 
lebrated sophist of Hieropolis, preceptor to the 
children of tie emperor Severub.— — A Stoic 

philosopher of Tarsus, 144 years B. C. A 

poet of Sidou, who could compose a number of 
verses extempore, upon any subject. He ranked 
Sappho among the muses, in one of his epi- 
grams. He had a fever every year on the day 



of his birth, of which at last he died. He flour- 
ished about 80 years B. C. Some of his epi- 
grams are preserved in the anthologia. Ptin. 
7, c. 51, — Val. Mux. I, c. 10. — tic de Orat. 

3, de Offic. 3, de Qucest. Acad. 4. A pnilo- 

sopher oi Phoenicia, preceptor to Cato of Litica. 

Plat, in Cat. A stoic philosopher, disciple 

to Diogenes of Babylon. He wrote two books 
on divination, and died at Athens. Cic. de Div. 

I, c 3.— Ac. Qjuxst 4, c. 6 — De affic. 3, c. 12. 

A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote two books 

of letters. Apuet of Thessalonica, in the age 

of Augustus. 

Antipatria, a city of Macedonia. Liv. 13, 
c. 27. 

Antipatridas, a governor of Telmessus. 
Poly.cn. 5. 

Antipatris, a city of Palestine. 

Antiphanes, an ingenious statuary of Ar- 

gos. Paus. 5, c. 17. A comic poet of 

Rhodes, or rather of Smyrna, who wrote above 
90 comedies, and died in the 74th year of his 
age, by the fall of an apple upon his head— — 
A physician of Delos, who used to say that dis- 
eases originated from, the variety of food that 
was eaten. Clem. Alex. — Atken. 

Antiphates, a king of the Laestrygones, de- 
scended from Lamus, who founded Forrniae. 
Ulysses, returning from Troy, came upon his 
coasts, and sent three men to examine the coun- 
try. Antiphates devoured one of them, and 
pursued the others, and sunk the fleet of Ulysses 
with stones, except the ship in which Ulysses 

was. Ovid Met. 14, v. 232. A son of Sar- 

pedon Virg. ALn. 9, V. 696. The grand- 
father of Amphiaraus, Homer. Od. A man 

killed in the Trojan war by Leonteus. Homer. 

II. 12, v. 191. 

Antiphili portus, a harbour on the African 
side of the Red sea. Strab. 16. 

Antiphilus, an Athenian who succeeded 
Leosthenes, at the siege of Lamia against Anti- 
pater. Diod 18. A noble painter who re- 
presented a youth leaning over a fire and blow- 
ing it, from which the whole house seemed to 
be illuminated. He was an Egyptian by birth: 
be imitated Apelles, and was disciple to Ctesi- 
demus. Plin 35, c. 10. 

Antiphon, a poet. A native of Rhamnu- 

sia, called Nestor, from his eloquence and pru- 
dence- The sixteen orations that are extant 

under his name, are supposititious An orator 

who promised Philip, king of Macedonia, that 
he would set on fire the citadel of Athens, for 
which he was put to death at the instigation of 
Demosthenes. Cic. de Div. 2. Plut. in Alcib. 

if De.most. A poet who wrote on agriculture. 

Athen. An author who wrote a treatise on 

peacocks. A rich man, introduced by Xeno- 

phou as disputing with Socrates. An Athe- 
nian who interpreted dreams, and wrote a his- 
tory of his art. Cic. de Div. 1 and 2. A 

foolish rhetorician. A poet of Attica, who 

wrote tragedies, epic poems, and orations. Di- 
onysius put him to death because he refused to 
praise his compositions. Being once asked by 
the tyrant, what brass was the best? he answer- 
ed, that with which the statues of Harmodius 
and Aristogiton are made. Plut. — Aristot. 



AN 



AN 



Antiphonus, a sou of Priam, who went with 
his father to the ten l of Achilles to redeem Hec- 
tor. Homer II. 24. 

Antiphus, a son of Priam, killed by Aga- 
memnon .luring the Trojan war. A son of 

Thessalus, grandson to Hercules. He went to 
the Trojan war in 30 ships. Homer. II. 2, v. 

185. An intimate friend of Ulysses. Homer. 

Od. 17. A brother of Ctimenus, was son of 

Ganyctor the Naupactian. These two brothers 
murdered the poet Hesiod, on the raise sus- 
picion that he had offered violence to their sis- 
ter, am! threw his body into the sea. The poet's 
dog discovered them, and they were seized and 
convicted of the murder. Plut. de Solert. 
Jhiim. 

ANTiPffiNus, a noble Theban, whose daugh- 
ters sacrificed themselves for the public safety. 
Vid. Androclea. 

Antipolis, a city of Gaul, built by the peo- 
ple <f Marseilles. Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 15. 

Antirrhium, a promontory of iEtolia, oppo- 
site Rhiuin in Peloponnesus, whence the name. 

Antissa, a city at the north of Lesbos. 

An island near it. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 287. — 
Plin. 2, c. 89 

Antisthenes, a philosopher, born of an 
Athenian father, and of a Phrygian mother 
He taught rhetoric, and had among his pupils 
the famous Diogenes; but when he had beard 
Socrates, he shut up his school, and told his pu- 
pils, " Go seek for yourselves a master, I have 
now found one." He was the head of the sect 
of the cynic philosophers. One of his pupils 
asked him what philosophy had taught him? 
li To live with myself," said he. He sold his 
all, and preserved only a very ragged coat, 
which drew the attention of Socrates, and 
tempted him to say to the cynic, who carried his 
contempt of dress too far, " Antisthenes, I see 
thy vanity through the holes of thy coat." An- 
tisthenes taught the unity of God, but he re- 
commended suicide. Some of his letters are 
extant His doctrines of austerity were follow- 
ed as long as he was himself an example of the 
cynical character, but after his death, they were 
all forgotten Antisthenes flourished 396 years 
B. C. Cic. de Orat. 3, c. 35.— Diog 6.— 

Plut. in Lye. A disciple of Heraclitus. 

An historian of Rhodes. Diog. 

Antistius Labeo, an excellent lawyer at 
Rome, who defended the liberties of his coun- 
try against Augustus, for which he is taxed with 
madness, by Horat- 1, Sat. 3, v, 82. — Sueton. 

in Jiug 54. Petro of Gabii, was the author 

of a celebrated treaty between Rome and his 
Country, in the age of Tarquin the Proud. Di- 

onys. Val. 4. C. Reginus, a lieutenant of 

Caesar in Gaul. Cces. Bell. G. 6 and 7. A 

soldier of Pompey's army, so confident of his va- 
lour, that he challenged all the adherents of 
Caesar. Hirt. 25, Hisp. Bell. 

Antitaurus, one of the branches of mount 
Taurus, which runs in a north-east direction 
through Cappadocia, towards Armenia and the 
Euphrates. 

Antitheus, an Athenian archon. Paus. 7, 
c. 17. 
Antium, a maritime town of Italy, built by 



Ascanius, or, according to others, by a son of 

Ulysses and Circe, upon a promontory 32 miles 

from Ostium. It was the capital of the VoUci, 

who made war against the Romans for above 

200 years. Camillus took it, and carried all the 

! beaks of their ships to Rome, and placed them 

| in the forum on a tribunal, which from thence 

| was called Rostrum. This town was dedicated 

; to the goddess of fortune, whose statues, when 

; consulted, gave oracles by a nodding of the 

' head,- or other different signs. Nero was born 

I there. Cic. de Div. 1. — Horat. 1, od. 35. — Liv. 

I 8, c 14. 

Antomenes, the last king of Corinth. After 
his death, magistrates with regal authority were 
chosen annually. 

Antonia lex, was enacted by M. Antony, 
the consul, A. U. C. 710. It abrogated the lex 
Mia, and renewed the lex Cornelia, by taking 
away from the people the privilege of choosing 
priests, and restoring it to the college of priests, 

to which it originally belonged. Dio 44. 

Another by the same, A. U. C. 703. It or- 
dained that a new decury of judges should be 
added to the two former, and that they should, 
be chosen from the centurions. Cic. in Philip. 

1 and 5 Another by the same. It allowed. 

an appeal to the people, to those who were con- 
demned de majestate, or of perfidious measures 
against the state.- Another by the same, du- 
ring his triumvirate. It made it a capital of- 
fence to propose ever after the election of a dic- 
tator, and for any person to accept of the office. 
Jippian. de Bell. Civ. 3. 

Antonia, a daughter of M. Antony, by Oc- 
tavia. She married Domitius iEnobarbus, and 

was mother of Nero, and two daughters. A 

sister of Germanicus. A daughter of Clau- 
dius and JElia Petina. She was of the family 
of the Tuberos, and was repudiated for her le- 
vity. Sueton. in Claud. 1. — Tacit. Jinn. 11. 

The wife of Drusus the son of Livia, and 

brother to Tiberius. She became mother of 
three children, Germanicus, Caligula's father; 
Claudius the emperor, and the debauched Livia. 
Her husband died very early, and she never 
would marry again, but spent her time in the 
education of her children. Some people suppose 
her grandson, Caligula, ordered her to be poi- 
soned, A. D. 38. Val. Max. 4, c. 3.— A 
castle of Jerusalem, which received this name in 
honour of M. Antony. 

Antonii, a patrician and plebeian family, 
which were said to derive their origin from 
Antones, a son of Hercules, as Plut. in Anton^ 
informs us 

Antonina, the wife of Bellisarius, &c. 
Antoninus, Titus, surnamed Pius, wa3 
adopted by the emperor Adrian, to whom he 
succeeded. This prince is remarkable for all 
the virtues that can form a perfect statesman, 
philosopher, and king. He rebuilt whatever 
cities had been destroyed by wars in former 
reigns. In cases of famine or inundation, he 
relieved the distressed, and supplied their wants 
with his own money. He suffered the governors 
of the provinces to remain long in the adminis- 
tration, that no opportunity of extortion might 
be given to new-comers. In this conduct to- 
ts 



AN 



AN 



wards his subjects, he behaved with affability 
and humanity, and listened with patience to 
every complaint brought before him. When told 
of conquering heroes, he said with Scipio, I pre- 
fer the life and preservation of a citizen, to the 
death of one hundred enemies. He did not per- 
secute the christians like his predecessors, but 
his life was a scene of universal benevolence. 
His last moments were easy, though preceded 
by a lingering illness. When consul of Asia, 
he lodged at Smyrna, in the house of a sophist, 
who, in civility, obliged the governor to change 
his house at night. The sophist, when Antoni- 
nus became emperor, visited Rome, and was jo- 
cosely desired to use the palace as his own 
house, without any apprehension of being turned 
out at night. He extended the boundaries of 
the Roman province in Britain, by raising a 
rampart between the Friths of Clyde and Forth; 
but he waged no war during his reign, and only 
repulsed the enemies of the empire who appear- 
ed in the field. He died in the 75th year of his 
age, after a reign of 23 years, A. D. 161. He 
was succeeded by his adopted son, M. Aurelius 
Antoninus, surnamed the philosopher, a prince as 
virtuous as his father. He raised to the impe- 
rial dignity his brother L. Verus, whose volup- 
tuousness and dissipation were as conspicuous as 
the moderation of the philosopher. During their 
reign, the Quadi, Parthians, and Marcomanni 
were defeated. Antoninus wrote a book in 
Greek, entitled, Tau^S- 1 swrov, concerning him- 
self, the best editions of which are the 4to. 
Cantab. 1652, and the 8vo. Oxon. 1704. After 
the war with the Quadi had been finished, Ve- 
rus died of an apoplexy, and Antoninus survived 
him eight years, and died in his 6 1st year, after 
a reign of 29 years and ten days. Dio Cassitis. 

Bassianus Caracalla, son of the emperor 

Septimus Severus, was celebrated for his cruel- 
ties. He killed his brother Geta in his mother's 
arms, and attempted to destroy the writings of 
Aristotle, observing that Aristotle was one of 
those who sent poison to Alexander. He mar- 
ried his mother, and publicly lived with her, 
which gave occasion to the people of Alexandria 
to say that he was an (Edipus, and his wife a 
Jocasta. This joke was fatal to them; and the 
emperoi , to punish their ill language, slaughter- 
ed many thousands in Alexandria. After as- 
suming the name and dress of Achilles, and 
styling himself the conqueror of provinces he 
had never seen, he was assassinated at Edessa 
by Macrinus. April 8, in the 43d year of his 
age, A. D. 217. His body was sent to his wife 
Julia, who stabbed herself at the sight 



There is extant a Greek itinerary, and another 
book called Iter Britannicum, which some have 
attributed to the emperor Antoninus, though it 
was more probably written by a person of that 
name whose age is unknown. 

Antoniopolis, a city of Mesopotamia. Mar- 
cell. 8. 

M. Antonius Gnipho, a poet of Gaul, who 
taught rhetoric at Rome; Cicero and other il- 
lustrious men frequented his school. He never 
asked any thing for his lectures, whence be re- 
ceived more from the liberality of his pupils. 
Swtcn. de Illust. Gr. 7. An orator, grand- 



father to the triumvir of the same name. He 
was killed in the civil wars of Marius, and his 
head was hung in the forum. Val. Max. 9, c. 

2. — Lucan. 2, v. 121. Marcus, the eldest 

son of the orator of the same name, by means 
of Cotta and Cethegus, obtained from the senate 
the office of managing the corn on the maritime 
coasts of the Mediterranean with unlimited pow- 
er. This gave him many opportunities of plun- 
dering the provinces and enriching himself. He 

died of a broken heart. Sallust. Frag. 

Caius, a son of the orator of that name, who ob- 
tained a troop of horse from Sylla, and plunder- 
ed Achaia. He was carried before the pretor 
M. Lucullus, and banished from the senate by 
the censors, for pillaging the allies, and refusing 

to appear when summoned before justice. 

Caius, son of Antonius Caius, was consul, with 
Cicero, and assisted him to destroy the conspi- 
racy of Cataline, in Gaul. He went to Mace- 
donia as his province, and fought with ill suc- 
cess against the Dardani. He was accused at 
his return and banished. Marcus, the tri- 
umvir, was grandson to the orator M. Antonius, 
and son of Antonius, surnamed Cretensis, from 
his wars in Crete. He was augur and tribune 
of the people, in which he distinguished himself 
by his ambitious views. He always entertained 
a secret resentment against Cicero, which arose 
from Cicero's having put to death Corn. Lentu- 
lus, who was concerned in Catiline's conspira- 
cy. This Lentulus had married Antonius's 
mother, after his father's death. W 7 hen the sen- 
ate was torn by the factions of Pompey's and 
Caesar's adherents, Antony proposed that both 
should lay aside the command of their armies 
in the provinces; but as this proposition met not 
with success, he privately retired from Rome to 
the camp of Caesar, and advised him to march 
his army to Rome. In support of his attach- 
ment, he commanded the left wing of his army 
at Pharsalia, and, according to a premeditated 
scheme, offered him a diadem in the presence 
of the Roman people. When Caesar was assas- 
sinated in the senate house, his friend Antony 
spoke an oration over his body; and to ingratiate 
himself and his party with the populace, he re- 
minded them of the liberal treatment they had 
received from Caesar. He besieged Mutina, 
which had been allotted to D. Brutus, for which 
the senate judged him an enemy to the re- 
public, at the remonstration of Cicero. He was 
conquered by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, and 
by young Caesar, who soon after joined his in- 
terest with that of Antony, and formed the cele- 
brated triumvirate, which was established with 
such cruel proscriptions, that Antony did not 
even spare his own uncle, that he might strike 
off the head of his enemy Cicero. The trium- 
virate divided the Roman empire among them- 
selves; Lepidus was set over all Italy, Augustus 
had the west, and Antony returned into the east, 
where he enlarged his dominions by different 
conquests. Antony had married Fulvia, whom 
he repudiated to marry Octavia the sister of 
Augustus, and by this conjunction to strengthen 
the triumvirate. He assisted Augustus at the 
battle of Philippi against the murderers of J. 
Caesar, and he buried the body of M. Brutus. 



AN 



AO 



Lis enemy, in a most magnificent manner. 
During his residence in the east, he became 
enamourud of the fair Cleopatra, queen of 
Egypt, and repudiated Octavia to marry her. 
This divorce incensed Augustus, who now pre- 
pared to deprive Antony of all his power. An- 
tony, in the mean time, assembled all the forces 
of the east, and with Cleopatra marched against 
Octavius Caesar. These two enemies met at 
Actium, where a naval engagement soon began, 
and Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, drew An- 
tony from the battle, and ruined his cause. Af- 
ter the battle of Actium, Antony followed Cleo- 
patra into Egypt, where he was soon informed 
of the defection of all his allies and adherents, 
and saw the conqueror on his shores. He 
stabbed himself, and Cleopatra likewise killed 
herself oy the bite of an asp. Antony died in 
the 56th year of his age, B. C 30, and the con- 
queror shed tears when he was informed that 
his enemy was no more. Antony left seven 
chiidren by his three wives. He has been 
blamed for his great effeminacy, for his uncom- 
mon love of pleasures, and his fondness of 
drinking. It is said that he wrote a book in 
praise of drunkenness. He was fond of imita- 
ting Hercuies, from whom, according to some 
accounts, he was descended; and he is often re- 
presented as Hercules, with Cleopatra in the 
form of Omphale, dressed in the arms of her 
submissive lover, and beating him with her san- 
dals. In his public character, Antony was brave 
and courageous, but with the intrepidity of Cae- 
sar, he possessed all his voluptuous inclinations. 
He was prodigal to a degree, and did not scru- 
ple to call, from vanity, his sons by Cleopatra, 
kings of kings. His fondness for low company, 
and his debauchery, form the best parts of Ci- 
cero's Philippics. It is said that the night of 
Caesar's murder, Cassius supped with Antony; 
and being asked whether he had a dagger with 
him, answered, yes, if you, Antony, aspire to 
sovereign power. Plutarch has written an ac- 
count of his life. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 685. — Ho- 
rat. ep. 9.— Juv. 10, v. 122 —C. Mp. in At- 
tic. — Cic. in Philip. — Justin. 41 and 42. 



Julius, son of Antony, the triumvir, by Fulvia, 
was consul with Paulus Fabius Maximus. He 
was surnamed Africanus, and put to death by 
order of Augustus. Some say that he killed 
himself. It is supposed that he wrote an heroic 
poem on Diomede, in 12 books. Horace dedi- 
cated his 4 Od. 2. to him. Tacit. 4, Jinn, c, 
44. Lucius, the triumvir's brother, was be- 
sieged in Pelusium by Augustus, and obliged to 
surrender himself with 300 men, by famine. — 
The conqueror spared his life. Some say that 
he was killed at the shrine of Caesar. A no- 
ble, but unfortunate youth. His father, Julius, 
was put to death by Augustus, for his criminal 
conversation with Julia, and he himself was re- 
moved by the emperor to Marseilles, on pre- 
tence of finishing his education. Tacit. 4, Jinn. 
c. 44 Felix, a freedman of Ciaudius, ap- 
pointed governor of Judaea. He married Dru- 
silla, the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra. — 
Tacit 4, Hist. 9. Flamma, a Roman, con- 
demned for extortion, under Vespasian. Tacit. 
Hist. 4, c. 45. Musa 3 a physician of Augus- 



tus. Plin. 29, c. 1. Merenda, a decemvir 

at Rome, A. U. C. 304. Liv. 3, c 35. Q,. 

Merenda, a military tribune, A. U. C. 332. 
Liv. 4, c. 42. 

Antorides, a painter, disciple to Aristippus. 
Plin. 

Antro Coracius. Vid. Coracius. ' 

Antylla. Vid. Anthylla. 

Anubis, an Egyptian deity, represented under 
the foum of a man with the head of a dog, be- 
cause when Osiris went on his expedition against 
India, Anubis accompanied him, and clothed 
himself in a sheep's skin. His worship was in- 
troduced from Egypt into Greece and Italy. 
He is supposed by some to be Mercury, because 
he is sometimes represented with a caduceus. 
Some make him brother of Osiris, some his son 
by Nephthys, the wife of Typhon. Diod. 1. — 
Lucan. 8, v. 331.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 686 — 
Plut. de Isid. and Osirid. — Herodot. 4. — Virg. 
JEn. 8, v. 698. 

Anxius, a river of Armenia, falling into the 
Euphrates. 

Anxur, called also Tarracina, a city of the 
Volsci, taken by the Romans, A. U. C. 348. 
It was sacred to Jupiter, who is called Jupiter 
Anxur, and represented in the form of a beard- 
less boy. Liv. 4, c. 59. — Horat 1, Sat. 5, v. 
26.— Lucan. 3, v. 84 Virg. JEn. 7, v. 799. 

Anyta, a Greek woman, some of whose ele- 
gant verses are still extant. 

Anytus, an Athenian rhetorician, who, with 
Melitus and Lycon, accused Socrates of impiety, 
and was the cause of his condemnation. These 
false accusers were afterwards put to death by 
the Athenians. Diog .—.Elian. V. #. 2, c. 13. 

—Horat. 2, Sat. 4, v. 3. — Plut. in Jllcib. 

One of the Titans. 

Anzabe, a river near the Tigris. Mar- 
cel. 18. 

Aollius, a son of Romulus by Hersilia, after- 
wards called Abillius. 

Aon, a son of Neptune, who came to Eubcea 
and Boeotia, from Apulia, where he collected the 
inhabitants into cities, and reigned over them. 
They were called Jiones, and the country Jlonia t 
from him. 

Aones, the inhabitants of Jlonia, called af- 
terwards Boeotia. They came there in the age 
of Cadmus, and obtained his leave to settle with 
the Phoenicians. The muses have been called 
Jlonides, because Aonia was more particularly 
frequented by them. Pans- 9, c. 3. — Ovid^ 
Met. 3, 7, 10, 13. Trist. el. 5, v. 10. Fast. 3, 
v. 456, 1. 4, v. 245.— Virg. G. 3, v. 11. 

Aonia, one of the ancient names of Boeotia. 

Aoris, a famous hunter, son of Aras, king 
of Corinth He was so fond of his sister Ara- 
thyraea, that he called part of the country by 

her name Paws 2, c. 12. The wife of 

Neleus, called more commonly Chloris. Id. 9, 
C 36. 

Aornos, Aornus, Aornis, a lofty rock, sup- 
posed to be near the Ganges, in India, taken 
by Alexander. Hercules had besieged it, but 
was never able to conquer it. Curt. 8, c. 11. — 

Jirrian. 4. — Strab. 15. — Plut in Mtx. A 

place in Epirus, with an oracle. Paus. 9, c. 
80. A certain lake near Tartessus. An- 



AP 



AP 



other near Baiae and Puteoli. It was also ealled 

Avernus. Virg JEn. 6, v. 242. 

Aoti, a people of Thrace near the Getae, on 
the Ister. Plin. 4. 

Ayaitje, a people of Asia Minor. Strab. 

Apama, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who mar- 
ried Pharnabazus, satrap of Ionia A daugh- 
ter of Antioehus. Paus. 1, c. 8. 

Apame, the mother of Nicomedes by Pru- 
sias kina; of Bithyuia. The mother of An- 
tioehus Soter, by Seleucus Nicanor. Soter 
founded a city which he called by his mother's 
name. 

ApamIa or Apamea, a city of Phrygia, on 

the Marsyas. A city of Bithynia Of 

Media. Mesopotamia. Another near the 

Tigris. 

Aparni, a nation of shepherds near the Cas- 
pian sea Strab. 

Apaturia, a festival at Athens, which re- 
ceived its name from et7ra.ru, deceit, because it 
was instituted in memory of a stratagem by 
which Xanthus king of Boeotia was killed by 
Melauthus king of Athens, upon the following 
occasion: when a war arose between the Boeo- 
tians and Athenians abo^it a piece of ground 
which divided their territories, Xanthus made a 
proposal to the Athenian king to decide the bat- 
tle by single combat. Thymoetes, who was then 
on the throne of Athens, refused, and his suc- 
cessor Melauthus accepted the challenge. When 
they began the engagement, Melanthus exclaim- 
ed, that his antagonist had some person behind 
him to support aim? upon which Xanthus looked 
behind, and was killed by Meianthus. From 
this success, Jupiter was called a.7rAr»va)^, de- 
ceiver, and Bacchus, who was supposed to be 
behind Xanthus, was called MihsLvxtyiSy clothed 
in the skin of a black goat Some derive the 
word from cnrATogiA., i. e c/uoto^ict, because 
on the day of the festival, the chiluren accom- 
panied their fathers to be registered among the 
citizens. The festival lasted three days, the first 
day was called Soviet, because suppers, Sozttzi, 
were prepared for each separate tribe. The 
second day was called ctvdLggvo-ts airo rev etvee 
etvuV) because sacrifices were offered to Jupiter 
an iVjinerva, and the head of the victims was 
generally turned up towards the heavens. The 
third was called Kov^zanc, from Kovgoc, a 
youth, or Kougx, shaving, because the young 
men had their hair cut off before they were re- 
gistered, when their parents swore that they were 
free-born Athenians They generally sacrificed 
two ewes and a she- goat to Diana. This festival 
was adopted by the lonians, except the inhabi- 
tants of Epheaus and Colophon. A surname 

of Minerva of Venus 

Apeauros, a. mountain in Peloponnesus. 
Polyb. 4. 

A pell a, a word, Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 10. 
which has given much trouble to critics and 
commentators. Some suppose it> to mean cir- 
cumcised, (sine pelle) an epithet highly appli- 
cable to « Jew. Others maintain that it is a 
proper name, upon the authority of Cicero ad 
Attic. 12, ep. 19. who mentions a person of the 
same name. 

Apelles, a celebrated painter of Cos, or, as 



others say, of Ephesus, or Colophon, son of 
Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander the 
great, who honoured him so much that he for- 
bade any man but Apelles to draw his picture. 
He was so attentive to his profession, that he 
never spent a day without employing his pencil, 
whence the proverb of Nulla dies sine lined. 
His most perfect picture was Venus Anadyo 
mene, which was not totally finished when the 
painter died. He made a painting of Alexander 
holding thunder in his hand, so much like life, 
that Pliny, who saw it, says that the hand of the 
king with the thunder seemed to come out of 
the picture. This picture was placed in Diana's 
temple at Ephesus. He made another of Alex- 
ander, but the king expressed not much satis- 
faction at the sight of it; and at that moment a 
horse passing by, neighed at the horse which 
was represented in the piece, supposing it to be 
alive; upon which the painter said, " One would 
imagine that the horse is a better judge of paint- 
ing than your majesty." When Alexander or- 
dered him to draw the picture of Campaspe, 
one of his mistresses, Apelles became enamour- 
ed of her, and the king peimitted him to marry 
her. — He wrote three volumes upon painting, 
which were still extant in the age of Pliny. It 
is said that he was accused in Egypt of conspir- 
ing against the life of Ptolemy, and that he 
would have been put to death had not the real 
conspirator discovered himself, and saved the 
painter. Apelks never put his name to any 
pictures but three; a sleeping Venus, Venus 
Anadyomene; and an Alexander. The proverb 
of Ne sutor ultra crepidam, is applied to htm by 
some. Plin. 35, c. 10. — Bo, at. 2, ep. 1. v. 
238. — Cic in Famil. 1, ep. 9. — Ovid de Art, 

Am. 3, v 401. — Val.\ Max. 8, c. 11. A 

tragic writer. Suet. Calig. 33. A Mace- 
donian general, &c. 

Apellicon, a Teian peripatetic philosopher, 
whose fondness for bouks was so great that he is 
accused of stealing them, when he could not 
obtain them with money He bought the works 
of Aristotle and Theophrastus, but greatly dis- 
figured them by his frequent interpolations. The 
extensive library which he had collected at 
Athens, was carried to Rome when Sylla had 
conquered the capital of Attica, and among the 
valuable books was found an original manuscript 
of Aristotle. He died about 86 years before 
Christ. Strab. 13. 

Apenninus, a ridge of high mountains which 
run through the middle of Italy, from Ligui ia to 
Ariminum anil Ancona They are joined to the 
Alps. Some have supposed that they ran across 
Sicily by Rhegium before Italy was separated 
from Sicily Lucan. 2, v. 306.— Ovid. Met. 
2, v. 226.— Ital. 4, v. 743.— Strab. 2 —Mela. 
2, c. 4. 

Aper, Marcus, a Latin orator of Gaul, who 
distinguished himself as a politician, as well as 
by his genius. The dialogue of tbe orators, in- 
serted with the works of Tacitus and Quintiiian, 

is attributed to him. He died A. D. 85. 

Another. Vid. Numcrianus 

Aperopia, a small island on the coast of 
Argolis. Paus. 2, c 34 

Apesus, Apesas, or Apesantus, a mountain 



AP 



AP 



ef Peloponnesus, near Lerna. Stat, in Theb. I 
3, v. 461. 

Aphaca, a town of Palestine, where Venus 
was worshipped, and where she had a temple 
and an oracle. 

Aph^ea, a name of Diana, who had a temple 
ia&gina. Paus. 2, c. 30. 

Aphar, the capital city of Arabia, near the 
Red Sea. Jirrian in Peripl. 

Apharetus, fell in love with Marpessa, 
daughter of (Enomaus, and carried her away. 

Afhareus, a king of Messenia, son of Pe- 
rieres and Gorgophone, who married Arene 
daughter of (Ebalus, by whom he had three 

sons. Paus. 3, c. 1. A relation of Isocrates 

who wrote 37 tragedies. 

Aphas, a river of Greece, which falls into 
the bay of Ambracia. Plin. 4, c. 1. 

Aphellas, a king of Cyrene, who with the 
aid of Agathocles, endeavoured to reduce all 
Africa under his power. Justin. 22, c. 7. 

Aphesas, a mountain in Peloponnesus, 
whence, as the poets have imagined, Perseus 
attempted to fly to heaven. Stat. 3. Theb. v. 
461. 

Aphet.se, a city of Magnesia, where the ship 
Argo was launched. Jipoliod. 

Aphidas, a son of Areas king of Arcadia 
Paus. 8 

Aphidna, a part of Attica, which received 
its name from Aphidnus, one of the companions 
of Theseus. Herodot. 

Aphidnus, a friend of iEneas, killed by 
Turnus. Virg. Mi. 9, v. 702 

ApHffiBETtrs, one of the conspirators against 
Alexander. Curt. 6, c. 7. 

Aphrices, an Indian prince, who defended 
the rock Aornus with 20,000 foot and 15 ele- 
phants. He was killed by his troops, and his 
head sent to Alexander. 

Aphrodisia, an island in the Persian gulf 

where Venus is worshipped. -Festivals in 

honour of Venus, celebrated in different parts 
of Greece, bd^ebiefly in Cyprus. They were 
first instituted by Cinyras, from whose family 
the priests of the goddess were always chosen. 
All those that were initiated offered a piece of 
money to Venus, as a harlot, and received as a 
mark of the favours of the goddess, a measure 
of salt and a (pAKKos, the salt, because Venus 
arose from the sea; the paxxos, because she is 
the goddess of wantonness. They were cele- 
brated at Corinth by harlots, and in every part 
of Greece, they were very much frequented. 
Slrub. 14,—Jtkm. 

Aphrodisias, a town of Caria, sacred to 
Venus Tacit, Ann. 3, c. 62. 

Afhrodisium, or a, a town of Apulia built 
by Diomede in honour of Venus. 

Aphrodisum, a city on the eastern parts of 
Cyprus, niue miles from Salamis. A pro- 
montory with an island of the same name on the 
coast of Spain. Plin. 3, c. 3. 

Aphrodite, the Grsecian name of Venus, 
from augoc, froth, because Venus is said to have 
been born from the froth of the ocean. Hesiod. 
Th. m.—Plm. 36, c. 5. 

AphyTjE or Aphytis, a city of Thrace, near 
Pallena, where Jupiter Ammon was worshipped. 



Lysander besieged the town; but the god of the 
place appeared to him in a dream, and advised 
him to raise the siege, which be immediately did. 
Paus. 3, c. 18. 

Apia, an ancient name of Peloponnesus, which 
it received from king Apis. It was afterwards 
called JEgiaiea, Pelasgia, Argia, and at last 
Peloponnesus, or the island of Pelops. Homer. 

II. 1, v. 270. Also the name of the earth, 

worshipped among the Lydians as a powerful 
deity. Herodot. 4, c. 59. 

Apianus, or Apion, was born at Oasis in 
Egypt, whence he went to Alexandria, of which 
he was deemed a citizen. He succeeded Theus 
in the profession of rhetoric in the reiga of Ti- 
berius, and wrote a book against the Jews, which 
Josephus refused. He was at the head of an 
embassy which the people of Alexandria sent to 
Caligula,. to complain of the Jews. Seneca, ep. 
88.— Plin. prcef. Hist. 

Apicata, married Sejanus, by whom she had 
three children. She was repudiated. Tacit 
Jinn. 4, c. 3. 

Apicitts, a famous glutton in Rome. — There 
were three of the same name, all famous for 
their voracious appetite. The first lived in the 
time of the republic, the second in the reign of 
Augustus and Tiberius, and the third under 
Trajan. The second was the most famous, as 
he wrote a book on the pleasures and incite- 
ments of eating. He hanged himself afier he 
had consumed the greatest part of his estate. 
The best edition of Apicius Cseiius de Arte 
Coquinarid, is that of Amst. 12mo. 1709 Juv. 
11, v. 3. — Martial. 2, ep. 69. 

Apidanus, one of the chief rivers of Thes- 
saly, at the south of the Peneus, into which it 
falls, a little above Larissa. Lucan. 6, v. 372. 

Apina, and Apin^:, a city of Apulia, destroy- 
ed with Trica, in its neighbourhood, by Dio- 
medes; whence came the proverb of Apina 8c 
Trica, to express trifling things. Martial. 14, 
ep. 1. — Plin. 3, c. 11. 

Apiola, and ApiOLiE, a town of Italy, taken 
by Tarquin the Proud. The Roman capital was 
begun with the spoils taken from that city. Plin, 
3. c. 5. 

Apion, a surname of Ptolemy, one of the 
descendants of Ptolemy Lagus. A gram- 
marian. [Fid. Apiauus.] 

Apis, one of the ancient kings of Pelopon-; 
nesus, son of Phoroneus and Laodice. Some 
say that Apollo was his father, and that he was 
king of Argos, while others call him king of 
Sicyon, and fix the time of his reign above 200 
years earlier, which is enough to show he is but 
obscurely known, if known at all. He was a 
native of Naupactum, and descended from Ina- 
chus. He received divine honours after death, 
as he had been munificent and humane to his 
subjects. The country where he reigned was 
called Apia; and afterwards it received the name 
of Pelasgia, Argia, or Argolis, and at last that 
of Peloponnesus, from Pelops. Some, amongst 
whom is Varro and St. Augustine, have imagin- 
ed that Apis went to Egypt with a colony of 
Greeks, and that be civilized the inhabitants, 
and polished their manners, for which they made 
him a god after death, and paid divine honours 



AP 



AP 



to him under the name of Serapis. This tra- 
dition, according to some of the modems, is 
without foundation. JEschyl. in Suppl. — August, 
de Civ. Dei, 18, c. 5. — Puus. 2, c. 5. — Apollod. 

2, c 1. A son of Jason, born in Arcadia; 

he was killed by the horses of JEtoIus. Paus. 

5, c I. A town of Egypt on the lake Mare- 

otis A god of the Egyptians worshipped 

under the form of an ox. Some say that Isis 
and Osiris are the deities worshipped under this 
name, because during their reign they taught 
the Egyptians agriculture. The Egyptians be- 
lieved that the soul of Osiris was really departed 
into the ox, where it wished to dwell, because 
that animal had been of the most essential ser- 
vice in the cultivation of the ground, which 
Osiris had introduced into Egypt. The ox that 
was chosen was always distinguished by particu- 
lar marks; his body was black; be had a square 
white spot upon the forehead, the figure of an 
eagle upon the back, a knot under the tongue 
like a beetle, the hairs of his tail were double, 
and his right side was marked with a whitish 
spot, resembling the crescent of the moon. 
Without these, an ox could not be taken as the 
god Apis; and it is to be imagined that the 
priests gave these distinguished characteristics 
to the animal on which their credit and even 
prosperity depended. The festival of Apis last- 
ed seven days; the ox was led in a solemn pro- 
cession by the priests, and everyone was anxious 
to receive him into his house, and it was be- 
lieved that the children who smelt his breath re- 
ceived the knowledge of futurity. The ox was 
conducted to the banks of the Nile with much 
ceremony, and if he had lived to the time when 
their sacred books allowed; they drowned him 
in the river, and embalmed his body and buried 
it in solemn state in the city of Memphis. After 
his death, which sometimes was natural, the 
greatest cries and lamentations were heard in 
Egypt, as if Osiris was just dead; the priests 
shaved their heads, which was a sign of the 
deepest mourning. This continued till another 
ox appeared with the proper characteristics to 
succeed as the deity, which was followed with 
the greatest acclamations, as if Osiris was re- 
turned to life. This ox, which was found to re- 
present Apis, was left 40 days in the city of the 
Nile before he was carried to Memphis, during 
which time none but women were permitted to 
appear before him, and this they performed, ac- 
cording to their superstitious notions, in a wan- 
ton and indecent manner. There was also an 
ox worshipped at Heliopolis, under the name of 
Mnevis; some supposed that he was Osiris, but 
others maintain that the Apis of Memphis was 
sacred to Osiris, and Mnevis to lsis. When 
Cambyses came into Egypt, the people were 
celebrating the festivals of Apis with every mark 
of joy and triumph, which the conqueror inter- 
preted as an insult upon himself. ,He called the 
priests of Apis, and ordered the deity himself 
to come before him. When he saw that an ox 
was the object of their veneration, and the cause 
of such rejoicings, he wounded it on the thigh, 
ordered the priests to be chastised, and com- 
manded his soldiers to slaughter such as were 
found celebrating such riotous festivals. The 



god Apis had generally two stables, or rather 
temples. If he eat from the hand, it was a 
favourable omen; but if he refused the food that 
was offered him, it was interpreted as unlucky. 
From this, Germanicus, when he visited Egypt, 
drew the omens of his approaching death. When 
his oracle was consulted, incense was burut on 
an altar, and a piece of money placed upon it, 
after which the people that wished to know fu- 
turity applied their ear to the mouth of the god 
and immediately retired, stopping their ears till 
they had departed from the temple. The first 
sounds that were heard, were taken as the an- 
swer of the oracle to their questions. Paus. 7, 
c 22.— Herodot. 2 and 3.— Plin. 8, c. 38, &c. 
— Strab. 7. — Pint, in hid. and Osir. — Apollod. 
1. c. 7, 1. 2, c l.—Mela, 1, c 9.— Plin. 8, c. 
39, &c. Slrab. l.—JElian. V. H. 4 and 6.— 
Diod. 1. 

Apisaon, son of Hippasus, assisted Priam 
against the Greeks, at the head of a Paeonian 
army. Pie was killed by Lycomedes. Horn. II. 
17, v. 348. Another on the same side. 

Apitius Galba, a -celebrated buffoon in the 
time of Tiberius. Juv. 5, v. 4. 

Apollinares ludi, games celebrated at 
Rome in honour of Apollo. They originated 
from the following circumstance: an old pro- 
phetic poem informed the Romans, that if they 
instituted yearly games to Apollo, and made a 
collection of money for his service, they would 
be able to repel the enemy whose approach al- 
ready signified their destruction. The first time 
they were celebrated, Rome was alarmed by the 
approach of the enemy, and instantly the people 
rushed out of the city, and saw a cloud of arrows 
discharged from the sky on the troops of the 
enemy. With this heavenly assistance they 
easily obtained the victory. The people gene- 
rally sat crowned with laurel at the representa- 
tion of these games, which were usually cele- 
brated at the option of the praetor, till the year 
U. C. 545, when a law was passed to settle the 
celebration yearly on the same day, about the 
nones of July. When this alteration happened, 
Rome was infested with a dreadful pestilence, 
which, however, seemed to be appeased by this 
act of religion. Liv. 25, c. 12. 

Apollinaris, C. Sulpitius, a grammarian of 
Carthage, in the second century, who is sup- 
posed to be the author of the verses prefixed 

to Terence's plays as arguments. A writer 

better known by the name of Sidonius. Vid. 
Sidonius. 

Apollonides, a Greek in the wars of Darius 
and Alexander, &c. Curt. 4, c. 5. 

Afpollinis Arx, a place at the entrance of 

the Sybil's cave. Virg. JEn. 6. Promon- 

torium, a promontory of Africa. Liv. 30, c. 

24. Templum, a place in Thrace, in 

Lycia. JElian. V. H. 6, c. 3. 

Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, called 
also Phoebus, is often confounded with the sun. 
According to Cicero, 3. de Nat. Deor. there 
were four persons of this name. The first was 
son of Vulcan, and the tutelary god of the 
Athenians. The second was son of Corybas, 
and was 'join in Crete, for the dominion of which 
he disputed eyen with Jupiter himself. The 



AP 



third was son of Jupiter and Latona, and came 
from the nations of the Hyperboreans to Delphi. 
The fourth was born in Arcadia, and called 
Nomion, because he gave laws to the inhabi- 
tants. To the son of Jupiter and Latona all the 
actions of the others seem to have been attri- 
buted. The Apollo, son of Vulcan, was the 
same as the Orus of the Egyptians, and was the 
most ancient, from whom the actions of the 
others have been copied. The three others seem 
to be of Grecian origin. The tradition that the 
son of Latona was born in the floating island of 
Delos, is taken from the Egyptian mythology, 
which asserts that the son of Vulcan, which is 
supposed to be Orus, was saved by his mother 
Isis from the persecution of Typhon, and in- 
trusted to the care of Latona, who concealed 
him in the island of Chemmis. — When Latona 
was pregnant by Jupiter, Juno, who was ever 
jealous of her husband's amours, raised the ser- 
pent Python to torment Latona. who was refused 
a place to give birth to her children, till Nep- 
tune, moved at the severity of her fate, raised 
the island of Delos from the bottom of the sea, 
where Latona brought forth Apollo and Diana. 
Apollo was the god of all the fine arts, of medi- 
cine, music, poetry, and eloquence, of all which 
he was deemed- the inventor. He had received 
from jupiter the power of knowing futurity, and 
he was the only one of the gods whose oracles 
were in general repute over the world. His 
amours with Leucothoe, Daphne, Issa, Bolina, 
Coronis, Clymene, Gyrene, Chione, Acacallis, 
Calliope, &c are well known, and the various 
shapes be assumed to gratify his passion. He 
was very fond of young Hyacinthus, whom he 
accidentally killed with a quoit; as also of Cy- 
parissus, who was changed into a cypress tree. 
When his son JEsculapius had been killed with 
the thunders of Jupiter, for raising the dead to 
life, Apollo, in his resentment, killed the Cy- 
clops who had fabricated the thunderbolts, Jupi- 
ter was incensed at this act of violence, and he 
banished Apollo from heaven, and deprived 
him of his dignity. The exiled deity came to 
Admetus, king of Thessaly, and hired himself 
to be one of his shepherds, in which ignoble 
employment he remained nine years; from which 
circumstance he was called the god of shepherds, 
and at his sacrifices a wolf was generally offer- 
ed, as that animal is the declared enemy of the 
sheepfold During his residence in Thessaly, 
he rewarded the tender treatment of Admetus. 
He gave him a chariot, drawn by a lion and a 
bull, with which he was able to obtain in mar- 
riage Alceste the daughter of Pelias; and soon 
after, the Parcae granted, at Apollo's request, 
that Admetus might be redeemed from death, if 
another person laid down his life for him. He 
assisted Neptune in building the walls of Troy; 
and when he was refused the promised reward 
from Laomedon, the king of the country, he de- 
stroyed the inhabitants by a pestilence. As 
soon as he was born, Apollo destroyed with ar- 
rows the serpent Python, whom Juno had sent 
to persecute Latona; hence he was called Py- 
thius; and he afterwards vindicated the honour 
of his mother by putting to death the children 
of the proud Niobe. [Vid. Niobe.] He was 



not the inventor of the lyre, as some have im* 
agined, but Mercury gave it him, and received 
as a reward the famous caduceus with which 
Apollo was wont to drive the flocks of Admetus, 
His contest with Pan and Marsyas, and the pun- 
ishment inflicted upon Midas, are well known. 
He received the surnames of Phoebus, Deiius, 
Cynthius, Paean, Delphicus, Nomius, Lycius, 
Clarius, Ismeuius, Vulturius, Smintheus, &c for 
reasons which are explained under those words. 
Apollo is generally represented with long hair, 
and the Romans were fond of imitating his 
figure; and therefore in their youth they were 
remarkable for their fine head of hair, which 
they cut short at the age of seventeen or eigh- 
teen; he is always represented as a tall beard- 
less young man with a handsome shape, holding 
in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre; his 
head is generally surrounded with beams of 
light. He was the deity who, according to the 
notions of the ancients, inflicted plagues, and 
in that moment he appeared surrounded with 
clouds. His worship and power were univer- 
sally acknowledged: he had temple* and statues 
in every country, particularly in Egypt, Greece, 
and Italy. His statue, which stood upon mount 
Actium, as a mark to mariners to avoid the dan- 
gerous coasts, was particularly famous, and it 
appeared a great distance at sea. Augustus, 
before the battle of Actium, addressed himself 
to it for victory. The griffin, the cock, the 
grasshopper, the wolf, the crow, the swan, the 
hawk, the olive, the laurel, the palm-tree &c. 
were sacred to him; and in his sacrifices, wolves 
and hawks were offered, as they were the natural 
enemies of the flocks over which he presided. 
Bullocks and lambs were also immolated to him. 
As he presided over poetry, he was often seen 
on mount Parnassus with the nine muses. His 
most famous oracles were at Delphi, Delos, 
Claros, Tenedos, Cyrrha, and Patara. His most 
splendid temple was at Delphi, where every na- 
tion and individual made considerable presents 
when they consulted the oracle. Augustus, after 
the battle of Actium, built him a temple on 
mount Palatine, which he enriched with a valu- 
able library. He had a famous Colossus in 
Rhodes, which was one of the seven wonders of 
the world. Apollo has been taken for the sun; 
but it may be proved by different passages in the 
ancient writers, that Apollo, the Sun, Phoebus 
and Hyperion, were all different characters and 
deities, though confounded together. When once 
Apollo was addressed as the Sun, and repre- 
sented with a crown of rays on his head, the 
idea was adopted by every writer, and from 
thence arose the mistake. Ovid. Met. 1, tab. 9 
and 10, 1. 4, fab. 3, kc.—I J aus. 2, c. 7, 1. 5, 
c. 7, 1. 7, c. 20, 1. 9, c. 30, &c. Hygin. fab. 
9, 14, 50, 93, 140, 161, 202, 203, &c—Stat. 
1. Theb. 568.— Tibull. 2, el. 3.— Plut. de 
JJmor. — Horn. II. fy Hymn, in Jipoll. Virg. 
JEn. 2, 3, &c. G. 4, v. 323.— Horat. 1, o'd. 
10 — Lucian. Dial. Mer. fy Vulc — Propert. 1, 
el. 28. — Callimach. inApoll. — Jipollod. l,c. 3, 

4, and 9, 1. 2, c. 5, 1, 3, c. 5, 10 and 12. 

One of the ships in the fleet of .Eneas. Virg. 

JEn. 10, v. 171. Also a temple of Apollo 

upon mount Leucas, which appeared at a great 



AP 



AP 



distance at sea, and served as a guide to mari- 
ners, and reminded them to avoid tue dangerous 
rocks that were along the coast. Viig. JEn. 
3, v. 275; 

Apollocrates, a friend of Dion, supposed 
by some to be the son of Dionysius. 

Apollodoros, a famous grammarian and 
mythologist of Athens, son of Asclepias, and 
disciple to Panaetius the Rhodian philosopher. 
He flourished about 115 years before the chris- 
tian era, and wrote a history of Athens, besides 
other works. But of all his compositions, nothing 
is extant but his Bibliotheca, a valuable work, 
divided into three books. It is an abridged his- 
tory of the gods, and of the ancient heroes, of 
whose actions and genealogy it gives a true and 
faithful account. The best edition is that of 
Heyne Goett. in Svo. 4 vols. 1782 Men. — 

JPlin. 7, c. 37. — Diod 4 and 13. A tragic 

poet of Cilicia, who wrote tra^eflies, entitled 

Ulysses, Thyestes, &c. A comic poet of 

Gela in Sicily, in the age of Meuander, who 

wrote 47 plays. An architect of Damascus, 

who directed the building of Trajan's bridge 
across the Danube. .He was put to death by 
Adrian, to whom, when in a private station, he 
had spoken in too bold a manner. ' A writer 
who com posed a history of Parthia. A disci- 
ple of Epicurus, the most learned of his school, 
and oeservedly surnamed the illustrious. He 
wrote about 40 volumes on different subjects. 

Diog. A painter of Athens, of whom Zeuxis 

was a pupil Two of his paintings were admired 
at Pergamus in the age of Pliny; a priest in a 
suppliant posture, and Ajax struck with Miner- 
va's thunders. Plin. 35, c. 9. A statuary in 

the aa;« of Alexander. He was of such an iras- 
cible disposition that he destroyed his own pie- 
ces upon the least provocation. Plin. 34, c 8 

A rhetorician 'of Pergamus, preceptor and 

friend to Augustus, who wrote a book on rheto- 
ric. Strab. 13.— — A tragic poet of Tarsus. 

A Lemnian who wrote on husbandry A phy- 
sician of Tarentum. -Another of Cytium. 

Apollonia, a festival at iEgialea in honour 
of Apollo and Diana. It arose from this cir- 
cumstance; these two deities came to iEgialea, 
after the conquest of the serpent Python; but 
they were frightened away, and fled to Crete. 
iEgialea was soon visited with an epidemical 
distemper, and the inhabitants, by the advice of 
their prophets, sent seven chosen boys, with 
the same number of girls, to entreat them to 
return to iEgialea. Apollo and Diana granted 
their petition, in honour of which a temple was 
raised to 7ruQa> the goddess of persuasion; and 
ever after, a number of youths of both sexes 
were chosen to march in solemn procession, as 
if anxious to bring back Apollo and Diana. — 

Pausan in Corinth. A town of Mygdonia. 

—Of Crete.— Of Sicily.— On the coast of Asia 
Minor. — Another on the coast of Thrace, part 
of which was built on a small island of Pontus, 
where Apollo had a temple A town of Ma- 
cedonia, on the coasts of the Adriatic. A 

city of Thrace. Another on mount Parnas- 
sus. 

Apollonias, the wife of Attalus, king of 
Phrygia, to whom she bore four children. 



Apolloniades, a tyrant of Sicily, compelled 
to lav down Ins power by Timoleon. 

Apolloxides, a writer of Nicaea. — ■ — A phy- 
sician of Cos, at the court of Artaxerxes, who 
became enamoured of Amytis, the monarch's 
sister, and was some time after put to death for 
slighting her after the reception of her favours. 

Apollonius, a stoic philosopher of Chalcis, 
sent for by Antoninus Pius, to instruct his adopt- 
ed son Marcus Antoninus. When be came to 
Rome, he refused to go to the palace, observing 
that the master ought not to wait upon his pu- 
pil, but the pupil upon him. The emperor hear- 
ing this, said, laughing, " It was then easier for 
Apollonius to come from Chalcis to Rome, than 

from Rome to the palace." A geometrician 

of Perge in Pamphylia, whose works are now 
lost. He lived about 242 years before the 
christian era, and composed a commentary on 
Euclid, whose pupils he attended at Alexandria. 
He wrote a treatise on conic sections, eight of 
which are now extant; and he first endeavoured 
to explain the causes of the apparent stopping 
and retrograde motiou of the planets, by cycles 
and epicycles, or circles within circles. The 
best edition of Apollonius is Dr Halley's Oxon. 

fob 1710 A poet of Naucrates, in Egypt, 

generally called Apollonius of Rhodes, because 
he lived for some time there. He was pupil, 
when youug, to Callimachus and Panaetius, and 
succeeded to Eratosthenes as third librarian of 
the famous library of Alexandria, under Ptole- 
my Evergetes. He was ungrateful to his mas- 
ter Callimachus, who wrote a poem against him, 
in which he denominated him Ibis. Of all his 
works, nothing remains but his poem on the ex- 
pedition of the Argonauts, in four books. The 
best editions of Apollonius are those printed at 
Oxford, in 4to. by Shaw, 1777, in 2 vols, and in 
1. 8vo 1779, and that of Brunck. Argentor, 

12mo 1780. Quintil 10, c. 1. A Greek 

orator, surnamed Molo,-was a native of Alabanda 
in Caria. He opened a school of rhetoric at 
Rhodes and Rome, and had J. Caesar and Cice- 
ro among his pupils. He discouraged the at- 
tendance of those whom be supposed incapable 
of distinguishing themselves as orators, and he 
recommended to them pursuits more conge- 
nial to their abilities. He wrote a history, in 
which he did not candidly treat the people of 
Judaea, according to the complaint of Josephus 
contra Apion Cic. de (hat. 1, c. 28, 75, 126 
and 130 Ad Famil. 3, ep 16. — De Invent. 1, 
c. 81. — Quintil. 3, c. 1, I. 2, c 6.— Suet, in 

Cms. 4. — Plut. in Cces. A Greek historian 

about the age of Augustus, who wrote upon the 
philosophy of Zeno and of his followers Strab. 

14 A stoic philosopher who attended Cato 

of Utica in his last moments. Plut in Cat. 



An officer set over Egypt by Alexander. 

Curt. 4, c 8. A wrestler Paus. 5. A 

physician of Pergamus, who wrote on agricul- 
ture. Varro. A grammarian of Alexandria. 

A writer in the age of Antoninus Pius. 

Thyaneus, a Pythagorean philosopher, well 
skilled in the secret arts of magic Beiiig one 
day haranguing the populace at Ephesus, he 
suddenly exclaimed, " Strike the tyrant, strike 
him; the blow is given, he is wounded, and 



AP 



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fallen!" At that very moment the emperor Do- 
mitian had been stabbed at Rome. The magi- 
dan acquired much reputation when this cir- 
cumstance was known. He was courted by 
kings and princes, and commanded unusual at- 
tention by his numberless artifices. His friend 
and companion, called Damis, wrote his life, 
which 200 years after engaged the attention of 
Philostratus. In his history the biographer re- 
relates so many curious and extraordinary anec- 
dotes of his hero, that many have justly deemed 
it a romance; yet for all this, Hierocles had the 
presumption to compare the impostures of Apol- 

lonius with the miracles of Jesus Christ. A 

sophist of Alexandria, distinguished for his Lex- 
icon Grazcum Iliadis et Odysseck, a book that 
was beautifully edited by Villoison, in 4to. two 
vols. Paris, 1773. Apollonius was one of the 
pupils of Didymus, and flourished in the begin- 
ning of the first century. A physician. A 

son of Sotades, at the court of Ptolemy Phila- 

delphus. Syrus, a Platonic philosopher. 

Herophilius, wrote concerning ointments. A 

sculptor of Rhodes. 

Apollo phanes, a stoic, who greatly flattered 
king Antigonus, and maintained that there ex- 
isted but one virtue, prudence. Diog. A 

physician in the court of Antiochus. Polyb. 5. 
A comic poet. JElian Jinim. 6. 

Apomtios, a surname of Jupiter. 

Aponiana, an island near Liiybaeuin. Hirt. 
Sjric. 2. 

M. Aponius, a governor of Mcesia, rewarded 
with a triumphal statue by Otho, for defeating 
9000 barbarians. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 79. 

Aponus, now Jibano, a. fountain, with a vil- 
lage of the same name, near Patavium in Italy 
The waters of the fountain, which were hot, 
were wholesome, and were supposed to have an 

oracular power. Lucan. 7, v. 194.- Suet, in 

Tiber. 14. 

Apostrophta, a surname of Venus in Bceo- 
tia, who was distinguished under these names, 
Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and Apostrophia. The 
former was the patroness of a pure and chaste 
love; the second of carnal and sensual desires; 
and the last incited men to illicit and unnatural 
gratifications, to incests and rapes. Venus Apos- 
trophia was invoked by the Thebans, that they 
might be saved from such unlawful desire. She 
is the same as the Verticordia of the Romans. 
Pans. 9, c. 16.— Vol. Max- 8, c. 15. 

Apotheosis, a ceremony observed by the an- 
cient nations of the world, by which they raised 
their kings, heroes, and great men, to the rank 
of deities. The nations of the east were the 
first who paid divine honours to their great men, 
and the Romans followed their example, aud 
not only deified the most prudent and humane 
of their emperors, but also the most cruel and 
profligate. Herodian 4, c. 2. has left us an ac- 
count of the apotheosis of a Roman emperor. 
After the body of the deceased was burnt, an 
ivory image was laid on a couch for seven days, 
representing the emperor under the agonies of 
disease. The city was in sorrow, the senate 
visited it in mourning, and the physicians pro- 
nounced it every day in a more decaying state. 
When the death was announced, a young band 



of senators carried the couch and image to the 
Campus Martius, where it was deposited on an 
edifice in the form of a pyramid, where spices 
and combustible materials were thrown. After 
this the knights walked round the pile in solemn 
procession, and the images of the most illustri- 
ous Romans were drawn in stale, and 'immedi- 
ately the new emperor, with a torch, set fire to 
the pile, and was assisted by the surrounding 
multitude. Meanwhile an eagle was let fly from 
the middle of the pile, which was supposed to 
carry the soul of the deceased to heaven, where 
he was ranked among the gods If the deified 
was a female, a peacock, and not an eagle, was 
sent from the flames. The Greeks observed ce- 
remonies much of the same nature. 

Appia via, a celebrated road leading from 
the Porta Capena at Rome, to Brundusium, 
through Capua. Appius Claudius made it as 
far as Capua, and it received its name from 
him. It was continued and finished by Grac- 
chus, J. Csesar, and Augustus — Vid. Via. Ltt- 
can. 3, v. 285. — Siat.~2.Sylv. 2, v. 12. — 
Mart. 9, ep. 104.— Suet in Tiber. 14. 

Appiades, a name given to these five deities, 
Venus, Pallas, Vesta, Concord, and Peace, be- 
cause a temple was erected to them near the 
Appian road. The name was also applied to 
those courtezans at Rome who lived near the 
temple of Venus by the Appiae, Aquae, and the 
forum of J. Caesar. Ovid de Jirt. Jim. 3. v. 
452. 

Appianus, a Greek historian of Alexandria, 
who flourished A. D, 123. His universal his- 
tory, which consisted of 24 books, was a series 
of history of all the nations that had been con- 
quered by the Romans in the order of time; 
and in the composition, the writer displayed, 
with a style simple and unadorned, a great 
knowledge of military affairs, and described his 
battles in a masterly manner. This excellent 
work is greatly mutilated, and there is extant 
now only the account of the Punic, Syrian. Par- 
thian, Mithridatic, and Spanish wars, with those 
of Illyricum and the civil dissentions, with a 
fragment of the Celtic wars. The best editions 
are those of Tollius and Variorum, 2 vols. 8vo. 
Amst. 1670, and that of Schweigheuserus, three 
vols. 8vo. Lips. 1785. He was so eloquent 
that the emperor highly promoted him in the 
state. He wrote an universal history in twenty- 
four books, which began from the time of the 
Trojan war, down to his own age. Few books 
of this valuable work are extant. 

Apii Forum, now Borgo Longo, a little vil- 
lage, not far from Rome, built by the consul 
Appius. Horat. 1, Sat. 5. 

Appius, the praenomen of an illustrious fami- 
ly at Rome. A censor of that name, A U. 

C. 442. Horat. 1, Sat. 6, 

Appius Claudius, a decemvir who obtained 
his power by force and oppression. He attempt- 
ed the virtue of Virginia, whom her father kill- 
ed to preserve her chastity. This act of vio- 
lence was the cause of a revolution in the state, 
and the ravisher destroyed himself when cited 
to appear before the tribunal of his country. 

Liv. 3, c. 33. Claudius Caecus, a Roman 

orator, who built the Appian way, and many 
o 



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AR 



aqueducts in Rome. When Pyrrhus, who was 
come to assist the Tarentines againsi Rome, de- 
manded peace of the senators, Appius, grown 
old in the service of the republic, caused him- 
self to be carried to the senate house, and, by 
his authority, dissuaded them from granting a 
peace which would prove dishonourable to the 
Roman name. Ovid. Fast. 6, v 203. — Cic. in 

Brut. &{■ Tusc. 4. A Roman who, when he 

heard that he had been proscribed by the trium- 
virs, divided his riches among his servants, and 
embarked with them for Sicily. In their passage 
the vessel was shipwrecked, and Appius aione 

saved his life. Jippian. 4. Claudius Cras- 

sus, a consul, who, with Sp. Nant. Rutulius, 
conquered the Celtiberians, and was defeated 

by Perseus, king of Macedonia. Liv. 

Claudius Pulcher, a grandson of Ap. CI. Cae- 
cus, consul in the age of Sylla, retired from 
grandeur to enjoy the pleasures of a private 
life. Clausus, a general of the Sabines, who, 
upon being ill-treated by his countrymen, retired 
to Rome with 5000 of his friends, and was ad- 
mitted into the senate in the early ages of the 

republic. Ptnt. in Poplic Herdonius seized 

the capitol with 4000 exiles, A. U. C. 292, and 
was soon after overthrown. Liv. 3,' c. 15. — 
Flor. 3, c. 19 Claudius Lentuius, a consul 



with M. Perpenna 
ed the Hernici — 



-A dictator who conquer- 



-The name of Appius was 
common in Rome, and particularly to many 
consuls whose history is not marked by any un- 
common event. 

Appula, an immodest woman, &c. Juv. 6, 
v. 64 

Apries and Aprius, one of the kings of 
Egypt in the age of Cyrus, supposed to be the 
Pharaoh Hophra of scripturcv He took Sidou, 
and lived in great prosperity till his subjects 
revolted to Amasis, by whom he was conquered 
and strangled. Herodot. 2, c. 159, &c. — 
Diod. 1. 

Apsinthii, a people of Thrace: they receiv- 
ed their name from a river called Apsinthus, 
which flowed through their territory. Dionys. 
Perieg. 

Apsinus, an Athenian sophist in the third 
century, author of a work called Prazceptor de 
Jirte Rheloricd. 

Apsus, a river of Macedonia, falling into the 
Ionian sea between Dyrrachium and Apollonia. 
Lucun. 5, v. 46. 

Aptera, an inland town of Crete. Ptol. — 
Plin. 4. c. 12. 

Apuleia lex, was enacted by L. Apuleius 
the tribune, A. U. C. 652, for inflicting a pun- 
ishment upon such as were guilty of raising se- 
ditions, or showing violence in the city 



Vaiilia, a grand-daughter of Augustus, convict- 
ed of adultery with a certain Manlius in the 
reign of Tiberius. Tacit Jin. c 50. 

Apuleius, a learned man, born at Madaura 
in Africa. He studied at Carthage, Athens, 
and Rome, where he married a rich widow call- 
ed Pudentilla, for which be was accused by some 
of her relations of using magical arts to win her 
heart. His apology was a masterly composition. 
In his youth, Apuleius had been very expensive; 
but he was, in a maturer age, more devoted to 



study, and learnt Latin without a master. The 
most famous of his works extant is the golden 
ass, in eleven books, an allegorical piece replete 
with morality. The best editions of Apileius 
are the Delphin, 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1688, and 
Pricaei, 8vo. Goudae. 1650. 

Apulia, now Puglia, a country of Italy be- 
tween Daunia and Calabria. It was part of the 
ancient Magna Graecia, and generally divided 
into Apulia Daunia, and Apulia Peucetia. It 
was famous for its wools, superior to all the pro- 
duce of Italy. Some suppose that it is called 
after Apulus, an ancient king of the country be- 
fore the Trojan war. Plin. 3, c. 11. — Cic de 
Div. 1, c. 43—Strab. 6.— Mela, 2, c. 4.— 
Martial in Jipoph. 155. 

Apuscidamus, a lake of Africa. All bodies, 
however heavy, were said to swim on the surface 
of its waters. Plin. 32, c. 2. 

Aquarius, one of the signs of the zodiac, 
rising in January, and setting in February. 
Some suppose that Ganymede was changed into 
this sign. Virg- G. 3, v 304. 

Aquilaria, a place of Africa. Cces. 2. Bell. 
Civ. 23 

Aquileia, or Aquilegia, a town founded by 
a Roman colony, called, from its grandeur, 
Roma secunda, and situated at the north of the 
Adriatic sea, on the confines of Italy. The Ro- 
mans built it chiefly to oppose the frequent in- 
cursions of the barbarians. The Roman em- 
perors enlarged and beautified it, and often made 
it their residence. Ital. 8, v. 605. — Martial y 

4, ep. 25. — Mela, 2, c. 4, 

Aquilius Niger, an historian mentioned by 
Su'tm. in Jiug. 11. Marcus, a Roman con- 
sul who had the government of Asia Minor. 

Justin. 36, c. 4. Sabjnus, a lawyer of Rome, 

surnamed the Cato of his age He was father 
to Aquilia Severa, whom Heliogabalus morried. 

Severus, a poet and historian in the aa;e of 

Valentinian. 

Aquillia and Aquilia, a patrician family at 
Rome, from which few illustrious men rose. 

Aquilo, a wind blowing from the north. 
Its name is derived, according to some, from 
Jlqaila, on account of its keenness and velocity. 

Aquilonia, a city of the Hirpini in Italy. 
Liv. 10, c 38. 

Aquinius, a poet of moderate capacity. Cic, 

5. Tusc. 

Aquinum, a town of Latium, on the borders 
of the Samnites, where Juvenal was born A 
dye was invented there, which greatly resembled 
the real purple. Horat. 1, ep 10, v. 27. — 
Strab.— Ital 8, v 404.— Juv. 3, v 319. 

Aquitania, a country of Gaul, bounded on 
the west by Spain, north by the province of 
Lugdunum, south by the province called Gallia 
Narbonensis. Its inhabitants are called Aqui- 
tani. Plin. 4. c ll—Strab 4. 

Ara, a constellation, consisting of seven 
stars, near the tail of the Scorpion. Ovid. Met. 
2, v. 138 

Ara lugdunensis, a place at the confluence 
of the Arar and Rhone. Juv. 1, v. 44. 

Arabarches, a vulgar person among the 
Egyptians, or perhaps an usual expression for 
the leaders of the Arabians, who resided in 



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Kome. Juv. 1, v. 130. Some believe that 
Cicero, 2, ep. 17, ad Attic, alluded to Pompey 
under the name of Arabarches. 

Arabia, a large country of Asia, forming a 
peninsula between tbe Arabian and Persian 
gulfs. It is generally divided into three different 
parts, Petraea, Deserta, and Felix. It is famous 
for its frankincense and aromatic plants. The 
inuaoitants were formerly under their own chiefs, 
an uncivilized people, who paid adoration to the 
sun, moon, and even serpents, and who had their 
wives in common, and circumcised their chil- 
dren. The country has often been invaded, but 
never totally subdued. Alexander the great ex- 
pressed his wish to place the seat of his empire 
in their territories. The soil is rocky and sandy, 
the inhabitants are scarce, the mountains rugged, 
and the country without water. In Arabia, 
whatever womau was convicted of adultery was 
capitally punished The Arabians for some 
time supported the splendour of -literature, which 
was extinguished by the tyranny and superstition 
which prevailed in Egypt, and to them we are 
indebted for the invention of algebra, or the ap- 
plication of signs and letters to represent lines, 
numbers, and quantities, and also tor the nume- 
rical characters of 1. 2, 3, &c. first used in 
Europe, A. D. 1253. Hercdot. I, 2, 3, and 
Diod. I and 2.— Plin. 12 and 14 — Strab 16 
—X noph.—Tibull 2, el. 2. — C«r*. 5, c. 1.— 
Virg. G. 1, v. 57. — Also the name of the wife 
of iEgyptus. Apollod. 

Arabicus sinus, a sea between Egypt and 
Arabia, different, according to some authors, 
from the Red Sea, which they suppose to be be- 
tween /Ethiopia and India, and the Arabian gulf 
further above, between Egypt and Arabia, it 
is about 40 days' sail in length, and not half a 
day's in its most extensive breadth. Plin, 5, 
C. 1L— Strab. 

Arabis, Arabics, Arbis, an Indian river. 
Curi. 9, c. 10. 

Arabs and Arabus, a son of Apollo and 
Babylone, who first invented medicine, and 
taught it in Arabia, which is called after his 
name. Plin. 7, c. 56. 

Aracca and Arecca, a city of Susiana. 
Tibui 4, el 1. 

Arachne, a woman of Colophon, daughter 
to Idmon a dyer. She was so skilful in working 
with the needle, that she challenged Minerva, 
the goddess of the art, to a trial of skill She 
represented on her work the amours of Jupiter 
with Europi, Antiope, Leda, Asteria, Danae, 
Alcmene, &c. but though her piece was perfect 
and masterly, she was defeated by Minerva, and 
hanged herself in despair, and was changed into 
a spider by the goddess. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 1, 
&c. A city of Thessaly. 

Abichosia, a city of Asia, near the Massa- 

get? U was built by Semirarnis. One of 

the Persian provinces beyond the Indus. Plin. 
6, c 23.— Strab 11. 

Arachot^ and Arachoti, a people of India, 
who received their name from the river Aracho- 
tus, which flows down from mount Caucasus 
Dwnys. Perieg. — Curt. 9, c. 7. 

Arachthias, one of the four capital rivers 



of Epirus, near Nicopolis, falling into the bay 
of Arnbracia. Strub. 7. 

Aracilldm, a town of Hispania Tarraco- 
nensis. Flor. 4, c. 12. 

Aracosii, an Indian nation. Justin. 13, c. 4. 

Aracynthus, a mountain of Acamama, be- 
tweeu the Achelous and Evenus, not far from 
the shore, and called Aetaeus. Plin. 4, c. 2. — 
Virg. Eel. 2, v. 24. 

Aradus, an island near Phoenicia, joined to 
the continent by a bridge Dionys. Perieg- 

Arm, rocks in the middle of the Mediterra- 
nean, between Africa and Sardinia, where the 
Romans and Africans ratified a treaty. It was 
upon them that iEneas lost the greatest part of 
his fleet: they are supposed to be those islands 
which are commonly called JEgates. Virg JEn. 
1, v. 113. 

Arm, Philjsnorum, a maritime city of Africa, 
on the borders of Cyrene. Sallust. Jug. Bell. 
19 and 79. 

Arar, bow the Saoyie, a river of Gaul, flow- 
ing into the Rhone, over which Caesar'* 6oldiers 
made a bridge in one day. Cces. Bel Gall. 1, 
C. 12 — Sil. 3, v 452. 

Ararus, a Scythian river flowing through 
Armenia. Herodot. 4, .c 4S. 

Arathyrea, a small province of Achaia, 
afterwards called Asophis, with a city of the same 
name. Homer 11. 2. — Strab 8. 

Aratus, a Greek poet of Cilicia, about 277 
B C. He was greatly esteemed by Antigonus 
Gonatas, king of Macedonia, at whose court he 
passed much of his time, and by whose desire 
he wrote a poem on astronomy, in which he 
gives an account of the situations, rising and 
setting, number and motion of the stars. Ci- 
cero represents him as unacquainted with as- 
trology, yet capable of writing upon it in ele- 
gant and highly finished verses, which, however, 
from the subject, admit of little variety. Aratus, 
wrote besides, hymns and epigrams, &e. and had 
among his interpreters and commentators many 
of the learned men of Greece whose works are 
lost, besides Cicero, Claudius, and Germanicus 
Caesar, who, in their youth, or moments of re- 
laxation, translated the phenomena into Latin 
verse. The best editions of Aratus are Grotius, 
4to. apud Raphaleng. 1600; and Oxon. Svo. 
1672. Cic- de Nat D. 2. c 41.— Paus. 1, C. 
2.— Ovid Am. I, el. 15, v. 26. The son of 
Clinias and Aristodama, was born at Sicyon in 
Achaia, near the river Asopus. When be was 
but seven years of age, his father, who held the 
government of Sicyon, was assassinated by 
Abantidas, who made himself absolute. After 
some revolutions, the sovereignty came into the 
hands of Nicocles, whom Aratus murdered, to 
restore his country to liberty He was so jealous 
of tyrannical power, that he even destroyed a 
picture which was the representation of a tyrant. 
He joined the republic of Sicyon in the Achaean 
league, which he strengthened, by making a 
treaty of alliance with the Corinthians, and with 
Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was chosen chief 
commander of the forces of the Achaeans, and 
drove away the Macedonians from Athens and 
Corinth. He made war against the Spartans, 
but was conquered in a battle by their kiDg 



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Cleomencs. To repair the losses he had sus- 
tained, he solicited the assistance of king Anti- 
gonus, and drove away Cleomenes from Sparta, 
who fled to Egypt, where he killed himself. 
The iEtohans soon after attacked the Achasans; 
and Aratus, to support his character, was obliged 
to call to his. aid Philip, king of Macedonia. 
His friendship with this new ally did not long 
continue. Philip showed himself cruel and op- 
pressive; and put to death some of the noblest 
of the Achaeans, and even seduced the wife of 
the son of Aratus. Aratus, who was now ad- 
vanced in years, showed his displeasure by with- 
drawing himself from the society and friendship 
of Philip. But this rupture was fatal. Philip 
dreaded the power and influence of Aratus, and 
therefore he caused him and his son to be poi- 
soned. Some days before his death, Aratus was 
observed to spit blood; and when apprized of it 
by his friends, he replied, " Such are the re- 
wards which a connexion with kings will pro 
duce." He was buried with great pomp by his 
countrymen; and two solemn sacrifices were an- 
nually made to him, the first on the day that he 
delivered Sicyon from tyranny, and the second 
on the day of his birth. During those sacrifices, 
which were called Arateia, the priests wore a 
ribbon bespangled with white and purple spots, 
and the public school-master walked in proces- 
sion at the head of his scholars, and was always 
accompanied by the richest and most eminent 
senators, adorned with garlands. Aratus died 
in the 62d year of his age, B. C. 213. He wrote 
a history of the Achaean league, much com- 
mended by Polybius. Pint, in vita. — Perns. 2, 
c. S.—Cic de Offic. 2, c. 23.— Strab; 14.— Liv. 
27, c 31. — Polyb. 2. 

Araxes, now Arras, a celebrated river which 
separates Armenia from Media, and falls into 
the Caspian sea. Lucan. 1, v. 19, 1. 7, v. 188. 
—Strab. 8. Virg. Mn. 8, v. 728.— Herodot. 1, 

c. 202, &£. Another which falls into the 

Euphrates. Another in Europe, now called 

Volga. 

Arbaces, a Mede who revolted with Belesis 
against Sardanapalus, and founded the empire 
of Media upon the ruins of the Assyrian power, 
820 years before the christian era. He reigned 
above fifty years, and was famous for the great- 
ness of his undertakings, as well as for his valour, 
Justin. 1, c. 3. — Paterc. 1, c. 6. 

Arbela, (orum) now Irbil, a town of Persia, 
on the river Lycus, famous for a battle fought 
there between Alexander and Darius, the 2d of 
October, B. C. 331. Curt. 5, c. I.— Pint, in 
Alex. 

Arbela, a town of Sicily, whose inhabitants 
were very credulous. 

Arbis, a river on the western boundaries of 
India. Strab. 

Arbocala, a city taken by Annibal as he 
marched against Rome. 

Arbuscula, an actress on the Roman stage, 
who laughed at the hisses of the populace, while 
she received the applauses of the knights. Hor. 
1, Sat. 10, v. 77. 

Arcadia, a country in the middle of Pelo- 
ponnesus, surrounded on every side by land, 
situate between Achaia, Messenia, Elis, and 



Argolis. It received its name from Areas son 
of Jupiter, and was anciently called Drymodes, 
on account of the great number of oaks (eFgv?) 
it produced, and afterwards Lycaonia and Pe- 
lasgia. The country has been much celebrated 
by the poets, and was famous for its mountains. 
The inhabitants were for the most part all shep- 
herds,, who lived upon acorns, were skilful war- 
riors, and able musicians. They thought them- 
selves more ancient than the moon. Pan, the 
god of shepherds, chiefly lived among them. 
Aristotle 4, de met. says, that the wine of Arca- 
dia, when placed in a goat's skin near a fire, 
will become chalky, and at last be turned into 
salt. Strab. S.—Plin. 4, c. 6.— Pmts. 8, c. 1, 

2, &c. — Athen. 14. A fortified village of 

Zacynthus. 

Arcadius, eldest son of Theodosius the great, 
succeeded his father A. D. 395. Under him 
the Roman power was divided into the eastern 
and western empire. He made the eastern em- 
pire his choice, and fixed his residence at Con- 
stantinople; while his brother Honorius was made 
emperor of the west, and lived in Rome. After 
this separation of the Roman empire, the two 
powers looked upon one another with indiffer- 
ence; and soon after, their indifference was 
changed into jealousy, and contributed to hasten 
their mutual ruin. In the reign of Arcadius, 
Alaricus attacked the western empire, and plun- 
dered Rome. Arcadius married Eudoxia, a bold 
ambitious woman, and died in the 31st year of 
his age, after a reign of 13 years, in which he 
bore the character of an effeminate prince, who 
suffered himself to be governed by favourites, 
and who abandoned his subjects to the tyranny 
of ministers, while he lost himself in the plea- 
sures of a voluptuous court. 

Arcanum, a villa of Cicero's near the Min- 
turni. Cic. 7, ep. adAtt. 10. 

Arc as, a son of Jupiter and Callisto. He 
nearly killed his mother, whom Juno had chang- 
ed into a bear. He reigned in Pelasgia, which 
from him was called Arcadia, and taught his 
subjects agriculture, and the art of spinning 
wool. After his death, Jupiter made him a con- 
stellation, with his mother. As he was one day 
hunting, he met a wood nymph, who begged his 
assistance, because the tree over which she pre- 
sided, and on whose preservation her life de- 
pended, was going to be carried away by the 
impetuous torrent of a river. Areas changed 
the course of the waters, and preserved the tree, 
and married the nymph, by whom he had three 
sons, Azan, Aphidas, and Elatus, among whom 
he divided his kingdom. The descendants of 
Azan planted colonies in Phrygia. Aphidas re- 
ceived for his share Tegea, which on that account 
has been called the inheritance of Aphidas; and 
Elatus became master of mount Cyllene, and 
some time after passed into Phocis. Paus. 8, 
c. 4. — Hygin. fab. 155 and 176. — Apollod. 3, 

c. 8.— Strab. 8.— Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 470. One 

of Actaeon's dogs. 

Arce, a daughter of Thaumas, son of Pontus 
and Terra. Ptolcm. Heph. 

Arcena, a town of Phoenicia, where Alex- 
ander Severus was born. 

Arcens, a Sicilian who permitted his son to 



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accompany .apneas into Italy, where he was kill- 
ed by Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 581, &c. 

Arcesilaus, son of Battus, king of Cyrene, 
was driven from his kingdom in a sedition, and 
died B. C. 575. The second of that name died 
B. C. 550. Polyazan. 8, c. 41. — Herodot. 4, c. 
159. One of Alexander's generals, who ob- 
tained Mesopotamia at the general division of 

the provinces after the king's death.- A chief 

of Catana, which he betrayed to Dionysius the 

elder. Diod, 14. A philosopher of Pitano 

in JEolia, disciple of Polemon. He visited Sardes 
and Athens, and was the founder of the middle 
academy, as Socrates founded the ancient, and 
Carneades the new one He pretended to know 
nothing, and accused others of the same igno- 
rance. He acquired many pupils in the charac- 
ter of teacher; but some of them left him for 
Epicurus, though no Epicurean came to him; 
which gave him occasion to say, that it is easy 
to make an eunuch of a man, but impossible to 
make a man of an eunuch. He was very fond 
of Homer, and generally divided his time among 
#ie pleasures of philosophy, love, reading, and 
the table. He died in his 75th year, B. C. 241, 
or 300, according to some. . Diog. in vita. — 

Persius 3, v. 78. — Cic de Finib.- The name 

of two painters — a statuary — a leader of the 

Boeotians during the Trojan war. A comic 

and elegiac poet. 

Arcesius, son of Jupiter, was grandfather to 
Ulysses. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 144. 

Arch^a, a city of iEolia. 

Arch^anax of Mitylene was intimate with 
Pisistratus tyrant of Athens. He fortified Si- 
gaeum with a wall from the ruins of ancient 
Troy. Strab. 13. 

Arch^atidas, a country of Peloponnesus. 
Polyb. 

Archagathus, son of Archagathus, was slain 
in Africa by his soldiers, B. C. 285. He killed 
his grandfather Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse. 
Diod. 20. — Justin. 22, c 5, &c. says, that he 

was put to death by Archesilaus. A phvsician 

at Rome, B. C. 219. 

Archander, father-in-law to Danaus. He- 
rodot. 2, c. 98. 

Archandros, a town of Egypt. 

Arche, one of the muses, according to Ci- 
cero. 

Archegetes, a surname of Hercules. 

Archelaus, a name common to sonae kings 
of Cappadocia. One of them was conquered 

by Sylla, for assisting Mithridates. A person 

of that name married Berenice, and made him- 
self king of Egypt; a dignity he enjoyed only 
six mouths, as he was killed by the soldiers of 
Gabinius, B. C. 56. He had been made priest 
of Comana by Pompey. His grandson was made 
king of Cappadocia by Antony, whom he assist- 
ed at Actium, and he maintained his independ- 
ence under Augustus, till Tiberius perfidiously 

destroyed him. A king of Macedonia, who 

succeeded his father Perdiccas the second : as he 
was but a natural child, he killed the legitimate 
heirs to gain the kingdom. He proved himself 
to be a great monarch ; but he was at last killed 
by one of his favourites, because he had pro- 
mised him his daughter in marriage, and given 



her to another, after a reign of 23 years. He 
patronized the poet Euripides. Diod. 14. — 
Justin. 7, c. 4:.— Mlian. V H. 2, 8, 12, 14. 

A king of the Jews, surnamed Herod. He 

married Giaphyre, daughter of Archelaus, king 
of Macedonia, and widow of his brother Alex- 
ander. Caesar banished him, for his cruelties, 

to Vienna, where he died. Dio. A king of 

Lacedsemon, son of Agesilaus. He reigned 42 
years with Charilaus, of the other branch of the 
family. Herodot. 7, c. 204, — Paw. 3, c. 2. 
A general of Antigonus the younger, ap- 



pointed governor of the Acrocorinth with the 

philosopher Persaeus. Polyozn. 6, c. 5. A 

celebrated general of Mithridates, against Sylla. 

Id. S, c. 8 A philosopher of Athens or 

Messenia, son of Apollodorus, and successor to 
Anaxagoras. He was preceptor to Socrates, 
and was called Physicus. He supposed that heat 
and cold were the principles of all things. He 
first discovered the voice to be propagated by the 
vibration of the air. Cic Tusc. 5. — Diog in 

vita. — Augustin de civ. Dei, 8. A man set 

over Susa by Alexander, with a garrison of 3000 

men. Curt. 5, c. 2. A Greek philosopher, 

who wrote a history of animals, and maintained 
that goats breathed not through the nostrils, but 

through the ears. Plin. 8, c. 50. A son of 

Electryon and Anaxo. Jlpollod. 2. A Greek 

poet, who wrote epigrams Varro de R. R. 3, 

c. 16. A sculptor of Priene, in the age of 

Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Homer, 
a piece of sculpture highly admired, and said to 
have been discovered under ground; A. D. 1658. 
A writer of Thrace. 

Archemachus, a Greek writer, who publish- 
ed an history of Eubcea. Athen. 6. A son 

of Hercules of Priam. Jlpollod. 2 and 3. 

Archemorus, or Opheltes, son of Lycurgus, 
king of Nemaea, in Thrace, by Eurydice, was 
brought up by Hypsipyle, queen of Lemnos, 
who had fled to Thrace, and was employed as a 
nurse in the king's family. Hypsipyle was met 
by the army of Adrastus, who was going against 
Thebes; and she was forced to show them a 
fountain where they might quench their thirst. 
To do this more expeditiously, she put down the 
child on the grass, and at her return found him 
killed by a serpent. The Greeks were so afflict- 
ed at this misfortune, that they instituted games 
in honour of Archemorus, which were called 
Nemaean, and king Adrastus enlisted among the 
combatants, and was victorious. Jipollod. 2 and 
3.—Paus. 8, c- 48.— Stat. Theb. 6. 

Archepolis, a man in Alexander's army, 
who conspired against the king with Dymnus. 
Curt. 6, c. 7. 

Archeptolemus, son of Iphitus, king of Elis, 
went to the Trojan war, and fought against the 
Greeks. As he was fighting near Hector, he 
was killed by Ajax, son of Telamon. It is said 
that he re-established the Olympic games. 
Homer B. 8, v. 128. 

Archestratus, a tragic poet, whose pieces 
were acted during the Peloponnesian war. Plut. 

in Arist. A man so small and lean, that he 

could be placed in a dish without filling it, though 
it contained no more than an obolus. A foU 



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lower of Epicurus, who wrote a poem in com- 
mendation of gluttony. 

Archetimus, the first philosophical writer 
in the age of the seven wise men of Greece. 
Diog. 

Archetius, a Rutulian, killed by the Tro- 
jans. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 459. 

Archja, one of the Oceanides, wife to Ina- 
chus. Hygin. lab. 143. 

Archias, a Corinthian descended from Her- 
cules. He founded Syracuse B. C. 732. Being 
told by an oracle to make choice of health or- 
riches, he chose the latter. Dionys. Hal. 2. 

A poet of Antioch, intimate with the Lu- 

eulli. He obtained the rank and name of a 
Roman citizen by the means of Cicero, who de- 
fended him in an elegant oration, when his ene- 
mies had disputed his privileges of citizen of 
Rome. He wrote a poem on the Cimbrian war, 
and began another concerning Cicero's consul- 
ship, which are now lost. Some of his epigrams 
are preserved in the anthologia. Cic. pro Arch. 

\ polemarch of Thebes, assassinated in the 

conspiracy of Pelopidas which he could have 
prevented, if he had not deferred to the morrow 
the reading of a letter which he had received 
from Archias the Athenian high-priest, and 
which gave him information of his danger. 

Plut. in Pelop. A high priest of Athens, 

contemporary and intimate with the polemarch 

of the same name. Id. ibid. A Theban, 

taken in the act of aduitery, and punished ac- 
cording to the law, and tied to a post in the 
public place, for which punishment he abolished 
the oligarchy. Jiristot. 

Archibiades, a philosopher of Athens, who 
affected the manners of the Spartans, and was 
very inimical to the views and measures of Pho- 

cion. Plut. in Phoc. An ambassador of 

Byzantium, &c. Polyazn. 4, c. 44. 

Archibius, the son of the geographer 
Ptolemy. 

Archidamia, a priestess of Ceres, who, on 
account of her affection for Aristomenes, re- 
stored him to liberty when he had been taken 
prisoner by her female attendants at the cele- 
bration of their festivals. Paw. 4, c 17. 



A daughter of Cleadas, who, upon hearing that 
her countrymen, the Spartans, were debating 
whether they should send away their women to 
Crete against the hostile approach of Pyrrhus, 
seized a sword, and ran to the senate house, ex- 
claiming that the women were as able to fight 
as the men. Upon this the decree was repealed. 
Plut. in Pyrr. — Polyzn. 8, c. 8. 

ArchIdamus, son of Theopompus, king of 

Sparta, died before his father. Pans. 

Another, king of Sparta, son of Anaxidamus, 
succeeded by Agasicles. Another, son of 



Agesilaus, of the family of the Proclidse. 

Another, grandson of Leotychidas, by his son 
Zeuxidamus. He succeeded his grandfather, 
and reigned in conjunction with Plistoanax. He 
conquered the Argives and Arcadians, and pri- 
vately assisted the Phocians in plundering the 
temple of Delphi. He was called to the aid of 
Tarentum against the Romans, and killed there 
in a battle, after a reign of 33 years Diod. 
1$, — Xenopft.— — Another, son of Eudamidas. 



r —Another, who conquered the Helots, after 

a violent earthquake iJi>d. 11. A son of 

Agesilaus, who led the Spartan auxiliaries to 
Cleombrotus at the battle of Leuctra, and was 
killed in a battle against the Lucanians, B C. 
388. A son of Xenius Theopompus. Paus. 

Archidas, a tyrant of Athens, killed by his 
troops 

Archidemus, a stoic philosopher, who wil- 
lingly exiled himself among the Parthians. 
Plut. de exil. 

Ar hideus, a son of Amyntas, king of Mace- 
donia Justin. 7, c. 4. 

Archidium, a city of Crete, named after 
Archidius, son of Tegeates. Paus. 8, c. 53. 

Archigallus, the high-priest of Cybele's 
temple [Fid. Galli.] 

Archigenes, a physician, born at Apamea, 
in Syria. He lived in the reign of Doruitian, 
Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the 73d year 
of his age. He wrote a treatise ou adorning 
the hair, as also ten books on fevers. Juv. 6, 
v. 235. 

Archilochus, a poet of Paros, who wrote 
elegies, satires, odes, and epigrams, and was the 
first who introduced iambics in his verses. He 
had courted Neobule, the daughter of Lycambes, 
and had received promises of marriage; but the 
father gave her to another, superior to the poet 
in rank and fortune; upon which Archilochus 
v.rote such a bitter satire, that Lycambes hang- 
ed himself in a fit of despair. The Spartans 
condemned his verses on account of their indeli- 
cacy, and banished him from their city as a petu- 
lant and dangerous citizen. He flourished 685 
B. C. and it is said that he was assassinated. 
Some fragments of his. poetry remain, which 
display vigour and animation, boldness and vehe- 
mence in the highest degree; from which reason 
perhaps Cicero calls virulent edicts, Archilochia 
edicta. Cic. Tusc l.—Quintil. 10, c. 1. — 
Hetodot. 1, c 12. — Horat. art. poet v. 79. — 

Mhen. 1, 2, &c. A son of Nestor, killed by 

Memnon in the Trojan war. Homer. II 2. 

A Greek historian who wrote a chronological 
table, and other works, about the 20th or 30lh 
olympiad. 

Archimedes, a famous geometrician of Sy- 
racuse, who invented a machine of glass that 
faithfully represented the motion of all the hea-, 
venly bodies When Marcellus, the Roman 
consul, besieged Syracuse, Archimedes con- 
structed machines which suddenly raised up in 
the air the ships of the enemy from the bay be- 
fore the city, and then let them fall with such 
violence into the water that they sunk. He set 
them also on fire with his burning glasses. When 
the town was taken, the Roman general gave 
strict orders to his soldiers not to hurt Archi- 
medes, and even offered a reward to him who 
should bring him alive and safe into his pre- 
sence. All these precautions were useless: the 
philosopher was so deeply engaged in solving a 
problem, thatlie was even ignorant that the ene- 
my were in possession of the town; and a soldier, 
without knowing who he was, killed him, be- 
cause he refused to follow him, B C. 212. 
Marcellus raised a monument over him, and 
placed upon it a cylinder and a sphere; but the 



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place remained long unknown, till Cicero, dur- 
ing bis questorsbip in Sicily, found it near one 
of the gates of Syracuse, surrounded with thorns 
and brambles. Some suppose that Archimedes 
raised the site of the towns and villages of 
Egypt, and began those mounds of earth by 
means of which communication is kept from 
town to town during the inundations of the Nile 
The story of his burning glasses had always ap- 
peared fabulous to some of the moderns, till the 
experiments of Buffon demonstrated it beyond 
contradiction. These celebrated glasses were 
supposed to be reflectors made of metal, and 
capable of producing their effect at the distance 
of a bow-shot. The manner in which he dis- 
covered how much brass a goldsmith had mixed 
with gold in making a golden crown for the 
king, is well known to every modern hydrostatic, 
as well as the pumping screw which still bears 
his name. Among the wild schemes of Archi- 
medes, is his saying, that by means of his ma- 
chines he coulc move the earth with ease, if 
placed on a fixed spot near it. Many of his 
works are extant, especially treatises de sphcerd 
if cylindro, circuli dimensio, de lineis spiralibvs, 
de quadraturd paraboles, de numero atence &c. 
the best edition of which is that of David Rival- 
tius, fol. Paris, - 1615. Cic. Tusc 1, c. 25 — 
De Nat. D. 2, c 34.— Liv. 24, c. 34.— Quintil 
1, c. 10.— Vitruv. 9, c. 3 —Polyb. l.—Plut 
in Marcell. — Vol. Max. 8, c. 7. 

Archinus, a man who, when he was ap- 
pointed to distribute new arms among the po- 
pulace of Argos, raiseda mercenary band, and 

made himself absolute. Poly.en. 3, c. 8. A 

rhetorician of Athens. 

Archipelagos, a part of the sea where 
islands in great number are interspersed, such 
as that part of the Mediterranean which lies 
between Greec and Asia Minor, and is general- 
ly called Mare iEgum. 

Archtpolis, a soldier who conspired against 
Alexander with Dymnus. Curt. 6. c 7. 

Archippe, a city of the Marsi, destroyed by 
an earthquake, and lost in the lake of Fucinus. 
Plin 3, c. 19. 

A«.chippus, a king of Italy, from whom per- 
haps the town of Archippe received its name. 

Virg JEn. 7, v. 752. A philosopher of 

Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras. -An archon at 

Athens. A comic poet of Athens, of whose 

eight comedies only one obtained the prize. 

A philosopher in the age of Trajan. 

Architis, a name of Venus, worshipped on 
mount Libanus. 

Archon, one of Alexander's generals, who 
received the provinces of Babylon, at the gene- 
ral division after the king's death. Diod. 18. 

Archontes, the name of the chief magis- 
trates of Athens. They were nine in number, 
and none were chosen but such as were descend- 
ed from ancestors who had been free citizens 
of the republic for three generations. They 
were also to be without deformity in all the 
parts and members of their body, and were 
obliged to produce testimonies of their dutiful 
behaviour to their parents, of the services they 
had rendered their country, and the competen- 



cy of their fortune tc support their dignity. 
They took a sulemn otith, that they would ob- 
serve the iaws, administer justice with impar- 
tiality, and never suffer themselves to be cor- 
rupted. If they ever recehed b.ibes, they were 
compelled by the laws to dedicate to the gou of 
Delphi, a statue of gold of equal weight with 
their body. They all had the power of punish- 
ing malefactors with death. The chief among 
them jvas called Jlrchon; the year took its de- 
nomination from him ; he determined all causes 
between man and wife, and took care of lega- 
cies and wills; he prouded for orphans, pro- 
tected the injured, ana punished drunkenness 
with uncommon severity. If he suffered him- 
self to be intoxicated during the time of his of- 
fice, the misdemeanor was punished with death. 
The second of the archons was called Basileus; 
it was his office to keep good order, and to re- 
move all causes of quarrel in the families of 
those who were dedicated to the service of the 
gods The profane and the impious were brought 
before his tribunal; and he offered public sacri- 
fices for the good of the state. He assisted at 
the celebration of the Eleusiuian festivals, and 
other religious ceremonies. His wife was to be 
related to the whole people of Athens, and of a 
pure and unsullied life. He had a vote among 
the Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among 
them without his crown. The Polemarch was 
another archon of inferior dignity. He had the 
care of all foreigners, and provided a sufficient 
maintenance, from the public treasury, for the 
families of those who had lost their lives in de- 
fence of their country. These three chief ar- 
chons general. y cl:ose each of them two persons 
of respectable character, and of an advanced 
age, whose counsels and advice might assist and 
support them in their public capacity. The six 
other archons were indistinctly called Thesmo- 
theta, and received complaints against persons 
accused of impiety, bribery, and ill behaviour. 
They settled all disputes between the citizens, 
redressed the wrongs of strangers, and forbade 
any laws to be enforced, but such as were con- 
ducive to the safety of the state. These offi- 
cers of state were chosen after the death of 
king Codrus; their power was originally for life, 
but afterwards it was limited to ten years, and 
at last to one year. After some time, the quali- 
fications which were required to be an archon 
were not strictly observed. Adrian, before he 
was elected emperor of Rome, was made archon 
at Athens, though a foreigner: and the same 
honours were conferred upon Plutarch. The 
perpetual archons, after the death of Codrus, 
were Medon, whose office began B. C. 1070; 
Acastus, 1050; Archippus, 1014; Thersippus, 
995; Phorbas, 954; Megacles, 923; Diognetus, 
893; Pherecles, 865; Ariphron,846; Thespieus, 
826; Agamestor, 799; iEschylus, 778; Alcmaeon, 
756; after whose death the archons were de- 
cennial, the first of whom was Charops, who be- 
gan 753; iEsimedes, 744; Clidicus, 734; Hip- 
pomenes, 724; Leocrates, 714; Apsander, 704; 
Eryxias, 694; after whom the office became an- 
nual, and of these annual archons Creon was 
the fust. Jlristuph. in Nub. 8f JJvib. — Plut. 
Sympos, I .—Demost — Pollux. — Lysias. 



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Archylus Thurius, a general of Dyonysius 
the ekler. Diog. 14. 

Archytas, a musician of Mitylene, who 

wrote a treatise on agriculture. Diog. The 

son of Hesiiceus of Tarentum, was a follower of 
the Pythagorean philosophy, and an able astro- 
nomer and geometrician. He redeemed his 
master, Plato, from the hands of the tyrant Dio- 
nysius, and for his virtues he was seven times 
chosen, by his fellow-citizens, governor of Ta- 
rentum. He invented some mathematical in- 
struments, and made a wooden pigeon which 
could fly. He perished in a shipwreck, about' 
394 years before the christian era. He is also 
the reputed inventor of the screw and the pully. 
A fragment of his writings has been preserved 
by Porphyry. Horat. 1, od. 28. — Cic. 8, de 
Orat. — Diog. in Fit. 

Arcitenens, an epithet applied to Apollo, 
from his wearing a bow, with which as soon as 
born, he destroyed the serpent Python. Virg. 
JEn. 3, v. 75. 

Arctinus, a Milesian poet, said to be pupil 
to Homer. Dyonys Hal.]. 

Arctophylax, a star near the great bear, 
called also Bootes. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c 42 

Arctos, a mountain near Propontis, inhabit- 
ed by giants and monsters. Two celestial 

constellations near the north pole, commonly 
called Ursa Major and Minor, supposed to be 
Areas and his mother, who were made constel- 
lations. Virg. G. 1. — Aratus. — Ovid. Fast. 3, 
V. 107. 

Arcturus, a star near the tail of the great 
bear, whose rising and setting were generally 
supposed to portend great tempests. Horat. 3, 
od. 1. The name is derived from its situation, 
AgKroc ursus, ovgn cauda. It rises now about 
the beginning of October, and Pliny tells us it 
rose in his age on the 12th, or, according to 
Columella, on the 5th of September. 

Ardalus, a son of Vulcan, said to have been 
the first who invented the pipe. He gave it to 
the muses, who on that account have been called 
Jlrdalides and Ardaliotides . Paus. 2, c. 31. 

Ardania, a country of Egypt. Strab. 

Ardaxanus, a small river of Illyricum. 
Polyb. 

Ardea, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium, 
built by Danae, or, according to some, by a son 
of Uiysses and Circe. It was the capital of the 
Rutuli. Some soldiers set it on fire, and the 
inhabitants publickly reported, that their city 
had been changed into a bird, called by the 
Latins Jlrdea. It was rebuilt, and it became a 
rich and magnificent city, whose enmity to Rome 
rendered it famous. Tarquin the proud was 
pressing it with a siege, when his son ravished 
Lucre tia. A road called Ardeatina, branched 
from the Appian road to Ardea. C. JVep. in 
Attic. U.—Liv. 1, c. 57, 1. 3, c. 71, 1. 4, c. 9, 
&c.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 412.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 
573.— Strab. 5. 

Ardericca, a small town on the Euphrates, 
north of Babylon. 

Ardi.^i, a people of Illyricum, whose capital 
was called Ardia. Strab. 7. 

Ardonea, a town of Apulia. Liv. 24, c. J 
20. 



Ardua, an ancient name of Ardea. Virg, 
MA. 7, v. 411. 

Arduenna, now Ardenne, a large forest of 
Gaul, in the time of J. Caesar, which extended 
50 miles from the Rhine to the borders of the 
Nervii. Tacit. 8. Jinn. c. 42. — Cozs. bell. Gall. 
6, c. 29. 

Arduine, the goddess of hunting among the 
Gauls; represented with the same attributes as 
the Diana of the Romans. 

Ardyenses, a nation near the Rhone. Polyb. 
3. 

Ardys, a son of Gyges, king of Lydia, who 
reigned 49 years, took Priene, and made war 
against Miletus. Hercdot. 1, c. 1-6. 

Area, a surname of Minerva, from her tem- 
ple on Mars' hill, (ag»?) erected by Orestes. 
Paus. 1, c. 28. 

Areacidje, a nation of Numidia. Polyb. 

Areas, a general chosen by the Greeks 
against iEtolia. Justin. 24, c. 1 . 

Aregonis, the mother of Mopsus, by Ampyx. 
Orph. in Argon. 

Arelatum, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. 
Strab. 4. — Mela, 2, c. -5'. 

Arellius, a celebrated painter of Rome in 
the age of Augustus. He painted the goddesses 
in the form of his mistresses. Plin. 35, c. 10. 
A miser in Horat. 



Aremorica, a part of Gaul, at the north of 
the Loire, now called Brittany. Plin. 4. 

Arena, and Arene, a city of Messenia, ia 
Peloponnesus. Homer. II. 2. 

Arenacum, a town of Germany. Tacit. 
Hist. 5, c. 20. 

AreopagItjE, the judges of the Areopagus, 
a seat of justice on a small eminence near 
Athens, whose name is derived from «tg«@ J 
TrttyQf , the hill of Mars, because Mars was the 
first who was tried there, for the murder of 
Hallirhotius, who had offered violence to his 
daughter Alcippe. Some say that the place re- 
ceived the name of Areopagus, because the 
Amazons pitched their camp there, and offered 
sacrifices to their progenitor Mars, when they 
besieged Athens; and others maintain, that the 
name was given to the place, because Mars is 
the god of bloodshed, war, and murder, which 
were generally punished by that court. The time 
in which this celebrated seat of justice was in- 
stituted, is unknown. Some suppose that Ce- 
crops, the founder of Athens, first established it, 
while others give the credit of it to Cranaus, 
and others to Solon. The number of judges 
that composed this august assembly, is not k^own. 
They have been limited by some to 9, to 31, to 
51, and sometimes to a greater number. The 
most worthy and religious of the Athenians were 
admitted as members, and such archons as had 
discharged their duty with care and faithfulness. 
In the latter ages of the republic, this observance 
was often violated, and we find some of their 
members of loose and debauched morals. If 
any of them were convicted of immorality, if 
they were seen sitting at a tavern, or had used 
any indecent language, they were immediately 
expelled from thl^pssembly, and held in the 
greatest disgrace, though the dignity of a judge 
of the Areopagus always was for life. The 



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Areopagites took cognisance of murders, im- 
piety, and immoral behaviour, and particularly 
of idleness, which they deemed the cause of all 
vice. They watched over the laws, and they had 
the management of the public treasury; they had 
the liberty of rewarding the virtuous, and of in- 
flicting severe punishment upon such as blas- 
phemed against the gods, or slighted the cele- 
bration of the holy mysteries. They always sat 
in the open air, because they took cognizance of 
murder; and by their laws it was not permitted 
for the murderer and his accuser to be both 
under the same roof. This custom also might 
originate because the persons of the judges were 
sacred, and they were afraid of contracting pol- 
lution by conversing in the same house with men 
who had been guilty of shedding innocent blood. 
They always heard causes and passed sentence 
in the night, that they might not be prepossessed 
in favour of the plaintiff or of the defendant by 
seeing them. Whatever causes were pleaded 
before them, were to be devested of all oratory 
and fine speaking, lest eloquence should charm 
their ears, and corrupt their judgment. Hence 
arose the most just and most impartial deci- 
sions, and their sentence was deemed sacred 
and inviolable, and the plaintiff and defendant 
were equally convinced of its justice. The 
Areopagites generally sat on the 27th, 28th, 
and 29th day of every month. Their authority 
continued in its original state, till Pericles, who 
was refused admittance among them, resolved 
to lessen their consequence, and destroy their 
power. From that time the morals of the 
Athenians were corrupted, and the Areopagites 
were no longer conspicuous for their virtue and 
justice; and when they censured the debauche- 
ries of Demetrius, one of the family of Phale- 
reus, he plainly told them, that if they wished 
to make a reform in Athens, they must begin at 
home. 

Areopagus, a hill in the neighbourhood of 
Athens. Vid. Areopagitae. 

Arest-e, a people of India, conquered by 
Alexander. Justin. 12, c. 8. 

Aresthanas, a countryman, whose goat 
suckled JEsculapius, when exposed by his mo- 
ther. Paus. 2, c. 26. 

Arestorides, a patronymic given to the 
hundred-eyed Argus, as son of Arestor. Ovid. 
Met. 1, v. 584. 

Areta, the mother of Aristippus, the philoso- 
pher. Laert. 2. A daughter of Dionysius, 

who married Dion. She was thrown into the 

sea Plut. in Dion. A female philosopher 

of Cyrene, B. C. 377. 

Areta, a daughter of Rhexenor, descended 
from Neptune, who married her uncle Alcinous, 
by whom she had Nausicaa. Homer. Od. 7 and 
8. — J3pollod. 1. 

Aret^eus, a physician of Cappadocia, very 
inquisitive after the operations of nature. His 
treatise on agues has been much admired. The 
best edition of his works which are extant, is that 
of Boerhaave, L. Bat. fol. 1735. 

Arftaphila, the wife of Melanippus, a priest 
of Cyrene. Nicocrates murdered her husband 
to marry her. She, however, was so attached to 
Melanippus, that she endeavoured to poison Ni- 



cocrates, and at last caused him to be assassi- 
nated by his brother Lysander, whom she mar- 
ried Lysander proved as cruel as his brother, 
upon which Aretaphila ordered him to be thrown 
into the sea. After this she retired to a private 
station. Plut. de Virtut. Mulier. — Polyazn. 
8, c. 38. 

Aretales, a Cnidian, who wrote an history 
of Macedonia, besides a treatise on islands. 
PluU 

Arete. Vid. Areta. 

Aretes, one of Alexander's officers. Curt. 

4, c. 15. 

Arethusa, a nymph of Elis, daughter of 
Oceanus, and one of Diana's attendants. As 
she returned one day from hunting, she sat near 
the Alpheus, and bathed in the stream. The 
god of the river was enamoured of her, and he 
pursued her over the mountains and all the 
country, when Arethusa, ready to sink under 
fatigue, implored Diana, who changed her into 
a fountain. The Alpheus immediately mingled 
his streams with hers, and Diana opened a secret 
passage under the earth and under the sea, 
where the waters of Arethusa disappeared, and 
rose in the island of Ortygia, near Syracuse in 
Sicily. The river Alpheus followed her also 
under the sea, and rose also in Ortygia; so that, 
as mythologists relate, whatever is thrown into 
the Alpheus in Elis, rises again, after some time, 
in the fountain Arethusa near Syracuse. Fid. 
Alpheus.— Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 10.— Mien. 7. — 

Paus. One of the Hesperides. Apollod. 2, 

c. 5.- — A daughter of Herileus, mother of 

Abas, by Neptune. Hygin. fab. 157. One 

of Aclason's dogs. Hygin. fab. 181. A lake 

of upper Armenia, near the fountains of the 
Tigris. Nothing can sink under its waters. 

Plin. 2, c. 103. A town of Thrace. 

Another in Syria. 

Aretinum, a Roman colony in Etruria. Ital. 

5, v- 123. 

Aretus, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. 

Homer. Od. 3, v. 413. A Trojan against the 

Greeks. He was killed by Automedon, Homer. 

II. 17, v. 494. A famous warrior, whose 

only weapon was an iron club. He was treach- 
erously killed by Lycurgus, king of Arcadia. 
Paws. 8, c. 11. 

Areus, a king of Sparta, preferred in the 
succession to Cleonymus, brother of Acrotatus, 
who had made an alliance with Pyrrhus. He as- 
sisted Athens when Antigonus besieged it, and 

died at Corinth. Paus. 3. c. 6.— Plut. A 

king of Sparta, who succeeded his rather Acro- 
tatus 2d, and was succeeded by his son Leoni- 

das, son of Cleonymus. A philosopher of 

Alexandria, intimate with Augustus. Sueton. 
A poet of Laconia. An orator mention- 
ed by Qjiintil. 

ArgjEus and Argeus, a son of Apollo and 

Cyrene. Justin. 13, c 7. A sonofPerdic- 

cas, who succeeded his father in the kingdom 

of Macedonia. Justin. 7, c. 1. A mountain 

of Cappadocia, covered with perpetual snows, 
at the bottom of which is the capital of the 

country, called Maxara. Claudian. A son 

of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. Paus. 1. 

A son of Licymnius. Apollod. 2. 



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Argalus, a king of Sparta, son of Amyclas. 
Paus. 3 c. 1. 

Argathona, a huntress of Cios in Bithynia, 
whom Rhesus married before he went to the 
Trojan war. When she heard of his death, she 
died in despair. Parthen Erotic, c. 36. 

Argathonius, a king of Tartessus, who, ac- 
cording to Plin. 7. c. 48, lived 120 years, and 
300 according to Ital. 3, v. 396. 

Arge, a beautiful huntress, changed into a 

stag by Apollo. Hygin. fab. 205. One of 

the Cyclops. Hesiod. A daughter of Thes- 

pius, by whom Hercules had two sons. Jlpollod. 

2-< A nymph, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. 

Jlpollod. 1. 

Argea, a place at Rome where certain Ar- 
gives were buried. 

Arg^eathjE, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 
c. 23. 

Argennttm, a promontory of Ionia. 

Arges, a son of Ccelus and Terra, who had 
only one eye in his forehead. Jlpollod. 1, c. 1. 

Argestratus, a king of Lacedasmon, who 
reigned 35 years. 

Argetjs, a son of Perdiccas, king of Mace- 
donia, who obtained the kingdom when Amyn- 
tas was deposed by the Illyrians. Justin. 7, c. 2. 

Argi, (plur. masc.) Vid. Argos. 

Argia, daughter of Adrastus, married Poly- 
nices, whom she loved with uncommon tender- 
ness. When he was killed in the war, she 
buried his body in the night, against the positive 
orders of Creon, for which pious action she was 
punished with death. Theseus revenged her 
death by killing Creon. Hygin. fab. 69 and 
12.— Stat. Theb. 12. [Vid. Antigone and 

Creon.] A country of Peloponnesus, called 

also Argolis, of which JArgos was the capital. 

One of the Oceanides. Hygin. prozf. 

The wife of Inachus, and mother of Io. Id. fab. 

145. The mother of Argos, by Polybus. Id. 

fab. 145. A daughter of Autesion, who mar- 
ried Aristodemus, by whom she had two sons, 
Eurysthenes, and Procles. Jlpollod, 2. — Paus. 
4, c 3. 

Argias, a man who founded Chalcedon, A. 
U. C. 148. 

Argiletum, a place at Rome near the Pala- 
tum, where the tradesmen generally kept their 
shops. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 355 — Martial. 1, ep. 4. 

Argilius, a favourite youth of Pausanias, 
who revealed his master's correspondence with 
the Persian king, to the ephori. C. Nep. in 
Paus. 

Argilltjs, a mountain of Egypt near the 
Nile. 

Argilus a town of Thrace near the Strymon, 
built by a colony of Andrians. Thucyd. 4, c. 
103— Herodot. 1; c. 115. 

Arginus^e, three small islands near the con- 
tinent, between Mityleneand Methymna, where 
the Lacedaemonian fleet was conquered by Conon, 
the Athenian. Strab. 13. 

Argiope, a nymph of mount Parnassus, mo- 
ther of Thamyris, by Philammon, the son of 
Apollo. Paus. 4, c. 33. 

Argiphontes, a surname given to Mercury, 
because he killed the hundred-eyed Jlrgus, by 
order of Jupiter. 



Argippei, a nation among the Sauromatians, 
born baid, and with flat noses. They lived upon 
trees. Herodot. 4, c 23. 

Argiva, a surname of Juno, worshipped at 
Argos. She had also a temple at Sparta, con- 
secrated to her by Eurydice, the daughter of 
Lacedaemon. Paus. 4, c- 13. — Virg. JEn. 3, 
v. 547. 

Argi vi, the inhabitants of the city of Argos 
and the neighbouring country. The word is in- 
discriminately applied by the poets to all the in- 
habitants of Greece. 

Argius, a steward of Galba, who privately 
interred the body of his master in bis gardens. 
Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 49. 

Argo, the name of the famous ship which 
carried Jason and his 54 companions to Colchis, 
when they resolved to recover the golden fleece. 
The derivation of the word Argo has been often 
disputed. Some derive it from Argos, the per- 
son who first proposed the expedition, and who 
built the ship. Others maintain that it was built 
at Argos, whence its name- Cicero, Tusc. 1, 
c. 20, calls it Argo, because it carried Grecians, 
commonly called Argives. Diod. 4, derives the 
word from 'j.gy&, which signifies swift. Ptolemy 
says, but falsely, that Hercules built the ship, 
and calred it Argo, after a son of Jason, who 
bore the same name. The ship Argo had 50 
oars. According to many authors, she had a 
beam on her prow, cut in the forest of Dodona 
liy Minerva, which had the power of giving 
oracles to the Argonauts. This ship was the first 
that ever sailed on the sea, as some report. 
After the expedition was finished, Jason order- 
ed her to be drawn a-ground at the isthmus of 
Corinth, and consecrated to the god of the sea. 
The poets have made- her a constellation in 
heaven. Jason was killed by a beam which fell 
from the top, as he slept on the ground near it. 
Hygin. fab. 14, Jl. P. 2, c. 37.— Catull. de 
Jfupt Pel. fy Thet.— Val. Place 1, v 93, &c. 
— Phcedr. 4, fab 6. — Seneca in Medea. — Jlpol- 
Ion. Argon. — Jlpollod. — Cic. deNat.D. — Plin. 
7, c 56 — Manil. 1. 

Argolicus sinos, a bay on the coast of Ar- 
golis. 

Argolis and Argia, a country of Pelopon- 
nesus between Arcadia and the iEgean sea. Its 
chief city was called Argos. 

Argon, one of the descendants of Hercules, 
who reigned in Lydia 505 years before Gyges, 
Herodot. 1, c. 7. 

Argonauts, a name given to those ancient 
heroes who went with Jason on board the ship 
Argo to Colchis, about 79 years before the tak- 
ing of Troy, or 1263 B. C. The causes of this 
expedition arose from thefollowingcircumstance: 
— Athamas, king of Tb.ebes, had married Ino, 
the daughter of Cadmus, whom he divorced to 
marry Nephele, by whom he had two children, 
Phryxus and Helle. As Nephele was subject 
to certain fits of madness, Athamas repudiated 
her, and took a second time Ino, by whom he 
bad soon after two sons, Learchus and Melicer- 
ta. As the children of Nephele were to suc- 
ceed to their father by right of birth, Ino con- 
ceived an immortal hatred against them, and 
she caused the city of Thebes to be visited by a 



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pestilence, by poisoning all the grain which had 
been sown in the earth. Upon this the oracle 
was consulted, and as it had been corrupted by 
means of I no, the answer was, that Nephele's 
children should be immolated to the gods. 
Phryxus was apprized of this, and he imme- 
diately embarked with his sister Helle, and fled 
to the court of iEetes, king of Colchis, one of 
his near relations. In the voyage Helle died, 
and Phryxus arrived safe at Colchis, and was 
received with kindness by the king. The poets 
have embellished the flight of Phryxus, by sup- 
posing that he and Helle fled through the air on 
a ram which had a golden fleece and wings, and 
was endowed with the faculties of speech. This 
ram, as they say, was the offspring of Neptune's 
amours, under the form of a ram, with the 
nymph Theophane. As they were going to be 
sacrificed, the ram look them on his back, and 
instantly disappeared in the air. On their way 
Helle was giddy, and fell into that part of the 
sea which from her was called the Hellespont 
When Phryxus came to Colchis, he sacrificed 
the ram to Jupiter, or, according to others, to 
Mars, to whom he also dedicated the golden 
fleece. He soon after married Chalciope the 
daughter of iEetes; but his father-in-law envied 
him the possession of the golden fleece, and 
therefore to obtain it he murdered him. Some 
time af:er this event, when Jason the son of 
iEson, demanded of his uncle Pelias the crown 
which he usurped, [Vid. Pelias, Jason, iEson.] 
Pelias said that he would restore it to him, pro- 
vided he avenged the death of their common 
relation Phryxus, whom iEetes had basely mur- 
dered in Colchis. Jason, who was m the vigour 
of youth, and of an ambitious soul, cheerfully 
undertook the expedition, and embarked with all 
the young princes of Greece in the ship Argo 
They stopped at the island of Lemnos, where 
they remained two years, and raised a new race 
of men from the Lemnian women who had 
murdered their husbands. [Vid. Hipsipyle.] 
After they had left Lemnos, they visited Samo- 
thrace, where they offered sacrifices to the gods, 
and thence passed to Troas and to Cyzicum. 
Here they met with a favourable reception from 
Cyzicus the king of the country. The night 
after their departure, they were driven back by 
a storm again on the coast of Cyzicum, and the 
inhabitants, supposing them to be their enemies 
the Pelasgi, furiously attacked them. In this 
nocturnal engagement the slaughter was great, 
and Cyzicus was killed by the hand of Jason, 
who, to expiate the murder he had ignorantly 
committed, buried him in a magnificent manner, 
and offered a sacrifice to the mother of the gods, 
to whom he built a temple on mount Dyndymus. 
From Cyzicum they visited Bebrycia, otherwise 
called Bithynia, where Pollux accepted the 
challenge of Amycus king of the country, in the 
combat of the cestus, and slew him. They 
were driven from Bebrycia by a storm, to Sal- 
mydcssa, on the coast of Thrace, where they 
delivered Phineus, king of the place, from the 
persecution of the harpies. Phineus directed 
their course through the Cyanean rock or the 
Symplegades, [Vid Cyanese.] and they safely 
entered the Euxine sea. They visited the coun- 



try of the Mariandinians, where Lycus reigned^ 
and lost two of their companions, Idmon, and 
Tiphys their pilot. After they had left this 
coast, they were driven upon the island of Are- 
cia, where they found the children of Phryxus, 
whom ^etes their grandfather had sent to 
Greece to take possession of their father's king- 
dom. From this island they at last arrived safe 
in iEa, the capital of Colchis. Jason explained 
the eauses of his voyage to jEetes; but the con- 
ditions on which he was to recover the golden 
fleece, were so hard, that the Argonauts must 
have perished in the attempt, had not Medea, 
the king's daughter, fallen in love with their 
leader. She had a conference with Jason, and 
after mutual oaths of fidelity in the temple of 
Hecate, Medea pledged herself to deliver the 
Argonauts from her father's hard conditions, if 
Jason married her, and carried her with him to 
Greece. He was to tame two bulls, which had. 
brazen feet and horns, and which vomited clouds 
of fire and smoke, and to tie them to a plough 
made of adamant stone, and to plough a field of 
two acres of ground never before cultivated. 
After this he was to sow in the plain the teeth 
of a dragon, from which an armed multitude 
were to rise up, and to be all destroyed by his 
hands. This done, he was to kill an ever-watch- 
ful dragon, which was at the bottom of the tree, 
on which the golden fleece was suspended. All 
these labours were to be performed in one day; 
and Medea's assistance, whose knowledge of 
herbs, magic, and potions, was unparalleled, 
easily extricated Jason from all danger, to the 
astonishment and terror of his companions, and 
of iEetes, and the people of Coichis, who bad 
assembled to be spectators of this wonderful 
action. He tamed the bulls with ease, plough- 
ed the field, sowed the dragon's teeth, and when 
(he armed men sprang from the earth, he threw 
a stone in the midst of tbem, and they imme- 
diately turned their weapons one against the 
other, till they all perished After this he went 
to the dragon, and by means of enchanted herbs, 
and a draught which Medea had given him, he 
lulled the monster to sleep, and obtained the 
golden fleece, and immediately set sail with 
Medea. He was soon pursued by Absyrtus, the 
king's son, who came up to them, and was seiz- 
ed and murdered by Jason and Medea. The 
mangled limbs of Absyrtus were strewed in the 
way through which iEetes was to pass, that his 
farther pursuit might be stopped. After the 
murder of Absyrtus they entered the Palus Mae- 
otis, and by pursuing their course towards the 
left, according to the foolish account of poets 
who were ignorant of geography, they came to 
the island Peucestes, and to that of Circe. Here 
Circe informed Jason, that the cause of all his 
calamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus, 
of which she refused to expiate him. Soon after, 
they entered the Mediterranean by the columns 
of Hercules, and passed the straits of Charybdis 
and Scylla, where they must have perished, had 
not Tcthys, the mistress of Peleus, one of the 
Argonauts, delivered them. They were pre- 
served from the Sirens by the eloquence of Or- 
pheus, and arrived in the island of the Phaea- 
cians, where they met the enemy's fleet, which 



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had continued their pursuit by a different course. 
It was therefore resolved, that Medea should be 
restored, if she had not been actually married 
to Jason; but the wife of Alcinous, the king of 
the country, being appointed umpire between 
the Colchians and Argonauts, had the marriage 
privately consummated by nigbt, and declared 
that the claims of i^etes to Medea were now 
void. From Phseacia the Argonauts came to the 
bay of Ambracia, whence they were driven by 
a storm upon the coast of Africa, and after many 
disasters, at last came in sight of the promonto- 
ry of Melea. in the Peloponnesus, where Jason' 
was purified of the murder of Absyrtus, and 
soon after arrived safe in Thessaly. The im- 
practicability of such a voyage is well known. 
Apollonius Bhodius gives another account equal- 
ly improbable. He says that they sailed from 
the Euxine up one of the mouths of the Danube, 
and that Absyrtus pursued them by entering an- 
other mouth of the river. After they had con- 
tinued their voyage for some leagues, the waters 
decreased, and they were obliged to carry the 
ship Argo across the country to the Adriatic, 
upwards of 150 miles. Here they met with 
Absyrtus, who had pursued the same measures, 
and conveyed his ships in like manner over the 
land. — Absyrtus was immediately put to death; 
and soon after the beam of Dodona [Vid. Argo.] 
gave an oracle, that Jason should never return 
home if be was not previously purified of the 
murder. Upon this they sailed to the island of 
iEa, where Circe, who was the sister of iEetes, 
expiated him without knowing who he was. 
There is a third tradition, which maintains, that 
they returned to Colchis a second time, and 
yisited many places of Asia. This famous ex- 
pedition has been celebrated in the ancient ages 
of the world; it has employed the pen of many 
writers, and among the historians, Diodorus 
Siculus, Strabo, Apollodorus, and Justin; and 
among the poets, Onamacritus, more generally 
called Orpheus, Apollonius Rhodius, Pindar, and 
Valerius Flaccus, have extensively given an ac- 
count of its most remarkable particulars. The 
number of the Argonauts is not exactly known. 
Apollodorus and Diodorus say that they were 
54. Tzetzes admits the number of 50, but Apol- 
lodorus mentions only 45. The following list is 
drawn from the various authors who have made 
mention of the Argonautic expedition. Jason, 
son of i£son, as is well known, was the chief of 
the rest. His companions were Acastus son of 
Pelias, Actor son of Hippasus, Admetus son of 
Pheres, JEsculapius son of Apollo, JEtalides son 
of Mercury and Eupoleme, Almenus son of 
Mars, Amphiaraus son of OEcIeus, Amphidamus, 
son of Aleus, Amphion son of Hyperasius, An- 
ceus a son of Lycurgus, and another of the same 
name, Areus, Argus the builder of the ship 
Argo, Argus son of Phryxus, Armenus, Ascala- 
phus son of Mars, Asterion son of Cometes, 
Asterius son of Neleus, Augeas'son of Sol, 
Atalanta, daughter of Schocneus disguised in a 
man's dress, Autolycus son of Mercury, Azorus, 
Buphagus, Butes son of Teleon, Calais son of 
Boreas, Canthus son of Abas, Castor son of Ju- 
piter, Ceneus son of Elatus, Ccpheus son of 
Aleus, Cius, Clytius, and Iphitus, sons of Eury- 



thus, Coronus, Deucalion son of Minos, Echion 
son of Mercury and Antianira, Ergynus son of 
Neptune, Euphemus son of Neptune and Ma- 
cionassa, Eribotes, Euryalus son of Cisteus, 
Eurydamas and Eurythion sons of Iras, Eurytus 
son of Mercury, Glaucus, Hercules son of Jupi- 
ter, Idas son of Aphareus, lalmenus son of Mars, 
Idman son of Abas, lolaus son of Iphiclus, Iphi- 
clus son of Thestius, Iphiclus son of Philacus, 
Iphis' 4 son of Alector, Lynceus, son of Aphareus, 
Iritus son of Naubolus, Laertes, son of Arcesius, 
Laocoon, Leodatus son of Bias, Leitus son of 
Alector, Meleager, son of (Eneus, Mencetius 
son of Actor, Mopsus son of Amphycus, Nau- 
plius son of Neptune, Neleus the brother of 
Peleus, Nestor son of Neleus, Oileus the father 
of Ajax, Orpheus sen of (Eager, Palemon son 
of JEtolus, Peleus and Telamon sons of iEacus, 
Periclimenes son of Neleus, Peneleus, son of 
Hipalmus, Philoctetes son of Pcean, Phlias, 
Pollux son of Jupiter, Polyphemus son of Elates, 
Pceas son of Thaumacus, Phanus son of Bacchus, 
Phalerus son of Alcon, Phocas and Priasus sons 
of Ceneus one of the Lapithae, Talaus, Tiphys, 
son of Aginus, Staphilus son of Bacchus, two 
of the name of Iphitus, Theseus son of iEgeus, 
with his friend Pirithous. Among these iEscu- 
lapius was physician, and Typhis was pilot. 

Argos, (sing. neut. $f Jlrgi, mascplur.) an 
ancient city, capital of Argolis in Peloponnesus, 
about two miles from the sea, on the bay called 
Jirgolicus sinus. Juno was the chief deity of 
the place. The kingdom of Argos was founded 
by Inachus 1856 years before the christian era, 
and after it had flourished for about 550 years it 
was united to the crown of Mycenae. Argos 
was built according to Euripides, Iphig. in 
Jlulid. v. 152, 534, by seven cyclops who came 
from Syria. These cyclops were not Vulcan's 
workmen. The nine first kings Of Argos were 
called Inachides, in honour of the founder. Their 
names were Inachus, Phoroneus, Apis, Argus, 
Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, Stelenus and Gela- 
nor. Gelanor gave a kind reception to Danaus, 
who drove him from his kingdom in return for 
his hospitality. The descendants of Danaus 
were called Belides. Agamemnon was king of 
Argos during the Trojan war; and 80 years after 
the Heraclidae seized the Peloponnesus, and de- 
posed the monarchs. The inhabitants of Argos 
were called Jlrgivi and Jlrgolici; and this name 
has been often applied to all the Greeks, without 
distinction. Plin. 7, c. 56. — Paus. 2, c. 15, 
&c.—Horat. 1, od. l.—JElian. V. H. 9, c. 15. 
—Strab. 8. — Mela, 1, c. 13, &c. 1. 2, c. 3. — 
Virg. JEn. 1, v. 40, &x. A town of Thes- 
saly, called Pelasgicon by the Pelasgians. Lu- 
ton. 6, v. 355. Another in Epirus called 

Amphilochium. 
. Argus, a king of Argos, who reigned "70 

years. A son of Arestor, whence he is often 

called Jiristoridts. He married Ismene, the 
daughter of the Asopus. As he had an hundred 
eyes, of which only two were asleep at one 
time, Juno set him to watch lo, whom Jupiter 
had changed into a heifer; but Mercury, by or- 
der of Jupiter, slew him by lulling all his eyes 
atlcep with the sound of his lyre. Juno put the 
eyes of Argus on the tail of the peacock, a bird 



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sacred to her divinity. Moschus. Idyl.'— Ovid. 
Met. 1, fab. 12 and 13.— Propert. 1, v. 585, 
&c el. S.—Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 2, c. 1. — —A 

son of Agenor. Hygin. fab. 145. A son of 

Danaus, who built the ship Argo. Id. 14. 



A son of Jupiter and Niobe, the first child which 
the father of the gods had by a mortal. He 
built Argos, and married Evadne the daughter 

of Strymon. Id. 145. A son of Pyras and 

Callirhoe. Id. 145 -A son of Phryxus, Id. 

3. A son of Polybus, Id. 14.' One of 

Actseon's dogs. Apollod- -A dog of Ulysses, 

who knew his master after an absence of 20 
years. Homer. Od. 17, v. 300. 

Argyllje, an ancient name of Caere, in 
Etruria. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 652, 1. 8, v. 478. 

Argynnis, a name of Venus which she re- 
ceived from tflrgynnus, a favourite youth of 
Agamemnon, who was drowned in the Cephisus. 
Propert. 3, el. 5, v. 52. 

Argyra, a nymph greatly beloved by a shep- 
herd called Selimnus. She was* changed into a 
fountain, and the shepherd into a river of the 
same name, whose waters make lovers forget the 
object of their affections. Vid. Selimnus. Paus. 
7, c. 23. A city of Troas. Also the na- 
tive place of Diodorus Siculus, in Sicily. 

Argyraspides, a Macedonian legion which 
received this name from their silver helmets. 
Curt. 4, c. 13. 

Argyre, an island beyond the mouth of the 
river Indus, abounding in metal. Mela. 3, c. 7. 

Argyripa, a town of Apulia, built by Dio- 
medes after the Trojan war, and called by Po- 
iybius Jirgipana. Only ruins remain to show 
where it once stood, though the place still pre- 
serves the name of Arpi. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 
246. 

Aria, a country of Asia, situate at the east 

of Parthia. Mela, 1, c. 2, 1. 2, c. 7. The 

wife of Paetus Cecinna, of Padua, a Roman se- 
nator who was accused of conspiracy against 
Claudius, and carried to Rome by sea. She 
accompanied him, and in the boat she stabbed 
herself, and presented the sword to her husband, 
who followed her example. Plin. 7. 

Ariadne, daughter of Minos, 2d king of 
Crete, by Pasiphae, fell in love with Theseus, 
who was shut up in the labyrinth to be devoured 
by the Minotaur, and gave him a clue of thread, 
by which he extricated himself from the difficult 
windings of his confinement. After he had 
conquered the Minotaur, he carried her away 
according to the promise he had made, and 
married her; but when he arrived at the island 
of Naxos he forsook her, though she was already 
pregnant, and repaid his love with the most en- 
dearing tenderness. Ariadne was so disconsolate 
upon being abandoned by Theseus, that she hung 
herself, according to some; but Plutarch says, 
that she lived many years after, and had some 
children by Onarus, the priest of Bacchus. Ac- 
cording to some writers, Bacchus loved her after 
Theseus had forsaken her, and be gave her a 
crown of seven stars, which, after her death, 
was made a constellation. The Argives showed 
Ariadne's tomb, and when one of their temples 
was repaired, her ashes were found in an earth- 
en urn. Homer, Od. 11, v. 320, says, that 



Diana detained Ariadne at Naxos. Plut. in 
Thes.—Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 2. Heroid. 10. De 
Art. Jim 2, Fast. 3, v. 462.— Catnll. de Nupt. 
Pel. Sf Thet. ep. 61.— Hygin. fab. 14, 43, 270. 
—Jipollod. 3, c. 1. 

Arleus, an officer who succeeded to the com- 
mand of the surviving army after the death of 
Cyrus the younger, after the battle of Cunaxa. 
He made peace with Artaxerxes. Xenoph. 

Ariani and Arieni, a people of Asia. Dionys. 
Perieg. 714. 

Ariantas, a king of Scythia, who yearly or- 
dered every one of his subjects to present him 
with an arrow. Herodot. 4, c. 81. 

Ariamnes, a king of Cappadocia, son of 
Ariarathes 3d. 

Ariarathes, a king of Cappadocia, who 
joined Darius Ochus in his expedition against 

Egypt, where he acquired much glory. His 

nephew, the 2d of that name, defended his king- 
dom against Perdiccas, the general of Alexan- 
der, but he was defeated and hung on a cross^. 

in the 81st year of his age, 321 B. C. His 

son, Ariarathes the 3d, escaped the massacre 
which attended his father and his followers; and 
after the death of Perdiccas, he recovered Cap- 
padocia, by conquering Amyntas the Macedonian 
general. He was succeeded by his son Ariam- 
nes. Ariarathes the 4th, succeeded his father 

Ariamnes, and married Stratonice, daughter of 
Antiochus Theos. He died after a reign of 
twenty-eight years, B. C. 220, and wass suc- 
ceeded by his son Ariarathes the 5th, a prince 
who married Antiochia, the daughter of king 
Antiochus, whom he assisted against the Romans. 
Antiochus being defeated, Ariarathes saved his 
kingdom from invasion by paying the Romans a 
large sum of money remitted at the instance of 

the king of Pergamus. His sou, the 6lb of 

that name, called Philopater, from his piety, 
succeeded him 166 B. C. An alliance with the 
Romans shielded him against the false claims 
that were laid to his crown by one of the favour- 
ites of Demetrius, king of Syria. He was main- 
tained on his throne by Attalus, and assisted his 
friends of Rome against Aristonicus, the usurper 
of Pergamus; but he was killed in the war B. 
C. 130, leaving six children, five of whom were 

murdered by his surviving wife Laodice. 

The only one who escaped, Ariarathes 7th, was 
proclaimed king, and soon after married Laodice, 
the sister of Mithridates Eupator, by whom he 
had two sons. He was murdered by an illegiti- 
mate brother, upon which his widow Laodice 
gave herself and kingdom to Nicomedes, king of 
Bithynia. Mithridates made war against the 
new king, and raised .his nephew to the throne. 
The young king, who was the 8th of the name 
of Ariarathes, made war against the tyrannical 
Mithridates, by whom he was assassinated in the 
presence of both armies, and the murderer's 
son, a child eight years old, was placed on the 
vacant throne. The Cappadocians revolted, and 
made the late monarch's brother, Ariarathes 9th, 
king; but Mithridates expelled him, and restored 
his own son. The exiled prince died of a broken 
heart; and Nicomedes of Bithynia, dreading the 
power of the tyrant, interested the Romans in 
the affairs of Cappadocia* The arbiters wished 



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to make the country free; but the Cappadociaus 
demanded a king, and received Ariobarzanes, 
B. 0. 91. On the death of Ariobarzanes, his 
brother ascended the throne, under the name of 
Ariarathes 10th, but his title was disputed by 
Sisenna, the eldest son of Glaphyra, by Arcbe- 
lau.*, priest of Comana. M. Antony, who was 
umpire between the contending parties, decided 
in favour of Sisenna; but Ariarathes recovered 
it for a while, though he was soon after obliged 
to yield in favour of Archelaus, the second son 
of Giaphyra, B. C. 36. Diod. 18. — Justin. 
13 and 29.— Strab. 12. 

Aribb^eus, a general mentioned by Polyaen, 
7, c. 29. 

Aricia, an Athenian princess, niece to JEge- 
us, whom Hippolytus married after he had been 
raised from the dead by iEsculapius. He built 
a city in Italy, which he called by her name. 
He nad a son by her called Virbius Ovid. 
Met. 15, v. 544.— Virg. JErt. 7, v. 762, &c 



A very ancient town of Italy, now Riccia, bunt 
by Hippolytus, son of Theseus, after he had 
been raised from the dead by iEsculapius, and 
transported into Italy by Diana. In a grove, 
in the neighbourhood of Aricia, Theseus built 
a temple to Diana, where he established the 
same rites as were in the temple of that goddess 
in Tauris. The priest of this temple, called 
Rex, was always a fugitive, and the murderer 
of his predecessor, and went always armed with 
a dagger, to prevent whatever attempts might 
be made upon his life by one who wished to be 
his successor. The Arician forest, frequently 
called nemorensis, or nemoralis sylva, was very 
celebrated, and no horses would ever enter it, 
because Hippolytus had been killed by them. 
Egeria, the favourite nymph, and invisible pro- 
tectress of Numa, generally resided in this fa- 
mous grove, which was situated on the Appian 
way, beyond mount Albanus. Ovid Met. 15. 
Fast. 3, v. 263.— Lucan. 6, v. 74.— Virg. JEn. 
7, v. 761, &c 

Aricin.1. a surname of Diana, from her tem- 
ple near Aricia. [Vid. Aricia ] The mother 

of Octavius. Cic. 3. Phil. c. 6. 

Arid^us, a companion of Cyrus the young- 
er. After the death of his friend, he reconciled 
himself to Artaxerxes, by betraying to him the 

surviving Greeks in their return. Diod. 

An illegitimate son of Philip, who, after the 
death of Alexander, was made king of Mace- 
donia, till Roxane, who was pregnant by Alex- 
ander, brought into the world a legitimate male 
successor. Aridaeus had not the free enjoyment 
of his senses; and therefore Perdiccas, one of 
Alexander's generals, declared himself his pro- 
tector, and even married his sister, to strengthen 
their connexion. . He was seven years in pos- 
session of the sovereign power, and was put to 
death, with his wife Eurydice, by Olympias. 
Justin. 9, c S. — Diod. 

Arienis, daughter of Alyattes,' married As- 
tyages king of Media. Herodot. 1, c. 74. 

Ariceum, a town of India, which Alexander 
found burnt, and without inhabitants. Arrian. 4. 

Arii, a savage people of India. Of Ara- 
bia. Plin. 6. Of Scythia. Herodot. 

Of Germany. Tacit. 



Arima, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where 
Typhoeus was overwhelmed under the ground. 
Homer. II 2. 

Arimarius, a god of Persia and Media. 

Arimaspi, a people conquered by Alexander 
the great. Curt. 7, c. 3. — Mela, 2, c. 1. 

Arimaspias, a river of Scythia, with golden 
sands. The neighbouring inhabitants had but 
one eye, in the middle of their forehead, and 
waged continual war against the griffins, mon- 
strous animals that collected the gold of the 
river. Plin. 7, c. 2. — Herodot. 3 and 4. — 
Strab. 1 and 13. 

Arimasth.^, a. people near the Euxine sea. 
Orpheus. Argon. 

Arimazes, a powerful prince of Sogdiana; 
who treated Alexander with. much insolence, 
and even asked, whether he could fly, to aspire 
to so extensive a dominion. He surrendered, 
and was exposed on a cross with his friends and 
relations Curt. 7, c. 11. 

Arimi, a nation of Syria. Strab. 

Ariminum, (now Rimini) an ancient city of 
Italy, near the Rubicon, on the borders of Gaul, 
on the Adriatic, founded by a colony of Umbrians. 
It was the cause of Caesar's civil wars. Lucan. 
1, v. 231.— Plin. 3. c. 15. 

Ariminus, a river of Italy, rising in the Ap- 
pennine mountains. Plin. 3, c 15. 

Arimphjei, a people of Scythia, near the 
Riphaean mountains, who lived chiefly upon ber- 
ries in the woods, and were remarkable for their 
innocence and mildness. Plin. 6, c. 7. 

Arimus, a king of My si a. Varro. 

Ariobarzanes, a man made king of Cappa- 
docia, by the Romans, after the troubles, which 
the false Ariarathes had raised, had subsided. 
Mithridates drove him from his kingdom, but 
the Romans restored him. He followed the in- 
terest of Pompey , and fought at Pharsalia against 
J. Caesar. He and his kingdom were preserved 
by means of Cicero. Cic. 5, ad Attic, ep. 29. — 

Hot at. ep. 6, v. 38. — Flor. 3, c. 5. A satrap 

of Phrygia, who, after the death of Mithridates, 
invaded the kingdom of Pontus, and kept it for 
twenty-six years. He was succeeded by the son 

of Mithridates. Diod. 17. A general of 

Darius, who defended the passes of Susa with 
15,000 foot against Alexander. After a bloody 
encounter with the Macedonians, he was killed 
as he attempted to seize the city of Persepolis. 
Diod. 17.— Curt 4 and 5. A Mede of ele- 
gant stature, and great prudence, whom Tibe- 
rius appointed to settle the troubles of Armenia. 

Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4. A mountain between 

Parthia and the country of the Massagetae. 
■A satrap, who revolted from the Persian 



king. 

Ariomandes, son of Gobryas, was general of 
Athens against the Persians. Plut. in Cim. 

Ariomardus, a son of Darius, in the army 
of Xerxes when he went against Greece. Hero- 
dot. 7, c. 78. 

Ariomedes, a pilot of Xerxes. 

Arion, a famous lyric poet and musician, 
son of Cyclos, of Methymna, in the island of 
Lesbos. He went into Italy with Periander, 
tyrant of Corinth, where he obtained immense 
riches by his profession. Some time after he 



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wished to revisit his country ; and the sailors of 
the ship in which he embarked, resolved to 
murder him, to obtain the riches which he was 
carrying to Lesbos. Arion seeing them inflexi- 
ble in their resolutions, begged that he might 
be permitted to play some melodious tune; and 
as soon as he had finished it, he threw himself 
into the sea. A number of dolphins bad been 
attracted round the ship by the sweetness of his 
music; and it is said, that one of them carried 
him safe on his back to Taenarus, whence he 
hastened to- the court of Periander, who ordered 
all the sailors to be crucified at their return. 
Hyg-in. fab. 194.— Herodot. 1, c 23 and 24. — 
Mlian. de Nat. An 13, c Ab.—Ital. 1. 

Prapert 2, el. 26, v. 17. — Pint, in Symp 

A horse, sprung from Ceres and Neptune. 
Ceres, when she travelled over the world in 
quest of her daughter Proserpine, had taken the 
figure of a mare, to avoid the importuning ad- 
dresses of Neptune. The god changed himself 
also into a horse, and from their union arose a 
daughter called Hera, and the horse Arion, 
which had the power of speech, the feet on the 
right side like those of a man, and the rest of 
the body like a horse. Arion was brought up 
by the Nereides, who often harnessed him to his 
father's chariot, which he drew over the sea 
with uncommon swiftness. Neptune gave him 
to Copreus, who presented him to Hercules. 
Adrastus, king of Argos, received him as a pre- 
sent from Hercules, and with this wonderful 
animal he won the prize at the Nemaean games. 
Arion, therefore, is often called the horse of 
Adrastus. Paus. 8, c. 25. — Propert. 2, el. 34, 
v. 37. — Apollod. 3, c. 6. 

Ariovistus, a king of Germany, who pro- 
fessed himself a friend of Rome. When Caesar 
was in Gaul, Ariovistus marched against him, 
and was conquered with the loss of 80,000 men. 
Cues. 1. Bell Gall —Tacit 4 Hist. 
Aris, a river of Messenia. Paus. 4, c 31. 
Aiiisba, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an 

earthquake. Plin. 5, c. 31.— A colony of 

the Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by the 
Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. 

Virg Mn. 9, v. 264 —Homer. II 7. The 

name of Priam's first wife, divorced that the 
monarch might marry Hecuba 

Arist.&netus, a writer whose epistles have 
been beautifully edited by Abresch. Zwollae, 
1749. 

Arist^um, a city of Thrace at the foot of 
mount Hsemus Plin. 4, c. 11. 

Arist^us, son of Apollo and the nymph 
Cyrene, was born in the deserts of Libya, and 
brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon nectar 
and ambrosia. His fondness for hunting pro- 
cured him the surname of Nomus and Agreus. 
After he had travelled over the. greatest part of 
the world, Aristaeus came to settle in Greece, 
where he married Autonoe, the daughter of 
Cadmus, by whom be had a son called Actaeon. 
He fell in love with Eurydice, the wife of Or- 
pheus, and pursued her in the fields. She was 
stung by a serpent that lay in the grass, and 
died ; for which the gods destroyed all the bees 
of Aristaeus. In this calamity he applied to his 
mother, who directed him to seize the sea-god 



Proteus, and consult him how he might repair 
the losses he had sustained. Proteus advised 
him to appease the manes of Eurydice by the 
sacrifice of four bulls and four heifers: and as 
soon as he had done it, and left them in the air, 
swarms of bees immediately sprang from the 
rotten carcasses, and restored Aristaeus' to his 
former prosperity. Some authors say, that 
Aristaeus had the care of Bacchus when young, 
and that he was initiated in the mysteries of 
tnis god. Aristaeus went to live on mount 
Haemus, where he died. He was, after death, 
worshipped as a demi-god. Aristaeus is said 
to have learned from the nymphs the cultivation 
of olives, and the management of bees, &c. 
which he afterwards communicated to the rest 
of mankind. Virg. G. 4, v. 317. — Diod. 4. — 
Justin. 13, c l.—Ovid. Fast 1, v. 363.— Cic. 
de Nat. D. 3, c. 18 —Paus. 10, c. n.—Hygin. 
fab. 161 , 1 0, 247.- Apollod. 3, c 4.— Herodot. 

4, c. 4, &c. — Poly.-en. 1, c. 24 A general 

who commanded the Corinthian forces at the 
siege of Potidsea. He was taken by the Athe- 
nians, and put to death. 

Aristagoras, a writer who composed an his- 
tory of Egypt. Plin. 36, c. 12. A son-in- 
law of Histiaeus, tyrant of Miletus, who revolted 
from Darius, and incited the Athenians against 
Persia, and burnt Sardis. This so exasperated 
the king, that every evening before supper he 
ordered his servants to remind him of punishing 
Aristagoras. He was killed in a battle against 
the Persians, B. C. 499. Herodot. 5, c. 30, 

&e. 1. 7, c. 8. — Polyozn. 1, c. 14. A man 

of Cyzicus Another of Cumae. Herodot. 4. 

Aristander, a celebrated soothsayer, great- 
ly esteemed by Alexander. Plut. in Alex. — 

Plin.. 17, c. 25. An Athenian, who wrote 

on agriculture. 

Aristandros, statuary of Sparta. Paus. 3, 
c. 18. 

Aristarche, a matron of Ephesus, who by 
order of Diana sailed to the coasts of Gaul 
with the Phocseans, and was made priestess. 
Strab. 4. 

Aristarciius, a celebrated grammarian of 
Samos, disciple of Aristophanes. He lived the 
greatest part of his life at Alexandria, and 
Ptolemy Philometor intrusted him with the edu- 
cation of his sons. He was famous for bis criti- 
cal powers, and be revised the poems of Homer 
with such severity, that ever after all severe 
critics were called Aristarchi. He wrote above 
800 commentaries on different authors, much 
esteemed in his age. In his old age he became 
dropsical, upon which he starved himself, and 
died in his 72d, year, B C. 157. He left two 
sons called Aristarchus and Aristagoras, both 
famous for their stupidity. Horat. de Art. poet. 
v. 499.— Ovid 3, ex Pont. ep. 9, v. 24 —Cic. 
ad Fam. 3, ep. 11. ad Attic. 1, ep. 14 — 

Quintil. 10, c. 1 A tragic poet of Tegeain 

Arcadia, about 454 years B. C. He composed 
70 tragedies, of which two only were rewarded 
with the prize One of them, called Achilles, 
was translated into Latin verse by Eouius. Sui- 

das A physician to queen Berenice, the 

widow of Antiochus. Polyeen. 8. An orator 

of Ambracia. — An astronomer of Samos, who 



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first supposed that the earth turned round its 
axis, and revolved round the sun. This doctrine 
nearly proved fatal to him, as he was accused 
of disturbing the peace of the gods Lares. He 
maintained that the sun was nineteen times far- 
ther distant from the earth than the moon, and 
that the moon was 56 semi-diameters of our 
globe, and little more than one third, and the 
diameter of the sun six or seven times more 
than that of the earth. The age in which he 
flourished is not precisely known. His treatise 
on the largeness and the distance of the sun and 
moon is extant, of which the best edition is that 
of Oxford, 8vo. 1688. 

Aristazanes, a noble Persian in favour with 
Artaxerxes Ochus. Diod. 16. 

Aristeas, a poet of Proconnesus, who, as 
fables report, appeared seven years after his 
death to his countrymen, and 540 years after to 
the people of Metapontum in Italy, and com- 
manded them to raise him a statue near the 
temple of Apollo He wrote an epic poem on 
the Arimaspi in three books, and some of his 
verses are quoted by Longinus. Herodot. 4, c. 
13.— Strab. 14.— Max. Tyr. 22. -A physi- 
cian of Rhodes. A geometrician, intimate 

with Euclid. A poet, son of Demochares, in 

the age of Croesus. 

Arister^e, an island on the coast of Pelo- 
ponnesus. Paus. 2, c. 34. 

Aristeus, a man of Argos, who excited king 
Pyrrhus to take up arms against his countrymen, 
the Argives. Polycen. 8, e. 68. 

Aristhenes, a shepherd who found iEscula- 
pius, when he had been exposed in the woods 
by his mother Coronis. 

ArIsthus, an historian of Arcadia. Dionys. 
Hal. 1. 

Aristieus, a river of Paeonia. Polycen. 4, 
c. 12. 

Aristides, a celebrated Athenian, son of 
Lysimachus, whose great temperance and virtue 
procured him the surname of -Just. He was 
rival to Themistocles, by whose influence he was 
banished for ten years, B. C. 484; but before 
six years of his exile had elapsed, he was re- 
called by the Athenians. He was at the battle 
of Salamis, and was appointed chief command- 
er with Pausanias against Mardonius, who was 
defeated at Platxa. He died so poor, that the 
expenses of his funeral were defrayed at the 
public charge, and his two daughters, on account 
of their father's virtues, received a dowry from 
the public treasury when they were come to 
marriageable years. Poverty, however, seemed 
hereditary in the family of Aristides, for the 
grandson was seen in the public streets, getting 
his livelihood by explaining dreams. The 
Athenians became more virtuous in imitating 
their great leader; and from the sense of his 
good qualities, at the representation of one of 
the tragedies of iEschylus, on the mentioning of 
a sentence concerning moral goodness, the eyes 
of the audience were all at once turned from 
the actor to Aristides. When he sat as judge, 
it is said that the plaintiff, in his accusation, 
mentioned the injuries his opponent had done to 
Aristides; " mention the wrongs you have re- 
ceived," replied the equitable Athenian, " I sit 



here as judge, and the lawsuit is yours, and not 
mine. 11 C JVljo. &f Plut. in Vita. An his- 
torian of Miletus, fonder of stories and of anec- 
dotes, than of truth. He wrote an history of 
Italy, of which the 40th volume has been quoted 
by Plut. in Parall. An Athlete, who obtain- 
ed a prize at the Olympian, Nemean, and Py- 
thian games. Paus. 6, c. 16. A painter of 

Thebes in Bceotia, in the age of Alexander the 
Great, for one of whose pieces Attalus offered 

6000 sesterces. Plin. 7 and 35. A Greek 

orator who wrote 50 orations, besides other 
tracts. When Smyrna was destroyed by an 
earthquake, he wrote so pathetic a letter to M. 
Aurelius, that the emperor ordered the city im- 
mediately to be rebuilt, and a statue was in con- 
sequence raised to the orator. His works con- 
sist of hymns in prose in honour of the gods, 
funeral orations, apologies, panegyrics, and 
harangues, the best edition of which is that of 
Jebb, 2 volumes 4to. Oxon. 1722, and that in a 
smaller size in 12mo, 3" vols, of Canterus apud 

P. Steph. 1604 A man ef Locris, who 

died by the bite of aweazel. JElian. V. H. 14. 



A philosopher of TVfysia, intimate with M. 
Antoninus — -An Athenian, who wrote trea- 
tises on animals, trees, and agriculture. 

Aristillus, a philosopher of the Alexandrian 
school, who about 300 years B. C. attempted 
with Timocharis to determine the place of the 
different stars in the heavens, and to trace the 
course of the planets. 

Aristio, a sophist of Athens, who, by the 
support of Ai'chelausj the general of Mithri- 
dates, seized the government of his country, and 
made himself absolute. He poisoned himself 
when defeated by Sylla. Liv, 81, 82. 

Aristippus, the elder, a philosopher of Cy- 
rene, disciple to Socrates, and founder of the 
Cyrenaic sect. He was one of the flatterers of 
Dionysius of Sicily, and distinguished himself 
for his epicurean voluptuousness, in support of 
which he wrote a book, as likewise an history of 
Libya. When travelling in the deserts of Africa, 
he ordered his servants to throw away the money 
they carried, as too burdensome. On another 
occasion, discovering that the ship in which he 
sailed belonged to pirates, he designedly threw 
his property into the sea, adding, that be chose 
rather to lose it than his life. Many of his say- 
ings and maxims are recorded by Diogenes, in 

his life. Horat. 2. Sat. 3, v. 100. His 

grandson of the same name, called the younger, 
was a warm defender of his opinions, and sup- 
ported that the principles of all things were pain 
and pleasure. He flourished about 363 years 

B. C. A tyrant of Argos, whose life was 

one continued series of apprehension. He was 
killed by a Cretan in a battle against Aratus, 

B. C 242. Diog. A man who wrote an 

history of Arcadia. Diog. 2. 

M Aristius, a tribune of the soldiers in 

Caesar^ army. Ccesar, Bell. Gall. 7,c. 42. 

Another. Vid. Fuscus. A satirist, who wrote 

a poem called Cyclops. 

Aristo. Vid. Ariston. 

^ristobula, a name given to Diana by The- 
mistocles. 

Aristobulus, a name common to some of 



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the high priests and kings of Judaea, &c. Jo- 
seph. A brother of Epicurus. One of 

Alexander's attendants, who wrote the king's 

life, replete with adulation and untruth. A 

philosopher of Judaea, B. C. 150. 

Aristoclea, a beautiful woman, seen naked 
by Strato, as she was offering a sacrifice. She 
was passionately loved by Caliisthenes, and was 
equally admired by Strato. The two rivals so 
furiously contended for her hand, that she died 
during their quarrel, upon which Strato killed 
himself, and Callistbenes was never seen after. 
Plut. in Amat. 

Aristocles, a peripatetic philosopher of 
Messenia, who reviewed, in a treatise on philo- 
sophy, the opinions of his predecessors. The 
14th book of this treatise is quoted, &c. He 
also wrote on rhetoric, and likewise nine books 

on morals. A grammarian of Rhodes. 

A stoic of Larapsacus. An historian. Strab. 

4.- A musician. — Jlthen. kc. A prince 

of Tegaea, &c. Potycen* This name is com- 
mon to many Greeks, of whom few or no par- 
ticulars are recorded. 

Aristoclides, a tyrant of Orchomenus, who, 
because he could not win the affection of Stym- 
phalis, killed her and her father, upon which 
all Arcadia took up arms and destroyed the 
murderer 

Aristocrates, a king of Arcadia, put to 
death by his subjects for offering violence to the 
priestess of Diana. Paws. 8, c. 5. His grand- 
son of the same name, was stoned to death for 
taking bribes, during the second Messenian war, 
and being the cause of the defeat of his Mes- 
senian allies, B. C. 682. Id. ibid. A Rho- 

dian A man who endeavoured to destroy 

the democratical power at Athens. An Athe- 
nian general sent to the assistance of Corcyra 

with 25 gallies. Diod. 15. An Athenian 

who was punished with death for flying from the 

field of battle. A Greek historian, son of 

Hipparchus. Plut. in Lye 

Aristocreon, the writer of a book on geo- 
graphy. 

Aristocritus, wrote a treatise concerning 
Miletus. 

A'ristodeme, a daughter of Priam, 

Aristodemus, son of Aristomachus, was one 
of the Heraclidse. He, with his brothers Teme- 
nus and Cresphontes, invaded Peloponnesus, 
conquered it, and divided the country among 
themselves, 1104 years before the christian era. 
He married Argia, by whom he had the twins 
Procles and Eurysthenes. He was killed by a 
thunderbolt at Naupactum, though some say that 
be died at Delphi in Phocis. Paws. 2, c. 18, 1. 
3, c. 1. and ]6—Herodot. 7, c. 204, 1. 8, c. 

131. A king of Messenia, who maintained a 

famous war against Sparta. After some losses, 
he recovered his strength, and so effectually de- 
feated the enemy's forces, that they were ob- 
liged to prostitute their women to re-people their 
country. The offspring of this prostitution were 
called Partheniaj, and 30 years after their birth 
they left Sparta and seized upon Tarentum. 
Aristodemus put his daughter to death for the 
good of hisjeountry. but being afterwards persecu- 
ted in a dream by her manes, he killed himself, 



after a reign of six years and some months, in 
which he had obtained much military glory, B. 
C. 724. His death was lamented by his coun- 
trymen, who did not appoint him a successor, 
but only invested Damis, one of his friends, 
with absolute power to continue the war,, which 
was at last terminated after much bloodshed, 
and many losses on both sides. Paus. in Mes- 
sen. — — A tyrant of Cumae. A philosopher 



of iEgina 
treatises, &c 
children of Pausanias 



An Alexandrian who wrote some 

A Spartan who taught the 

A man who was 



preceptor to the children of Pompey A 

tyrant of Arcadia. A Carian who wrote an 

history of painting. A philosopher of Nysa, 

B. C 68. 

Aristogenes, a physician of Cnidos, who 
obtained great reputation by the cure of Deme- 
trius Gonatas, king of Macedonia. A Tha- 

sian who wrote 24 books on medicine. 

Aristogiton and Harmodius, two celebrated 
friends of Athens, who, by their joint efforts, 
delivered their country from the tyranny of the 
Pisistratidae, B. C. 510. They received im- 
mortal honours from the Athenians, and had 
statues raised to their memory. These statues 
were carried away by Xerxes when he took 
Athens. The conspiracy of Aristogiton was so 
secretly planned, and so wisely carried into exe- 
cution, that it is said a courtezan bit her tongue 
off not to betray the trust reposed in her. Paws. 
1, c. 29.— Herodot. 5, c 55.— Plut. de 10, 

Oral. An Athenian orator, surnamed Canis, 

from his impudence. He wrote orations against 
Timarchus, Timotheus, Hyperides and Thrasyl- 
lus. A statuary. Paws. 

Aristolaus, a painter. Plin. 35, c. 11. 

Aistomache, the wife of Dionysiusof Syra- 
cuse. Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 20. The wife of 

Dion. A poetess. Plut. Symp. -A daugh- 
ter of Priam, who married Critolaus. Paws. 
10, c. 26. 

Aristomachus, an Athenian who wrote con- 
cerning the preparation of wine. Plin. 14, c. 

9. A man so excessively fond of bees, that 

he devoted 58 years of his life in raising swarms 

of them. Plin, 11, c. 9 The sonofCleo- 

daeus, and grandson of Hyllus, whose three sons, 
Cresphontes, Temenus, and Aristodemus, called 
Heraclidae, conquered Peloponnesus. Paws. 2, 

c. 7, 1. 3, c. lo.—rHerodot. 6, 7 and 8. A 

man who laid aside his sovereign power at Ar- 
gos, at the persuasion of Aratus. Paus. 2, c 8. 

AnisTOMEDes, aThessalian general in the in- 
terest of Darius 3d Curt. 3, c. 9. 

Aristomenes, a commander of the fleet of 
Darius on the Hellespont, conquered by the 

Macedonians. Curt. 4, c. 1. A famous 

general of Messenia, who encouraged his coun- 
trymen to shake off the Lacedaemonian yoke, un- 
der which they had laboured for above 30 years. 
He once defended the virtue of some Spartan 
women, whom his soldiers had attempted; and 
when he was taken prisoner and carried to Spar- 
ta, the women whom he had protected interested 
themselves so warmly in his cause that they pro- 
cured his liberty. He refused to assume the 
title of king, but was satisfied with that of com- 
mander. He acquired the surname of Just, from 



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his equity, to which he joined the true valour, 
sagacity, and perseverance of a general. He 
often entered Sparta without being known, and 
was so dexterous in eluding the vigilance of the 
Lacedaemonians, who had taken him captive, 
that he twice escaped from them . As he at- 
tempted to do it a third time, he was unfortu- 
nately killed, and his body being opened, his 
heart was found all covered with hair. He died 
671 years B. C. and it is said that he left dra- 
matical pieces behind him. — Diod. 15. Paus. 

in Messen. A Spartan sent to the assistance 

of Dionysius* Polyczn. 2. 

Ariston, the son of Agasicles, king of Spar- 
ta. Being unable to raise children by two wives, 
he married another famous for her beauty, by 
whom lie had, after seven months, a son, Dema- 
ratus, whom he had the imprudence to call not 

his own. Herodot. 6, c. 61, &c. A general 

of iEtolia. A sculptor. A Corinthian 

who assisted the Syracusans against the Athe- 
nians. An officer in Alexander's army. 

A tyrant of Methymna, who being ignorant that 
Chios had surrendered to the Macedonians, en- 
tered into the harbour, and was taken and put to 
death. Curt. 4, c. 9. A philosopher of Chi- 
os, pupil to Zeno the stoic, and founder of a 
sect which continued but a little while. He sup- 
ported that the nature of the divinity is unintel- 
ligible. It is said that he died by the heat of the 
sun, which fell too powerfully upon his bald head. 
In his old age he was much given to sensuality. 

Diog A lawyer in Trajan's reign, whose 

eulogium has been written by Pliny, 22 epist. 
lib, i. A peripatetic philosopher of Alexan- 
dria, who wrote concerning the course of the 

Nile. Strab. A wrestler of Argos, under 

whom Plato performed some exercises. A 

musician of Athens. A tragic poet. A 

peripatetic of Cos. A native of Pella, in the 

age of Adrian, who wrote on the rebellion of the 
Jews. 

Aristonaut^e, the naval dock of Pellene. 
Paus. 2. 

Aristonicus, son of Eumenes, by a concu- 
bine of Ephesus, 126 B. C invaded Asia and the 
kingdom of Pergamus, which Attains had left by 
his will to the Roman people He was conquer- 
ed by the consul Pcrpenna, and strangled in pri- 
son. Justin. 36, c. 4.— Flor. 2, c 20. A 

musician of Olynthus. A grammarian of Al- 
exandria, who wrote a commentary on Hesiod 
and Homer, besides a treatise on the Musaeum 
established at Alexandria by the Ptolemies. 

Aristonides, a noble statuary. Plin. 34, c. 
14. 

Aristonus, a captain of Alexander's cavalry. 
Curt 9, c 5. 

ARi?TONYMus,a comic poet under Philadel- 
phus, keeper of the library of Alexandria. He 
died of a retention of urine, in his 77th year. 

Aiken. One of Alexander's musicians. Plut. 

in Jliex. 

Aristophanes, a celebrated comic poet of 
Athens, son of Philip of Rhodes. He wrote 54 
comedies, of which only eleven are comedown 
to us. He lived in the age of Socrates, Demos- 
thenes, and Euripides, B. C. 434, and lashed 
the vices of his age with a masterly hand. The 



wit and excellence of his comedies are well 
known; but they abound sometimes too much 
with obscenity, and his attacU upon the venerable 
character of Socrates has been always censured, 
and with justice. As a reward of his menial 
greatness, the poet received a crown of olive, in 
a public assembly; but if he deserved praise, he 
merited blame for his licentiousness, which 
spared not even the gods, and was so offensive 
to his countrymen, that Alcibiades made a law 
at Athens, which forbade the comic writers from 
mimicking or representing on the stage any liv- 
ing character by name. Aristophanes has been 
called the prince of ancient comedy, as Menan- 
der of the new. The play called Nubes is point- 
ed against Socrates, and the philosopher is ex- 
posed to ridicule, and his precepts placed in a 
most ludicrous point of view, by the introduction 
of one of his pupils in the characters of the piece. 
It is said that St. Chrysostom used to keep the 
comedies of Aristophanes under his pillow, on 
account of the brilliancy of the compositions. 
Plutarch has made a comparison between the 
princes of the new and old comedy, which 
abounds with many anecdotes concerning these 
original characters. The best editions of the 
works of Aristophanes ate, Kuster's,fol. Amst. 
1710, and the 12mo. L Bat. 1670, and that of 
Brunck- 4 vols 8vo. Argent. 1783, which would 
still »e more perfect, did it contain the valuable 
scholia, Qjuintil 10, c. 1 — Palerc. 1, c. 16. — 

Horat 1. Sat. 4, v. 1. A grammarian of 

Byzantium, keeper of the library of Alexandria 
under Ptolemy Evergetes. He wrote a treatise 
on tbe harlots of Attica. Diog. in Plat. etEpic 

— M'aen. 9. A Greek historian of Boeolia, 

quoted by Plut de Herod. Malig. A writer 

on agriculture. 

Aristophilides, a king of Tarentum in the 
reign of Darius son of Hystaspes. Herodot. 3. 

Aristophon, a painter in the age of Socra- 
tes. He drew the picture of Alcibiades softly 
reclining on the bosom of the courtezan Nemea, 
and ail the people of Athens ran in crowds to be 
spectators of the masterly piece. He also made 
a painting of Mars leaning on the arm of Venus. 
Plut. in Mc.—Alhen. 13.— Plin. 35, c. 11. 

A comic poet in the age of Alexander, many 

of whose fragmenrs are collected in Athenaeus. 

Aristor, the father of Argus, the hundred- 
eyed keeper of lo. 

Aristorides, the patronymic of Argus. Ovid. 
Met. 1, v 624. 

Aristoteleia, festivals in honour of Aristo- 
tle, because he obtained the restitution of his 
country from Alexander. 

Aristoteles, a famous philosopher, son of 
the physician Nocomachus by Festiada, born at 
Stagira. After his father's death he went to 
Athens, to hear Plato's lectures, where he soon 
signalized himself by the brightness of his geni- 
us. He had been of an inactive and dissolute 
disposition in his youth, but now he applied him- 
self with uncommon diligence, and after he had 
spent 20 years in hearing the instructions of Pla- 
to, be opened a school for himself, for which he 
was accused of ingratitude and illiberally by his 
ancient master. He was moderate in his meals; 
he slept little, and always had one arm out of 



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his couch with a bullet in it, which by falling 
into a brazen bason underneath, early awaken- 
ed him. He was, according to some, ten years 
preceptor to Alexander, who received his in- 
structions with much pleasure and deference, 
and always respected him. According to Plu- 
tarch, the improvement that Alexander made 
under Aristotle, was of more service to him than 
all the splendour and power which he received 
from Philip. Almost all his writings, which are 
composed on a variety of subjects, are extant: 
he gave them to Theophrastus at his death, and 
they were bought by one of the Ptolemies, and 
placed in the famous library of Alexandria. 
Diogenes Laertes has given us a very extensive 
catalogue of them. Aristotle had a deformed 
countenance, but his genius was a sufficient com- 
pensation for all his personal defects. He has 
been called by Plato, the philosopher of truth; 
and Cicero compliments him with the title of a 
man of eloquence, universal knowledge, readi- 
ness and acuteness of invention, and fecundity 
of thought. The writings of Aristotle have been 
compared with those of Plato; but the one are 
the effusions of a lively and fruitful imagination, 
whilst the philosopher of Stagira studied nature 
more than art, and had recourse to simplicity of 
expression more than ornament. He neither 
worshipped nor cared for the divinity, concerning 
which his opinions were ever various and disso- 
nant; and the more he disregarded the mytholo- 
gy of the ancients, the greater was the credit he 
acquired over his less philosophical predeces- 
sors. He was so authoritative in his opinions, 
that, as Bacon observes, he wished to establish 
the same dominion over men's minds, as his pu- 
pil over nations. Alexander, it is said, wished 
and encouraged his learned tutor to write the 
history of animals, and the more effectually to 
assist him, he supplied him with 800 talents, 
and in his Asiatic expedition employed above 
a thousand men to collect animals, either in fish- 
ing, hunting, or hawking, which were carefully 
transmitted to the philosopher. Aristotle's logic 
has long reigned in the schools, and been regard- 
ed as the perfect model of all imitation. As 
he expired, the philosopher is said to have ut- 
tered the following sentiment: Fade kunc mun- 
dum intravi, anxius vim. perturbatus egredior, 
causa causarum miserere mei. The letter which 
Philip wrote to Aristotle, has been preserved, 
and is in these words: " I inform you I have a 
son: I thank the gods, not so much for making 
me a father, as for giving me a son in an age 
when he can have Aristotle for his instructor. 
I hope you will make him a successor worthy of 
me, and a king worthy of Macedonia." Aristo- 
tle wished to make his wife Pythias a deity, and 
to pay her the same worship as was paid to Ce- 
res. He died in the 63d year of his age, B. C. 
322. His treatises have been published sepa- 
rately; but the best edition of the works collec- 
tively, is that of Duval, 2vols.fol. Paris, 1629. 
Tyrrwhitt's edition of the Poetica, Oxon. 4to. 94, 
is a valuable acquisition to literature. He had 
a son whom he called Nicomachus, by the cour- 
tezan Herpyllis. Some have accused him of 
being accessary to the death of Alexander, and 
said that he drowned himself in the Euripus, be- 



cause he could not find out the cause of its flux 
and reflux. There are however different reports 
about the manner of his death, and some believe 
that he died at Athens of a cholic, two years af- 
ter Alexander's death. The people of Stagira 
instituted festivals in his honour, because he had 
rendered important services to their city. Diog. 
in vita. — Plut. in Jllex. and de Alex. fort. &c. 
— Cic. Acad. Qucest. 4, de Or at. 3, de Finib. 5. 
— Quintil. 1, 2, 5, 10.— Able an. V. H. 4.— Jus- 
tin. 12. — Justin. Martyr. — August, de Civ. Dei, 
S.—Plin. 2, 4, 5, &c—Athen.— Val. Max. 5, 

c. 6, &e. There were besides seven of the 

same name, — A magistrate of Athens. — A com- 
mentator on Homer's Iliad. An orator of 

Sicily, who answered the panegyric of Isocrates. 

A friend of iEschines. A man of Cy- 

rene who wrote on poetry. A schoolmaster 

mentioned in Plato's life, written by Aristoxe- 

nus. An obscure grammarian. Diog. de 

Aristot. 

Aristotimus, a tyrant of Elis, 271 years B, 
C. Paus. 5, c. 5. 

Aristoxenus, a celebrated musician, disci- 
ple of Aristotle, and born at Tarentum. He 
wrote 453 different treatises on philosophy, his- 
tory, &.c. and was disappointed in his expecta- 
tions of succeeding in the school of Aristotle, for 
which he always spoke with ingratitude of his 
learned master. Of all his works nothing re- 
mains but three books upon music, the most an- 
cient on that subject extant. A philosopher 

of Cyrene. Athen. A physician whose wri- 
tings are quoted by Galen A poet of Seli- 

nus. .A Pythagorean philosopher. 

Aristus, a Greek historian of Salamis, who 
wrote an account of Alexander's expedition. 
Strab. 14. — Arrian. 7. 

Aristylltts, an obscure poet. Aristoph. 

An astronomer of Alexa&dria, 292 B. C. 

Arihs, a river of Gaul, and of Asia. The 
inhabitants in the neighbourhood are called Arii. 
A celebrated writer, the origin of the Ari- 



an controversy, that denied the eternal divinity 
and consubstantiality of the Word. Though he 
was greatly persecuted for his opinions, he gain- 
ed the favour of the emperor Constantine, and 
triumphed over his powerful antagonist Athana- 
sius. He died the very night he was going to 
enter the church of Constantinople in triumph. 
Pressed by nature,, he went aside to ease him- 
self; but his bowels gushed out, and he expired 
on the spot, A. D. 336. Athanas. 

Armenes, a son of Nabis, led in triumph at 
Rome. Liv- 34, c 1. 

Armenia, a large country of Asia, divided 
into Upper and Lower Armenia. Upper Ar- 
menia, called also Major, has Media on the 
east, Iberia on the north, and Mesopotamia on 
the south. Lower Armenia, or Minor, is bound- 
ed by Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Syria,. Citi- 
cia, and the Euphrates. The Armenians were 
a long time under the dominion of the Medes 
and Persians, till they were conquered, with the 
rest of Asia, by Alexander and his successors. 
The Romans made it one of their provinces, 
and, under some of the emperors, the Armenians 
had the privilege of choosing their own kings, 
but they were afterwards reduced. The coun- 



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try received its name from Armenus, who was 
one of the Argonauts, and of Thessalian origin. 
They borrowed the names and attributes of their 
deities from the Persians. They paid great 
adoration to Venus Anaitis, and the chiefest of 
the people always prostituted their daughters in 
honour of this goddess. Armenia Major is now 
called Turcomania, and Minor Aladulia. Hero- 
dot. 1, c. 194, 1. 5, c. 49.— Curt. 4, c. 12, I. 
5, c. 1. — Strab. 1 and 11. — Mela, 3, c. 5 and 
8. — Plin. 6, c. 4, &c. — Lucan. 2 

Armentarius, a Caesar in Dioclesian's reign, 

Armillatus, one of Domitian's favourites. 
Juv. 4, v. 53. 

Armilustrium, a festival at Rome on the 
19th of October. When the sacrifices were of- 
fered, all the people appeared under arms. The 
festival has often been confounded with that of 
the Salii, though easily distinguished; because 
the latter was observed the 2d of March, and 
on the celebration of the Armilustrium they al- 
ways played on a flute, and the Salii played 
upon the trumpet. It was instituted A. U. C. 
543. Varro de L. L. 5, c 3— Liv. 27, c 37. 

Arminius, a warlike general of the Germans, 
who supported a bloody war against Rome for 
some time, and was at last conquered by Ger- 
manicus in two great battles. He was poison- 
ed by one of his friends, A. D. 19, in the 37th 
year of his age. Dio. 56. — Tacit. Jinn. 1, &c. 

Armorice, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous for 
the warlike, rebellious, and inconstant disposi- 
tion of the inhabitants called Armorici Armo- 
rica extended between the rivers Liger and Se- 
quana, and comprehended those rich and popu- 
lous provinces now called Britany and Norman- 
dy. Cces. Bell. G. 

Arne, a city of Lycia, called afterwards 

Xanthus. A town of Umbria in Italy. A 

daughter of iEolus, who gave her name to two 
towns, one in Thessaly, the other in Bceotia. 
Neptune changed himself into a bull to enjoy 
her company. Strab. 1 and 2. — -Paus. 9, c. 40. 
— Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 4. 

Arni, a people of Italy, destroyed by Her- 
cules. 

Arniensis, a tribe in Rome. Liv. 6. 

Arnobius, a philosopher in Dioclesian's reign, 
who became a convert to Christianity. He ap- 
plied for ordination, but was refused by the bish- 
ops till he gave them a proof of his sincerity. 
Upon this he wrote his celebrated treatise, in 
which he exposed the absurdity of irreligion, 
and ridiculed the heathen gods. Opinions are 
various concerning the purity of his style, though 
all agree in praise of bis extensive erudition 
The book that he wrote de Rhetoricd Inslilutione 
is not extant. The best edition of bis treatise 
Jidversus Gentes is. the 4to. printed L. Bat. 1651. 

Arnus, a river of Etruria, rising on the Ap- 
pennine mountains, and falling into the Medi- 
terranean. Liv. 22, c. 2. 

Aroa, a town of Achaia. Paus. v 7. 

Aroma, a town of Caria. of Cappadocia. 

Arpavi, a people of Italy. 

Arpi, a city of Apulia, built by Diomedes 
after the Trojan war. Justin. 20, c. 1. — Virg. 
JEn. 10, v. 28. 

Arpinum, a town of the Volsci, famous for 



giving birth to Cicero and Marius. The words 
Jirpinoe Chartae are sometimes applied to Cice- 
ro's works Mart 10, ep. 19. — Juv. 8, v. 237. 
— Cic Rull. 3. A town of Magna Graecia. 

Arr^i, a people of Thrace. Plin. 

Arrhab^ius, the king of a nation in the 
neighbourhood of Macedonia, who greatly dis- 
tressed Arcbelaus. Jlristot. 5. Polit. c. 10. 

Arria. Vid. Aria. 

Arria Galla, a beautiful, but immodest 
woman in the reign of the emperors. Tacit. 15, 
c 59. 

Arrianus, a philosopher of Nicomedia, priest 
of Ceres and Proserpine, and disciple of Epic- 
tetus, called a second Xenophon from the ele- 
gance and sweetness of his diction, and distin- 
guished for his acquaintance with military and 
political life. He wrote seven books on Alex- 
der's expedition, the periplus of the Euxine and 
Red sea, four books on the dissertations of Epic- 
tetus, besides an account of the Alani, Bitby- 
nians, and Parthians. He flourished about the 
140th year of Christ, and was rewarded with 
the consulship and government of Cappadocia, 
by M Antoninus. The best edition of Arrian's 
Expeditio Jllexandri, is the fol. Gronovii. L. Bat. 
1704, and the 8vo. a Raphelio, 2 vols. 1757, 

and the Tactica, 8vo. Amst 1683. A Greek 

historian. An Athenian who wrote a trea- 
tise on hunting, and the manner of keeping dogs. 
A poet who wrote an epic poem in twenty- 
four books on Alexander; also another poem on 
Attalus, king of Pergamus He likewise trans- 
lated Virgil's Georgics into Greek verse. 

Arrius, a friend of Cicero, whose sumptu- 
ous feast Horat- describes, 2 Sat. 3, v. 86. 

Aper, a Roman general who murdered the em- 
peror, &c. 

Arrius and Arius, a philosopher of Alex- 
andria, who so ingratiated himself with Augus- 
tus, after the battle of .Actium, that the con- 
queror declared the people of Alexandria owed 
the preservation of their city to three causes; 
because Alexander was their founder, because 
of the beauty of the situation, and because Ar- 
rius was a native of the place. Plut. in Anton. 

Arruntius, a Roman consul. A famous 

geographer, who upon being accused of adultery 
and treason, under Tiberius, opened his veins. 
Tacit. Ann. 6. 

Arsabes, a satrap of Armenia. Of Per- 
sia. Polycen. 

Arsaces, a man of obscure origin, who, up- 
on seeing Seleucus defeated by the Gauls, in- 
vaded Parthia, and conquered the governor of 
the province called Andragoras, and laid the 
foundations of an empire, 250 B. C. He add- 
ed the kingdom of the Hyrcani to his newly- 
acquired possessions, and spent his time in es- 
tablishing his power, and regulating the laws. 
After death he was made a god of his nation, 
and all his successors were called, in honour of 
his name, Arsacidce. Justin. 41, c. 5 and 6. — 

Strab. 11 and 12. His son and successor bore 

the same name. He carried war against Anti- 
ochus the son of Seleucus, who entered the field 
with 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He af- 
terwards made peace with Antiochus, and died 
B. C. 217. Id. 41, c. 5. The third king of 



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Parthia, of the family of the Arsacidae, hore the 
same name, and was also called Periapatius. He 
reigned twelve years, and left two sons, Mithri- 
dates and Phraates. Phraates succeeded as be- 
ing the elder, and at his death he left his king- 
dom to his brother, though he had many chil- 
dren; observing, that a monarch ought to have 
in view, not the dignity of his family, but the 

prosperity of his subjects. Justin. 31, c. 5. 

A king of Pontus and Armenia, in alliance with 
the Romans. He fought long with success 
against the Persians, till he was deceived by 
the snares of king Sapor, his enemy, who put 
out his eyes, and soon after deprived him of 

life. Marcellin. The eldest son of Artaba- 

nus, appointed over Armenia by his father, after 

the death of king Artaxias. Tacit. Hist. 6. 

A servant of Themistocles. 

Arsacidae, a name given to some of the mo- 
narchs of Parthia, in honour of Arsaces, the 
founder of the empire. Their power subsisted 
till the 229th year of the christian era, when 
they were conquered by Artaxerxes king of Per- 
sia. Justin. 41. 

Arsamenes, a satrap of Persia, at the battle 
of the Granicus. 

Arsametes,. a river of Asia, near Parthia. 
Tacit. Jinn. 15. 

Arsamosata, a town of Armenia Major, 70 
miles from the Euphrates. Tacit. Jinn. 15. 

Arsanes, the son of Ochus, and father of 
Codomanus. 

Arsanias, a river of Armenia, which, accord- 
ing to some, flows into the Tigris, and afterwards 
into the Euphrates. Plin. 5, c. 24. 

Arsena, a marsh of Armenia Major, whose 
fishes are all of the same sort. Slrab. 

Arses, the youngest son of Ochus, whom the 
eunuch Bagoas raised to the throne of Persia, 
and destroyed with his children, after a reign of 
three years. Diod. 17. 

Arsia, a wood of Etruria, famous for a bat- 
tle between the Romans and the Veientes. 

Plut. in Popl.. A small river between Illy— 

ricum and Istria, falling into the Adriatic. 

A river of Italy, flowing through Campania. 
Arsid^us, a son of Datames, &c. 
Arsinoe, daughter of Leucippus and Phi- 
lodice, was mother of iEsculapius by Apollo, 
according to some authors. She received di- 
vine honours after death at Sparta. Jipollod. 

3.— Pans. 2, c. 26, 1. 3, c. 12. A daughter 

of Phlegeus, promised in marriage to Alcmsson. 
Jipollod. 3, c. 7. A fountain of Peloponne- 
sus. Poms. Messen. The sister and wife of 

Ptolemy Phiiadelphus, worshipped after death 
under the name of Venus Zephyritis. Dino- 
chares began to build her a temple with load- 
stones, in which there stood a statue of Arsi- 
noe suspended in the air by the power of the 
magnet; but the death of the architect prevent- 
ed its being perfected. Plin 34, c. 14. A 

daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married Lysi- 
machus king of Macedonia. After her hus- 
band's death, Ceraunus, her own brother, mar- 
ried her, and ascended the throne of Macedo- 
nia. He previously murdered Lysimachus and 
Philip, the sons of Arsinoe by Lysimachus, in 
their mother's arms. Arsinoe was some time 



after banished to Samothrace. Justin. 17, c. 1, 

&c. A younger daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, 

sister to Cleopatra. Antony dispatched her to 
gain the good graces of her sister. Hirt. Jilex. 

4. — Jippian. The wife of Magas king of Cy- 

rene, who committed adultery with her son-in- 
law. Justin. 26, c 3. A daughter of Ly- 
simachus. Paus. A town of Egypt, situat- 
ed near the lake of Mceris, on the western shore 
of the Nile, where the inhabitants paid the high- 
est veneration to the crocodiles. They nour- 
ished them in a splendid manner, and embalmed 
them after death, and buried them in the sub- 
terraneous cells of the labyrinth. Strab. A 

town of Cilicia of iEolia of Syria 

of Cyprus of Lycia, &c. 

- Arsites, a satrap of Paphlagonia. 

Art ab anus, son of Hystaspes, was brother 
to Darius the first. He dissuaded his nephew 
Xerxes from making war against the Greeks, 
and at his return he assassinated him with the 
hopes of ascending the throne. Darius, the son 
of Xerxes, was murdered in a similar manner; 
and Artaxerxes, his brother, would have shared 
the same fate, had not he discovered the snares 
of the assassin, and punished him with death. 
Diod. 11. — Justin. 3, c. 1, &c. — Herodot. 4, c. 

38, 1. 7, c. 10, &c. A king of Parthia after 

the death of his nephew Phraates 2d. He un- 
dertook a war against a nation of Scythia, in 
which he perished. His son Mithridates suc- 
ceeded him, and merited the appellation of 

Great. Justin. 42, c. 2. A king of Media, 

and afterwards of Parthia, after the expulsion 
of Vonones, whom Tiberius had made king there. 
He invaded Armenia, from whence he was dri- 
ven away by one of the generals of Tiberius- 
He was expelled from his throne, which Tiri- 
dates usurped; and some time after, he was re- 
stored again to his ancient power, and died A. 
D. 48. Tacit. Jinn. 5, &c. A king of Par- 
thia, very inimical to the interest of Vespasian. 
Another king of Parthia, who made war 



against the emperor Caracalla, who had at- 
tempted his life on pretence of courting his 
daughter- He was murdered, and the power 
of Parthia abolished, and the crown translated 
te the Persian monarchs. Dio. — Herodian. 

Artabazanes or Artamenes, the eldest son 
of Darius, when a private person. He attempt- 
ed to succeed to the Persian throne, in prefer- 
ence to Xerxes. Justin. 

Artabazus, a son of Pharnaces, general in 
the army of Xerxes. He fled from Greece upon 
the ill success of Mardonius. Herodot. 7, 8 

and 9. A general who made war against 

Artaxerxes, and was defeated. He was after- 
wards reconciled to his prince, and became the 
familiar friend of Darius 3d. After the mur- 
der of this prince, he surrendered himself up 
with his sons to Alexander, who treated him 
with much humanity and confidence. Curt. 5, 
c. 9 and 12, 1. 6, c. 5, 1. 7, c 3 and 5, 1. 8, c. 

1. An officer of Artaxerxes against Datames, 

Diod. 15. 

Artabri and ArtabrIt^:, a people of Lusi- 
tania, who received their name from Artabrum, 
a promontory on the coast of Spain, now called 
Finislerre. Sil. 3, v. 362. 



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Artac^eas, an officer in the army of Xerxes, 
the tallest of all the troops, the king excepted. 
Artac&na, a city of Asia, near Aria. 
Artace, a town and seaport near Cyzicus. 
It did oot exist in the age of Pliny. There was 
in its neighbourhood a fountain called Artacia. 
Herodot. 4, c. 14. — Procop. de Bell. Pers. 1, c. 

25.— Strab. IS.—Plin 5, c. 32. A city of 

Phrygia. A fortified place of Bithynia. 

Artacene, a country of Assyria near Arbela, 
where Alexander conquered Darius. Strab. 16. 
Artacia, a fountain in the country of the 
Laesfrygones. TibuL 4, el. 1, v. 60. 

Art^i, a name by which the Persians were 
called among their neighbours. Herodot. 7, c. 
61 

Artageras, a town of Upper Armenia. 
Strab. 

Artagerses, a general in the army of Ar- 
taxerxes, killed by Cyrus the younger. Plut. 
in .flrtax. 

Artanes, a king of the southern parts of Ar- 
menia. Strab- 11.- A river of Thrace flow- 
ing into the Ister. Herodot. 4, c. 49. A 

river of Colchis. 

Artaphernes, a general whom Darius sent 
into Greece with Datis. He was conquered at 
the battle of Marathon, by Miltiades. Vid. Da- 
tis. C JVfep. in Milt. — Herodot. 
Artatits. a river of Illyria. Liv. 43, c 19. 
Artavasdes, a son of Tygranes, king of Up- 
per Armenia, who wrote tragedies, and shone 
as an elegant orator and faithful historian. He 
lived in alliance with the Romans, but Crassus 
was defeated partly on account of his delay. 
He betrayed M. Antony in his expedition against 
Parlhia, for which Antony reduced his kingdom, 
and carried him to Egypt, where be adorned the 
triumph of the conqueror led in golden chains 
He was some time after murdered. Strab. 11. 
The crown of Armenia was given by Tibe- 
rius to a person of the same name, who was ex- 
pelled. Augustus had also raised to the 

throne of Armenia, a person of the same name. 
Tacit. Jin. 2. 

Artaxa and Artaxias, a general of Antio- 
chus the Great, who erected the province of Ar- 
menia into a kingdom, by his reliance ou the 
friendship of the Romans. King Tigranes was 
one of his successors. Strab. 11. 

Artaxata, (orum) now Jirdesh, a strongly 
fortified town of Upper Armenia, the capital of 
the empire where the kings generally resided. 
It is said that Aimibal built it for Artaxias, the 
king of the country. It was burnt by Corbulo, 
and rebuilt bv Tiridates, who called it Ncronea, 
in honour of Nero. Strab. 11. 

Artaxerxes 1st, succeeded to the kingdom 
of Persia, after his father Xerxes. He destroy- 
ed Artabanus, who had murdered Xerxes, and 
attempted to destroy the royal family to raise 
himself to the throne. He made war against 
the Bactrians, and re-conquered Egypt v that had 
revolted, with the assistance of the Athenians, 
and was remarkable for his equity and modera- 
tion. One of bis hands was longer than the 
other, whence he has been called Macrochir or 
Longimanus. He reigned 39 years, and died 
B. C. 425. C. Nep. in Reg.— Plut. in drtax. 



j The second of that name, king of Persia, 

was surnamed Mnemon, on account of his ex- 
: tensive memory. He was son of Darius the se- 
cond, by Parysatis the daughter of Artaxerxes 
Longimanus, and had three brothers, Cyrus, Os- 
I tanes, and Oxathres. His name was Arsaces, 
' which he changed into Artaxerxes when he as- 
cended the throne. His brother Cyrus was of such 
an ambitious disposition, that he resolved to make 
himself king, in opposition to Artaxerxes. Pa- 
rysatis always favoured Cyrus; and when he had 
attempted the life of Artaxerxes, she obtained 
his pardon by her entreaties and influence. Cy- 
rus, who had been appointed over Lydia and 
the sea-coasts, assembled a large army under 
various pretences, and at last marched against 
his brother at the head of 100.000 barbarians 
and 13,000 Greeks. He was opposed by Ar- 
taxerxes with 900,000 men, and a bloody bat- 
tle was fought at Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was 
killed, and his forces routed. It has been re- 
ported, that Cyrus was killed by Artaxerxes, 
who was so desirous of the honour, that he put 
to death two men for saying that they had killed 
him. The Greeks, who had assisted Cyrus 
against his brother, though at the distance of 
above 600 leagues from their country, made 
their way through the territories of the enemy; 
and nothing is more famous in the Grecian his- 
tory, than the retreat of the ten thousand. Af- 
ter he was delivered from the attacks of his 
brother, Artaxerxes stirred up a war among the 
Greeks against Sparta, and exerted all his in- 
fluence to weaken the power of the Greeks. He 
married two of his own daughters, called Atos- 
sa and Amestris, and named his eldest son Da- 
rius to be his successor. Darius however, conspir- 
ed against his father, and was put to death; and 
Ochus, one of the younger sons, called also Ar- 
taxerxes, made his way to the throne, by caus- 
ing his elder brothers- Ariaspes and Arsames to 
be assassinated. It is said that Artaxerxes died 
of a broken heart, in consequence of his son's 
unnatural behaviour, in the 94th year of his age, 
after a reign of 46 years, B. C. 358. Artax- 
erxes had 150 children by his 350 concubines, 
and only four legitimate sons, Plut. in vita. — 
C. Nep. in Reg. — Justin. 10, c. 1, &c. — Diod. 
13, &c. The 3d, surnamed Ochus, succeed- 
ed his father Artaxerxes 2d, and established 
himself on his throne by murdering about 80 of 
his nearest relations. He punished with death 
one of bis officers who conspired against him, 
and recovered Egypt, which had revolted, de- 
stroyed Sidon, and ravaged all Syria. He made 
war against the Cadusii, and greatly rewarded 
a private man called Codomanus for his uncom- 
mon valour. But his behaviour in Egypt, and 
his cruelty towards the inhabitants, offended his 
subjects, and Bagoas at last obliged his physi- 
cian to poison hi n, B. C. 337, and afterwards 
gave his flesh to be devoured 'by cats, and made 
handles for swords with his bones. Codomanus, 
on account of his virtues, was soon after made 
king by the people; and that he might seem to 
possess as much dignity as the house of Artax- 
erxes, he reigned under the name of Darius the 
third. Justin. 10, c. 3. —Diod. \l,—JElian. 
V. H. 6, c. 8. 



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Artaxerxes or Artaxares 1st, a common 
soldier of Persia, who killed Artabanus, A. D, 
228, and erected Persia again into a kingdom, 
which had been extinct since the death of Da- 
rius. Severus the Roman emperor conquered 
him, and obliged him to remain within his king- 
dom. Herodian. 5. One of his successors, 

son of Sapor, bore his name, and reigned ele- 
ven years, during which he distinguished him- 
self by his cruelties. 

Artaxias, a son of Artavasdes, king of Ar- 
menia, was proclaimed king by his father's 
troops. He opposed Antony, by whom he was 
defeated, and became so odious that the Ro- 
mans, at 'ne request of the Armenians, raised 

Tigranes to the throne. Another, son of Po- 

lemon, whose original name was Zeno. After 
the expulsion of Venones from Armenia, he was 
made king by Germanicus Tacit. 6, Ann. c. 
31.- A general of Antiochus. Vid. Artaxa. 

Artatctes, a Persian appointed governor of 
Sestos by Xerxes. He was hung on a cross by 
the Athenians for his cruelties. Herod. 7. and 9. 

Artaynta, a Persian lady, whom Xerxes gave 
in marriage to bis son Darius. She was one of 
the mistresses of her father-in-law. Herodot. 9, 
c 103, &c. 

ARTAYNTES,.a Persian appointed over a fleet 
in Greece by Xerxes. Herodot. 8, c. 13, 1. 9, 
c. 107. 

Artembares, a celebrated Mede in the reign 
of Cyrus the Great. Herodot. 1 and 9. 

Artemidorus, a native of Ephesus, who 
wrote an history and description of the earth, in 
eleven books. He flourished about 104 years 

B. C. A physician in the age of Adrian. 

A man in the reign of Antoninus, who wrote a 
learned work on the interpretation of dreams, 
still extant; the best edition of which is that of 
Rigaltius, Paris, 4to. 1604, to which is annex- 
ed achmetis oneirocritica. A man of Cnidus, 

son to the historian Theopompus. He had a 
school at Rome, and he wrote a book on illus- 
trious men, not extant, As he was a friend of 
J. Caesar, he wrote down an account of the con- 
spiracy which was formed against him. He 
gave it to the dictator from among the crowd as 
he .was going to the senate, but J. Caesar put it 
with other papers which he held in his hand, 
thinking it to be of no material consequence. 
Plut in Cats 

Artemis, the Greek name of Diana. Her 
festivals, called Artemisia, were celebrated in 
several parts of Greece, particularly at Delphi, 
where they offered to the goddess a mullet, 
which, as was supposed, bore some affinity to 
the goddess of hunting, because it is said to hunt 
and kill the sea hare There was a solemnity 
of the same name at Syracuse; it lasted three 
days, which were spent in banqueting and diver- 
sions Jithen. 7. 

Artemisia, daughter of Lygdamis of Hali- 
carnassus, reigned over Halicarnassus, and the 
neighbouring country. She assisted Xerxes in 
his expedition against Greece with a fleet, and 
her valour was so great that the monarch ob- 
served that all his men fought like women, and 
all his women like men The Athenians were 
se ashamed of fighting against a woman, that 



they offered a reward of 10,000 drachms for her 
head. It is said that she was fond of a youth of 
Abydos, called Dardanus, and that, to punish 
his disdain, she put out his eyes while he was 
asleep, and afterwards leaped down the promon- 
tory of Leucas, Herodot. 7, c. 99, I. 8, c. 68, 
&c. — Justin 2, c. 12. There was also an- 
other queen of Caria of that name, often con- 
founded with the daughter of Lygdamis. She 
was daughter of Hecatomnus king of Caria, or 
Halicarnassus, and was married to her own bro- 
ther, Mauso'us, famous for his personal beauty. 
She was so fond of her husband, that at his 
death she drank in her liquor his ashes after his 
body had been burned, and erected to his me- 
mory a monument, which for its grandeur and 
magnificence, was called one of the seven won- 
ders of the world. This monument she called 
Mausoleum, a name which has been given from 
that time to all monuments of unusual splendour. 
She invited all the literary men of her age, and 
proposed rewards to him who composed the best 
elegiac panegyric upon her husband. The prize 
was adjudged to Theopompus. She was so in- 
consolable for the death of her husband, that 
she died through grief two years after. Vitruv. 
—Strab. 14 —Plin. 25, c. 7, 1. 36, c. 5. 

Artemisia. Vid. Artemis. 

Artkmisium, a promontory of Eubcea, where 
Diana had a temple. The neighbouring part 
of the sea bore the same name. The fleet of 
Xerxes had a skirmish there with the Grecian 

ships. Hercdot. 7, c. 175, &c. A lake near 

the grove Aricia, with a temple sacred to Arte- 
mis, whence the name. 

Artemita, a city at the east of Seleucia. 
— — An island opposite the mouth of the Ache- 
lous. Strab. 

Artemon, an historian of Pergamus. A 

native of Clazomenae, who was with Pericles 
at the siege of Samos, where it is said he in- 
vented the battering ram, the testutfo, and other 

equally valuable military engines. A man 

who wrote a treatise on collecting books. A 

native of Magnesia, who wrote the history of 
illustrious women. A physician of Clazo- 
menae. A painter. A Syrian whose fea- 
tures resembled, in the strongest manner, those 
of Antiochus. The queen, after the king's mur- 
der, made use of Artemon to represent her hus- 
band in a lingering state, that, by his seeming 
to die a natural death, she might conceal her 
guilt, and effect her wicked purpose. Vid. An- 
tiochus. 

Artimpasa, a name of Venus among the Scy- 
thians. Herodot. 4, c, 59. 

Artobarzanes, a son of Darius, who endea- 
voured to ascend the throne in preference to his 
brother Xerxes, but to no purpose. Herodot. 7, 
c. 2 and 3. 

Artochmes, a general of Xerxes, who mar- 
ried one of the daughters of Darius. Herodot. 
7, c. 73 

x\rtona, a town of the Latins, taken by the 
iEqui. Liv. 2, c. 43. 

Artontes, a son of Mardonius. Paus. in 
Bceotic 

Artonius, a physician of Augustus, who, on 
the night previous to the battle of Pliilippi, saw 



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Minerva in a dream, who told him to assure Au- 
gustus of victory. Val. Max. 1, c. 7. 

Artoxares, an eunuch of Paphlagonia, in 
the reign of Artaxerxes 1st, cruelly put to death 
by Parysatis. 

Arturius, an obscure fellow raised to hon- 
ours and wealth by his flatteries, &c. Juv. 3, 
v. 29. 

Artynes, a king of Media. 

Artynia, a lake of Asia Minor. 

Artystona, a daughter of Darius. Herodot. 
3, c. 88. 

Aru-e, a people of Hyrcania, where Alexan- 
der kindly received the chief officers of Darius. 
Curt. 6, c. 4. 

Arvales, a name given to twelve priests who 
celebiated the festivals called Ambarvalia. Ac- 
cording to some they were descended from the 
twelve sons of Acca Laurentia, who suckled 
Romulus. They wore a crown of ears of corn, 
and a white fillet. Varro. de L. L. A.—Vid. 
Ambarvalia. 

Arueris, a god of the Egyptians, son of Isis 
and Osiris. According to some accounts, Osiris 
and Isis were married together in their mother's 
womb, and Isis was pregnant of Arueris before 
she was born. 

Arverni, a powerful people of Gaul, now 
Jluvergne, near the Ligeris. who took up arms 
against J. Caesar. They, were conquered with 
great slaughter. They pretended to be descend- 
ed from the Trojans as well as the Romans. 
Cass. Bell. Gal. 7 — Strab. 14. 

Arviragus, a king of Britain. Juv. 4, v. 
127. 

A-rvisium and Arvisus, a promontory of Chi- 
os, famous for its wine. Virg- Eel. 5. 

L. Arunculeius Costa, an officer sent by 
J. Caesar against the Gauls, by whom he was 
killed. Cms. Bell. Gall. 

Aruns, an Etrurian soothsayer in the age of 

Marius Lucan. 1, v. 586 A soldier who 

slew Camilla, and was killed by a dart of Diana. 

Virg. JEn. 11, v. 759 —A brother of Tarquin 

the Proud. He married Tullia, who murdered 
him to espouse Tarquin, who had assassinated 

his wife. A son of Tarquin the Proud, who, 

in the battle that was fought between the parti- 
zans of his father and the Romans, attacked 
Brutus the Roman consul, who wounded him 
and threw him down from his horse. Liv. 2, c. 

6. A son of Porsena king of Etruria, sent 

by his father to take Aricia. Liv. 2, c. 14. 

Aruntius, a Roman who ridiculed the rites 
of Bacchus, for which the god inebriated him to 
such a degree that he offered violence to his 
daughter Medullina, who murdered him when 
she found that he acted so dishonourably to her 

virtue. Plut. in Parall . A man who wrote 

an account of the Punic wars in the style of 
Sallust, in the reign of Augustus. Tacit. Ann. 

1. — Senec. ep. 14. Another latin writer. 

Senec. de Benef. 6. Paterculus, a man who 

gave iEmylius Censorinus, tyrant of iEgesta, a 
brazen horse to torment criminals. The tyrant 
made the first experiment upon the body of the 
donor. Plut. in Parall. Stella, a poet de- 
scended of a consular family in the age of Do- 
mitian. 



Arupinus, a maritime town of Istria. Tibuli* 
4, el 1. v. 110. 

Aru spex Vid . Haruspex. 

Arxata, a town of Armenia, near the 
Araxes. Slrab. 11. 

Aryandes, a Persian appointed governor of 
Egypt by Cambyses. He was put to death be- 
cause he imitated Darius in whatever he did, 
and wished to make himself immortal. Hero- 
dot. 4, c 166. 

Arybas, a native of Sidon, whose daughter 
was carried away by pirates. Homer. Od. 15, 

v. 425. A king of the Molossi, who reigned 

ten years, 

Arvpt^us, a prince of the Molossi, who 
privately encouraged the Greeks against Mace- 
donia, and afterwards embraced the party of 
the Macedonians. 

Asander, a man who separated, by a wall, 
Chersonesus Taurica from the continent. 
Strab. 7. 

Asbest^ and Asbyst^e, a people of Libya 
above Cyrene, where the temple of Ammon is 
built. Jupiter is sometimes called on that ac- 
count Jlsbystius. Herodot. 4, c. 170. — Ptol. 4, 
C 3. 

Asbolus (black hair) one of Actaeon's dogs. 
Ovid. Met 3. 

Ascalaphus, a son of Mars and Astyoche, 
who was among the Argonauts, and went to 
the Trojan war at the head of the Orchomeni- 
ans, with his brother Ialmenus. He was killed 
by Deiphobus. Homer. II. 2, v. 13, 1. 9, v. 

82, 1. 13, v. 518 A son of Acheron by 

Gorgyra or Orpbne, stationed by Pluto to watch 
over Proserpine in the Elysian fields. When 
Ceres had obtained from Jupiter her daughter's 
freedom and return upon earth, provided she had 
eaten nothing in the kingdom of Pluto, Ascala- 
phus discovered that she had eaten some pome- 
granates from a tree, upon which Proserpine 
was ordered by Jupiter to remain six months 
with Pluto, and the rest of the year with her 
mother. Proserpine was so displeased with 
Ascalaphus, that she sprinkled water on his 
head, and immediately turned him into an owl. 
Jipollod. 1, c. 5, 1. 2, c. 5.— Ovid. Met. 5, 
fab. 8. 

Ascalon, a town of Syria^ near the Mediter- 
ranean, about 520 stadia from Jerusalem, still 
in being. It was anciently famous for its onions. 
Joseph de Bell. Jud. 3, e. 2. — Theophrast. H. 
PI. 7, c. 4. 

Ascania, an island of the iEgean sea. A 

city of Troas, built by Ascanius. 

Ascanius, son of iEneas by Creusa, was 
saved from the flames of Troy by his father, 
whom he accompanied in his voyage to Italy. 
He was afterwards called lulus. He behaved 
with great valour in the war which his father 
carried on against the Latins, and succeeded 
iEneas in the kingdom of Latinus, and built Al- 
ba, to which he transferred the seat of his em- 
pire from Lavinium. The descendants of Asca-^ 
nius reigned in Alba for above 420 years, undeir 
14 kings, till the age of Numitor. Ascanius 
reigned 38 years; 30 at Lavinium, and eight at 
Alba; and was succeeded by Sylvius Posthumus, 
son of iEneas by Lavinia. lulus, the son of As- 



AS 



AS 



canius, disputed the crown with him; but the 
Latins gave it in favour of Sylvius, as he was de- 
scended from the family of Latinus, and lulus 
was invested with the office of high-priest which 
remained a long while in his family. Liv. 1, c. 

3. — Virg. Ma. 1, &c. According to Dion- 

ys. Hal. 1, c 15, &c. the son of iEneas by La- 

vinia was also called Ascanius. A river of 

Bitbynia. Virg. G, 3, v. 2'0. 

Ascii a nation of India, in whose country ob- 
jects at noon have no shadow, Plin. 2. 

Asclepia, festivals in honour of Asclepius, 
or iEsculapius, celebrated all over Greece, when 
prizes for poetical and musical compositions 
were honourably distributed. At Epidaurus 
they were called by a different name. 

Asclepiades, a rhetorician in the age of Eu- 
menes, who wrote an historical account of Al- 
exander. Jlrrian. A disciple of Plato 

A philosopher, disciple to Stilpo, and very inti- 
mate with Menedemus. The two friends lived 
together, and that they might not be separated 
when they married, Asclepiades married the 
daughter, and Menedemus, though much the 
younger, the mother. When the wife of Ascle- 
piades was dead, Menedemus gave his wife to 
his friend, and married another. He was blind 
in his old age, and died in Eretria. Plut. 



A physician of Bithynia, B. C. 90, who acquir- 
ed great reputation at Rome, and was the foun- 
der of a sect in physic He relied so much on 
his skill, that he laid a wager he should never 
be sick; and Won it, as he died of a fall, in a 
very advanced age. Nothing of his medical 

treatises is now extant. An Egyptian, who 

wrote hymns on the gods of his country, and also 
a treatise on the coincidence of all religions. 



A native of Alexandria, who gave an history of 

the Athenian archons. The writer of a 

treatise on Demetrius Phalereus. A disci- 
ple of Isocrates, who wrote six books on those 
events which had been the subject of tragedies. 

A physician in the age of Pornpey. A 

tragic poet. — —Another physician of Bithynia, 
under Trajan. He lived 70 years, and was a 
great favourite of the emperor's court. 

Asclepiodorus, a painter in the age of Ap- 
elles, 12 of whose pictures of the gods were sold 
for 300 minx each, to an African prince. Plin. 
35. — — A soldier who conspired against Alex- 
ander with Hermolaus. Curt. 8, c. 6. 

Asclepiodotus, a general of Mithridates. 

Asclepius. Vid. iEsculapius. 

Ascletarion, a mathematician in the age of 
Domitian, who said that he should be torn by 
dogs. The emperor ordered him to be put to 
death, and his body carefully secured; but as 
soon as he was set on the burning pile, a sudden 
storm arose which put out the flames, and the 
dogs came and tore to pieces the mathematici- 
an's body. Sueton. in Domit. 15. 

Asclus, a town of Italy, ltd. 8. 

Ascolia, a festival in honour of Bacchus, 
celebrated about December, by the Athenian 
husbandmen, who generally sacrificed a goat to 
the god, because that animal is a great enemv 
to the vine. They made a bottle with the skin 
of the victim, which they filled with oil aud 
wine, and afterwards leaped upon it. He who 



I could stand upon it first was victorious, and re- 
ceived the bottle as a reward. This was called 
a.<rx.w\tct£uv 7ra.g(L to z7ti rov *o";tov ctWeo-Q&ij 
J leaping upon the bottle, whence the name of the 
festival is derived. It was also introduced in 
; Italy, where the people besmeared their faces 
with the dregs of wine, and sang hymn's to the 
god. They always hanged some small images 
of the god on the tallest trees in their vineyards, 
and th,ese images they called Oscilla. Virg. G. 
2 : v. 384.— Pollux. 9, c. 7. 

Ascosrius Labeo, a preceptor of Nero. 

Pedia, a man intimate with Virgil and Livy. 

Another of the same family in the age of 

Vespasian, who became blind in his old age, 
and lived 12 years after. He wrote, besides 
some historical treatises, annotations on Cicero's 
orations. 

Ascra, a town of Bceotia, built, according to 
some, by the giants Otus and Ephialtes, at the 
foot of mount Helicon. Hesiod was born there, 
whence he is often called the Jlscrcan poet, and 
whatever poem treats on agricultural subjects 
Ascrozum Carmen. The town received its name 
from Ascra, a nymph, mother of (Eoclus by 
Neptune — Strab. 9. — Paus. 9, c. 19. — Paterc 
1. 

Asculum, now Ascoli, a town of Picenum, 
famous for the defeat of Pyrrhus by Curius and 

Fabricius. Flor. 3, c. 18. Another in Apulia, 

near the Aufidus. 

Asdrubal, a Carthaginian, son-in-law of 
Hamilcar. He distinguished himself in the Nu- 
midian war, and was appointed chief general on 
the death of his father-in-law, and for eighLsears 
presided with much prudence and valour over 
Spain, which submitted to his arms witfiH eer- 
fulness. Here he laid the foundation of new 
Carthage, and saw it complete. To stop his 
progress towards the east, the Romans, in a 
treaty with Carthage, forbade him to pass the 
Iberus, which was faithfully observed by the 
general. He was killed in the midst of his sol- 
diers, B. C. 220, by a slave whose master he 
had murdered. The slave was caught, and put 
to death in the greatest torments, which he bore 
with patience, and even ridiculed. Some say 
that he was killed in hunting. Ital. 1, v. 165. 
— Jlppian. Iberic. — Polyb. 2. — Liv. 21, c. 2, 
&c— — A son of Hamilcar, who came from 
Spain with a large reinforcement for his brother 
Annibal. He crossed the Alps and entered Italy; 
but some of his letters to Annibal having fallen 
into the hands of the Romans, (he consuls M. 
Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero, attacked 
him suddenly near the Metaurus, and defeated 
him, B. C. 207. He was killed in the battle, 
and 56,000 of his men shared his fate, and 5400 
were taken prisoners; about 8000 Romans were 
killed. The head of Asdrubal was cut off, and 
some days after thrown into the camp of Anni- 
bal, who, in the moment that he was in the 
greatest expectations for a promised supply, ex- 
claimed at the sight, " In losing Asdrubal, I lose 
all my happiness, and Carthage all her hopes." 
Asdrubal had before made an attempt to pene- 
trate into Italy by sea, but had been defeated by 
the governor of Sardinia. Liv. 21, 23, 27, &c 
— Polyb. — Horat. 4, od. 4, A Carthagiuiac 



AS 



AS 



general, surnamed Calvus, appointed governor 
of Sardinia, and taken prisoner by the Romans. 
Liv. Another, son of Gisgon, appointed gene- 
ral of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, in the 
time of the great Annibal. He made head 
against the Romans in Africa, with the assist- 
ance of Scyphax, but he was soon after defeated 
by Scipio. He died B C. 206. Liv. 



Another, who advised bis countrymen to make 
peace with Rome, and upbraided Annibal for 
laughing in the Carthaginian senate. Liv, 



A grandson of Masinissa, murdered in the se- 
nate-house by the Carthaginians. Another, 

whose camp was destroyed in Africa by Scipio, 
though at the head of 20,000 men, in the last 
Punic war. When ali was lost, he fled to the 
enemy, and begged his life. Scipio showed 
him to the Carthaginians, upon which his wife, 
with a thousand imprecations, threw herself and 
her two children into the flames of the temple 
of iEsculapius, which she, and others, had set 
on fire. He was not of the same family as Han- 
nibal. Liv. 51. — — A Carthaginian general 
conquered by L. Caecilius Metellus in Sicily, in 
a battle in which he lost 130 elephants. These 
animals were led in triumph all over Italy by 
the conquerors. 

Asellio (Sempronius,) an historian and mi- 
litary tribune, who wrote an account of the ac- 
tions in which he was present. Dionys. Hal. 

Asia, one of the three parts of the ancient 
world, separated from Europe by the Tanais, 
the Euxine, iEgean, and Mediterranean seas. 
The Nile and Egypt divide it from Africa. It 
receives its name from Asia, the daughter of 
Oceanus. This part of the globe has given 
birth to many of the greatest monarchies of the 
universe, and to the ancient inhabitants of Asia 
we are indebted for most of the arts and scien- 
ces. The soil is fruitful, and abounds with all 
the necessaries as well as luxuries of life. Asia 
was divided into many different empires, pro- 
vinces, and states, of which the most conspicu- 
ous were the Assyrian and Persian monarchies. 
The Assyrian monarchy, according to Eusebius, 
lasted 1240 years, and according to Justin, 1300 
years, down to the year of the world 4380. The 
empire of Persia existed 228 years, till the death 
of Darius the 3d, whom Alexander the Great 
conquered. The empire of the Medes lasted 
259 years, according to Eusebius, or less, ac- 
cording to others, tii! the reign of Astyages, who 
was conquered by Cyrus the Great, who trans- 
ferred the power of the Medes, and founded the 
Persian monarchy. It was in Asia that the mi- 
litary valour of the Macedonians, and the bold 
retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, were so conspicu- 
ously displayed. It is in that part of the world 
that we are to look for the more visible progress 
of luxury, despotism, sedition, effeminacy, and 
dissipation. Asia was generally divided into 
Major and Minor. Asia Major was the most 
extensive, and comprehended all the eastern 
parts; and Asia Minor was a large country in 
the form of a peninsula, whose boundaries may 
be known by drawing a line from the bay of Is- 
sus, in a northern direction, to the eastern part 
of the Euxine Sea. Asia Minor has been sub- 
ject to many revolutions. It was tributary to 



the Scythians for upwards of 1500 years, and 
was a long time in the power of the Lydians, 
Medes, &c. The western parts of Asia Minor 
were the receptacle of all the ancient emigra- 
tions from Greece, and it was totally peopled 
by Grecian colonies. The Romans generally 
and indiscriminately called Asia Minor by the 
name of Asia Strab. — Mela. — Justin. — Plin. 

— Tacit, &c. One of the Oceanides, who 

married Japetus, and gave her name to one of 
the three quarters of the ancient globe. Jlpollod. 

1, c 2. One of the Nereides. Hygin. 

A mountain of Laconia. Paus. 3, c. 24. 

Asia Palus, a lake in Mysia. Virg. Ma. 7, 
v. 701. 

Asiaticus, a Gaul, in the age of Vitellius. 

Tacit. Hist. 2. The surname of one of the 

Scipios, and others, for their conquests or cam- 
paigns in Asia. 

Asilas, an augur, who assisted iEneas against 
Turnus. — i — A Trojan officer. Virg. JEn. 9, 10, 
fee. 

Asinaria, a festival in Sicily, in commemo- 
ration of the victory obtained over Demosthenes 
and Nicias, at the river Asinarius. 

Asinarius, a river of Sicily where the Athe- 
nian generals, Demosthenes and Nicias, were 
taken prisoners. 

Asine, one of the Sporades. An island 

of the Adriatic. Three towns of Peloponne- 
sus bore that name, viz. in Laconia, Argolis, 
and Messenia. 

A sines, a river of Sicily. 

Asinius Gallus, son of Asinius Pollio the 
orator, married Vipsania after she had been 
divorced by Tiberius. This marriage gave rise 
to a secret enmity between the emperor and 
Asinius, who starved himself to death, either 
voluntarily, or by order of his imperial enemy. 
He had six sons by his wife. He wrote a com- 
parison between his father and Cicero, in which 
he gave a decided superiority to the former. 
Tacit. 1 and 5 Jinn. — Dio. 58.— Plin. 7, ep. 

4. Marcellus, grandson of Asinius Pollio, 

was accused of some misdemeanors, but acquit- 
ted, &c. Tacit. 14. Ann. Pollio, an ex- 
cellent orator, poet, and historian, intimate with 
Augustus. He triumphed over the Dalmatians, 
and wrote an account of the wars of Caesar and 
Pompey, in 17 books, besides poems. He re- 
fused to answer some verses against him by Au- 
gustus. " because," said he, you have the pow- 
er to proscribe me, should my answer prove of- 
fensive." He died in the 80th year of his age, 
A. D. 4. He was consul with Cn. Domitius 
Calvinus, A. U. C. 714. It is to him that the 
fourth of Virgil's Bucolics is inscribed. Q,uintil. 
— Sueton. in Cats. 30 and 55. — Dio. 27, 49, 
55. — Senec. de Tranq. Jini, 8f ep. 100. — Plin. 
7, c. 30.— Tacit. 6.—Pafcrc. 2.— Pint, in Cces. 

A commander of Mauritania, under the 

first emperors, &c. Tacit. Hist. 2. An his- 
torian in the age of Pompey Another in the 

third century. Quadratus, a man who pub- 
lished the history of Parthia, Greece, and Rome. 

Asius, a son of Dymas, brother of Hecuba. 
He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was 
killed by Idomeneus. Homer. II. 2, v. 342, 1, 
12, v. 95, 1. 13, v. 384. A poet of Samos, 



AS 



AS 



who wrote about the genealogy of ancient he- 
roes and heroines. Pans. 7, c. 14. A son 

of Imbracus, who accompanied JEneas into Italy. 
Virg. Mn. 10, v. 123. 

Asius Campus, a place near the Cayster. 

Asnaus, a mountain of Macedonia, near which 
the river Aous flows. Liv. 32, c. 5. 

Asophis, a small country of Peloponnesus, 
near the Asopus. 

Asopia, the ancient name of Sicyon. Paus. 
2, c. 1. 

Asopiades, a patronymic of JEacus, son of 
iEgindj the daughter of Asopus. Ovid. Met. 7, 
v. 484. 

Asopis, the daughter of the Asopus. A 

daughter of Thespius, mother of Mentor. Jlpol- 
lod. 2, c. 7. 

Asoptrs, a river of Thessaly, falling into the 
bay of Malia, at the north of Thermopylae. Strab. 

8. A river of Boeotia, rising near Plataea, 

and flowing into the Euripus, after it has sepa- 
rated the country of the Thebans and Plataeans. 

Paus. 9, c. 4. A river of Asia, flowing into 

the Lycus near Laodicea A river of Pelo- 
ponnesus, passing by Sicyon. Another of 

Macedonia, flowing near Heraclea. Slrab. &c. 
-A river of Phoenicia. A son of Neptune, 



who gave his name to a river of Peloponnesus 
Three of his daughters are particularly celebrat- 
ed, iEgina, Salamis, and Ismene. Jlpollod. 1, c. 
9, 1. 3, c. 12 —Paus. 2, c. 12. 

Aspa, a town of Parthia, now Ispahan, the 
capital of the Persian empire. 

Aspamithres, a favourite eunuch of Xerxes, 
who conspired with Artabanus, to destroy the 
king and the royal family, &c. Ctesias. 

Asparagium, a town near Dyrrhachium. C<es. 
Bell. Ctv. 3, c. 30. 

Aspasia, a daughter of Hermotimus of Pho- 
casa, famous for her personal charms and ele- 
gance. She was priestess of the sun, mistress 
to Cyrus, and afterwards to his brother Artax- 
erxes, from whom she passed to Darius. She 
was called Millo, Vermillion, on account of the 
beauty of her complexion. JElian V. H. 12, 

c. 1. — Plut in Jlrtax. Another woman, 

daughter of Axiochus, born at Miletus. She 
came to Athens, where she taught eloquence, 
and Socrates was proud to be among her scho- 
lars. She so captivated Pericles, by her men- 
tal and personal accomplishments, that he be- 
came ker pupil, and at last took her for his mis- 
tress and wife. He was so fond of her, that he 
made war against Samos at her instigation. 
The behaviour of Pericles towards Aspasia great- 
ly corrupted the morals of the Athenians, and 
introduced dissipation and lasciviousness into 
the state. She however possessed the merit of 
superior excellence in mind as well as per- 
son, and her instructions helped to form the 
greatest and most eloquent orators of Greece. 
Some have confounded the mistress of Pericles 
with Aspasia the daughter of Hermotimus. Plut. 

in Pericl. — Quintil. 11. Tne wife of Xeno- 

pbon was also called Aspasia, if we follow the 
improper interpretation given by some to Cic. 
de Inv. 1, c. 31. 

Aspasius, a peripatetic philosopher in the 2d 
century, whose commentaries on different sub- 



jects were highly valued. A sophist, who 

wrote a panegyric on Adrian. 

Aspastes, a satrap of Carmania, suspected 
of infidelity to his trust while Alexander was in 
the east. Curt. 9, c. 20. 

Aspathines, one of the seven noblemen of 
Persia, who conspired against the usurper Smer- 

dis. Herodot. 3, c. 70, &c. A son of Prex- 

aspes. Id. 7. 

Aspendus, a town of Pamphylia, at the mouth 
of the river Eurymedon. Cic. in Ver. 1 , c. 20. 
The inhabitants sacrificed swine to Venus. 
Asphaltites, a lake. ViA, Mare Mortuum. 
Aspis, a satrap of Chaonia, who revolted 
from Artaxerxes. He was reduced by Datames. 
Cor. Nep. in Dat. A city and mountain of 

Africa. One of the Cyclades. A city of 

Macedonia. 

Aspledon, a son of Neptune by the nymph 
Midea. He gave his name to a city of Boeotia, 
whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war. 
Homei. II. 2, v. 18.— Paus. 9, c. 38. 

Asporenus, a mountain ot Asia Minor near 
Pergamus, where the mother of the gods was 
worshipped, and called Jlsporena. Strab. 13. 
Assa. a town near mount Athos. 
Assabinus, the Jupiter of the Arabians. 
Assaracus, a Trojan prince, son of Tros by 
Callirhoe. He was father to Capys, the father 
to Anchises. The Trojans were frequently cal- 
led the descendants of Assaracus. Gens. Jiftsa- 

raci. — Homer. II. 20. — Virg. JEn. 1. Two 

friends of iEneas in the Rutulian war. Virg. 
Mi. 10, v. 124. 

AsserIni, a people of Sicily. 
Assorus, a town of Sicily, between Enna and 
Argyrium. 

Assos, a town of Lycia on the sea coast. 
Assyria, a large country of Asia, whose 
boundaries have been different in its flourishing 
times. At first it was bounded by the Lycus 
and Caprus: but the name of Assyria, more ge- 
nerally speaking, is applied to all that territory 
which lies between Media, Mesopotamia, Ar- 
menia, and Babylon. The Assyrian empire is 
the most ancient in the world. It was founded 
by Ninus or Belus, B. C. 2059, according to 
some authors, and lasted till the reign of Sar- 
danapalus, the 31st sovereign since Ninus, B. C. 
820. According to Eusebius, it flourished for 
1240 years; according to Justin, 1300 years; 
but Herodotus says that its duration was not 
above 5 or 600 years. Among the different 
monarchs of the Assyrian empire, Semiramis 
greatly distinguished herself, and extended the 
boundaries of her dominions as far as ^Ethiopia 
and Libya. In ancient authors, the Assyrians 
are often called Syrians, and the Syrians As- 
syrians. The Assyrians assisted Priam in the 
Trojan war, and sent him Memnon with an ar- 
my. The king of Assyria generally styled him- 
self king of kings, as a demonstration of his 
power and greatness. The country is now call- 
ed Curdistan. Vid. Syria Strab. 16. — Hero- 
dot. 1 and 2. — Justin. 1. — Plin. 6, c. 13 and 
26.— Ptol. 1, c. 2.—Diod. 2.^-Mela. 1, c. 2. 
Asta, a city in Spain. 

Astac(eni, a people of India, near the Indus, 
Strab. 15. 



AS 



AS 



Astacus, a town of Bithynia, built by Asta- 
cus, son of Neptune and Olbia, or rather by a 
colony from Megara and Athens. Lysimaclius 
destroyed it, and carried the inhabitants to the 
town of Nicomedia, which was then lately built 
Paus 5, c. 12 — Jirrxan. — Strab. 17. A ci- 
ty of Acarnania. Plin. 5. 

Astapa, a town of Hispania Baetica. Liv. 
38, c. 20. 

Astapus, a river of ^Ethiopia, falling into the 
Nile. 

Astarte, a powerful divinity of Syria, the 
same as the Venus of the Greeks. She had a 
famous temple at Hierapolis in Syria, which 
was served by 300 priests, who were always 
employed in offering sacrifices. She was re- 
presented in medals with a long habit, and a 
mantle over it, tucked up on the left arm. She 
iiad one hand stretched forward, and held in 
the other a crooked staff in the form of a cross. 
Lucian de Ded Syria. — Cic. de JVaf. D. 3, c. 
23. 

Aster, a dexterous archer of Amphipolis, 
who offered his service to Philip king of Mace- 
donia. Upon being slighted, he retired into the 
city, and aimed an arrow at Philip, who pressed 
it with a siege. The arrow, on which was writ- 
ten, " aimed at Philip's right eye," struck the 
king's eye, and put it out; and Philip, to return 
the pleasantry, threw back the same arrow, with 
these words, " If Philip takes the town, Aster 
shall be hanged." The conqueror kept his word. 
Lucian de Hist. Scrib. 

Asteria, a daughter of Ceus, one of the Ti- 
tans, by Phcebe, daughter of Ccelus and Terra. 
She married Perses, son of Crius, by whom she 
had the celebrated Hecate. « She enjoyed for a 
long time the favours of Jupiter, under the form 
of an eagle; but falling under his displeasure, 
she was changed into a quail, called Ortyx by the 
Greeks; whence the name of Ortygia, given to 
that island in the Archipelago, where she re- 
tired. Ovid, Met. 6, fab. A.—Hygin. fab. 58. 

vlpollod. 1, c. 2, &c- A town of Greece, 

whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war. 
Homer. 11. 2, v 7S2. One of the daugh- 
ters of Danaus, who married Chaetus, son of 

iEgyptus. Jlnollod. 2.< One of the daughters 

of Atlas, mother of (Enomaus, king of Pisa. 

Hygin. fab. 250. A mistress of Gyges, to 

whom Horace wrote three odes, to comfort her 
during her lover's absence. 

Asterion and Asterius, a river of Pelopon- 
nesus, which flowed through the country of Al- 
gol is. This river had three daughters, Eubcea, 
Prosymna, and Aerae, who nursed the goddess 

Juno. Paus. 2, c 17. A son of Cometes, 

who was one of the Argonauts.- Apollon. 1. 



-A statuary, son of iEschylus. Paus.- 



A son of Minos 2d, king of Crete, by Pasiphae. 
He was killed by Theseus, though he was 
thought the strongest of his age > Apollodoms 
supposes him to be the same as the famous Mi- 
notaur According to some, Asterion was son of 
Teutamus, one of the descendants of ZEolus, and 
they say that he was surnamed Jupiter, because 
he had carried away Europa, by whom he had 
Minos the 1st. Diod. 4. — Jlpollod. 3. — Paus. 



-A son of Neleus and Chloric 



2, c. 31. 
Apollod. l,c. 12. 

Asterodia, the wife of Endymion. Paws. 

3, c. 1. 

Asterope and Asteropea, one of the Ple- 
iades, who were beloved by the gods and most 
illustrious heroes, and made constellations after 

death. A daughter of Pelias, king of Iolchos, 

who assisted her sisters to kill her father, whom 
Medea promised to restore to life. Her grave 
was seen in Arcadia, in the time of Pausanias, 

8, c. 11. A daughter of Deion by Diomede. 

^Jpollod. 1 . The wife of iEsacus Id. 3. 

Asteropjsus, a king of Pseonia, son of Pe- 
legon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, 
and was killed after a brave resistance, by 
Achilles. Homer It. 17, &.c. 

Asterusius, a mountain at the south of Crete. 
A town of Arabia Felix 



Astinome, the wife of Hipponous. 

Astiochus. a general of Lacedaemon, who- 
conquered the Athenians near Cnidus, and took 
Phocaea and Cumae, B. C 411. 

AstRjEA, a daughter of Astraeus, king of Ar- 
cadia, or, according to others, of Titan, Saturn's 
brother, by Aurora. Some make her daughter 
of Jupiter and Themis, and others consider her 
the same as Rhea, wife of Saturn. She was 
called Justice, of which virtue she was the god- 
dess. She lived upon the earth, as the poets 
mention, during the golden age, which is often 
called the age of Astrea; but the wickedness 
and impiety of mankind drove her to heaven in 
the brazen and iron ages; and she was placed 
among the constellations of the zodiac, under 
the name of Virgo. She is represented as a 
virgin, with a stern, but majestic countenance, 
holding a pair of scales in one hand, and a sword 
in the other. Senec in Octav. — Ovid. Met- l,v. 
149 — Aral. 1. Phcenom.x 98. — Hesiod. — Theog. 

Astrjeus, one of the Titans who made war 
against Jupiter. — A river of Macedonia, near 
Thermae. Milan. V. H. 15, c 1. 

Astu, a Greek word which signifies city, ge- 
nerally applied by way of distinction, to Athens, 
which was the most capital city of Greece. 
The word urbs is applied with the same mean- 
ing of superiority to Rome, and voxis to Alex- 
andria, the capital of Egypt, as also to Troy. 

Astur, an Etrurian, who assisted iEneas 
against Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 180. 

Astura, a small river and village of Latium, 
where Antony's soldiers cut off Cicero's head. 

Astures, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, 
who spend all (heir lives in digging for mines of 
ore. Lucan. 4, v. 298,—Ilal. 1, v. 231. 

Astyage, a daughter of Hypseus, who mar- 
ried Ptriphas, by whom she had some children, 
among whom was Antion, the father of fxion. 

Asttages, son of Cyaxares, was the last king 
of Media. He was father to Mandane, whom 
he gave in marriage to Cambyses, an ignoble 
person of Persia, because he was told by a dream 
that his daughter's son would dispossess him of 
his crown. From such a marriage he hoped 
that none but mean and ignorant children could 
be raised; but he was disappointed, and though 
he had exposed his daughter's son by the effects 
of a second dream, he was deprived of iiis crown 



AS 



AT 



by his grandson, after a reign of 35 years. As- 
tyages was very cruel and oppressive; and Har- 
pagus, one of his officers, whose son he had 
wantonly murdered, encouraged Mandane's son, 
who was called Cyrus, to take up arms against 
his grandfather, and he conquered him and took 
him prisoner, 559 B. C. Xenophon, in his Cy- 
ropxdia, relates a different story, and asserts 
that Cyrus and Astyages lived in the most un- 
disturbed friendship together. Justin. 1, c 4, 
&c. — Herodot- 1, c. 74, 75, &c. A gram- 
marian who wrote a commentary on Callima- 
ehus. A man changed into a stone by Me- 
dusa's head. Ovid. Met 5, fab. 6. 

Asttalus, a Trojan, killed by Neoptolemus. 
Homer. II. 6. 

Astyanax, a son of Hector and Andromache. 
He was very young when the Greeks besieged 
Troy; and when the city was taken, his mother 
saved him in her arms from the flames. Ulys- 
ses, who was afraid lest the young prince should 
inherit the virtues of his father, and one day 
avenge the ruin of his country upon the Greeks, 
seized him, and threw bim down from the walls 
of Troy. According to Euripides, he was killed 
by Menelaus; and Seneca says, that Pyrrhus 
the son of Achilles put him to death. Hector 
had given him the name of Scamandrius; but 
the Trojans, who hoped he might prove as great 
as his father, called him Astyanax, or the bul- 
wark of the city. Homer, II 6, v 400, 1. 22, 
v. 500— Virg. Mn 2, v 457, 1, 3, v. 489.— 

Ovid. Met. 13, v. 415. An Arcadian, who 

had a statue in the temple of Jupiter, on mount 
Lyceus. Paws. 8, c 38. A son of Hercu- 
les, rfpollod. 2, c 7. — —A writer in the age 
of Gallienus. 

Astycratia, a daughter of iEolus. Homer. 
II. A daughter of Amphion and Niobe. 

Astydamas, an Athenian, pupil to Isocrates. 
He wrote 240 tragedies, of which ODly 15 ob- 
tained the poetical prize. A Milesian, three 

times victorious at Olympia He was famous 
for his strength, as well as for his voracious ap- 
petite. He was once invited to a feast by king 
Ariobarzanes, and he eat what had been prepar- 
ed for nine persons. Atken 10. Two tragic 

writers bore the same name, one of whom was 
disciple to Socrates A comic poet of Athens. 

Astydamia, or Astyadamia, daughter of 
Amyntor, king of Orchomenos in Boeotia, mar- 
ried Acastus, son of Pelias, who was king of 
lolchos. She became enamoured of Peleus, son 
of iEacus, who had visited her husband's court; 
and because he refused to gratify her passion, 
she accused him of attempting her virtue. Acas- 
tus readily believed his wife's accusation; but as 
he would not violate the laws of hospitality, by 
punishing his guest with instant death, he wait- 
ed for a favourable opportunity, and dissembled 
his resentment. At last they went in a hunting 
parly to mount Pelion, where Peleus was tied to 
a tree, by order of Acastus, that he might be 
devoured by wild beasts. Jupiter was moved 
at the innocence of Peleus, and sent Vulcan to 
deliver him When Peleus was set at liberty, 
he marched with an army against Acastus, whom 
he dethroned, and punished with death the cruel 
and false Astydamia. She is called by some 



Hippolyte, and by others Cretheis. rfpollod. S, 

c. 13. — Pindar. Ntm. 4. A daughter of Or- 

menus, carried away by Hercules, by whom she 
had Tlepolemus. Ovid. Heroid. 9, v. 50. 

Astylus, one of the centaurs, who had the 
knowledge of futurity. He advised his mothers 
not to make war against the Lapithae. Ovid, 

Met. 12, v. 338 A man of Crotona, who 

was victorious three successive times at the 
Olympic games. Pans. 

Astymedusa, a woman whom (Edipus mar- 
ried after he had divorced Jocasta 

Astynome, the daughter of Chryses the priest 
of Apollo, sometimes called Chryseis. She fell 
to the share of Achilles, at the division of the 

spoils of Lyrnessus. A daughter of Amphion, 

— — of Talaus. Hygin 

Astynous, a Trojan prince. Homer. II. 5, 
v. 144. 

Astyoche and Astyochia, a daughter of Ac- 
tor, who had by Mar-, Ascalaphus, and laime- 
nus, who were at the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2 7 

v. 20. A daughter of Phylas king of Ephyre, 

who had a son called Tlepolemus, by Hercules, 

Hygin. fab. 97, 162. A daughter of Laome- 

don, by Strymo. Jlpollod. 3. A daughter of 

Amphion and JNiobe. Id. 3, c. 4. A daugh- 
ter of the Simois, who married Erichthonius. 

Id. 3, c. 12. The wife of Strophius, sister to 

Agamemnon. Hygin. 

AsTVPALiEA, one of the Cyclades, between 
Cos and Carpathos, called after Astypalaea, the 
daughter of Phoenix, and mother of Anceeus, by- 
Neptune. Paus. 7, c. 4. — Slrab. 14. 

Astyphilus, a soothsayer, well skilled in the 
knowledge of futurity. Plut. in Cim. 

Astyront, a town built by the Argonauts, on 
the coast of Ulyricum. Strab. 

Asychis, a king of Egypt, who succeeded 
Mycennus, and made a law, that whoever bor- 
rowed money, must deposit his father's body in 
the hand of his creditors, as a pledge of his 
promise of payment. He built a magnificent 
pyramid- Herodot. 2, c. 136. 

Asylas, a friend of iEneas, skilled in augu- 
ries. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 571, 1. 10, v. 175. 

Asyllus, a gladiator. Juv. 6, v. 266. 

Atabultts, a wind which was frequent in 
Apulia. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 78. 

Atabyrib, a mountain in Rhodes, where Ju- 
piter had a temple, whence he was surnamed 
Jltabwis. Slrab. 14. 

Atace, a town of Gaul, whence the adjec- 
tive Jltacinus. 

Atalanta, a daughter of Schoeneus king of 
Scyros. According to some, she was the daugh- 
ter of Jasus or Jasius; by Clyraene; but others 
say that Menalion was her father. This uncer- 
tainty of not rightly knowing the name of her 
father has led the mythologists into error, and 
some have maintained that there were two per- 
sons of that name, though their supposition is 
groundless. Atalanta was born in Arcadia, and, 
according to Ovid, she determined to live in per- 
petual celibacy; but her beauty gained her ma- 
ny admirers, and to free herself from their im- 
portunities, she proposed to run a race with 
them. They were to run without arms, and she 
was to carry a dart in her hand. Her lovers 



AT 



AT 



were to start first, and whoever arrived at the 
goal before her, would be made her husband; 
but ail those whom she overtook, were to be 
killed by the dart with which she had armed 
herself. As she was almost invincible in run- 
ning, many of her suitors perished in the at- 
tempt, till Hippomenes the son of Macareus 
proposed himself as her admirer Venus had 
presented him with three golden apples from 
the garden of the Hesperides, or, according to 
others, from an orchard in Cyprus; and as soon 
as he had started in the course, he artfully 
threw down the apples, at some distance one 
from the other. While Atalanta, charmed at 
the sight, stopped to gather the apples, Hippo- 
menes hastened on his course, arrived first at 
the ^oal, and obtained Atalanta in marriage. 
These two fond lovers, in the impatience of con- 
summating their nuptials, entered the temple 
of Cybele; and the goddess was so offended at 
their impiety, and at the profanation of her 
house, that sue changed them into two lions. 
Apoliodorus says, that Atlanta's father was 
desirous of raising male issue, and that there- 
fore she was exposed to wild beasts as soon as 
born. She was, however, suckled by a she- 
bear, and preserved by shepherds. She dedi- 
cated her time to hunting, and resolved to live 
in celibacy. She killed two centaurs, Hyleus 
and Rhecus, who attempted her virtue She 
was present at the hunting of the Calydonian 
boar, which she first wounded, and she receiv- 
ed the head as a present from Meleager, who 
was enamoured of her. She was also at the 
games instituted in honour of Pelias, where she 
conquered Peleus; and when her father, to 
whom she had been restored, wished her to 
marry, she consented to give herself to him who 
could' overcome her in running, as has been said 
above. She had a son called Partbenopaeus, 
by Hippomenes. Hyginus says, that that son 
was the fruit of her love with Meleager: and 
Apoliodorus says, she had him by Milanion, or, 
according to others, by the god Mars. [Vid. Me- 
leager.] Jlpollod, 1, c. 8, 1. 3, c. 9,&c— Pans. 
1. c. 36, 45, &c— Hygin. fab. 09, 174, 185, 
21b.— JElian. V. H. 13.— Diod. 4.— Ovid. Met. 
8, fab. 4, 1. 10, fab. 11.— Euripid. in Phceniss. 
— An island near Euboea and Locris. Paus. 

Atarantes, a people of Africa, ten days 1 
journey from the Garamantes. There was in 
their country a hill of salt with a fountain of 
sweet water upon it. Herodot. 4, c 184. 

ATARBECHis,a town in one of the islands of 
the Delta, where Venus had a temple. 

Atargatis, a divinity among the Syrians, 
represented as a siren. She is considered by 
some, the same as Venus, honoured by the As- 
syrians under the .name of Astarte. Strab. 16. 

Atarnea, a part of Mysia, opposite Lesbos, 
with a small town in the neighbourhood of the 
same name. Paus. 4, c. 35. 

Atas and Athas, a youth of wonderful ve- 
locity, who is said to have run 75 miles between 
noon and the evening. Martial. 4, ep. 19. — 
Plin. 7. 

At ax, now Jitide, a river of Gaul Narbo- 
nensis, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and 
falling into the Mediterranean sea. Mela, 2. 



Ate, the goddess of all evil, and daughter of 
Jupiter. She raised such jealousy and sedition 
in heaven among the gods, that Jupiter dragged J 
her away by the hair, and banished her for ever 
from heaven, and sent her to dwell on earth, 
where she incited mankind to wickedness, and 
sowed commotions among them. Homer. 11. 19. 
She is the same as the discord of the Latins. 

Atella, a town of Campania, famous for a 
splendid amphitheatre, where interludes were 
first exhibited, and thence called Atellanae Fa- 
bulae. Juv. 6. 

Atenomarus, a chieftain of Gaul, who made 
war against the Romans. Plut. in Par all. 

Athamantes, an ancient people of Epirus, 
who existed long before the Trojan war, and 
still preserved their name and customs in the 
age of Alexander. There Was a fountain in 
their territories, whose waters, about the last 
quarter of the moon, were so sulphureous that 
they could set wood on fire. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 
311.— Strab. l.—Plin, 2, c. \M.—Mela,2, c. 
3. 

Athamas, a king of Thebes, in Bceotia, was 
son of iEolus. He married Themisto, whom 
some call Nephele, and Pindar, Demotice, and 
by her he had Phryxus and Helle. Some time 
after, on pretence that Nephele was subject to 
fits of madness, he married Ino, the daughter of 
Cadmus, by whom he had two sons, Learchus 
and Melicerta. Ino became jealous of the chil- 
dren of Nephele; because they were to ascend 
their father's throne in preference to her own, 
therefore she resolved to destroy them; but they 
escaped from her fury to Colchis, on a golden 
ram. [Vid. Phryxus and Argonautae.] Accord- 
ing to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, v. 22. 
Ino attempted to destroy the corn of the country; 
and as if it were the, consequence of divine ven- 
geance, the soothsayers, at her instigation, told 
Athamas, that before the earth would yield her 
usual increase he must sacrifice one of the chil- 
dren of Nephele to the gods. The credulous 
father led Phryxus to the altar, where he was 
saved by Nephele. The prosperity of Ino was 
displeasing to Juno, and more particularly be- 
cause she was descended from Venus. The god- 
dess therefore sent Tisiphone, one of the furies, 
to the house of Athamas, who became inflamed 
with such sudden fury, that, he took Ino to be a 
lioness, and her two sons to be whelps. In 
this fit of madness he snatched Learchus from 
her, and killed him against a wall; upon which 
Ino fled with Melicerta, and with him in her 
arms, she threw herself into the sea, from a 
high rock, and was changed into a sea deity. 
After this, Athamas recovered the use of bis 
senses and as he was without children, he adopt- 
ed Coronus and Aliartus, the sons of Thersan- 
der his nephew. Hygin. fab. 1, 2, 5, 239. — 
rfpollod. 1, c. 7 and .9. Ovid Met. 4. v. 467, &c. 

Fast 6, v. 489.— Paus. 9,c. 34 A servant 

of Atticus. Cic. ad Attic 12, ep. 10. A 

stage dancer. Id. Pis. 36. A tragic poet. 

Id. Pis. 20 One of the Greeks, concealed in 

the wooden horse at the siege of Troy. Virg. 
JEn, 2, v. 263. 

Athamantiades, a patronymic of Melicerta, 






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Phryxus, or Helle, children of Athamas. Ovid. 
Met. 13, v. 319. Fast. 4, v. 903. 

Athanasius, a bishop of Alexandria, cele- 
brated for his sufferings, and the determined op- 
position he maintained against Arius and his 
doctrine. His writings, which were numerous, 
and some of which have perished, contain a de- 
feoce of the mystery of the Trinity, the divinity 
of the Word and of the Holy Ghost, and an 
apology to Constantine. The creed which bears 
his name, is supposed by some not to be his com- 
position. Athanasius died 2d May, 373 A. D. 
after filling the archiepiscopal chair 47 years, 
and leading alternately a life of exile and of 
triumph. The latest edition of Lis works is that 
of the Benedictines, 3 vols. fo!. Paris, 1698. 

Athanis, a man who wrote an account of 
Sicily. Athen. 3. 

Atheas, a king of Scythia, who implored the 
assistance of Philip of Macedonia against the 
Istrians, and laughed at him when he had fur- 
nished him with an army. Justin, 9, c. 2. 

Athena, the name of Minerva among the i 
Greeks; and also among the Egyptians, before j 
Cecrops had introduced the worship of the god- j 
dess into Greece. Paus. 1, c. 2. 

Athene, a celebrated city of Attica, found- j 
ed about 1556 years before the christian era, by j 
Cecrops and an Egyptian colony. It was called ! 
Cecropia from its founder, and afterwards Jltlie- 1 
nee, in honour of Minerva, who had obtained the 
right of giving it a name in preference to Nep- 
tune. [Vid. Minerva.] It was governed by 17 j 
kings, in the following order: — after a reign of; 
50 years, Cecrops was succeeded by Cranaus, 
who began to reign 1506 B, C. Amphictyon, , 
1497; Erichthonius, 1487; Pandion, 1437;; 
Erichtheus, 1397; Cecrops 2d, 1347, Pandion i 
2d, 1307; iEgeus, 1283; Theseus, 1235, Mehes- 
theus, 1205;Demophoon, 1182; Oxyntes, 1149; 
Aphidas, 1137; Thyrnoetes, 1136;' Melanthus, 
1128; and Codrus, 1091, who was killed after 
a reign of 21 years. The history of the twelve 
first of these monarchs is mostly fabulous. After 
the death of Codrus the monarchical power was 
abolished, and the state was governed by 13 
perpetual, and, 317 years after, by 7 decennial, 
and lastly, B. C 684, after an anarchy of 3 
years, by annual magistrates, called archons 
[Vid. Archontes.] Under this democracy, the 
Athenians signalized themselves by their valour 
in the field, their munificence, and the cultiva- 
tion of the fine arts. They were deemed so 
powerful by the Persians, that Xerxes, when he 
invaded Greece, chiefly directed his arms against 
Athens, which he took and burnt. Their mili- 
tary character was chiefly displayed in the bat- 
tles of Marathon, of Salamis, of Plataea, and 
of Mycale. After these immortal victories, 
they rose in consequence and dignity, and they 
demanded the superiority in the affairs of 
Greece. The town was rebuilt and embellished 
by Themistocles, and a new and magnificent 
harbour erected. Their success made them 
arrogant, and they raised contentions among the 
neighbouring states, that they might aggrandize 
themselves by their fall. The luxury and in- 
temperance, which had been long excluded from 
the city by the salutary laws of their country- 



men, Draco and Solon, creeped by degrees 
among all ranks of people, and soon after all 
Greece united to destroy that city, which claim- 
ed a sovereign power over all the rest. The 
Peloponnesian war, though at first a private 
quarrel, was soon fomented into an universal 
war; and the arms of all the states of Pelopon- 
nesus [Vid. Peloponnesiacum Bellum] were di- 
rected against Athens, which, after 28 years of 
misfortunes and bloodshed, was totaity ruined, 
the 24th April, 404 years before the christian 
era, by Lysauder. After this, the Athenians 
were oppressed by 30 tyrants, and for a while 
laboured under the weight of their own calami- 
ties. They recovered something of their usual 
spirit in the age of Philip, and boldly opposed 
his ambitious views; but their short-lived efforts 
were not of great service to the interests of 
Greece, and they fell into the hands of the Ro- 
mans, B. C. 86. The Athenians have been ad- 
mired in all ages, for their love of liberty, and 
for the great men that were born among them; 
but favour there was attended with danger; and 
there are very few instances in the history of 
Athens, that can prove that the jealousy and 
frenzy of the people did not persecute and dis- 
turb the peace of the man who h id fought their 
battles, and exposed his life in the defence of 
his country. Perhaps not one single city in the 
world can boast in such a short space of time, 
of such a number of truly illustrious citizens, 
equally celebrated for their humanity, their 
learning, and their military abilities. The 
Romans, in the more polished ages of their re- 
public, sent their youths to finish their educa- 
tion at Athens, and respected the learning, while 
they despised the military character of the in- 
habitants. The reputation the Athenian schools 
had acquired under Socrates and Plato, was 
maintained by their degenerate and less learned 
successors; and they flourished with diminished 
lustre, till an edict of the emperor Justinian 
suppressed, with the Roman consulship, the 
philosophical meetings of the academy. It has 
been said by Plutarch, that the good men whom 
Athens produced, were the aiost just and equi- 
table in the world; but that its bad citizens 
could not be surpassed in any age or country, 
for their impiety, perfidiousness, or cruelties. 
Their criminals were always put to death by 
drinking the juice of hemlock. The ancients, 
to distinguish Athens in a more peculiar man- 
ner, called it Astu, one of the eyes of Greece, 
the learned city, the school of the world, the 
common patroness of Greece. The Athenians 
thought themselves the most ancient nation of 
Greece, and supposed themselves the original 
inhabitants of Attica, for which reason they 
were called at.u<ro%$-otis produced from the 
same earth which they inhabited yiiyiv&s sons of 
the earth, and Ttrliyss grasshoppers. They 
sometimes wore golden grasshoppers in their 
hair as badges of honour, to distinguish them 
from other people of later origin and less noble 
extraction, because those insects are supposed 
to be sprung from the ground. The number of 
men able to bear arms at Athens in the reign of 
Cecrops was computed at 20,000, and there ap- 
peared no considerable augmentation in the more 



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civilized age of Pericles; but in the time of 
Demetrius Phalereus there were found 21,000 
citizens, 10,000 foreigners, and 40,000 slaves. 
Among the numerous temples and public edi- 
fices, none was more celebrated than that of 
Minerva, which, after being burnt by the Per- 
sians, was rebuilt by Pericles, with the finest 
marble, and still exists a venerable monument 
of the hero's patriotism, and of the abilities of 
the architect. Cic. ad Jitlic. in Verr. &c. — 
Thucyd. 1. &c — Justin. 2, &c. — Diod. 13, &c. 
—JElian V. H. — Plin. 7, c. 56. — Xenoph. 
Memorab. — Plut. in vitis^Sac. — Strab. 9, &c.— 
Pans. 1, &c. — Vol. Max — Liv. 31, &c. — C. 
JVep. in Milt. &c — Polyb. — Patercul. 

Athejslea, festivals celebrated at Athens in 
honour of Minerva. One of them was called 
Panathenma, and the other Chalcea; for an ac- 
count of which, see those words. 

Athenjeum, a place at Athens, sacred to 
Minerva, where the poets, philosophers, and 
rhetoricians generally declaimed and repeated 
their compositions. It was public to all the pro- 
fessors of the liberal arts. The same thing was 
adopted at Rome by Adrian, who made a public 

building for the same laudable purposes. A 

promontory of Italy. A fortified place be- 
tween iEtolia and Macedonia. Liv. 38, c. 1.1. 
39, c. 25. 

Atren^eus, a Greek cosmographer. A 

peripatetic philosopher of Cilicia in the time of 

Augustus. Strab. A Spartan sent by his 

countrymen to Athens, to settle the peace during 

the Peloponnesian ivar. A grammarian of 

Naucratis, who composed an elegant and mis- 
cellaneous work, called Deipnosophistce, replete 
with very curious and interesting remarks, and 
anecdotes of the manners of the ancients, and 
likewise valuable for the scattered pieces of an 
cient poetry it preserves. The work consists of 
15 books, of which the two first, part of the 
third, and almost the whole of the last, are lost. 
Athenaeus wrote, besides this, an history of 
Syria, and other works now lost. He died A. 
D. 194. The best edition of his works is that 
of Causaubon, fol. 2 vols. Lugd. 1612, by far 
superior to the editions of 1595 and 1657. 



A historian, who wrote an account of Semira- 

mis. Diod. —A brother of king Eumenes 2d, 

famous for his paternal affection. A Roman 

general, in the age of Gallienus, who is sup- 
posed to have written a book on military en- 
gines. A physician of Cilicia in the age of 

Pliny, who made heat, cold, wet, dry and air, 
the elements, instead of the four commonly re- 
ceived. 

Athenagohas, a Greek in the time of 
Darius, to whom Pharnabazas gave the govern- 
ment of Chios, &c. Curt. 8, c. 5. A writer 

on agriculture. Varro- A christian philoso- 
pher, in the age of Aurelius, who wrote a trea- 
tise on the resurrection, and an apology for the 
christians, still extant. He died A. D. 177. 
The best edition of his works is that of Dechair, 

8vo Oxon. 1706. The romance of Thea- 

genes and Chads is falsely ascribed to him. 

Athenais, a Sibyl of Erythraea, in the age 

of Alexander. Strab. A daughter of the 

philosopher Leontius. 



Athenion, a peripatetic philosopher, 108 

B. C. A general of the Sicilian slaves.— — 

A tyrant of Athens, surnamed Ariston. 

Athenocles, a general, &c. Polycen. 6. 
A turner of Mitylene. Plin. 34. 

Athenodorus, a philosopher of Tarsus, in- 
timate with Augustus. The emperor often pro- 
fited by his lessons, and was advised by him 
always to repeat the 24 letters of the Greek 
alphabet, before he gave way to the impulse of 
anger. Athenodorus died in his 82d year, much 

lamented by his countrymen. Suet. A poet 

who wrote comedy, tragedy, and elegy, in the 

age of Alexander. Plut. in Mex. A stoic 

philosopher of Cana, near Tarsus, in the age of 
Augustus. He was intimate with Strabo. Strab. 

14. A philosopher, disciple to Zeno, and 

keeper of the royal library at Pergamus. A 

marble sculptor. A man assassinated at Bac- 

tra for making himself absolute. 

Atheos, a surname of Diagoras and Theo- 
dorus, because they denied the existence of a 
deity. Cic. de Nat. D. 1, c. 1. 

Athesis, now Jldige, a river of Cisalpine 
Gaul, near the Po, falling into the Adriatic sea. 
Virg. JEn. 9, v. 680. 

Athos, a mountain of Macedonia 150 miles 
in circumference, projecting into the iEgean 
sea like a promontory. It is so high that it 
overshadows the island of Lesonos, though at 
the distance of 87 miles; or, according to modern 
calculation, only eight leagues. When Xerxes 
invaded Greece, he made a trench of a mile 
and a half in length at the foot of the mountain, 
into which he brought the sea-water, and con- 
veyed his fleet over it, so that two ships could 
pass one another, thus desirous either to avoid 
the danger of sailing round the promontory, or 
to show his vanity and the extent of his power. 

A sculptor, called Dinocrates, offered 

Alexander to cut mount Athos, and to make 
with it a statue of the king holding a town in 
his left band, and in the right a spacious basin, 
to receive all the waters which flowed from it. 
Alexander greatly admired the plan, but object- 
ed to the place; and he observed, that the 
neighbouring country was not sufficiently fruit- 
ful to produce corn and provisions for the in- 
habitants which were to dwell in the city, in 
the hand of the statue. Athos is now called 
Monte Santo, famous for monasteries, said to 
contain some ancient and valuable manuscripts. 
Herodot. 6, c. 44, 1. 7, c. 21, &c. — Lucan. 2, 
v. 672.— JEliaiu de Mm. 13, c. 20, &c.— 
Plin. 4, c 10. — JEschin. contra Ctesiph. 

Athrulla, a town of Arabia. Strab. 

Athymbha, a city of Caria, afterwards called 
Nyssa. Strab. 14. 

Atia, a city of Campania. A law enacted 

A, U. C. 690, by T. Atius Labienus, the tri- 
bune of the people. It abolished the Cornelian 
law, and put in full force the Lex Domitia, by 
transferring the right of electing priests from 

the college of priests to the people. The 

mother of Augustus. Vid. Accia. 

Atilia lex gave the pretor, and a majority 
of the tiibunes, power of appointing guardians 
to those minors who were not previously pro-* 
vidcd for by their parents. It was enacted about 



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A. U. C. 560. Another A. U. C. 443, 

which gave the people power of electing 20 
tribunes of the soldiers in four legions. Liv. 
9, c. 30. 

Atilius, a freedman, who exhibited combats 
of gladiators at Fidenae. The amphitheatre, 
which contained the spectators, fell during the 
exhibition, and about 50,000 persons were killed 
or mutilated. Tacit. 4. Jinn, c 62. 

Atilla, the mother of the poet Lucan. She 
was accused of conspiracy by her son, who ex- 
pected to clear himself of the charge. Tacit. 
Jinn. 15, c. 56. 

A /Tna, an ancient town of the Volsci, one of 
the first that began hostilities against iEneas. 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 630, 

Atinas, a friend of Turnus, &c. Virg. JEn. 
11, v. 869. 

Atinia lex, was enacted by the tribune Ati- 
nius. It gave a tribune of the people the privi- 
leges of a senator, and the right of sitting in 
the senate. 

Atlantes, a people of Africa in the neigh- 
bourhood of mount Atlas, who lived chiefly on 
the fruits of the earth, and were said not to 
have their sleep at all disturbed by dreams. 
They daily cursed the sun at bis rising and at 
his setting, because his excessive heat scorched 
and tormented them. Hcrodot. 

Atlantiades, a patronymic of Mercury, as 
grandson of Atlas. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 639. 

Atlantides, a people of Africa, near mount 
Atlas. They boasted of being in possession of 
the country in which all the gods of antiquity 
received their birth. Uranus was their first king, 
whom, on account of his knowledge of astrono- 
my, they enrolled in the number of their gods. 

Diod. 3. -The daughters of Atlas, seven in 

number, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Asterope, 
Merope, Alcyone, and Celaeno. They married 
some of the gods, and most illustrious heroes, 
and their children were founders of many na- 
tions and cities. The Atlantides were called 
nymphs, and even goddesses, on account of their 
great intelligence and knowledge. The name 
of Hesperides was also given them, on account 
of their mother Hesperis. They were made 
constellations after death. Vid. Pleiades. 

Atlantis, a celebrated island mentioned by 
the ancients. Its situation is unknown, and even 
its existence doubted by some writers. 

Atlas, one of the Titans, son of Japetus and 
Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was bro- 
ther to Epimetheus, Prometheus, and Mencetius 
His mother's name, according to Apollodorus, 
was Asia. He married Pleione, daughter of 
Oceanus, or Hesperis, according to others, by 
whom he had seven daughters, called Atlantides. 
(Vid. Atlantides.) He was king of Mauritania, 
and master of a thousand flocks of every kind, 
as also of beautiful gardens, abounding in every 
species of fruit, which he had intrusted to the 
care of a dragon. Perseus, after the conquest 
of the Gorgons, passed by the palace of Atlas, 
and demanded hospitality. The king, who was 
informed by an oracle of Themis that he should 
be dethroned by one of the descendants of Ju- 
piter, refused to receive him, and even offered 
him violence. Perseus, who was unequal in 



strength, showed him Medusa's head, and Atlas 
was [instantly changed into a large mountain. 
This mountain, which runs across the deserts of 
Africa, east and west, is so high that the an- 
cients have imagined that the heavens rested on 
its top, and that Atlas supported the world on 
his shoulders. Hyginus says, that Atlas assisted 
the giants in their wars against the gods, for 
which Jupiter compelled him to bear the hea- 
vens- on his shoulders. The fable that Atlas 
supported the heavens on his back, arises from 
his fondness for astronomy, and his often fre- 
quenting elevated places and mountains, whence 
he might observe the heavenly bodies. The 
daughters of Atlas were carried away by Busiris 
king of Egypt, but redeemed by Hercules, who 
received as a reward from the father the know- 
ledge of astronomy, and a celestial globe. This 
knowledge Hercules communicated to the 
Greeks; whence the fable has further said, that 
he eased for some time the labours of Atlas, by 
taking upon his shoulders the weight of the hea- 
vens. According to some authors, there were 
two other persons of that name, a king of Italy, 
father of Electra, and a king of Arcadia, father 
of Maia, the mother of Mercury. Virg. JEn. 
4, v. 481, 1. 8, v. 186.— Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 17. 
—Diod. 3.— Lucan. 9, v. 667, &c— Vol. Flacc. 
5. — Hygin. 83, 125, 155, 157, 192.— Aratusin 
Jlstron. — Apollod. 1. — Hesiod Theog. v. 508, 

&c. A river flowing from mount Haemus into 

the Ister. Herodot. 4, c. 49. 

Atossa, a daughter of Cyrus, who was one 
of the wives of Cambyses, Smerdis, and after- 
wards of Darius, by whom she had Xerxes. 
She was cured of a dangerous cancer by De- 
mocedes. She is supposed by some to be the 
Vashti of scripture. Herodot. 3, c. 68, &c. 

Atraces, a people of iEfolia, who received 
their name from Atrax, son of iEtolus. Their 
country was called Atracia. 

Atramyttium, a town of Mysia. 
Atrapes, an officer of Alexander, who at 
the general division of the provinces, received 
Media. Diod. 18. 

Atrax, a son of iEtolus, or, according to 
others, of the river Peneus. He was king of 
Thessaly, and built a town which he called 
Atrax or Atracia. This town became so fa- 
mous, that the word A tr actus has been applied 
to any inhabitant of Thessaly. He was father 
to Hippodamia, who married Pirithous, and 
whom we must not confound with the wife of 
Pelops, who bore the same name Propert. 1, 
el. 8, \; 25. —Stat. 1. Theb. v. 106.— Ovid. Met. 

12, v. 209. A city of Thessaly, whence the 

epithet of Atraciu's. — —A river of iEtolia, 
which falls into the Ionian sea. 

Atrebat^e, a people of Britain, who were 
in possession of the modern counties of Berks, 
Oxford, &c 

Atrebates, now Arlois, a people of Gaul, 
who, together with the Nervii, opposed J. Caesar 
with 15,000 men. They were conquered, and 
Comius, a friend of the general, was set over 
them as king. They were reinstated in their 
former liberty and independence, on account of 
the services of Comius. Cces, Bell. Gall. 2, 
&c. 



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Atreni, a people of Armenia. 
Atreus, son of Pelops by Hippodamia, 
daughter of (Enomaus king of Pisa, was king 
of Mycenae, and brother to Pittbeus, Troezen, 
Thyestes, and Chrysippus. As Chrysippus was 
an illegitimate son, and at the same time a fa- 
vourite of his father, Hippodamia resolved to 
remove him. She persuaded her sons Thyestes 
and Atreus to murder him: but their refusal ex- 
asperated her more, and she executed it herself. 
This murder was grievous to Pelops; he sus- 
* pected his two sons, who fled away from his 
presence. Atreus retired to the court of Eurys- 
theus king of Argos, his nephew, and upon his 
death he succeeded him on the throne. He 
married, as so.ne report, iErope, his predeces- 
sor's daughter, by whom he had Plisthenes, 
Menelaus, and Agamemnon. Others affirm, that 
iErope was the wife of Plisthenes, by whom she 
had Agamemnon and Menelaus, who are the 
reputed sons of Atreus, because that prince took 
care of their education, and brought them up as 
his own. (Vid. Plisthenes-) Thyestes had fol- 
lowed his brother to Argos, where be lived with 
him, and debauched his wife, by whom he bad 
two, or, according to some, three children. This 
incestuous commerce offended Atreus, and Thy- 
estes was banished from his court. He was 
however soon after recalled by his brother, who 
determined cruelly to revenge the violence offer- 
ed to his bed. To effect this purpose, he invited 
his brother to a sumptuous feasf, where Thyestes 
was served up with the flesh of the children he 
had had by his sister-in-law the queen. After 
the repast was finished, the arms and heads of 
the murdered children were produced to con- 
vince Thyestes of what he had feasted upon. 
This action appeared so cruel and impious, that 
the sun is said to have shrunk back in its course 
at the bloody sight. Thyestes immediately fled 
to the court of Thesprotus, and thence to Sicyon, 
where he ravished his own daughter Pelopea, in 
a grove sacred to Minerva, without knowing 
who she was. This incest he committed inten- 
tionaliy, as some report, to revenge himself on 
his brother Atreus, according to the words of 
the oracle, which promised him satisfaction for 
the cruelties he had suffered, only from the hand 
of a son who should be born of himself and his 
own daughter. Pelopea brought forth a son 
whom she called iEgisthus, and soon after she 
married Atreus, who had lost his wife. Atreus, 
adopted iEgisthus, and sent him to murder Thy- 
estes, who had been seized at Delphi, and im- 
prisoned. Thyestes knew his son, and made 
himself known to him; he made him espouse his 
cause, and instead of becoming his father's 
murderer, he rather avenged his wrongs, and 
returned to Atreus, whom he assassinated. Vid. 
Thyestes, JEgislhus, Pelopea, Agamemnon, and 
Menelaus. — Hygin. fab. 83, 86, 87, 88, and 
258 — Euripid. in Orest. in Iphig Taur. — 
Ptut. in Par all. — Pans. 9, c. 40.+J]pollod. 3, 
C 10 — Senec. in Mr. 

Atr7d,e, a patronymic given by Homer to 
Agamemnon and Menelaus, as being the sons 
of Atreus. This is false upon the authority of 
Hesiod, Lactantius, Dictys of Crete, &c. who 
maintain that these princes were not the sons 



of Atreus, but of Plisthenes, and that they were 
brought up in the house and under the eye of 
their grandfather. Vid. Plisthenes. 

Atronius, a friend of Turnus, killed by the 
Trojans. Virg. JEn. 10. 

Atropatia, a part of Media. Strab. 

Atropos, one of the Pareoe, daughters of 
Nox and Erebus. According to the derivation 
of her name (*. non vziTrut muto) she is inexo- 
rable, and inflexible, and her duty among the 
three sisters is to cut the thread of life, without 
any regard to sex, age, or quality. She was 
represented by the ancients in a black veil, with 
a pair of scissors in her hand. Vid. Parcae 

T. Q. Atta, a writer of merit in the Augus- 
tan age, who seems to have received this name 
from some deformity in his legs or feet. His 
compositions, dramatical as well as satirical, 
were held in universal admiration, though Ho- 
race thinks of them with indifference. Horat. 
2, ep. 1, v. 79. 

Attalia, a city of Pamphylia, built by king 
Attalus. Strab. 

Attalicus. Vid. Attalus 3d. 

Attalus 1st, king of Pergamus, succeeded 
Eumenes 1st. He defeated the Gauls who had 
invaded his dominions, extended his conquests 
to mount Taurus, and obtained the assistance of 
the Romans against Antiochus. The Athenians 
rewarded his merit with great honours. He 
died at Pergamus after a" reign of 44 years, B. 
C. 197. Liv. 26, 27, 28/&C— Polyb 5.— 

Strab. 13. The 2d of that name, was sent 

on an embassy to Home by his brother Eumenes 
the 2d, and at his return was appointed guardian 
to his nephew Attalus the 3d, who was then an 
infant. Prusias made successful war against him, 
and seized his capital; but the conquest was 
stopped by the interference of the Romans, who 
restored Attalus to his throne. Attalus, who has 
received the name of Philadelphus, from his 
fraternal love, was a munificent patron of learn- 
ing, and the founder of several cities. He was 
poisoned by his nephew in the 82d year of his 
age, B. C. 138. He had governed the nation 
with great prudence and moderation for 20 
years. Strab. 13. — Polyb. 5. The 3d, suc- 
ceeded to the kingdom of Pergamus, by the 
murder of Attalus the 2d, and made himself 
odious by his cruelty to his relations, and his 
wanton exercise of power. He was son to Eu- 
menes 2d, and surnamed Philopater. He left 
the cares of government to cultivate his garden, 
and to make experiments on the melting of me- 
tals. He lived in great amity with the Romans; 
and as he died without issue by his wife Bere- 
nice, he left in his will the words P. R. meorum 
hozres esto, which the Romans interpreted as 
themselves, and therefore took possession of his 
kingdom, B C. 133, and made of it a Roman 
province, which they governed by a proconsul. 
From this circumstance, whatever was a valua- 
ble acquisition, or an ample fortune, was always 
called by the epithet ofMtalicus. Attalus, as well 
as his predecessors, made themselves celebrat- 
ed for the valuable libraries which they collect- 
ed at Pergamus, and for the patronage which 
merit and virtue always found at their court. 
Liv. 24, &c. Plin. 7, 8, 33, be— Justin. 39. 



AT 



AT 



— Horat. 1, od. I. An officer in Alexander's 

army. Curt. 4, c. 13. Another very inimi- 
cal to Alexander He wss put to death by Par- 
meoio, and Alexander was accused of the mur- 
der. Curt. 6, c 9, I. 8, c 1. A philosopher, 

preceptor to Seneca. Senec. ep. 108. An 

astronomer of Rhodes. 

Att arras, an officer who seized those that 
had conspired with Dymnus against Alexander. 
Curt. 6. 

Atteius Catito, a consul in the age of Au- 
gustus, who wrote treatises on sacerdotal laws, 
public courts of justice, and the duty of a sena- 
tor. Vid. Atexus. 

Attes, a son of Calaus of Phrygia, who was 
born impotent. He introduced the worship of 
Cybele among the Lydians, and became a great 
favourite of the goddess. Jupiter was jealous 
of his success, and sent a wild boar to lay waste 
the country, and destroy Attes. Paus. 7, c. 17. 

Atthis. a daughter of Cranaus the 2d, king 
of Athens, who gave her name to Attica, ac- 
cording to Apollod. 3, c 14. 

Attica, a country of Achaia or Hellas, at 
the south of Bceotia, west of the iEgean sea, 
north of the Saronicus Sinus, and east of Me- 
gara. It received its name from Atthis the 
daughter of Cranaus. It was originally called 
Ionia, from the Ionians, who settled there; and 
also Acte, wbich signifies shore, and Cecropia, 
from Cecrops, the first of its kings. The most 
famous of its cities is called Athens, whose in- 
habitants sometimes bear the name of Attici. 
Attica was famous for its gold and silver mines, 
which constituted the best part of the public 
revenues. The face of the country was partly 
level and partly mountainous, divided into the 
13 tribes of Acamantis, iEantis, Antiochis, At- 
talis, iEgeis, Erechtheis, Adrianis, Hippothoon- 
tis, Cecropis, Leontis, iEneis, Ptolemais, and 
Pandionis; whose inhabitants were numbered in 
the 116th olympiad, at 31,000 citizens, and 
400,000 slaves, within 174 villages, some of 
which were considerable towns. Vid. Athenae. 

Attictjs, one of Galba's servants, who en- 
tered bis palace with a bloody sword, and de- 
clared he had killed Otho. Tacit. Hist. 1. 

(T. Pomponius) a celebrated Roman knight to 
whom Cicero wrote a great number of letters, 
which contained the general history of the age. 
They are now extant, and divided into 17 books. 
In the time of Marius and Sylla, Atticus retired 
to Atbens, where he so endeared himself to the 
citizens, that after his departure, they erected 
statues to him in commemoration of his munifi- 
cence and liberality. He was such a perfect 
master of the Greek writers, and spoke their 
language so fluently, that he was surnamed At- 
ticus, and as a proof of his learning, he favour- 
ed the world with some of his compositions. He 
behaved in such a disinterested manner, that he 
offended neither of the inimical parties at Rome, 
and both were equally anxious of courting his 
approbation. He lived in the greatest intima- 
cy with the illustrious men of his age, and he was 
such a lover of truth, that he not only abstain- 
ed from falsehood even in a joke, but treated 
with the greatest contempt and indignation a 
lying tongue. It is said he refused to take ali- 



ments when unable to get the better of a fever, 
and died in his 77th year, B. C. 32, after bear- 
ing the amiable character of peace-maker among 
his friends. Cornelius Nepos, one of his inti- 
mate friends, has written a minute account of 
his life. Cic. ad Attic, &c. Herodes, an Athe- 
nian in the age of the Antonines, descenoed 
from Miltiades, and celebrated for his munifi- 
cence. His son of the same name, was houour- 
ed with the consulship, and he generously erect- 
ed an aqueduct at Troas, of which he had been 
made governor by the emperor Adrian, and rais- 
ed in other parts of the empire several public 
buildings as useful as they were magnificent. — 
Philostrat in vit. 2, p. 548. — A. Gell. noct. 
Att. A consul in the age of Nero, &c. Ta- 
cit. Ann. 15. 

Attila, a celebrated king of the Huns, a na- 
tion in the southern parts of Scythia, who in- 
vaded the Roman empire in the reign of Val- 
entinian, With an army of 500,000 men, and 
laid waste the provinces. He took the town of 
Aquileia, and marched against Rome; but his 
retreat and peace were purchased with a large 
sum of money by the feeble emperor. Attila, 
who boasted in the appellation of the scourge of 
God, died A. D. 453, of an uncommon effusion 
of blood the first night of his nuptials. He had 
expressed his wish to extend his conquests over 
the whole world; and he often feasted his bar- 
barity by dragging captive kings in his train. 
Jornand. de Reb. Get. 

Attiuus, a Roman consul in the first Punic 

war. Vid. Regulus Calatinus, a Roman 

consul who fought the Carthaginian fleet- 



Marcus, a poet who translated the Electra of 
Sophocles into Latin verse, and wrote comedies 
whose unintelligible language procured him the 

appellation of Feireus. Regulus, a Roman 

censor who built a temple to the goddess of con- 
cord. Liv. 23, c. 23, &c. The name of At- 

tilius was common among the Romans, and ma- 
ny of the public magistrates are called Attilii; 
their life however is not famous for any illustri- 
ous event. 

Attinas, an officer set over Bactriana by 
Alexander. Curt. 8. 

Attius Peligntjs, an officer of Caesar. C<es. 

Bell. Civ. 1. Tullius, the general of the 

Volsci, to whom Coriolanus fled when banished 

from Rome. Liv. Varus seized Auxinum 

in Pompey's name, whence he was expelled. 
After this he fled to Africa, which he alienated 

from J. Csesar. Coes 1, Bell. Civ. A poet* 

Vid. Accius. The family of the Attii was 

descended from Atys, one of the companions of 
iEneas, according to the opinion which Virgil 
has adopted. .En. 5, v. 568. 

Aturus, a river of Gaul, now the Adourj 
which runs at the foot of the Pyrenean moun- 
tains into the bay of Biscay. Lucan. 1, v. 420. 

Attadje, the descendants of Atys the Ly- 
dian. 

Atys, an ancient king of Lydia, who sent 
away his son Tyrrhenus, with a colony of Ly- 
dians, who settled in Italy. Herodot. 1, c. 7. 

— A son of Croesus king of Lydia. He was- 



forbidden the use of all weapons by his father 
who had dreamt that he had been killed. Some 



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time after this, Atys prevailed on his father to 
permit him to go to hunt a wild boar, which 
laid waste the country of Mysia, and he was 
killed in the attempt by Adrastus, whom Croe- 
sus had appointed guardian over his son, and 
thus the apprehensions of (he monarch were re- 
alized. Herodot. 1, c. 34, &c. — Vid. Adrastus. 

A Trojan, who came to Italy with iEneas, 

and is supposed to be the progenitor of the fa- 
mily of the Attii at Rome. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 
568. A youth to whom Ismene the daugh- 
ter of GEdipus was promised in marriage. He. 
was killed' by Tydeus before his nuptials. Slat. 
Theb. 8, v. 698. — A son of Limniace, the daugh- 
ter of the river Ganges, who assisted Cepheus 
in preventing the marriage of Andromeda, and 
was killed by Perseus with a burning log of 

wood. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 47. A celebrated 

shepherd of Phrygia, of whom the mother of the 
gods, generally called Cybele, became enamour- 
ed. She intrusted him with the care of her tem- 
ple, and made him promise he always would live 
in celibacy. He violated his vow by an amour 
with the nymph Sangaris, for which the goddess 
made him so insane and delirious, that he cas- 
trated himself with a sharp stone. This was af- 
terwards intentionally made by his sacerdotal suc- 
cessors in the service of Cybele, to prevent their 
breaking their vows of perpetual chastity. This 
account is the most general and most approved. 
Others say, that the goddess became fond of 
Atys, because he had introduced her festivals 
in the greatest part of Asia Minor, and that she 
herself mutilated him. Pausanias relates, in 
Jlchaic, c. 17, that Atys was the son of the 
daughter of the Sangar, who became pregnant 
by putting the bow of an almond tree in her bo- 
som. Jupiter, as the passage mentions, once 
had an amorous dream, and some of the impu- 
rity of the god fell upon the earth, which soon 
after produced a monster of an human form, 
with the characteristics of the two sexes. This 
monster was called Agdistis, and was deprived 
by the gods of those parts which distinguish the 
male sex. From the mutilated parts which 
were thrown upon the ground, rose an almond 
tree, one of whose branches a nymph of the 
Sangar gathered, and placed in her bosom as 
mentioned above. Atys, as soon as born, was 
exposed in a wood, but preserved by a she-goat. 
The genius Agdistis saw him in the wood, and 
was captivated with his beauty. As Atys was 
going to celebrate his nuptials with the daugh- 
ter of the king of Pessinus, Agdistis who was 
jealous of his rival, inspired by his enchantments 
the king and his future son-in-law with such an 
uncommon fury, that they both attacked and 
mutilated one another in the struggle. Ovid. 
says, Met. 10, fab. 2, &c. that Cybele changed 
Atys into a pine-tree as he was going to lay vio- 
lent hands upon himself, and, ever after, that 
tree was sacred to the mother of the gods.. Af- 
ter his death, Atys received divine honours, and 
temples were raised to his memory, particularly 
at Dymae. Catull. de Mij. 8f Berec. — Ovid. 
Met. 10, fab. 3, Fast. 4, v. 223, &c— Lucian. 

in Ded Syria. Sylvius, son of Albius Sylvius, 

was king of Alba. Liv. 1, q* 3. 
Avaricum, a strong and fortified town of 



Gaul, now called Bourges the capital of Berry. 
Cm. Bell. Gall. 7, 

Avella, a town of Campania, abounding in 
nuts, whence nuts have been called Avellinai. 
Sil. 8, v. 45, &c— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 740. 

Aventinus, a son of Hercules, by Rhea, who 
assisted Turnus against iEneas, and distinguish- 
ed himself by his valour. Virg. Mn. 7, v. 657. 

A king of Alba, buried upon mount Aven- 

tine. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 51. One of the seven 

hills on which part of the city of Rome was built. 
It was 13,300 feet in circumference, and was 
given to the people to build houses upon, by king 
Ancus Martius. It was not reckoned within the 
precincts of the city till the reign of the empe- 
ror Claudius, because the soothsayers looked 
upon it as a place of ill omen, as Remus had 
been buried there, whose blood had been crimi- 
nally shed. The word is derived, according to 
some, ab avibus, because birds were fond of the 
place. Others suppose that it receives its name 
because Aventinus, one of the Alban kings, was 
buried upon it. Juno, the Moon, Diana, Bona 
Dea, Hercules, and the .goddess of Victory and 
Liberty, had magnificent temples built upon it. 
Varro de L. L. 4. — Virg. JEn. 8, v. 235. — Liv. 
1, c. 33. 

Avernus or Averna, a lake of Campania, 
near Baiae, whose waters were so unwholesome 
and putrid, that no birds were seen on its banks; 
hence its original name was «ogv(§^, avibus ca~ 
rens. The ancients made it the entrance of hell, 
as also one of its rivers. Its circumference was 
five stadia, and its depth could not be ascertained. 
The waters of the Avernus were indispensably 
necessary in all enchantments and magical pro- 
cesses. It may be observed, that all lakes whose 
stagnated waters were putrid and offensive to 
the sine*-; were indiscriminately called Averna. 
Virg. JEn. 4, v. 5.— 12, &c. 1. 6, v. 201, &c— 
Mela, 2, c. 4. — Slrab;—5—Diod. 4. — Bristol, 
de Mm. 

Avesta, a book composed by Zoroaster. 

Aufeia aqua, called afterwards Marcia, was 
the sweetest and most wholesome water in Rome, 
and it was first conveyed into the city by Ancus 
Martius. 

Aufidena, now Mfidena, a city of the Peligni 
in Italy, whose inhabitants, called Jlufidtnates, 
were among the Sabines. Lie. 10, c 12. 

Aupidia lex, was enacted by the tribune Au- 
fidius Lurco, A. U. C. 692. lt'ordained, that if 
any candidate in canvassing for an office, pro- 
mised money to the tribunes, and failed in the 
performance, he should be excused; but if he 
actually paid it, he should be compelled to pay 
every tribune 6000 sesterces. 

Aufidius, an effeminate person of Chios. Juv. 

9, v. 25. Bassus, a famous historian in the 

age of Quintilian, who wrote an account of Ger- 
many, and of the civil wars. A Roman sena- 
tor, famous for his blindness and abilities. Cic. 

Tusc. 5. Lurco, a man who enriched himself 

by fattening peacocks, and selling them for meat. 

Plin. 10. -Luscus, a man obscurely born, and 

made a pretor of Fundi, in the age of Horace. 
1 Sat. 5, v. 34. 

Aufidus, a river of Apulia falling into the 
Adriatic sca 3 ami now called Ofanto. It was on 



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its banks that the Romans were defeated by Han- 
nibal at Cannae. The spot is still shown by the 
inhabitants, and bears the name of the field of 
blood. Horat. 3, od, 30, 1. 4, od. 9.— Virg. 
JEn. 11, v. 405. 

Auga and Auge and Augea, daughter of 
Aleus king of Tegea, by Neaera, was ravished 
by Hercules, and brought forth a son, whom she 
exposed in the woods to conceal her amours from 
her father. The child was preserved, and call- 
ed Telephus. Aleus was informed of his daugh- 
ter's shame, and gave her to Nauplius to be put 
to death. Nauplius refused to perform the cruel 
office, and gave Auga to Teuthras, king of Mysia, 
who, being without issue, adopted her as his 
daughter. Some time after, the dominions of 
Teuthras were invaded by an enemy, and the 
king promised his crown and daughter to him 
who could deliver him from the impending ca- 
lamity. Telephus, who had been directed by the 
oracle to go to the court of Teuthras, if he wish- 
ed to find his parents, offered his services to the 
king, and they were accepted. As he was going 
to unite himself to Auge, in consequence of the 
victory he had obtained, Auge rushed from him 
with secret horror, and the gods sent a serpent 
to separate them. Auge implored the aid of 
Hercules, who made her son known to her, and 
she returned with him to Tegea. Pausanias says 
that Auge was confined in a coffer with her in- 
fant sou, and thrown into the sea, where, after 
being preserved and protected by Minerva, she 
was found by king Teuthras. Jipollod. 2 and 3. — 
Paus. 8, c. 4. — Hygin. fab. 99 and 100. 

Augarus, an Arabian, who, for his good offi- 
ces, obtained the favour of Pompey, whom he 

vilely deceived. Dio. A king of Osroene, 

whom Caracalla imprisoned, after he had given 
him solemn promises of friendship and support. 
Dio. 78. 

Auge^e, a town of Laconia. Paus. 3, c. 21. 
— — Another of Locris. 

Augias and Augeas, son of Eleus, or Elius, 
was one of the Argonauts, and afterwards as- 
cended the throne of Elis. He had an immense 
number of oxen and goats, and the stables in 
which they were kept had never been cleansed, 
so that the task seemed an impossibility to any 
man. Hercules undertook it on promise of re- 
ceiving for a reward, the tenth part of the herds 
of Augias, or something equivalent. The hero 
changed the course of the river Alpheus, or, ac- 
cording to others, of the Peneus, which immedi- 
ately carried away the dung and filth from the 
stables. Augias refused the promised recom- 
pense, on pretence that Hercules had made use 
of artifice, and had not experienced any labour 
or trouble, and he farther drove bis own son 
Phyleus from his kiugdom, because he supported 
*he claims of the hero. The refusal was a de- 
claration of war Hercules conquered Elis, put 
:o death Augias, and gave the crown to Phyleus. 
Pausanias says, 5, c 2 and 3, that Hercules 
•pared the life of Augias for the sake of his son, 
and that Phyleus went to settle in Dulichium; 
and that at the death of Augias, his other son, 
Agasthenes, succeeded to the throne. Augias 
ieceived, after his death, the honours which were 
generally paid to a hero. Augias has been call- 



ed the son of Sol, because Elius signifies the sua. 
The proverb of Augean stable is now applied to 
an impossibility Hygin. fab. 14, 30, 157.— 
Plin. 17, c 9.—Strab S.—j3pollod. 2. 

Augil^:, a people of Africa, who supposed 
that there were no gods except the manes of the 
dead, of whom they sought oracles. Mela, 1. 

Auginus, a mountain of Liguria. Liv. 39 ? 
c. 2. 

AucftfREs, certain officers at Rome who fore- 
told future events, whence their name, ab avium 
garrilu. They were first created by Romulus, 
to the number of three. Servius Tullius added 
a fourth, and the tribunes of the people A. U. C. 
454, increased the number to nine; and Sylla 
added six more during his dictatorship. They 
had a particular college, and the chief amongst 
them was called magister collegii- Their office 
was honourable; and if any one of them was 
convicted of any crime, he could not be deprived 
of his privileges; an indulgence granted to no 
other sacerdotal body at Rome. The augur ge- 
nerally sat on a high tower to make his observa- 
tions. His face was turned towards the east, 
and he had the north at his left, and the south at 
his right. With a crooked staff he divided the 
face of the heavens into four different parts, and 
afterwards sacrificed to the gods, covering his 
head with his vestment. There were generally 
five things from which the augurs drew omens: 
the first consisted in observing the phaenomena 
of the heavens, such as thunder, lightning, co- 
mets, &c. The second kind of omen was drawn 
from the chirping or flying of birds. The third 
was from the sacred chickens, whose eagerness 
or indifference in eating the bread which was 
thrown to them, was looked upon as lucky or un- 
lucky. The fourth was from quadrupeds, from 
their crossing or appearing in some unaccustom- 
ed place. The fifth was from different casualties, 
which were called Dira, such as spilling salt 
upon a table, or wine upon one's clothes, hearing 
strange noises, stumbling or sneezing, meeting 
a wolf, hare, fox, or pregnant bitch. From such 
superstitious notions did the Romans draw their 
prophecies; the sight of birds on the left band 
was always deemed a lucky object, and the words 
sinister and Icevus, though generally supposed to 
be terms of ill luck, were always used by the 
augurs in an auspicious sense. Cic de Div. — 
Liv. 1, &c. — Dionys. Hal. — Ovid. Fast. 

Augusta, a name given to seventy cities in 
the Roman provinces in honour of Augustus 

Caesar. London, as capital of the country 

of the Trinobantes, was called Augusta Trino- 
bantina. Messalina, famous for her debau- 
cheries, was called Augusta, as wife of the em- 
peror Claudius. Juv. 6, v. 118. 

Augustalia, a festival at Rome, in comme- 
moration of the day on which Augustus returned 
to Rome, after he had established peace over 
the different parts of the empire. 

Augustinus, bishop of Hippo, in Africa, dis- 
tinguished himself by his writings, as well as by 
the austerity of his life. In his works, which 
are numerous, he displayed the powers of a great 
genius, and an extensive acquaintance with the 
philosophy of Plato. He died in the 76th year 
of his age, A. D. 430. The best edition of his 



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works is that of the Benedict, fol. Ant. 1700 to 
1703. 12 vols. 

Augi^todunum, now Jlutun, a town of Gaul, 
the capital of the ancient iEdui. 

Augustulus, the last Roman emperor of the 
west, A. D. 475, conquered hy Odoacer, king of 
the Heruli. 

Augustus Octavianus C/esar, second em- 
peror of Rome, was son of Oclavius, a senator, 
and Accia, aaughter of Julius, and sister to Ju- 
lius Caesar. He was adopted hy his uncie Caesar, 
and inherited the greatest part of his fortune. 
He lost his father at the age of four; and though 
only eighteen when his uncle was murdered, he 
hastened to Rome, where he ingratiated himself 
with the senate aud people, and received the 
honours of the consulship two years after, as the 
reward of his hypocrisy. Though his youth and 
his inexperience were ridiculed by his enemies, 
who branded him with the appellation of boy, 
yet he rose in consequence by his prudence and 
valour, and made war against his opponents, on 
pretence of avenging the death of his murdered 
uncie. But when he perceived that by making 
him fight against Antony, the senate wished to 
debilitate both antagonists, he changed his views, 
and uniting himself with his enemy, soon formed 
the second triumvirate, in which his cruel pro- 
scriptions shed the innocent blood of 300 sena- 
tors and 200 knights, and did not even spare the 
life of his friend Cicero. By the divisions which 
were made among the triumvirs, Augustus re- 
tained for himself the more important provinces 
of the west, and banished, as if it were, his col- 
leagues, Lepidus and Antony, to more distant 
territories. But as long as the murderers of Cae- 
sar were alive, the reigning tyrants had reasons 
for apprehension, and therefore the forces of the 
triumvirate were directed against the partizans 
of Brutus and the senate. The battle was de- 
cided at Philippi, where it is said that the va- 
lour and conduct of Antony alone preserved the 
combined armies, and effected the defeat of the 
republican forces. The head of the unfortunate 
Brutus was carried to Rome, and in insolent re- 
venge thrown at the feet of Caesar's statue. On 
his return to Italy. Augustus rewarded his sol- 
diers with the lands of those that had been pro- 
scribed; but among the sufferers were many who 
had never injured the conqueror of Philippi, es- 
pecially Virgil, whose modest application pro- 
cured the restitution of his property. The friend- 
ship which subsisted between Augustus and An- 
tony was broken as soon as the fears of a third 
rival vanished away, and the aspiring heir of 
Caesar was easily induced to take up arms by 
the little jealousies and resentment of Fulvia. 
Her death, however, retarded hostilities; the two 
rivals were reconciled; their united forces were 
successfully directed against the younger Pom- 
pey; and, to strengthen their friendship, Antony 
agreed to marry Octavia, the sister of Augustus. 
But as this step was political, 'and not dictated 
by affection, Octavia was slighted, and Antony 
resigned himself to the pleasures aud company 
of the beautiful Cleopatra. Augustus was in- 
censed, and immediately took up arms to avenge 
the wrongs of his sister, and perhaps more eagerly 
to remove a man whose power and existence 



kept him in continual alarms, and made him de- 
pendent. Both parties met at Aetium, B. C. 31, 
to decide the fate of Rome. Antony was sup- 
ported by all the power of the east, and Augus- 
tus by Italy. Cleopatra fled from the batt.e with 
60 ships, and her flight ruined the interest of 
Antony, who followed her into Egypt. The con- 
queror soon after passed into Egypt, besieged 
Alexandria, and honoured, with a magnificent 
funeral, the unfortunate Roman, and the cele- 
brated queen, whom the fear of being led in the 
victor's triumph at Rome had driven to commit 
suicide. After he had established peace all over 
the world, Augustus shut up the gates of the tem- 
ple of Janus, the year our Saviour was born. It 
is said he twice resolved to lay down the supreme 
power, immediately after the victory obtained 
over Antony, and afterwards on account of his 
ill health; but his friend Mecaenas dissuaded him, 
and observed, that he would leave it to be the 
prey of the most powerful, and expose himself 
to ingratitude and to danger. He died at Nola, 
in the 76th year of his age, A. D 14, after he 
had held the sovereign power during 44 years. 
Augustus was an active emperor, and consulted 
the good of the Romans with the most anxious 
care. He visited all the provinces except Africa 
and Sardinia, and his consummate prudence and 
experience gave rise to many salutary laws; but 
it may be said, that he finished with a good grace, 
what he began with cruelty. While making him- 
self absolute, he took care to leave his country- 
men the shadow of liberty; and if under the 
character and office of perpetual tribune, of 
priest and imperator, he was invested with all 
the power of sovereignty, he guarded against 
offending the jealous Romans, by not assuming 
the regal title. His' refusal to read the letters 
he found after Pompey's defeat, arose more from 
fear than honour, and he dreaded the discovery 
of names which would have perhaps united to 
sacrifice his ambition. His good qualities, and 
many virtues he perhaps never possessed, have 
been transmitted to posterity by the pen of adu- 
lation or gratitude, in the poems of Virgil, Ho- 
race, and Ovid. To distinguish himself from 
the obscurity of the Octavii, and, if possible, to 
suppress the remembrance of his uncle's violent 
fate, he aspired after a new title; and the sub- 
missive senate yielded to his ambition, by giving 
him the honourable appellation of Augustus He 
has been accused of licentiousness and adultery, 
by his biographer; but the goodness of his heart, 
and the fidelity of his friendship, which in some 
instances he possessed, made some amends for 
his natural foibles. He was ambitious of being 
thought handsome; aud as he was publicly re- 
ported to be the son of Apollo, according to his 
mother's declaration, he wished his flatterers to 
represent him with the figure and attributes of 
that god. Like Apollo, his eyes were clear, and 
he affected to have it thought that they possess- 
ed some divine irradiation; and was well pleas- 
ed, if, when he fixed his looks upon any body, 
they held down their eyes as if overcome by the 
glaring brightness of the sun. He distinguished 
himself by his learning; he was a perfect mas- 
ter of the Greek language, and wrote some tra- 
gedies, besides memoirs of his life, and other 



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works, all now lost. He was married three 
times; to Claudia, to Scribonia, and to Livia; 
but he was unhappy in his matrimonial connex- 
ions, and his only daughter, Julia, by Scribonia, 
disgraced herself and her father by the debau- 
chery and licentiousness of her manners. He 
recommended, at his death, his adopted son Ti- 
berius as his successor. . He left his fortune 
partly to Tiberius, and to Drusus, and made 
donations to the army and Roman people. Vir- 
gil wrote his heroic poem at the desire of Au- 
gustus, whom be represented under the amiable 
and perfect character of iEneas. Sueton. in 
vita. — Horat. — Virgil. — Paus. — Tacit. — Pa- 

tercul. — Dio. — Cass. — Ovid. The name of 

•Augustus was afterwards given to the successors 
of Octavianus in the Roman empire as a per- 
sonal, and the name of Ccesar, as a family, dis- 
tinction. In a more distant period of the em- 
pire, the title of Augustus was given only to the 
emperor, while that of Caesar was bestowed on 
the second person in the state, who was consi- 
dered as presumptive heir. 

Avidienus, a rich and sordid man whom 
Horat. styles happy, 2 Ser. 2, v 55. 

Avidius Cassius, a man saluted emperor, 
A. D. 175. He reigned only three months, 
and was assassinated by a centurion. He was 
called a second Catiline, from his excessive love 
of bloodshed. Diod. 

Rufus Festus Avienus, a poet in the age of 
Theodosius, who translated the phenomena of 
Aratus, as also all Livy, into Iambic verses. 
The best edition of what remains of him, is that 
of Canr*egetier, 8vo. 1731. 

Avitus, a governor of Britain under Nero. 

Tacit. Ann. 14. Alcinus, a christian poet, 

who wrote a poem in 6 books on original sin, 
&c. 

Avium, a city between Tyre and Sidon. 
Sirab. 16. 

Aulerci, a people of Gaul, between the Seine 
and tiie Loire. 

Aulestes, a king of the Etrurians when 
iEneas came into Italy Virg. JEn. 12, v. 290. 

Auletes, a general who assisted /Eneas in 
Italy ; with 100 ships Virg. JEn. 10, v. 207. 

The surname of one of the Ptolemean 

kings, father to Cleopatra. 

Aulis, a daughter of Ogyges. Paus. Bozotic. 

A town of Boeotia near Chalcis on the sea 

coast, where all the Greeks conspired against 
Troy. They were detained there by contrary 
winds, by the anger of Diana, whose favourite 
stag had been killed by Agamemnon. To ap^ 
per.se the resentment of the goddess, Agamem- 
non was obliged to sacrifice his own daughter 
Iphigenia, whom, however, Diana spared by 
substituting a ram Virg. JEn. 4, v. 426. — 

Ovid. Met. 12, v. 9, &c. Homer. II. 2, v. 

303. 

Aulon, a mountain of Calabria, opposite 
Tarentum, famous for its wine, which, according 
<;o Horat. 2, od. 6, v. 18, is superior to that of 
Falernum. Martial. 13, ep. 125.— Sirab. 6. 
A place of Messenia Paus. 

Aulonios, a surname of JEsculapius. 

Aulus, a praenomen, common among the 
Romans Gellius. Vid. Gellius. 



Auras, an European river, flowing into thfr 
Ister from mount Haemus. Herodot. 4, c. 49. 

Aurelia lex, was enacted A. U. C. 653, 
by the pre tor L. Aurelius Cotta, to invest the 
Senatorian and Equestrian orders, and the 
Tribuni iErarii, with judicial power — ■ — Ano- 
ther, A. U. C 678. It abrogated a clause of 
the Lex Cornelia, and permitted the tribunes 
to hold other offices after the expiration of the 
tribunfeship 

Aurelia, a town of Hispania Baetica. 

The mother of J. Caesar. Suet, in Cm. 74, 
•A fish woman. Juv. 4, v 98. 



Aorelianus, emperor of Rome after Flavius 
Claudius, was austere, and even cruel in the 
execution of the laws, and punished his soldiers 
with unusual severity. He rendered himself 
famous for his military character; and his expe- 
dition against Zenobia, the celebrated queen of 
Palmyra, gained him great honours. He oeau- 
tified Rome, was charitable to the poor, and the 
author of many salutary laws. He was natu- 
rally brave; and in all the battles he fought, it 
is said, he killed no less than 800 men with his 
own hand. In his triumph he exhibited to the 
Romans, people of 15 different nations, all of 
which he had conquered. He was the first em- 
peror who wore a diadem. After a glorious 
reign of six years, as he marched against the 
northern barbarians, he was assassinated near 
Byzantium, A. D. 275, 29th January, by his 
soldiers, whom Mnestheus had incited to rebel- 
lion against their emperor. This Mnestheus 
had been threatened with death, for some ill 
behaviour to the emperor, and therefore he 
meditated his death. The soldiers, however, 
soon repented of their ingratitude and cruelty 
to Aurelian, and threw Mnestheus to be devour- 
ed by wild beasts. A physician of the fourth 

century. 

Aurelius, emperor of Rome. Vid. Anto- 
ninus Bassianus. — A painter in the age of Au- 
gustus. Plin. 35. Victor, an historian in 

the age of Julian, two of whose compositions 
are extant, an account of illustrious men, and 
a biography. of ail the Caesars to Julian. The 
best editions of Aurelius are the 4to. of Artn- 
zenius, Amst. 
Utr. 1696. — 
Antoninus 

Aureolus, a general who assumed the pur- 
ple in the age of Gallienus. 

Aurinia, a prophetess held in great venera- 
tion by the Germans. Tacit. Germ. 8. 

Aurora, a goddess, daughter of Hyperion 
and Thia or Thea, or, according to others, of 
Titan and Terra. Some say that Pallas, son of 
Crius, and brother to Perses, was her father; 
hence her surname of Pallantias. She mar- 
ried Astraeus, by whom she had the winds, the 
stars, &c. Her amours with Tilhonus and 
Cepbalus are also famous; by the former, she 
had Memnon and iEmathion, and Phaeton by 
the latter. [Vid Celaphus and Tilhonus.] She 
had also an intrigue with Orion, whom she car- 
ried to the island of Deles, where he was killed 
by Diana's arrows. Aurora is generally repre- 
sented by the poets drawn in a rose-coloured 
chariot, and opening with her rosy lingers the 



1733, and the 8vo. of Pitiscus, 
-Antoninus, an emperor. Vid. 



AU 



AX 



gates of the east, pouring the dew upon the 
earth, and making the flowers grow. Her chariot 
is generally drawn by white horses, and she is 
covered with a veil. Nox and Somnus fly before 
her, and the constellations of heaven disappear 
at her approach. She always sets out before 
the sun, and is the fore-runner of his rising. 
The Greeks call her Eos. Homer. 11. 8, Od. 
10, Hymn- in Vener.—Ovid. Met. 3, 9, 15 — 
Jlpollod. 1, 3— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 533.— Varro. 
de L. L. 5, &c. — Hesiod. Theog. — Hygin. pref. 
fab. 

Aurunce, an ancient town of Latium, built 
by Auson, the son of Ulysses by Calypso. Virg. 
JEn 7, v. 727, &C 

AuscmsiE, a people of Libya. Herodot. 4, 
c. 171. 

Ausci, a people of Gaul. 

Auser, Auseris, and Anser, a river of 
Etruria, which joins the Arnus before it falls 
into the Tyrrhene sea. 

Auses, a people of Africa, whose virgins 
yearly fight with sticks in honour of Minerva. 
She who behaves with the greatest valour re- 
ceives unusual honour, &c. Herodot. 4. c. 180. 

Auson, a son of Ulysses and Caiypso, from 
whom the Ausones, a people of Italy, are de- 
scended. 

Ausonia, one of the ancient names of Italy, 
which it received from Auson the son of Ulys- 
ses. If Virgil makes iEneas speak of Ausonia, 
it is by anticipation. Virg. JEn. 3, v 171. 

Decim. Magnus Ausonius, a poet, born at 
Bordeaux in Gaul, in the 4th century, preceptor 
to Gratian, son of the emperor Valentinian, 
and made consul by the means of his pupil. 
His compositions have been long admired. The 
thanks he returned the emperor Gratian is one 
of the best of his poems, which were too often 
hurried for publication, and consequently not 
perfect. He wrote the consular fasti of Rome, 
an useful performance, now lost. His style is 
occasionally obscene, and he has attempted upon 
the words of Virgil, what revolts every thing 
against his indelicacy. The best edition is that 
of Tollius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1671 ;or that of Jaubert, 
with a French translation, 4 vols. 12mo. Paris, 
1769. 

Auspices, a sacerdotal order at Rome, near- 
ly the same as the augurs. Vid Augures. 

Auster, one of the winds blowing from the 
south, whose breath was pernicious to flowers as 
well as to health. He was parent of rain. Virg. 
Ed. 2, v. 58. Vid. Venti. 

Austesion, a Theban, son of Tisamenus. 
His son Theras led a colony into an island, 
which, from him, was called Thera. Herodot. 
4. — Paus. 

Autobulus, a painter. Plin. 35. 

Autochthones, the original inhabitants of 
a country who are the first possessors of it, and 
who never have mingled with other nations. 
The Athenians called themselves Autochthones, 
and boasted that they were as old as the coun- 
try which they inhabited. Paus. 1, c. 14.— 
Tacit, ds Germ. — Cic de Orat. 3, c. 83. 

Autocles, an Athenian, sent by his country- 
men with a fleet to the assistance of Alexander 
of Phera?. 



Autocrates, an historian mentioned by 
Jlthen. 9 and 11. 

AutoloLjE, a people of Mauritania, descended 
from the Gaetuli. They excelled all their neigh- 
bours in running. Lucan. 4, v. 677. 

Autolycus, a son of Mercury by Chione, a 
daughter of Dsedalion. He was one of the Ar- 
gonauts. His craft as a thief has been greatly 
celebrated. He stole the flocks of his neigh- 
bours, and mingled them with his own, after he 
had changed their marks. He did the same to 
Sisyphus son of iEolus; but Sisyphus was as 
crafty as Autolycus, and he knew his own oxen 
by a mark which he had made under their feet. 
Autolycus was so pleased with the artifice of Si- 
syphus, that he immediately formed an intima- 
cy with him, and even permitted him freely to 
enjoy the company of his daughter Anticlea, 
who became pregnant of Ulysses, and was soon 
after married to Laertes Vid. Sisyphus, La- 
ertes. Hygin. fab. 200, &c. Ovid. Met. 1, 

fab. S.—Jpollod. I.— Homer. Od. 14. A 

son of Phryxus and Chalciope Hygin. fab. 14. 

Automate, one of 'the Cyclades, called also 

Hera. Plin. 2, c. 37. A daughter of Da- 

naus. 

Automedon, a son of Dioreus, who went to 
the Trojan war with ten ships. He was the 
charioteer of Achilles, after whose death he 
served Pyrrhus in the same capacity. Homer. 
II. 9, 16, &c— Virg. JEn. 2, v. 477. 

Automedusa, a daughter of Alcathous, killed 
by Tydeus. Jlpollod. 2. 

Automenes, one of the Heraclidse, king of 
Corinth At his death, B. C. 779, annual ma- 
gistrates, called Prytanes, were chosen at Co- 
rinth, and their power continued 90 years, till 
Cypselus, and his son Periander made them- 
selves absolute. 

Automoli, a nation of ^Ethiopia. Herodot. 2. 

Autonoe, a daughter of Cadmus, who mar- 
ried Aristssus, by whom she had Actaeon, often 
called Autoneius heros. The death of her son 
[Vid. Actaeon] was so painful to her, that she 
retired from Boeotia to Megara, where she soon 
after died. Paus. 1, c. 44, — Hygin. fab. 179. 
— Ovid. Met. 3, v. 720. One of the Dan- 
aides. Apollod. 2. One of the Nereides. 

Hesiod. Theog. -a female servant of Pene- 
lope. Homer. Od. 18. 

Autophradates, a satrap of Lydia, who re- 
volted from Artaxerxes. Diod. 

Autura, the Eure, a river of Gaul which falls 
into the Seine. 

Auxesia and Damia, two virgins who came 
from Crete to Troezene, where the inhabitants 
stoned them to death in a sedition. The Epi- 
daurians raised them statues by order of the 
oracle, when their country was become barren. 
They were held in great veneration at Troezene 
Herodot. 5, c. 82.— Paus. -2, c. 30. 

Axenus, the ancient name of the Euxine sea. 
The word signifies inhospitable, which was high- 
ly applicable to the manners of the ancient in- 
habitants of the coast. Ovid. 4, Trist. 4. v. 56. 

Axiochus, a philosopher, to whom Plato de-, 
dicated a treatise concerning death. 

Axion, brother of Alphesiboea, murdered Ale- 
mason, her sister's husband, because he wished , 






AZ 



AZ 



(6 recover from her a golden necklace. 
Alcmaeon and Alphesiboea. 

Axiotea, a woman who regularly went in a 
man's dress to hear the lectures of Plato. 

Axiothea, the wife of iVicocles, king of Cy- 
prus. Polycen. 8. 

Axis, a town of Umbria. Prop. 4. 

Axius, a river of Macedonia. Herodot. 7, c. 
123. 

Axona, a river of Belgic Gaul, which falls 
into the Seine below Paris. The inhabitants of 
the neighbourhood are called Axones. 

Axur and Anxur, a surname of Jupiter, who 
had a temple at Trachis in Thessaly. He was 
represented as a beardless youth. 

Axus, a town about the middle of Crete. 
Spollod. 

Azan, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Cy- 



Vid. \ bele. A son of Areas, king of Arcadia, by 

Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided his fa- 
ther's kingdom with his brothers Aphidas and 
Elatus, and called his share Azania. There 
was in Azania a fountain called Clitorins, whose 
waters gave a dislike for wine to those who 
drank them. Vitruv. 8, c. 3. — Ovid. Met. 15. 
v. 322 —Paus. 8, c. 4. 

Azjris, a place of Libya, surrounded on both 
sides by delightful hills covered with trees, and 
watered by a river where Battus built a town. 
Herodot. 4, c. 157. 

Azonax, a man who taught Zoroaster the art 
of magic. Plin. 30. 

Azorus, one of the Argonauts. 

Azotus, now idshdod, a large town of Syria, 
oh the borders of the Mediterranean. Joseph. 
Ant. Jud. 15. 



BA 



BA 



BABILIUS, a Roman, who, by the help of 
a certain herb, is said to have passed in 
six days from the Sicilian sea to Alexandria. 
Plin. Pram. 19. 

Babtlus, an astrologer in Nero's age, who 
told the emperor to avert the danger which 
seemed to hang upon his head, from the appear- 
ance of an nairy comet, by putting all the lead- 
ing men of Rome to death. His advice was 
faithfully followed. Sueton. in Ner. c. 36. 

Babylon, a son of Belus, who, as some sup- 
pose, founded a city which bears his name. 

A celebrated city, the capital of the Assyrian 
empire, on the banks of the Euphrates. It had 
100 brazen gates; and its walls, which were 
cemented with bitumen, and greatly enlarged 
and embellished by the. activity of Semiramis, 
measured 480 stadia in circumference, 50 cu- 
bits in thickness, and 200 in height. It was 
taken by Cyrus! B. C. 53S, after he had drain- 
ed the waters of the Euphrates into a new chan- 
nel/and marched his troops by night into the 
town, through the dried bed; and it is said that 
the fate of the extensive capital was unknown 
to the inhabitants of the distant suburbs till late 
in the evening. Babylon became famous for 
the death of Alexander, and for the new em- 
pire whick was afterwards established there un- 
der the Seleucidse. [Vid Syria.] Its greatness 
was so reduced in succeeding ages, according 
to Pliny's observations, that in his time it was 
but a desolate wilderness, and at present the 
place where it stood is unknown to travellers. 
The inhabitants were early acquainted with as- 
trology. Plin. 6, c 26. — Herodot- 1,2,3.— 
Justin. 1, &c. — Diod. 2. — Xencph. Cyrop. 7, 
&c.— Propert. 3, el. 11, v. 21— Ovid. Met. 4, 

fab. 2. — Martial. 9, ep. 77. There is also a 

town of the same name near the Bubastic branch 
of the Nile, in Egypt. 

Babylonia, a large province of Assyria, of 
Which Babylon wss the capital. The inhabi- 
tants shook off the Assyrian yoke, and after- 
wards became very powerful. — The surname of 



Seleucia, which rose from the ruins of Babylon, 
under the successors of Alexander. Plin. 6, c. 
26. 

Babylonit, the inhabitants of Babylon, fa- 
mous for their knowledge of astrology, first di- 
vided the year into 12 months, and the zodiac 
into 12 signs. 

Babyrsa, a fortified castle near Artaxata. 
Strab 11. 

Babytace, a city of Armenia, whose inhabi- 
tants despise gold. Plin. 6, c. 27. 

Bacabasus, betrayed the snares of Artaba- 
nus, brother of Darius, against Artaxerxes. Jus- 
tin. 3, c. 1. 

Baccele, the priestesses of Bacchus. Paus. 
2, c. 7. 

Bacchanalia, festivals in honour of Bacchus 
at Rome, the same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. 
Vid. Dionysia. 

Bacchantes, priestesses of Bacchus, who 
are represented at the celebration of the orgies 
almost naked, with garlands of ivy, with a thyr- 
sus and dishevelled hair. Their looks are wild, 
and they utter dreadful sounds, and clash dif- 
ferent musical instruments together. They are 
also called Thyades and Menades. Ovid. Met. 
6, v. 592,—Horat. 3, od. 2o.—Propert. 3, el. 
21. — Lucan. 1, v. 674. 

Bacchi, a mountain of Thrace, near Philippi. 
Jlppian. 

Bacchiace, a Corinthian family descended 
from Bacchia, daughter of Dionysius. In their 
nocturnal orgies, they, as some report, tore to 
pieces Actseon, son of Melissus. which so en- 
raged the father, that before the altar he en- 
treated the Corinthians to revenge the death of 
his son, and immediately threw himself into the 
sea. Upon this the Bacchiadae were banished, 
and went to settle in Sicily, between Pachynum 
and Pelorus. Ovid. Met. *5, v. 407. Strab. 8. 

Bacchides, a general who betrayed the town 
of Sinope to Lucullus Strab. 12. 

Bacchisoi* Balus, king of Corinth, succeed- 
ed his father Prumnides, His successors were 



BA 



BA 



always called Bacchidaz, in remembrance of the 
equity and moderation of his reign. The Bac- 
chidae increased so much, that they chose one of 
their number to preside among ihem with regal 
authority, and it is said that the sovereign pow- 
er continued in their hands near 200 years. 
Cypselus overturned this institution by making 
himself absolute. Strab. 8. — Paus. 2, c. 4. — 
Herodot. 5, c. 92.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 407. 

Bacchium, a small island in the JEgean sea, 
opposite Smyrna. Plin. 5, c. 3. 

Bacchius and Bithus, two celebrated gla- 
diators of equal age and strength ; whence the 
proverb to express equality, Bithus contra Bac- 
chium. Sueton. in rfug. — Herat. 1, sat. 7, v. 
20. 

Bacchus was son of Jupiter and Semele, 
the daughter of Cadmus. After she had enjoy- 
ed the company of Jupiter, Semele was deceiv- 
ed, and perished by the artifice of Juno. This 
goddess, always jealous of her husband's amours, 
assumed the shape of Beroe, Semele's nurse, 
and persuaded Semele that the lover whom she 
entertained was not Jupiter, but a falsse lover, 
and that to prove his divinity she ought to beg 
of him, if he really were Jupiter, to come to her 
bed with the same majesty as he courted the 
embraces of Juno. The artifice succeeded, and 
when Jupiter promised his mistress whatever she 
asked, Semele required him to visit her with 
all the divinity of a god. Jupiter was unable 
to violate his oath, and Semele unwilling to re- 
tract it; therefore, as she was a mortal, and un- 
able to bear the majesty of Jupiter, she was 
consumed, and reduced to ashes. The child, 
of which she had been pregnant for seven months, 
was with difficulty saved from the flames, and 
put in his father's thigh where he remained the 
full time he naturally was to have been in his mo- 
ther's womb. From this circumstance Bacchus 
has been called Bimater. Acccording to some, 
Dirce, a nymph of the Achelous, saved him 
from the flames. There are different traditions 
concerning the manner of his education Ovid 
says, that after his birth, he was brought up by 
his aunt Ino, and afterwards intrusted to the 
care of the nymphs of Nysa. Lucian supposes, 
that Mercury carried him, as soon as born, to 
the nymphs of Nysa; and Apollonius says, that 
he was carried by Mercury to a nymph in the 
island of Euboea, whence he was driven by the 
power of Juno, who was the chief deity of the 
place. Some support, that Naxus can boast of 
the place of his education, under the nymphs 
Philia, Coronis, and Clyda. Pausanias relates 
a tradition which prevailed in the town of Bra- 
siae in Peloponnesus; and accordingly mentions, 
that Cadmus, as soon as he heard of his daugh- 
ter's amours, shut her up, with her child lately 
born, in a coffer, and exposed them on the sea. 
The coffer was carried safe by the waves to the 
coast of Brasiae; but Semele was found dead 
and the child alive. Semele was honoured with 
a magnificent funeral, and Bacchus properly 
educated This diversity of opinions shows that 
there were many of the same name. Diodorus 
speaks of three, and Cicero of a greater num- 
ber; but among them all the son of Jupiter and 
Semele seems to have obtained the merit of the 



rest. Bacchus is the Osiris of the Egyptian^ 
and his history is drawn from the Egyptian tra- 
ditions concerning that ancient king. Bacchus 
assisted the gods in their wars against the gi- 
ants, and was cut to pieces; but the son of Se- 
mele was not then born: this tradition therefore 
is taken from the history of Osiris, who was 
killed by his brother Typhon, and the worship 
of Osiris has been introduced by Orpheus into 
Greece, under the name of Bacchus. In his 
youth he was taken asleep in the island of Nax- 
os, and carried away by some mariners, whom 
he changed into dolphins, except the pilot, who 
had expressed some concern at his misfortune. 
His expedition into the east is most celebrated. 
He marched at the head of an army composed 
of men, as well as of women, all inspired with 
divine fury, and armed with thyrsuses, cymbals, 
and other musical instruments. The leader was 
drawn in a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and 
was accompanied by Pan and Silenus, and 
all the satyrs. His conquests were easy and 
without bloodshed; the people easily submit- 
ted, and gratefully elevated to the rank of a 
god the hero who taught them the use of the 
vine, the cultivation of the earth, and the man- 
ner of making honey. Amidst his benevolence 
to mankind, he was relentless in punishing all 
want of respect to his divinity; and the punish- 
ment he inflicted on Pentheus, Agave, Lycurgus, 
&c. is well known. He has received the name 
of Liber, Bromius, Lyaeus, Evan, Thyonaeus, 
Psilas, &c. which are mostly derived from the 
places where he received adoration, or from the 
ceremonies observed in bis festivals. As he 
was the god of vintage, of wine, and of drink- 
ers, he is generally represented crowned with 
vine and ivy leaves, with a thyrsus in his hand. 
His figure is that of an effeminate young man, 
to denote the joys which commonly prevailed at 
feasts; and sometimes that of an old man, to 
teach us that wine taken immoderately will ener- 
vate us, consume our health, render us loqua- 
cious and childish like old men, and unable to 
keep secrets The panther is sacred to him, be- 
cause he went in his expedition covered with 
the skin of that beast. The magpye is also his 
favourite bird, because in triumphs people were 
permitted to speak with boldness and liberty. 
Bacchus is sometimes represented like an in- 
fant, holding a thyrsus and clusters of grapes, 
with a horn. He often appears naked, and rid- 
ing upon the shoulders of Pan, or in the arms of 
Silenus, who was his foster-father. He also 
sits upon a celestial globe, bespangled with stars, 
and is then the same as the Sun or Osiris of 
Egypt. The festivals of Bacchus, generally 
called Orgies, Bacchanalia, or Dionysia, were 
introduced into Greece from Egypt by Danaus 
and his daughters. The infamous debauche- 
ries which arose from the celebration of these 
festivals are well known. [Vid Dionysia.] The 
amours of Bacchus ore not numerous. He mar- 
ried Ariadne, after she had been forsaken by 
Theseus in the island of Naxos; and by her he 
had many children, among whom were Ceranus, 
Thoas, (Enopion, Tauropolis, &c. According 
to some, he was the father of Hymenals, whom 
the Athenians made the god of marriage. The 



BA 



BA 



Egyptians sacrificed pigs to him, before the 
doors of their houses. The fir-tree, the yew- 
tree, the fig-tree, the ivy, and the vine, were sa- 
cred to him; and the goat was generally sacri- 
ficed to him on account of the great propensity 
of that animal to destroy the vine. According 
to Pliny, he was the first who ever wore a 
crown. His beauty is compared to that of Apol- 
lo, and, like him, he is represented with fine 
hair loosely flowing down his shoulders, and he 
is said to possess eternal youth. Sometimes he 
has horns, either because he taught the cultiva 
tion of the earth with oxen, or because Jupiter, 
- his father, appeared to him in the deserts of Li- 
bya under the shape of a ram, and supplied his 
thirsty army with water. Bacchus went down 
to hell to recover his mother, whom Jupiter 
willingly made a goddess, under the name of 
Thyone. The three persons of the name of Bac- 
chus, which Diodorus mentions, are, the one 
who conquered the Indies, and is surnamed the 
bearded Bacchus; a son of Jupiter and Proser- 
pine, who was represented with horns; and the 
son of Jupiter and Semele, called the Bacchus 
of Thebes. Those mentioned by Cicero are, a 
son of Proserpine, a son of Nisus, who built Nisa; 
a son of Caprius; who reigned in the Indies; a son 
of Jupiter and the moon; and a son of Thyone 
and Nisus. Cic. de Nat. D. 2 and 3 — Paus. 
2, c 22, 37, 1. 3, c. 24, 1. 5, c 19, &c— He- 
rodot. 1, c 150, 1. 2, c. 42, 48, 49, Plut in 
Md &[■ Osir — Diod. 1, 3, &c. — dpheus in Dyo- 
nys. — Jlpollod. 1. c. 9, 1. 3, c. 4, &c. — Ovid. 
Met. 3, fab. 3, &c. Amor. 3, 1. 3, Fast. 3, v. 

715.— Hygin. fab. 155, 167, &c Plin. 7. c. 

56, 1. 8, c. 2, 1. 36, c. 5.— Homer. II. 6.—Lact 
defals. Rel. 1, c. 22.— Virg. G. 2, &c— Euri- 
pid. in Bacch. — Lucian. de Sacrif. de Saccho. in 
dial. Doer. — Jlppian. in Cyneg — Philostrat. 1, 
Icon, c 50 — Senec. in Chor. (Edip. — Martial. 
8, ep. 26, I. 14, ep. 107. 

Bacchylides, a lyric poet of Cos, nephew to 
Simonides, who, like Pindar, wrote the praises 
of Hiero. Some of his verses have been pre- 
served. Marcel. 

Bacenis, a wood in Germany. Cats. Bell. 
Gall. 6, c. 10. 

Bacis, a famous soothsayer of Boeotia. Cic. 

1, de IHv. c. 34. A king of Corinth, called 

also Bacchis. Vid. Baccbis. An athlete of 

Troezene. Paus. 6. 

Bactra (orum,) now Balk, the capital of 
Bactriana, on the river Bactros in Asia. Virg. 
G. 2, v. 138.— Strab. 2. 

Bactri and Bactriani, the inhabitants of 
Bactriana, who lived upon plunder, and were 
always under arms. They gave to their dogs 
those that died through old age, or disease, and 
suffered slaves and strangers to take whatever 
liberties they pleased with their wives. They 
were conquered by Alexander the Great. Curt. 
4, c. 6, &c. Plin. 6, c. 23. — Plut. invitios. ad. 
infel. svff — Herodot 1 and 3. 

Bactriana, a country of Asia, fruitful as well 
as extensive. It formed once part of the Persian 
empire, on the eastern parts of which it is situ- 
ated. Zoroaster was the most ancient king of 
this country, who taught his subjects the art of 
magic and astrology. Diod. 2.— Justin. 1, c. 1. 



Bactros, now Dahesh, a river on the borders 
of Asiatic Scythia, from which Bactriana re- 
ceives its name. (jucan. 3, v. 267. 

Bacuntius. a river of Pannonia, which falls 
into the Save above Sirmium. 

Bad ac a, a town of Media. Diod. 19. 

Badia, a town of Spain. Val. Max. 3, c. 7. 

Badius, a Campanian, who challenged T. 
Q,. Crispinus, one of his friends, by whom he 
was tilled. Liv. 35, c. 18. 

BaduhenNjE, a place in the country of the 
Frisii, where 900 Romans were killed. Tacit. 

4. Jinn. c. 73. 

B^ebia lex was enacted for the election of 
4 pretors every other year. Liv. 40. Ano- 
ther law by M. Baebius a tribune of the people, 
which forbade the division of the lands, whilst 
it substituted a yearly tax to be paid by the 
possessors, and to be divided among the people. 
Jlppian. 1. 

M B-Sbius, a Roman, in whose consulship 
the tomb of Numa was discovered. Plut. in 

Num. — Val. Max. 1, c 1 . Lucius, a Roman 

pretor, who, being surprised by the Ligurians, 
fled to Marseilles, where he died three days 
after. Liv. 37, c 57. 

B^tis, a river of Spain, from which a part 
of the country has received the name of Bcetica. 
It was formerly called Tartessus, and now bears 
the name of Guadalquiver. The wool produced 
there was so good that Bcetica was an epithet of 
merit, applied to garments. Martial. 12, ep. 100. 

BiETON, a Greek historian in the age of Al- 
exander. 

Bagistame, a delightful country of Media. 
Diod 17. 

Bagistanes, a friend of Bessus, whom he 
abandoned when he murdered Darius. Curt. 

5, c 13. 

Bagoas and Bagosas, an Egyptian eunuch 
in the court of Artaxerxes Ochus, so powerful 
that nothing could be done without his consent. 
He led some troops against the Jews, and pro- 
faned their temple He poisoned Ochus, gave 
his flesh to cats, and made knife handles with 
his bones, because he had killed the god Apis. 
He placed on the throne Arses, the y< ingest of 
the slaughtered prince's children, and afterwards 
put him to death. He was at last killed, B. C. 
335. by Darius, whom, after raising to the crown, 
he had attempted to poison. Diod. 16 and 17. 

Another, greatly esteemed by Alexander. 

He was the cause that one of the satraps was 
put to death by the most excruciating torments. 

Curt. 10, c. 1. — Plut. in Jllex. The name 

of Bagoas occurs very frequently in the Persian 
history; and it seems that most of the eunuchs 
of the monarchs of Persia were generally known 
by that appellation. 

Bagodares, a friend of Bessus, whom he 
abandoned when he attempted the life of Da- 
rius Diod. 17. 

Bagophanes, a governor of Babylon, who 
when Alexander approached the city, strewed 
all the streets and burned incense on the altars, 
&c. Curt. 5, c. 1 

Baguada, now Megerda, a river of Africa 
near Utica, where Regulus killed a serpent 120 
feet long. Plin. 8, c. 14. 



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Baia, a city of Campania near the sea, 
founded by Baius, one of the companions of 
Ulysses. It was famous for its delightful situa- 
tion and baths, where n»any of the Roman 
senators had country houses. Its ancient gran- 
deur, however, bas now disappeared, and Baiae, 
with its magnificent villas, has yielded to the 
tremendous earthquakes which afflict and con- 
vulse Italy, and it is no longer to be found. 
Martial. 14, ep. 81. — Horat. 1, ep. I. — Slrab. 5. 

Bala, a surname of Alexander king of Sy- 
ria. Justin. 35, c. I. 

Balacrus, an officer in Alexander's army, 

who took Miletus. Curt. 4, c> 13. Another 

officer, who commanded some auxiliaries. Id. 
4, c. 5. 

Balanagr^e, a town of Cyrene. Paus. 2, 
c. 26. 

Balanea, a town between Syria and Phoe- 
nicia. Piin. 5, c. 20. 

Balanus, a prince of Gaul, who assisted the 
Romans in their Macedonian war, A. U. C. 
581.— Liv. 44, c 14. 

Balari, a people of Sardinia. Liv. 41, c. 6. 

C. Balbillus, a learned and benevolent 
man, governor of Egypt, of which he wrote the 
history, under Nero. Tacit. Ann. 13, c 22. 

Balbinus, an admirer of Agna, mentioned 

Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 40 -A Roman, who, 

after governing provinces with credit and honour, 
assassinated the Gordians, and seized the purple. 
He was some time after murdered by his sol- 
diers, A. D. 238. 

Balbus, a mountain of Africa, famous for the 
retreat of Masinissa, after he had fought a bat- 
tle against Syphax. 

L. Balbus, a lawyer, &c. one among the 

pupils of Scaevola. A man killed by the 

assassins of the triumvirs. 

Baleares, three islands in the Mediterra- 
nean, modernly called Majorca, Minorca, and 
Yvica, on the coast of Spain. The word is de- 
rived from Cclwuv to throw, because the inhabi- 
tants were expert archers and stingers, besides 
great pirates We are told by Floras, that the 
mothers never gave their children breakfast be- 
fore they had struck with an arrow a certain 
mark in a tree. When a woman was married, 
she was not admitted to her husband's bed be- 
fore she had received the embraces of all her 
relations. The inhabitants were naturally of a 
lascivious propensity, and in their wars they re- 
quired nothing but females and wine, and often 
changed four men for one woman Strab. 14. — 
Flor. 3, c S.—Diod. 5. 

Baletus, a son of Hippo, who first founded 
Corinth. Patercul. 1, c. 3. 

B alius, a horse of Achilles. Homer. II. 16, 
v. 146. 

Balista, a mountain of Liguria. Liv. 40, 
c 41. 

Ballonoti, a people of European Sarmatia. 
Flacc. 6, v. 160. 

Balne^e, {baths) were very numerous at 
Rome, private as well as public. In the ancient 
times simplicity was observed, but in the age of 
the emperors they became expensive; they were 
used after walking, exercise, or labour, and 
were deemed more necessary than luxurious. 



Under the emperors it became so fashionable to 
bathe, that without this the meanest of the peo- 
ple seemed to be deprived of one of the neces- 
saries of life. There were certain hours of the 
day appointed for bathing, and a small piece of 
money admitted the poorest as well as the most 
opulent. In the baths there were separate apart- 
ments for the people to dress and to undress; 
and, after they had bathed, they commonly 
covered themselves, the hair was plucked out of 
the skin, and the body rubbed over with a pumice 
stoue, and perfumed to render it smooth and 
fair. The Roman emperors generally built 
baths, and all endeavoured to eclipse each other 
in the magnificence of the building. It is said, 
that Dioclesian employed 40,000 of his soldiers 
in building his baths; and when they were 
finished, he destroyed all the workmen. Alex- 
ander Severus first permitted the people to use 
them in the night, and he himself often bathed 
with the common people. For some time both 
sexes bathed promiscuously and without shame, 
and the edicts of the emperors proved abortive 
for a while in abolishing that indecent custom, 
which gradually destroyed the morals of the 
people. They generally read in bathing, and 
we find many compositions written in the midst 
of this luxurious enjoyment. 

Balventius, a centurion of great valour in 
Caesar's army, killed by Ambiorix. Cos. Bell. 
Gall. 5, c. 35. 

Baltras, a river of Peloponnesus. Paus. 
4, c. 33. 

Bamuru^:, a oeople of Libya, Ital. 3, v. 
303. 

Bantia, now St. Maria de Vanse, a town of 
Apulia, whence Banlinus. Horat. 3, od. 4. 
v. 15. 

L. Bantius, a gallant youth of Nola, whom 
Annibal found, after the battle of Cannae, al- 
most dead amongst the heap of slain. He was 
sent back home with great humanity, upon 
which he resolved to betray his country to so 
generous an enemy. Marcellus the Roman 
general heard of it, and rebuked Bantius, who 
continued firm and faithful to the interest of 
Rome. Liv. 35, c. 15. 

Baphyrus, a river of Macedonia. Liv. 44, 
c. 6. 

BaptjE, the priests of Cotytto, the goddess 
of lasciviousness and debauchery at Athens. 
Her festivals were celebrated in the night, and 
so infamous and obscene was the behaviour of 
the priests, that they disgusted even Cotytto 
herself, though the goddess of obscenity. The 
name is derived from 6Wts/v to wash, because 
the priests bathed themselves in the most ef- 
feminate manner. Juv. 2, v. 91. A comedy 

of Eupolis, in which men are introduced danc- 
ing on the stage, with all the indecent gestures 
of common prostitutes. 

Barjei, a people of Colchis and Iberia, who 
burnt thu bodies of their friends who died by 
disease, but gave to the fowls of the air such as 
fell in war-- JElian. de Jlnim. 10, c. 22. 

Barathrum, a deep and obscure gulf at 
Athens, where criminals were thrown. — The 
word is applied to the infernal regions by Val. 
Flacc. 2, v. 86 and 192. 



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Barbari, a name originally applied to those 
who spoke inelegantly, or with harshness and 
difficulty. The Greeks and Romans generally 
called all nations, except their own, by the des- 
picable name of barbarians. 

Barbaria, a river of Macedonia. Liv. 44, 
c. 31. A name given to Phrygia and Troy. 
Horat. 1, ep 2, v. 7. 

Barbatus, the surname of a Roman family. 
Suet. CI. 21. 

Barbosthenes, a mountain of Peloponnesus, 
10 miles from Sparta. Liv. 35, c. 27. 

Barbythacje, a city of Persia. Plin. 6, 
C. 27. 

Barca, a friend of Cato the elder. Plut. 
in Cat. 

Barcxi, or Barcit^e, a warlike nation of 
Africa, near Carthage. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 43. 
Barce, the nurse of Sichaeus. Virg. JEn. 

4, v. 632. A large country of Africa 

Also a city about nine miles from the sea, found- 
ed by the brothers of Arcesilaus king of Cy- 
rene, 515 years before the christian era. Stra- 
bo says, that in his age it was called Ptolemais; 
but this arises because most of the inhabitants 
retired to Ptolemais, which was on the sea-coast, 
to enrich themselves by commerce. Strab. 17. 

— Ptol. 4, c. 4. A small village of Bactriana, 

where the people who had been taken prisoners 
by Darius in Africa, were confined. Hercdot. 

4, c. 204. A city of Media. Justin. 1, c. 7. 

Barcha, the surname of a noble family at 
Carthage, of which Annibal and Hamilcar were 
descended By means of their bribes and in- 
fluence, they excited a great faction, which is 
celebrated in the annals of Carthage by the 
name' of the Barchinian faction, and at last 
raised themselves to power, and to the inde- 
pendent disposal of all the offices of trust or 
emolument in the state. Liv. 21, c. 2 and 9. 

Bard^ei, a people of lllyricum, concerned in 
the factions of Marius. Pint, in Mario. 

Bardi, a celebrated sacerdotal order among 
the ancient Gaals, who praised their heroes, 
and published their fame in their verses, or on 
musical instruments- They were so esteemed 
and, respected by the people, that, at their sight, 
two armies who were engaged in battle laid 
down their arms, and submitted to their orders. 
They censured, as well as commended, the be- 
haviour of the people. Lucan. 1, v. 447. — 
Strab. 4 —Marcell. 15, c. 24. 

Barbylljs, an lllyrian prince, whose daugh- 
ter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus. Plut. in 
Pyrrh. 

Bareas Soranus, a youth killed by his tutor 
Egnatius, a stoic philosopher. Juv. 3, v. 116. 
Bares, a naval officer of Persia, who wished 
to destroy Cyrene, but was opposed by Amasis. 
Herodot. 4, c. 203. 

Bargush, a people of Spain, at the east of 
the lberus. Liv. 21, c. 19. 
Bargyli.e, a town of Caria. 
Barine, a prostitute whom Horace accuses of 
perjury. 2, od. 8. 

Barisses, one of the seven conspirators 
against the usurper Srnerdis. Ctesias. 

Barium, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatic, 
now called Bari, and remarkable for its fine 



fish. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 97. 

Barnuus, a town of Macedonia, near Hera- 
clea. Strab. 7. 

Barrus, a man ridiculed by Horace as proud 
of his beauty, horat. 1, Sat. 6, v. 30. 

Barsine and Barsene, a daughter of Da- 
rius, who married Alexander, by whom she had 
a son called Hercules. Cassander ordered her 
and her child to be put to death. Justin.'l3 y c. 
2, I. 15, c. 2. — JJrrian. 

Barzaentes, a satrap who revolted from 
Alexander, &.c. Curt. 8, c. 13. 

Barzanes, a king of Armenia, tributary to 
Ninus. Diod. 2. 

Basilea, a daughter of Ccelus and Terra, 

who was mother of all the gods. Dioa. 3. 

An island at the north of Gaul, famous for its 

amber. Diod. 5. An island in the Euxine 

sea. Plin. 4, c. 13. 

BasilIdjE, European Sarraatians, descended 
from Hercules and Echidna. Mela. 2, c. 1 . 

Basilides, the father of Herodotus, who, 
with others, attempted to destroy Strattes, ty- 
rant of Chios. Heiodot. 8, c. 132. A fami- 
ly who held an oligarchical power at Erytbra?. 

Strab. 14. A priest of mount Carmel, who 

foretold many momentous events to Vespasian, 
when he offered sacrifices. Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 
87. — Sueion in J esp. 7. 

Basilipotamos, the ancient name of the 
Eurotas. Strab. 6. 

Basilis, an historian who wrote concern- 
ing India. Jlthen A city of Arcadia, built 

by Cypselus, near the river Alpheus. Pans. 
8, c. 29. 

Basilius, a river of Mesopotamia falling 

into the Euphrates. Strab. A celebrated 

bishop of Africa, very animated against the 
Arians, whose tenets and doctrines he refuted 
with warmth, but great ability. He was elo- 
quent as well as ingenious, and possessed of all 
those qualities which constitute the persuasive 
orator, and the elegant writer. Erasmus has 
placed him in the number of the greatest ora- 
tors of antiquity. He died in his 51st year, 
A. D. 379. The latest edition of his works is 
that of the Benedictines, fol. Paris, 172 J. 
Basilus,, a general who assisted Antony. 

Lucan. 4, v. 416. An insignificant lawyer, 

Juv. 7, v. 146. A pretor who plundered the 

provinces, Id. 10, v. 222. 

Bass.s, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo 
had a temple Paus 8, c. 30 and 41. 

Bassania, a town of Macedonia, near lllyri- 
cum, Liv. 44. c. 30. 

Bassareus, a surname of Bacchus, from the 
dress or long robe, called Bassaris, which his 
priests were. Horat l,od. 18. 

Bassarides, a name given to the votaries of 
Bacchus, and to Agave by Persius, which seems 
derived from Bassara, a town of Lybia sacred 
to the god, or from a particular dress worn by 
his priestesses, and so called by the Thracians. 
Persius 1, v. 101. 

Bassus Aufidius, an historian in the age of 
Augustus, who wrote on the Germanic war. 

QuintU. 10, c. 1. Caesius, a lyric poet in 

Nero's age, to whom Persius addressed his 6th 
Satire. Some of his verses are extant. 



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Julius, an orator in the reign of Augustus, some 
of whose orations have been preserved by 

Seneca. A man spoken of by Horace 1, od. 

36, v. 14, and described as fond of wine and 
women. 

Bastarn^e and Bastern^e, a people of Eu- 
ropean Sarmatia, destroyed by a sudden storm 
as they pursued the Thracians. Liv. 40, v. 58. 
— Ovid. Trist.2, v. 198.— Slrab. 7. 

Bastia, the wife of Metellus. Liv. ep. 89. 

Bata, a sea-port of Asia, on the Euxine, 
opposite Sinope. Strab. 6. 

Batavi, a people of Germany, who inhabited 
that part of the. continent known under the mo- 
dern name of Holland, and cailed by the an- 
cients Batavorum insula. Liv. 4, c. 15. — 
Lucan. 1, v. 431. 

Bathos, a river near the Alpheus. Paus. S, 
c. 29. 

Bathtcles, a celebrated artist of Magnesia. 
Paus. 3, c. 19. 

Bathyllus, a beautiful youth of Samos, 
greatly beloved by Poiycrates the tyrant, and by 

Anacreon. Horat. ep. 14, v. 9. -Mecaenas 

was also fond of a youth of Alexandria, of the 

same name. Juv. 6, v. 63. The poet who 

claimed as his own Virgil's distich, Node pluit 
totd, &c. bore also the same name. A foun- 
tain of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 31. 

Lent. Batiatus, a man of Campania, who 
kept a house full of gladiators, who rebelled 
against him. Plut. in Cras. 

Batia, a naiad who married (Ebalus. Jlpol- 

lod. 3, c. 10. A daughter of Teucer, who 

married Dardanus. Id. 

BatIna and BantTna. Vid Bantia, 

Batis, an eunuch, governor of Gaza, who, 
upon being unwilling to yield, was dragged 
round the city tied by the heels to Alexander's 
chariot. Curt 4, c. 6. 

Bato, a Dardanian, who revolted to Rome, 
from king Philip. Liv. 31, c, 28. 

Baton, of Sinope, wrote commentaries on 

the Persian affairs. Sirab. 12. A charioteer 

of Ampbiaraus. Paus. 5, c. 17. 

Batrachomvomachia, a poem, describing 
the fight between frogs and mice, written by 
Homer, which has been printed sometimes se- 
parately from the Iliad and Odyssey. The 
best edition of it is Maittaire's 8vo. London, 
1721. 

Battiades, a patronymic of Callimachus, 
from his father Baltus. Ovid, in Ibin. v. 53. 

A name given to the people of Cyrene 

from king Battus. Hal. 3, v. 253. 

Battis, a girl celebrated by Philetas the ele- 
giac poet. Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 5. 

Battus 1st, a Lacedaemonian who built the 
town of Cyrene, B. C. 630, with a colony from 
the island of Thera. He was son of Polym- 
nestus and Phronime, and reigned in the town 
he had founded, and after death received divine 
honours. The difficulty with which he spoke 
first procured him the name of Battus. Herodot. 

4, c. 155, &c— Paus. 10, c. 15. The 2d of 

that name was grandson to Battus 1st, by Arce- 
silaus. He succeeded his father on the throne 
of Cyrene, and was surnamed Felix, and died 
544 B. C. Herodot. 4, c. 159, &c. A shep- 



herd of Pylos, who promised Mercury that he 
would not discover his having stolen the flocks 
of Admetus, which Apollo tended- He violated 
his promise, and was turned into a pumice stone. 

Ovid. Met. 2, v. 702 A general of Corinth 

against Athens. Thucyd. 4, c. 43. A buf- 
foon of Cagsar's. Plut. Symp. 6. 

Batulum, a town of Campania, whose in- 
habitants assisted Turnus against ./Eneas. Virg. 
Mix. 7, v. 739. 

Batulus, a surname of Demosthenes, from 
his effeminacy when young. Plut. in Demost. 

Batyllus, a celebrated dancer in Domitian's 
reign. Juv. 6, v. 63. 

Baubo, a woman who received Ceres when 
she sought her daughter all over the world, and 
gave her some water to quench her thirst. Ovid. 
Met. 5, fab. 7. 

Baucis, an old woman of Phrygia, who with 
her husband Philemon, lived in a small cottage, 
in a penurious manner, when Jupiter and Mer- 
cury travelled in disguise over Asia. The gods 
came to the cottage, where they received the 
best things it afforded;. and Jupiter was so pleas- 
ed with their hospitality, that he metamorphosed 
their dwelling into a magnificent temple, of which, 
Baucis and her husband were made priests. Af- 
ter they had lived happy to an extreme old age, 
they died both at the same hour, according to 
their request to Jupiter, that one might not have 
the sorrow of following the other to the grave. 
Their bodies were changed into trees before the 
doors of the temple. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 631, &c. 

Bavius and M^sevius, two stupid and malevo- 
lent poets in the age of Augustus, who attacked 
the superior talents of the contemporary writers. 
Virg. Eel. 3. 

Bauli, a small town of Latium, near Baia?. 
Ital. 12, v. 155. 

Bazaentes, a friend of Bessus, &c. 

Bazaria, a country. of Asia. Curt 8, c. 1. 

Bebius, a famous informer in Vespasian's 
reign. Juv. 1, v. 35 Vid. Baebius. 

Bebriacum, now Caneto, a village between 
Cremona and Verona, where Vitellius overcame 
Otho. Juv. 2, v. 106— Tacit. 3, Hist. 1, c. 15. 

Berbryce, a daughter of Danaus, who is said 
to have spared her husband. Most authors, how- 
ever, attribute that character of humanity to Hy- 
permnestra. Vid. Danaides. 

Bebryces, and Bebrycii, a nation of Asia, 
near Pontus, of Thracian origin, and according 
to Arrian, descended from Bebryce. They were 
expert in the battle of the cestus. The Argo- 
nauts touched on their coast in their expedition 
to Colchis. Apollod- 1. — Strab. 7 and 12. 

Bebrycia, an ancient name of Bithynia, from 
Bebryce the daughter of Danaus. Strab. 13. — 
Virg. JEn. 5, v. 373. 

Belemina, a town of Laconia. Pavs. 3, c. 
21. 

Belenus, a divinity of the Gauls, the same 
as the Apoilo of the Greeks, and the Orus of 
the Egyptians. 

Belephantes, a Chaldean, who, from his 
knowledge of astronomy, told Alexander that his 
entering Babylon would be attended with fatal 
consequences to him. Diod. 17. 

Belesis, a priest of Babylon, who told Ar- 



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baces governor of Media, that he should reign I 
one day in the place of Sardanapalus. His pro- 
phecy was verified, and he was rewarded by the 
new king with the government of Babylon, B. C. 
826. Diod. 2. 

Belce, a warlike people of ancient Gaul, 
separated from the Celtae by the rivers Matro- 
na and Sequana. Their country, according to 
Strabo, extended from the Rhine to the river 
modernly called the Loire. Cces. de Bell. Gall. 
] and 2 

Belgica, one of the four provinces of Gaul 
near the Rhine. 

Belgium, the capital of Gallia Belgica. The 
word is often used to express the whole country. 
Cces. Bell Gall 5, c. 24. 

Belgius, a general of Gaul, who destroyed 
an army of Macedonians. Justin. 23, c. 2. — 
Polyb. 2. 

Belides, a surname given to the daughters of 
Belus. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 463. 

Belides, a name applied to Palamedes, as 
descended from Belus. Firg JEn. 2, v. 82. 

Belisama, the name of Minerva among the 
Gauls, signifying queen of heaven. Cces. Bell. 
Gall. 6. 

Belisarius, a celebrated general, who, in a 
degenerate and an effeminate age, in the reign 
of Justinian emperor of Constantinople, renew- 
ed all the glorious victories, battles, and tri- 
umphs, which had rendered the first Romans so 
distinguished in the time of their republic. He 
died, after a life of military glory, and the trial 
of royal ingratitude, in the 565th year of the 
christian era. The story of his begging charity, 
with date obolum Belisano is said to be a fabri- 
cation of modern times. 

Belistida, a woman who obtained a prize at 
Olympia. Paus. 5, c. 8. 

Belit^i, a nation of Asia. Curt. 4, c. 12. 

Bellerophon, son of Glaucus, king of 
Ephyre, by Eurymede, was at first called Hip- 
ponous. The murder of his brother, whom some 
call Alcimenus and Beller, procured him the 
name of Bellerophon, or murderer of Beller. After 
this murder, Bellerophon fled to the court of 
Proetus king of Argos. As he was of a hand- 
some appearance, the king's wife, called Antsea 
or Stenoboea, fell in love with him; and as he 
slighted her passion, she accused him before her 
husband of attempts upon her virtue. Picetas, 
unwilling to violate the laws of hospitality, by 
punishing Bellerophon, sent him away to his 
father-in-law Jobates king of Lycia, and gave 
him a letter, in which he begged the king to 
punish with death a man who had so dishonour- 
ably treated his daughter. From that circum- 
stance, all letters which are of an unfavourable 
tendency to the bearer, have been called letters 
of Bellerophon. Jobates, to satisfy his son-in-law, 
sent Bellerophon to conquer a horrible mouster 
called Chimaera, in which dangereus expedition 
he hoped, and was even assured, he must perish. 
[Fid Chimaera.] But the providence of Minerva 
supported him, and, with the aid of the winged 
horse Pegasus, he conquered the monster, and 
returned victorious. After this Jobates sent him 
against the Solymi, in hopes of seeing him de- 
stroyed; but he obtained another victory, and 



conquered afterwards the Amazons, by the king's 
order. At his return from this third expedition, 
he was attacked by a party sent against him by 
Jobates; but he destroyed all his assassins, and 
convinced the king that innocence is always pro- 
tected by the gods. Upon this, Jobates n/> longer 
sought to destroy his life; but he gave him his 
daughter in marriage, and made him his succes- 
sor ou the throne of Lycia, as he was without 
male issue. Some authors have supported, that 
he attempted to fly to heaven upon the horse Pe- 
gasus, but that Jupiter sent an insect, which 
stung the horse, and threw down the rider, who 
wandered upon the earth in the greatest melan- 
choly and dejection till the day of his death, one 
generation before the Trojan war. Bellerophon 
had two sons, lsander, who was killed in his war 
against the Solymi, and Hippolochus, who suc- 
ceeded to the throne after his death, besides one 
daughter called Hippodamia, who had Sarpedon 
by Jupiter. The wife of Bellerophon is called 
Philonoe by Apollodorus, and Achemone by Ho- 
mer. Homer. II. 6, v. 156, &c. — Juv. 10. — 
Jlpollod. 2, c. 3, 1. 3, c. l.—Hygin fab. 157 
and 243. P. A. 2, c. 18.— Hesiod. Theog. v. 
325,—Horat. 4, od. 11, v. 26.— Potts. 9, c. 31. 

Bellerus and Belles., a brother of Hippo- 
nous. Fid. Bellerophon. 

Bellienus, a Roman, whose house was set 
on flames at Caesar's funeral. Cic. 2, Phil. c. 
36. 

Bellona, the goddess of war, daughter to 
Phorcys and Ceto, was called by the Greeks 
Enyo. and often confoinded with Minerva. She 
was anciently called Duelliona, and was the sis- 
ter of Mars, or, according to others, his daugh- 
ter, or his wife. She prepared the chariot of 
Mars, when he was going to war; and she ap- 
peared in battles armed with a whip, to animate 
the combatants, with dishevelled hair, and a 
torch in her hand. The Romans paid great 
adoration to her; but she was held in the great- 
est veneration by the Cappadocians, and chiefly 
at Comana, where she had above 3000 priests. 
Her temple at Rome was near the Porta Car- 
mentalis. In it the senators gave audience to 
foreign ambassadors, and to generals returned 
from war. At the gate was a small column, 
called the column of ioar, against which they 
threw a spear whenever war was declared against 
an enemy. The priests of this goddess conse- 
crated themselves by great incisions in their 
body, and particularly in the thigh, of which 
they received the blood in their hands to offer 
as a sacrifice to the goddess. In their wild en- 
thusiasm they often predicted bloodshed and 
wars, the defeat of enemies, or the besieging of 
towns. Juv. 4, v. 124. — Farro de L. L. 5. — 
Hesiod. Theog. v. 270. — Paus. 4, c 30. — Firg. 
JEn. 8, v. 703.— Stat. Theb. 2, v. 718, 1. 7, v. 
IS.—Ital. 5, v. 221. 

Bellonarii, the priests of Bellona. 

Bellovaci, a people of Gaul conquered by 
J. Caesar. They inhabited the modern Beau- 
vais in the isle of France. Cozs. Bell. 2, c. 4. 

Bellovesus, a king of the Celtae, who, in 
the reign of Tarquin Priscus was sent at the 
head of a colony to Italy by his uncle Ambiga- 
tus. Liv. 5, c. 34. 



BE 



BE 



Belon, a general of Alexander's. Curt. 6, 

e. 11. A city and river of Hispania Baetica. 

Strab. 3. 

Belus, one of the most ancient kings of Baby- 
lon, about 1800 years before the age of'Semi- 
ramis, was made a god after death, and wor- 
shipped with much ceremony by the Assyrians 
and Babylonians. He was supposed to be the 
son of the Osiris of the Egyptians. The temple 
of Belus was the most ancient and most magni- 
ficent in the world. It was originally the tower 
of Babel, which was converted into a temple. 
It had lofty towers, and it was enriched by all 
the succeeding monarchs till the age of Xerxes, 
who, after his unfortunate expedition against 
Greece, plundered and demolished it. Among 
the riches it contained, were many statues of 
massy gold, one of which was 40 feet high. In 
the highest of the towers was a magnificent bed, 
where the priests daily conducted a woman, who, 
as they said, was honoured with the company of 
the god. Joseph. Ant. Jud. 10. — Herodot. 1, c. 
181, &c— Strab. U.—Arrian l.—Diod. 1, 

&c. A king of Egypt, son of Epaphus and 

Libya, and father of Agenor. — '■ — Another son 
of Phoenix the son of Agenor, who reigned in 

Phoenicia. A river of Syria, where glass was 

first invented. Plin. 5, c. 19. 

Benacus, a lake of Italy, now Lago di Gar- 
da, from which the Mincius flows into the Po. 
Virg. G. 2, v. 160. JEn. 10, v. 205. 

Bendidium, a temple of Diana Bendis, Liv. 
38, c. 41. 

Bendis, a name of Diana among the Thra- 
cians and their northern neighbours. Strab. 9.' 
Her festivals, called Bendidia, were intro- 
duced from Thrace into Athens. 

Beneventum, a town of" the Hirpini, built 
by Diomedes, 28 miles from Capua. Its ori- 
ginal name was Maleventum, changed into the 
more auspicious word of Beneventum, when the 
Romans had a colony there. It abounds in re- 
mains of ancient sculpture above any other town 
in Italy. Plin. 3, c. M. 

Benthesictme, a daughter of Neptune, the 
nurse of Eumolpus. ' Apollod. 3, c. 15. 

Bepolitanus, a youth whose life was saved 
by the delay of the executioner, who wished 
not to stain the youth's fine clothes with blood. 
Pint, de Virt. Mul. 

Berbicje, a nation who destroyed their re- 
lations when arrived at a certain age. JElian. 
V. H. 4, c. 1. 

Ber^ea, a town of Syria, 90 miles from the 
sea, and 100 from the Euphrates, now called 
Aleppo. 

Berecynthia, a surname of Cybele, from 
mount Berecynthus in Phrygia, where she was 
particularly worshipped. She has been celebra- 
ted in a poem by Catullus Diod. 5. — Stat. 
Theb. 4, v. 182.— Virg. JEn. 9, v. 82. 

Berenice and Beronice, a woman famous 
for her beauty, mother of Ptolemy 1 Philadelphus 
byLagus. JElian. V. H. 14, c. 43. — Theocril. — 

Pans. 1, c. 7. A daughter of Philadelphus, 

who married Anliochus king of Syria, after he 
had divorced Laodice, his former wife. After 
the death of Philadelphus, Laodice was Recalled, 
and mindful of the treatment she had received, 



she poisoned her husband, placed her son on the 
vacant throne, and murdered Berenice and her 
child at Antioch, where she had fled, B C. 248. 
■A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who usurp- 



ed her lather's throne for some time, strangled 
her husband Seleucus, and married Archelaus 
a priest of Belloua. Her father regained his 

power, and put her to death, B. C. 55. The 

wife of Mithridates, who, when conquered by 
Lucullus, ordered all his wives to destroy them- 
selves, for fear the conqueror should offer vio- 
lence to them. She accordingly drank poison, 
but this not operating soon enough, she was 

strangled by an eunuch. The mother of 

Agrippa, who shines in the history of the Jews, 

as daughter-in-law of Herod the Great. A 

daughter of Agrippa, who married her uncle 
Herod, and afterwards Polemon king of Cilicia. 
She was accused by Juvenal of committing in- 
cest with her brother Agrippa. It is said that 
she was passionately loved by Titus, who would 
have made her empress but for fear of the peo- 
ple. A wife of king Attalus. Another, 

daughter of Philadelphus and Arsinoe, who mar- 
ried her own brother Evergetes, whom she loved 
with much tenderness. When he went on a dan- 
gerous expedition, she vowed all the hair of her 
head to the goddess Venus, if he returned. Some 
time after his victorious return, the locks which 
were in the temple of Venus disappeared; and 
Conon, an astronomer, to make his court to the 
queen, publicly reported that Jupiter had earned 
them away, and had made them a constellation. 
She was put to death by her son, B. C. 221. 
Catull 61.—Hygin P. A. 2, c. 24.— Justin. 

26, c. 3 This name is common to many of 

the queens and princesses in the Ptolemean fa- 
mily in Egypt. A city of Libya. Strab. — 

Mela, 3. c 8. Two towns of Arabia. Strab. 

16 One in Egypt, on the Red sea, where 

the ships from India generally landed their car- 
goes. Plin. 6, c. 23. Another near the 

Syrtes, &c. Id. 17. 

Berenicis, a part of Africa, near the town 
of Berenice. Lucan. 9, v. 523. 

Bergion and Albion, two giants, sons of Nep- 
tune, who opposed Hercules as he attempted to 
cross the Rhone, and were killed with stones 
from heaven. Mela, 2, c. 5. 

Bergistani, a people of Spain, at the east of 
the Iberus. Liv 34, c. 16. 

Beris and Baris, ariverof Cappadocia. 

A mountain of Armenia • 

Bermius, a mountain of Macedonia. Hero- 
dot. 8, c. 138. 

Beroe, an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse to 
Semcle. Juno assumed her shape when she 
persuaded Semcle not to grant her favours to 
Jupiter, if he did not appear in the majesty of 

a god. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 278. Tbe'wife of 

Doryclus, whose form was assumed by Iris at 
the instigation of Juno, when she advised the 
Trojan women to burn the fleet of iEneas in 

Sicily. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 620. One of the 

Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene. Virg. G. 
4, v 341. 

Berea, a town of Thessaly. Cic. Pis. 36. 

Bero>:ice. Vid. Berenice. 

Berosus, a native of Babylon, priest to Be- 



BI 



BI 



l$s. He passed into Greece, and remained a 
long time at Athens. He composed an history 
of Chaldea, and signalized himself by his as- 
tronomical predictions, and was rewarded for 
his learning with a statue in the gymnasium at 
Athens. The age in which he lived is not pre- 
cisely known, though some fix it in the reign of 
Alexander, or 268 years B. C. Some fragments 
of his Chaldean history are preserved by Jose- 
phus, contra Jppian. &f in Jintiq. Jud. 105. The 
book that is now extant under his name, and 
speaks of kings that never existed, is a supposi- 
titious fabrication. 

Berrhosa, a town of Macedonia. Thucyd. 
l,c. 61. 

Berytus, now Berut, an ancient town of 
Phoenicia, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 
famous in the age of Justinian for the study of 
law. Plin 5, c. 20. 

Besa, a fountain in Thessaly. Strab. 8. 

Besidije, a town of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c 19. 

Besippo, a town of Hispahia Baetica, where 
Mela was born. Mela, 2, c. 6 : 

Bessi, a people of Thrace, on the left side 
of the Strymon, who lived upon rapine. Ovid. 
Trist. 4, el. 1, v 67.— Herodot. 7, c 111. 

Bessus, a governor of Bactriana, who, after 
the battle of Arbela, seized Darius, his sove- 
reign, and put him to death. After this mur- 
der, he assumed the title of king, and was some- 
time after brought before Alexander, who gave 
him to Oxatres, the brother of Darius. The 
prince ordered his hands aod ears to be cut off, 
and his body to be exposed on a cross, and shot 
at by the soldiers. Justin. 12, c 5 — Curt. 6 
and 7. A parricide who discovered the mur- 
der he had committed, upon destroying a nest of 
swallows, which, as he observed, reproached 
him of his crime. Plat. 

L Bestia, a seditious Roman, who conspi- 
red with Catiline against his country. Cic 2, 
in Phil. 

Betis, a river in Spain. Fid. Bzetis. A 

governor of Gaza, who bravely defended him- 
self against Alexander, for which he was treat- 
ed with cruelty by the conqueror. 

Beturia, a country in Spain. 

"Bia, a daughter of Pallas by Styx. Jipollod. 
1, c. 2. 

Bianor, a son of Tiberius and Manto the 
daughter of Tiresias, who received the surname 
of Ocnus, and reigned over Etruria. He built 
a town which he called Mantua, after his mo- 
ther's name. His tomb was seen in the age of 
Virgil on the road between Mantua and Andes. 

Virg. Eel. 9, v. 60. A Trojan chief killed 

by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 11, v. 92. -A 

centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 
342. 

Bias, son of Amythaon and Idomene, was 
king of Argos, and brother to the famous sooth- 
sayer Melampus. He fell in love with Perone, 
daughter of Neleus king of Pylos; but the father 
refused to give his daughter in marriage before 
he received the oxen of Iphiclus. Melampus, 
at his brother's request, went to seize the oxen, 
and was caught in the fact. He, however, one 
year after received his liberty from Iphiclus, who 
presented him with his oxen as a reward for his 



great services. Bias received the oxen from Ms 
brother, and obliged Neleus to give him his 
daughter in marriage. Homer. Od. 11. — Pans. 

2, c 6 ^nd 18, 1 4, c M.—Apollod. 1, c. 9. 

A Grecian prince, who went to the Trojan war* 
Homer II. 4 >v . 13 and 20. A river of Pe- 
loponnesus Pa**. 4 , c. 34 One of the severs 

wise men of Greece, son to Teutamtdas, bom 
at Priene, which he tong saved from ruin. He 
flourished B. C. 566, and died in the arms of 
his grandson, who begged a favour of him for 
one of his friends.— L'iog. l.—Plut. in Symp, 
— VaL Max. 7, c. 2.— Pans. 10, c. 24. 

Bibaculus, (M. Furius) a Latin poet, in the 
age of Cicero. He composed annals in Iambic 
verses, and wrote epigrams full of wit and hu- 
mour, and other poems now lost. Horat. 2, Sat. 
6, v. 41. — Qjuintil. 10. — —A praetor, &c. VaL 
Max. 1, c. 1. 

Biblia and Billia, a Roman lady famous for 
her chastity. She married Duillius. 

Biblis, a woman who became enamoured of 
her brother Caunus, and was changed into a foun- 
tain near Miletus. Ovid Met. 9, v. 662. 

Biblina, a country of Thrace. 

Biblus, a city of Phoenicia. Curt. 4, 

BibractEj a large town of the ZEdui in Gaul, 
where Caesar often wintered. Caes. Bell. G. 1, 
c. 55, &c. 

Bibulus, a son of M. Calpurnius Bibulus by 
Portia, Cato's daughter He was Caesar's col- 
league in the consulship, but of no consequence 
in the state, according to this distich mentioned 
by Suelon. in Jul. c. 20. 

Non Bibulo quicquam nuper, sed Coesarefac* 
turn est: 

Nam Bibulo fieri consule nil memini.-' — One 
of the friends of Horace bore that name. 1 Sat. 
10, v. 86 

Bices, a marsh near the Palus Mosotis. Flacc. 
6, v. 68. 

Eicon, a Greek who assassinated Atheno- 
dorus, because he made himself master of a 
colony which Alexander had left at Bactra. 
Curt. 9, c. 7. 

Bicorniger, a surname of Bacchus. 

Bicornis, the name of Alexander among the 
Arabians. 

Biformis, (two forms,) a surname of Bacchus 
and Janus Bacchus received it because he 
changed himself into an old woman to fly from 
the persecution of Juno, or perhaps because he 
was represented sometimes as a young, and some- 
times as an old man. 

Bifrons. a surname of Janus, because he was 
represented with two faces among the Romans, 
as acquainted with the past and future. Virg. 
Mn. 7, v. 180. 

Bilbilis, a town of Celtiberia, where Mar- 
tial was born Mart. 1, ep. 50. A river of 

Spain. Justin. 44, c. 3. 

Bimater, a surname of Bacchus, which sig- 
nifies that he had two mothers, because when he 
was taken from his mother's womb, he was placed 
in the thigh of his father Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 
4, v. 12. 

Bingium, a town of Germany. Tacit. Hist. 
4, c. 70. 

Bionj a philosopher and sophist of Borya* 



BI 



BO 



thenes in Scythia, who rendered himself famous 
for his knowledge of poetry, music, and philo- 
sophy, tie made every body the object of cis 
satire, and rendered his compositions distinguish- I 
ed for clearness of expression, for factiousness, 
wit, and pleasantry. He died 24 J B. C. Diog. 

in V na. A Greek poet of Smyrna, who wrote 

pastorals in an elegant style- Moschus his friend 
and disciple, mentions in an elegiac poem that 
he died by poison, about 300 years B. C. His 
Idyllia are written with elegance and simplicity, 
purity and ease, and they abound with correct 
images, such as the view of the country may in- I 
spire. There are many good editions of this 
poet's works, generally printed with those of, 
Moschus. the best of which is that of Heskin, ■, 

Svo. Oxon. 1748. A soldier in Alexander's! 

army, &c. Curt. 4, c. 13. A native of Pro- 

pontis in the age of Pherecydes. A man of 

Syracuse, who wrote on rhetoric. A native 

of Abdera, disciple to Democritus. He first 
found out that there were certain parts of the 
earth where there were six months of perpetual 

light and darkness alternately. A man of 

Soli, who composed an history of ^Ethiopia. 

Another who wrote nine books on rhetoric, which 
he called by the names of the muses, and hence 
Bionei sermones mentioned by Horat. 2, ep. 2, 
v. 60. — Diog. 4. 

Birrhus. Vid. Coelius. 
Bisalt^, a people of Scythia, or, according 
to some, of Thrace or Macedonia. Their coun- 
try is called Bisaltia. Liv. 45, c. 29. — Plin. 4, 
c. 10. 

Bisaltes, a man of Abydos, &c. Herodot. 
6, c. 26 

Bisaltis, a patronymic of Theophane, by 
whom Neptune, under the form of a ram, had 
the golden ram. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 117. — Hygin. 
fab. 188. 

Bisanthe, a town on the Hellespont. He- 
rodot. 7, c. 137. 

Biston, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built Bis- 
tonia in Thrace, whence the Thracians are often 
called Bistones. Herodot. 7, c. 110. — Plin. 4, 
C 14. — Lucan. 7, v. 569. 

Bistonis, a lake of Thrace, near Abdera. 
Herodot. 7, c. 109. 

B^thus. Vid. Bacchius. 
BiTHYiB, a certain race of women in Scythia, 
whose eyes, as Pliny reports, 1. 7, c. 2, killed 
those who gazed upon them for some timer 

Bithynia, a country of Asia Minor, formerly 
called Bebrycia. It was bounded by the Euxine 
on the north, on the south by Phrygia and Mysia, 
on the west by the Propontis, and the east by Pa- 
phi agonia. The country was first invaded by the 
Thracians, under Bithynus the son of Jupiter, 
who gave it the name of Bithynia. It was once 
a powerful kingdom. Strab 12. — Herodot 7, 
c. 75. — Mela, 1 and 2. According to Pans. 8, 
c. 9, the inhabitants were descended from Man- 
tinea in Peloponnesus. 

Bitias, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and Hiera, 
brought up in a wood sacred to Jupiter. He 
followed the fortune of iEneas, and, with his 
brother, was killed by the Rutuli in Italy. Virg. 
JEn. 9, v. 672, &c. One of Dido's lovers, 



present when iEneas and the Trojan3 were in- 
troduced to the queen. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 742. 

Biton. Vid. Cleobis. 

Bituitus, a king of the Allobroges, conquer- 
ed by a small number of Romans, &c. Val. Max. 
9, c. 6. — Flor. 3, c. 2. 

Bituntum, a town of Spain. Mart. 4, ep. 
55. 

Bituriges, a people of Gaul divided from the 
iEdui by the Ligeris. Cats. Bell. G v 7, c. 21. 

Bituricum, a town of Gaul, formerly the 
capital of the Belgae. Strab. 4. 

Bizia, a citadel near Rhodope belonging to 
the kings of Thrace. Tereus was born there. 

Bl^ina, a fruitful country of Pontus, where 
the general of Mithridates Eupator destroyed 
the forces of Nicomedes the Bithynian. Strab. 
12. 

Bl^sii, two Romans, who killed themselves 
because Tiberius deprived them of the priest- 
hood. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 40. 

Jun. Bl^esus, a governor of Gaul. Tacit. 

Blandenona, a place near Placentia. Cic. 

2, ep. 15, ad Quin. 

Blandusia, a fountain on the borders of the 
country of the Sabines near Mandela, Horace's 
country seat. Horat. 3, Od. 13. 

Blastophcenices, a people of Lusitania. 
Jlppian. 

Blemmyes, a people of Africa, who, as is 
fabulously reported, had no heads, but had the 
eyes and mouth placed in the breast. Mela 7 

1, c. 4. 

Blenina, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 27. 

Blitius Catulintxs, was banished into the 
iEgean sea after Piso's conspiracy, &c. Tacit. 
15, Jinn, c. 71. 

Blucium, a castle where king Dejotarus kept 
his treasures in Bithynia. Strab. 12. 

Boadicea. Vid. Boudicea. 

Bo^e and Boea, a town of Laconia. Paus. 

3, c. 21. 

Boagrius, a river of Locris. Strab. 9. 

Bocalias, a river in the island of Salamis. 

Boccar, a king of Mauritania. Juv. 4, v. 
90, applies the word in a general sense to any 
native of Africa. 

Bocchoris, a wise king and legislator of 
Egypt. Diod. 1. 

Bocchus, a king of Getulia, in alliance with 
Rome, who perfidiously delivered Jugurtha to 
Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius. Sallust. Jug. 
— Paterc. 2, c. 12. 

Boddagnatus, a leader of the Nervii, when 
Caesar made war against them, Cces. Bell. G. 

2, v. 23. 

Boduni, a people of Britain who surrendered 
to Claudius Caesar. Dio. Cass. 60. 

Boea, Vid. Boas. 

Bcebe, a town of Thessaly. Ovid. Met. 7, 
fab. 5. A lake of Crete. . Strab. 9. 

BaiBEis, a lake of Thessaly near mount Ossa. 
Lucan. 7, v. 176. 

BasBiA lex was enacted to elect four pre- 
tors every year. Another to ensure pro- 
prietors in the possession of their lands. 

Another, A. U. C. 571, against using bribes at 
elections. 

BoEDROMiA > an Athenian festival instituted 



BO 



BO 



w commemoration of the assistance which the 
people of Athens received in the reign of Erech- 
theus, from Ion son of Xuthus, when their coun- 
try was invaded by Eumolpus son of Neptune. 
The word is derived a-vo too fionSgofA'civ, com- 
ing to help. Plutarch in Thes. mentions it as 
in commemoration of the victory which Theseus 
obtained over the Amazons in a month, called at 
Athens Boedromion. 

Bceotarcile, the chief magistrates in Bceo- 
tia Liv. 42, c. 43. 

Bceotja, a country of Greece, bounded on 
the north by Phocis, south by Attica, east by 
Euboea, and west by the bay of Corinth. It 
has been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, 
Hyantis, Ogygia, and Cadmeis, and now forms 
a part of Livuiia. It was called Bceotia, from 
Bceotus son of Itonus: or according to others 
a bove, from a cow, by which Cadmus was led 
into the country, where he built Thebes. The 
inhabitants were reckoned rude and illiterate, 
fonuer of bodily strength than of mental excel- 
lence ; yet their country produced many illustrious 
men, such as Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch, &c. 
The mountains of Boeotia, particularly Helicon, 
were frequented by the muses, to whom also 
many of their fountains and rivers were conse- 
crated. Herodot. 2, c. 49, I. 5, c. 57. — Ovid. 
Met. 3, v. 10.— Paws. 9, c. 1, &c— C. JVep. 7, 
C. 11. — Strab. 9. — Justin. 3, c, 6, 1. 8, c. 4 — 
Horat. 2, ep. 1. v. 244. Diod. 19.— Liv- 27, 
c. 30, &c 

Boeotus, a son of Itonus by Menalippe. 
Paus. 9, c 1. 

Bceorobistas, a man who made himself ab- 
solute among the Getae, by the strictness of his 
discipline. Strab. 7. 

Boethius, a celebrated Roman, banished, 
and afterwards punished with death, on a sus- 
picion of a conspiracy, by Theodoric king of the 
Ostrogoths, A. D. 525. It was during his im- 
prisonment that he wrote his celebrated poetical 
treatise de consolalione •philosophic in five books, 
The best edition of his works is that of Hage- 
nau, 4to 1491, or that of L. Bat. 1671, with 
the notis variorum. 

' Boetus, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who wrote 
a poem on the battle of Philippi. Strab. 14. 

A river of Spain, more properly called 

Bcetis. Vid Boetis. 

Boeus, one of the Heraclidae. 

Boges and Boes, a Persian who destroyed 
himself and family when besieged by the Athe- 
nians. Herodot. 7, c. 107. — Paus. 8, c. 8. 

Bogud, a king of Mauritania in the interest 
of Caesar. Ccesar. Alex. 59. 

Bogus, a king of the Maurusii, present at 
the battle of Actium. Strab. 8. 

Boh, a people of Celtic Gaul, who migrated 
into Cisalpine Gaul, and the north of Italy on 
the banks of the Po. Cozs. Bell. G. 1, c. 28, 
1. 7, c. ll.—Sil. 4, v. 158. 

Bojocalus, a general of the Germans in the 
age of Tiberius, &c. Tacit Jinn. 13, c. 55. 

Bola, a town of the iEqui in Italy. Virg. 
-En. 6, v. 775, 

Bolanus. Vid. Bollanus. 

Bolbe, a marsh near Mygdonia. Thucyd. 
1, C. 58. 



Bolbitinum, one of the mouths of the Nile, 
with a town of the same name. Naucrautis 
was built near it. Herodot. 1, c. 17. 

Bolgius, a general of Gaul, in an expedition 
against Ptolemy king of Macedonia. Paws. 
10, c. 19. 

Bolina, a virgin of Achaia, who rejected 
the addresses of Apollo, and threw herself into 
the sea to avoid his importunities. The god 
made her immortal. There is a city which 
bears her name in Achaia. Paws. 7, c. 23. 

BoLiNiEUs, a river near Bolina. Paus. 7, 
c. 23. 

Bolissus, a town and island near Chios. 
Thucxjd. 8, c. 24. 

Bollanus, a man whom Horace represents, 
1 Sat. 9, v. 11, as of the most irascible temper, 
and the most inimical to loquacity. 

Bolus, a king of the Cimbri, who killed a 
Roman ambassador. Liv. ep. 67. 

Bomienses, a people near iEtolia. Thucyd. 
3, c 96. 

Bomilcar, a Carthaginian general, son of 
Amilcar. He was suspected of a conspiracy 
with Agathocles, and hung in the forum, where 
he had received all his dignity Diod, 26. — 

Justin. 22. c. 7 An African, for some time 

the instrument of all Jugurtha's cruelties. He 
conspired against Jugurtha, who put him to 
death. Sallust 1 Jug. 

BoMONiCiE, youths, that were whipt at the 
altar of Diana Orthia, during the festivals of 
the goddess. He who bore the lash of the whip 
with the greatest patience, and without uttering 
a groan, was declared victorious, and received 
an honourable prize. Paus. 3, c. 16. — Plut i 
in Lye. 

Bona Dea, a name given to Ops, Vesta, 
Cybele, Rhea, by the Greeks; and by the La- 
tins, to Fauna, or Fatua. This goddess was so 
chaste, that no man but her husband saw her 
after her marriage; from which reason, her 
festivals were celebrated only in the night by 
the Roman matrons in the houses of the highest 
officers of the state, and all the statues of the 
men were carefully covered with a veil where 
the ceremonies were observed. In the latter 
ages of the republic, however, the sanctity of 
these mysteries was profaned by the intrusion of 
men, and by the introduction of lasciviousness 
and debauchery. Juv. 6, v. 313. — Propert. 4, 
el. 10, v. 25,— Ovid, de Art. Am. 3, v. 637. 

Bononia, called also Felsina, a town on the 
borders of the Rhine. Vol. Max. 8, c. 1. — 
Ital. 8, v. 599. 

Bonosius, an officer of Probus, who assumed 
the imperial purple in Gaul. 

Bonus Eventus, a Roman deity, whose wor- 
ship was first introduced by the peasants. He 
was represented holding a cup in his right hand, 
and in his left, ears of corn. Varro de R. R. 
l.—Plin 34, c. 8. 

Boo sura, (bovis cauda) a town of Cyprus, 
where Venus had an ancient temple. Strab. 

Bootes, a northern constellation near the 
Ursa Major, also called Bubulcus and Arcto- 
phylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus, the 
father of Erigone, who was killed by shepherds 
for inebriating them. Others maintain that it 



BO 



BR 



is Areas, whom Jupiter placed in heaven. Ovid. 
Fast. 3, v 405.— Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c 42. 

Bootus and Bceotus, a sou of Neptune and 
Menauppe, exposed oy his mother, but preserv- 
ed by shepherds. Hygin fab. 186. 

Borea, a town taken by Sext. Pompey. 
Cic 10, ad Jkt. ep. 4. 

Boreades, the descendants of Boreas, who 
long possessed the supreme power and the priest- 
hood in the island of the Hyperboreans. Diod 
1 and 2. 

Boreas, the name of the north wind blowing- 
from the Hyperborean mountains. According 
to the poets, he was son of JEstraeus and Aurora, 
but others make him son of the Strymon. He 
was passionately fond of Hyacinthus. [Fid. 
Hyacinihus] and carried away Orithyia, who re- 
fused to receive his addresses, and by her he 
had Zetes and Calais, Cleopatra and Chtone. 
He was worshipped as a deity, and representee; 
with wings and white hair. The Athenians 
dedicated altars to him, and to the winds, when 
Xe.xcs invaded Europe Boreas changed him- 
self into a horse, to unite himself with the mares 
of Dardanus, by which he had twelve mares so 
swift that they ran, or rather flew over the sea, 
without scarce wetting their feet. Homer. IL 
20, v. 222.— Hesiod. Theog.—\. 219.—Jpollod. 

3, c. 15 Herodot 7, c, 189. — Ovid, Met. 6, 

V. 700. 

Boreasmi, a festival at Athens in honour of 
Boreas, who, as the Athenians supposed, was 
related to tuem on account of his marriage with 
Orithyia, the daughter of one ef their kings. 
They attributed the overthrow of the enemy's 
fleet to the respect which he paid to his wife's 
native country. There were also sacrifices at 
Megalopolis in Arcadia, in honour of Boreas. 
Pews. Mtic. 8f Jlrcad. 

Bokeus, a Persian, &c Polyxn 7, c. 40. 

Borges, a Persian who burnt himself rather 
than submit to the enemy, &c. Poiycen. 7, 
C. 24. 

Bornos, a place of Thrace. C. JVe/>. in 
Jllcib. c 7. 

Borsippa, a town of Babylonia, sacred to 
Apollo and Diana. The inhabitants eat bats. 
Strab. 16. 

Bonus, a son of Perieres, who married Poly- 
dora the daughter of Peleus. Jlpollod. 3, c. 13. 
—Homer. II. 16, v. 177. 

Bortsthenes, a large river of Scythia, fall- 
ing into the Euxine sea, now called the Dnie- 
per, and inferior to no other European river but 
the Danube, according to Herodotus, 4, c. 45, 

foe There was a city of the same name on 

the borders of the river, built by a colony of 
Milesians, 655 years before the christian era. 
It was also called Olba Salvia. Mela, 2, c. 1 

and 7 A horse with which the emperor 

Adrian used to hunt. At his death he was 
honoured with a monument. Diod* 

Bosphorus and Bosporus, two narrow straits, 
situate at the confines of Europe and Asia. One 
was called Cimmerian, and joined the Palus 
Moeotis to the Euxine, now known by the name 
of the straits cf Cdfa; and the other, which 
tvas called the Thracian Bosporus, and by the 
moderns the strait of Constantinople, made a 



communication between the Euxine sea and the 
Propoutis. It is sixteen miles long, and one and 
a half broad, and where narrowest 500 paces or 
4 stadia, according to Herodotus. The word is 
derived from BoQr'7rcg(§t bovis meatus, because, 
on account of its narrowness, an ox could easily 
cross it. Cocks were heard to crow, and clogs 
to bark from the opposite banks, and in a calm 
clay persons could talk one to tlie other. Plin. 
4, c. 12, I. 6, c. 1.— Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 4, v. 
4y.— Mela, 1, c l.—Stiab. \2.— Herodot. 4, 
c. 85. 

Boter, a freedman of Claudius. Suet. 
Claud. 

Bottia, a colony of Macedonians in Thrace. 
Ttie people were called Dotticei. Plin. 4, c. 1. — 
Herodot. 7, c. 185, &c. — Thucyd 2, c. 99. 

BoTTiiEis, a country at the north of Mace- 
donia, on the bay of Therma. Herodot. 7, c 
123, &c. 

Boudicea, a queen in Britain who rebelled 
upon being insulted by the Romans. Sbe poison- 
ed herself when conquered, A. D. 61. Tacit. 
Ann. 14, c. 31. 

Bouianum, an ancient colony of the Sam- 
nites, at the foot of the Apennines not far from 
Beneventum. Liv 9, c. 28. 

Bovill.®, a town of Latium, near Rome. 
Ovid. Fast 3, v. 607. Another in Cam- 
pania 

Brachmanes, Indian pliilosophers, who de- 
rive their name from Brahma, one of the three 
beings whom God, according to their theology, 
created, and with whose assistance he formed 
the world. Tbey devoted themselves totally to 
the worship of the gods, and were accustomed 
from their youth to endure labours, and to live 
with frugality and abstinence. They never ate 
flesh, and abstained from the use of wine, and 
all carnal enjoyments, After they had spent 
37 years in the greatest' trials, they were per- 
mitted to marry, and indulge themselves in a 
more free and unbounded manner. According 
to modern authors, Brahma is the parent of all 
mankind, and he produced as many worids as 
there are parts in the body, which they reckoned 
14. They believed that there were seven seas, 
of water, milk, curds, butter, salt, sugar, and 
wine, each blessed with its particular paradise. 
Strab. 15.— Diod. 17. 

BRjEsiA,adaughterofCinyrasandMetharme. 
Jlpollod. 3, c. 14. 

Brm>;chiades, a surname of Apollo. 

Branchidjs, a people of Asia near the river 
Oxus, put to the sword by Alexander. They 
were originally of Miletus, near thejj temple of 
Branchus, but had been removed from thence 

by Xerxes. Strab. 11. — Curt. 7, c. 5. The 

priests of Apollo Didymseus, who gave oracles 
in Caria. Plin. 5, c. 29. 

Branchyli.ides, a chief of the Boeotians. 
Pans. 9, c. 13. 

Branchus, a youth of Miletus, son of Smi- 
crus, belovedby Apollo, who gave him the pow- 
er of prophecy He gave oracles at Didyme, 
which became inferior to none of the Grecian 
oracles, except Delphi, and which exchanged 
the name of Didymean for that of Branchidae. 
The temple, according to Strabo, was set on 



BR 



BR 



6re by Xerxes, who took possession of the riches 
it contained, and transported the people into 
Sogdiana, where they built a city, which was 
afterwards destroyed by Alexander. St/rab. 15. 
— Stat. Theo 3, v. 479. — Lucian de Domo. 

Brlum, a town of Laconia. Paws 3, c. 24. 

Brasidas, a famous general of Lacedaenon, 
son o:.' Teilus, who, after many great victories 
over Athens and other Grecian states, died of a 
wound at Amphipoiis, which Cleon, the Athe- 
nian, had besieged, B. C. 422. A superb mo- 
nument was raised to his memory. Paus. 3. c. 

24. — Thucyd. 4 and 5. — Diod 5 A man of 

Cos. Thtocrit. Id. 7. 

Brisideia, festivals at Lacedaemon, in ho- 
nour of Brasidas. None but freemen born Spar- 
tans were permitted to enter the lists, and such 
as were absent were fined. 

Brasilas, a man of Cos. Theoc. 7. 

Brattre, a woman who assisted in the mur- 
der of Pittacus, king of the Edoni. Thucyd 4, 
C. 107. 

Brauron, a town of Attica, where Diana had 
a temple. The goddess bad three festivals call- 
ed Brauronia, celebrated once every fifth year 
by ten men who were called n^o7roiot. Tbey sa- 
crificed a goat to' the goddess, and it was usual 
to sing one of the hooks of Homer's Iliad. The 
most remarkable that attended were young vir- 
gins in yellow gowns, consecrated to Diana 
They were about ten years of age, and not un- 
der five, and therefore their consecration was call- 
ed SsKctTivuv, from «fs>ta, decern; and sometimes 
a^KTivuv, as the virgins themselves bore the name 
of olqktci bears, from this circumstance. There 
was a hear in one of the villages of Attica, so 
lame that he ate with the inhabitants, and play- 
ed harmlessly with them. This familiarity 
lasted long, till a young virgin treated the ani- 
mal too roughly, and was killed by it. The 
virgin's brother killed the bear, and the country 
was soon . after visited by a pestilence. The 
oracle was consulted and the plague removed 
by consecrating virgins to the service of Diana- 
This was so faithfully observed, that no woman 
in Athens was ever married before a previous 
consecration to the goddess. The statue of Dia- 
na of Tauris, which bad been wrought into Greece 
by Ipbigenia, was preserved in the town of Brau- 
ron. Xerxes carried it away when he invaded 
Greece. Paus. 8, c- 46. — Strab. 9. 

Brexni and Breuni, a people of Noricum. 
Horat 4, od. 14. 

Brennus, a general of the Galli Senop.es, 
who invaded Italy, defeated the Romans at the 
river Allia, and entered their city without op- 
position. The Romans fled into the capitol, and 
left the whole city in the possession of the ene- 
my. The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian rock in 
the night, and the capitol would have been ta- 
ken had not the Romans been awakened by the 
poise of geese which were before the doors, and 
immediately repelled the enemy. Camillus, 
who was in banishment, marched to the relief 
of his country, and so totally defeated the Gauls, 
that not one remained to carry the news of their 
destruction. Liv. 5, c 36, &c— Plut. in Ca- 

vxiU. Another Gaul, who made an irruption 

into Greece with 150,000 men and 15,000 horse, 



and endeavoured to plunder the temple of Apol- 
lo at Delphi. He was destroyed, with all his 
troops, by tue god, or more properly, he ki 'ed 
himself in a fit of intoxication, B. C. 278, after 
being defeated by the Delphians. Paus. 10, c, 
22 and 23. — Justin. 24, c. 6, &,c. 

Brenthe, a ruined city of Arcadia. Paus. 
8, c. 28 

Brescia, a city of Italy, which had gods pe- 
culiar tu irself. 

Bretth, a people of Italy. Strab. 6. 

Briare¥s, a famous giant, son of Coelus and 
Terra, who had 100 hauos and 50 heads, and 
was called by men /Lgecn, and only by the gods 
Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and Minerva 
conspired to dethrone Jupiter, Briareus ascend- 
ed the heavens, and seated himself next to him, 
and so terrified the conspirators, by his fierce 
and threatening looks, that they desisted. He 
assisted the giants in their war against the gods, 
and was thrown under mount /Etna, according to 
some accounts. Hesiod Tkejg. v. 148. — Jipol- 
lod 1, c 1. — homer. II. 1, v. 403. — Virg JLix. 

6, v. 287, 1. 10, v. 565. A cyclops, made 

judge between Apollo r< nd Neptune, in their 
dispute about the isthmus and promontory of Co- 
rjnth. He gave the former to Neptune, and the 
latter to Apollo. Pat's. 2, c. 1. 

Brias, a town of Pisidia. 

Brigantes, a people in the northern parts of 
Britain. Juv. 14, v. 196. — Paus 8, c. 43. 

Brigantini's v a lake of RLoena between the 
Alps, now the lake of Constance. The town 
on its eastern bank is now Bregentz in the Ty- 
rol, anciently called Briganlium. Plin. 9, c. 
17. 

Brilessus, a mountain of Attica. Tliucyd, 

2, c. 23. 

Brimo, (terror) a name given to Proserpine 
and Hecate. Pro-pert. 2, el. 2, v. 11. 

Briseis, a woman of Lyrnessus, called also 
Hippodamia. When her country was taken by 
the Greeks, and her husband Mines and bro- 
ther killed in the fight, she fell to the share of 
Achilles, in the division of the spoils . Aga- 
memnon took her away some time after from 
Achilles, who made a vow to absent himself 
from the field of battle. Briseis was very faith- 
ful to Acuities; and when Agamemnon restored 
her to him, be swore he had never offended her 
chastity. Homer. II. 1, 2, &c. — Ovid. Heroid. 

3, de Art. Am. 2 and 3.— Proper*. 2, el 8, 20 
and 22. — Paus. 5, c. 24. — Horat. 2, od. 4. 

Brises, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to the 
priest Chryses. His daughter Hippodamia was 
called Brisds from him. 

Briseus, a surname of Bacchus, from his 
nurse Brisa, or his temple of Brisa, a promonto- 
ry at Lesbos. Persius, 1, v. 76. 

Britanni, the inhabitants of Britain. [Vid. 

Britannia.] A natiou in Gallia Belgica. 

Plin. 4, c. 17. 

Britannia, an island in the northern ocean, 
the greatest in Europe, conquered by J Caesar 
during his Gallic wa> s, B. C. 55, and first known 
to be an island by Agricola, who sailed round it. 
It was a Roman province from the time of its 
conquest till the 448th year of the christian era. 
The inhabitants, in the age of Caesar, used to- 



BR 



BR 



paint their bodies, to render themselves more 
terrible in the eyes of their enemies. The name 
of Britain was unknown to the Romans before 
Caesar conquered it. Cm. Bell. G. 4. — Diod. 
5. — Pans. 1, c. 33. — Tacit, in Agric. 10. — Plin. 
34. c. 17. 

Britannicus, a son of Claudius Caesar by Mes- 
salina. Nero was raised to the throne in pre- 
ference to him, by means of Agrippina, and caus- 
ed him to be poisoned. His corpse was buried 
in the night; but it is said that a shower of rain 
washed away the white paint which the murder- 
er had put over his face, so that it appeared 
quite black, and discovered the effects of poison. 
Tacit. Ann. — Sutton, in Jfer. c. 33. 

Britomartis, a beautiful nymph of Crete, 
daughter of Jupiter and Charme, who deyoted 
herself to hunting, and became a great favourite 
of Diana. She was loved by Minos, who pur- 
sued her so closely, that, to avoid his importu- 
nities, she threw herself into the sea. Pans. 
2, c. 30, 1. 3, c. 14. A surname of Diana 

Britomarus, a chief of the Galli Snsubres, 
conquered by iEmilius. Flor. 2, c. 4. 

Britones, the inhabitants of Britain. Juv. 
15, v. 124. 

Brixellum, a town in Italy near Mantua, 
where Otho slew himself when defeated. Ta- 
cit. Hist. 2, c. 32. 

Brixia, a town of Italy beyond the Po. at the 
north of Cremone, now Brescia. Justin. 20, 
c. 5. 

Brizo, the goddess of dreams, worshipped in 
Delos. 

Brocubelus, a governor of Syria, who fled 
to Alexander, when Darius was murdered by 
Bessus, Curt. 5, c. 13. - 

Bromius, a surname of Bacchus, from fipz/ueiv, 
frendere, alluding to the groans which Semele 
uttered when consumed by Jupiter's fire. Ovid. 

Met. 4, v. 11. A son of iEgyptus. Apollod. 

2, c. 1. 

Bromus, one of the centaurs. Ovid. Met. 12, 
V. 459. 

Brongus, a river falling into the Ister. He- 
rodot 4, c. 49. 

Brontes, (thunder) one of the cyc!ops. Virg. 
JEn. 8, v. 425. 

Br.ontinus, a Pythagorean philosopher, 



The father of Theano, the wife of Pythagoras. 
Diog. 

Broteas and Ammon, two men famous for 
their skill in the cestus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 107. 
( — = — -One of the Lapithae. 

Brotheus, a son of Vulcan and Minerva, 
who burned himself to avoid the ridicule to 
which his deformity subjected him. Ovid, in lb. 
v. 517. 

Bructeri, a people of Germany, inhabiting 
the country at the east of Holland. Tacit. Ann. 
1, c. 51. 

Brumalia, festivals celebrated at Rome in 
honour of Bacchus, about the month of Decem- 
ber. They were first instituted by Romulus. 

Brundusium, now Brundisi, a city of Cala- 
bria, on the Adriatic sea, where the Appian 
road was terminated. It was founded by Dio- 
medes after the Trojan war, or according to 
Strabo, by Theseus, with a Cretan colony. The 



Romans generally embarked at Brundusium for 
Greece. It is famous for the birth of the poet 
Pacuvius, and the death of Virgil, and likewise 
for its harbour, which is capacious, and shelter- 
ed by the land, and by a small island at the en- 
trance, against the fury of the winds and waves. 
Little remains of the ancient city, and even its 
harbour has now been choked up by the negli- 
gence of the inhabitants. Justin. 3, c. 4, 1. 12, 
c. 2.—Strab. 5— Cass. Bell Civ. 1, c. 24.— 
Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep. 1 . 

Brutidius, a man dragged to prison in Ju- 
venal's age, on suspicion of his favouring Seja- 
nus. Juv. 10, v. 82. 

Brtjtii, a people in the farthest parts of Italy, 
who were originally shepherds of the Lucani- 
ans, but revolted, and went in quest o; a settle- 
ment. They received the name of Brutii, from 
their stupidity and cowardice in submitting, 
without opposition, to Annibal in the second 
Punic war They were ever after held in the 
greatest disgrace, and employed in every servile 
work. Justin. 23, c 9. — Strab. 6. — Diod. 16. 

Brutulus, a Sam'nite, who killed himself, 
upon being delivered to the Romans for violat- 
ing a treaty. Liv 8, c. 39. 

Brutus, L. Junius, son of M. Junius and 
Tarquinia, second daughter of Tarquin Pnscus. 
The father, with his eldest son, were murdered 
by Tarquin the Proud, and Lucius, unable to re 
venge their death, pretended to be insane. The 
artifice saved his life; he was called Brutus for 
his stupidity, which he however, soon after show- 
ed to be feigned. When Lucretia killed her- 
self, B. C. 509, in consequence of the brutality 
of Tarquin, Brutus snatched the dagger from 
the wound, and swore upon the reeking blade, 
immortal hatred to the royal family His ex 
ample animated the Romans, the Tarquins were 
proscribed by a decree of the senate, and the 
royal authority vested' in the hands of consuls 
chosen from patrician families Brutus, in 1 
consular office, made the people swear they 
never would again submit to kingly authority; 
but the first who violated their oath were in his 
own family His sons conspired with the Tus- 
can ambassador to restore the Tarquins; and 
when discovered, they were tried and condemn- 
ed before their father, who himself attended at 
their execution Some time after, in a combat 
that was fought between the Romans and Tar- 
quins, Brutus engaged with Aruns, and so fierce 
was the attack, that they pierced one another at 
the same time. The dead body was brought to 
Rome, and received as in triumph; a funeral ora- 
tion was spoken over it, and the Roman matrons 
showed their grief by mourning a year for the 
father of the republic. Flor. 1, c. 9. — Liv. 1, 
c. 56, 1. 2, c. 1, &c — Dionys. Hal. 4 and b.\ 
— C. JVep. in Attic. 8 — Eutrop. de Tarq. — 
Virg JEn. 6, v. 818.— Pint in Brut. 8f Cces. 
Marcus Junius, father of Caesar's murder- 
er, wrote three books on civil law. He follow- 
ed the parly of Marius, and was conquered by 
Pompey. After the death of Sylla, he was be- 
sieged in Mutina by Pompey, to whom he sur- 
rendered, and by whose orders he was put to 
death. He had married Servilia, Cato's sister, 
by whom he had a son and two daughters. Cic. 



BR 



BU 



vie Oral. c. 55.— -Plut. in Brut. -His son of 

the same name, by Servilia, was lineally de- 
scended from J. Brutus, who expelled the Tar- 
quins from Rome. He seemed to inherit the 
republican principles of his great progenitor, 
and in the civil wars joined himself to the side 
jf Pompey, though he was his father's murderer, 
raly because he looked upon him as more just 
md patriotic in his claims. At the battle of 
Pharsalia, Caesar not only spared the life of Bru- 
ms, but he made him one of his most faithful 
riends. He however forgot the favour because 
Caesar aspired to tyranny. He conspired with 
nany of the most illustrious citizens of Rome 
igainst the tyrant, and stabbed him in Pompey's 
Basilica. The tumult which this murder occa- 
sioned was great; the conspirators fled to the 
japitol, and by proclaiming freedom and liberty 
;o the populace, they re-established tranquillity 
,n the city. Antony, whom Brutus, contrary to 
he opinion of his associates, refused to seize, 
gained ground in behalf of his friend Caesar, and 
:he niurderers were soon obliged to leave Rome. 
Brutus retired into Greece, where he gained 
limself many friends by his arms, as well as by 
)ersuasion, and he was soon after pursued thi- 
her by Antony, whom young Octavius accompa- 
lied. A battle was fought at Philippi. Brutus, 
ivho commanded the right wing of the republi- 
•an army, defeated the enemy; but Cassius, 
ivho had the care of the left, was overpowered, 
ind as he knew not the situation of his friend, 
ind grew desperate, he ordered one of his freed- 
nen to run him through. Brutus deeply de- 
plored his fall, and in the fullness of his grief, 
jailed him the last of the Romans. In another 
)at<le, the wing which Brutus commanded ch- 
ained a victory; but the other was defeated, 
ind he found himself surrounded by the. soldiers 
if Antony. He however made his escape, and 
ioon after fell upon his sword, B. C. 42. Anto- 
ly honoured him with a magnificent funeral. 
Brutus is not less celebrated for his literary tal- 
| )nts, than his valour in the field. When he was 
j n the camp, the greatest part of his time was 
jmployed in reading and writing; and the day 
tfhich, preceded one of his most bloody battles, 
vhile the rest of his army was under continual 
ipprehensions, Brutus calmly spent his hours 
ill the evening, in writing an epitome of Poly- 
nius. He was fond of imitating the austere 
drtues of Cato, and in reading the histories of 
lations he imbibed those principles of freedom 
iiivhich were so eminently displayed in his poli- 
tical career. He was intimate with Cicero, to 
vhom he would have communicated his con- 
ipiracy, had he not been apprehensive of his 
^reat timidity. He severely reprimanded him 
! n his letters for joining the side of Octavius, 
vho meditated the ruin of the republic. Plu- 
! j arch mentions, that Caesar's ghost made its ap- 
•eaiance to Brutus in his tent, and told him 
hat he would meet him at Philippi. Brutus 
carried Portia, the daughter of Cato, who kill- 
id herself, by swallowing burning coals, when 
he heard the fate of her husband. C. Nep. in 
' lttic.~Pate.rc. 2, c 48.— Plut. in Brut. &c — 

Ctes. 1. — Flor. 4. D. Jun. Albinus, one of 

3»sar's murderers, who, after the battle of Mu- 



tina, wag deserted by the legions, with which 
he wished to march against Antony. He was 
put to death by Antony's orders, though consul 

elect. Jun. one of the first tribunes of the 

people. Plut. One of Carbo's generals. 

Bryas, a general of the Argives against Spar- 
ta, put to death by a woman, to whom he had 
offered violence Paus. 2, c. 20. A gene- 
ral in the army of Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 72. 

Bryaxis, a marble sculptor, who assisted in 
making the mausoleum. Paus. 1, c. 40. 

Bryce, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. 
Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

Bryges, a people of Thrace, afterwards call- 
ed Phryges. Strab. 7 

Brygi, a people of Macedonia conquered by 
Mardonius. Herodot. 6, c, 45. 

Brysea, a town of Laconia Paus. 3, c. 20. 

Bubacene, a town of Asia. Curl. 5. 

Bobaces, an eunuch of Darius, &c. Curt. 
5,c 11. 

Bubaris, a Persian who married the daughter 
of Amyntas, against whom he had been sent 
with an army. Justin. 7, c. 13. 

Bubajtiacus, one of the mouths of the Nile. 

Bubastis, a city of Egypt, in the eastern 
parts of the Delta, where cats were held in great 
veneration, because Diana Bubastis, who is the 
chief deity of the place, is said to have trans- 
formed herself into a cat when the gods fled into 
Egypt Herodot. 2, c. 59, 137 and 154.— Ovid. 
Met. 9, v. 690. 

Bubastis, a country of Caria, whence Buba- 
sides applied to the natives. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 
643. 

Bubon, an inland city of Lycia. Plin. 5, c. 
27. 

Bucephala, a city of India, near the Hydas- 
pes, built by Alexander, in honour of his fa- 
vourite horse Bucephalus. Curt. 9, c. 3. — Jus- 
tin. 12, c. S.—Diod. 17. 

Bucephalus, a horse of Alexander's, whose 
head resembled that of a bull, whence his name 
(Coy? *i<pct\os bovis caput.) Alexander was the 
only one who could mount on his back, and he 
always knelt down to take up his master. He 
was present in an engagement in Asia, where 
he received a heavy wound, and hastened im- 
mediately out of the battle, and dropped down 
dead as soon as he had set down the king in a 
safe place. He was 30 years old when he died, 
and Alexander built a city which he called af- 
ter his name. Plut. in Alex. Curt. — Arrian. 
5, c. 3.— Plin. 8, c 42. 

Bucilianus, one of Caesar's murderers. Cic. 
ad Attic. 14. 

Bucolic a, a sort of Poem which treats of 
the care of the flocks, and of the pleasures and 
occupations of the rural life, with simplicity 
and elegance. The most famous pastoral wri- 
ters of antiquity are Moscbus, Bion, Theocri- 
tus, and Virgil. The invention of bucolics, or 
pastoral poetry, is attributed to a shepherd of 
Sicily. 

Bucolicum, one of the mouths of the Nile, 

situate between the Sebennytican and Mende- 

sian mouths, and called by Strabo, Phatniticum. 

Herodot. 2, c. 17. 

Bucolion, a king of Arcadia, after Laias. 



BU 



BY 



Paws. 8, c. 5. A son of Laomedon and the 

nymph Calybe. -A son of Hercules and Praxi- 

thea. He was also called Bucolus. \ son 

of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. Jlpollod 2 and 3. 

Bucolus, a son of Hercules ami Marse. 

A sou of Hippocoon. Jlpollod 2 and 3. 

Budii, a nation of Media. Heiodot. 

BudIni, a people of Scythia. Id. 

BudoruiM, a promontory of Salamis. Thu- 
cyd. 2, c. 94. 

Bulbus, a Roman senator, remarkable for his 
meanness. Vic- in Ver. 

Bolis, a town of Phocis, built by a colony 
from Doris near the sea, above the bay of Co 

rinth. Pans. 10, c 37. A Spartau given 

up to Xerxes, to atone for the offence bis coun- 
trymen had done for putting the king's messen- 
gers to death Herodot. 7, c. 134, &c. 

Bullatios, a friend of Horace, to whom the 
poet addressed 1 ep. 11, in consequence of his 
having travelled over part of Asia. 

Bullis, a town of lllyricum, near the sea, 
south of Appoilonia. Liv. 36, c. 7, I. 44, c. 30. 

Bumei.lus, a river of Assyria. Curt. 4 c. 9. 

Bunea, a surname of Juno. 

Bonos, a son of 'Mercury and Alcidamea, 
who obtained the government of Corinth when 
iEetes went to Colchis. He built a temple to 
Juno. Paus. 2, c 3 and 4. 

Bupalus, a statuary of Clazomenae. Vid. 
Anthermus. 

Bophagus, a son of Japetus and Thornax 
killed by Diana, whose virtue he had attempted. 
A river of Arcadia bears his name. Paus. 8, 

c. 24, A surname of Hercules, given him 

on account of his gluttony. 

Buphonia, a festival in honour of Jupiter at 
Athens, where an ox was immolated. Paus. 1, 
c 24 —JElian, V. H 8, c. 3. 

Buprasium, a city, country, and river of 
Elis. Homer. 

Bura, a daughter of Jupiter, or according to 
others, of Ion and Helice, from whom Bura or 
Burls, once a flourishing city in tbe bay of Co- 
rinth, received its name. This city was de- 
stroyed by the sea. Ovid ML 15, v. 293.— 
Paus. 7, c. 25.—Strab. 1 and S.—Diod. 15. 

Buraicus, an epithet applied to Hercules, 

from his temple near Bura. A river of 

Achaia. Paus. 7, c 25 

Burrhus Afranius, a chief of the prseiorian 
guards, put to death by Nero. A brother-in- 
law of the emperor Commouus. 

Bursa, the capital city of Bithynia, supposed to 
have been called Prusa, from its founder, Pru- 
sias. Strab 12. 

Bursia, a town of Babylonia. Justin. 12, c. 
13. 

Busa, a woman of Apulia who entertained 
1000 Romans after the battle of Cannae. Val . 
Max. 4, c. 8. 

Bus.e, a nation of Media. Herodot. 1. 

Busiris, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune 
and Lybia, or Lysianassa, who sacrificed all 
foreigners to Jupiter with tbe greatest cruelty. 
When Hercules visited Egypt, Busiris carried 
him to the altar bound hand and foot. The hero 
soon disentangled himself, and offered the ty- 
rant, his son Amphidamas, and the ministers of 



his cruelty on the altar. Many Egyptian prin- 
ces have borne the same name One of rhem 
built a town called Busiris, in the middle oi the 
Delta, where Isis had a famouB temple. llero~ 
dot. 2, c 59 and 61 .— Strab. 17 —Ovid. Met. 
9, v. 132 —Heroid. 9, v 69 — Pint, in Tkes* 
— Virg G 3, v b.— Jlpollod. 2, c. 5. 

Buta, a town of Achaia. Diod. 20. 

Buteo, a surname of M. Fabius. Liv. 30 1 
c. 26 -A Roman orator. Seneca 

Botes, one of the descendants of Amycus, 
king of the Bebryces, very expert in the com- 
bat of the cestus. He came to Sicily, where 
he was received by Lycaste, a beautiful harlot, 
by whom he had a son called Eryx. Lycaste r 
on account of her beauty, was called Venus j 
hence Eryx is often called the son of Venus. — 

Virg. JEn. 5, v. 372. One of the Argonauts. 

Jlpillod. 1, c. 9. A Trojan slain by Camilla. 

Vng. JEn. 11, v. 690. A son of Boreas who 

built Naxos. Diod. 5. A son of Pandion 

and Zeuxippe, priest of Minerva and Neptune. 
He married Chthonia, daughter of Erechtheus. 

.tfpollod. 3, c. 14, &c, An arm-bearer to 

Anchises, and afterwards to Ascanius. Apol- 
lo assumed his shape when he descended from 
heaven to encourage Ascanius to figbt. Butes 
was killed by Turnus Virg JEn. t), v. 647,1. 

12, v. 632. A governor of Darius, besieged 

by Conon the Athenian. 

Buthrotum, now Butrinto, a sea-port town 
of Epirus opposite Corcyra, visited by iEneas, 
in his way to .Italy frora Troy. Virg. JEn. 3, 
v. 293— Plin. 4, c. 1. 

Buthrotus, a river in Italy near Locri. 

Buthyreus, a noble statuary, disciple to My- 
ron. Plin 34, c 8. 

Butoa, an island in the Mediterranean, near 
Crete. Plin. 4, c 12. 

Butorides, an historian who wrote concern- 
ing the pyramids. Plin. 36, c. 12. 

Butos, a town of Egypt, where there was a 
temple of Apollo and Diana, and an oracle of 
Latona. Herodot. 2, c. 59 and 63 

Butuntum, an inland town of Apulia. Plin. 
3, c. 11. 

Butus, a son of Pandion. 

Buzyges, an Athenian who first ploughed 
with harnessed oxen. Demophoon gave him 
the Palladium with which Diomedes had in- 
trusted him, to be carried to Athens. Polyxn. 
1, c. 5. 

Byblesia and Bybassia, a country of Caria. 
Herodot. 1, c 174. 

Byblia, a name of Venus. 

Byblii, a people of Syria. Jlpollod. 2, c 1. 

Byblis. a daughter of Miletus and Cyanea. 
She fell in love with her brother Caunus, and 
when he refused to gratify her passion, she de- 
stroyed herself. Some say that Caunus became 
enamoured of her, and fled from his country to 
avoid incest: and others report, that he fled from 
his sister's importunities, who sought him all 
over Lycia and Caria, and at last sat down all 
bathed in tears, and was changed into a foun- 
tain of the same name. Ovid, de Art. Jim. l r 
v. 284. Met. 9, v. 451.— Hygin. fab. 243.— 

Paus. 7, c. 5. A small island in the Medi 

terranean. 






BY 



BY 



Byblus, a town of Syria, not far from the 
sea, where Adonis had a temple. Strab. 16. 

Bylliones, a people of Illyricum. 

Byrrhus, a robber famous for his dissipation. 
Horat. I, Sat. 4, v. 69. 

Byrsa, a citadel in the middle of Carthage, 
on which was the temple of iEsculapius. As- 
drubal's wife burnt it when the city was taken. 
When Dido came to Africa, she bought of the 
inhabitants as much land as could be encom- 
passed by a bull's hide. After the agreement, 
she cut the hide in small thongs, and enclosed 
a large piece of territory, on which she built a 
citadel which she called Byrsa, (Bv^o-a,, a 
hide.) Virg. JEn. 1, v. 371.— Strab. 17.— 
Justin. 18, c. b.—Flor. 2, c. 15. — Liv. 34, c, 
62. 

Byzacium, a country of Africa. 

Byzantium, a town situate on the Thracian 
Bosphorus, founded by a colony of Megara, 
under the conduct of Byzas, 658 years before 
the christian era. Paterculus says it was found- 
ed by the Milesians, and by the Lacedaemonians 
according to Justin, and according to Ammianus 
by the Athenians. The pleasantness and con- 
venience of its situation was observed by Con- 
stantine the Great, who made it the capital of 
the eastern Roman empire, A D. 328, and 
called it Constantinopolis, A number of Greek 



writers, who have deserved or usurped the nfune 
of Byzantine historians, flourished at Byzantium, 
after the seat of the empire had been translated 
thither from Rome. Their works, which more- 
particularly relate to the time in which they 
flourished, and are seldom read but by those who 
wish to form an acquaintance with the revolu- 
tions of the lower empire, were published in one 
large collection, in 36 vols, folio, 1648, &c. at 
Paris', and recommended themselves by the notes 
and supplements of Du Fresne and Du Cange. 
They were likewise printed at Venice 1729, in 
28 vols, though perhaps this edition is not so 
valuable as that of the French. Strab. 1. — 
Paterc. 2, c. 15. — C. JVep. in Paus. Jllcib. fy 
Timoth. — Justin. 9, c 1. — Tacit. 12, Jinn. c. 
62 and 63.— Mela, 2, e. 2.— Marcel. 22, c. 8. 

Byzas, a son of Neptune, king of Thrace, 
from whom it is said Byzantium received its 
name. Diod. 4. 

Byzehes, a people of Pontus, between Cap- 
padocia and Colchis. Dionys. Perieg. — Flacc. 
5, v. 153. 

Byzes, a celebrated artist in the age of Asty- 
ages. Paus. 5, c. 10. 

Byzia, a town in the possession of the kings 
of Thrace, hated by swallows on account of the 
horrible crimes of Tereus. Plin. 4, c. 11. 



CA 



CA 



CAANTHUS, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. 
He was ordered by his father to seek his 
sister Malia, whom Apollo had carried away, 
and he burnt in revenge the ravisber's temple 
near the Isthmus. He was killed for this im- 
piety by the god, and a monument raised to his 
memory. Pans. 9, c. 10. 

Cabades, a king of Persia, &c. 

Cabala, a place of Sicily where the Car- 
thaginians were conquered by Dionysius. Diod. 
15. 

CJabales, a people of Africa. Herodot. 

Cabalh, a people of Asia Minor. Id. 

Cabalinus, a clear fountain on mount Heli- 
con, sacred to the muses, and called also Hippo- 
crene, as raised from the ground by the foot of 
Pegasus. Pers. 

Caballinum, a town of the iEdui, now 
Chalons, on the Saone Cces. 7, Bell. G. c. 42. 

Caballio, a town of Gaul. 

Cabarnos, a deity worshipped at Paros. His 
priests were called Cabarni. 

Cabassus, a town of Cappadocia. A vil- 
lage near Tarsus. 

Cabira, a wife of Vulcan, by whom she had 
three sons. A town of Paphlagonia. 

Cabiri, certain deities held in the greatest 
veneration at Thebes, Lemnos, Macedonia, and 
Phrygia, but more particularly in the islands of 
Samothrace and Imbros. The number of these 
deities is uncertain. Some say they were only 
two, Jupiter and Bacchus; others mention three, 
and some four, Aschieros, Achiochersa, Achio- 



chersus, and Camillus. It is unknown where 
their worship was first established; yet Phoenicia 
seems to be the place according to the authority 
of Sanchoniathon, and from thence it was intro- 
duced into Greece by the Pelasgi. The festi- 
vals or mysteries of the Cabiri, were celebrated 
with the greatest solemnity at Samothrace, 
where all the ancient heroes and princes were 
generally initiated, as their power seemed to be 
great in protecting persons from shipwreck and 
storms. The obscenities which prevailed in the 
celebration have obliged the authors of every 
country to pass over them in silence, and say 
that it was unlawful to reveal them. These 
deities are often confounded with the Coryban- 
tes, Anaces, Dioscuri, &c. and, according to 
Herodotus, Vulcan was their father. This au- 
thor mentions the sacrilege which Cambyses 
committed in entering their temple, and turning 
to ridicule their sacred mysteries. They were 
supposed to preside over metals. Herodot. 2, 
c. 51.— Strab. 10, &c— Paws. 9, c. 22, &c— 
Cic. de JVa*. D. 1. 

Cabiria, a surname of Ceres. The festi- 
vals of the Cabiri. Vid. Cabiri. 

Cabura, a fountain of Mesopotamia, where 
Juno bathed. Plin. 31, c. 3. 

Caburus, a chief of the Helvii. Cas. 

Caca, a goddess among the Romans, sister 
to Cacus, who is said to have discovered to Her- 
cules where her brother had concealed his oxen. 
She presided over the excrements of the body, 
x 



CA 



CM 



The vestals offered sacrifices in her temple. 
Lactant. I, c 20. 

Cachales, a river of Phocis. Paws. 10, c. 
32. 

Cacus, a famous robber, son of Vulcan and 
Medusa, represented as a three-headed monster, 
and as vomiting flames. He resided in Italy, 
and the avenues of his cave were covered with 
human bones. He plundered the neighbouring 
country; and when Hercules returned from the 
conquest of Geryon, Cacus stole some of his 
cows, and dragged them backwards into his cave 
to prevent discovery. Hercules departed with- 
out perceiving the theft; but his oxen having 
lowed, were answered by the cows in the cave 
of Cacus, and the hero became acquainted with 
the loss he had sustained. He ran to the place, 
attacked Cacus. squeezed and strangled him 
in his arms, though vomiting fire and smoke. 
Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter Servator, 
in commemoration of this victory; and an an- 
nual festival was instituted by the inhabitants in 
honour of the hero, who had delivered them 
from such a public calamity Ovid. 1 Fast. v. 
551. — Virg Ma. 8, v. 194 — Propert. 4, el. 
10, — Juv. 5, v. 125. — Liv. 1, c. 7. — Dionys. 
Hal. 1. c. 9. 

Cacuthis, a river of India flowing into the 
Ganges. Jlrrian Indie 

Cacyparis, a river of Sicily. 

Cadi, a town of Phrygia. Strab. 12. Of 

Lydia Propert. 4, el. 6, v. 7. 

Cadmea, a citadel of Thebes, built by Cad- 
mus. It is generally taken for Thebes itself, 
and the Thebans are often called Cadmeans. 
Stat. Theb. 8, v. 601.— Pans. 2, c. 5. 

Cadmeis, an ancient name of Boeotia. 

Cadmus, son of Agenor king of Phoenicia, by 
Telephassa or Agriope, was ordered by his father 
to go in quest of his sister Europa, whom Jupiter 
had carried away, and he was never to return 
to Phoenicia if he did not bring her back. As 
his search proved fruitless, be consulted the 
oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to build a 
city where he should see a young heifer stop in 
the grass, and to call the country Boeotia. He 
found the heifer according to the directions of 
the oracle; and as he wished to thank the god 
by a sacrifice, he sent his companions to fetch 
water from a neighbouring grove. The waters 
were sacred to Mars, and guarded by a dragon, 
which devoured all the Phoenician's attendants. 
Cadmus, tired of their seeming delay, went to 
the place, and saw the monster still feeding on 
their flesh. He attacked the dragon, and over- 
came it by the assistance of Minerva, and sowed 
the teeth in a plain, upon which armed men 
suddenly rose up from the ground. He threw a 
stone in the midst of them, and they instantly 
turned their arms one against the other, till all 
perished except five, who assisted him in build- 
ing his city. Soon after he married Hermione 
the daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in 
the greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a 
son, Polydorus, and four daughters, Ino, Agave, 
Autonoe, and Semele. Juno persecuted those 
children; and their well-known misfortunes so 
distracted Cadmus and Hermione, that they re- 
tired to Illyricum, loaded with grief, and infirm 



with age. They entreated the gods to remove 
them from the misfortunes of life, and they were 
immediately changed into serpents. Some ex- 
plain the dragon's fable, by supposing that it was 
a king of the country whom Cadmus conquered 
by war; and'the armed men rising from the field, 
is no more than men armed with brass, accord- 
ing to the ambiguous signification of a Phoeni- 
cian word. Cadmus was the first who introduced 
the use of letters into Greece; but some main- 
tain, that the alphabet which he brought from 
Phoenicia, was only different from that which is 
used by the ancient inhabitants of Greece. 
This alphabet consisted only of 16 letters, to 
which Palamedes afterwards added four, and 
Simonides of Melos the same number. The 
worship of many of the Egyptian and Phoeni- 
cian deities was also introduced by Cadmus, 
who is supposed to have come into Greece 1493 
years before the christian era, and to have died 
61 years after. According to those who believe 
that Thehp.s was built at the sound of Amphion's 
lyre, Cadmus built only a small citadel which 
he called Cadmea, and laid the foundations of 
a city which was finished by one of his succes- 
sors. Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 1, 2, &c. — Herodot. 
2, c. 49, 1. 4, c. 147.— Hygin. fab. 6, 76, 155, 
&c. — Diod. 1, &c. — Paws. 9, c. 5, &c. — Hesiod. 

Theog. v. 937, &c. A son of Pandion of 

Miletus, celebrated as an historian in the age of 
Croesus, and as the writer of an account of some 
cities of Ionia, in 4 books. He is called the 
ancient, in contradistinction from another of the 
same name and place, son of Archelaus, who 
wrote an history of Attica, in 16 books, and a 
treatise on love in 14 books. Diod. 1. — Dionys. 
Hal. 2. — Clement. Jilexand. 3. — Strab. 1. — 
Plin. 5, c. 29. A Roman executioner, men- 
tioned Horat. 1, Sat. 6, v. 39. 

Cadra, a hill of Asia Minor. Tacit. 

Caduceus, a rod entwined at one end by two 
serpents, in the form of two equal semi-circles. 
It was the attribute of Mercury and the emblem 
of power, and it had been given him by Apollo 
in return for the lyre. Various interpretations 
have been put upon the two serpents round it. 
Some suppose them to be a symbol of Jupiter's 
amours with Rhea, when these two deities trans- 
formed themselves into snakes. Others say, 
that it originates from Mercury's having appeas- 
ed the fury of two serpents that were fighting, 
by touching them with his rod. Prudence is 
generally supposed to be represented by these 
two serpents, and the wings are the symbol of 
diligence; both necessary in the pursuit of bu- 
siness and commerce, which Mercury patronized. 
With it, Mercury conducted to the infernal re- 
gions the souls of the dead, and could lull to 
sleep, and even raise to life a dead person. Virg. 
Mn. 4, v. 242.— Horat. 1, od. 10. 

Cadurci, a people of Gaul, at the east of the 
Garonne. Cazs. 

Cadusci, a people near the Caspian sea. 
PZw*. 

CADYTis.a town of Syria. Herodot. 2, c. 159. 

C^ea, an island of the iEgean sea among the 
Cyclades, called also Ceos and Cea, from Ceus 
the son of Titan. Ovid. 20, Heroid. — Virg. 
G. 1, ?. 14. 



c^: 



CM 



Cjecias, a wind blowing from the north. 

Cecilia, the wife of Syila. Plut. in Syl. 

— — The mother of Lucullus. Id. in Luc. 

A daughter of Atticus. 

Cecilia Caia, or Tanaquil. Vid. Tanaquil. 

Cecilia Lex, was proposed, A. U. C. 693, 
by Caecil. Metellus Nepos, to remove taxes 
from ail the Italian states, and to give them free 

exportation. Another called also Didia, A. 

U. C. 656, by the consul Q. Caecilius Metellus, 
and T- Didius. It required that no more than 
one single matter should be proposed to the peo- 
ple in one question, lest by one word they should 
give their assent to a whole bill, which might 
contain clauses worthy to be approved, and 
others unworthy. It required that every law, 
before it was preferred, should be exposed to 
public view on three market-days. Another, 
enacted by Caecilius Metellus the censor, con- 
cerning fullers. Plin. 35, c. IT. Another, 

A. U. C. 701, to restore to The censors their ori- 
ginal rights and privileges, which had been less- 
ened by P. Clodius the tribune Another 

called also Gabinia, A. U. C. 685, against usu- 
ry- 

Cjecilianus, a Latin writer before the age of 
Cicero. 

Cecilii, a plebeian family at Rome, descend- 
ed from Caecas, one of the companions of iEneas, 
or from Caeculus the son of Vulcan, who built 
Praeneste. This family gave birth to many il- 
lustrious generals and patriots. 

C^cilius, Claudius Isidorus, a man who 
left in his will to his heirs, 4116 slaves, 3600 
yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle, 600,000 

pounds of silver Plin. 33, c. 10.- Epirus, a i 

freedman of Atticus, who opened a school at I 
Rome, and is said to have first taught reading i 

to Virgil and some other growing poets. A I 

Sicilian orator in the age of Augustus, who 
wrote on the Servile wars, a comparison be- 
tween Demosthenes and Cicero, and an account 

of the orations of Demosthenes. Metellus. 

Vid. Mettellus. Statius, a comic poet, de- 
servedly commended by Cicero and Quintiliau, 
though the orator Ad. Attic, calls him Malum 
Lalinitatis auctorem. Above 30 of his come- 
dies are mentioned by ancient historians, among 
which are his Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus, 
Syracusag, Foenerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, 
&c He was a native of Gaul, and died at Rome 
168, B. C. and was buried on the Janiculum. 
Herat 2, ep. 1. 

CaxiNA Tuscus, a son of Nero's nurse, made 
governor of Egypt. Suet, in Ner. A Ro- 
man who wrote some physical treatises. A 

citizen of Volaterrae, defended by Cicero. 

CiEcuBUM, a town of Campania in Italy, near 
the bay of Caieta, famous for the excellence 
and plenty of its wines. Strab. 5. — tic-rat. 1, 
od. 20, 1. 2, od. 14, &c. 

CjEculus, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as 
some say, by his mother, when a spark of fire 
fell into her bosom. He was called Caeculus, 
because his eyes were small After a life spent 
in plundering and rapine, he built Prasneste; 
but being unable to find inhabitants, he im- 
plored Vulcan to show whether he really was 
his father. Upon this a flame suddenly shone 



among a multitude who were assembled to see 
some spectacle, and they were immediately per 
suaded to become the subjects of Caeculus. Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 680, says, that he was found in fire 
by shepherds, and on that account called son of 
Vulcan, who is the god of fire. 

Q. C^dicius, a consul, A. U. C. 498. 

Another, A. U C. 465. A military tribune 

in Sicily, who bravely devoted himself to rescue 
the Roman army from the Carthaginians. B. C. 
254. He escaped with his life. A rich per- 
son, &c. Virg. JEn, 9, v. 362. A friend of 

Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 747. 

C^i.ia Lex, was enacted A. U. C. 635, by 
Caelius, a tribune. It ordained that in judicial 
proceedings before the people, in cases of trea- 
son, the votes should be given upon tablets con- 
trary to the exception of the Cassian law. 

CvELius, an orator, disciple to Cicero. He 
died very young Cicero defended him when 
he was accused by Clodius of being accessary 
to Cataline's conspiracy, and of having murder- 
ed some ambassadors from Alexandria, and car- 
ried on an illicit amour with Clodia the wife of 
Metellus. Orat. pro M. Ccel. — QjuintiL 10, c. 

1.- A man of Tarracina, found murdered in 

his bed. His sons were suspected of the mur- 
der, but acquitted. Val. Max. 8, c. 1. 

Aurelianus, a writer about 300 years after 
Christ, the best edition of whose works is that 

of Alrneloveen, Amst. 1722 and 1755. L. 

Antipater, wrote an history of Rome, which M. 
Brutus epitomized, and which Adrian preferred 
to the histories of Sallust. Caelius flourished 
120 years, ii. C. Val Max, 1, c. l.— Cic. 13, 
ad Attic, ep. 8. — Tubero, a man who came 
to life after he had been carried to the burning 

pile. Plin. 7, c. 52. Vibienus, asking of 

Etruria, who assisted Romulus against the Cae- 

ninenses, kc Sabinus, a writer in the age.of 

Vespasian, who composed a treatise on the edicts 

of the curule ediles. One of the seven hills 

on which Rome was built. Romulus surround- 
ed it with a ditch and rampart, and it was en- 
closed by walls by the succeeding kings. It re- 
ceived its name from Caelius, who assisted Ro- 
mulus against the Sabines. 

Cemaro, a Greek, who wrote an account of 
India. 

CjEne, a small island in the Sicilian sea.- 

A town on the coast of Laconia, whence Jupiter 
is called Caenius. Plin. 4, c. 5. — Ovid. Met. 
9, v 136. 

Cs:neus, one of the Argonauts. Apollod. 1, 
c. 9. -A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. 

CjenIdes, a patronymic of Eetion, as de- 
scended from Caeneus. Herodot. 5, c. 92. 

CjEnina, a town of Latium near Rome. The 
inhabitants, called Ccminenses, made war against 
the Romans when their virgins had been stolen 
away. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 135. — Propert. 4, el. 
11, c. 9.— Liv. 1, c 9. 

C^nis, a promontory of Italy, opposite to Pe- 
lorus in Sicily, a distance of about one mile and 
a half. 

CasNis, a Thessalian woman, daughter of 
Elatus, who being forcibly ravished by Neptune, 
obtained from the god the power to change her 
sex, and to become invulnerable. She also 



c^: 



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changed her name, and was called Ccenews. In 
the wars of the Lapithae against the Centaurs, 
she offended Jupiter, and was overwhelmed with 
a huge pile of wood, and changed into a bird. — 
Ovid. Met. 12, v. 172 and 479.— Virg. JEn- 6, 
v. 44S, says, that she returned again to her pris- 
tine form. 

Q. Servilitjs C<epio, a Roman consul, A. 
U. C. 648, in the Cimbrian war. He plunder- 
ed a temple at Tolossa, for which he was pun- 
ished by divine vengeance, &c Justin. 32, c. 
3. — Paterc. 2, c. 12. A quaestor who op- 
posed Saturninus. Cic. ad Her. 

C^eratus, a town of Crete. Strab. A 

river. 

C^ere, Ceres, anciently Agylla, now Cer- 
veteri, a city of Etruria, once the capital of the 
whole country. It was in being in the age of 
Strabo. When iEneas came to Italy, Mezen- 
tius was king over the inhabitants called Ccere- 
tes, or Cazrites; but they banished their prince, 
and assisted the Trojans. The people of Caere 
received with all possible hospitality the Ro- 
mans who fled with the fire of Vesta, when the 
city was besieged by the Gauls, and for this hu- 
manity they were made citizens of Rome, but 
without the privilege of voting; whence Cwrites 
tabulce was applied to those who had no suffrage, 
and Caerites cera appropriated as a mark of con- 
tempt. Virg. JEn. 8 and 10. — Liv. 1, c. 2. — 
Strab. 5. 

CiBREsi, a people of Germany. Cms. 

Cesar, a surname given to the Julian fami- 
ly at Rome, either because one of them kept an 
elephant, which bears the same name in the 
Punic tongue, or because one was born with a 
thick head of hair. This name, after it had 
been dignified in the person of Julius Caesar, 
and of his successors, was given to the appa- 
rent heir of the empire, in the age of the Ro- 
man emperors. The twelve first Roman em- 
perors were distinguished by the surname of 
Ccesar. They reigned in (he following order: 
Julius Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, 
Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Ves- 
pasian, Titus, and Domitian. In Domitian, or 
rather in Nero, the family of Julius Caesar was 
extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, 
the appellation of Caesar seemed inseparable 
from the imperial dignity, and therefore it was 
assumed by the successors of the Julian family. 
Suetonius has written an account of these twelve 
characters, in an extensive and impartial man- 
ner. C. Julius Caesar, the first emperor of 

Rome, was son of L. Caesar and Aurelia the 
daughter of Cotta. He was descended, accord- 
ing to some accounts, from Julius the son of 
JEneas. When he reached his 15th year he 
lost his father, and the year after he was made 
priest of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his am- 
bition, and endeavoured to remove him; but Cae- 
sar understood his intentions, and to avoid dis- 
covery, changed every day his lodgings. He was 
received into Sylla's friendship some time after; 
and the dictator told those who solicited the ad- 
vancement of young Caesar, that they were 
warm in the interest of a man who would prove, 
some day or other, the ruin of their country and 
of their liberty. When Caesar went to finish 



his studies at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, 
he was seized by pirates, who offered him his 
liberty for 30 talents. He gave them 40, and 
threatened to revenge their insults; and he no 
sooner was out of their power, than he armed a 
ship, pursued them, and crucified them all. His 
eloquence procured him friends at Rome, and 
the generous manner in which he lived, equally 
served to promote his interest. He obtained 
the office of high priest at the death of Metel- 
lus; and after he had passed through the infe- 
rior employments of the state, he was appointed 
over Spain, where he signalized himself.by his 
valour and intrigues. At his return to Rome, 
he was made consul, and soon after he effected 
a reconciliation between Crassus and Pompey. 
He was appointed for the space of five years 
over the Gauls, by the interest of Pompey, to 
whom he had given his daughter Julia in mar- 
riage. Here he enlarged the boundaries of the 
Roman empire by conquest, and invaded Bri- 
tain, which was then unknown to the Roman 
people. He checked the Germans, and soon 
after had his government over Gaul prolonged 
to rive other years, by means of his friends at 
Rome The death of Julia and of Crassus, the 
corrupted state of the Roman senate, and the 
ambition of Caesar and Pompey, soon became 
the causes of a civil war. Neither of these ce- 
lebrated Romans would suffer a superior, and 
the smallest matters were sufficient ground for 
unsheathing the sword. Caesar's petitions were 
received with coldness or indifference by the 
Roman senate; and by the influence of Pompey 
a decree was passed to strip him of his power. 
Antony, who opposed it as tribune, fled to Cae- 
sar's camp with the news; and the ambitious 
general no sooner heard this, than he made it a 
plea of resistance. On pretence of avenging the 
violence which had been offered to the sacred 
office of tribune in the person of Antony, he 
crossed the Rubicon, which was the boundary 
of his province. The passage of the Rubicon 
was a declaration of war, and Caesar entered 
Italy, sword in hand. Upon this, Pompey, with 
all the friends of liberty, left Rome, and retired 
to Dyrrachium; and Caesar, after he had sub- 
dued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, and 
provided himself with money from the public 
treasury. He went to Spain, where he con- 
quered the partizans of Pompey, under Petreius, 
Afranius, and Varro; and, at his return to Rome, 
was declared dictator, and soon after consul. 
When he left Rome, he went in quest of Pom- 
pey, observing that he was marching against a 
general without troops, after having defeated 
troops without a general in Spain. In the plains 
of Pharsalia, B. C. 48, the two hostile generals 
engaged. Pompey was conquered, and fleci into 
Egypt, where he was murdered Caesar, after he 
had made a noble use of victory, pursued his 
adversary into Egypt, where he for some time 
forgot his fame and character in the arms of 
Cleopatra, by whom he had a son. His dan- 
ger was great, while at Alexandria; but he ex- 
tricated himself with wonderful success, and 
made Egypt tributary to his power. After se- 
veral conquests in Africa, the defeat of Cato, 
Scipio, and Juba, and that of Pompey's sons in 



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Spain, he entered Rome, and triumphed over 
five different nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pontus, 
Africa, and Spain, and was created perpetual 
dictator. But now his glory was at an end, his 
uncommon success created him enemies, and 
the chiefest of the senators, among whom was 
Brutus, his most intimate friend, conspired 
against him, and stabbed him in the senate- 
house on the ides of March. He died, pierced 
with 23 wounds, the 15th of March, B. C. 44, 
in the 56th year of his age. Casca gave him 
the first blow, and immediately he attempted to 
make some resistance; but when he saw Brutus 
among the conspirators, he submitted to his fate, 
and fell down at their feet, muffling up his man- 
tle, and exclaiming, Tu quoque Brute! Caesar 
might have escaped the sword of the conspira- 
tors, if he had listened to the advice of his wife, 
whose dreams, on the night previous to the day 
of his murder, were alarming. He also receiv- 
ed, as he went to the senate-house, a paper 
from Artemidorus, which discovered the whole 
conspiracy to him; but he neglected the reading 
of what might have saved his life. When he 
was in his first campaign iu Spain, he was ob- 
served to gaze at a statue of Alexander, and 
even shed tears at the recollection that that hero 
had conquered the world at an age in which 
he himself had done nothing. The learning 
of Caesar deserves commendation, as well as 
his military character. He reformed the ca- 
lendar. He wrote his commentaries on the 
Gallic wars, on the spot where he fought his 
battles; and the composition has been admired 
for the elegance as well as the correctness of its 
style. This valuable book was nearly lost; and 
when Caesar saved his life in the bay of Alex- 
andria, he was obliged to swim from his ship, 
with his arms in one hand and bis commenta- 
ries in the other. Besides the Gallic and Civil 
wars, he wrote other pieces, which are now lost. 
The history of the war in Alexandria and Spam 
is attributed to him by some, and by others to 
Hirtius. Caesar has been blamed for his de- 
baucheries and expenses; and the first year he 
had 'a public office, his debts were rated at 830 
talents, which his friends discharged; yet in his 
public character, he must be reckoned one of 
the few heroes that rarely make their appear 
ance among mankind. His qualities were such, 
that in every battle he could not be but conquer- 
or, and in every republic, master; and to his 
sense of his superiority over the rest of the world, 
or to his ambition, we are to attribute his say- 
ing, that he wished rather to be first in a little 
village, than second at Rome. It was after his 
conquest over Pharnaces in one day, that he 
made use of these remarkable words, to express 
the celerity of his operations; Veni, vidi, vici. 
Conscious of the services of a man, who, in the 
intervals of peace, beautified and enriched the 
capital of his country with public buildings, li- 
braries, and porticos, the senate permitted the 
dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald head ; 
and it is said, that, to reward his benevolence, 
they were going to give him the title or autho- 
rity of king over all the Roman empire, except 
Italy, when he was murdered. In his private 
character, Caesar has been accused of seducing 



one of the vestal virgins, and suspected of be* 
ing privy to Catiline's conspiracy; and it was 
his fondness for dissipated pleasures which made 
his countrymen say that he was the husband of 
all the women at Rome, and the woman of all 
men. It is said that he conquered 3u0 nations, 
took S00 cities, and defeated three millions of 
men, one of which fell in the field of battle. 
Plin. 7, c. 25, says that he could employ at the 
same time, his ears to listen, his eyes to read, 
his hand to write, and his mind to dictate. His 
death was preceded, as many authors mention, 
by uncommon prodigies; and immediately after 
his death, a large comet made its appearance. 
The best editions of Caesar's commentaries, are 
the magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, fol Lond. 
1712; that of Cambridge, with a Greek trans- 
lation, 4to. 1727; that of Oudendorp, 2 volumes 
4to. L. Bat. 1737; and that of Elzevir, Svo. L. 
Bat. 1635. Sueton. 8f Plut. in viia.—Dio.— 
Jlppian. — Orosius. — Died 16 and eel. 31 and 
37, Virg. G. 1, v. 466.— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 

782. — Murcell. — Flor. 3'and 4. Lucius, was 

father to the dictator. He died suddenly, when 
putting on his shoes. — — Octavianus. Vid, Au- 
gustus. Caius, a tragic poet and orator, com- 
mended by Cic in Brut. His brother C. Lu- 
cius, was consul, and followed as well as him- 
self, the party of Sylla. They were both put to 
death by order of Marius. — — Lucios, an uncle 
of M. Antony, who followed the'interest of Pom- 
pey, and was proscribed by Augustus, for which 
Antony proscribed Cicero, the friend of Augus- 
tus. His son Lucius was put to death by J, 

Caesar, in his youth. Two sons of Agrippa 

bore also the name of Caesars, Cains and Lu- 
cius. Vid. Agrippa. Augusta, a town of 

Spain, built by Augustus, on the Iberus, and now 
called Saragossa. 

C&sarea, a city of Cappadocia, of Bi- 

thynia, of Mauritania, of Palestine. 

There are many small insignificant towns of that 
name, either built by the emperors, or called by 
their name, in compliment to them. 

C^sarion, the son of J. Caesar, by queen 
Cleopatra, was, at the age of 13, proclaimed by 
Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus, Egypt, 
and Coelosyria. He was put to death five years 
after by Augustus. Sutt. in Aug. 17, and Cats. 
52. 

CaEsENNius P_e~tus, a general sent by Nero 
to Armenia, &c. Tacit. 15, Ann 6 and 25. 

CaesETius, a Roman who protected his chil- 
dren against Caesar. Vol. Max. 5, c. 7. 

Cjesia, a surname of Minerva. A wood 

in Germany. Tacit. 1, Jinn. c. 50. 

Caisius a Latin poet, whose talents were not 

of uncommon brilliancy. Catull. 14. A 

lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero. Per- 
sius. 

C^eso, a son of Q. Cincinnatus, who revolted 
to the Volsci. ' 

Cssonia, a lascivious woman who married 
Caligula, and was murdered at the same time 
with her daughter Julia. Suet, in Calig. c. 59. 

Cesonius, Maximus, was banished from Italy 
by Nero, on account of his friendship with Se- 
neca, &c. Tacit. 15, Jinn. c. 71. 

C^tulum, a town of Spain. Slrab. 2. 



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@A 



CagIco, a fountain of Laconia. Paus. 3, c. 
24. 

Caicinus, a river of Locris. Thucyd. 3, c. 
103. 

Caicus, a companion of ^Eneas. Virg. .En. 
!, v. 187, I. 9, v. 35. A river of Mysia, fall- 
ing into the iEgean sea, opposite Lesbos. Virg. 
G. 4, v. 370.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 243. 

Caieta, a town, promontory, and harbour of 
Campania, which received its name from Caie- 
ta, the nurse of iEneas, who was buried there- 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 1 

Caius and Caia, a prsenomen very common 
at Rome to both sexes. C, in its natural posi- 
tion, denoted the man's name, and when re- 
versed 3 it implied Caia. Quintil. 1, c. 7. 

Caius, a son of Agrippa by Julia. Vid. 
Agrippa. 

Q,. Calaber, called also Smyrnceus, wrote a 
Greek poem in 14 books, as a continuation of 
Homer's Iliad, about the beginning of the third 
century. The best editions of this elegant and well 
written book, are, that of Rhodoman, 12mo. 
Hanover, 1604, with the notes of Dausqueius, 
and that of Pauw, 8vo, L. Bat. 1734. 

Calabria, a country of Italy in Magna Grse- 
cia It has been called Messapia, Japygia, Sa- 
lentinia, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius was 
born there. The country was fertile, and pro- 
duced a variety of fruits, much cattle, and ex- 
cellent honey. Virg. G. 3, v, 425. — Horat. 1, 
od. 31. Epod. 1, v. 27, 1 1, ep. 7, v. 14.— 
Strab. 6 —Mela, 2, c. 4.— Plin. 8, c 48. 

Calabrus, a river at Calabria. Paus. 6. 

Calagurritanti, a people of Spam, who ate 
their wives and children, rather than yield to 
Pompey. Val. Max 7, c. 6. 

Calais and Zethes. Vid. Zethus. 

Calagutis, a river of Spain. Flor. 3, c. 22. 

Calamis, an excellent carver. Propert. 3, 
el. 9, v. 10. 

Calamisa, a place of Samos. Herodot. 9. 

Calamos. a town of Asia, near mount Liba- 

nus. Plin. 5, c 20. A town of Phoenicia. 

Another of Babylonia. 

Calamus, a son of the river Maeander, who 
was tenderly attached to Carpo, &c. Paus. 9, 
C. 35. 

Calanus, a celebrated Indian philosopher, 
one of the gymnosophists. He followed Alex- 
ander in his Indi?n expedition, and being sick, 
in his 83 year, he ordered a pile to be raised, 
upon which he mounted, decked with flowers 
and garlands, to the astonishment of the king 
and of the army. When the pile was fired, 
Alexander asked him whether he had any thing 
to say: " No," said he, " I shall meet you again 
in a very short time." Alexander died three 
months after in Babylon Strab. 15. — Cic. de 
Div- 1, c. 23. — Arrian. &f Plut. in Alex. — 
JElian 2, c. 41, I. 5, c. 6 — Val. Max. 1, c. 8. 

Calaon, a river of Asia, near Colophon. 
Paus. 7, c. 3. 

Calaris, a city of Sardinia. Flor. 2, c. 6. 

Calathana, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 32 
c. 13. 

Calathion, a mountain of Laconia. Paus. 
3, c 26. 

Calathus, a son of Jupiter and Antiope. 



Calates, a town of Thrace near Tomus, on 
the E;.Xine sea. Strab. 7. — Mela, 2, c. 2. 

Calatia, a town of Campania, on the Ap- 
pian way. It was made a Roman colony in the 
age of Julius Caesar. Sil. 8, v 543. 

Calatije, a people of India, who eat the 
flesh of (heir parents. Herodot. 3, c. 38. 

Calavii, a people of Campania. Liv. 26, c. 
27. 

Calavius, a magistrate of Capua, who res- 
cued some Roman senators from death, &c. Liv. 
23, c. 2 and 3. 

Calaurea and Caluria, an island near 
Troszene in the bay of Argos. Apollo, and af- 
terwards Neptune, was the chief deity of the 
place. The tomb of Demosthenes was seen 
there, who poisoned himself to fly from the 
persecutions of Antipater. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 
384.— Paus. 1, c. 8, &c— Strab. S,—Mcla, 2, 
C. 7. 

Calbis, a river of Caria. Mela, 1, c 16. 

Calce, a city of Campania. Strab- 5. 

Calchas, a celebrated soothsayer, son of 
Thestor. He accompanied the Greeks to Troy, 
in the office of high priest; and he informed 
them that that city could not be taken without 
the aid of Achilles, that their fleet could not 
&ail from Aulis before Iphigenia was sacrificed 
to Diana, aud that the plague could not be stop- 
ped in the Grecian army, before the restoration 
of Chryseis to her father. He told them also 
that Troy could not be taken before ten years 
siege. He had received the power of divination 
from Apollo. Calchas was informed, that as 
soon as he found a man more skilled than him- 
self in divination, he must perish; and this hap- 
pened near Colophon, after the Trojan war. 
He was unable to tell how many figs were in the 
branches of a certain fig-tree;, and when Mop- 
sus mentioned the exact number, Calchas died 
through grief. [Vid. -Mopsus.] Homer. II. 1, 
v. 69. — JEschyl. in Again. — Eurip. in lphig. — 
Paus. 1, c. 43. 

Calchedonia. Vid. Chalcedon. 

CALCHtNiA, a daughter of Leucippus. She 
had a son by Neptune, who inherited his grand- 
father's kingdom of Sicyon. Paus. 2, c. 5. 

Caldus, CiELiov a Roman who killed him- 
self when detained by the Germans. Paterc. 
2, c. 120. 

Cale, (es ) Cales, (ium.) and Calenum, 
now Calvi, a town of Campania. Horat. 4, od. 
12— Juv. 1, v. 69.— Sil. 8, v. 413.— Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 728. 

Caledonia, a country at the north of Bri- 
tain, now called Scotland. The reddish hair 
and lofty stature of its inhabitants seemed to 
denounce a German extraction, according to 
Tacit, in vita Agric. It was so little known to 
the Romans, and its inhabitants so little civiliz- 
ed, that they called it Britannia Barbara, and 
they never penetrated into the country either for 
curiosity or conquest. Martial. 10, ep. 44. — 
Sil. 3, v. 598. 

Calentum, a place of Spain, where it is said 
they made bricks so light that they swam on the 
surface of the water. Plin. 35, c. 14. 

Calentus, a famous soothsayer of Etruria, in 
the age of Tarquin. Plin. 28, c. 2. A lieu- 



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Ifenant of Cassar's army. After Caesar's murder, 
he concealed some that had been proscribed by 
the triumvirs, and behaved with great honour to 
them. Plut in Cozs. 

Cales, Vid. Cale A city of Bithynia on 

the Euxine, Arrian. 

Calesius, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by 
Diomedes in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 16, 
V. 16. 

Calei\e, a people of Belgic Gaul, now Pays 
de Caux, in Normandy. Cces. Bell. G. 2, c. 4. 
Their town is called Caletum, 

Caletor, a Trojan prince, slain by Ajax as 
he was going to set fire to the ship of Protesi- 
laus. Homer. 11. 15, v. 419. 

Calex, a river of Asia Minor, falling into 
the Euxine sea. Thucyd. 4, c. 75. 

Caliadne, the wife of Egyptus. Apollod. 
2, c. 1. 

Caliceni, a people of Macedonia. 

M. Caliditjs, an orator and pretorian who 
died in the civil wars, &c. Cozs. Bell. Civ. 

I, c. 2. L. Julius, a man remarkable for his 

riches, the excellency of his character, his learn- 
ing and poetical abilities He was proscribed 
by Volumnius, but delivered by Atticus. C. Nep. 
in Attic. 12. 

C. Caligula, the emperor, received this 
surname from his wearing in the camp, the 
Caliga, a military covering for the leg. He was 
son of Germanicus by Agrippina, and grandson 
to Tiberius. During the first eight months of 
his reign, Rome expected universal prosperity, 
the exiles were recalled, taxes were remitted, 
and profligates dismissed; but Caligula soon be- 
came proud, wanton, and cruel. He built a 
temple to himself, and ordered his head to be 
placed on the images of tbe gods, while he wish- 
ed to imitate the thunders and power of Jupiter. 
The statues of all great men were removed, as 
if Rome would sooner forget her virtues in their 
absence; and the emperor appeared in public 
places in the most indecent manner, encouraged 
roguery, committed incest with his three sisters, 
and established public places of prostitution. 
He often amused himself with putting innocent 
peopje to death; he attempted to famish Rome, 
by a monopoly of corn; and as he was pleased 
with the greatest disasters which befell his sub- 
jects, he often wished the Romans had but one 
head, that he might have the gratification to 
strike it off. Wild beasts were constantly fed 
in his palace with human victims, and a favour^ 
ite horse was made high-priest and consul, and 
kept in marble apartments, and adorned with 
the most valuable trappings and pearls the Ro- 
man empire could furnish. Caligula built a 
bridge upwards of three miles in the sea; and 
would perhaps have shown himself more tyran- 
i nical, had not Chsereas, one of his servants, 
formed a conspiracy against his life, with others 
equally tired with the cruelties and the insults 
that were offered with impunity to the persons 
and feelings of the Romans. In consequence 
! of this, the tyrant was murdered January 24th, 
in his 29th year, after a reign of three years 
and ten months, A. D. 41. It has been said, 
Aat Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric; but 
his love of learning is better understood from 



i his attempts to destroy the writings of Homer 
and of Virgil. Dio. — Sueton. in vita. — Tacit. 
Ann. 

Calipus, a mathematician of Cyzicus, B. C. 
1 330. 

1 Calis, a man in Alexander's army, tortured 
for conspiring against the king. Curt. 6, c. 11. 

CalljEscherus, the father of Critias. Plut. 
| in Alcib. 

Callaici, a people of Lusitania, now Gafa 
licia, at the north of Spain. Ovid. 6, Fast. y. 
j 461. 

Callas, a general of Alexander. Diod. 17. 

j Of Cassander against Polyperchon. Id. 

19. A river of Euboea. 

Callatebus, a town of Caria. Herodot. 7, 
c. 32. 

Calle, a town of ancient Spain, now Oporto } 
at the mouth of the Douro in Portugal. 

Calleteria, a town of Campania. 

Calleni, a people of Campania. 

Callia, a town of Arcadia Paus. 8, c. 27. 

Calliades, a magistrate of Athens when 
Xerxes invaded Greece. Herodot 8, c. 51. 

Callias, an Athenian appointed to make 
peace between Artaxerxes and his country. 

Diod. 12. A son of Temenus, who murdered 

his father with the assistance of his brothers. 

Apollod. 2, c. 6. A Greek poet, son of Lysi- 

machus. His compositions are lost. He was 
surnamed Schoenion, from his twisting ropes, 

(o-^o/v©',) through poverty Athen. 10. 

A partial historian of Syracuse. He wrote an 
account of tbe Sicilian wars, and was well re- 
warded by Agathocles, because he had shown 
him in a favourable view. Athen. 12. — Dionys. 
An Athenian greatly revered for his pa- 
triotism. Herodot. 6, c. 121 A soothsayer. 

An Athenian, commander of a fleet against 

Philip, whose ships he took, &c A rich 

Athenian, who liberated Cimon from prison, on 
condition of marrying his sister and wife Elpi- 
nice. C. Nep. and Plut. in Cim. A histo- 
rian, who wrote an explanation of the poems of 
Alcseus and Sappho. 

Callibius, a general in the war between 
Mantinea and Sparta. Xenoph. Hist. G. 

Callicerus, a Greek poet, some of whose 
epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. 

Callichorus, a place of Phocis, where the 
orgies of Bacchus were yearly celebrated. 

Callicles, an Athenian whose house was 
not searched on account of his recent marriage, 
when an inquiry was made after the money 

given by Harpalus, &c. Plut. in Demosth. 

A statuary of Megara. 

Callicolona, a place of Troy, near the 
Simois. 

Callicrates, an Athenian, who seized upon 
the sovereignty of Syracuse, by imposing upon 
Dion when he had lost his popularity. He was 
expelled by the sons of Dionysius, after reigning 
thirteen months. He is cailed Callippus, by 

some authors. C. Nep. in Dion. An officer 

intrusted with the care of the treasures of Susa 

by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 2. An artist, 

who made, with ivory, ants and other insects, so 
small that they could scarcely be seen. It is 
said that he engraved some of Homer's verses 



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iipou a grain of millet. Plin. 7, c. 21— Mian. 

V. H. 1, c. 17 An Athenian, who by his 

perfidy constrained the Athenians to submit to 

Rome. Paus. 7, c. 10. A Syrian who wrote 

an account of Aurelian'slife A brave Athe- 
nian killed at the battle of Plataea. Herodot. 
9, c. 72. 

CallicratidaSj a Spartan, who succeeded 
Lysander in the command of the fleet. He took 
Methymna, and routed the Athenian fleet under 
Couott. He was defeated and killed near the 
Arginusae, in a naval battle, B. C. 406. Diod. 
13. — Xenoph. Hst. G. One of the four am- 
bassadors sent by the Laceuaemonians to Darius, 
upon the rupture of their alliance with Alex- 
ander. Curt. 3, c. 13. A Pythagorean 

writer. 

Callidius, a celebrated Roman orator, con- 
temporary with Cicero, who speaks of his abili- 
ties with commendation. Cic. in Brut, 274, — 
Paterc 2, c. 36. 

Callidromus, a place near Thermopylae. 
Thucyd. 8, c 6. 

Calligetus, a man of Megara, received in 
his banishment by Pharnabazus. Thucyd. 8, 
c. 6. 

Callimachus, an historian and poet of Cy- 
rene, son of Battus and Mesatma, and pupil to 
Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in the 
age of Ptolemy Philadelpbus, kept a school at 
Alexandria, and had Apollonius of Rhodes 
among his pupils, whose ingratitude obliged 
Callimachus to lash him severely in a satirical 
poem, under the name of Ibis. (Fid. Apollo- 
nius.) The Ibis of Ovid is an imitation of this 
piece. He wrote a work in 120 books on fa- 
mous men, besides treatises, on birds; but of all 
his numerous compositions, only 31 epigrams, 
an elegy, and some hymns on the gods, are ex- 
tant; the be t editions of which, are that of 
Ernestus, 2 vols. 8vo L Bat. 1761, and that of 
Vulcanius, 12mo. Antwerp, 1584. Propertius 
styled himself the Roman Callimachus, The 
precise time of his death, as well as of his birth, 
is unknown Propert. 4, el. 1, v. 65. — Cic. 
Tusc. 1, c. 84.— Horat 2, ep. 2, v. 109.— 
Quintil. 10, c. 1. An Athenian general kill- 
ed in the battle of Marathon. His body was 
found in an erect posture, all covered with 

wounds. Plut. A Colophonian, who wrote 

the life of Homer. Plut. 

Callimedon, a partizan of Phocion, at 
Athens, condemned by the populace. 

Callimeles, a youth ordered to be killed 
and served up as meat by Apollodorus of Cas- 
sandrea. Polyozn. 6, c. 7. 

Callinus, an orator, who is said to have first 
invented elegiac poetry, B. C. 776. Some of 
his verses are to be found in Stobaeus. Jlthen. — 
Strab. 13. 

Calliope, one of the muses, daughter of 
Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided over elo- 
quence and heroic poetry. She is said to be the 
mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Horace sup- 
poses her able to play on any musical instrument. 
She was represented with a trumpet in her right 
hand, and with books in the other, which signi- 
fied that her office was to take notice of the fa- 
mous actions of heroes, as Clio was employed 



in celebrating them; and she held the three most 
famous epic poems of antiquity, and appeared 
generally crowned with laureis. She settled the 
dispute between Venus ana Proserpine, concern- 
ing Adorns, whose company these two goddesses 
wished Doth perpetually to enjoy. Hesiod. Theog. 
—jdpoltod. 1, c. 3. — Horat. od. 

Callipatira, daughter of Diagoras, and 
wife of Callianax the athlete, went disguised in 
man's clothes with her son Pisiuorus, to the 
Olympic games. When Pisidorus was declared 
victor, she discovered her sex through excess of 
joy, and was arrested, as women were not per- 
mitted to appear there on pain of death. The 
victory of ner son obtained her release; and a 
iaw was instantly made, which foroade any 
wrestlers to appear but naked. Paus. 5, c. 6, 
1 6, c. 7. 

Calliphon, a painter of Samos, famous for 

nis historical pieces. Plin. 10, c 26. A 

philosopher who made the summum bonum con- 
sist in pleasure joined to the love of honesty. 
This system was opposed by Cicero. Qudest* 
dead 4, c. 131 and 139. de Offic. 3, c. 119. 

Calliphron, a celebrated dancing master, 
who had Epaminondas among his pupils. C- 
JVep. in Epam. 

Callipid.^, a people of Scythia. Herodot. 
4, c. 17. 

Callipolis, a city of Thrace on the Helles- 
pont. Sit. 14, v. 250. A town of Sicily 

near iEtna. A city of Calabria on the coast 

of Tarentum, on a rocky island, joined by a 
bridge to the continent. It is now called Gal- 
lipoti, and contains 6000 inhabitants, who trade 
in oil and cotton. 

Callipus or Calippus, an Athenian, disciple 
to Plato, lie destroyed Dion, &c. Vid. Calli- 

crates. C. JVep. in Dion. —A Corinthian, 

who wrote an history of Orchomenos Paus. 

6, c. 29. A philosopher. <Diog in Zen. 

A general of the Athenians when the 

Gauls invaded Greece by Thermopylae. Paus. 
1. c. 3. 

Callipyges, a surname of Venus. 

Callirhoe, a daughter of the Scamander, 
who married Tros, by whom she had Ilus, Ga- 
nymede, and Assaracus. A fountain of At- 
tica where Callirhoe killed herself. Vid. Co- 
resus. Paus. 7, c 21— Stat. 12. Theb. v. 629 

A daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, mother 

of Echidna, Orthos, and Cerberus, by Chrysaor 

Hesiod. A daughter of Eycustyrantof Libya, 

who kindly received Diomedes at his return from 
Troy. He abandoned her, upon which she killed 

herself. A daughter of the Achelous, who 

married Alcmaeon. Vid Alcmaeon. JPaus. 8, 

c. 24. A daughter of Phocus the Boeotian, 

whose beauty procured her many admirers. 
Her father behaved with such coldness to her 
lovers that they murdered him. Callirhoe aveng- 
ed his death with the assistance of the Boeotians- 

Plut. Amat. Nurr. A daughter of Piras and 

Niobe. Hygin. fab. 145. 

Calliste, an island of the iEgean sea, called 
afterwards Thera. Plin. 4, c. 12. — Paws. 3, c 

1. Its chief town was founded 1150 years 

before the christian era, by Theras. 

Callisteia, a festival at Lesbos, during 



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Which, all the women presented themselves in 
the temple of Juno, and the fairest was reward- 
ed in a public manner. There was also an in- 
stitution of the same kind among the Parrha- 
sians, first made by Cypselus, whose wife was 
honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had 
one also, in which the fairest man received as a 
prize a complete suit of armour, which he dedi- 
cated to Minerva. 

Callisthenes, a Greek who wrote an his- 
tory of his own country in 10 books, beginning 
from the peace between Artaxerxes and Greece, 
down to the plundering of the temple of Delphi 

by Philomelus. Diod. 14. A man who with 

others attempted to expel the garrison of Deme- 
trius from Athens. Polycen. 5, c 17. A 

philosopher of Olynthus, in'imate with Alexan- 
der, whom he accompanied in his oriental ex- 
pedition in the capacity of a preceptor, and to 
whom he had been recommended by his friend 
and master Aristotle. He refused to pay divine 
honours to the king, for which he was accused 
of conspiracy, mutilated, and exposed to wild 
beasts, dragged about in chains, till Lysimachus 
gave him poison which ended together his tor- 
tures and his life, B. C. 32S. None of his com- 
positions are extant. Curt. 8, c. 6. — Plut. in 

Jikx. — Arrian. 4. — Justin. 12, c. 6 and 7. 

A writer of Sybaris. A freedman of Lucul- 

lus. It is said that he gave poison to his master. 
Plut in Lucull. 

Callisto and Calisto, called also He-lice, 
was daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia, and 
one of Diana's attendants. Jupiter saw her, 
and seduced her after he had assumed the shape 
of Diana. Her pregnancy was discovered as 
she bathed with Diana; and the fruit of her 
amour with Jupiter, called Areas, was hid in the 
woods and preserved. Juno, who was jealous 
of Jupiter, changed Callisto into a bear; but 
the god, apprehensive of her being hurt by the 
huntsmen, made her a constellation of heaven, 
with her son Areas, under the name of the bear. 
Ovid Met. 2, fab. 4, kc—Apollod. 3, c. 8.— 
JJygin fab. 176 and 177. — Pans. 8, c. 3. 

Callistonicus, a celebrated statuary at 
Thebes. Pans 9, c. 16. 

Callistratus, an Athenian appointed gene- 
ral with Timotheus and Chabrias against Lace- 
daemon. Diod. 15. An orator of Aphidna 

in the time of Epaminondas, the most eloquent 

of his age. An Athenian orator, with whom 

Demosthenes made an intimate acquaintance 
after he had heard him plead. Xenoph. 

1 A Greek historian praised by Dionys. Hal. 

A comic poet, rival of Aristophanes. A 

statuary. Plin. 34, c. 8. A secretary of 

Mithridates. Plut. in Lucull. A gramma- 
rian, who made the alphabet of the Samians 
consist of 24 letters. Some suppose that he 
wrote a treatise on courtezans. 

Callixena, a courtezan of Thessaly, whose 
company Alexander refused, though requested 

! !>y his mother Olympias. This was attributed 

j by the Athenians to other causes than chastity, 
and therefore the prince's ambition was riui- 

j culed. 

Callixenus, a general who perished by fa- 

, mine.- An Athenian, imprisoned for pass- 



ing sentence of death upon some prisoners. 
Diod. 13. 

Calon, a statuary. Qjiintil. 12, c. 10. — 
Plin. 34, c. 8. 

Calor, now Calore, a river in Italy near 
Beneventum. Liv. 14, c. 14. 

Calpe, a lofty mountain in the most southern 
parts of Spain, opposite to mount Abyla on the 
African coast. These two mountains were called 
the pillars of Hercules. Calpe is now called 
Gibraltar. 

Calphurnia, a daughter of L. Piso, who 
was Julius Caesar's fourth wife. The night 
previous to her husband's murder, she dreamed 
that the roof of her house had fallen, and that 
he had been stabbed in her arms; and on that 
account she attempted, but in vain, to detain 
him at home. After Caesar's murder, she placed 
herself under the patronage of M. Antony. 
Sueton in Jul. 

Calphurnius Bestia, a noble Roman bribed 
by Jugurtba. It is said that he murdered his 

wives when asleep. Plin. 27, c. 2. Cras- 

sus, a patrician, who went with Regulus against 
the Massyli. He was seized by the enemy as 
he attempted to plunder one of their towns, and 
he was ordered to be sacrificed to Neptune. 
Bisaltia, the king's daughter, fell in love with 
him, and gave him an opportunity of escaping 
and conquering hei father. Calphurnius re- 
turned victorious, and Bisaltia destroyed her- 
self. A man who conspired against the em- 
peror Nerva. Galerianus, son of Piso, put 

to death, &c. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 11. Piso, 

condemned for using seditious words against 

Tiberius. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 21. Another 

famous for his abstinence. Vol. Max. 4, c. 3. 

Titus, a Latin poet, born in Sicily, in the 

age of Dioclesian, seven of whose eclogues are 
extant, and generally found with the works of 
the poets who have written on hunting. Though 
abounding in many beautiful lines, they are 
however greatly inferior to the elegance and 
simplicity of Virgil. The best edition is that of 

Kempher, 4to. L. Bat. 1728. A man sur- 

named Frugi, who composed Annals, B. C. 130. 

Calpurnia or Calphurnia, a noble family 
in Rome, derived from Calpus son of Numa. 
It branched into the families of the Pibones, 
Bibuli, Flammae, Csesennini, Asprenates, &c. 
Plin. in JVwni. 

Calpurnia and Calphurnia lex, was enact- 
ed A. U. C 604, severely to punish such as 
were guilty of using bribes, &c. Cic. de Off. 

2. -A daughter of Marius, sacrificed to the 

gods by her father, who was advised to do 
it, in a dream, if he wished to conquer the 

Cimbri. Plut. in Par all. A woman who 

killed herself when she heard that her husband 
was murdered in the civil wars of Marius. 

Paterc. 2, 26. The wife of J. Caesar. Vid. 

Calphurnia. A favourite of the emperor 

Claudius, &c. Tacit. Jinn. A woman 

ruined by Agrippina on account of her beauty, 
&c. Tacit. 

Calvia, a female minister of Nero's lusts. 
Tacit. Hist. 1, c 3. 

Calvina, a prostitute in Juvenal's age. 3, 
v. 133. 



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Calvisius, a friend of Augustus. Plut. in 

Jlntou An officer whose wife prostituted 

herself in his camp by night, &c. Tacit. 1, 
Hist c. 48. 

Calumma and Impudentia, two deities wor- 
shipped at Athens. Calumny was ingeniously 
represented in a painting by Apelles. 

Calusidius, a soldier in the army of Ger- 
mamcus. When this general wished to stab 
himself with his own sword, Calusidius offered 
him his own, observing that it was sharper. 
Tat it. 1, Jin. c 35. 

Calusium, a town of Etruria. 

Calvas Corn. Licinius, a famous orator, 
equaiiy known for writing Iambics. As he was 
both factious and satirical, he did not fad to 
excite attention by his animadversions upon 
Caesar and Pompey, and, from his eloquence, 
to dispute the palm of eloquence with Cicero. 
Cic. ep.—Horat 1, Sat 10. v. 19. 

Calybe, a town of Thrace. Strab. 17. 

The mother of Bucohon by Laomedon. JJpol- 

lod. 3, c. 12. An old woman priestess in the 

temple which Juno had at Ardea. Virg. JEn. 
7, v. 419. 

Calycadnus, a river of Cilicia. 

Calyce, a daughter of iEolus, son of He- 
lenus and Enaretta daughter of Deimachus. 
She had Endymion, king of iElis, by JEthhus the 
son of Jupiter- jlpollod. 1, c 7. — I'aus. 5, c. 

1. A Grecian girl, who fell in love with a 

youth called Evathlus. As she was unable to 
gain the object of her love, she threw hersetf 
from a precipice. This tragical story was made 
into a song by Stesichorus, and was still extant 
in the age of Jlihenceus, 14. — ■ — A daughter of 
Hecaton mother of Cycnus. Hygin. 157. 

Calydiam, a town on the Appiau way. 

Calydna, an island in the Myrtoan sea. 
Some suppose it to be near Rhodes, others near 
Tenedos. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 205. 

Calydon, a city of iEtolia, where CEneus, 
the father of Meleager, reigned. The Evenus 
flows through it, and it receives its name from 
Caljdon the son of iEtolus. During the reign 
of (Ei'.eus, Diana sent a wild boar to ravage the 
country, on account of the neglect which had 
been shown to her divinity by the king. All <he 
princes of the age assembled to hunt this boar, 
which is greatly celebrated by the poets, under 
the name of the chase of Calydon, or the Caly- 
donian boar. Meleager killed the animal with 
his own hand, and gave the head to Atalanta, 
of whom he was enamoured. The skin of the 
boar was preserved, and was still seen in the 
age of Pausanias, in the temple of Minerva 
Alea. The tusks were also preserved by the 
Arcadians in Tegea, and Augustus carried them 
away to Rome, because the people of Tegea 
had followed the party of Antony. These tusks 
were shown for a long time at Rome. One of 
them was about half an ell long 1 , and the other 
was broken. (Vid. Meleager and Atalanta.) 
Jlpollod. 1, c. 8.— Paws. 8,"e. 45 —Strab. 8.— 
Homer. II. 9, v. bll.—Hygin. fab. 174.— 

Ovid. Met 8, fab. 4, &c A son of Mio\us 

and Prouoe daughter of Phorbas. He gave his 
name to a town of ./Etolia. 



Calydonis, a name of Dejanira, as living in 
Calydon. Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 4. 

Calydonius, a surname of Bacchus. 

Cai.vmne, an island near Lebynthos. Ovid. 
JJrt. Jm 2, v. 81. 

Calynda, a town of Caria. Ptol. 5, c. 3. 

Calypso, one of the Oceanides. or one of 
the daughters of Atlas, according to some, was 
goddess of silence, and reigned in the island of 
Ogjgia, whose situation and even existence is 
doubted When Ulysses was shipwrecked on 
her coasts, she received him with great hospi- 
tality, and offered him immortality if he would 
remain with her as a husband. The hero re- 
fused, and after seven years 1 delay, he was per- 
mitted to depart from the island by order of 
Mercury, the messenger of Jupiter. During 
his stay, Ulysses had two sons by Calypso, Nau- 
sithous and Nausiimus. Calypso was inconso- 
lable at the departure of Ulysses. Homer Od. 
1 and 15 — Hesiod. Theog. v. 360 — Ovid, de 
Pont. 4, ep. 18. Jlmor. 2, el. 17. — Propert. 
I, el. 15 

Camalodunum, a Roman colony in Britain, 
supposed Maiden, or Colchester 

Camantium, a town of Asia Minor. 

CamakIna, a town of Italy A lake of 

Sicily, wuh a town of the same name, built B. 
C 552. It was destroyed by the Syracusans, 
and rebuilt by a certain Hipponous The lake 
was drained contrary to the advice of Apoilo, 
as the ancients supposed, and a pestilence was 
the consequence; but the lowness of the lake 
below the level of the' sea prevents its being 
drained. The words Camarinam movere are 
become proverbial to express an unsuccessful 
and dangerous attempt. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 791. 
—Strab Q.—Herodotl, c. 134. 

Cambaules, a general of some Gauls who 
invadeu Greece. Paus. 10, c. 19. 

Ca bes, a prince of Lydia, of such voracious 
appetite that he ale his own wife, &c. JElian. 
1, V. H. c. 27. 

Cambre, a place near Puteoli. Juv. 7, v. 
154. 

Cambunii, mountains of Macedonia. Liv. 
42, c. 53 

Cambyses, king of Persia, was son of Cyrus 
the Great. He conquered Egypt, and was so 
offended at the superstition of the Egyptians, 
that he killed their god Apis, and plundered 
their temples. When he wished to take Pelu- 
sium, he placed at the head of his army, a num- 
beivof cats and dogs; and the Egyptians refusing, 
in an attempt to defend themselves, to kill ani- 
mals which they reverenced as divinities, be- 
came an easy prey to the enemy. Cambyses 
afterwards sent an army of 50,000 men to de- 
stroy Jupiter Amnion's temple, and resolved to 
attack the Carthaginians and ^Ethiopians. He 
killed his brother Smcrdis from mere suspicion, 
and (lead alive a partial judge, whose skin he 
nailed on the judgment seat, and appointed his 
son to succeed him, telling him to remember 
where he sat. He died of a small wound he 
had given himself with his sword as he mount- 
ed pn horseback; and the Egyptians observed, 
that it was the same place on which he had 
wounded their god Apis, and that therefore he 



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was visited by the hand of the gods. His death 
happened 521 years before Christ. He left no 
issue to succeed bim, and his tbrone was usurped 
by the magi, and ascended by Darius soon after. 
Herodct. 2, 3, &c— Justin. 1, c 9—Val Max. 
6, c. 3. — — A person of obscure oiigin, to whom 
king Astyages gave his daughter Mandane in 
marriage. The king, who had been terrified by 
dreams whicb threatened the loss of his crown 
by the hand of his daughter's son, had taken this 
step in hopes that the children of so ignoble a 
bed would ever remain in obscurity He was 
disappointed. Cyrus, Mandane's son, dethroned 
him when grown to manhood. Herodot 1, c. 

46, 107, &c. — Justin. 1, c. 4. A river of 

Asia, which flows from mount Caucasus into the 
Cyrus. Mela, 3, c. 5. 

Camelani, a people of Italy. 

Camelit^e, a people of Mesopotamia. 

Camera, a field of Calabria. Ovid. Fast. 
3, v. 682. 

Camerinum, and Camertium, a town of 
Umbria, very faithful to Rome. The inhabit- 
ants were called Camertes. Liv. 9. c. 36. 

Camerinus, a Latin poet, who wrote a poem 
on the taking of Troy by Hercules. Ovid. 4, ex 

Pont el. 16, v. 19 Some of the family of 

the Camerini were distinguished for their zeal 
as citizens, as well as for their abilities as scho- 
lars, among whom was Sulpicius, commissioned 
by the Roman senate to go to Athens, to collect 
the best of Solon's laws Juv. 7, v. 90. 

Camerium, an ancient town of Italy near 
Rome, taken by Romulus. Plut. in Rom. 

Camertes, a friend of Turnus killed by 
^neas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 562. Vid. Came- 
riuum, 

CAMrLLA, queen of the Volsci, was daughter 
of Metabus and Casmilla. She was educated 
in the woods, inured to the labours of hunting, 
and fed upon the milk of mares. Her father 
devoted her, when young, to the service of Di- 
ana. When she was declared queen, she march- 
ed at the head of an army, and accompanied by 
three youthful females of equal courage as her- 
self, to assist Turnus against iEneas, where she 
signalized herself by the numbers that perished 
by her hand. She was so swift that she could 
run, or rather fly over a field of corn without 
bending the blades, and make her way over the 
sea without wetting her feet. She died by a 
wound she had received from Aruns. Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 803, I. 11, v 435. 

Camilii and Camilla, the priests instituted 
by Romulus for the service of the gods. 

Camillus, (L. Furius) a celebrated Roman, 
called a second Romulus, from his services to 
his country. He was banished by the people 
for distributing, contrary to his vow, the spoils 
he had obtained at Veii During his exile, 
Rome was besieged by the Gauls under Bren- 
nus. Tn the midst of their misfortunes, the be- 
sieged Romans elected him dictator, and he for- 
got their ingratitude, and marched to the relief 
of his country, which he delivered, after it had 
been for some time in the possession of the ene- 
my. He died in the 80th year of his age, B. 
C. 365, after he had been five times dictator, 
once censor, three times interrex, twice a mili- 



tary tribune, and obtained four triumphs. He 
conquered the Hernici, Volsci, Latini, and Etru- 
rians, and dissuaded bis countrymen from their 
intentions of leaving Rome to reside at Veii. 
When he besieged Falisci, he rejected, with 
proper indignation, the offers of a schoolmaster, 
who had betrayed into his hands the sous of the 
most worthy citizens. Plut in vita. — Liv. 5. 
— Flor 1, c. 13. — Diod. 14.— Vir. JEn 6, v. 

825. a name of Mercury An intimate 

friend of Cicero. 

Camiro and Clytia, two daughters of Pan- 
darus of Crete. When their parents were dead, 
they were left to the care of Venus; who, with 
the other goddesses, brought them up with ten- 
derness, and asked Jupiter to grant them kind 
husbands. Jupiter, to punish upon them the 
crime of their father, who was accessary to the 
impiety of Tantalus, ordered the harpies to car- 
ry them away and deliver them to the furies. 
Pans. 10, c. 30,— Homer. Od 20, v. 66 

Camirus and Camira, a town of Rhodes, 
which received its name from Camirus, a son of 
Hercules and Jole. Homer. II 2, v. 163. 

Camissares, a governor of part of Cilicia, fa- 
ther to Daiames. C. Nep. in Dat 

Camma, a woman of Gaiatia, who avenged 
the death of her husband Sinetus upon his mur- 
derer Sinonx, by making him drink in a cup, of 
which the liquor was poisoned, on pretence of 
marrying him, according to the custom of their 
country, which required that the bridegroom and 
his bride should drink out of the same vessel. 
She escaped by refusing to drink on pretence of 
illness. Polyozn. 8. 

Camozn^, a name given to the muses from 
the sweetness and melody of their songs a cantu 
amceno, or, according to Varro, from carmen. 
Varro. de L. L. 5, c. 7. 

CampIna Lex, or Julian agrarian law, was 
enacted by J. Caesar, A. U. C 691, to divide 
some lands among the people. 

Campania, a country of Italy, of which Ca- 
pua, was the capital, bounded by Latium. Sam- 
mum, Picenum, and part of the Mediterranean 
sea. It is celebrated for its delightful views, 
and for its fertility. Capua is often called Cam' 
pana urbs. Strab. 5. — Cic de Leg. Jig. c. 35. 
— Justin. 20, c. 1, I. 22, c. 1 — Plin. 3, c. 5. 
—Mela. 2, c 4.— Flor. 1, c. 16. 

Campe, kept the 100 handed monsters con- 
fined in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her, because 
she refused to give them their liberty to come 
to his assistance against the Titans. Hesiod. 
Theog. bQQ.—Apollod 1, c 2. 

Campaspe and Pancaste, a beautiful con- 
cubine of Alexander, ' whom the king gave to 
Apelles, who had fallen in love with her, as he 
drew her picture in her naked charms. It is 
said that from this beauty the painter copied the 
thousand charms of his Venus Anadomene. Plin. 
35, c. 10. 

Campi Diomedis a plain situate in Apulia. 
Mart. 13, ep. 93. 

Campsa a town near Pallene. Herodot. 7, 
c. 123 

Campus Martius, a large plain at Rome, 
without the walls of the city, where the Roman 
youths performed their exercises, and learnt to 



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wrestle, and box, to throw the discus, hurl the 
javelin, ride a horse, drive a chariot, &c. The 
public assemblies were held there, and the of- 
ficers of state chosen, and audience given to fo- 
reign ambassadors. It was adorned with sta- 
tues, columns, arches, and porticoes, and its 
pleasant situation made it very frequented. It 
was called Martius, because dedicated to Mars. 
It was sometimes called Tiberinus, from its 
closeness to the Tiber. It was given to the Ro- 
man people bj a vestal virgin; but they were 
deprived of it by Tarquin the Proud, who made 
it a private field, and sowed corn in it. vVhen 
Tarquin was driven from Rome, the people re- 
covered it, and threw away into the Tiber, the 
corn which had grown there, deeming it unlaw- 
ful for any man to eat of the produce of that 
land. The sheaves which were thrown into the 
river stopped in a shallow ford, and by the ac- 
cumulated collection of mud became firm ground, 
and formed an island, which was called the 
Holy Island, or the Island of iEsculapius Dead 
carcasses were generally burnt in the Campus 
Martius. Strab 5. — Liv. 2, c. 5, 1. 6, c. 20. 

Camuloginus, a Gaul raised to great ho- 
nours by Caesar, for his military abilities. Cces. 
Bell. G. 1, c. 57. 

Camulus, a surname of Mars among the Sa- 
bines and Etrurians. 

Canta, a city and promontory of JEolia. Me- 
la, 1, c. 18. 

Canace, a daughter of iEolus and Enaretta, 
who became enamoured of her brother Marca- 
reus, by whom she bad a child, whom she ex- 
posed. The cries of the child discovered the 
mother's incest; and iEolus sent his daughter a 
sword, and obliged her to kill herself. Marca- 
reus fled, and became a priest of Apollo at Del- 
phi. Some say that Canace was ravished by 
Neptune, by whom she had many children, 
among whom were Epopeus, Triops, and Alous. 
Jlpollod. 1. — Hygin. fab. 238 and 242. — Ovid. 
Heroid. 11. Trist. 2, v. 384. 

Canache, one of Aetaeon's dogs, 

Canachus, a statuary of Sicyon. Paus. 6, c. 9. 

Can,e, a city of Locris. Of JEolia. 

Canarii, a people near mount Atlas in Af- 
rica, who received this name because they fed 
in common with their dogs. The islands which 
they inhabited were called Fortunate by the an- 
cients, and are now known by the name of the 
Canaries. Plin. 5, c I. 

Canathus, a fountain of Nauplia, where Ju- 
no yearly washed herself to receive her infant 
purity. Pans. 2, c. 38. 

Candace, a queen of ^Ethiopia, in the age 
of Augustus, so prudent and meritorious that her 
successors always bore her name. She was 
blind of one eye.- Plin. 6, c. 22. — Bio. — 54. 
—Strab. 17. 

Candavia, a mountain of Epirus, which se- 
parates lllyriafrom Macedonia. Lucan. 6, v. 331 . 

Candadles, or Myrsilus, son of Myrsus, was 
the last of the Heraclidae who sat on the throne 
of Lydia. He showed his wife naked to Gyges, 
one of his ministers; and the queen was so in- 
censed, that she ordered Gyges to murder her 
husband, 718 years before the christian era. 
After this murder, Gyges married the queen, 



and ascended the throne. Justin. 1, c. 7. — 
Herodvt. 1, c. 7, &c. — Plut. Symph. 

Candei, a people of Arabia who fed on ser- 
pents. 

Candiope, a daughter of Oenopion, ravished 
by her brother. 

Cadyba, a town of Lycia. 

Canens, a nymph called also Venilia, daugh- 
ter of Janus and wife to Picus king of the Lau- 
rentes. When Circe had changed her husband 
into a bird, she lamented him so much that she 
pined away, and was changed into a voice. She 
was reckoned as a deity by the inhabitants. 
Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 9. 

Canephoria, festivals at Athens in honour 
of Bacchus, or, according to others, of Diana, 
in which all marriageable women offered small 
baskets to the deity, and received the name of 
Canephorcs, whence statues representing wo- 
men in that attitude were called by the same 
appellation. Cic. in Verr. 4. 

Canethum, a place of Eubcea. A moun- 
tain in Bceotia. 

Caniculares dies, certain days in the sum- 
mer, in which the star Canis is said to influence 
the season, and to make the days more warm 
during its appearance. Manilius. 

Canidia, a certain woman of Neapolis, 
against whom Horace inveighed as a sorceress. 
Horat. epod. 

Canidius, a tribune who proposed a law to 
empower Pompey to go only with two lictors, to 
reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexandrians. Plut, 
in Pomp. 

Caninefates, a people near Batavia, where 
modern Holland now is situate. Tacit. Hist. 4, 
c. 15. 

C. Caninius Rebilus, a consul with J- Cae- 
sar, after the death of Trebonius. He was con- 
sul only for seven hours, because his predeces- 
sor died the last day of the year, and he was 
chosen only for the remaining part of the day; 
whence Cicero observed, that Rome was great- 
ly indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had 
not slept during the whole time of his consul- 
ship. Cic. 7, ad Fam. ep. 33. — Plut. in Cos. 

Lucius, a lieutenant of Caesar's army in 

Gaul. Cm. Bell. G. 7, c. 83. Rufus, a 

friend of Pliny the younger. Plin. 1, ep. 3. 
Gallus, an intimate friend of Cicero. 



Canistius, a Lacedaemonian courier, who ran 
1200 stadia in one day. Plin. 7, c. 20. 

Canius, a poet of Gades, cotemporary with 
Martial. He was so naturally merry that he 
always laughed. Mart. 1, ep. 62. A Ro- 
man knight, who went to Sicily for his amuse- 
ment, where he bought gardens well stocked 
with fish, which disappeared on the morrow. 
Cic de offic. 14. 

Cannae, a small village of Apulia near the 
Aufidus, where Hannibal conquered the Roman 
consuls, P. jJEmylius and Terentius Varro, and 
slaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 21st of May, 
B. C 216. The spot where this famous battle 
was fought is now shown by the natives, and de- 
nominated the field of blood- Liv. 22, c. 44. — 
Flor. 2, c. 6. — Plut. in Annib. 

Canoficum ostium, one of the mouths of the 



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Nile, twelve miles from Alexandria. Paus. 5, 
c. 21. 

Canopus, a city of Egypt twelve miles from 
Alexandria, celebrated for the temple of Sera- 
pis. It was founded by the Spartans, and there- 
fore called Amyclaea, and it received its name 
from Canopus, the pilot of the vessel of Mene- 
laus, who was buried in this place. The inha- 
bitants were dissolute in their manners. Virgil 
bestows upon it the epithet of Pellozus, because 
Alexander, who was born at Pella, built Alex- 
andria in the neighbourhood. Ital. 11, v. 433. 
—Mela, 1, c. 9.—$trab. 11.— Plin. 5, c 31. 

— Virg. G. 4, v. 287. The pilot of the ship 

of Meuelaus, who died in his youth on the coast 
of Egypt, by the bite of a serpent. Mela, 2, c. 7. 

Cantabra, a river falling into the Indus. 
Plin. 6, c. 20. 

Cantabri, a ferocious and warlike people 
of Spain, who rebelled against Augustus, by 
whom they were conquered: their country is now 
called Biscays. Liv. 3, v. 329. — Horat. 2, od. 
6 and 11. 

Cantabri^ lacus, a lake in Spain, where 
a thunderbolt fell, and in which twelve axes 
were found. Suet, in Galb. 8. 

Cantharus,. a famous sculptor of Sicyon. 
Paus. 6, c. 17. A comic poet of Athens. 

Canthus, a son of Abas, one of the Argo- 
nauts. 

Cantium, a country in the eastern parts of 
Britain, now called Kent. Ccvs. Bell. G. 5. 

Canuleia, one of the first vestals chosen by 
Numa. Pint. A law. Vid. Canuleius. 

C. Canuleius, a tribune of the people of 
Rome, A. U. C. 310, who made a law to ren- 
der it constitutional for the patricians and ple- 
beians to intermarry r It ordained also, that 
one of the consuls should be yearly chosen from 
the plebeians. Liv. 4, c. 3,&c. — Flor. l,c. 17. 

Canulta, a Roman virgin, who became preg- 
nant by her brother, and killed herseif by order 
of her father. Pint, in Parall, 

Canusium, now Canosa, a town of Apulia, 
whither the Romans fled after the battle of 
Cannae. It was built by Diomedes, and its in- 
habitants have been called bilingues, because 
they retained the language of their founder, and 
likewise adopted that of their neighbours. Ho- 
race complained of the grittiness of their bread. 
The wools and the cloths of the place were in 
high estimation. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 30. — 
Mela, 2, c. 4. — Plin. 8, c. 11. 

Canusius, a Greek historian under Ptolemy 
Auletes. Pint. 

Canutius Tiberinus, a tribune of the peo- 
ple, who, like Cicero, furiously attacked Antony 
when declared an enemy to the state. His satire 
cost him his life. Patercul. 2, c. 64. A Ro- 
man actor. Plut. in Brut. 

Capaneus, a noble Argive, son of Hipponous 
and Astinome, and husband to Evadne. He was 
so impious, that when he went to the Theban 
war, he declared that he would take Thebes 
even in spite of Jupiter. Such contempt pro- 
voked the god, who struck him dead with a thun- 
derbolt. His body was burnt separately from 
the others, and his wife threw herself on the 
burning pile to mingle her ashes with his. It is 



said that iEsculapius restored him to life. Ovid, 

Met. 9, v. 404— Stat. Theb. 3, &c. Hygin. 

fab. 68 and 70. — Euripid. in Pheeniss. 8f Supp. 
— JEschyl. Sept. ante Theb. 

Capella, an elegiac poet in the age of J. 

Caesar. Ovid, de Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 36 

Martianus, a Carthaginian, A. D. 490, who 
wrote a poem on the marriage of Mercury and 
philology, and in praise of the liberal arts. The 
best edition is that of Walthardus, 8vo. Bernae, 
1763. A gladiator. Juv. 4, v. 155. 

Capena, a gate of Rome. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 192. 

Cafenas, a small river of Italy. Stat. Theb. 
13, v. 85. 

Capeni, a people of Etruria, in whose ter- 
ritory Feronia had a grove and a temple. Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 697.— Liv. 5, 22, &c. 

Caper, a river of Asia Minor. 

Capetus, a king of Alba, who reigned 26 

years. Dionys. A suitor of Hippodamia. 

Paus. 6, c. 21 

Caphareus, a lofty mountain and promon- 
tory of Eubcea, where rxauplius, king of the 
country, to revenge the death of his son Pala- 
medes, slain by Ulysses, set a burning torch in 
the darkness oi night, which caused the Greeks 
to be shipwrecked on the coast. Virg. JEn. 11, 
v. 260.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 48 1 .—Propert. 4, 
el. 1, v. 115. 

CAPHYiE, a town of Arcadia. Paus 8, c. 23. 

Capio, a Roman, famous for his friendship 
with Cato Plut. de Patr. Am. 

Capito, the uncle of Paterculus, who joined 
Agrippa against Crassus. Patereul. 2, c. 69. 

Fonteius, a man sent by Antony to settle 

his disputes with Augustus. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, 

v. 32 A man accused of extortion in Cilicia, 

and severely punished by the senate. Juv. 8, 

v. 93. An epic poet of Alexandria, who 

wrote on love. — — An historian of Lycia, who 

wrote an account of Isauria in eight books. • 

A poet who wrote on illustrious men v 

Capitolini ludi, games yearly celebrated at 
Rome in honour of Jupiter, who preserved the 
capitol from the Gauls. 

Capitolinus, a surname of Jupiter, from bis 

temple on mount Capitolinus. A surname of 

M. Manlius, who, for his ambition, was thrown 
down from the Tarpeian rock which he had so 
nobly defended. A mountain at Rome, call- 
ed also Mons. Tarpeius, and Mons Saturni. The 
capitol was built upon it. A man of lascivi- 
ous morals, consul with Marcellus Plut. in 

Marcell. Julius, an author in Dioclesian's 

reign, who wrote an account of the life of Verus, 
Antoninus Pius, the Gordians, &c. most of which 
are now lost. 

Capitolium, a celebrated temple and citadel 
at Rome, on the Tarpeian rock, the plan of 
which was made by Tarquin Priscus. It was 
begun by Servius Tullius, finished by Tarquin 
Superbus, and consecrated by the consul Hora- 
tius after the expulsion of the Tarquins from 
Rome. It was built upon four acres of ground; 
the front was adorned with three rows of pillars, 
and the other sides with two. The ascent to it 
from the ground was by an hundred steps. The 
magnificence and richness of this temple are 
almost incredible. All the consuls successively 



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made donations to the capitol, and Augustus be- 
stowed upon it at one time 2000 pounds weight 
of gold. Us thresholds were made of brass, and 
its roof was gold. It was adorned with vessels 
and shields of solid silver, with golden chariots, 
&c. it was burnt during the civil wars of Ma- 
rias, and Syila rebuilt it, but died before the 
dedication, which was performed by Q. Catulus. 
It was again destroyed in the troubles under 
Vitellius; and Vespasian, who endeavoured to 
repair it, saw it again in ruins at his death Do- 
mitian raised it again, for the last time, and 
made it more grand and magnificent than any of 
his predecessors, and spent 12,000 talents in 
gilding it. When they first dug fur the founda- 
tions, they found a man's head called Tolius, 
sound and entire in the ground, and from thence 
drew an omen of the future greatness of the 
Roman empire The hill was from that cir- 
cumstance called Capitolium, a capite Toll. The 
consuls and magistiates offered sacrifices there, 
when they first entered upon their offices, and 
the procession in triumphs was always conduct- 
ed to the capitol. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 136, I. 8, v. 
347.— Tacit. 3. Hist. c. 12.— Plut. in Pophc.— 
Liv. 1, 10, &c. — Plin. 33, &c. — Sueton.inAug. 
c. 40. 

Cappadocia, a country of Asia Minor, be- 
tween the Halys, the Euphrates, and the Euxine. 
It receives its name from the river Cappadox, 
which separates it from Galatia. The inhabi- 
tants were called Syrians and Leuco-Syrians by 
the Greeks. They were of a dull and submis- 
sive disposition, and addicted to every vice, ac- 
cording to the ancients, who wrote this virulent 
epigram against them: 
Vipcra Cappadocem nocitura momordit; at ilia 

Gustalo periit sanguine Cappadocis. 
When they were offered their freedom and in- 
dependence by the Romans, they refused it, and 
begged of them a king, and they received Ario- 
barzanes. It was some time after governed by 
a Roman proconsul. Though the ancients have 
ridiculed this country for the unfruitfulness of 
its soil, and the manners of its inhabitants, yet 
it can boast of the birth of the geographer Stra- 
bo, St. Basil, and Gregory Nazianzen, among 
other illustrious characters. The horses of this 
country were in general esteem, and with these 
they paid their tributes to the king of Persia, 
while under his power, for want of money. The 
kings of Cappadocia mostly bore the name of 
Ariarathes. Horat. 1, ep. 6, v. 39. — Plin. 6, 
c. 3.— Curt. 3 and 4. — Strab. 11 and 16.— 
Herodvt. 1, c. 73, !. 5, c. 49.— Mela, 1, c. 2, 1. 
3, c. 8. 

Cappadox, a river of Cappadocia. Plin. 6, 
C. 3. 

Capraria, now Cabrera, a mountain island on 
the coast of Spain, famous for its goats. Plin. 
3, c 6. 

Caprejs, now Capri, an island on the coast 
of Campania, abounding in quails, and famous 
for the residence and debaucheries of the em- 
peror Tiberius, during the seven last years of 
his life. The island, in which now several 
medals are dug up expressive of the licentious 
morals of the emperor, was about 40 miles in 
circumference, and surrouuded by steep rocks. 



Ovid. Met. 15, v. 709.— Suet, in Tib.—Stat- 
Sylv. 3, v. 5. 

CaprejE Palus, a place near Rome, tvhfere 
Romulus disappeared. Plut. in Horn. — Ovid. 
Fast. 2, v. 491. 

Capricornus, a sign of the Zodiac, in which 
appear 28 stars in the form of a goat, supposed 
by the ancients to be the goat Amalthaea, which 
fed Jupiter with her milk. Some maintain that 
it is Pan, who changed himself into a goat when 
frightened at the approach of Typhon. VVhen 
the sun enters this sign it is the winter solstice, 
or the longest night in the year. Manil. 2 and 
4.— Horat. 2, od. 17, v. 19 —Hygin. fab. 196. 
P. A. 2, c. 28. 

Caprificialis, a day sacred to Vulcan, on 
which the Athenians offered him money. Plin. 
11, c. 15. 

Caprima, a town of Caria. 

Capripedes, a surname of Pan, the Fauni 
and '.lie Satyrs, from their having goats' feet. 

Caprius, a great informer in Horace's age. 
Horat 1, Sat. 4, v. 66. 

Caprotina, a festival celebrated at Rome in 
July, in honour of Juno, at which women only 
officiated. (Vid. Philutis.) Varro.de L.L.b. 

Caprtjs, a harbour near mount At bos. 

Capsa, a town of Libya, surrounded by vast 
deserts full of snakes. Flor. 3, c. 1. — Sail. Bell. 
Jug. 

Capsage, a town of Syria. Curt. 10. 

Capua, the chief city of Campania in Italy, 
supposed to have been founded by Capys, the 
father, or rather the companion of Anchises. 
This city was very ancient, and so opulent that 
it even rivalled Rome, and was called altera 
Roma. The soldiers of Annibal, after the bat- 
tle of Cannae, were enervated by the pleasures 
and luxuries which powerfully prevailed in this 
voluptuous city and under a soft climate. Virg. 
Mn. 10, v. 145. — Liv. 4, 7, 8, &c. — Paterc 1, 
c. 7, 1. 2, c 44 — Flor. 1, c. 16.— Cic. in Phi- 
lip. 12, c. 3. — Plut in Ann. 

Capys, a Trojan who came with iEneas into 
Italy, and founded Capua. He was one of those 
who, against the advice of Thymoetes, wished to 
destroy the wooden horse, which proved the de- 
struction of i'roy. Viig. JFn. 10, v. 145 

A son of Assaracus by a daughter of the Simois. 
He was father of Anchises by Themis. Ovid. 
Fast. 4, v 33. 

Capys Sylvius, a king of Alba, who reigned 
twent> -eight years. Dionys. Hal. Virg JEn. 
6, v. 768. 

Car, a son of Phoroneus, king of Megara. 

Paus. 1, c. 39 and 40. A son of Manes, who 

married Callirhoe, daughter of the Maeander. 
Caria received its name from him. Herodot. 1, 
c. 171. 

Carabactra, a place in India. 

Carabis, a town of Spain. 

Caracalla. Vid. Antoninus. 

Caracates, a people of Germany. 

Caractacus, a king of the Britons, conquer- 
ed by an officer of Claudius Caesar, A. D. 47. 
Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 33 and 37. 

Car^e, certain places between Susa and the 
Tigris, where Alexander pitched his camp. 



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Carpus, a surname of Jupiter in Boeotia, — 
in Caria. 

Caralis, (or es, ium.) the chief city of Sar- 
dinia. Paus. 10, c. 17. 

Carambis, now Kerempi, a promontory of 
Paphlagoma. Mela, 1, c. 19. 

Caranus, one of the Heraclidae, the first who 
laid ihe foundation of the Macedonian empire, 
B. C. 814. He took Edessa, and reigned twen- 
ty-eight years, which he spent in establishing 
and strengthening the government of his newly 
founded kingdom. He was succeeded by Per- 

diccas. Justin. 7, c 1. — Paterc. 1, c. 6. 

A general of Alexander. Curt. 7. — — An har- 
bour of Phoenicia. 

Carausius, a tyrant of Britain for seven years, 
A. D 293. 

Carbo, a Roman orator who killed himself 
because he could not curb the licentious man- 
ners of his countrymen. Cic. in Brut. Cneus, 

a son of the orator Carbo, who embraced the 
party of Marius, and after the death of Chma 
succeeded to the government. He was killed in 
Spain, in his third consulship, by order of Pom- 

pey. Veil. Max. 9. c. 13. An orator, son of 

Carbo the orator, killed by the army when de- 
sirous of re-establishing the ancient military dis- 
cipline. Cic. in Brut. 

CArchedon, the Greek name of Carthage. 

Carcinus, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, in the 
age of PhiJip of Macedon. He wrote on the 

rape of Proserpine. Died 5. Another of 

Athens. Another of Naupactum. A man 

of Rhegium, who exposed his son Agathocles on 
account of some uncommon dreams during his 
wife's pregnancy. Agathocles was preserved. 

Diod. 19. An Athenian general, who laid 

waste Peloponnesus in the time of Pericles. Id. 
12. 

Carcinus, a constellation, the same as the 
Cancer. Lucan. 9, v. 536. 

Cardaces, a people of Asia Minor. Strab. 
15. 

Cardamyle, a town of Argos. 
Cardia, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus. 
Plin 4, c. 11. 

Carduchi, a warlike nation of Media, along 
the borders of the Tigris. Diod. 14. 

Cares, a nation which inhabited Caria, 
and thought themselves the original possessors 
of that country. They became so powerful that 
their country was not sufficiently extensive to 
contain them all, upon which they seized the 
neighbouring islands of the iEgean sea. These 
islands were conquered by Minos king of Crete. 
Nileus son of Codrus, invaded their country, 
and slaughtered many of the inhabitants. In 
this calamity, the Carians, surrounded on every 
side by enemies, fortified themselves in the 
mountainous parts of the country, and, soon af- 
ter, made themselves terrible by sea. They 
were anciently called Leleges. Hcrodot. 1, c. 
146 and 171.— Paus. 1, c. 40.— Strab. 13.— 
Curt. 6, c 3.— Justin. 13, c. 4.-%.^ n . 8, 
v. 725. 

Caresa, an island of the iEgean sea. oppo- 
site Attica. 
Caressus, a river of Troas. 



Carfinia, an immodest woman, mentioned 
Juv. 2, v. 69. 

Caria, now Aidinelli, a country of Asia Mi- 
nor, whose boundaries have been different in 
different ages. Generally speaking, it was at 
the south of Ionia, at the east and north of the 
Icarian sea, and at the west of Phrygia Major 
and Lycia it has been called Phoenicia, be- 
cause a Phoenician colony first settled there; 
and afterwards it received the name of Caria, 
horn Car, a king who first invented the augu- 
ries of birds. The chief town was called Hali- 
carnassus, where Jupiter was the chief deity. 

(Vid. Cares.) A port of Tbrace. Mela, 2, 

c. 2. 

Carias, a town of Peloponnesus. A gene- 
ral. Vid. Laches. 

Cariate, a town of Bactriana, where Alex- 
ander imprisoned Calisthenes. 

Carilla, a town of the Piceni, destroyed by 
Annibal, for its great attachment to Rome, Sil. 
Ital. 8. 

Carina, a virgin of Caria, &c Poly mi. 8. 

Carina, certain edifices at Rome, built in 

the manner of ships, which were in the temple 

of Tellus. Some suppose that it was a street in 

! which Pompey's house was built. Virg, ./En, 

| s, v. 361. Horat. 1, ep. 7. 

Carine, a town near the Caicus, in Asia Mi- 
| nor. Herodot, 7, c. 42. 

Carinus, (M. Aurelius) a Roman who at- 
| tempted to succeed his fathet Carus as emperor. 
I He was faaious for his debaucheries and cruel- 
ties. Diodesian defeated him in Dalmatia, 
and he was killed by a soldier whose wife he had 
debauched, A. D. 268. 

Caiusiacum, a town of ancient Gaul, now 
Cressy in Picardy. 

Carissanum, a place of Italy near which Mi- 
lo was killed. Plin. 2, c. 56, 

Caristi'm, a town of Lignria. 

Carmania, a country of Asia, between Per- 
sia and India. Jirrian. — Plin. 6, c. 23. 

Carmanor, a Cretan, who purified Apollo of 
slaughter. Paus 2, c. 30 

Carme, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus and 
mother of Britomartis by Jupiter. She was one 
of Diana's attendants. Paus. 2, c. 30, 

Carmelus, a god among the inhabitants of 
mount Carniel, situate between Syria and Ju- 
dasa. Tocit. Hist. 2, c, 7S.— Sueton. Vesp. 5. 

Carmenta and Carmentis, a prophetess of 
Arcadia, mother of Evander, with whom she 
came to Italy, and was received by kingFaunus, 
about 60 years before the Trojan war. Her 
name was Nicoslraia, and she received that of 
Carmentis from the wildness of her looks, 
when giving oracles, as if carens mentis. She 
was the oracle of the people of Italy during her 
life, aud after death she received divine ho- 
nours. She had a temple at Rome, and the 
Greeks offered her sacrifices under the name of 
Themis. Ovid- Fast. 1, v. 467, I. 6, v. 530.— 
Plut. in Romul.— Virg. JEn. 8, v. 339.— Liv. 
5, c. 47. 

Carmentales, festivals at Rome in honour 
of Carmenta, celebrated the llth of January, 
near the Porta Carinentalis, below the capitol. 
This goddess was entreated to render the Ro- 



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man matrons prolific, and their labours easy. 
Liv. 1, c. 7. 

Carmentalis Porta, one of the gates of Rome 
in the neighbourhood of the capitol. It was af- 
terwards called Scelerata, because the Fabii 
passed through it in going to that fatal expedi- 
tion where they perished. Virg. JEn. 8, v 338. 

Carmides, a Greek of an uncommon memo- 
ry. Plin. 7, c. 24. 

Carna and Cardinea, a goddess at Rome 
who presided over hinges, as also over the en- 
trails and secret parts of the human body. She 
was originally a nymph called Grane, whom 
Janus ravished, and, for the injury, he gave her 
the power of presiding over the exterior of 
houses, and removing all noxious birds from the 
doors, The Romans offered her beans, bacon, 
and vegetables, to represent the simplicity of 
their ancestors. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 101, &c. 

Carnasius, a village of Messenia in Pelopon- 
nesus. Puus. 4, c. 33. 

Carneades, a philosopher of Cyrene in Af- 
rica, founder of a sect called the third or new 
Academy. The Athenians sent him with Dio- 
genes the stoic, and Critolaus the peripatetic, 
as ambassadors to Rome, B. C. 155 The Ro- 
man youth were extremely fond of the company 
of these learned philosophers; and when Car- 
neades, in a speech, had given an accurate and 
judicious dissertation upon justice, and in ano- 
ther speech confuted all the arguments he had 
advanced, and apparently given no existence to 
the virtue he had so much commended; are- 
port prevailed ail over Rome, that a Grecian 
was come, who had so captivated by his words 
the rising generation, that they forgot their usu- 
al amusements, and ran mad after philosophy. 
When this reached the ears of Cato the censor, 
he gave immediate audience to the Athenian 
ambassadors in the senate, and dismissed them 
in haste, expressing his apprehension of their 
corrupting the opiuions of the Roman people, 
whose only profession, he sternly observed, was 
arms and war. Carneades denied that any thing 
could be perceived or understood in the world, 
and he was the first who introduced an univer- 
sal suspension of assent. He died in the 90th 
year ofhis age, B. C. 128. Cic. ad Attic. 12, 
ep. 23. de Orat. 1 and 2.— Plin. 7, c. 30.— 
Lactantius 5, c. 14. — Vol. Max. 8, c. 8. 

Carneia, a festival observed in most of the 
Grecian cities, but more particularly at Sparta, 
where it was first instituted, about 675 B. C. in 
honour of Apollo surnamed Carneus. It lasted 
nine days, and was an imitation of the manner 
of living in camps among the ancients. 

Carnion, a town of Laconia. A river of 

Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 34. 

Carpus, a prophet of Acarnania, from whom 
Apollo was called Carneus. Paus 3, c. 13. 

Carnutes, a people of Celtic Gaul. Cms. 
Bell. G 6, c. 4. 

Carpasia and Carpasium, a tdwu of Cyprus. 

Carpathus, an island in the Mediterranean 
between Rhodes and Crete, now called Scapan- 
to. It has given its name to a part of the neigh- 
bouring sea, thence called the Carpathian sea, 
between Rhodes and Crete. Carpathus was at 
first inhabited by some Cretan soldiers of Minos. 



It was 20 miles in circumference, and was some- 
times called Tetrapolis, from its four capital ci- 
ties. Plin. 4, c. 12, — Herodot. 3, c. 45. — Diod. 
5. — Slrab. 10. 

Carpia, an ancient name of Tartessus. Pans. 

6, c. 19. 

Carpis, a river of Mysia. Herodot. 

Carpo, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one of 
the Seasons. She was loved by Calamus the son 
of Maeander, whom she equally admired. She was 
drowned in the Maunder, and was changed by 
Jupiter into a\\ sorts of fruit. Paus. 9, c. 35. 

Carpophoha, a name of Ceres and Proser- 
pine in Tegea. Paus. 8, c. 53 

Carpophorus, an actor greatly esteemed by 
Domitian. Martial. — Juv. 6, v. 198. 

Carrjs and Carrh^, » town of Mesopota- 
mia, near which Crassus was killed. Lucan. 1, 
v. 105.— Plin. 5, c. 14. 

CarrTnates, Secundus, a poor but ingeni- 
ous rhetorician, who came from Athens to Rome, 
•vLere the boldness of his expressions, especial- 
ly against tyrannical power, exposed him to Ca- 
liguia's resentment, whx) banished him. Juv. 7, 
v. 205. 

Carruca, a town of Spain. Hirt. Hisp. 27. 

Carseoli, a town of the iEqui, at the west 
of the lake Fucinus. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 683. 

Cartalias, a town of Spain 

Cateia, a town at the extremity of Spain, 
near the sea of Gades, supposed to be the same 
as Calpe. 

Cartena, a town of Mauritania, now Tencz f 
on the shores of the Mediterranean. 

Carth^a, a town in the island of Cea, 
whence the epithet of Cartheius. Ovid. Met. 

7, v. 368 

Carthaginienses,' the inhabitants of Car* 
thage, a rich and commercial nation. Vid. Car- 
thago. 

Carthago, a celebrated city of Africa, the 
rival of Rome, and long the capital of the coun- 
try, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia. 
The precise time of its foundation is unknown, 
yet most writers seein to agree that it was first 
built by Dido, about 869 years before the chris- 
tian era, or, according to others, 72, or 93 years 
before the foundation of Rome. This city and 
republic flourished for 737 years, and the time 
of its greatest glory was under Annibal and 
Amilear. During the first Punic war, it con- 
tained no less than 700,000 inhabitants. It 
maintained three famous wars against Rome, 
called the Punic wars, [Vid Punicum Bellum.] 
in the third of which Carthage was totally de- 
stroyed by Scipio, the second Africanus, B. C. 
147, and only 5000 persons %vere found within 
the walls. It was 23 miles in circumference, 
and when it was set on fire by the Romans, it 
burned incessantly during 17 days. After the 
destruction of Cartilage, Utica became power- 
ful, and the Romans thought' themselves secure; 
and as they had no rival to dispute with them in 
the field, they fell into indolence and inactivity. 
Cassar planted a small colony on the ruins of 
Carthage. Augustus sent there 3000 men; and 
Adrian, after the example of bis imperial prede- 
cessors, rebuilt part of it, which he called Adri- 
anopolis. Carthage was conquered from the 



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Romans by the arms of Genseric, A. D. 439: 
and it was for more than a century the seat of 
the Vandal empire in Africa, and fell into the 
hands of the Saracens in the 7th century. The 
Carthaginians were governed as a republic, and 
had two persons yearly chosen among tbern with 
regal authority. They were very superstitious, 
and generally offered human victims to their 
gods; an unnatural custom, which their allies 
wished them to abolish, but in vain. They 
bore the character of a faithless and treacher- 
ous people, and the proverb Punka fides is well 

known. Strab. 17. Virg. JEn. 1, &c. — 

Mela, 1, &c. — Ptol. 4. — Justin — Liv. 4, &c. 
Paterc. 1 and 2. — Plut in Anaib. &c. — Cic. 
-Nova, a town built in Spain, on the coast 



of the Mediterranean, by Asdrubal the Carthagi- 
nian general. It was taken by Scipio when 
Hanno surrendered himself after a heavy loss. 
It now bears the name of Carthagena. Polyb. 
10 —Liv. 26, c. 43, &c.—Sil: 15, v. 220, &c. 
A daughter of Hercules. 

Carthasis, a Scythian, &c. Curt. 7, c. 7. 

Cartkea, a town of Cos. Ovid. Met. 7, 
fab. 9. 

Carvilius, a king of Britain, who attacked 
Caesar's naval station by order of Cassivelaunus, 
&c. C.es. Bell G. 5, c. 22. Spurius, a Ro- 
man who made a large image of the breastplates 
taken from the Samnites, and placed it in the 

capitol. Plin 34, c. 7. The first Roman 

who divorced his wife during the space of above 
600 years. This was for barrenness, B. C. 231. 
Dionys. Hal. 2. — Val. Max. 2, c. 1. 

Carus, a Roman emperor who succeeded Pro- 
bus. He was a prudent and active general; he 
conquered the Sarmatians, and continued the 
Persian war which his predecessor had com- 
menced. He reigned two years, and died on 
the banks of the Tigris as he was going in an 
expedition against Persia, A. D. 283. He made 
bis two sons, Carinus and Numerianus, Caesars; 
and as his many virtues had promised the Ro- 
mans happiness, he was made a god after death. 

Eutrop One of those who attempted to scale 

the rock Aornus, by order of Alexander. Cutt. 
8, c. 11. 

Carta, a town of Arcadia. A city of La- 

conia. Paus. 3, c, 10. Here a festival was ob- 
served in honor of Diana Caryatis. It was then 
usual for virgins to meet at the celebration, and 
join in a certain dance, said to have been first in- 
stituted by Castor and Pollux, When Greece 
was invaded by Xerxes, the Laconians did not 
appear before the enemy, for fear of displeasing 
the goddess, by not celebrating her festival. At 
that time the peasants assembled at the usual 
place, and sang pastorals called Boux.qxio-{aoi, 
from Boukokos, a neatherd. From this circum- 
stance some suppose that bucolics originated. 
Stat 4, Theb. 225. 

Caryanda, a town and island on the coast of 
Caria, now Karacoion. 

Caryatje, a people of Arcadia. 

Carvstius Antigonus, an historian, &c. B. 
C 248. 

Carystus, a maritime town on the south of 
Eubcea, still in existence, famous for its marble. 
Stat. 2, Sylv. 2, v. 93.— Marti al. 9, ep. 76. 



Caryum, a place of Laconia, where Aris- 
tomeues preserved some virgins, &c. Paus. 4, 
c- 16. 

Casca, one of Caesar's assassins, who gave 
him the first blow. Plut in Cass. 

Cascellius Aulus, a lawyer of great merit 
in the Augustan age. Horat. Art. Poet. 371. 

Casilinum, a town of Campania. When it 
was ..besieged by Hannibal, a mouse sold for 
200 denarii. The place was defended by 540 
or 570 natives of Praeneste, who, when half 
their number had perished either by war or 
famine, surrendered to the conqueror. Liv. 
23, c. 19.— Strab. 5.— Cic. de Inv. 2, c. 57 — 
Plin. 3, c. 5. 

C a sin a and Casinum, a town of Campania. 
Sil. 4, v 227. 

Casius, a mountain near the Euphrates. 

Another at the east of Pelusium, where Pom- 
pey's tomb was raised by Adrian. Jupiter, sur- 
named Cassius, had a temple there. Lucan. 

8, v. 258. Another in Syria, from whose top 

the sun can be seen rising, though it be still the 
darkness of night at the bottom of the moun- 
tain. Plin. 5, c. 22. — Mela, 1 and 3. 

Casmenje, a town built by the Syracusans in 
Sicily. Thucyd 6, c. 5. 

Casmilla, the mother of Camilla. Virg. 
JEn 11, v. 543. 

Casperia, wife of Rhoetus king of the Mar- 
rubii, committed adultery with her son-in-law. 

Virg. JEn. 10, v. 388. A town of the Sa- 

bines. Virg JEn. 7, v. 714. 

Casperula, a town of the Sabines. Sil. 8, 
v. 416. 

Caspls: PortjE, certain passes of Asia, which 
some place about Caucasus and the Caspian sea, 
and others between Persia and the Caspian sea, 
or near mount Taurus, or Armenia, or Cilicia. 
Diod. h—Plin. 5, c. 27, 1. 6, c. 13. 

Caspiana, a country of Armenia. 

Casph, a Scythian nation near the Caspian 
sea. Such as had lived bej'ond their 70th year 
were starved to death. Their dogs were re- 
markable for their fierceness. Herodot. 3, c- 
92, &C 1. 7, c. 67, &JC.—C. Ncp. 14, c. 8.— 
Virg. JEn. 6, v. 798. 

Caspium mare, or Hyrcanum, a large sea 
in the form of a lake, which has no communi- 
cation with other seas, and lies between the 
Caspian and Hyrcanian mountains, at the north 
of Parthia, receiving in its capacious bed the 
tribute of several large rivers Ancient authors 
assure us, that it produced enormous serpents 
and fishes, different in colour and kind from those 
of all other waters. The eastern parts are more 
particularly called the Hyrcanian sea, and the 
western the Caspian. It is now called the sea 
of Sala or Baku. The Caspian is about 680 
miles long, and in no part mote than 260 in 
breadth. There are no tides in it, and on ac- 
count of its numerous shoals it is navigable to 
vessels drawing only nine or ten feet water. It 
has strong currents, and, like inland seas, is 
liable to violent storms. Some navigators ex- 
amined it in 1708, by order of the Czar Peter, 
and after the labour of three years, a map of 
its extent was published. Its waters are de- 
scribed as brackish, and not impregnated with 
z 



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salt so much as the wide ocean. Herodnt. 1, c. 
202, Sac— Curl. 3, c 2, I. 6, c. 4, I. 7, c 3 
S*/a6. 11.— Jtfc/a, 1, c. 2, I. 3, c. 5 and 6.— 
P/irj. 6, c 13. — IJiovys Perieg. v. 50. 

Caspius mons, a branch of mount Taurus, 
between Media and Armenia, at the east of 
the Euphrates. The Caspiae portae are placed 
in the defiles of the mountains by some geogra- 
phers. 

Cassandane, the mother of Cambyses by 
Cyrus. Hesodot. 2, c. 1, I 3, c 2. 

Cassander, son of Antipa:er, made himself 
master of Macedonia after his father's death, 
where he reigned for 18 years. He married 
Tbessalonica, the sister of Alexander, to 
strengthen himself on his throne. Olympias, 
the mo'her of Alexander, wished to keep the 
kingdom of Maceoonia for Alexander's young 
children; and therefore she destroyed the rela- 
tions of Cassander, who besieged her in the 
town of Pydna, and put her to death. Roxane, 
with her son Alexander, and Barsena the mot'.er 
of Hercules, both wives of Alexander, shared 
the fate of Oiynipias with their children. An- 
tigonus, who had been for some time upon 
friendly terms with Cassander, declared war 
against him; and Cassander to make himself 
equal with his adversary, made a league with 
Lysimachus and Seleucus, and obtained a me- 
morable victory at Ipsus, B. C. 301. He died 
three years after this victory, of a dropsy. His 
son Amipater killed his mother, and for this un- 
natural murder he was put to death by bis bro- 
ther Alexander, who, to strengthen himself, in- 
vited Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, from 
Asia. Demetrius took advantage of the invita- 
tion, and put to death Alexander, and ascended 
the throne of Macedonia. Pans. 1, c. 25. — 
Died. 19 —Justin. 12, 13, &c 

Cassandra, a daughter of Priam and He- 
cuba was passionately loved by Apollo, who 
promised to grant her whatever she might re- 
quire, if she would gratify his pa&sion. She 
asked the power of knowing futurity; and as 
soon as she had received it, she refused to per- 
form her promise, and slighted Apollo. The 
god, in his disappointment, wetted her lips with 
his tongue, and by this action effected ihat no 
credit or reliance should ever be put upon her 
predictions, however true and faithful they might 
be. Some maintain that she received the gift 
of prophecy with her brother Helenus, by being 
placed when young one night in the temple of 
Apollo, where serpents were found wreathed 
around their bodies, and licking their ears, which 
circumstance gave them the knowledge of futu- 
rity. She was looked upon by the Trojans as 
insane, and she wss even confined, and her pre- 
dictions were disregarded. She was courted by 
many princes during the Trojan war. When 
Troy was taken, she fled for shelter to the tem- 
ple of Minerva, where Aj;ix found her, and of- 
fered her violence, with the greatest cruelty, at 
the foot of Minerva's statue In the division of 
the spoils of Troy, Agamemnon, who was ena- 
moured of her, took her as his wife, and return- 
ed with her to Greece She repeatedly fore- 
told to him the. sudden calamities that awaited 
bis return: but he gave no credit to her, and was 



assassinated by his wife Clyfemnestra. Cas« 
sandra shared his fate, and saw all her prophe- 
cies but too truly fulfilled. [Vid Jigameim on.] 
JEschyl. in Jigam — Homer II. 13, v. 363 Od. 
A.—Hygin fab. 117 — Virg. JEn 2, v. 246, 
&c — Q Calab. 13, v. 42l.—Eurip. in Troad. 
— Pans- 1, C 16, 1. 3. c. 19. 

Cassandria. a town of the peninsula of 
Pallene in Macedonia, called also Potidaa. 
Paus. 5, c. 23. 

Cassia lex was enacted by Cassius Longi- 
nus, A. U. C. 649. By it no man condemned 
or deprived of military power was permitted to 

enter the seuate house. Another enacted by 

C. Cassius, the praetor, to c'.ioose some of the 
plebeians to be admitted among the patricians. 
Another A. U. C 616, to make the suf- 



frages of the Roman people free and indepen- 
dent. It ordained that they should be received 

upon tablets. Cic in Lrel. Another A U. 

C. 267, to make a division of the territories 
taken from the Hernici, half to the Roman peo- 
ple, and half to the Latins Another enact- 
ed A. U C, 596, to grant a consular powei to 
P Anicius and Octavius on the day they triumph- 
ed over Macedonia. Liv. 

Cassiodorus, a great statesman and writer 
in the 6th century. He died A. D 562. at 

the age of 100. His works were edited by 

Chandler, 8vo. London, 1722. 

Cassiope and Cassiopea, married Cepheus, 
king of /Ethiopia, by whom she had Andromeda. 
She boasted herself to be fairer than the Nere- 
ides; upon which, Neptune, at the request of 
these despised nymphs, punished the insolence 
of Cassiope, and sent a huge sea monster to 
ravage ./Ethiopia The .wrath of Neptune could 
be appeased only by exposing Andromeda, whom 
Cassiope tenderly loved, to the fury of a sea 
monster; and just as she was going to be devour- 
ed, Perseus delivered her. [Vid. Andromeda.] 
Cassiope was made af southern constellation, 
consisting of 13 stars called Cassiope. Cic de 
Nat. D. 2, c. 43.— Jipollod. 2, c 4.— Ovid. 
Met. 4, v. 13S.—Hygin fab. 64 — Propert. 1, 

el 17, v. 3. — Waniiius, 1. A city of Epirus 

near Thesprotia. Another in the island of 

Corcyra. Plin. 4, c. 12. The wife of Epa- 

phus. Slat. Syh. 

Casstterides. islands in the western ocean, 
where tin was found, supposed to be the Scilly 
islands, the Land's end, and Lizard point, of the 
moderns. Plin. 5, c. 22. 

Cassivelaunus, a Briton invested with so- 
vereign authority when J. Caesar made a de- 
scent upon Britain. Cces Bell G 5, c. 19.&C. 

C Cassius, a celebrated Roman, who made 
himself known by being first quaestor to Crassus 
in his expedition against Parthia, from which he 
extricated himself with uncommon address. He 
followed the interest of Pompey; and when 
Crcsar had obtained the victory in the plains of 
Pharsalia, Cassius was one of those who owed 
their life to the mercy of the conqueror. He 
married Junia the sister of Brutus, and with him 
he resolved to murder the man to whom he was 
indebted for his life, on account of his oppressive 
ambition; and before he stabbed Caesar, he ad- 
dressed himself to the statue of Pompey, who 



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had fallen by (he avarice of him he was going 
to assassinate. When the provinces were di- 
vided among Caesar's murderers, Cassius receiv- 
ed Africa; and when his party had lost ground 
at Rome, by the superior influence of Augustus 
and M. Antony, be retired to Philippi, with his 
friend Brutus and their adherents. In the battle 
that was fought there, the wing which Cassius 
commanded was defeated, and his camp was 
plundered. In this unsuccessful moment he 
suddenly gave up all hopes of recovering Ids 
losses, and concluded that Brutus was conquered 
and ruined as well as himself Fearful to fall 
info the enemy's hands, he ordered one of his 
freed-men to run him through, and he perished 
by that very sword which bad given wounds to 
Caesar. His body was honoured with a magni- 
ficent funeral by his friend Brutus, who declared 
over him that he deserved to be called the last 
of the Romans. If he was brave, he was equal- 
ly learned. Some of his letters are still extant 
among Cicero's epistles. He was a strict fol- 
lower of the doctrine of Epicurus. He was often 
too rash and too violent, and many of the wrong 
steps which Brutus took are to be ascribed to 
the prevailing advice of Cassius. He is allowed 
by Paterculus-to have been a better commander 
than Brutus, though a less sincere friend. The 
day after Caesar's murder he dined at the house 
of Antony, who asked him whether he had then 
a dagger concealed in bis bosom; yes, replied 
he, if you aspire to tyranny. Sueton. in Coes. 
Sf Aug — Plut in Brut fy Cces. — Paterc. 2. c. 
46. — l)io. 40. A Roman citizen, who con- 
demned his son to death, on pretence of his 
raising commotions in the state. Vol. Max. 5, 

c. 8. A tribune of the people, who made 

many laws tending to diminish the influence of 
the Roman nobility. He was competitor with 

Cicero for the consulship. One of Pompey's 

officers who, during the civil wars, revolted to 

Caesar with 10 ships. A poet of Parma, of 

great genius He was killed by Varus by order 
of Augustus, whom he had offended by his sati- 
rical writings His fragments of Orpheus were 
found, and edited some time after by the poet 

St3tius. Horat l,sat. 10. v. 62. Spurius, 

a Roman, put to death on suspicion of his aspir- 
ing to tyranny, after he had been three times 
consul, 'B. C. 485. Diod 11 — Vol. Max. 6, 

c. 3. Brutus, a Roman, who betrayed his 

country to the Latins, and fled to the temple of 
Pallas, where his father confined him, and he 

was starved to death. Longinus, an officer 

of Caesar in Spain, much disliked. Cces. Jiltx. 

c 48. A consul to whom Tiberius married 

Drusilla, daughter of Germanicus. Sueton. in 

Vat. c 57. -A lawyer whom Nero put to 

death because he bore the name of J. Caesar's 

murderer. Suet, in Ner. 37. L. Hemina, 

the most ancient writer of annals at Rome. 

He lived A U. C. 608. Lucius, a Roman 

lawyer, whose severity in the execution of the 
law has rendered the words Cassiani judices ap- 
plicable to rigid judges. Cic. pro. Rose. c. 30. 

Longinus, a critic. Vid. Longinus. 

Lucius, a consul with C. Marius, slain with bis 
army by the Gauls Senones. Jlppian in Celt. 
• M. Scaeva, a soldier of uncommon valour 



in Caesar's army. Vol. Max. 3, c. 2. An 

officer under Aurelius, made emperor by his 
soldiers, and murdered three months after.—- 
Felix, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who 
wrote on animals. — . — Severus, an orator who 
wrote a severe treatise on illustrious men and 
women. He died in exile, in his 25th year. 
Vid. Severus. The family of the Cassii branch- 
ed into the surname of Longinus, Viscellinus, 
Brutus, &c. 

Cassotis, a nymph and fountain of Phocis. 
Paus. 10, c. 24. 

Castabala, a city of Cilicia, whose inhabit- 
ants made war with their d<-gs. Plin. 8, c. 40. 
Castabds, a town of Chersonesus. 
Castalia, a town near Phocis. A daugh- 
ter of the Achelous. 

Castalius fons, or Castalia, a fountain of 
Parnassus, sacred to the muses. The waters of 
this fountain were cool and excellent, and they 
had the power of inspiring those that drank of 
them with the true fire of poetry. The muses 
have received the surname of Castulides from 
this fountain. Virg. G. 3, v. 292. — Martial. 7, 
ep. 11, 1. 12, ep. 3. 

Castanea, a town near the Peneus, whence 
the nuces Castanem received their name. Plin. 
4, c. 9. 

Castellum menapiorum, a town of Belgium 

on the Maese, now Kessel. Morinorum, now 

Mount Cassel, in Flanders. Cattorum, now 

Hesse Cassel. 

Casthenes, a bay of Thrace, near Byzan- 
tium. 

Castianira, a Thracian, mistress of Priam, 
and mother of Gorgythion. Homer. II. 8. 

Castor and Pollux, were twin brothers, 
sons of Jupiter, by Leda, the wife of Tyndai us, 
king of Sparta. The manner of their birth is 
uncommon. Jupiter, who was enamoured of 
Leda, changed himself into a beajtiful swan, 
and desired Venus to metamorphose herself into 
an eagle. After this transformation the goddess 
pursued the god with apparent ferocity, and Ju- 
piter fled for refuge into the arms of Leda, who 
was bathing in the Eurotas. Jupiter took ad- 
vantage of his situation, and nine months after, 
Leda, who was already pregnant, brought forth 
two eggs, from one of which came Pollux and 
Helena; and from the other, Castor and Clytem- 
nestra. The two former were the offspring of 
Jupiter, and the latter were believed to be the 
children of Tyndarus Some suppose that Leda 
brought forth only one egg, from which Castor 
and Pollux sprung. Mercury, immediately after 
their birth, carried the two brothers to Pallena, 
where they were educated; and as soon as they 
had arrived to years of maturity, they embarked 
with Jason to go in quest of the golden fleece. 
In this expedition both behaved with superior 
courage: Pollux conquered and slew Amycus, 
in the combat of the cestus, and was ever after" 
reckoned the god and patron of boxing and wrest- 
ling. Castor distinguished himself in the manage- 
ment of horses. The brothers cleared the Hel- 
lespont, and the neighbouring seas, from pirates, 
after their return from Colchis, from which cir- 
cumstance they have been always deemed the 
friends of navigation. During the Argonautic 



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expedition, in a violent storm, two flames of fire 
were seen to play round the heads of the sons of 
Leda, and immediately the tempest ceased and 
the sea was calmed. From this occurrence their 
power to protect sailors has been more firmly 
credited, and the two mentioned fires, which are 
very common in storms, have since been known 
by the name of Castor and Pollux; and when 
they both appeared, it was a sign of fair wea- 
ther, but if only one was seen, it prognosticated 
storms, and the aid of Castor and Pollux was 
consequently solicited. Castor and Pollux made 
war against the Athenians to recover their sis- 
ter Helen, whom Theseus had carried away; 
and from their clemency to the conquered, they 
acquired the surname of Jinaces, or benefac- 
tors. They were initiated in the sacred myste- 
ries of the Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of 
Eleusis. They were invited to a feast when 
Lynceus and Idas were going to celei-rate their 
marriage with Phoebe and Talaira, the daugh- 
ters of Leucippus, who was brother to Tynda- 
rus. Their behaviour after this invitation was 
cruel. They became enamoured of the two 
women whose nuptials they were to celebrate, 
and resolved to carry them away and marry 
them. This violent step provoked Lynceus and 
Idas: a battle ensued, and Castor killed Lynceus, 
and was killed by Idas. Poilux revenged the 
death of his brother by killing Idas; and as he 
was immortal, and tenderly attached to his bro- 
ther, he entreated Jupiter to restore him to life, 
or to be deprived himself of immortality. Ju- 
piter permitted Castor to share the immortality 
of his brother; and consequently, as long as the 
one was upon earth, so long was the other de- 
tained in the infernal regions, and they alter- 
nately lived and died every day; or according to 
others, every six months. This act of fraternal 
love Jupiter rewarded by making the two bro- 
thers constellations in heaven, under the name 
of Gemini, which never appear together; but 
when one rises the other sets, and so on alter- 
nately. Castor made Talaira mother of Anogon, 
and Phoebe had Mnesileus by Pollux. They re- 
ceived divine honours after death, and were ge- 
nerally called Dioscuri, sons of Jupiter. White 
lambs were more particularly offered on their 
altars, and the ancients were fond of swearing 
by the divinity of the Dioscuri, by the expres- 
sions of JEdepol, and JEcastor. Among the an- 
cients, and especially among the Romans^ there 
prevailed many public reports, at different times, 
that Castor and Pollux had made their appear- 
ance to their armies; and, mounted on white 
steeds, had marched at the head of their troops, 
and furiously attacked the enemy. Their sur- 
names were many, and they were generally re- 
presented mounted on two white horses, armed 
with spears, and riding side by side, with their 
heads covered with a bonnet, on whose top glit- 
tered a star. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 109. Fast. 5, 
v. 701 Am. 3, el. 2, v. 54.— Hygin. fab. 77 and 
78. — Homer. Hymn, in Jov. puer. — Eurip. in 
Helen.— Plut. in Thes.—Virg. JEn. 6, v. 121 
— Manil. Arg. 2. — Liv. 2. — Dionys. Hal. 6. — 
Justin. 20, c 3.— Horat. 2, Sat. 1, v. 27.— Flor. 
2, c 12.— Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 2.—Apollon. 1. 
—Apollod. 1, c. 8, 9, 1. 2, c 4, 1. 3, c. 11.— 



Pans. 3, c. 24, 1. 4, c. 3 and 27. An ancient 

physician. A swift runner A friend of 

JEneas, who accompanied him into Italy. Virg. 
JEn. 10, v. 124. An orator of Rhodes, rela- 
ted to king Deiotarus. He wrote two books on 

Babylon, and one on the Nile. A gladiator. 

Horat. 1, ep. 18 v. 19. 

Castra Alexandri, a place of Egypt about 
Pelusium. Cud. 4, c 7. Cornelia, a mari- 
time town of Africa, between Carthage and 

Utica. Mela, 1 , c. 7 Annibalis. a town of 

the Brutii, now Roccella. Cyri, a country of 

Cilicia, where Cyrus encamped when he march- 
ed against Croesus. Curt. 3, c. 4. Julia, a 

town of Spain. Posthumiana, a place of 

Spain. Hirt. Hisp. 8. 

Castratius, a governor of Placentia during 
the civil wars of Marius. Vol. Max. 6, c. 2. 

Castrum Novum, a place on the coast of 

Etruria. Liv. 36, c. 3 Truentinum, a town 

of Picenum. Cic. de Attic. 8, ep. 12. Inui, 

a town on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. Virg. 
JEn 6, v. 775. 

Castulo, a town of Spain, where Annibal 
married one of the natives. Plut. In Sert. — 
Liv. 24, c. 41.— Ital. 3, v. 99 and 391. 

Cataeathmos, a great declivity near Cyrene, 
fixed by Sallust as the boundary of Africa. Sal- 
lust Jug- 17 and 19. — Plin. 5, c. 5. 

Catadupa, the name of the large cataracts 
of the Nile, whose immense noise stuns the ear 
of travellers for a short space of time, and to- 
tally deprives the neighbouring inhabitants of 
the power of hearing Cic. de Somn Scip. 5. 

Catagogia, festivals in honour of Venus, 
celebrated by the people of Eryx Vid. Ana- 
gogia. 

Catamenteles, a king of the Sequani, in 
alliance with Rome, &c. Cces. Bell G. 1, c. 3. 

Catana, a town of Sicily, at the foot of mount 
iEtna, founded by a colony from Chalcis. 753 
years before the christian era. Ceres had there 
a temple, in which none but women were per- 
mitted to appear. It was large and opulent, and 
it is rendered remarkable for the dreadful over- 
throws to which it has been subjected from its 
vicinity to JEtna, which has discharged, in some 
of its eruptions, a stream of lava 4 miles broad 
and 50 feet deep, advancing at the rate of 7 
miles in a day. Catana contains now about 
30,000 inhabitants. Cic in Verr. 4, c 53, 1. 

5, c. 84.— Diod. 11 and 14.— Strab. 6.—Thucyd. 

6, c. 3. 

Cataonia, a country above Cilicia, near Cap- 
padocia. C. Nep. in Dat. 4. 

Cataracta, a city of the Samnites. 

Cataractes, a river of Pamphylia, now Do- 
densoui. 

Catenes, a Persian, by whose means Bessus 
was seized. Curt. 7, c. 43 

Cath.s:a, a country of India. 

Cathari, certain gods of the Arcadians. 

An Indian nation, where the wives accompany 
their husbands to the burning pile, and are burnt 
with them. Diod. 17 

Catia, an immodest woman, mentioned 
Horat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 95. 

Catiena, a courtezan in Juvenal's age. Juv. 
3, v. 133. 



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Catientjs, an actor at Rome in Horace's age. 
2, Sat. 3, v. 61. 

L. Sergius Catilina, a celebrated Roman 
descended of a noble family. When he had 
squandered away his fortune by his debaucheries 
and extravagance, and been refused the consul- 
ship, he secretly meditated the ruin of his coun- 
try, and conspired with many of the most illus- 
trious of the Romans, as dissolute as himself, to 
extirpate the senate, plunder the treasury, and 
set Rome on fire. This conspiracy was timely 
discovered by the consul Cicero, whom he had 
resolved to murder; and Catiline, after he had 
declared his intentions in the full senate, and at- 
tempted to vindicate himself, on seeing five of 
his accomplices arrested , retired to Gaul, where 
his partisans were assembling an army; while 
Cicero at Rome punished the condemned con- 
spirators, Petreius, the other consul's lieutenant, 
attacked Catiline's ill-disciplined troops, and 
routed them. Catiline was killed in the engage- 
ment, bravely fighting, about the middle of De- 
cember, B. C. 63. His character has been de- 
servedly branded with the foulest infamy; and to 
the violence he offered to a vestal, he added the 
more atrocious murder of his own brother, for 
which he would have suffered death, had not 
friends and bribes prevailed over justice. It has 
been reported that Catiline and the other con- 
ipirators drank human blood, to make their oaths 
more firm and inviolable Sallust has written an 
account of the conspiracy. Cic. in Catil. — Virg. 
J£n. 8, v. 668. 

Catilli, a people near the river Anio. Sil. 

4, v. 225. 

Catilius, a pirate of Dalmatia. Cic. Div. 

5, c. 10. 

Catilltjs or Catilus, a son of Amphiaraus, 
who came to Italy with his brothers Coras and 
Tiburtus, where he built Tibur, and assisted 
Turnus against iEDeas. Virg. JEm,. 7, v. 672. 
Horat. 1, od. 18. v. 2. 

Catina, a town of Sicily, called also Catana. 
[Vid. Catana.] Another of Arcadia. 

M. Cathjs, an epicurean philosopher of In- 
subria, who wrote a treatise in four books, on 
the nature of things, and the summum bonum, 
and an account of the doctrine and tenets of 
Epicurus. But as he was not a sound or faith- 
ful follower of the epicurean philosophy, he has 
been ridiculed by Horat. 2, Sat. 4. — Quintil. 

10, c. 1. Vestinus, a military tribune in M. 

Antony's army. Cic Div. c. 10, 23. 

Catizi, a people of the Pygmaeans, supposed 
to have been driven from their country by cranes. 
Plin. 4, c. 11. 

Cato, a surname of the Porcian family, ren- 
dered illustrious by M. Porcius Cato, a celebra- 
ted Roman, afterwards called Censorius^ from 
his having exercised the office of censor. He 
rose to all the honours of the state, and the first 
battle he ever saw was against Annibal, at the 
age of seventeen, where he behaved with un- 
common valour In his quaestorship under Afri- 
canus against Carthage, and in his expedition in 
Spain, against the Celtiberians, and in Greece, 
he displayed equal proofs of his courage and 
prudence. He was remarkable for his love of 
temperance; he never drank but water, and was 



always satisfied with whatever meats were laid 
upon his table by his servants, whom he never 
reproved with an angry word. During his cen- 
sorship, which he obtained, though he had made 
many declarations of his future severity if ever 
in office, he behaved with the greatest rigour 
and impartiality, showed himself an enemy to 
all luxury and dissipation, and even accused his 
colleague of embezzling the public money. He 
is famous for the great opposition which be made 
against the introduction of the finer arts of 
Greece into Italy, and his treatment of Carneades 
is well known. This prejudice arose from an 
apprehension that the learning and luxury of 
Athens would destroy the valour and simplicity 
of the Roman people; and he often observed to 
his son, that the Romans would be certainly 
ruined whenever they began to be infected with 
Greek. It appears, however, that he changed 
his opinion, and made himself remarkable for 
the knowledge of Greek, which he acquired in 
his old age He himself educated his son, and 
instructed him in writing and grammar. He 
taught him dexterously to throw the javelin, and 
inured him to the labours of the field, and to 
bear cold and heat with the same indifference, 
and to swim across the most rapid rivers with 
ease and boldness. He was universally deemed 
so strict in his morals, that Virgil makes him 
I one of the judges of hell. He repented only 
of three things during his life; to have gone by 
sea when he could go by land, to have passed a 
day inactive, and to have told a secret to his wife. 
A statue was raised to his memory, and he dis- 
tinguished himself as much for his knowledge 
of agriculture as his political life. In Cicero's 
age there were 150 orations of his, besides let- 
ters, and a celebrated work called Origines, of 
which the first book gave a history of the Roman 
monarchy; the second and third an account of 
the neighbouring cities of Italy; the fourth a 
detail of the first, and the fifth of the second 
Punic war; and in the otbers, the Roman his- 
tory was brought down to the war of the Lusi- 
tanians, carried on by Ser. Galba. Some frag- 
ments of the Origines remain, supposed by some 
to be supposititious. Cato's treatise, De Re 
rusticd, was edited by Aufou. Pompna, 8vo. Ant. 
Plant. 1590; but the best edition of Cato, &c. 
seems to be Gesner's, 2 vols. 4to. Lips. 1735. 
Cato died in an extreme old age, about 150 B. 
C. ; and Cicero, to show his respect for him, has 
introduced him in his treatise on old age, as the 
principal character. Plin. 7, c 14. Plutarch 
&f C. Nepos have written an account of his life. 

Cic. Acad. 8f de Senect. &c. Marcus, the 

son of the censor, married the daughter of P. 
iEmylius. He lost his sword in a battle, and 
though wounded and tired, he went to his friends, 
and, with their assistance, renewed the battle, 

and recovered his sword Plut. in Cat - 

A courageous Roman, grandfather to Cato the 
censor. He had five horses killed under him in 
battles. Plut. in Cat. Valerius, a gramma- 
rian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the time of Sylla, 
who instructed a( Rome many noble pupils, and 
wrote some poems. Ovid 2, Trist. 1, v. 436. 
Marcus surnamed Utkensis, from his death 



at Utica, was great grandson to the censor of the 



CA 



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same name. The early virtues that appeared 
in his childhood, seemed to promise a great man; 
and at the age of fourteen, he earnestly asked 
his preceptor for a sword, to stab the tyrant Sylla. 
He was austere in his morals, and a strict fol- 
lower of the tenets of the stoics; he was care- 
less of his dress, often appeared barefooted in 
public, and never travelled but on foot. He was 
such a lover of discipline, that iu whatever of- 
fice he was employed, he always reformed its 
abuses, and restored the ancient regulations. 
When he was set over the troops in the capacity 
of a commander, his removal was universally 
lamented, and deemed almost a public loss by 
his affectionate soldiers. His fondness for can- 
dour was so great, that the veracity of Cato be- 
came proverbial In his visits to his friends, he 
wished lo give as little molestation as possible; 
and the importuning civilities of king Dejotarus 
so displeased him, when he was at his court, that 
he hastened away from his presence. He was 
very jealous of the safety and liberty of the re- 
public, and watched carefully over the conduct 
of Pompey, whose power and influence were 
great. He often expressed his dislike to serve 
the office of a tribune; but when he saw a man 
of corrupted principles apply for it, he offered 
himself a candidate to oppose him, and obtain- 
ed the tribuneship. In the conspiracy of Cati- 
line, he supported Cicero, and was the chief 
cause that the conspirators were capitally pun- 
ished. When the provinces of Gaul were de- 
creed for five years to Caesar, Cato observed to 
the senators, that tbey had introduced a tyrant 
into the capitol. He was sent to Cyprus against 
Ptolemy, who had rebelled, by his enemies, who 
hoped that the difficulty of, the expedition would 
injure his reputation. But his prudence extri- 
cated him from every danger. Ptolemy submit- 
ted, and after a successful campaign, Cato was 
received at Rome with the most distinguishing 
honours, which he, however, modestly declined. 
When the first triumvirate was formed between 
Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, Cato opposed them 
with all his might, and with an independent spi- 
rit foretold to the Roman people all the misfor- 
tunes which soon after followed. After repeated 
applications he was made praetor, but he seemed 
rather to disgrace than support the dignity of 
that office, by the meanness of his dress. He 
applied for the consulship, but could never ob- 
tain it. When Caesar had passed the Rubicon, 
Cato advised the Roman senate to deliver the 
care of the republic into the hands of Pompey; 
and when his advice had been complied with, 
he followed him with his son to Dyrrachium, 
where, after a small victory there, he was in- 
trusted with the care of the ammunition, and 15 
cohorts. After the battle of Pharsalia, Cato 
took the command of the Corcyrean fleet; and 
when he heard of Pompey 's death, on the coast 
of Africa, he traversed the deserts of Libya, to 
join himself to Scipio. He refused to take the 
command of the army in Africa, a circumstance 
of which he afterwards repented. When Scipio 
had been defeated, partly for not paying regard 
to Cato's advice, Cato fortified himself in Utica, 
but, however, not with the intentions of support- i 
ihg a siege. When Caesar approached near the 



j city, Cato disdained to fly, and rather than fall 
alive into the conqueror's hands, he stabbed him- 
self, after he had read Plato's treatise on the 
immortality of the soul, B. C. 46, in the 59th 
year of his age. He had first married Attilia, 
a woman whose licentious conduct obliged him 
to divorce her. Afterwards he united himself to 
Martia, daughter of Philip. Hortensius, his 
friend, wished to raise children by Martia, and 
therefore obtained her from Cato. After the 
death of Hortensius, Cato took her again. This 
conduct was ridiculed by the Romans, who ob- 
served that Martia had entered the house of 
Hortensius very poor, but returned to the bed 
j of Cato loaded with treasures. It was observed 
I that Cato always appeared in mourning, and 
' never laid himself down at his meals since the 
defeat of Pompey, but always sat down, con- 
; trary to the custom of the Romans, as if de- 
| pressed with the recollection that the supporters 
of republican liberty were decaying. Plutarch 
has written an account of his life. Lucan. 1, v. 
j 128, &c— Vol Max 2, c. \0.—Horat. 3, od. 

| 21.— Virg. Mn. 6, y; 841, 1 8, v. 670. A 

! son of Cato of Utica, who was killed in a bat- 
| tie, after he had acquired much honour. Plut. 
i in Cat. Min. 

Catrea, a town of Crete. Pans. 
Catreus, a king of Crete, killed by his son 
at Rhodes, unknowingly. Diod. 5. 

Catta, a woman who had the gift of prophe- 
cy. Suet, in Vitel. 14 

Catti, a people of Gaul and Germany. Ta- 
cit. Aim. 13, v. 57. 

Catuliaka, a surname of Minerva, from L. 
Catulus, who dedicated a standard to her. Plin. 
34, c. 8. 

Catullus, C. or Q Valerius, a poet of 
Verona, whose compositions, elegant and simple, 
are the offspring of a luxuriant imagination. 
He was acquainted with the most distinguished 
people of his age, and directed his satire against 
Caesar, whose only revenge was to invite the 
poet, and hospitably entertain him at his table. 
Catullus was the first Roman who imitated with 
success the Greek writers, and introduced their 
numbers among the Latins. Though the pages 
of the poet are occasionally disfigured with li- 
centious expressions, the whole is written with 
great purity of style Catullus died in the 46th 
year of his age, B C. 40. The best editions of 
his works, which consist only of epigrams, are 
that of Vulpius, 4to Patavii, 1737, and that of 
Barbou, 12mo Paris, 1754. Martial. 1, ep. 

62.— Ovid. Trisi. 2, v. 427. A man sur- 

named Urbicarius, was a nomographer. Juv. 
13, v. 111. 

Q. Luctatius Catulus, went with 300 ships 
during the first Punic war against the Carthagi- 
nians, and destroyed 600 of their ships under 
Hamilcar, near the iEgates. This celebrated 

victory put an end to the war An orator 

distinguished also as a writer of epigrams, and 
admired for the neatness, elegance, and polished 
style of his compositions. He is supposed to be 
the same as the colleague of Marius, when a 
consul the fourth time; and he shared with him 
the triumph over the Cimbri. He was, by his 
colleague's order, suffocated in a room rilled 



CA 



CE 



with the smoke of burning coals. Lucan. 2, v. 

174 — Pint, in Mario. A Romau sent by 

his countrymen to carry a present to the god of 
Delphi, from the spoils taken from Asdrubal. 
Liv. 27. 

C^turiges; a people of Gaul, now Charges, 
near the source of the Durance. Cobs. B. G. 
i, c. 10.— Plin. 3, c. 20. 

Cavares, a people of Gaul, who inhabited 
the present province of Comtat in Provence. 

Cavarillus, a commander of some troops of 
the iLdui in Caesar's army. Cass. Bell. G. 7, 
iC.67. 

Cavarinus, a Gaul, made king of the Se- 
nones by Caesar, am! banished by his subjects. 
Cats Bell. G. 5, c. 54. 

Caucasus, a celebrated mountain between 
the Euxine and Caspian seas, which may be 
considered as the continuation of the ridge of 
mount Taurus. Its height is immense. It was 
inhabited anciently by various savage nations 
who lived upon the wild fruits .of the earth. It 
was covered with snow in some parts, and in 
others it was variegated with fruitful orchards 
and plantations The inhabitants formerly were 
supposed to gather gold on the shores of their 
rivulets in sheep skins, but now they live without 
making use of money. Prometheus was tied 
on the top of Caucasus by Jupiter, and continual- 
ly devoured by vultures, according to ancient 
authors. The passes near this mountain, called 
Caucasian porta bear now the name of Derbent, 
and it is supposed that through them the Sarma- 
tians, called Huns, made their way, when they 
invaded the provinces of Rome. Plin. 6, c. 11. 
—Strab. 11.— Herodot. 4, c 203, ke.— Virg. 
Eel. 6, G. 2, v. 440. JEn. 4, v. 366 —Flac. 
5, v. 155. 

Caucon, a son of Clinus, who first introduced 
the Orgies into Messenia from Eleusis. Paus. 
4,c 1. 

Caucones, a people of Paphlagonia, origi- 
nally inhabitants of Arcadia, or of Scythia, ac- 
jording to some accounts Some of them made 
i settlement near Dyinae in Elis. Herodot. 1, 
kc.—Strab. 8, &c. 

Caudi and Caudium, a town of the Samnites, 
lear which, in a place called Caudincs Furcu- 
\<z, the Roman army under T. Veturius Calvi- 
ius and Sp. Posthumius was obliged to surren- 
der to the Samnites, and pass under the yoke 
with the greatest disgrace. Liv. 9, c. 1, &c. — 
Lucan. 2, v. 138. 

Cavii, a people of Ulyricum. Liv. 44, c. 30. 

Caulonia, or Caulon, a town of Italy near the 
jountry of the Brutii, founded by a colony of 
\chaeans, and destroyed in the wars between 
Pyrrhus and the Romans. Paus. 6, c. 3. — Virg. 
JLn 3, v. 553. 

Caunius, a man raised to affluence from po- 
| erty by Artaxerxes. Pint in Jirtax. 

Cauncs, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He 
?as passionately fond of, or, according to others, 
ie was tenderly beloved by his sister Byblis, and 
o avoid an incestuous commerce, he retired to 
Taria, where he built a city called by his own 
jame. [Fid Byblis.] Ovid. Met. 9, fab 11. 

A city of Caria, opposite Rhodes, where 

Votogenes was born. The climate was consi- 



dered as unwholesome, especially in summer? 
so that Cicero mentions the cry of a person who 
sold Caunian figs which were very famous, (qui 
Cauneas clami tabat,) at Brundusium, as a bad 
omen (cave we eus) against Crassus going to at- 
tack the Parthians. Cic. de Div. 2, C. 4. — ■ 
Strab. 14.— Herodot. 1, c. 176. 

Cauros, an island with a small town, for- 
merly called Andros, in the iEgean sea. Plin. 
4, c. 12 

Caurus, a wind blowing from the west. 
Virg. G 3, v. 356. 

Caus. a village of Arcadia. Paus 8, c. 25. 

Cayci, or Chauci, a nation of Germany, 
now the people of Friesland and Groningen. 
Lucan. 1, v. 463. 

Caycus, a river of Mysia. Vid. Caicus. 

Cayster, or Caystrus, now Kitcheck Mein- 
der, a rapid river of Asia, rising in Lydia, and 
after a meandering course, falling into the 
iEgean sea near Ephesus According to the 
poets, the banks and neighbourhood of this 
river were generally frequented bv swans. Ovid. 
Met. 2, v. 253, I. 5, v. 386 — Mart. 1, ep. 54. 
—Homer. II 2, v. 461.— Virg G. 1, v. 384. 

Cea or Ceos, an island near Euboea, called 
also Co Vid. Co. 

Ceades, a Thracian, whose son Euphemus 
was concerned in the Trojan war. Homer. 
II. 2. 

Ceba, now Ceva, a town of modern Pied- 
mont, famous for cheese. Plin. 11, c. 42. 

Ceballinus, a man who gave information of 
the snares laid against Alexander. — Diod. 17.— 
Curt 6, c. 7. 

Cebarenses, a people of Gaul. Paus. 1, 
c. 36. 

Cebenna, mountains, now the Cevennes, se- 
parating the Averni from the Helvii, extending 
from the Garonne to the Rhone. Cces. B. G. 
7, c. 8.— Mela, 2, c. 5. 

Cebes, a Theban philosopher, one of the 
disciples of Socrates, B. C. 405. He attended 
his learned preceptor in his last moments, and 
distinguished himself by three dialogues that he 
wrote; but more particularly by his tables, which 
contain a beautiful and affecting picture of hu- 
man life, delineated with accuracy of judgment, 
and great splendour of sentiment. Little is 
known of the character of Cebcs from history. 
Plato mentions him once, and Xenophon the 
same, but both in a manner which conveys most 
fully the goodness of his heart, and the purity 
of his morals. The best editions of Cebes are 
those of Gronovius, Svo. 1689; and Glasgow, 
12mo. 1747. 

Cebren, the father of Asterope. Jlpollod. 
3, c 12. 

Cebrenia, a country of Troas with a town 
of the same name, called after the river Cebre- 
nus, which is in the neighbourhood. (Enone, 
the daughter of the Cebrenus, receives the pa- 
tronymic of Ccbrenis. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 769. 
Stat. 1, Sylv. 5, v. 21. 

Cebriones, one of the giants conquered by 

Venus. An illegitimate son of Priam, killed 

with a stone by Patroclus. Homer. II. 

Cebrus, now Zebris, a river falling in a 



CE 



CE 



southern direction into the Danube, and dividing 
Lower from Upper Moesia. 

Cecidas, an ancient and dithyrambic poet. 

Cecilius, Vid. Caecilius. 

Cecina, a river near Volaterra, in Etruria. 
Mela, 2, c 4. 

A. Cecinna, a Roman knight in the interest i 
of Pompey, who used to breed up young swal- 
lows, and send them to carry news to his friends 
as messengers. He was a particular friend of 
Cicero, with whom he corresponded. Some of; 
his letters are still extant in Cicero Plin. 10, ! 

c. 24. — Cic. 15, ep. 66. Orat. 29. A scribe | 

of Octavius Caesar. Cic. 16, ad Jlttic ep. 8. 

A consular man suspected of conspiracy, , 
and murdered by Titus, after an invitation to I 
supper. Suet, in Tit. c 6. 

Cecropia, the original name of Athens, in 
honour of Cecrops, its first founder. The an- ! 
cienfs often use this word for Attica, and the • 
Athenians are often called Cecropidaz. Virg. , 
JEn. 6, v. 21.— Ovid. Met. 7, v. 671. Fast. 2, i 
v. 81. — Lucan. 3, v. 306 .— Plin. 7, c. 56. — | 
Catull. 62, 79. — 7m>. 6, v. 186. 

CecropidjE, an ancient name of the A the- i 
nians, more particularly applied to those who 
were descended from Cecrops the founder of j 
Athens. The honourable name of Cecropidae ! 
was often conferred as a reward for some vir- 
tuous action in the field of battle. Virg JEn. 
6, v 21.— Ovid. 7. Met. 671. 

Cecrops, a native of Sais in Egypt, who led 
a colony to Attica about 1556 years before the 
christian era, and reigned over part of the coun- 
try, which was called from him Cecropia. He 
softened and polished the rude and uncultivated 
manners of the inhabitants, and drew them from 
the country toinhabittwelve small villages which 
he had founded. He gave them laws and regu- 
lations, and introduced among them the worship 
of those deities which were held in adoration in 
Egypt. He married the daughter of Actseus a 
Grecian prince, and was deemed the first found- 
er of Athens. He taught his subjects to culti- 
vate the olive, and instructed them to look upon 
Minerva as the watchful patroness of their city. 
It is said that be was the first who raised an 
altar to Jupiter in Greece, and offered him 
sacrifices. After a reign of 50 years, spent in 
regulating his newly formed kingdom, and in 
polishing the minds of his subjects, Cecrops 
died, leaving three daughters, Aglaurus, Hcrse, 
and Pandrosos. He was succeeded by Cranaus, 
a native of the country. Some time after, The- 
seus, one of his successors on the throne, form- 
ed the twelve villages which he had established, 
into one city, to which the name of Athens was 
given. [Vid. Athene] Some authors have 
described Cecrops as a monster, half a man and 
half a serpent; and this fable is explained by 
the recollection that he was master of two lan- 
guages, the Greek and Egyptian: or that he had 
the command over two countries, Egypt and 
Greece. Others explain it by an allusion to the 
regulations which Cecrops made amongst the 
inhabitants concerning marriage and the union 
of the two sexes. Pans. 1, c. 5. — Strab. 9. — 
Justin. 2, c. 6. — Herodot. 8, c. 44. — Spollod. 
3, c. 14.— Ovid. Met. 11, v. 561.— Hygin. fab. , 



166. The second of that name, was the 

seventh king of Athens, and the son and suc- 
cessor of Erechtheus. He married Metiadusa, 
the sister of Daedalus, by whom he had Pan- 
dion. He reigned forty years, and died 1307. 
B. C. Jlpotlod 3, c 15. — Paus. 1, c 5. 

Cercyphal^e, a place of Greece, where the 
Athenians defeated the fleet of the Peloponne- 
sians. Thucxjd. 1, c. 105. 

Cedreatis. the name of Diana among the 
Orchomenians, because her images were hung 
on lofty cedars. 

Cedon, an Athenian general, killed in an 
engagement against the Spartans. Diod. 15. 

Cedrusii, an Indian nation. Curt. 9, c. 11. 

Ceglusa, the mother of Asopus by Neptune. 
Paus. 2, c. 12. 

Cei, the inhabitants of the island of Cea. 

Celadon, a man killed by Perseus, at the 
marriage of Andromeda Ovid. Met. 5, v. 

144. A river of Greece, flowing into the 

Alpheus. Strab. 8. — Homer. II. 7, v. 133. 

Celadus, a river of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 

38. An island of the Adriatic sea. Mela, 

3, c. 1. 

Celjeum, or Celene, a city of Phrygia, of 
which it was once the capital. Cyrus the younger 
had a palace there, with a park filled with wild 
beasts, where he exercised himself in hunting. 
The Maeander arose in this park. Xerxes built 
a famous citadel there after his defeat in Greece. 
The inhabitants of Celaenae were carried by 
Antiochus Soter to people Apamea when newly 
founded. Strab. 12. — Liv 38, c. 13. — Xenuph. 
Jlnab. 1. Marsyas is said to have contended in 
its neighbourhood against Apollo. Herodot. 7, 
c. 26.— Lucan. 3, v. 206! 

Celjeno, one. of the daughters of Atlas, rav- 
ished by Neptune. Ovid. 4, Fast. v. 173. 

One of the harpies, daughter of Neptune and 

Terra Virg. JEn. 3, v. 245. One of the 

Danaides. Jlpollod. 2, c. 1 A daughter of 

Neptune and Ergea. Hygin. A daughter 

of Hyamus, mother of Delphus by Apollo. 
Paws 10, c 6. 

Cele.3£, a town of Peloponnesus. Paus. 2, 
c 14. 

Celeia and Cela, a town of Noricum. 
Plin. 3, c. 24. 

Celelates, a people of Liguria. Liv. 32, 
c. 29. 

Celendr.^, Celendris, and Celenderis, 
a colony of the Samians in Cilicia, with a har- 
bour of the same name at the mouth of the 
Selinus. Lucan. 8, v. 259. 

Ceeeneus, a Cimmerian, who first taught 
how persons guilty of murder might be expiated. 
Flacc 3, v. 406. 

Celenna or Cel^na, a town of Campania, 
where Juno was worshipped. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 
739. 

Celer, a man who with Severus undertook 
to rebuild Nero's palace after the burning of 

Rome. Tacit Jinn. 15, c. 42.- A man called 

Fabius, who killed Remus when he leaped over 
the walls of Rome, by order of Romulus, Ovid. 

Fast. 4, v 837. — Pint, in Romul Melius, 

a noble youth to whom Statius dedicated a 
poem. 



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CE 



Celeres, 309 of the noblest and strongest 
youtbs at Rome, chosen by Romulus to be his 
body guards, to attend him wherever he went, 
and to protect bis person. The chief or cap- 
tain was called Tribunus Celerum. Liv 1, c. 
15. 

Celetrum, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, 
c. 40. 

Celeus, a king of Eleusis, father to Trip- 
tolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind recep- 
tion to Ceres, who taught his son the cultivation 
of the earth. (Vid. Triptol emus.) His rustic 
dress became a proverb. The invention of 
several agricultural instruments made of osiers 
is attributed to him. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 508, 1. 
5, v. 296.— Virg. G. 1, v. 165 —Jlpollod I, 

c. 5. — Paus. 1, c. 14. A king of Cephal- 

lenia. 

Celmus, a man wbo nursed Jupiter, by whom 
he was greatly esteemed. He was changed into 
a magnet stone for saying that Jupiter was mor- 
tal. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 281. 

Celon-s:, a place of Mesopotamia. Diod. 
It. 

Celsus, an epicurean philosopher in the se- 
cond century, to whom Lucian dedicated one of 
his compositions. He wrote a treatise against 
the christians, to which an answer was returned 

by Origen. Corn a physician, in the age of 

Tiberius, who wrote eight books on medicine, 
besides treatises on agriculture, rhetoric, and 
military affairs The best editions of Celsus 
de medecind are the 8vo. L. Bat. 1746, and 
that of Vallart, 12mo. Paris apud Didot, 1772. 

Albinovanus, a friend of Horace, warned 

against plagiarism, 1, ep. 3, v. 15, and plea- 
santly ridiculed in the 8th epistle, for his foibles. 

Some of his elegies have been preserved. 

Juventius, a lawyer who conspired against Do- 
mitian.— — Titus, a man proclaimed emperor, 
A. D. 265, against his will, and murdered seven 
days after. 

Celt^;, a name given to the nation that in- 
habited the country between the ocean and the 
Palus Mseotis, according to some authors men- 
tioned by Plut. in Mario. This name, though 
anciently applied to the inhabitants of Gaul, 
as well as of Germany and Spain, was more 
particularly given to a part of tbe Gauls, whose 
country, called Gallia Celtica, was situate be- 
tween the rivers Sequana and Garumna, mo- 
dernly called la Seine and la Garonne. The 
Celtae seemed to receive their name from 
Celtus. a son of Hercules or of Polyphemus. 
The promontory which bore the name of Cei- 
ticum is now called Cape Finisterre. Cms 
Bell G. 1, c. 1, &c— Mela, 3, c. 2.—Herodot 
4, c. 49. 

Celtiberi, a people of Spain, descended 
from the Celtic. They settled near the Iberus, 
and added the name of the river to that of tbeir 
nation, and were afterwards called Celtiberi. 
They made strong head against the Romans and 
Carthaginians when they invaded their country 
Their country, called Celtiberia, is now known 
by the name of Arragon. Diod. 6. — Flor. 2, 
c. 17 — Strab. 4.~-4wc<w. 4, v. 10.— Sil. It. 
8, v. 339. 



Celtica, a well populated part of Gaul, in. 
habited by the Celtse. 

Celtici, a people of Spain. The promon- 
tory which bore their name, is now Cape Finis- 
terre. 

Celtillus, the father of Vercingetonx among 
the Averui. Cms. Bell. G. 7, c. 4 

Celtorii, a people of Gaul, near the Se« 
nones. Plut 

Celtoscytjoe, a northern nation of Scyj 
thians Strab. 10. 

Cemmenus, a lofty mountain of Gaul. Strab. 

Cempsi, a people of Spain at the bottom 
of the Pyrenean mountains. Dionys. Perieg. 
v. 358. 

Cenabum or Genabum. Vid- Genabura. 

Centum, a promontory of Euboea, where 
Jupiter Cceneus had an altar raised by Hercules. 
Ovid Met. 9, v. 136— Thucyd. 3. c. 93. 

Cenchre^e, now Kenkri, a town of Pelopon 
nestis on the isthmus of Corinth — — A harbour 
of Corinth. Ovid. Trist 1, el. 9, v. 19.— Plim 
4, c. 4. 

Cenchreis, the wife of Cinyras king of Cy- 
prus, or as others say, of Assyria. Hygin. fab. 
58. 

Cenchreus, a son of Neptune and Salamis, 
or as some say, of Pyrene. He killed a large 
serpent at Salamis. Paus 2, c. 2. — Diod. 4. 

Cenchrius, a river of Ionia near Epnesus, 
where some suppose that Latona was washed 
after she had brought forth. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 
61. 

Cenepolis, a town of Spain, the same as 
Carthago Nova. Polyb. 

Cenetium, a town of Peloponnesus. Strab. 

Cenns-us. Vid. Caenis. 

Cenimagni, a people on the western parts of 
Britain. 

Cenina Vid. Caenina. 

Cenon, a town of Italy. Liv. 2, c. 63. 

Censores, two magistrates of great author> 
ty at Home, first created, B. C. 443 Their 
office was to number the people, estimate the 
possessions of every citizen, reform and watch 
over the manners of the people, and regulate 
the taxes. Their power was also extended over 
private families: they punished irregularity, and 
inspected the management and education of the 
Roman youth. They could inquire into the ex- 
penses of every citizen, and even degrade a sena- 
tor from all his privileges and honours, if guilty of 
any extravagance. This punishment was general- 
ly executed in passing over the offender's name in 
calling the list of the senators. The office of pub- 
lic censor was originally exercised by the kings. 
Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, first es- 
tablished a census, by which every mau was 
o liged to come to. be registered, and give in 
writing the place of his residence, his name, his 
quality, the number of his children, of His te- 
nants, estates, and domestics, &c The ends of 
the census were very salutary to the Roman re- 
public. They knew their own strength, their 
ability to support a war, or to make a levy of. 
troops, or raise a tribute It was required that 
every knight should be possessed ot 400,000 ses* 
terces to enjoy the rights and privileges of his 
a a 



CE 



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order; and a senator was entitled to sit in the 
senate, if he was really worth 800,000 sester- 
ces. This laborious task of numbering and re- 
viewing the people, was, after the expulsion of 
the Tarquins, one of the duties and privileges 
of the consuls. But when the republic was be- 
come more powerful, aud when the number of 
its citizens was increased, the consuls were found 
unable to make the census, on account of the 
multiplicity of business. After it had been ne- 
glected for 16 years, two new magistrates called 
censors were elected. They remained in office 
for five years, and every fifth year they made a 
census of all the citizens in the Campus Martius, 
and offered a solemn sacrifice, and made a lus-. 
tration io the name of all the Roman people. 
This space of time was called a lustrum, and 
ten or twenty years were commonly expressed 
by two or four lustra. After the office of the 
censors had remained for some time unaltered, 
the Romans, jealous of their power, abridged 
the duration of their office, and a law was made, 
A. U. C. 420, by Mamercus iEmilius, to limit 
the time of the censorship to 18 months. After 
the second Punic war, they were always chosen 
from such persons as had been consuls; their of- 
fice was more honourable, though less powerful, 
than that of the consuls; the badges of their of- 
fice were the same, but the censors were not al- 
lowed to have lictors to walk before them as the 
consuls. When one of the censors died, no one 
was elected in bis room till the five years were 
expired, and his colleague immediately resigned. 
This circumstance originated from the death of 
a censor before the sack of Rome by Brennus, 
and was ever after deemed an unfortunate event 
to the republic. The emperors abolished the 
censors, and took upon themselves to execute 
their office. 

Censorinus, Ap. CI. was compelled, after 
many services to the state, to assume the impe- 
rial purple by the soldiers, by whom he was 

jnurdered some days after, A. D. 270. 

Martius, a consul, to whom, as a particular 

friend, Horace addressed his 4 od. 8. A 

grammarian of the 3d century, whose book, De 
die natali, is extant, best edited in 8vo. by Ha- 
vercamp, L. Bat. 1767. It treats of the birth 
of man, of years, months, and days. 

Census, the numbering of the people at 
Rome, performed by the censors, a censeo to va- 
lue. Vid. Censores. A god worshipped at 

Rome, the same as Consus. 

Centarftus, a Galatian, who, when Antio- 
chus was killed, mounted his horse in the great- 
est exultation. The horse, as if conscious of 
disgrace, immediately leaped down a precipice, 
and killed himself and his rider. Plin. 8, c. 
42. 

Centauri, a people of Thessaly, half men 
and half horses. They were the offspring of 
Centaurus, son of Apollo, by Stilba, daughter 
of the Peneus. According to some, the Cen- 
taurs weve the fruit of Ixion's adventure with the 
cloud in the shape of Juno, or, as others assert, 
of the union of Centaurus with the mares of 
Magnesia. This fable of the existence of the 
Centaurs, monsters supported upon the four legs 
of a horse, arises from the ancient people of 



Thessaly having tamed horses, and having ap- 
peared to the neighbours mounted on horseback, 
a sight very uncommon at that time, and which, 
when at a distance, seems only one body, and 
consequently one creature. Some derive the 
name etyro <tov kivtuv tblu^ovs, goading bulls, 
because they went on horseback after their bulls 
which had strayed, or because they hunted wild 
bulls with horses. Some of the ancients have 
maintained, that monsters like the Centaurs can 
have existed in the natural course of things. 
Plutarch in Sympos. mentions one seen by Peri- 
ander tyrant of Corinth; and Pliny 7, c. 3, says, 
that he saw one embalmed in honey, which had 
been brought to Rome from Egypt in the reign 
of Claudius. The battle of the Centaurs with the 
Lapithse is famous in history. Ovid has ele- 
gantly described it, and it has also employed 
the pen of Hesiod, Valerius Flaccus, &c. and 
Pausa.nias in Eliac. says, it was represented 
in the temple of Jupiter at Olympia, and also 
at Athens by Phidias and Parrhasius according 
to Pliny, 36, c. 5. The origin of this battle 
was a quarrel at the marriage of Hippodamia 
with Pirithous, where the Centaurs, intoxicated 
with wine, behaved with rudeness, and even of- 
fered violence to the women that were present. 
Such an insult irritated Hercules, Theseus, and 
the rest of the Lapithse, who defended the wo- 
men, wounded and defeated the Centaurs, and 
obliged them to leave their country, and retire 
to Arcadia. Here their insolence was a se- 
cond time punished by Hercules, who, when he 
was going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was 
kindly entertained by the Centaur Pholus, who 
gave him wine which belonged to the rest of 
the Centaurs, but had been given them on con- 
dition of their treating Hercules with it when- 
ever he passed through their territory. They 
resented the liberty which Hercules took with 
their wine, and attacked him with uncommon 
fury. The hero defended himself with his ar- 
rows, and defeated his adversaries, who fled for 
safety to the Centaur Chiron. Chiron had been the 
preceptor of Hercules, and therefore they hoped 
that he would desist in his presence. Hercules, 
though awed at the sight of Chiron, did not 
desist, but, in the midst of the engagement, he 
wounded his preceptor in the knee, who, in the 
excessive pain he suffered, exchanged immor- 
tality for death. The death of Chiron irritated 
Hercules the more, and the Centaurs that were 
present were all extirpated by his hand, and in- 
deed few escaped the common destruction. The 
most celebrated of the Centaurs were Chiron, 
Eurytus, Amycus, Gryneus, Caumas, Lyeidas, 
Arneus, Medon, Rhoetus, Pisenor, Mermeros, 
Pholus, &c. Diod. 4.— Tzetzes Chil. 9. Hist. 
237 — Hesiod. in Suet. Hercul — Homer. It. 8f 
Od. — Ovid. Met 12. — Strab. 9.— Pans. 5, c. 
10, &c— JElian. V. H. 11, c. 2.—rfpollod. 2, 
c. 3, I. 5. — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 286.— Hygin. fab. 
33 and 62.— Pindar, Pyth. 2. 

Centaurus, a ship in the fleet of /Eneas, 
which had the figure of a Centaur. Virg. Mn. 
5, v. 122. 

Centobrica, a town of Celtiberia. Val. 
Max. 5, c. 1. 

Centores, a people of Scythia. Flacc 



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Centoripa or Centuripa. Vid. Centuripa. 

Centrites, a river between Armenia and 
Media. 

Centrones, a people of Gaul, severely beat- 
en by J. Caesar when they attempted to obstruct 
his passage. They inhabited the modern coun- 
try of Tarantaise in Savoy. There was a horde 
of Gauls of the same name subject to the Nervii, 
now supposed to be near Courtray in Flanders. 
Ctes. B.G.I, c. 10, 1. 5, c. 38.— Plin. 3, c. 20. 

Centronics, a man who squandered his im- 
mense riches on useless aud whimsical buildings. 
Juv. J 4, v. 86. 

Centumviri, the members of a court of 
justice at Rome. They were originally chosen, 
three from the 35 tribes of the people, and 
though 105, they were always called Centum- 
virs. They were afterwards increased to the 
number of 180, and still kept their original 
name. The pretor sent to their tribunal causes 
of the greatest importance, as their knowledge 
of the law was extensive. They were general- 
ly summoned by the Decemviri, who seemed to 
be the chiefest among them ; and they assem- 
bled in the Basilica, or public court, and had 
their tribunal distinguished by a spear with an 
iron head, whence a decree of their court was 
called Hasten judicium: their sentences were 
very impartial, and without appeal. Cic. de 
Orat, I, c. 38. — Quintil. 4, 5, and 11. — Plin. 
6, ep. 33. • 

Centum cellum, a sea-port town of Etruria 
built by Trajan, who had there a villa. It is 
now Civita Vecchia, and belongs to the Pope. 
Plin. 6, ep. 31. 

Centuria, a division of the people among 
the Romans, consistingof a hundred. The Ro- 
man people were originally divided into three 
tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curiae. Servius 
Tullius made a census; and when he had the 
place of habitation, name, and profession of 
every citizen, which amounted to 80,000 men, 
all able to bear arms, he divided them into six 
classes, and each class into several centuries or 
companies of a hundred men. The first class 
consisted of 80 centuries, 40 of which were com- 
posed of men from the age of 45 and upwards, 
appointed to guard the city. The 40 others 
were young men from 1 7 to 45 years of age, 
appointed to go to war, and fight the enemies of 
Rome. Their arms were all the same, that is, 
a buckler, a cuirass, a helmet, cuishes of brass, 
with a sword, a lance, and a javeiin; and as 
they were of the most illustrious citizens, they 
were called by way of eminence, classici, and 
their inferiors infra classem. They were to be 
worth 1,100,000 asses, a sum equivalent to 1800 
pounds English money. The second, third, and 
fourth classes, consisted each of twenty centu- 
ries, ten of which were composed of the more 
aged, and the others of the younger sort of peo- 
ple. Their arms were, a large shield, a spear, 
and a javelin; they were to be worth in the se- 
cond class, 75,000 asses, or about 121/. In the 
third, 50,000, about 80/.; and in the fourth, 
25,000. or about 40/. The fifth class consisted 
of 30 centuries, three of which were carpenters 
by trade, and the others of different professions, 
such as were necessary in a camp. They were 



all armed with slings and stones. They wer.e 
to be worth 11,000 asses, or about 18/. The 
sixth class contained only one centuria, com- 
prising the whole body of the poorest citizens, 
who were called Proletarii, as their only service 
to the state was procreating children. They 
were also called capite censi, as the censor took 
notice of their person, not of their estate. In 
the public assemblies in the Campus Martius, 
at the election of public magistrates, 'or at the 
trial of capital crimes, the people gave then 
vole by centuries, whence the assembly was 
called comitia centuriata. In these public as- 
semblies, which were never convened only by 
the consuls at the permission of the senate, or 
by the dictator, in the absence of the consuls, 
some of the people appeared under arms for fear 
of an attack from some foreign enemy. When 
a law was proposed in the public assemblies, 
its necessity was explained, and the advantages 
it would produce to the state were enlarged up- 
on in a harangue; after which it was exposed in 
the most conspicuous parts of the city three mar- 
ket days, that the people might see and consider. 
Exposing it to public view, was called proponere 
legem, and explaining it, promulgate legem. 
He who merely proposed it, was called lator 
legis; and he who dwelt upon its importance and 
utility, and wished it to be enforced, was called 
auctor legis. When the assembly was to be 
held, the auguries were consulted by the consul, 
who, after haranguing the people, and remind- 
ing them to have in view the good of the repub- 
lic, dismissed them to their respective centuries, 
that their votes might be gathered. They gave 
their votes viva voce, till the year of Rome A. 
U. C. 615, when they changed the custom, and 
gave their approbation or disapprobation by bal- 
lots thrown into an urn. If the first class was 
unanimous, the others were not consulted, as the 
first was superior to all the others in number; 
but if they were not unanimous, they proceeded 
to consult the rest, and the majority decided the 
question. This advantage of the first class gave 
offence to the restf and it was afterwards settled, 
that one class of the six should be drawn by lot, 
to give its votes first, without regard to rank or 
priority. After all the votes had been gathered, 
the consul declared aloud, that the law which 
had been proposed was duly and constitutionally 
approved. The same ceremonies were observ- 
ed in the election of consuls, pretors, &c. The 
word Centuria is also applied to a subdivision 
of one of the Roman legions, which consisted of 
an hundred men, and was the half of a manipu- 
lus, the sixth part of a cohort, and the sixtieth 
part of a legion. The commander of a centuria 
was called centurion, and he was distinguished 
from the rest by the branch of a vine which he 
carried in his hand. 

Centuripa, (es~, or ce, arum,) now Cenlorlu, 
a town of Sicily at the foot of Mount iEtna. 
Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 23.— Ital. 14, v. 205.— Plin. 
3, c. 8. 

Ceos and Cea, an island. Vid. Co. 

Cephalas, a lofty promontory of Africa near 
the Syrtis Major. Strab. 

Cephaledion, a town of Sicily, near the river 
IJimera. Plin. 3, c. 8. — Cic. in Verr. 2, c. 52. 



CE 



CE 



Cephallen, a noble musician, son of Lam- 
pus. Paws. 10, c. 7. 

Cephallena and Cephallenia, an island 
in the louian sea, below Corcyra, whose inha- 
bitants went with Ulysses to the Trojan war. It 
abounds in oil and excellent wines. It was an- 
ciently divided into four different districts, from 
which circumstance it received the name of Te- 
trapolis. It is about 90 miles in circumference, 
and from its capital Samo, or Samos, it has fre- 
quently been called Same. — Strab. 10. — Plin. 
4, c 12.— Mela, 2, c. 1.— Homer. II. 2.— Thu- 
cyd. 2, c. 30. — Paus. 6, c 15. 

Cephalo, an officer of Eumenes. Diod. 19. 

Cephaloedis and Cephaludium, now Ce- 
phalu, a town at the north of Sicily. Sil. 14, 
v. 253.— Cic 2, in Verr. 51. 

Cephalon, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote an 
history of Troy, besides an epitome of universal 
history from the age of Ninus to Alexander, 
which he divided into nine books, inscribed with 
the name of the nine muses. He affected not 
to know the place of his birth, expecting it would 
be disputed like Homer's. He lived in the reign 
of Adrian. 

Cephalus, son of Deioneus, king of Thessaly, 
by Diimiede, daughter of Xuthus, married Pro- 
cris, daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens. 
Aurora fell in love with him, and carried him 
away; but he refused to listen to her addresses, 
and was impatient to return to Procris. The 
goddess sent him back; and to try the fidelity of 
his wife, she made him put on a different form, 
and he arrived at the house of Procris in the 
habit of a merchant. Procris was deaf to every 
offer; but she suffered herself to be seduced by 
the gold of this stranger, who discovered him- 
self the very moment that Procris bad yielded up 
her virtue. This circumstance so ashamed Pro- 
cris, that she fled from her husband, and devo- 
ted herself to hunting in the island of Euboea, 
where she was admitted among the attendants 
of Diana, who presented her with a dog always 
sure of his prey, and a dart which never missed 
its aim, and always returned to the hands of its 
mistress of its own accord. Some say that the 
dog was a present from Minos, because Procris 
had cured his wounds. After this Procris re- 
turned in disguise to Cephalus, who was willing 
to disgrace himself by some unnatural conces- 
sions to obtain the dog and the dart of Procris. 
Procris discovered herself at the moment thnt 
Cephalus showed himself faithless, and a recon- 
ciliation was easily made between them. Tht y 
loved one another with more tenderness than 
before, and Cephalus received from his wife the 
presents of Diana As he was particularly fond 
of hunting, be every morning early repaired to 
the woods, and after much toil and fatigue, laid 
himself down in the cool shade, and earnestly 
called for Jlura, or the refreshing breeze. This 
ambiguous word was mistaken for the name of 
a mistj ess; and some informer reported to the 
jealous Procris, that Cephalus daily paid a visit 
to a mistress, whose name was Aura. Procris 
too readily believed the information, and secret- 
ly followed her husband into the woods. Ac- 
cording to his daily custom, Cephalus retired to 
the cool, and called after Aura. At the name 



of Aura, Procris eagerly lifted up her head to 
see her expected rival. Her motion occasioned 
a rustling among the leaves of the bush thai con- 
cealed her; and as Cephalus listened, he thought 
it to be a wild beast, and he let fly his unerring 
dart. Procris was struck to the heart, and in- 
stantly expired in the arms of her husband, con- 
fessing that ill-grounded jealousy was the cause 
of her death. According to Apollodorus, there 
were two persons of the name of Cephalus; one, 
son of Mercury and Herse, carried away by Au- 
rora, with whom he dwelt in Syria, and by whom 
he had a son called Tithonus. The other mar- 
ried Procris, and was the cause of the tragical 
event, mentioned above. Cephalus was father 
of Arcesius by Procris and of Phseton, accord- 
ing to Hesiod, by Aurora. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 

26. Hygin. fab. 189.— dpollod. 3, c. 15. 

A Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Timo- 

leon in regulating the republic of Syracuse. 

Diod. 16. — Plut. in Tim A king of Epirus. 

Liv. 43, c 18.- An orator frequently men- 
tioned by Demosthenes. 

Cepheis, a name given to Andromeda as 
daughter of Cepheus. Ovid Ji. Ji. 1, v. 193. 

Cephenes, an ancient name of the Persians. 

Herodot- 1, c. 61. A name of the iEthio- 

pians, from Cepheus, one of their kings. Ovid. 
Met. 5, v. 1. 

Cepheus, a king of ^Ethiopia, father of An- 
dromeda, by Cassiope. He was one of the Ar- 
gonauts, and was changed into a constellation 
after his death. Ovid Met. 4, v. 669, I. 5, v. 
12. — Paus. 4, c. 35, 1. 8, c. 4 — Apollod. 1, c. 
9, 1. 2, c. 1, 4, and 7, I. 3, c 9, mentions one, 
son of Aleus, aud another, son of Belus The 
former he makes king of Tegea, and father of 
Sterope; and says, that he, with his twelve sons, 
assisted Hercules in a war against Hippocoon, 
where they were killed. The latter he calls king 

of ^Ethiopia, and father- of Andromeda. A 

son of Lycurgus present at the chase of the 
Calydonian boar. Jlpallnd. 1, c. 8. 

Cephisia, a part of Attica, through which 
the Cephisus flows. Plin. 4. c. 7. 

CephIsiades, a patronymic of Eteocles, son 
of Andreus and Evippe, from the supposition 
of his being the son of the Cephisus. Paus. 9, 
c. 34. 

Cephisidorus, a tragic poet of Athens in the 

age of iEschylus. An historian who wrote an 

account of the Phocian war. 

Cephision, the commander of some troops 
sent by the Thebans to assist Megalopolis, &c. 
Diod. 16 

Cephisodotus, a disciple of Isocrates, a great 
reviler of Aristotle, who wrote a book of pro- 
verbs. Jithen. 2. 

Cephisus and Cephissus, a celebrated river 
of Greece, that rises at Lilaea in Phocis, and 
after passing at the north of Delphi and mount 
Parnassus, enters Boeotia, where it flows into 
the lake Copais. The Graces were particular- 
ly fond of this river, whence they are called the 
goddesses of the Cephisus. There was a river 
of the same name in Attica, and another in Ar- 
golis. Strab. 9 — Plin. 4, c 7. — Paus. 9, c. 
24 — Homer II. 2, v. 29.— Lucan. 3, v. 175. — - 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 369, I. 3, v. 19.— — A man 



CE 



CE 



changed into a sea monster, by Apollo, when la- 
menting the death of his grandson. Ovid. Met. 
7, v.- 388. 

Cephren, a king of Egypt, who built one of 
the pyramids. Diod. 1. 

Cepio or Cepio, a man who by a quarrel 
with Drusus caused a civil war at Rome, &c, 

Servilius, a Roman consul, who put an end 

to the war in Spain. He took gold from a tem- 
ple, and for that sacrilege the rest of bis life 
was always unfortunatt. He was conquered by 
the Cimbrians, his goods were publicly confisca- 
ted, aid he died at last in prison. 

Cepion, a musician. Plut. de Mus. 

Ceraca, a town of Macedonia. Polyb. 5 

Ceracates, a people of Germany. Tacit 
4, Hist. c. 70. 

Cerambds, a man changed into a beetle, or, 
according to others, into a bird, on mount Par- 
nassus, by the nymphs, before the deluge. Ovid. 
Met 7, fab. 9. 

Ceramicus, now Keramo, a bay of Caria, 
near Halicarnassus, opposite Cos, receiving its 
name from Ceramus Plin. 5, c 29. — Mela. 

1, c. 16. A public walk, and a place to bury 

those that were killed in defence of their coun- 
try, at Athens Cic. ad Alt. 1, ep. 10 

Ceramium, a place of Rome, where Cicero's 
house was built. Cic ad .Ittic. 

Ceramus, a town at the west of Asia Minor. 

Ceras, a people of Cyprus metamorphosed 
into bulls. 

Cerasus, (untis) now Keresoun, a maritime 
city of Cappadocia, from which cherries were 
first brought to Rome by Lucullus. — Mar cell. 22, 
c. 13 —Plin. 25, c. 25, 1. 16, c. 18, I. 17, c. 

14 — Mela, 1, c. 19. Another, built by a 

Greek colony from Sinope. Diod. 14. 

Cerata, a place near Megara. 

Ceratus, a river of Crete. 

Ceraunia, a town of Achaia. 

Ceraunia and Ceraunh large mountains of 
Epirus, extending far into the sea, and forming 
a promontory which divides the Ionian and Ad- 
riatic seas They are the same as the Acroce- 

raunia. Vid Acroceraunium. Mount Taurus 

•is also called Cerauoius. Plin. 5, c. 27. 

Ceraunii, mountains of Asia, opposite the 
Caspian sea. Mela, 1,6 19. 

Ceraunus, a river of Cappadocia. A sur- 
name of Ptolemy the 2d, from his boldness. C. 
Nep Reg. c. 3. 

Cerausius, a mountain of Arcadia. Pans. 8, 
C. 41. 

Cerbalus, a river of Apulia. Plin. 3, c. 11. 

Cerberion, a town of the Cimmerian Bos- 
phorus Plin. 6, c. 6. 

Cerberus, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of Echid- 
na's union with Typhon. He had 50 beads ac- 
cording to Hesiod, and three according to other 
mythologists. He was stationed at the entrance 
of hell, as a watchful keeper, to prevent the 
living from entering the infernal regions, and 
the dead from escaping from their confinement. 
It was usual for those heroes, who in their life- 
time visited Pluto's kingdom, to appease the 
barking mouihs of Cerberus with a cake. Or- 
pheus lulled him to sleep with his lyre; and Her- 
cules dragged him from hell when he went to 



redeem Alceste. Virg JEn- 5, v. 134, i. 6, r 
417.— Homer Od. 11, v. 622— Pates. 2, c 31, 

1. 3, c 25 —Hesiod. Theog. 312— Tibull. 1, 
el 10, v. 35. 

Cercaphus, a son of iEolus A son of 

Sol, of great power at Rhodes. Diod 5. 

Cercasorum, a town of Egypt, where the 
Nile divides itself into the Pelusian and Canopic 
mouths, flerodot 2, c 15. 

Cerceis, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 
Theog. v. 355. 

Cercene, a country of Africa. Diod. 2. 

Cercestes, a son of ^gyptus and Phcenissa, 
Apollod 2, c. 1. 

Cercides, a native of Megalopolis, who wrote 
Iambics. Mien. 10. — Mlian V. H. 13. 

Cercii, a people of Italy. 

Cercina and Cercinna, a small island of 
the Mediterranean, near the smaller Syrtis, on 
the coast of Africa. Tacit. 1 Ann. 53. — Strab, 
17. — Liv. 33, c 48. — Plin. 5, c. 7 A moun- 
tain of Thrace, towards Macedonia. Thucyd. 

2, c. 98. 

Cercinium, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, 
c. 41. 

Cercius and Rhetius, charioteers of Castor 
and Pollux. 

Cercopes, a people of Ephesus, made pri- 
soners by Hercules. Jlpollod. 2, c. 6. The 

inhabitants of the island Pithecusa changed into 
monkies on account of their dishonesty. Ovid. 
Met. 14. v 91. 

Cercofs, a Milesian, author of a fabulous 
history, mentioned by Athenaeus. -A Pytha- 
gorean philosopher. 

Cercyon and Cercyones, a king of Eleusis, 
son of Neptune, or, according to othersi, of 
Vulcan. He obliged all strangers to wrestle 
with him; and as he was a dexterous wrestler, 
they were easily conquered and put to death. 
After many cruelties, he challenged Theseus in 
wrestling, and he was conquered and put to death 
by his antagonist. His daughter, Alope, was 
loved by Neptune, by whom she had a child. 
Cercyon exposed the child, called Hippothoon; 
but he was preserved by a mare, and afterwards 
placed upon his grandfather's throne by Theseus. 
Ovid. Met. 7, v. 439.— Hysin. fab. 187.— Plut. 
in Thes. — Potts 1, c. 5 and 39. 

Cercyra and Corcyra, an island in the 
Ionian sea, which receives its name from Cer- 
cyra daughter of the Asopus. Diod. 4. 

Cerdylium, a place near Amphipolis. 
Thucyd. 5, c. 6. 

Cekealia, festivals in honour of Ceres; first 
instituted at Rome by Memmius the edile, and 
celebrated on the 19th of April. Persons in 
mourning were not permitted to appear at the 
celebration; therefore they were not observed 
after the battle of Cannae. They are tbe same 
as the Thesmophoria of the Greeks. Vid. 
Thesmophoria. 

Ceres, the goddess of corn and of harvests," 
was daughter of Saturn and Vesta She had a 
daughter by Jupiter, whom she called Phere- 
phata, fruit-hearing, and afterwards Proserpine. 
This daughter was carried away by Pluto, as 
she was gathering flowers in the plains near 
Enna. The rape of Proserpine was grievous to 



CE 



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Ceres, who sought her all over Sicily; and when 
night came, she lighted two torches in the flames 
of Momit JEtna, to continue her search by night 
all over me world. She at last found her veil 
near the fountain Cyane; but no intelligence 
could be received of the place of her conceal- 
ment, till at last the nymph Arethusa informed 
her that her daughter had been carried away by 
Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard this than 
she flew to heaven with her chariot drawn by 
two dragons, and demanded of Jupiter the re- 
storation of her daughter. The endeavours of 
Jupiter to soften her by representing Pluto as 
a powerful god, to become her son-in-law, prov- 
ed fruitless, and the restoration was granted, 
provided Proserpine had not eaten any thiug in 
the kingdom of Piuto. Ceres upon this repaired 
to Pluto, but Proserpine had eaten the grains of 
a pomegranate which she had gathered as she 
walked over the Elysian fields, and Ascalaphus, 
the only one who had seen her, discovered it, to 
make his court to Pluto. The return of Proser- 
pine upon earth was therefore impracticable; 
but Ascalaphus, for his unsolicited information, 
was changed into an owl. [Vid- Ascalaphus.] 
The grief of Ceres for the loss of ber daughter 
was so great, that Jupiter granted Proserpine to 
pass six months with her mother, and the rest of 
the year with Pluto. During the inquiries of 
Ceres for her daughter, the cultivation of the 
earth was neglected, and the ground became 
barren ; therefore, to repair the loss which man- 
kind had suffered by her absence, the goddess 
went to Attica, which was become the most 
desolate country in the world, and instructed 
Triptolemus of Eleusis in every thing which 
concerned agriculture. She taught him how to 
plough the ground, to sow and reap the corn, to 
make bread, and to take particular care of fruit 
trees. After these instructions, she gave him 
her chariot, and commanded him to travel all 
over the world, and communicate his knowledge 
of agriculture to the rude inhabitants, who 
hitherto lived upon acorns and the roots of the 
earth. [Vid. Triptolemus.] Her beneficence 
to mankind made Ceres respected. Sicily was 
supposed to be the favourite retreat of the god- 
dess, and Diodorus says, that she and ber daugh- 
ter made their first appearance to mankind in 
Sicily, which Pluto received as a nuptial dowry 
from Jupiter when he married Proserpine. The 
Sicilians made a yearly sacrifice to Ceres, every 
man according to his abilities; and the fountain 
of Cyane, through which Pluto opened himself 
a passage with his trident, when carrying away 
Proserpine, was publicly honoured with an of- 
fering of bulls, and the blood of the victims was 
shed in the waters of the fountain. Besides 
these, other ceremonies were observed in honour 
of the godde^ses who had so peculiarly favoured 
the island. The commemoration of the rape 
was celebrated about the beginning of the bar- 
vest, and the search of Ceres at the time that 
corn is sown in the earth. The latter festival 
continued six successive days; and during the 
celebration, the votaries of Ceres made use of 
some free and wanton expressions, as that lan- 
guage had made the goddess smile while melan- 
choly for the loss of her daughter. Attica, 



which had been so eminently distinguished by 
the goddess, gratefully remembered her favours 
in the celebratiou of the Eleusinian mysteries. 
[Vid Eleusinia.] Ceres also performed the 
duties of a legislator, and the Sicilians found 
the advantages of her salutary laws; hence, her 
surname of Thesmophora. She is the same as 
the Isis of the Egyptians, and her worship, it is 
said, was first brought into Greece by Erech- 
theus. She met with different adventures when 
she travelled over the earth, and the impudence 
of Stellio was severely punished. To avoid the 
importunities of Neptune, she changed herself 
into a mare; but the god took advantage of her 
metamorphosis, and from their union arose the 
horse Arion. [Vid. Arion] The birth oi this 
monster so offended Ceres, that she withdrew 
herself from the sight of mankind; and the earth 
would have perished for want of her assistance, 
had not Pan discovered her in Arcadia, and 
given information of it to Jupiter The Parcae 
were sent by the god to comfort ber, and at their 
persuasion she returned to Sicily, where her 
statues represented her veiled in black, with 
the head of a horse, and holding a dove in one 
hand, and in the other a dolphin. In their sacri- 
fices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant sow, 
as that animal ofteu injures and destroys the 
productions of the earth. While the corn was 
yet in grass, they offered her a ram, after the 
victim had been Jed three times round the field. 
Ceres was represented with a garland of ears 
of corn on her head, holding in one hand a 
lighted torch, and in the other a poppy, which 
was sacred to her. She appears as a country- 
woman mounted on the back of an ox and car- 
rying a basket on her left arm, and holding a 
hoe; and sometimes she rides in a chariot drawn 
by winged dragons. She was supposed to be 
the same as Rhea, Tellus, Cybele, Bona Dea, 
Berecynthia, &c The Romans paid her great 
adoration, and her festivals were yearly cele- 
brated by the Roman matrons in the month of 
April, during eight days. These matrons ab- 
stained during several days from the use of wine 
and every carnal enjoyment. They always bore 
lighted torches in commemoration of the god- 
dess; and whoever came to these festivals with- 
out a previous initiation, was punished with 
death. Ceres is metaphorically called bread and 
com, as the word Bacchus is frequently used to 
signify wine. Jlpollod. 1, c. 5, 1. 2, c. 1. 1. 3, 
c. 12 and 14— Paus. 1, c 31, 1. 2, c. 34, I. 
3, c. 23, J. 8, c. 25, &c— Diod. 1, &c.—Hesiod. 
Theog. — Ovid. Fast. 4, y. 417. Met. fab. 7, 
8, &c. — Claudian. de Rapt. Pros. — Cic. in 
Verr. — Callimach. in Cer. — Liv. 29 and 31. — 
Stat. Theb. U.—Dionys. Hal. l,c. 33.— Hygin. 
P. A 2. 

Ceressus, a place of Boeotia. Paus. 9, c. 
14. 

Ceret^e, a people of Cretei 

Cerialis Anicius, a consul elect, who wished 
a temple to be raised to Nero, as to a god, after 
the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy, &c. 
Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 74. 

Cerii, a people of Etruria. 

Cerilli or Carill.e, now Cirella, a town of 
the Brutii near the Laus. Strab, 6. 



CE 



OH 



Cerillum, a place of Lueania. Strab. 6.— 
Sil. Hal. 8, v. 680. i 

Cerinthus, now Zero, a town of Euboea, 
whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war, 
headed by Eiphenor, son of Chalcedon. Ho- 
mer. II. 2, v. 45 —Strab. 10. A beautiful 

youth, long the favourite of the Roman ladies, 
and especially of Sulpitia, &c. Horat 1, Sat. \ 
2, v. 81. — One of the early heretics from Chris- 
tianity. 

Cermanus, a place where Romulus was ex- j 
posed by one of the servants of Amulius. Plut. 
in Romul. 

Cerne, an island without the pillars of Her- 
cules, on the African coast. Strab. 1. — Plin. 
5 and 6. 

Cernes, a priest of Cybele. 

Ceron, a fountain of Histiaeotis, whose wa- | 
ters rendered black all the sheep that drank of 
them. Plin. 3, c. 2. 

Ceropasades, a son of Phraates king of Per- 
sia, given as an hostage to Augustus. 

Cerossus, a place of the Ionian sea. 

Cerpheres, a king of Egypt, who is suppos- 
ed to have built the smallest pyramid. 

Cerrhjei, a people of Greece, who profaned 
the temple of Delphi. Plut. in Sol. 

Cerretani, a people of Spain that inhabited 
the modern district of Cerdana in Catalonia. 
Plin. 3, c. 3. 

Cersobleptes, a king of Thrace, conquered 
by Philip kiug of Macedonia. Polyozn. 7, c. 31. 

Certima, a town of Celtiberia. Lw. 40, 
c. 47. 

Certonium, a town of Asia Minor. 

Cervarius, a Roman knight who conspired 
with Piso against Nero. Tacit Jinn. 15, c. 50 

P. Cervius, an officer under Verres. Cic. 
in Verr. 5, c 44. 

Ceryces, a sacerdotal family at Athens. 
Thucyd. 8. c. 53. 

Cerycius, a mountain of Bceotia. Paus. 9, 
c. 20. 

Cerymica, a town of Cyprus. Diod. 

Cerynea, a town of Achaia, and mountain 
of Arcadia Paus. 7, c. 25. 
, Cerynites, a river of Arcadia. Paus. 7, 
c, 25. 

Cesellius Balsus, a turbulent Carthaginian, 
who dreamt of money, and persuaded Nero that 
immense treasures had been deposited by Dido 
in a certain place, which he described. Inquiry 
was made, ana when no money was found, 
Cesellius destroyed himself. Tacit. Jinn. 16, 
c. 1, &c. 

Cesennia, an infamous prostitute, born of an 
illustrious family at Rome. Juv. 6, v. 135. 

Cestius, an epicurean of Smyrna, who taught 

rhetoric at Rhodes, in the age of Cicero. 

A governor of Syria. Tacit. H. 5. Seve- 

rus. an informer under Nero. Tacit. H. 4. 



Proculus. a man acquitted of an accusation of 

embezzling the public money. Id. Jim. 30. 

A bridge at Rome. 

Cestrina, part of Epirus. Paws. 2, c. 23. 

Cestrinus, son of Helenus and Andromache. 
After his father's death be settled in Epirus, 
above the river Thyamis, and called the country 
Cestrina. Paus. 1, c. 11. 



Cetes, a king of Egypt, the same as Pro- 
teus. Diod. 1. 

Cethegus, the surname of one of the branches 
of the Cornelii. — —Marcus, a consul in the se- 
cond Punic war. Cic. in Brut. A tribune at. 

Rome, of the most corrupted morals, who joined 
Catiline in his conspiracy against the state, and 
was commissioned to murder Cicero. He was 
apprehended, and, with Lentulus, put to death 

by the Roman senate. Plut. in Cic. &c 

A Trojan, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 
513. P. Corn, a powerful Roman, who em- 
braced the party of Marius against Sylla. His 
mistress had obtained such an ascendancy over 
him, that she distributed his favours, and Lu- 
cullus was not ashamed to court her smiles, 
when he wished to be appointed general against 

Mithridates A senator put to death for 

adultery unaer Valentinian. 

Cetii, a people of Cilicia. 

Cetius, a river of Mysia. A mountain 

which separates Noricum from Pannonia. 

Ceto, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, who 
married Phorcys, by whom she had the three 
Gorgohs, &c. Hesiod. Theog. v. 237. — Lman. 
9, v. 646 

Ceus and Caus, a son of Ccelus and Terra, 
who married Phoebe, by whom he had Latona 
and Asteria. Hesiod. Theog. v 135. — Virg, 

JEn. 4, v. 179. The father of Troezen. 

Homer. 11. 2, v 354. 

Ceyx, a king of Trachinia, son of Lucifer, 
and husband of Alcyone. He was drowned as 
he went to consult the oracle of Claros. His 
wife was apprized of his misfortune in a dream, 
and found his dead body washed on the sea 
shore. They were both changed into birds -call- 
ed Alcyons. Vid. Alcyone. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 
587. — Paus. 1. c. 32. According to Jlpollod. 
1, c. 7, 1. 2, c 7, the husband of Alcyone and 
the king of Trachinia were two different persons. 

Chea, a town of Peloponnesus. 

Chabinus, a mountain of Arabia Felix. Di- 
od. 3. 

Chabria, a village of Egypt. 

Chabrias, an Athenian general and philoso- 
pher, who chiefly signalized himself when he 
assisted the Boeotians against Agesilaus. In 
this celebrated campaign, he ordered bis sol- 
diers to put one knee on the ground, and firmly 
to rest their spears upon the other, and cover 
themselves with their shields, by which means 
he daunted the enemy, and had a statue raised 
to his honour in that same posture. He assist- 
ed also Nectanebus, king of Egypt, and conquer- 
ed the whole island of Cyprus: but he at last 
fell a sacrifice to his excessive courage, and 
despised to fly from his ship, when he had it in 
his power to save his life like his companions, 
B. C. 376. C. Nep. in vitd. —Diod. 16.— Plut. 
in Phoc 

Chabryis, a king of Egypt. Diod. 1. 

Ch^anit^:, a people at the foot of Cauca- 
sus. 

Choreas, an Athenian, who wrote on agri- 
culture. An officer who murdered Caligula, 

A. D. 41, to prevent the infamous death which 

was prepared against himself. An Athenian, 

&c. Thucyd. 8, c. 74, &c. 



CH 



CH 



Ch^redemus, a brother of Epicurus, &c. 
tHog. 
Chjeremon, a comic poet, and disciple of 

Socrates. A stoic, who wrote on the Eg)p- 

tian priests. 

Chlerephon, a tragic poet of Athens, in the 
age of Philip of Macedonia. 

ChjErestrata, the mother of Epicurus, de- 
scended of a noble family. 

Ch-^rinthus, a beautiful youtb, &c Ho- 
rat. 1. Serm. 2, v. 8i. 

Ch;erippus, an extortioner, &c. Juv 8, v. 96. 

ChjEro, the founder of Ch?eronea. Ptut in 
Syll. 

Ch^eronia, Ch^ronea, and Cherronea. 
a city of Boeotia, on tbe Cephisus, celebrated 
for a defeat of the Athenians by tbe Boeotians, 
B. C. 447, and for the victory which Philip of 
Macedonia obtained there with 32,000 men, 
over the confederate army of the Thebaus 
and the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 men, 
the 2d of August, B. C. 338. Plutarch was 
born there. The town was anciently called 
Arne. Paws. 9, c. 40. — Plut. in Pelop. &c. — 
Strab. 9. . 

Chal^eok, a city of Locris. — A port of 
Boetia. 

Chales, a herald of Busiris, put to death by 
Hercules. Apollod. 2, c 5. 

Chalc&a, a town of Caria, of Phoenicia. 

Chalcea, an island with a town near Rhodes 

Plin 5. c 3. A festival at Athens. Vid. 

Panathensea. 

Chalcedon and Chalcedonia, now Kadi- 
Keni } an ancient city of Bitbynia, opposite By- 
zantium, built by a colony from Megara, head- 
ed by Argias, B. C. 685. It was first called 
Procerastis, and afterwards Colpusa. Its situa- 
tion, however, was so improperly chosen, that it 
was called the city of blind men, intimating the 
inconsiderate plan of the founders. Strab. 7. — 
Plin. 5. c 32 —Mela, 1, c 19. 

Chalcidene, a part of Syria, very fruitful. 
Plin 5, c. 23. 

Chalcidenses, the inhabitants of the isth- 
mus between Teos and Erythrae. A people 

near the Phasis. 

Chalcidius, a commander of the Lacedae- 
monian fleet killed by the Athenians, &c. 77m- 
cyd. 8, c 8. 

Chaicidica, a country of Thrace — of Syria. 

Chalcidicus, (of Chalets,) an epithet ap- 
plied to Cumae in Italy, as built by a colony 
from Chalcis. Virg. JEn. 6, v 17. 

Chalciosus, a surname of Minerva, because 
she had a temple at Chalcis in Euboea. She 
was also called Chalciotis and Chaicidica. 

Chalciope, a daughter of iEetes king of Col- 
chis, who married Phryxus son of Athamas, who 
had fled to her father's court for protection 
She had some children by Pbryxus, and she pre- 
served her life from the avarice and cruelty of 
her father, who had murdered her husband to 
obtain the golden fleece. [Vid Phryxus ] Ovid 

Heroid. 17, v. 232 —Hy gin. fab. 14, &c 

The mother of Thessalus by Hercules. Apollod. 

2, c. 7. The daughter of Rhexenor, who 

married iEgeus. Id. 3, c. 1. 

Chalcis, now Egripo, the chief city of Eu- 



boea, in that part which is nearest to Boeotia. 
It was feundeu by an Athenian colony. The 
island was said to have been anciently joined 
to the continent in the neighbourhood of Chal- 
cis. There were three other towns of the same 
name, in Thrace, Acarnania, and Sicily, all 
belonging to the Corinthians Plin. 4. c. 12. 
—Stiab.* 10.— Paw. 5, c 23— Cic. N D. 3, 
c. 10. 

Chalcitis, a country of Ionia. Pans. 7,c. 5. 

Chalcodon, a son of iEgyptus, by Arabia. 
Jipollod. 2, c 1. A man of Cos, who wound- 
ed Hercules, Id. 2, c. 7 The father ol Ele- 

plieuor, one of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan 

war. Pans. 8, c. 15. A inau who assisted 

Hercules in his war against Augias Paws. 8, c. 
15. 

Chalcon, a Messenian, who reminded An- 
tilochus, son of JNestor, to beware of the Ethio- 
pians, by whom he was to perish. 

Chalcus, a man made governor of Cyzicus 
by Alexander. Polyozn. 

Chaldjea, a country of Asia, between the 
Euphrates and Tigris. Us capital is Babylon, 
whose inhabitants were famous for their know- 
ledge of astrology Cic. de Div. 1, c. 1. — Diod. 
2.— Strab. 2.— Plin. 6, c. 28. 

Chaldjei, the inhabitants of Chaldaea. 

Chalestra, a town of Macedonia. Herodot. 
7, c 123 

Chalonitis, a country of Media. 

Chalybes and Calybes, a people of Asia 
Minor, near Pontus, once very powerful, and 
possessed of a great extent of country, abound- 
ing in iron mines, where the inhabitants work- 
ed naked. The Calybes attacked the ten thou- 
sand in their retreat, and behaved with much 
spirit and courage. They were partly conquer- 
ed by Croesus, king of Lydia. Some authors 
imagine that the Calybes are a nation of Spain. 

Virg JEn.S,\ 421.— Strab. 12, &c. Apol- 

lun 2, v. Slb.—Xenoplt Jlnab. 4, &c. He- 
rodot. I, c. 28. — Justin 44, c. 3. 

Chalybon, now supposed to le Aleppo, a 
town of Syria, which gave tbe name of Chali- 
bonitis to the neighbouring country. 

Chalybonitis, a country of Syria, so famous 
for its wines that the king of Persia drank no other. 

Chalybs, a river in Spain, where Justin. 44, 
c. 3, places the people called Calybes. 

Chamani and Chamaviri, a people of Ger- 
many Tacit, in Germ. 

Chane, a river betweeen Armenia and Al- 
bania, falling into tbe Caspian sea. 

Chaon, a mountain of Peloponnesus. A 

son of Priam. Vid. Chaonia. 

Chaones, a people of Epirus. 

Chaonia, a mountainous part of Epirus, 
which receives its name from Chaon, a son of 
Priam, inadvertantly killed by his brother He- 
lenus. There was a wood near, where doves 
(Chaonia aves) were said to deliver oracles. 
The words Chaonius victus are by ancient au- 
thors applied to acorns, the food of the first in- 
habitants. Lucan. 6, v. 426. — Claudian. de 
Pros. rapt. 3, v. 47.— Virg. JEn 3, v. 335.— 
Proper t. 1, el. 9.— Ovid. A A. 1. 

Chaonitis, a country of Assyria. 

Chaos, a rude and shapeless mass of matter, 



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and confused assemblage of inactive elements, ' 
which, as the poets suppose, pre-existed the for- 
mation of the world, and from which the uni- 
verse was formed by the hand and power of a 
superior being. This doctrine was first esta- 
blished by Hesiod, from whom the succeeding 
poets have copied it; and il is probable that it 
was obscurely drawn from the account of xMoses, 
by being copied from the annals of Sanchonia- 
thon, whose age is fixed antecedent to the siege 
of Troy. Chaos was deemed by some, as one 
of the oldest of the gods, and invoked as one of 
the infernal deities. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 510, — 
Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 1. 

Charadra, a town of Phocis. Herodot. 8, 
€. 33. 

Ciiaradros, a river of Phocis, falling into 
the Cephisus. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 46. 

Charadrus, a place of Argos, where milita- 
ry causes were tried. Thucyd. 5, c. 60. 

ChaRxEadas, an Athenian g>neral, sent with 
20 ships to Sicily during the Peloponnesian war. 
He died 426 B. C. &c. Thucyd. 3, c. 86. 

Charand^ei, a people near Pontus. 

Charax, a town of Armenia. A philoso- 
pher of Pergamus, who wrote an history of 
Greece in 40 books. 

Charaxes and Charaxus, a Mitylenean, 
brother to Sappho, who became passionately 
fond of the courtezan Rhodope, upon whom he 
squandered all his possessions, and reduced him- 
self to poverty, and the necessity of piratical ex- 
cursions. Ovid. Heroid. 15, v. 117 — Herodot. 
2, c. 135, &c. 

Charaxus, one of the centaurs. Ovid. Met. 
12, v 372. 

Chares, an Athenian general. A statua- 
ry of Lindus, who was 12 years employed in 
making the famous Colossus at Rhodes. Plin. 

34, c. 7. A man who wounded Cyrus when 

fighting against his brother Artaxerxes. An 

historian of Mitylene, who wrote a life of Alex- 
ander. An Athenian who fought with Dari- 
us against Alexander. Curt. 4, c. 5. A ri- 
ver of Peloponnesus. Plut. in Aral. 

Charicles, one of the 30 tyrants set over 
A'thens by the Lacedaemonians. Xenoph. Me- 

mor. l.—Jlrist. Polit. 5, c. 6 A famous 

physician under Tiberius. Tacit. Jinn. 6, c. 50. 

Chabiclides, an officer of Dionysius the 
younger, whom Dion gained to dethrone the ty- 
rant. Dind. 16. 

Chariclo, the mother of Tiresias, greatly fa- 
voured by Minerva. Jlpollod. 3, c. 6. A 

daughter of Apollo, who married the centaur 
Chiron. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 635. 

Charidemus, a Roman exposed to wild 

beasts. Martial. 1, ep. 44 An Athenian, 

banished by Alexander, and killed by Darius, &c. 

Charila, a festival observed once in nine 
years by the Delphians. It owes its origin to 
this circumstance. In a great famine the peo- 
ple of Delphi assembled and applied to their 
king to relieve their wants. He acccordingly 
distributed a little corn he had among the no- 
blest; but as a poor little girl called Charila, 
begged the king with more than common ear- 
nestness, he beat her with his shoe, and the girl, 
unable to bear his treatment, hanged herself in 



her girdle. The famine increased ; and the ora° 
cle told the king, that to relieve his people, he 
must atone for the murder of Charila. Upon 
this a festival was instituted, with expir.tory 
rites. The king presided over this institution, 
and distributed pulse and corn to such as at- 
tended. Charila's image was brought before 
the king, who struck it with his shoe; after 
which it was carried to a desolate place, where 
they put a halter round its neck, and buried it 
where Charila was buried. Plut. in Qjucest. 
GfrcEc, 

Charilaus and Charillus, a son of Polydec- 
tes king of Sparta, educated and protected by 
his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against Ar- 
gos, and attacked Tegea. He was taken pri- 
soner, and released on promising that he would 
cease from war, an engagement be soon broke. 
He died in the 64th year of his age. Paus, 2, 

36, 1. 6. c. 48. A Spartan, who changed the 

monarchical power into an aristocracy. Jirist. 
Polit. 5, c. 12. 

Charillus, one of the ancestors of Leuty- 
chides. Herodot. 8, c. 131- 

Charini and Carini, a people of Germany. 
Plin 4, c. 14. 

Charis, a goddess among the Greeks, sur- 
rounded with pleasures, graces, and delight. 
She was the wife of Vulcan. Homer. II. 18, v. 
382. 

Charisia, a town of Arcadia, Paus. 8, c. 

3. A festival in honour of the Graces, with 

dances which continued all night. He who 
continued awake the longest, was rewarded with 
a cake. 

Charisius, an orator at Athens. Cic. in B* 
83. 

Charistia, festivals at Rome, celebrated on 
the 20th of February, by the distribution of mu- 
tual presents, with the intention of reconciling 
friends and relations. Vol. Max. 2, c. 1. — Ovid. 
Fast. 1. 

Charites and Gratis, the Graces daugh- 
ters of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus, are three 
in number, Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne. 
They were the constant attendants of Venus, 
and they were represented as three young, beau- 
tiful, and modest virgins, all holding one ano- 
ther by the hand. They presided over kindness 
and all good offices, and their worship was the 
same as that of the nine muses, with whom they 
had a temple in common. They were general- 
ly represented naked, because kindnesses ought 
to be done with sincerity and candour. The 
moderns explain the allegory of their holding 
their hands joined., by observing, that there 
ought to be a perpetual and never ceasing in- 
tercourse of kindness and benevolence among 
friends. Their youth denotes the constant re- 
membrance that we ought ever to have of kind- 
nesses received ; and their virgin purity and inno- 
cence teach us, that acts of benevolence ought 
to be done without any expectations of restora- 
tion, and that we ought never to suffer others or 
ourselves to be guilty of base or impure favours. 
Homer speaks only of two Graces. 

Chariton, a ivriter of Aphrodisium, at the 
latter end of the fourth century. He composed 
a Greek romance, called The Loves of Chozreas 



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and Callirhoe, which has been much admired 
for its elegance, and the originality of the cha- 
racters it describes There is a very learned edi- 
tion of Chariton, by Reiske, with D'Orville's 
notes, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1750. 

Charmadas, a philosopher of uncommon me- 
mory. Plin. 7, c. 24 

Charme and Carme, the mother of Brito- 
uianis by Jupiter. 

Charmides, a Lacedaemonian sent by the 
king to quell seditions in Crete. Pans. 3, c 2. 

A boxer. Id. 6, c 7. A philosopher of 

the third academy, B. C. 95. 

Charminus, an Athenian general, who de- 
feated the Peloponnesians. Thucyd. 8, c. 42. 

Charmione, a servant-maid of Cleopatra, 
who stabbed herself after the example of her 
mistress. Plut. in Anton. 

Charmis, a physician of Marseilles, in Nero's 
age, who used cold baths for his patients, and 
prescribed medicines contrary to those of his 
contemporaries. Plin. 21, c 1. 

Charmosyna, a festival in Egypt. Plut. de 
Isid. 

Charmotas, a part of Arabia. 

Charmus, a poet of Syracuse, some of whose 
fragments are found scattered in Athenaeus. 

Charon, a Theban, who received into his 
house Pelopidas, and his friends, when they de- 
livered Thebes from tyrannj , &c. Plut. in Pelop. 

An historian of Lampsacus, son of Pytheus, 

who wrote two books on Persia, besides other 

treatises, B. C. 479. An historian of Nau- 

cratis, who wrote an history of his country and 

of Egypt. A Carthaginian writer, &c. 

A god of hell, son of Erebus and Nox, who con- 
ducted the souls of the dead in a boat over the 
river Styx and Acheron to the infernal regions 
for an obolus. Such as had not been honoured 
with a funeral were not permitted to enter his 
boat, without previously wandering on the shore 
for one hundred years. If any living person 
presented himself to cross the Stygian lake, he 
could Fsol be admitted. before he showed Charon 
a golden bough, which he had received from the 
Sibyl, and Charon was imprisoned for one year, 
because he had ferried over, against his own 
will, Hercules, without this passport. Charon is 
represented as an old robust man, with a hide- 
ous countenance, long white beard, and piercing 
eyes His garment i? ragged and filthy, and his 
forehead is covered with wrinkles. As all the 
dead were obliged to pay a small piece of money 
for their admission, it was always usual among 
the ancients, to place under the tongue of the 
deceased, a piece of money for Charon. This 
fable of Charon and his boat is borrowed from 
the Egyptians, whose dead were carried across 
a lake, where sentence was passed on them, and 
according to their good or bad actions, they were 
honoured with a splendid burial, or, left unnoti- 
ced in the open air. Vid Achcrusia. Diod 1 — 
Senec in Her. Fur. act. 3, v 765. — Virg.JEn. 
6, v 298, &c. 

Charondas, a man of Catana, who gave laws 
to the people of Thurium, and made a law that 
no man should be permitted to come armed into 
the assembly. He inadvertently broke this law, 



and when told of it, he fell upon his sword, B. C. 
446. Val. Max 6, c. 5. 

Chationea, a place of Asia, &c. 

Charonia scrobs, a place of Italy emitting 
deadly vapours. Plin. 2, c. 23 

Charonium, a cave near Nysa, where the sick 
were supposed to be delivered from their disor- 
ders by certain superstitious solemnities. 

Charops and Charopes, a Trojan, killed by 

Ulysses. Horner. II. A powerful Epirot who 

assisted Flaminius when making war against 
Philip the king of Macedonia. Plut. in Flam. 
■The first decennial archon at Athens. Pa- 



terc 1 , c. 8. 

Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool on the 
coast of Sicily, opposite another whirlpool call- 
ed Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It was very 
dangerous to sailors, and it proved fatal to part 
of the fleet of Ulysses. The exact situation of 
the Charybdis is not discovered by the moderns, 
as no whirlpool suificiently tremendous is now 
found to correspond to the description of the an- 
cients The words 

Incidit in Scyllam qui toult vitare Charybdim, 
became a proverb, to show that in our eager- 
ness to avoid one evil, we often fall into a great- 
er. The name of Charybdis was properly be- 
stowed on mistresses who repay affection and 
tenderness with ingratitude. It is supposed that 
Charybdis was an avaricious woman, who stole 
the oxen of Hercules, for which theft she was 
struck with thunder by Jupiter, and changed into 
a whirlpool. Lycophr. in Cass. Homer Od. 12. 
— Propert 3, el. 11. — Ital. 14 — Ovid, in Ibin. 
de Ponto, 4, el 10. Amor. 2, el. 16 — Virg. JEn. 
3, v. 420. 

Chatjbi and Chauci,. a people of Germany, 
supposed to inhabit the country now called Fries- 
land and Bremen. 

Chatjla, a village of Egypt. 

Chauros. Vid. Cauros. 

Chelae, a Greek word, (^»x») signifying 
claws, which is applied to the Scorpion, one of 
the signs of the zodiac, and lies, according to 
the ancients, contiguous to Virgo. Virg. G, 1, 
v. 33. 

Chexes, a satrap of Seleucus, &c. 

Chelidon, a mistress of Verres. Cic. in Vex. 

1, c. 40. 

Chelidonia, a festival at Rhodes, in which 
it was customary for boys to go begging from 
door to door, and singing certain songs, &c. 

Jlthen The wind Favonius was called also 

Chelidonia, from the 6th of the ides of Febru- 
ary to the 7th of the calends of March, the time 
when swa lows first made their appearance. Plin. 

2, c. 47. 

Chelidonia, now Kelidoni, small islands op- 
posite the promontory of Taurus, of the same 
name, very dangerous to sailors. Dionys. Perieg. 
v. 506 —Plin. 5, c. 27 and 31 — Liv. 33, c. 41. 

Chelidonis, a daughter of king Leotychides, 
who married Cleonymus, and committed adul- 
tery with Acrotatus. Plut. in Pyrr. 

Chelidonium, a promontory of mount Taurus, 
projecting into the Pamphylian sea. 

ChelonE: a nymph changed into a tortoise 
by Mercury, for not being present at the nup- 
tials of Jupiter and Juno, and condemned to 



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perpetual silence for having ridiculed these 
deities. 

Chelonis, a daughter of Leonidas king of 
Sparta, who married Cleom'irotus. She accom- 
panied her father, whom her husband had ex- 
pelled, and soon after went into banishment with 
her husband, who had in his turn been expelled 
by Leonidas. Plut. in Jigid, Sf Cleom. 

Chelonophagi, a people of Carnaania, who 
fed upon turtle, and covered their habitations 
with the shells. Plin. 6, c. 24. 

Chelydoria, a mountain of Arcadia. 

Chemmis, an island in a deep lake of Egypt. 
Herodot. 2, c. 156. 

Chena, a town of Laconia. 

CHENiE, a village on mount (Eta. JPaus. 10, 
c. 24. 

Chenion, a mountain in Asia Minor, from 
which the 10,000 Greeks first saw the sea. Diod. 
14. 

Chenius, a mountain near "Colchis. 

Cheops and Cheospes, a king of Egypt, after 
Rhampsinitus, who built famous pyramids, upon 
which 1060 talents were expended only in sup- 
plying the workmen with leeks, parsley, garlick, 
and other vegetables. Herodot. 2, c. 124. 

Chephere-st, a brother of Cheops, who also 
built a pyramid. The Egyptians so inveterately 
hated these two royal brothers, that they pub- 
licly reported, that the pyramids which they had 
built had been erected by a shepherd. Herodot. 
2, c 127. 

Cheremocrates, an artist who built Diana's 
tfempie ai bpnesus, &c. Sbab. 14. 

Chekisofhcs, a commander of 800 Spartans, 
in the expedition which Cyrus undertook against j 
his brother Ar'axerxes. Diod. 14. 

Cheron^a. Vid. Chaeronea. 

Cherophon, a tragic writer of Athens, in the 
age of Philip Philostr. in vitis. 

Cherrone^us Fid. Chersonesus. 

Chersias, an Orchornenian, reconciled to 
Perianner by Cbilo. Pausanius praises some of 
his poetry, 9, c. 38. 

Chersjdamas, a Trojan, killed by Ulysses in 
the Trojan war. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 259. 
' Chersipho, an architect, &c Plin. 36, c. 14. 

Chersonesus, a Greek word, rendered by 
the Latins Peninsula There were many of 
these among the ancients, of which these five 
are the most celebrated; one called Peloponne- 
sus; one called Thracian, in the south of Thrace, 
and west of the Hellespont, where Miltiades led 
a colony of Athenians, and built a wall across 
the isthmus. From its isthmus to its further 
shores, it measured 420 stadia, extending be- 
tween the bay of Melas and the Hellespont. The 
third, called Taurica, now Crim Tartary, was 
situate near the Palus Maeotis. The fourth, call- 
ed Cimbrica, now Jutland, is in the northern 
parts of Germany ; and the fifth, surnamed Jlurea, 
lies in India, beyond the Ganges. Herodot 6, c. 
33, 1. 7, c. 58.— Liv. 31, c. 16.— Cic. ad Br 2. 

Also a peninsula near Alexandria in Egypt. 

Hirt. Alex. 10. 

Cherusci, a people of Germany, who long 
maintained a war against Rome. They inhabit- 
ed the country between the Weser and the Elbe. 
Tacit. — Cm. B. G. 6, c. 9. 



Chidn-Ei, a people near Pontus. 

Chidorcs, a river of Macedonia near Thes- 
salonica, not sufficiently large to supply the 
army of Xerxes with water Htrodot. 7, c. 127. 

Chiliarchus, a great officer of state at the 
court of Persia. C Nep. in Conon.' 

Chilitjs and Chileus, an x\rcadian, who ad- 
vised the Lacedaemonians, when Xerxes was in 
Greece, not to desert the common cause of their 
country. Herodot. 9, c. 9. 

Chilo, a Spartan philosopher, who has been 
called one of the seven wise men of Greece. 
One of his maxims wa^ " know thyself" He 
died through excess of joy, in the arms of his 
son, who had obtained a victory at Olvmpia. B. 

C: 597. Plin. 7, c 33.— Laert. One of the 

Ephori at Sparta, B. C. 556. 

Chilonis, the wife of Theopompus king of 
Sparta. Polycen. 8. 

Chimera, a celebrated monster, sprung from 
Echidna and Typhon, which had three heads, 
that of a lion, of a goat, and a dragon, and con- 
tinually vomited flames. The foreparts of its 
body were those of a lion, the middle was that 
of a goat, and the hinder parts were those of a 
dragon. It generally lived in Lycia, abcut the 
reign ef Jobates, by whose orders Beiierophon, 
mounted on the horse Pegasus, overcame it. This 
fabulous tradition is explained by the recollec- 
tion that there was a burning mountain in Lycia, 
called Chimaera, whose top was the resort of 
lions, on account of its desolate wilderness; the 
middle, which was fruitful, was covered with 
goats; and at the bottom the marshy ground 
abounded with serpents Beiierophon is said to 
have conquered the Chimaera, because he first 
made his habitation on that mountain. Plutarch 
says that it is the captaiu of some pirates, who 
adorned their ship with the images of a lion, a 
goat, and a dragon. From the union of the Chi- 
mera with Orthos, sprung the Sphinx, and the 
lion of Nemsea. Homer II. 6, v. 1S1. — Hesiod. 
Tkeog. v. 322,—Jlpollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 2, c 3.— 
Lucret 5,v. 903. — Ovid. 9, Met. v. 646. — Virg. 

JEn. 6, v. 28S. One of the ships in the fleet 

of iEneas. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 118. 

Chimarus, a river of Argolis. Paus. 2, c. 
36. 

Chimerium, a mountain of Phthiotis, in Thes- 
saly. Plin. 4, c. 8. 

Chiomara, a" woman who cut off the head of 
a Roman tribune when she had been taken pri- 
soner, &e. Plut- de Virt Mul. 

Chion, a Greek writer, whose epistles were 
edited cum noiis, Cobergi, Svo. Lips, 1765. 

Chione, a daughter of Dsedalion, of whom 
Apollo and Mercury became enamoured. To 
enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her to sleep 
with his Caduceus, and Apollo, in the night, 
under the form of an old woman, obtained the 
same favours as Mercury. From this embrace 
Chione became mother of Philammon and Au- 
tolycus, the former of whom, as being son of 
Apollo, became an excellent musician; and the 
latter was equally notorious for his robberies, 
of which his father Mercury was the patron. 
Chione grew so proud of her commerce with 
the gods, that she even preferred her beauty to 
that of Diana, for which impiety she was killed 



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by the goddess, and changed into a hawk. Ovid. 

Met. 11, fab. 8 A daughter of Boreas and 

Orithyia, who had Eumolpus by Neptune She 
threw her son into the sea, but he was preserv- 
ed by his father. Jlpollod. 3, c. 15. — Paus. 1, 

c 3S A famous prostitute. Martial 3, 

ep. 34. 

Chionides, an Athenian poet, supposed by 
some to be the inventor of comedy. 

Chionis, a victor of Olympia. Paus. 6, c. 
13. 

Chios, now Scio, an island in the iEgean 
sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast 
of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as some 
suppose, from Chione, or from X lm i .mow, 
which was very frequent there. It was well in- 
habited, and could once equip a hundred ships; 
and its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful 
harbour, which could contain eighty ships. The 
wine of this island, so much celebrated by the 
ancients, is still in general esteem. Chios was 
anciently called iEtbalia, Macris, and Pityasa. 
There was no adultery committed there for the 
space of 700 years. Pint, de Virt. Mul — Ho- 
rat. 3, od. 19, v. 5, 1, sat. 10, v. 24. — Paus. 
7, c. 4.— Mela, 2, v. 2.—Strab 2. 

Chiron, a centaur, half a man and half a 
horse, son of Philyra and Saturn, who had 
changed himself into a horse, to escape the in- 
quiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was famous 
for his knowledge of music, medicine, and shoot- 
ing. He taught mankind the use of plants and 
medicinal herbs; and he instructed, in all the 
polite arts, the greatest heroes of his age; such 
as Achilles, /Esculapius, Hercules, Jason, Pe- 
leus, iEneas, &c. He was wounded in the knee 
by a poisoned arrow, by Hercules, in his pur- 
snit of the centaurs. Hercules flew to bis as- 
sistance; but as the wound was incurable, and 
the cause of the most excruciating pains, Chiron 
begged Jupiter to deprive him of immortality. 
His prayers were heard, and he was placed by 
the gods among the constellations, under the 
name of Sagittarius. Hesiod. in Scuto. — Ho- 
mer. II. 11.— Paus. 3,c. 18, I. 5, c. 19, 1. 9, c. 
31.- Ovid. Met. 2, v 676 — Jlyollod. 2, c. 5, 1. 
3, c. 1^.— Horat. epod. 13, 

Chloe, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her 
yearly festivals, called Chloeia, were celebrated 
with much mirth and rejoicing, and a ram was 
always sacrificed to her. The name of Chloe 
is supposed to bear the same signification as 
Flava, so often applied to the goddess of corn. 
The name, from its signification, (x Xcii herba 
virens) has generally been applied to women 
possessed of beauty, and of simplicity. 

Chloreus, a priest of Cybele, who came 
with iEneas into Italy, and was killed by Tur- 
nus. Virg Ma. 11, v. 768 — , — Another, &c. 

Chloris, the goddess of flowers, who mar- 
ried Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora. Ovid. 

Fast. 5. A daughter of Amphion son of Ja- 

sus and Persephone, who married Neleus, king 
ofPylos, by whom she had one daughter and 
twelve sons, who all. except Nestor, were killed 
by Hercules. Homer. Od. 11, v. 280. — Paus. 

2, c. 21, 1. 9. c. 36. A prostitute, &c. Ho- 

rat. 3, Od. 15. 

Chloros, a river of Cilicia. Plin. 5, c. 27. 



Constantine, one of the Caesars, in Diocle- 
tian's age, who reigned two years after the em- 
peror's abdication, and died July 25, A. D. 
306. 

Choarina, a country near India, reduced by 
Cratems &c. 

Choaspes, a son of Phasis, &c. Flacc 5, v. 

585. An Indian river. Curt 5, c. 2. 

A river of Media, flowing into the Tigris, and 
now called Karun. Its waters are so sweet, 
that the kings of Persia drank no other, and in 
their expeditions they always had some with 
them, which had been previously boiled. He- 
rodot. 1, c. 188 — JElian V. H 12, c. 40.— 
Tibull. 4, el. I, v. 141. Plin. 6, c 27. 

Chobcs, a river of Colchis. Ariian. 

Ch(Erades and Pharos, two islands oppo- 
site Alexandria in Egypt. Thucyd. 7, c. 33. 

Others in the Euxine sea. An island in 

the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. Theocrit. 
Id. 13. 

Chosrilus, a tragic poet of Athens, who 
wrote 150 tragedies, of which 13 obtained the 

prize.- An historian of Samos. Two other 

poets, one of whom was very intimate with He- 
rodotus. He wrote a poem on the victory which 
the Athenians had obtained over Xerxes, and 
on account of the excellence of the composition, 
he received a piece of gold for each verse from 
the Athenians, and was publicly ranked with 
Homer as a poet. The other was one of Alex- 
ander's flatterers and friends. It is said the 
prince promised him as many pieces of gold as 
there should be good verses in his poetry, and 
as many slaps on his forehead as there were bad; 
and in consequence of this, scarce six of his 
verses in each poem were entitled to gold, while 
the rest were rewarded with the castigation. 
Plut. in Mex. — Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 232. 

CHEREiE, a place of Boeotia 

Chonnidas, a man made preceptor to The- 
seus, by his grandfather Pittheus king of Troe- 
zene. The Athenians instituted sacrifices to 
him for the good precepts he had inculcated into 
his pupil. Plut. in Thes. 

Chonuphis, an Egyptian prophet. Plut. de 
Socrat. gen. 

Chorasmi, a people of Asia near the Oxus. 
Herodot. 3, c. 93. 

Chorineus, a man killed in the Rutulian 

war. Vbg. JEn. 9, v. 571. Another. Id. 

12, v. 298. A priest with iEneas. Id. 

Chorosbus, a man of Elis, who obtained a 

prize the first olympiad. Vid. Coroebus. A 

youth of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of Cas- 
sandra. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 341. 

Choromn^i, a people subdued by Ninus. 
Diod. 1. 

Chosroes, a king of Persia, in Justinian's 
reign. 

Chremes, a sordid old man, mentioned in 
Terence's \ndria. Horat. in Art. v. 94. 

Chremetes, a river of Libya. 

Chresiphqn, an architect of Diana's temple 
in Ephesus. Plin 36, c. 14. 

Chresphontes, a son of Aristomachus. Vid. 
Aristodemus, 

Chrestus, an approved writer of Athens, Itc 
Colum. I de R. R. c. 1. 



CH 



€H 



Chromia, a daughter of ltonus. Paws. 5, 
c. 1. 

Chromios, a son of Neleus and Chloris, who, 
with 10 brothers, was killed in a battle by Her- 
cules. A son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. 

Jipollod. 3, c. 12. 

Chromis, a captain in the Trojan war. Ho- 
mer. II. 2,— — A young shepherd. Virg. Eel 

6. A. Phrygian, killed by Camilla. Id. JEn. 

11 ? v. 675.— — A son of Hercules. Stat. 6, v. 
346. 

Chromius. a son of Pterilaus. Jipollod. 2, 

c. 4. An Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, 

survived a battle between 300 of his countrymen 
and 300 Spartans. Herodot 1, c ;'2. 

Chronius, a man who built a temple of Dia- 
na at Orchomenos. Paus- 8, c. 48. 

Chronos, the Greek name of Saturn, or 
time, in whose honour festivals celled Ctironia 
were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians and 
some of the Greeks. 

Chryasus, a king of Argos, descended from 
Inachus. 

Chrysa and Chryse, a town of Cilicia, fa- 
mous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. iso- 
mer. It. 1, v. 37.— Strah. 13 — Ovid. Met. 13, 

v. 174. A daughter of Halmus, mother of 

Phlegias by Mars. Paus. 9, c. 36 

Chrysame, a Thessalian, priestess of Diana 
Trivia. She fed a bull with poison, which she 
sent to the enemies of her country, who eat the 
flesh and became delirious, and were an easy 
conquest. Poly&n. 

Chrysantas, a man who refrained from kill- 
ing another, hy hearing a dog bark. Plut. 
Quasi. Rnm. 

Chrysanthius, a philosopher in the age of 
Julian, known for the great number of volumes 
he wrote. 

Chrysantis, a nymph who told Ceres, when 
she was at Argos with Pelasgus, that her daugh- 
ter had been carried away. Paus 1. 

Chrysaor, a son of Medusa by Neptune. 
Some report that he sprung from the blood of 
Medusa, armed with a gnlden sioord, whence 
his name %gu<roe ctog. He married Callirhoc, 
'one of the Oceanides, by whom he had Geryon, 
Echidna, and the Chimaera. Hesiod. Theog. v. 

295. A rich king of Iberia. Diod. 4. 

A son of Glaucus, Paus. 5, c. 21. 

Chrysaoreus, a surname of Jupiter, from 
his temple at Sfratonice, where all the Carians 
assembled upon any public emergency. Strab. 4. 

Chrysaoris, a town of Cilicia. Paus. 5, c. 2. 

Chrysas, a river of Sicily, falling into the 
Simaethus, and worshipped as a deity. Cic. in 
Ver. 4, c. 44. 

Chryseis, the daughter of Chryses. Vid. 
Chryses. 

Chrysermus, a Corinthian who wrote an his- 
tory of Peloponnesus, and of India, besides a 
treatise on rivers. Plut. in Parall. 

Ckryses, the priest of Apollo, the father of 
Astynome, called from him Chryseis. When 
Lyrnessus was taken and the spoils divided 
among the conquerors, Chryseis, who was the 
wife of Eetion, the sovereign of the place, fell 
to the share of Agamemnon. Chryses, upon 
this went to the Grecian camp to solicit his 



daughter's restoration; and when his prayers 
were fruitless, he implored the aid of Apollo, 
who visited the Greeks with a plague, and oblig- 
ed them to restore Chryseis. Homer. II. 1, v. 

11, &c. A daughter of Minos. Jipollod. 3, 

c. 1. 

Chrysippe, a daughter of Danaus. Jipollod. 
2, c. 1. 

Chrysippus, a natural son of Pelops, highly- 
favoured by his father, for which Hippodamia, 
his step-mother ordered her own sons, Atreus 
and Thyestes, to kill him, and to throw his bo- 
dy into a well, on account of which they were 
banished. Some say that Hippodamia's sons 
refused to murder Chrysippus, and that she did 
it herself. They further say, that Chrysippus 
had been carried away by Laius, king of Thebes, 
to gratify his unnatural lusts, and that he was 
in his arms when Hippodamia killed him. Hy- 
gin. fab. 85. — Plato de Leg. 6. — Jipollod. 3, c. 

5, — Paus. 6, c. 20. A stoic philosopher of 

Tarsus, who wrote about 311 treatises. Among 
his curious opinions was his approbation of a 
parent's marriage with his child, and bis wish 
that dead bodies should be eaten rather than bu- 
ried. He died through excess of wine, or as 
others say, from laughing too much on seeing 
an ass eating figs on a silver plate, 207 B C. 
in the 80th year of his age. Val. Max. 8, c. 
l.—Diod.—Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 40. There 

were also others of the same name. Laert. 

A freedman of Cicero. 

Chrysis, a mistress of Demetrius. Plut. in 

Demet. A priestess of Juno at Mycenae, The 

temple of the goddess was burnt by the negli- 
gence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to the al- 
tar of Mir.erva. Paus. 2, c. 17. 

Chrysoaspides, soldiers in the armies of Per- 
sia, whose arms were all covered with silver, to 
display the opulence of the prince whom they 
served. Justin. 12, c. 7, 

Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sylla. Cic* 

pro Ros. A celebrated singer in Domitian's 

reign. Juv. 6, v. 74. 

Chrysolaus, a tyrant of Methymna, &c. 
Curt, 4, c, 8. 

Chrysondium, a town of Macedonia, Polyb. 
5. 

Chrysopolis, a promontory and port of Asia, 
opposite Byzantium, now Scutari. 

Chrysorrho^, a people in whose country 
are golden streams. 

Chrysorhoas, a river of Peloponnesus. Paus. 
2, c. 31. 

Chrysostom, a bishop of Constantinople, who 
died A. D. 407, in his 53d year. He was a 
great disciplinarian, and by severely lashing the 
vices of his age, he procured himself many ene- 
mies. He was banished for opposing the rais- 
ing a statue to the empress, after having dis- 
played his abilities as an elegant preacher, a 
sound theologician, and a faithful interpreter of 
scripture. Chrysostom's works were nobly and 
correctly edited, without a Latin version, by 
Saville, 8 vols. fol. Etonae. 1613. They have 
appeared, with a translation, at Paris, edit. Be- 
nedict. Montfaucon, 13 vols. fol. 1718. 

Chrysothemis, a name given by Homer to 
Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon and Cly- 



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teranestra. A Cretan, who first obtained 

the poetical prize at the Pythian games. Pans. 
10, c. 7. 

Chryxus. a leader of the Boii, grandson to 
Brennus, who took Rome. Sil. 4, v. 148. 

Chthonia, a daughter of Erechtheus, who 
married Butes. Apollod. 3, c. 15. A sur- 
name of Ceres, from a temple built to her by 
Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival 
there called by the same name, and celebrated 
every summer. During the celebration, the 
priests of the goddess marched in procession, 
accompanied by the magistrates, and a crowd 
of women and boys in white apparel, with gar- 
lands of flowers on their heads. Behind was 
dragged an untamed heifer, just taken from the 
herd. When they came to the temple, the vic- 
tim was let loose, and four old women armed 
with scythes, sacrificed the heifer, and killed 
her by cutting her throat. A second, a third, 
and a fourth victim, was in a like manner dis- 
patched by the old women; and it was observ- 
able, that they all fell on the same side. Paw. 
2, c. 35. 

Chthonius, a centaur, killed by Nestor in a 
battle at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met 

12, v. 441. One of the soldiers who sprang 

from the dragon's teeth, sown by Cadmus. 

Hygin. fab. 178. A son of iEgyptus and 

Calliadne. Jlpollod. 2, c. 1. 

Chitrium, a name given to part of the town 
of Clazomenae. 

CiBALiE, now Swilei, a town of Pannonia 
where Licinius was defeated by Constantine. 
It was the birth place of Gratian. Eutrop. 10, 
c. 4.— Marcell. 30, c. 24. 

Cibaritis, a country of Asia near the Mae- 
ander. 

Cibyra, now Burun, a town of Phrygia, of 
which the inhabitants were dexterous hunters. 
Horat. 1, ep 6, v. 33. — Cic in Verr. 4, c. 13. 
Attic. 5, ep. 2. of Caria. 

C. Cicereius, a secretary of Scipio Africa- 
nus, who obtained a triumph over the Corsi- 
cans. Liv. 41 and 42. 

M. T. Cicero, born at Arpinum, was son of 
a Roman knight, ami lineally descended from 
the ancient kings of the Sabines. His mother's 
name was Helvia. After displaying many pro- 
mising abilities at school, he was taught philo- 
sophy by Piso, and law by Mutius Sceevola. He 
acquired and perfected a taste for military 
knowledge under Sylla, in the Marsjan war, and 
retired from Rome, which was divided into fac- 
tions, to indulge his philosophic propensities. 
He was naturally of a weak and delicate con- 
stitution, and he visited Greece on account of 
his health; though, perhaps, the true cause of 
his absence from Rome might be attributed to 
his fear of Sylla. His friends, who were well 
acquainted with his superior abilities, were 
anxious for his return; and when at last he 
obeyed their solicitations, he applied himself 
with uncommon diligence to oratory, and was 
soon distinguished above all the speakers of his 
age in the Roman forum. When he went to 
Sicily as quaestor, he behaved with great justice 
and moderation; and the Sicilians remembered 
with gratitude the eloquence of Cicero, their 



common patron, who had delivered them from 
the tyranny and avarice of Verres. After he 
had passed through the offices of edile and 
praetor, he stood a candidate for the consulship, 
A. U. C. 691; and the patricians and the ple- 
beians were equally anxious to raise him to that 
dignity, against the efforts and bribery of Cati- 
line. His new situation was critical, and re- 
quired circumspection. Catiline, with many 
dissolute and desperate Romans, had conspired 
against their country, and combined to murder 
■ Cicero himself. In this dilemma, Cicero, in 
full senate, accused Catiline of treason against 
the state; but as his evidence was not clear, his 
efforts were unavailing. He, however, stood 
upon his guard, and by the information of his 
friends, and the discovery of Fulvia, his life 
was saved from the dagger of Marcius and 
Cethegus, whom Catiline had sent to assassinate 
him. After this, Cicero commanded Catiline, 
in the senate, to leave the city; and this despe- 
rate conspirator marched out in triumph to meet 
the 20,000 men who were assembled to support 
his cause. The lieutenant of C. Antony the 
other consul, defeated them in Gaul; and Cicero, 
at Rome, punished the rest of the conspirators 
with death. This capital punishment, though 
inveighed against by J. Caesar as too severe, 
was supported by the opinion of Lutatius, Catu- 
lus, and Cato, and confirmed by the whole sen- 
ate. After this memorable deliverance, Cicero 
received the thanks of all the people, and was 
styled The father of his country, and a second 
founder oj Rome. Tbe vehemence with which 
he had attacked Clodius, proved injurious to 
him; and when his enemy was made tribune, 
Cicero was banished from. Rome, though 20,000 
young men were supporters of his innocence. 
He was not, however, deserted in his banish- 
ment. Wherever he went he was received with 
the highest marks of approbation and reverence; 
and when the faction had subsided at Rome, the 
whole senate and people were unanimous for his 
return. After sixteen months absence, he en- 
tered Rome with universal satisfaction, and 
when he was sent, with the power of proconsul, 
to Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made him 
successful against the enemy, and at his return 
he was honoured with a triumph, which the fac- 
tions prevented him to enjoy. After much hesi- 
tation during the civil commotions between 
Caesar and Pompey, he joined himself to the 
latter, and followed him to Greece When 
victory had declared in favour of Caesar, at the 
battle of Pharsalia, Cicero went to Brundusium, 
and was reconciled to the conqueror, who treat- 
ed him with great humanity. From this time 
Cicero retired into the country, and seldom 
visited Rome. When Caesar had been stabbed 
in the senate, Cicero recommended a general 
amnesty, and was the most earnest to decree 
the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. But when 
he saw the interest of Caesar's murderers de- 
crease, and Antony come into power, he retired 
to Athens. He soon after returned, but lived 
in perpetual fear of assassination. Augustus 
courted the approbation of Cicero, and express- 
ed his wish to be his colleague in the consulship. 
But his wish was not sincere; he soon forgot his 



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former professions of friendship; and when the 
two consuls had been killed at Mutina, Augustus 
joined his interest to that of Antony, and the 
triumvirate was soon after formed. The great 
enmity which Cicero bore to Antony was fatal 
to him; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the 
triumvirs, to destroy all cause of quarrel, and 
each to despatch his enemies, produced their list 
of proscription About two hundred were doom- 
ed to death, and Cicero was among the number 
upon the list of Antony. Augustus yielded a 
man to whom he partly owed his greatness, and 
Cicero was pursued by the emissaries of Antony, 
among whom was Popilius, whom he had de- 
fended upon an accusation of parricide. He 
had fled in a litter towards the sea of Caieta, 
and when the assassins came up to him, he put 
his head out of the litter, and it was severed 
from the body by Herennius. This memorable 
event happened in December, 43 B. C. after 
the enjoyment of life for 63 years, 11 months, 
and five days. The head and right hand of the 
orator were carried to Rome, and hung up in 
the Roman forum; and so inveterate was Anto- 
ny's hatred against the unfortunate man, that 
even Fulvia the triumvir's wife, wreaked her 
vengeance upon his head, and drew the tongue 
out of the mouth, and bored it through repeat 
edly with a gold bodkin, verifying in this act of 
inhumanity, what Cicero had once observed, 
that no animal is more revengeful than a woman. 
Cicero has acquired more real fame by bis lite- 
rary compositions, than by his spirited exertions 
as a Roman senator. The learning and the 
abilities which he possessed, have been the ad- 
miration of every age and country, and his style 
has always been accounted as the true stand- 
ard of pure latinity. The words nascilur poeta 
have been verified in his attempts to write po- 
etry; and the satire of Martial, Carmina quod 
scribit musis et Jlpolline nullo, though severe, is 
true. He once formed a design to write the 
history of his country, but he was disappointed. 
He translated many of the Greek writers, po- 
ets as we'd as historians, for his own improve- 
ment. When he travelled into Asia, he was 
attended by most of the learned men of his age; 
and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of the fa- 
mous Molo, conduced not a little to perfect his 
judgment Like his countrymen, he was not 
destitute of ambition, and the arrogant expec- 
tations with which he returned from his quaes- 
torship in Sicily are well known. He was of a 
timid disposition; and he who shone as the father 
of Roman eloquence, never ascended the pulpit 
to harangue, without feeling a secret emotion of 
dread. His conduct, during the civil wars, is 
far from that of a patriot; and when we view 
him, dubious and irresolute, sorry not to follow 
Pompey, and yet afraid to oppose Caesar, the 
judgment would almost brand him with the name 
of coward. In his private character, however, 
Cicero was of an amiable disposition ; and though 
he was too elated with prosperity, and debased 
by adversity, the affability of the friend conci- 
liated the good graces of all. He married 
Tereutia, whom he afterwards divorced, and by 
whom he had a son and a daughter. He after- 
wards married a young woman, to whom he was 



guardian; and because she seemed elated at the 
death of his daughter, Tullia, he repudiated 
her. The works of this celebrated man, of 
which, according to some, the tenth part is scarce 
extant, have been edited by the best scholars in 
every country. The most valuable editions of 
the works complete, are that of Verburgius, 2 
vols. fol. Amst. 1724.— That of Olivet, 9 vols. 
4to. Geneva, 1758.— The Oxford edition in 10 
vols'. 4to. 1782 — and that of Lallemand, 12mo. 
14 vols. Paris apud Barbou, 1768. Plutarch, 
in vita. — Qjuintil. — Dio. Cass.—Jippian. — 
Florus. — C. Nep. in Attic. — Eutrop. — Cic. &c. 

Marcus, the son of Cicero, was taken by 

Augustus as his colleague in the consulship. He 
revenged his father's death, by throwing public 
dishonour upon the memory of Antony. He 
disgraced his father's virtues, and was so fond 
of drinking, that Pliny observes, he wished to 
deprive Antony of the honour of being the 
greatest drunkard in the Roman empire. Plut, 

in Cic. Quintus, the brother of the orator, 

was Caesar's lieutenant in Gaul, and proconsul 
of Asia for three years. He was proscribed 
with his son at the same time as his brother 
Tully. Plut. in Cic — Appian 

Ciceronis villa, a place near Puteoli in 
Campania. Plin. 31, c. 2. 

Cichyris, a town of Epirus. 

Cicones, a people of Thrace near the He- 
brus. Ulysses, at his return from Troy, con- 
quered them, and plundered their chief city 
lsmarus because they had assisted Priam against 
the Greeks. They tore to pieces Orpheus, for 
his obscene indulgences. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 83, 

1, 15, v. 313.— Virg. G. 4, v. 520, &c— Mela, 

2, c. 2. 

Cicuta, an old avaricious usurer. Horat. 2. 
Ser. 3, v. 69. 

Cilicia, a country of Asia Minor, on the sea 
coast, at the north of Cyprus, the south of mount 
Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates. The 
inhabitants enriched themselves by piratical ex- 
cursions, till they were conquered by Pompey. 
The country was opulent, and was governed by 
kings, under some of the Roman emperors; but 
reduced into a province by Vespasian. Cicero 
presided over it as proconsul. It receives its 
name from Cilix, the son of Agenor. Jipollod. 

3, c. l.— Varro. R. R. 2, c 11.— Sueton. in 
Vesp. 8. — Herodot. 2, c 17, 34. — Justin. 11, 

c 11.— Curt. 3, c. 4.— Plin. 5, c. 27. 

Part of the country between iEolia and Troas is 
also called Cilicia. Strab. 13, calls it Trojan, 
to distinguish it from the other Cilicia. Plin. 
5, c. 27. 

Cilissa, a town of Phrygia. 

Cilix, a son of Phoenix, or according to 
Herodotus, of Agenor, who after seeking in vain 
his sister Europa, settled in a country to which 
he gave the name of Cilicia. Jipollod. 3, c. 
1. Herodot. 7, c. 91. 

Cilla, a town of Africa Propria. Diod. 20. 

A town of iEoIia. Herodot. 1, c. 149. 

Of Troas, which received its name, according 
to Theopompus, from a certain Cillus, who was 
one of Hippodamia's suitors and killed by (Eno- 
maus. Homer. II. 1, v. 38. — Ovid. Met. 13, 
v. 174. 



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Cilles, a general of Ptolemy, conquered by 
Demetrius. Diod. 19. 

Cillus, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose 
honour a city was built Strab. 13. 

Cllnius, the surname of Maecenas. 

Cilo, Jun an oppressive governor of Bithynia 
and Pontus. The provinces carried their com- 
plaints against him to Rome; but such was the 
noise of the flatterers that attended the emperor 
Claudius, that he was unable to hear them; and 
when he asked what they had said, he was told 
by one of Cilo's friends, that they returned thanks 
for his good administration; upon which the em- 
peror said, Let Cilo be continued two years lon- 
ger in his province. Dio. 60. — Tacit. Ann. 12, 
C. 21. 

Cimber, Tull. one of Caesar's murderers. 
He laid hold of the dictator's robe, which was 
a signal for the rest to strike. Plut. in Coss. 

Cimberius, a chief of the Suevi. 
* Cimbri, a people of Germany, who invaded 
the Roman empire with a large army, and were 
conquered by Marius. Flor. 3, c. 3. 

Cimbricum bellum, was begun by the Cimbri 
and Teutoaes, by an invasion of the Roman ter- 
ritories, B. C. 109. These barbarians were so 
courageous, and even desperate, that they fasten- 
ed their first ranks each to the other with cords. 
In the first battle they destroyed 80,000 Romans, 
under the consuls Manlius and Servilius Caspio. 
But when Marius, in his second consulship, was 
chosen to carry on the war, he met the Teutones 
at Aquae Sextiae, where, after a bloody engage- 
ment, he left dead on the field of battle 20,000, 
and took 90,000 prisoners, B. C. 102. The 
Cimbri, who had formed another army, had al- 
ready penetrated into I'aly, where they were met 
at the river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague 
Catulus, a year after. An engagement ensued, 
and 140,000 of them were slain. This last bat- 
tle put an end to this dreadful war, and the two 
consuls entered Rome in triumph. Flor. 3, c 
3.—Piin. 7, c. 22, I. 17, c. l.—Mela, 3, c. 3. 
Paterc 2, c. 12. — Plut. in Mario. 

Cimin^s, now Viterbe, a lake and mountain 
of Etruria — Virg. JEn. 7, v. 697. Liv. 9, c. 
36. 

Cimmerii, a people near the Palus Moeotis, 
who invaded Asia Minor, and seized upon the 
kingdom of Cyaxares. After they had been 
masters of the country for 28 years, they were 
driven back by Alyattes king of Lydia. Hero- 
dot. 1, c. 6, &c. I, 4, c. 1, &c Another na- 
tion on the western coast of Italy, generally ima- 
gined to have lived in caves near the sea-shore 
of Campania, and there, in concealing them- 
selves from the light of the sun, to have made 
their retreat the receptacle of their plunder. In 
consequence of this manner of living, the coun- 
try which they inhabited, was supposed to be so 
gloomy, that, to mention a great obscurity, the 
expression of Cimmerian darkness has prover- 
bially been used. Homer, according to Plu- 
tarch, drew his images of hell and Pluto from 
this gloomy and dismal country, where also Vir- 
gil and Ovid have placed the Styx, the Phlege- 
thon, and all the dreadful abodes of the infer- 
nal regions. Homer. Od. 13. Virg. JExi. 6. 

■—Ovid. Met. 11, v. 592, &c— Strab. 5. 



Cimmeris, a town of Troas, formerly called 
Edonis Pirn. 5, c, 30. 

Cimmerium, now Crim, a town of Taurica 
Cbersonetus, whose inhabitants are called Cim- 
merii Mda, 1, c. 19. 

Cjmolis and Cinolis, a town of Paphlagonia. 

Cimolus, now Argentiera, an island in the 
Cretan sea, producing chalk and fuller's earth. 
Ovid. Met. 7, v. 463.— Plin. 35, c. 16. 

Cimon, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and 
Hegisipyle, famous for his debaucheries in his 
youth, and the reformation of his morals when 
arrived to years of discretion. When his fa- 
ther died, he was imprisoned, because unable 
to pay the fine laid upon him by the Athenians; 
but he was released from confinement by his 
sister and wife Elpinice. [Vid. Elpinice.] He 
behaved with great courage at the battle of Sa- 
lamis, and rendered himself popular by his mu- 
nificence and valour. He defeated the Persian 
fleet, and took 200 ships, and totally routed their 
land army, the very same day. The money 
that he obtained by his victories, was not applied 
to his own private use; but with it he fortified 
and embellished the city. He some time after 
lost all his popularity, and was banished by the 
Athenians, who declared war against the Lace- 
daemonians. He was recalled from his exile, 
and at his return, he made a reconciliation be- 
tween Lacedaemon and his countrymen. He 
was afterwards appointed to carry on the war 
against Persia in Egypt, and Cyprus, with a fleet 
of 200 ships; and on the coast of Asia, he gave 
battle to the enemy, and totally ruined their 
fleet. He died as he was besieging the town of 
Citium in Cyprus, B C. 449, in the 51st year 
of his age. He may be called the last of the 
Greeks, whose spirit and boldness defeated the 
armies of the barbarians. He was such an in- 
veterate enemy to the Persian power, that he 
formed a plan of totally destroying it; and in his 
wars, he had so reduced the Persians, that they 
promised in a treaty, not to pass the Chelido- 
nian islands with their fleet, or to approach 
within a day's journey of the Grecian seas. The 
munificence of Cimou has been highly extolled 
by his biographers, and he has been deservedly 
praised for leaving his gardens open to the pub- 
lic. Thucyd. 1, c. 100 and 112. — Justin. 2. c. 

13.— Diod. ll.—Plut. 8f C. Mp in vita. 

An Athenian, father of Miltiades. Herodot. 6, 

c. 34.- A Roman, supported in prison by the 

milk of his daughter. An Athenian, who 

wrote an account of the war of the Amazons 
against his country. 

Cin^thon, an ancient poet of Lacedscmon, 
&c. Vid. Cinethon. 

Cinaradas, one of the descendants of Ciny- 
ras, who presided over the ceremonies of Venus 
at Paphos. Tacit. 2. Hist. c. 3. 

Cincia lex, was enacted by M. Cincius, tri- 
bune of the people, A. U. C. 549 By it no man 
was permitted to take any money as a gift or a 
fee in judging a cause. Liv- 34, c. 4. 

L. Q. Cincinnatds, a celebrated Roman, 
who was informed, as be ploughed his field, that 
the senate had chosen him dictator. Upon this, 
he left his ploughed land with regret, and re- 



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paired to the field of battle, where his country- 
men were closely beseiged by the Volsci and 
JEqui. He conquered the enemy and returned 
to Rome in triumph; and 16 aays after Lis ap- 
pointment, he laid down his office, and retired 
back to plough his fields. In his 80th year he 
was again summoned against Prsenesteas dicta- 
tor; and after a successful campaign, he resign- 
ed the absolute power lie had enjoyed only 21 
days, nobly disregarding the rewards that were 
offered him by the senate. He flourished about 
460 years before Christ. Liv. 3, c. 26. — Flor. 

1, c. 11. — Cic de Fimb. 4.— Plin. 18, c. 3. 
L. Cincius Alimentus, a praetor of Sicily in 

the second Punic war, who wrote annals in 

Greek. Dionys. Hal. 1. Marcus, a tribune of 

the people, A. U. C. 549, author of the Cincia 
lex. 

Cineas, a Thessalian, minister and friend to 
Pyrrhus king of Epirus. He was sent to Rome 
by his master to sue for a peace, which he, how- 
ever, could not obtain. He told Pyrrhus, that 
the Roman senate were a venerable assembly of 
kings; and observed, that to fight with them, was 
to fight against another Hydra. He was of such 
a retentive memory, that the day alter his arri- 
val at Rome, he could salute every senator and 
knight by his name. Plin. 7, c. 24. — Cic. ad 
Fam 9, ep 25. — A king of Thessaly. Herodot. 
5, c. 63 An Athenian, &c. Poly&n. 2, c. 32. 

Cinesias, a Greek poet of Thebes in Boeo- 
tia, who composed some dithyrambic verses. 
Jlthen. 

Cinethon, a Spartan, who wrote genealogi- 
cal poems, in one of which he asserted that Me- 
dea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and a 
daughter called Eriopis, Pans. 2, c. 18. 

Cinga, now Cinea, a river of Spain, flowing 
from the Pyrenean mountains into the Iberus. 
Lucan. 4, v. 21.— Cas B. C. 1, c 48. 

Cingetorix, a prince of Gaul, in alliance 

with Rome. C<es. Bell. G. 5, c 3. A prince 

of Britain who attacked Caesar's camp, by or- 
der of Cassivelaunus. Id. ib. c. 22. 

Cingulum, now Cingoli, a town of Picenum, 
whose inhabitants are called Cingulani. Plin. 
'3, c 13.— Cces, Bell. Civ. 1, c. 15.— Sil. It. 10, 
v. 34.— Cic Alt. 7, ep. 11. 

Ciniata, a place of Galatia. 

Cinithii, a people of Africa. 

L. Corn. Cinna, a Roman who oppressed the 
republic with his cruelties, and was banished by 
Octavius, for attempting to make the fugitive 
slaves free. He joined himself to Marius; and 
with him, at the head of 30 legions, he filled 
Rome with blood, defeated his enemies, and 
made himself consul even to a fourth time. He 
massacred so many citizens at Rome, that his 
name became odious; and one of his officers as- 
sassinated him at Ancona, as he was preparing 
war against Sylla. His daughter Cornelia, mar- 
ried Julius Caesar, and became mother of Julia. 
Pint, in Mar. Pomp Sf Syll. — Lucan. 4, v. 822. 
fippian. Bell. Civ. l.—Flor. 3, c 21 Paterc 

2, c. 20, kc— Phil, in Cces. One of Caesar's 

murderers. C. Helvius Cinna, a poet inti- 
mate with Caesar. He went to attend the obse- 
quies of Caesar, and being mistaken by the po- 
pulace for the other Cinna. he was torn tp 



pieces. He had been eight years in composing 
an obscure poem called Smyrna, in which he 
made mention of the incest of Cinyras. Pint, 
in Cces. A grandson of Pompey. He con- 
spired against Augustus, who pardoned him, and 
made him one of his most intimate friends. He 
was consul, and made Augustus his heir. Dio. — 

Seneca de Clem c. 9 A town of Italy taken 

by the Romans from the Samnites. 

Cinnadon, a Lacedaemonian youth, who re- 
solved to put to death the Ephori, and seize up- 
on the sovereign power. His conspiracy wa3 
discovered, and he was put to death. Jirislot. 

Cinnamus, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridiculed 
by Martial, 7, ep. 63. 

Cinnania, a town of Lusitania, famous for 
the valour of its citizens. Fal. Max. 6, c. 4. 

Cinxia, a surname of Juno, who presided 
over marriages, and was supposed to untie the 
girdle of new brides. 

Clnyps and Cinyphus, a river, and country 
of Africa, near the Gatamantes, whence Ciny- 
phius. Virg. G 3, v 312.— Herodot 4, c. 198. 
— Plin 5, c. 4. — Martial. 7, ep. 94. — Ovid. 
Met. 7, v. 272, 1. 15, v. 755.— Lucan. 9, v. 
787. 

Cinyras, a king of Cyprus, son of Paphus, 
who married Cenchreis, by whom he had a 
daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell in love, 
with her father; and in the absence of her mo- 
ther at the celebration of the festivals of Ceres, 
she introduced herself into his bed by means of 
her nurse. Cinyras had by her a son called Ado- 
nis; when he knew the incest he had committed, 
he attempted to stab his daughter, who escaped 
his pursuit and fled to Arabia, where, after she 
had brought forth, she was changed into a tree 
which still bears her name. Cinyras, according 
to some, stabbed himself. He was so rich, that 
his opulence, like that of Crcesus, became pro- 
verbial* Ovid. Met 10, fab. 9.— Pint, in Pa- 

rall—Hygin fab. 242, 248, &c. A son of 

Laodice. Jlpollod. 3, c. 9. A man who 

brought a colony from Syria to Cyprus. Id. 3, 

c. 14. A Ligurian, who assisted iEneas 

against Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 186. 

Cios, a river of Thrace. Plin. 5, c. 32 — 

— The name 



A commercial place of Phrygia.- 
of three cities in Bithynia. 

Cippus, a noble Roman, who as he returned 
home victorious, was told that if he entered the 
city he must reign there. Unwilling to enslave 
his country, he assembled the senate without the 
walls, and banished himself for ever from the 
city, and retired to live upon a single acre of 
ground Ovid. Met. 15, v. 565. 

CiRcasuM, now Circello, a promontory of La- 
tium, near a small town called Circeii, at the 
south of the Pontine marshes. The people were 
called Circeienses. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 248. — 
Virg. Mn. 7, v. 799.— Liv. 6, c. 17 —Cic. JV. 
D. 3, c. 19. 

Circe, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, cele- 
brated for her knowledge in magic and venom- 
ous herbs. She was sister to /Eetes king of Col- 
chis, and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. She mar- 
ried a Sarmatian prince of Colchis, whom she 
murdered to obtain his kingdom. She was ex- 
pelled by her subjects, and carried by herfathe,r 
c c 



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upon the coasts of Italy, in an island called iEaea. 
Uiysses, at his return from the Trojan war, vi- 
sited the place ot her residence, and all his com- 
panions, who ran headlong into pleasure and vo- 
luptuousness, were changed by Circe's potions 
into filthy swine. Ulysses, who was fortified 
against all enchantments by an herb called moly, 
.whicn he had received from Mercury, went to 
Circe, and demanded, sword in hand, the resto- 
ration of his companions to their former state. 
She complied, and loaded the hero with plea- 
sures and honours. In this voluptuous retreat, 
Ulysses had by Circe one son called Telegonus, 
or two according to Hesiod, called Agrius and 
Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses forgot his 
glory in Circe's arms, and at his departure, the 
nymph advised him to descend to hell, and con- 
sult the manes of Tiresias, concerning the fates 
that attended him. Circe showed herself cruel 
to Scylla her rival, and to Picas. [Vid. Scylla 
and Picus.] Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 1 and 5 — He- 
rat. 1, ep 2, I. 1, od. 11 —Virg. Eel. 8, v. 70. 
— JEn. 3, v. 386, 1. 7, v. 10, &c —Hygin fab. 
125. — Apollon. 4, Arg. — Homer. Od. 10, v. 
196, &c.—Apollod. 1, c. 9.—Hesiod Th. 956 
—Strab. 5. 

Circenses ludt, games performed in the 
circus at Rome. They were dedicated to the 
god Consus, and were first established by Ro- 
mulus at the rape of the Sabines. They were 
in imitation of the Olympian games among the 
Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were often 
called the great games. Their original name 
was Consualia, and they were first called Cir- 
censians byTarquin the elder after he had built 
the Circus. They were not appropriated to one 
particular exhibition; but were equally cele- 
brated for leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit 
and javelin, races on foot as well as in chariots, 
and boxing. Like the Greeks, the Romans 
gave the name of Pentathlum or Quinquertium 
to these five exercises. The celebration con- 
tinued five days, beginning on the 15th of Sep- 
tember. All games in general that were ex- 
hibited in the Cireus, were soon after called 
Circensian games. Some sea-fights and skir- 
mishes, called by the Romans Naumacbise, were 
afterwards exhibited in the Circus. — Virg. JEn. 
8, v. 636. 

Circius, a part of mount Taurus. Plin. 5, 
e. 27. A rapid and tempestuous wind fre- 
quent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown in 
any other country. Lucan. 1, v 408. 

Circum padani &gri, the country around the 
fiver Po. Liv 21, c. 35. 

Circus, a large and elegant building at Rome, 
where plays and shows were exhibited. There 
were about eight at Rome; the first, called 
Maximus Circus, was the grandest, raised and 
embellished by Tarquin Priscus. Its figure was 
oblong, and it was filled all round with benches, 
and could contain, as some report, about 300,000 
spectators. It was about 2187 feet long, and 
960 broad. All the emperors vied in beautify- 
ing it, and J. Cassar introduced in it large canals 
of water, which on a sudden, could be covered 
with an infinite number of vessels, and represent 
a sea-fight 

Ciris, the name of Scylla, daughter of Ni- 



' sus, who was changed into a bird of the same 
name- Ovid. Met. 8, v. 151. 

Cirrjsatum, a place near Arpinum, where 
C. Marius lived when young. Pint- in Mar. 

Cirrha and Cyrrha, a town of Phocis, at 
the foot of Parnassus, where Apollo was wor- 
shipped. Lucan. 3, v. 172. 

Cirtha and Cirta, a town of Numidia. 
Strab. 7. 

Cisalpina Gallia, a part of Gaul, called 
also Citerior ;<nd ogata Its farthest boundary 
was near the Rubicon, and it touched the Alps 
on the Italian side. 

Cispadana Gallia, a part of ancient Gaul, 
south of the Po. 

Cisrhenani, part of the Germans who lived 
nearest Rome, on the west of the Rhine. Cccs. 
B. G. 6, c. 2. 

Cissa, a river of Pontus. An island near 

Istria. 

Cisseis, a patronymic given to Hecuba as 
daughter of Cisseus 

Cisseus, a king of Thrace, father to Hecu- 
ba, according to some authors. Virg. JEn. 7, 

v. 320 A son of xMelampus, killed by iEnc- 

as. Id. JEn. 10, v. 317. A son of iEgyptus. 

Apullod. 2, c 1. 

Cissia, a country of Susiana, of which Susa 
was the capital. Herodot. 5, c. 49. 

Cissite, some gates in Babylon. Id. 3, c 
155. 

Cissides, a general of Dionysius sent with 
nine gallies to assist the Spartans, &c. Diod. 
15. 

Cissoessa, a fountain of Boeotia. Plut. 

Cissus, a mountain of Macedonia A city 

of Thrace. A man Who acquainted Alex- 
ander with the flight of Harpaius. Plut. in 
Alex. 

Cissusa, a fountain where Bacchus was wash- 
ed when young. Plut. in Lys. 

CisxENiE, a town of iEolia. — A town of Ly- 
cia. Mela, 1, c. 18. 

Cith.#:ron, a king, who gave his name to 
a mountain of 8ceotia, situate at the south of 
the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and the 
Muses. Action was torn to pieces by his own 
dogs on this mountain, and Hercules killed there 
an immense lion. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 303. — 
Apollod. 2, c 4 — Mela, 2. c. 3.— Strab. 9 .— 
Paus 9, c. 1. &c— Plin. 4, c. l.—Ptol. 3, c. 
15. 

Citharista, a promontory of Gaul. 

Citium, now Chitti, a town of Cyprus, where 
Cimon died in his expedition against Egypt. 
Plut. in Cim. — Thucyd 1, c. 112 

Cms, a town of Mysia. Apollod. 1, c 9. 

J Civilis, a powerful Batavian, who raised 
a sedition against Galba, &c. Tacit. Hist. 1, 
c. 59. 

Cizycum, a city of Asia in the Propontis, 
the same as Cyzicus. Vid. Cyzicus. 

Cladeus, a river of Bits, passing near Olym- 
pia. and honoured next to the Alpheus. Pans. 
5, c. 7. 

Clanes, a river falling into the Ister. 

Clanis, a centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid. 
Met. 12, v 379. 

Clanius or Clanis, a river of Campania. 



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Virg G. 2, v. 225. -Of Etruria, now Chiana. 

Sil. 8, v. 434.— Tacit. 1, An. 79. 

Clarus, or Claros, a town of Ionia, famous 
for an oracle of Apollo. It was built by Man- 
to, daughter of Tiresias, who fled from Thebes, 
after it had been destroyed by the Epigoni. 
She was so afflicted with her misfortunes, that 
a lake was formed with her tears, where she 
first founded the oracle. Apollo was from thence 
surnamed Clarius Strab. 14. — Paus 7, c. 3. 

Mela, 1, c. 7.— Ovid. Mel. 1, v. 516. An 

island of the iEgean, between Tenedos and 
Scios. Thucyd. 3, c. 33. One of the com- 
panions of ^Eneas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 126. 

Clastidium, now Sckaitezzo, a town of Ligu- 

ria Strab. 5 — Liv. 32, c. 29. A village 

of Gaul. Plut. in Marcel. 

Claudia, a patrician family at Rome, de- 
scended from Clausus a king of the Sabines. 
It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the 
republic; and it is particularly recorded that 
there were not less than 28 of that family who 
were invested with the consulship, five with the 
office of dictator, and seven with that of censor, 
besides the honour of six triumphs. Sueton. in 
Tib. 1. 

Claudia-, a vesta] virgin accused of incon- 
tinence. To show her innocence, she offered 
to remove a ship which had brought the image 
of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of the 
shallow places of the river. This had already 
baffled the efforts of a number of men; and 
Claudia, after addressing her prayers to the 
goddess, untied her girdle, and with it easily 
dragged after her the ship to shore, and by this 
action was honourably acquitted. Val. Max. 
5, c. 4.—Propert. 4, el. 12. v. 52—Ital. 17, 
y. 35. — Ovid. Fast 4, v. 315, ex P onto. 1, ep. 

2, v. 144. A step-daughter of M. Antony, 

whom Augustus marrieu. He dismissed her 
undefiied, immediately after the contract of 
marriage, on account of a sudden quarrel with 

her mother Fulvia. Sueton. in Aug. 62 

The wife of the poet Statius. Stat . 3, Sytv. 5. 

A daughter of Appius Claudius, betrothed 

to Tib Gracchus. The wife of Metellus 

Celer, sister to P. Clottius and to Appius Clau- 
dius. An inconsiderable town of Noricum. 

Plin 3, c. 14. A Roman road which led 

from the Milvian bridge to the Flaminian way. 

Ovid. 1, ex Pont el. 8, v. 44. A tribe which 

received its name from Appius Claudius, who 
came to settle at Rome with a large body of 

attendants. Liv. 2, c. 16. — Halic- 5. 

Quinta, a daughter of Appius Caucus, whose 
statue in the vestibulum of Cybele's temple was 
unhurt when that edifice was reduced to ashes. 
Val. Max. 1, c 8.— Tacit. 4, Ann. c. 64. 



Pulcra, a cousin of Agrippina, accused of adul- 
tery and criminal designs against Tiberius. She 

was condemned. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 52. 

Antouia, a daughter of the emperor Claudius, 
married Cn. Poinpey, whom Messalina caused 
to be put to death. Her second husband, Syila 
Faustus, by whom she had a son, was killed by 
Nero, and she shared his fate, when she refused 
to marry his murderer. 

Claudia lex, de comitiis, was enacted by 
M. CI. Marcellus, A. U. C. 702. It ordained, 



that at public elections of magistrates, no no- 
tice should be taken of the votes of such as 
were absent Another, de usura, which for- 
bade people to lend money to minors on condi- 
tion of payment after the decease of their pa- 
rents. Another, de ntgotiatione, by Q. Clau- 
dius the trioune, A. U. C. 535. It forbade any 
senator, or father of a senator, to have any ves- . 
sel containing above 300 amphorae, for fear 
of* their engaging themselves in commercial 
schemes. The same law also forbade the same 
thing to the scribes and the attendants of the 
quaestors, as it was naturally supposed that peo- 
ple who had any commercial connexions, could 
not be faithful to their trust, nor promote the 

interest of the slate Another, A. U. C 576, 

to permit the allies to return to their respective 
cities, after their names were enrolled. Liv. 

41, c. 9 Another, to take av ay the freedom 

of the city of Rome from the colonists, which 
Csesar had carried to Novicomum. Sueton. in 
Jul. 28. 

Claudle aqu^e, the first water brought to 
Rome by means of an aqueduct of 11 miles, 
erected by the censor Appius Claudius, A. U. 
C. 441. Eutrop. 2, c. 4.— Liv. 9, C. 29. 

Claudianus, a celebrated poet, born at 
Alexandria in Egypt, in the age of Honorius 
and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the ma- 
jesty of Virgil, without being a slave to the 
corrupted style which prevailed in his age. 
Scaliger observes, that he has supplied the 
poverty of his matter by the purity of bis lan- 
guage, the happiness of his expressions, and the 
melody of his numbers. As he was the favour- 
ite of Stilicho, he removed from the court, when 
his patron was disgraced, and passed the rest of 
his life in retirement, and learned ease. His 
poems on Rsifinus and Eutropius, seem to be 
the i>est of his compositions. The best editions 
of his works are that of Burman, 4to. 2 vols'. 
Amst. 1760, and that of Gesner, 2 vols. 8vo. 
Lips. 1758. 

Claudiopolis, a town of Cappadocia. Plin. 
5, c. 24. 

Claudius, I. (Tiber. Drusus Nero) son of 
Drusus, Livia's second son, succeeded as em- 
peror of Rome, after the murder of Caligula, 
whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. 
He made himself popular for a while, by taking 
particular care of the city, and by adorning and 
beautifying it with buildings. He passed over 
into Britain, and obtained a triumph for victo- 
ries which his generals had won, and suffered 
himself to be governed by favourites, whose 
licentiousness and avarice plundered the state, 
and distracted the provinces. He married four 
wives, one of whom, called Messalina, he put 
to death on account of her lust and debauchery. 
He was at last poisoned by another called Agrip- 
pina, who wished to raise her son Nero to the 
throne. The poison was conveyed in mushrooms; 
but as it did not operate fast enough, his physi- 
cian, by order of the empress, made him swal- 
low a poisoned feather. He died in the 63d 
year of his age, October 13, A. D 54, after a 
reign of 13 years; distinguished neither by hu- 
manity nor courage, but debased by weakness 
and irresolution. He was succeeded by Nero, 



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Tacit. Anil. 11, &c— Dio. 60 Juv. 6, v. 619. 

— Suet, in vitd. The second emperor of that 

name, was a Dalmatian, who succeed Gallienus 
He couquered the Goths, Scythians, and He- 
ruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in a battle: 
and after a reigu of about two years, died of 
the plague in Pannonia. The excellence of his 
character, marked with bravery, and tempered 
with justice and benevolence, is well known by 
these words of the senate, addressed to him: 
Claudi rfuguste, tu frater, tu pater, tu amicus, 

Hi bonus senator, tu vere princeps Nero, a 

consul, with Liv. Salinator, who defeated and 
killed Asdrubal, near the river Metaurum, as 
he was passing from Spain into Italy, to go to 
the assistance of his brother Annibal. Liv. 
27, &c— Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 37.— Suet in Tib. 
— — -The father of the emperor Tiberius, quaes- 

tor to Caesar in the wars of Alexandria. — 

Polios, an historian. Plin. 7, ep. 51, Pon- 
tius, a genera! of the Samnites, who conquered 
the Romans at Furcae Caudinae, and made them 

pass under the yoke. Liv. 9, c. 1, &c. 

Petilius, a dictator, A. U. C. 442 Appius, 

an orator. Cic. in Brut. Vid. Appius. 

App. Caecus, a Roman censor, who built an 
aqueduct A. U. C. 441, which brought water 
to Rome from Tusculum, at the distance of 
seven or eight miles. The water was called 
Appxa, and it was the first that was brought to 
the city from the country. Before his age the 
Romans were satisfied with the waters of the 
Tiber, or of the fountains and wells in the city. 
[Vid. Appius ] — Liv. 9, c. 29. — Ovid. Fast. 
6, v. 203. — Cic. de S6n. 6. A praetor of Si- 
cily. Publius, a great enemy to Cicero. 

Vid. Clodius. Marcellus. Vid. Marcellus. 

Pulcher, a consul, who, when consulting 

the sacred chickens, ordered them to be dipped 
in water, because they would not eat. Liv. 
ep. 19. He was unsuccessful in his expedition 
against the Carthaginians in Sicily, and dis- 
graced on his return to Rome. Tiberius 

Nero, was elder brother of Drusus, and son of 
Livia Drusilla, who married Augustus, after his 
divorce of Scribonia. He married Livia, the 
emperor's daughter by Scribouia, and succeeded 
in the empire by the name of Tiberius. Vid. 

Tiberius. Horat. 1, ep. 3, v. 2. The name 

of Claudius is common to many Roman consuls, 
and other officers of state; but nothing is re- 
corded of them, and their name is but barely 
mentioned. Liv. 

Clavienus, an obscure poet in Juvenal's age. 
1, v. 8. 

Claviger, a surname of Janus, from his being 
represented with a key. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 228. 
Hercules received also that surname, as he was 
armed with a club. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 284. 

Clausius, or Clusius, a surname of Janus. 

Clausus, or Claudius, a king of the Sabines, 
who assisted Turnus against /Eneas. , He was 
the progenitor of that Ap. Claudius, who migra- 
ted to Rome, and became the founder of the 
Claudian family. Virg. Mn. 7, v. 707, 1. 10, 
v. 345. 

ClazomeNjE and Clazomena, now Vourla, 
a city of Ionia, on the coasts of the iEgean sea, 
between Smyrna and Chios. It was founded 



A. U. C. 98, by the Ionians, and gave birth t« 
Anaxagoras and other illustrious men. Mela. 1, 
c. 17.— Plin. 5, c. 29.— Strab. 14.— Liv. 38', c. 
39. 

Cleapas, a man of Plataea, who raised tombs 
over those who had been killed in the battle 
against Mardonius Herodot. 9, c. 85. 

Cleander, one of Alexander's officers, who 
killed Parmenio by the king's command. He 
was punished with death, for offering violence 
to a noble virgin, and giving her as a prosti- 
tute to his servants. Curt. 7, c. 2, 1. 10, c. 1. 

The first tyrant of Gela. Jlristot. 5, Polit. 

c. 12. A soothsayer of Arcadia. Herodot. 

6, c. 83. A favourite of the emperor Com- 

modus, who was put to death A. D. 190, after 
abusing public justice, and his master's confi- 
dence. 

Cleandridas, a Spartan general, &c. A 

man punished with death for bribing two of the 
Ephori. 

Cleanthes, a stoic philosopher of Assos in 
Troas, successor of Zeno. He was so poor, that 
to maintain himself he used to draw out water 
for a gardener in the night, and study in the day 
time. Cicero calls him the father of the stoics; 
and out of respect for his virtues, the Roman 
senate raised a statue to him in Assos. It is said 
that be starved himself in his 90th year, B. C. 
240. Strab. 13— Cic. de Finib. 2, c. 69, 1. 4, 
c. 7. 

Clearchus, a tyrant of Heraclea, in Pontus, 
who was killed by Chion and Leonidas, Plato's 
pupils, during the celebration of the festivals of 
Bacchus, after the enjoyment of the sovereign 
power during twelve years, 353 B. C. Justin. 

16, c. 4. — Diod. 15. The second tyrant of 

Heraclea of that name, died B C. 288. A 

Lacedaemonian sent to quiet the Byzantines. He 
was recalled, but refused to obey, and fled to 
Cyrus the younger, who made him captain of 
13,000 Greek soldiers. He obtained a victory 
over Artaxerxes, who was so enraged at the de- 
feat, that when Clearchus fell into his hands, by 
the treachery of Tissaphernes, he put him to 

immediate death. Diod. 14. A disciple of 

Aristotle, who wrote a treatise on tactics, &c. 
Xenoph. 

Clearides, a son of Cleouymus, governor of 
Amphipolis. Thucyd. 4, c. 132, 1. 5, c. 10. 

Clemens Romanus, one of the fathers of the 
church, said to be contemporary with St. Paul. 
Several spurious compositions are ascribed to 
him, but the only thing extant is his epistle to 
the Corinthians, written to quiet the disturbances 
that had arisen there. It has been much ad- 
mired. The best edition is that of Wotton, Svo. 
Cantab. 1718. Another of Alexandria, call- 
ed from thence Alexandrinus, who flourished 
206 A. D His works are various, elegant, and 
full of erudition; the best edition of which is 
Potter's, 2 vols, folio, Oxon. 1715. A sena- 
tor who favoured the party of Niger against 
Severus. 

Clementia, one of the virtues to tvhom the 
Romans paid adoration. 

Cleo, a Sicilian among Alexander's flatter- 
ers. Curl. 8, c. 5. 

Cleobis and Biton, two youths, sons of Cy- 



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dippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos. When 
oxen could not be procured to draw their mo- 
ther's chariot to the temple of Juno, they put 
themselves under the yoke, and drew it 45 
stadia to the temple, amidst the acclamations 
of the multitude, who congratulated the mother 
on account of the filial affection of her sons. 
Cydippe entreated the goddess to reward the 
piety of her sons with the best gift that could 
be granted to a mortal. They went to rest, and 
awoke no more: and by this the goddess showed, 
that death is the only true happy event that can 
happen to man. The Argives raised them statues 
at Delphi. Cic. Tusc. 1, e. 47. — Vol. Max. 
5, c. 4. — Herodot. 1, c. 31. — Plut. de Cons, ad 
Apol. 

Cleobula, the wife of Amyntor, by whom 
she had Phoenix. — — A daughter of Boreas and 
Orithya, called also Cleopatra. She married 
Pbineus son of Agenor, by whom she had Plex- 
ippus and Pandion. Phineus repudiated her to 
marry a daughter of Dardanus. Apollod. 3, c. 
15. A woman, mother of a son called Eu- 
ripides, by Apollo. Another who bore Ce- 

pheus and Amphidamus to iEgeus. The mo- 
ther of Pithus. Hygin. fab. 14, 97, &c. 

Cleobulina, a daughter of Cleobulus, re- 
markable for her genius, learning, judgment, 
and courage. She composed enigmas, some of 
which have been preserved. One of them runs 
thus: u A father had 12 children, and these 12' 
children had each 30 white sons and 30 black 
daughters, who are immortal, though they die 
every day." In this there is no need of an (Edi- 
pus, to discover that there are 12 months in the 
year, and that every month consists of 30 days, 
and of the same number of nights. Laert. 

Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men of 
Greece, son of Evagoras of Lindos, famous for 
the beautiful shape of his body. He wrote some 
few verses, and died in the 70th year of his age, 
B.C. 564. Diog. in vitci. — Plut. in Symp.-~ — - 

An historian. Plin. 5, c. 31. One of the 

Ephori. Thucyd. 

CleocharEs, a man sent by Alexander to 
demand Porus to surrender. Curt. 8, c. 13. 

Cleocharia, the mother of Eurotas, by 
Lelex. Apollod. 3, c. 10. 

Cleod.eus, a son of Hyllus. Herodot. 6, c. 
52, !. 7, c 204, 1. 8, c. 131. He endeavoured 
to recover Peloponnesus after his,father's death, 
but to no purpose. 

Cleodamus, a Roman general under Gal- 
lienus. 

Cleodemus, a physician. Plut. de Symp. 

Cleodora, a nymph, mother of Parnassus. 

Paws. 2, c. 6. One of the Danaides who 

married Lyxus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

Cleodoxa, a daughter of Niobe and Am- 
phion, changed into a stone as a punishment for 
her mother's pride. Apollod. 3, c. 5. 

Cleogenes, a son of Silenus, &c. Paus. 6, 
c. 1. 

Cleolaus, a son of Hercules, by Argele, 
daughter of Thestius, who upon the ill success 
of the Heraclidae in Peloponnesus, retired to 
Rhodes, with his wife and children. Apollod. 2. 

Gleomachus, a boxer of Magnesia. 



Cleomantes, a Lacedaemonian soothsayer 
Plut. in Alex. 

Cleombrotus, son of Pausanias, a king of 
Sparta, after his brother Agesipolis 1st. He 
made war against the Boeotians, and lest he 
should be suspected of treacherous communica- 
tion with Epaminondas, he gave that general 
battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvantageous 
place. He was killed in the engagement, and 
his army destroyed, B. C. 371. Diod 15. — Paus. 

9, c. 13. — Xenoph. A son-in-law of Leonidas 

king of Sparta, who, for a while, usurped the 
Kingdom, after the expulsion of his father-in-law. 
When Leonidas was recalled Cleombrotus was 
banished ; and his wife Chelonis, who had ac- 
companied her father, now accompanied her 
husband in his exile. Paus. 3> c. 6. — Plut. in 

Ag and Cleom. A youth of Ambracta, who 

threw himself into the sea, after reading Plato's 
treatise upon the immortality of the soul. Cic. 
in Tusc. 1, c 34— Ovid, in lb. 493. 

Cleomedes, a famous athlete of Astypalaea. 
above Crete. In a combat at Olympia, he kil- 
led one of his antagonists by a blow with his fist 
On account of this accidental murder, he was 
deprived of the victory, and he became deliri- 
ous. In his return to Astypalaea, he entered a 
school, and pulled down the pillars which sup- 
ported the roof, and crushed to death 60 boys. 
He was pursued with stones, and be fled for 
shelter into a tomb, whose doors he so strongly 
secured, that his pursuers were obliged to break 
them for access. When the tomb was opened, 
Cleomedes could not be found either dead or 
alive. The oracle of Delphi was consulted, and 
gave this answer, Ultimus htroum Cleomedes 
Astypaiceiis Upon this they offered sacrifices to 
him as a god. Paus 6, c. 9 — Plut. in Rom- 

Cleomenes 1st, king of Sparta, conquered 
the Argives, and burnt 5000 of them by setting 
fire to a grove where they had fled, and freed 
Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidae. By 
bribing the oracle, he pronounced Demaratus, 
his colleague on the throne, illegitimate, be- 
cause he refused to punish the people of iEgina, 
who had deserted the Greeks He killed him- 
self in a fit of madness, 491 B C. Herodot. 5, 
6, and 7.— Paus. 8, c. 3, &c. The 2d, suc- 
ceeded his brother Agesipolis 2d. He reigned 
61 years in the greatest tranquillity, and was 
father to Acrotatus and Cleonymus, and was 
succeeded by Areus 1st, son of Acrotatus. Paus. 
3, c. 6. The 3d succeeded his father Leoni- 
das. He was of an enterprising spirit, and re- 
solved to restore the ancient discipline of Ly- 
cnrgus in its full force by banishing luxury and 
intemperance. He killed the Ephori, and re- 
moved by poison his royal colleague Euryda- 
mides, and made his own brother, Euchdas, 
king, against the laws of the state, which for- 
bade more than one of the same family to sit on 
the throne. He made war against the Achaeans, 
and attempted to destroy their league. Aratus, 
the general of the Achaeans, who supposed him- 
self inferior to his enemy, called Antigonus to 
his assistance; and Cleomenes, when be had 
fought the unfortunate battle of Sellasia, B. C. 
222, retired into Egypt, to the court of Ptole- 
my Evergetes, where his wife and children had 



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fled before him. Ptolemy received him with 
great cordiality; but his successor, weak and 
suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of this 
noble stranger, and imprisoned bim Cleomenes 
killed himself, and his body was flayed, and ex- 
posed on a cross, B. C 219. Polyh. 6. — Ptut. 
in vita. — Justin. 28, c. 4. A man appoint- 
ed by Alexander to receive the tributes of Egypt 

and Africa. Curt. 4, c. 8. A man placed 

as arbitrator between the Athenians and the 

people of Megara. An historian.- A di- 

tbyra-rabic poet of Rhegium A Sicilian con- 
temporary with Verres, whose licentiousness and 
avarice he was fond of gratifyiug. Cic. in Verr. 

4, c. 12. A Lacedaemonian general. 

Cleon, an Athenian, who, though originally 
a tanner, became general of the armies of the 
state, by his intrigues and eloquence. He took 
Thoron in Thrace, and after distinguishing him- 
self in several engagemenis, he was killed at 
Amphipolis, in a battle with Brasidas the Spar- 
tan general, 422 B C. Tkucyd 3, 4, &c.— 
Diod. 12. A general of Messenia, who dis- 
puted with Aristodemus for the sovereignty. 

A statuary. Paus. 2, c. 8. A poet who wrote 

a poem on the Argonauts An orator of Ha- 

licarnassus, who composed an oration for Lysan- 
der, in which he intimated the propriety of mak- 
ing the kingdom of Sparta elective. C. JVep. 8f 

Plut. in Lys. A Magnesian, who wrote some 

commentaries, in which he speaks of portentous 

events, &c. Paus. 10, c 4. A Sicilian, one 

of Alexander's flatterers. Curt. 8, c. 5. 

A tyrant of Sicyon.— — A friend of Phocion. 

Cleon-E and Cleona, a village of Pelopon- 
nesus, between Corinth and Argos. Hercules 
killed the lion of Nemaea in its neighbourhood, 
and thence it is called Cleonxus. It was made 
a constellation. Stat. 4, Sil. 4, v. 28. — Ovid. 
Met. 6, v. 417.— Sil. 3, v. 32.— Paus. 2, c. 15. 

— Plin. 36, c. 5. A town of Phocis. 

Cleone, a daughter of Asopus. Diod 4. 
Cleonica, a young virgin of Byzantium, 
whom Pausanias,,king of Sparta, invited to his 
bed. She was introduced into his room when 
he was asleep, and unluckily overturned a burn- 
ing lamp which was by the side of the bed. 
Pausauias was awakened at the sudden noise, 
and thinking it to be some assassin, he seized 
his sword, and killed Cleonica before he knew 
who it was. Cleonica often appeared to him, 
and he was anxious to make a proper expiation 
to her manes. Paus. 7, c. 17. — Plut. in Cim. 
&c. 

CleonIqus, a freedman of Seneca, &c. Ta- 
cit. 15, Ann. c. 45. 

Cleonnis, a Messeniau, who disputed with 
Aristodemus for the sovereign power of his 
country. Paus 4, c. 10. 

Cleonymus, a son of Cleomenes 2d, who 
called Pyrrhus to his assistance, because Areus, 
his brother's son, had been preferred to him in 
the succession; but the measure was unpopular, 
and even the women united to repel the foreign 
prince. His wife was unfaithful to his bed; and 
committed adultery with Acrotatus. Ptut. in 
Pyrrh — Paus. 1, c. 3. -A general who as- 
sisted the Tarentines, and was conquered by 
iEmylius the Roman consul. Strab. 6, A 



person so cowardly that Cleonymo timidior be- 
came proverbial. 

Cleopater, an officer of Aratus. 

Cleopatra, the grand-daughter of Attains, 
betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, after he had 
divorced Olympias. When Philip was murder- 
ed by Pausanias, Cleopatra was seized by order 
of Olympias, and put to death. Diod. 16. — Jus- 
tin. 9, c. 7. — Plut. in Pyrrh. A sister of 

Alexander the Great, who married Pcrdiccas, 
and was killed by Antigonus, as she attempted 
to fly to Ptolemy in Egypt. Diod. 16 and 20. — 

Justin. 9, c. 6, 1. 13, c. 6. A harlot of 

Claudius Caesar A daughter of Boreas. 

[Vid. Cleobula.] A daughter of Idas and 

Marpessa, daughter of Evenus. king of iEtolia. 
She married Meleager, son of king (Eneus. Ho- 
mer. 11. 9, v. 52. — Paus. 5, c. 2. One of 

the Danaides. Jipollod. 2, c. 1 A daugh- 
ter of Amyntas of Ephesus. Paus. 1, c. 44. 
— —A wife of Tigranes, king of Armenia, sis- 
ter of Mithridates. Justin. 38, c, 3 A 

daughter of Tros and Callirhoe. Jlpollod. 3, c. 

12. A daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, who 

married Alexander Bala, and afterwards Nica- 
nor. She killed Seleucus, Nicanor's son, be- 
cause he ascended the throne without ber ton- 
sent. She was suspected of preparing poisoa 
for Antiochus her son, and compelled to drink 
it herself, B. C. 120.— — A wife and sister 
of Ptolemy Evergetes, who raised her son Al- 
exander, a minor, to the throne of Egypt, in 
preference to his elder brother, Ptolemy Lathu- 
rus, whose interest the people favoured. As 
Alexander was odious, Cleopatra suffered La- 
thurus to ascend the throne, on condition, how- 
ever, that he should repudiate his sister and 
wife, called Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca, his 
younger sister. She afterwards raised ber fa- 
vourite, Alexander, to the throne; but her cru- 
elties were so odious that he fled to avoid her 
tyranny. Cleopatra laid snares for him; and 
when Alexander heard it, he put her to death. 

Justin. 39, c. 3 and 4. A queen of Egypt, 

daughter of Ptolemy Auletes. and sister and 
wife to Ptolemy Dionysius, celebrated for her 
beauty and her cunning. She admitted Caesar 
to her arms, to influence him to give her the 
kingdom, in preference to her brother, who had 
expelled her, and had a son by bim, called Caesa- 
rion. As she had supported Brutus, Antony, in his 
expedition to Parthia, summoned her to appear 
before him. She arrayed herself in the most 
magnificent apparel, and appeared before her 
judge in the most captivating attire. Her ar- 
tifice succeeded: Antony became enamoured of 
her, and publicly married her, forgetful of his 
connexions with Octavia, the sister of Augustus. 
He gave her the greatest part of the eastern 
provinces of the Roman empire. This beha- 
viour was the cause of a rupture between Au- 
gustus and Antony; and these two celebrated 
Romans met at Actium, where Cleopatra, by 
flying with sixty sail, ruined the interest of An- 
tony, and he was defeated. Cleopatra had re- 
tired to Egypt, where soon after Antony followed 
her. Antony killed himself upon the false in- 
formation that Cleopatra was dead; and as his 
wound was not mortal, he was carried to the 



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queen, who drew him up by a cord from one of 
the windows of the monument, where she had 
retired aud concealed herself. Autony soon af- 
ter died of his wounds, and Cleopatra, after she 
had received pressing invitations from Augustus, 
and even pretended declarations of love, de- 
stroyed herself by the bite of an asp, not to fall 
into the conqueror's hands. She had previous- 
ly attempted to stab herself, and had once 
made a resolution to starve herself. Cleopatra 
was a voluptuous and extravagant woman, and 
in oue of the feasts she gave to Antony at Alex- 
andria, she melted pearls into her drink, to ren- 
der her entertainment more sumptuous and ex- 
pensive. She was fond of appearing dressed as 
the goddess Isis; and she advised Autony to 
make war against the richest nations to support 
her debaucheries. Her beauty has been great- 
ly commended, and her mental perfections so 
highly celebrated, that she has been described 
as capable of giving audience to the ambassa- 
dors of seven different nations, and of speaking 
their various languages as fluently as her own. 
In Antony's absence she improved the public 
library of Alexandria, with the addition of that 
of Pergamus. Two treatises, de medicamine fa- 
ciei epistoloz erotica, and de morbis mulierum, 
have been falsely attributed to her. She died 
B. C. 30 years, after a reign of 24 years, aged 
39. Egypt became a Roman province at her 
death. Flor. 4, c. 11 — Appian. 5, Bell. Civ. 
— Plut. in Pomp. &f Ant- — Herat. 1, od. 37, v. 
21, &c— Strab. 17. A daughter of Ptole- 
my Epiphanes, who married Philometor, and 
afterwards Physcon of Gyrene. 

Cleopatris or Arsinoe, a fortified town of 
Egypt on the Arabian gulf. 

Cleophanes, an orator. 

Cleophanthus, a son of Themistocles, fa- 
mous for his skill in riding. 

Cleophes, a queen of India, who submitted 
to Alexander, by whom, as some suppose, she 
had a son. Curt. 8, c. 10. 

Cleopholus, a Samian, who wrote an ac- 
count of Hercules. 

Cleophon, a tragic poet of Athens. 

Cleophylus, a man whose posterity saved 
the poems of Homer. Plut. 

Cleopompus, an Athenian, who took Throni- 
um, and conquered the Locrians, &c. Thucyd. 

2, c. 26 and 58 A man who married the 

nymph Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. 
As Cleodora was beloved by Neptune, some have 
supposed that she had two husbands. Paus. 10. 
c. 6. 

Cleoptolemus, a man of Chalcis, whose 
daughter was given in marriage to Antiochus 
Liv. 36, c 11. 

Cleopus, a son of Codrus. Paus. 7, c. 2. 

Cleora, the wife of Agesilaus. Plut. in Ages. 

Cleostratus, a youth devoted to be sacri- 
ficed to a serpent, among the Thespians, &c. 

Paus. 9, c. 26. An ancient philosopher and 

astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 years before 
Christ. He first found the constellations of the 
zodiac, and reformed the Greek calendar. 

Cleoxenus, wrote an history of Persia. 

Clepsydra, a fountain of Messenia. Paus. 
4, c. 31. 



Cleri, a people of Attica. 

Clesides, a Greek painter, about 276 years 
before Christ, who revenged the injuries he had 
received from queen Stratonice, by representing 
her in the arms of a fisherman. However in- 
decent the painter might represent the queen, 
she was drawn with such personal beauty, that 
she preserved the piece, and liberally rewarded 
the artist. 

Cxeta and Phaenna, two of the Graces, ac- 
cording to some. Paus. 3, c. 18. 

Clidemus, a Greek who wrote the history of 
Attica. Vossius H. Gr. 3. 

Climax, a pass of mount Taurus, formed by 
the projection of a brow into the Mediterranean 
sea. Strab. 14. 

Climentts, a son of Areas, descended from 
Hercules. 

Clinias, a Pythagorean philosopher and mu- 
sician, 520 years before the Christian era. Plut. 

Symp JEtian. V. H. 14, c. 23- A son of 

Alcibiades, the bravest man in the Grecian fleet 
that fought against Xerxes. Herodot. 8, c. 7. 
The father of Alcibiades, killed at the bat- 
tle of Coronea. Plut. in Ale The father 

of Aratus, killed by Abantidas, B. C. 263. Plut. 
in *1rat. A friend of Solon. Id. in Sol. 

Clinippides, an Athenian general in Lesbos. 
Diod. 12. 

Clinus of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks, 
in the pay of king Nectanebus. He was killed 
with some of his troops, by Nicostratus and the 
Argives, as he passed the Nile. Diod. 16. 

Clio, the first of the Muses, daughter of Ju- 
piter and Mnemosyne. She presided over his- 
tory. She is represented crowned with laurels, 
holding in one hand a trumpet, and a book in 
the other. Sometimes she holds a plectrum or 
quill with a lute. Her name signifies honour 
and reputation, (has©-', gloria;) and it was her 
office faithfully to record the actions of brave 
and illustrious heroes. She had Hyacintha by 
Pierus son of Magnes. She was also mother 
of Hymenals, and Ialemus, according to others. 
Hesiod Theog, v. 75. — Apollcd. l,c. 3. — Strab. 

14. -One of Cyrene's nymphs. Virg. G. 4, 

v. 341. 

Clisithera, a daughter of Idomeneus, pro- 
mised in marriage to Leucus, by whom she was 
murdered. 

Clisthenes", the last tyrant of Sicyon. Aris- 

tot. An Athenian of the family of Alcmseon. 

It is said that he first established ostracism, and 
that he was the first who was banished by that 
institution. He banished Isagoras, and was 
himself soon after restored. Plut. in Arist. 

Herodot. 5, c. 66", &c. A person censured 

as effeminate and incontinent. Aristot. An 

orator. Cic. in Biut. c. 7. 

Clit^:, a people of Cilicia. Tacit. Ann. 

12, c. 55. A place near mount Athos. Liv. 

44, c 11. 

Clitarchus, a man who made himself ab- 
solute at Eietria, by means of Philip of Mace- 
donia. He was ejected by Phocion.- An 

historian, who accompanied Alexander the 
Great, of whose life he wrote the history. Curt. 
9, c. 5. 

Clite, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung herself 



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when she saw her husband dead. J3pollon. 1. 
— Orpheus. 

Cliternia, a town of Italy. Mela, 2, c. 4. 

Clitodemus, an ancient writer Pans. 10, 
e. 15. 

Clitomachus, a Carthaginian philosopher of 
the third academy, who was pupil and succes- 
sor to Carneades at Athens, B. C. 128. Oiog. 

in vita. An athlete of a modest countenance 

and behaviour. JElian. V. H. 3, c. 30. 

Clytonymus, wrote a treatise on Sybaris and 
Italy. 

Clitophon, a man of Rhodes, who wrote an 
history of India, &c 

Clitor, a son of Lycaon. A son of Azan, 

who iounded a city in Arcadia, called after his 
name. Paus. 8, c 4. — Apotlod, 3, c. 8. Ceres, 
iEsculapius, Uythia, the Dioscuri, and other 
deities, had temples in that city. There was 
also in the town a fountain called Clitonum, 
whose waters gave a dislike for wine. Ovid. 

Met. 15, v. 322.— P/in. 32, c. 2.- A river 

of Arcadia. Paus. c. 12. 

Clitouia, the wife of Cimon the Athenian 

Clytumnus, a river of Campania, whose wa- 
ters, when drunk, made oxen white. Propert. 
2, el. 10, v. 25.— Virg. G. 2, v. 146.— Plin. 
2, c 103. 

Clitus, a familiar friend and foster-brother 
of Alexander. He had saved the king's life in 
a bloody battle. Alexander killed him with a 
javelin, in a fit of anger, because, at a feast, he 
preferred the actions of Philip to those of his 
son. Alexander was inconsolable for the loss 
of a friend, whom he had sacrificed in the hour 
of drunkenness and dissipation. Justin. 12, c. 
6. — Plut. in Mex. — Curt. 4, &e. A com- 
mander of Polyperchon's ships, defeated by An- 

tigonus. Diod 18. An officer sent by An- 

tipater, with 240 ships, against the Athenians, 
whom he conquered near Echinades. Diod. 

18. A Trojan prince, killed by Teucer. 

A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a book on 
Miletus. 

Cloacina, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
over the Cloacae. Some suppose her to be Venus, 
whose statue was found in the Cloaca, whence 
the name. The Cloacae were large receptacles 
for the filth and dung of the whole city, begun 
by Tarquin the elder, and finished by Tarquin 
the Proud. They were built all under the city; 
so that, according to an expression of Pliny, 
Rome seemed to be suspended between heaven 
earth. The building was so strong, and the 
stones so large, that though they were continual- 
ly washed by impetuous torrents, they remained 
unhurt during above 700 years. There were 
public officers chosen to take care of the Cloacae, 
called Curatores Cloacarum urbis. Liv. 3, c. 
48.— Plin. 5, c. 29. 

Cloanthus, one of the companions of iEneas, 
from whom the family of the Cluentii at Rome 
were descended. Virg. Mn. 5, v. 122. 

Clodia, the wife of Lucullus, repudiated for 

her lasciviousness. Plut. in Lucull An 

opulent matron at Rome, mother of D, Brutus. 
Cic ad Attic. A vestal virgin. Vid. Clau- 
dia. Another of the same family who suc- 

cessfnlly repressed the rudeness of a tribune 



that attempted to stop the procession of her 
father in ms triumph through the streets of 

Rome. Cic. pro M. C<d A woman who 

married Q. Meteilus, and afterwards disgraced 
herself by her amours with Coelius, and her 
incest with her brother Publius, for which he 
is severely and eloquently arraigned by Cicero. 
Ibid. 

Clodia lex de Cypro, was enacted by the 
tribune Clouius, A. U. C. 695, to reduce Cyprus 
into a Roman province, and expose Ptolemy 
king of Egypt to sale in his regal ornaments. 
It empowered Cato to go with the praetorian 
power, and see the auction of the king's goods, 
and commissioned him to return the money to 

Rome. Another, de Magistratibus, A. U. C. 

695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade the 
censors to put a stigma or mark of infamy upon 
any person who had not been actually accused 
and condemned by both the censors. An- 
other, de Religione, by the same, A. U. C. 696, 
to deprive the priest of Cybele, a native of Pes- 
sinus. of his office, and confer the priesthood 

upon Brotigonus, a Galld-grecian. Another, 

de Provinciis, A. U. C. 695, which nominated 
the provinces of Syria, Babylon, and Persia, to 
the consul Gabinus, and Achaia, Thessaly, 
Macedon, and Greece, to his colleague Piso, 
with pro-consular power. It empowered them 
to defray the expenses of their march from the 

public treasury. Another, A. U. C. 695, 

which required the same distribution of corn 
among the people gratis, as had been given them 

before at six asses and a triens the bushel. 

Another, A. U. C. 695, by the same, de Judiciis. 
It called to an account such as had executed a 
Roman citizen without a judgment of the peo- 
ple, and all the formalities of a trial. Ano- 
ther, by the same, to pay no attention to the 
appearances of the heavens, while any affair was 

before the people. Another to make the 

power of the tribunes free, in making and pro- 
posing laws. Another, to re-establish the 

companies of artists, which had been instituted 
by Numa; but since his time abolished. 

Clodii Forum, a town of Italy. Plin. 9, 
c. 15. 

Pb. Clodius, a Roman descended from an 
illustrious family, and remarkable for his licen- 
tiousness, avarice, and ambition. He commit- 
ted incest with his three sisters, and introduced 
himself in women's clothes into the house of J. 
Caesar, whilst Pompeia, Caesar's wife, of whom 
he was enamoured, was celebrating the myste- 
ries of Ceres, where no man was, permitted to 
appear. He was accused for this violation of 
human and divine laws: but he corrupted his 
judges, and by that means, screened himself 
from justice. He descended from a patrician 
into a plebeian family to become a tribune. 
He was such an enemy to Cato, that he made 
him go with praetorian power, in an expedition 
against Ptolemy king of Cyprus, that, by the 
difficulty of the campaign, he might ruin his 
reputation, and destroy his interest at Rome 
during his absence. Cato, however, by his un- 
common success, frustrated the views of Clodius. 
He was also an inveterate enemy to Cicero; and 
by his influence he banished him from Rome, 



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partly on pretence that he had punished with 
death, and without trial, the adherents of Cati- 
line. He wreaked his vengeance upon Cicero's 
house, which he burnt, and set all his goods to 
sale; which, however, to his great mortification, 
no one offered to buy. In spite of Clodius, 
Cicero was recalled, and all his goods restored 
to him. Clodius was some time after murdered 
by Milo, whose defence Cicero took upon him- 
self. PlvX. in Cic. — Jlppian. de Civ. 2 — Cic. 

pro JWilon. Sf pro Domo. — Dio. A certain 

author, quoted by Plut. Licinius wrote an 

history of Rome. Liv. 29, c. 22. Quiri- 

nalis, a rhetorician in Nero's age. Tacit 1, 

Hist. c. 7. Sextus, a rhetorician of Sicily, 

intimate with M Antony, whose preceptor he 
was. Suet, de Clar. Or at — Cic. in Philip. 

Cl<elia, a Roman virgin, given with other 
maidens as hostages to Porsenna king of Etru- 
ria. She escaped from her confinement, and 
swam across the Tiber to Rome. Her unpre- 
cedented virtue was rewarded by her country- 
men, with an equestrian statue in the Via Sacra. 
Liv. 2, c. 13.— Virg JEn 8, v. 651.— Dionys. 

Hal. 5. — Juv. 8, v. 265. A patrician family, 

descended from Cloelius one of the companions 
of iEneas. -Dionys. 

CLCELiiE Boss^E, a place near Rome. Pint, 
in Coriol. 

Cl(elius Gracchus, a general of the Volsci 
and Sabmes against Rome, conquered by Q. 

Cincinnatus the dictator. Tullus, a Roman 

ambassador put to death by Tolumnius, king of 
the Veientes. 

Clonas, a musician. Plut. de Music. 

Clonia, the mother of Nycteus. Apollod. 
3, c. 10. 

Clonius, a Boeotian, who went with 50 ships 
to the Trojan war Homer. II. 2. A Tro- 
jan killed by Messapus in Italy. Virg. JEn. 

10, v. 749. Another, killed by Turhus. Id. 

9, v. 574. 

Clotho, the youngest of the three Parcas, 
daughter of Jupiter and Themis, or according 
to Hesiod, of Night, was supposed to preside 
over the moment that we are born. She held 
the distaff in her hand, and span the thread of 
life, whence her name (xxa3-«/v, to spin.) She 
was represented wearing a crown with seven 
stars, and covered with a variegated robe- Fid. 
Parcae. Hesiod. Theog. v. 218.— rfpollod 1, 
c. 3. 

Cluacina, a name of Venus, whose statue 
was erected in that place where peace was made 
between the Romans and Sabines, after the rape 
of the virgins. Vid. Cloacina. 

Cluentius, a Roman citizeu, accused by his 
mother of having murdered his father, 54 years 
B. C. He was ably defended by Cicero, in an 
oration still extant. The family of the Cluentii 
was descended from Cloanthus, one of the com- 
panions of iEneas. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 122. — 
Cic. pro Cluent. 

Cluilia fossa, a place five miles distant from 
Rome. Liv. 1, c. 23, I. 2, c. 39. 

Clupea and Clypea. now rfklibia, a town 
of Africa Propria, 22 miles east of Carthage, 
which receives its name from its exact resem- 
blance to a shield, clyptus. Lucan. 4, v. 586. 



Strab. 17.— Liv. 27, c. 29.— Cass. Civ. 2, 
c. 23. 

Clcsia, a daughter of an Etrurian king, of 
whom V. Torquatusthe Roman general became 
enamoured. He asked her of her father, who 
slighted his addresses; upon which he besieged 
and destroyed his town. Clusia threw herself 
down from a high tower, and came -o the ground 
unhurt. Plut. in Par all. 

Clusini fontes, baths in Etruria. Horat. 
1, ep. 15, v. 9. 

Clusium, now Chiusi, a town of Etruria, 
taken by the Gauls under Brennus. Porsenna 
was buried there. At the north of Clusium 
there was a lake called Clusina lacus, which 
extended northward as far as Arretium, and had 
a communication with the Arnus which falls in- 
to the sea at Pisa. Diod. 14. — Virg. JEn. 10, 
v. 167 and 655. 

Clusius, a river of Cisalpine Gaul . Polyb. 2. 

The surname of Janus, when his temple 

was shut. Ovid. Fast. 1, v 130. 

Cluvia, a noted debauchee, &c. Juv. 2, 
v. 49. 

Cluvius Rufus, a quaestor, A. U. C 693. — 

Cic ad Fam. 13, ep. 56. A man of Puteoii 

appointed by Cxsar to divide the lands of Gaul, 
Ike. Cic JHv. 13, c. 7. 

Clymene, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys 
who married Japetus, by whom she had Atlas, 
Prometheus, Menoetius, and Lpimetbeus. He> 

siod. Theog. One of the Nereides, mother 

of Mnemosyne by Jupiter. Hygin. The 

mother of Thesimenus by Parlhenopanis. Id. 

fab. 71. A daughter of Mymas, mother of 

Atalauta by Jasus. Jlpoilod. 3. A daughter 

of Crateus, who married Nauplius. Id. 2 — — 
The mother of Phajton by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 

1, v. 756. A Trojan woman. Paus 10, c 

26. The mother of Homer. Id. 10, c. 24. 



A female servant of Helen, who accom- 
panied her mistress to Troy, when she eloped 
with Paris. Ovid. Heroid. 17, v. 287. — Homer. 
It. 3, v, 144. 

Clymeneides, a patronymic given to Phae- 
ton's sisters, who were daughters of Clymene. 

ClYmenus, a king of Orchornenos, son of 
Presbon, and father of Erginus, Stratius, Arrhon, 
and Axius. He received a wound from a stone 
thrown by a Theban, of which he died. His 
son Erginus who succeeded him, made war 
against the Thebans, to revenge his death. 

Paus. 9, c. 37. One of the descendants of 

Hercules, who built a temple to Minerva of 

Cydonia. Id. 6, c. 21. A son of Phoroneus. 

Id. 2, c. 35. A king of E!is. Id. A son 

of CEneus king of Calydon. 

Clysonymus, a son of Amphidamus, killed 
by Patroclus. Jipollod. 3, c 13. 

Clytemnestra, a daughter of Tyndarus king 
of Sparta, by Lcda. She was born, together 
with her brother Castor, from one of the eggs 
which her mother brought forth after her amour 
with Jupiter, under the form of a swan. Cly- 
temnestra married Agamemnon king of Argos. 
She had before married Tantalus, son of Thy- 
estes, according to some authors. When Aga- 
memnon went to the Trojan war, he left his 
cousin iEgysthus to take care of his wife, of his 
Dd 



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family, and all his domestic affairs. Besides 
this, a certain favourite musician was appointed 
by Agamemnon, to watch over the conduct of 
the guardian, as well as that of Clytemnestra. 
In the absence of Agamemnon, JEgysthns made 
his court to Clytemnestra, and publicly lived 
with her. Her infidelity reached the ears of 
Agamemnon before the walls of Troy, and he 
resolved to take full revenge upon the adulterers 
at his return He was prevented from putting 
his schemes into execution; Clytemnestra, with 
her adulterer, murdered him at his arrival, as 
he came out of the bath, or, according to other 
accounts, as he sat down at a feast prepared to 
celebrate his happy return. Cassandra, whom 
Agamemuon had brought from Troy, shared his 
fate; and Orestes would also have been deprived 
of his life, like his lather, had not his sister 
Electra removed him from the reach of Cly- 
temnestra. After this murder, Clytemnestra 
publicly marrsed JEgysfhus, and he ascended 
the throne of Argos. Orestes, after an absence 
of seven years, returned to Mycenae, resolved to 
avenge his father's murder. He concealed him- 
self in the house of his sister Electra, who had 
been married by the adulterers to a person of 
mean extraction and indigent circumstances. 
His death was publicly announced; and when 
iEgysthus and Clytemnestra repaired to the 
temple of Apollo, to return thanks to the god, 
for the death of the surviving son of Agamem- 
non, Orestes, who with his faithful friend Pyiades, 
had concealed himself in the temple, rushed 
upon the adulterers, and killed them with his 
own hand. They were buried without the walls 
of the city, as their remains were deemed un- 
worthy to be laid in the sepulchre of Agamem- 
non. Vid. iEgysthus, Agamemnon, Orestes, 
Electra. Diod. 4. — Bomtr. Od. 11. — Apollod. 
3, c. 10. — Pans. 2, c. 18 and 22. — Euripid. 
Iphig. in Aul. — Hygin. fab. Ill and 140. — 
Propert. 3, el. 19 — Virg. JEn. 4, v. 471. — 
Philostr. Icon. 2, c. 9. 

Clytja or Clytie, a daughter of Oceanus 
and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She was de- 
serted by her lover, who paid his addresses to 
Leucothoe; and this so irritated her, thai she 
discovered the whole intrigue to her rival's fa- 
ther. Apolio despised her the* more for this, 
and she pined away, and was changed into a 
flower, commonly called a sun-flower, which still 
turns its head towards the sun in his course, as 
in pledge of her love Ovid. Met 4, fab. 3, 

&c. A daughter of Amphidamus, mother of 

Pelops, by Tantalus. A concubine of Amyn- 

tor, son of Phrastor, whose calumny caused 
Amyntor to put out the eyes of his falsely accus- 
ed son Phoenix. A daughter of Pandarus. 

Clytius, a son of Laomedon, by Strymo. 

Hem. It. 10 A youth in the army of iur- 

nus, beloved by Cyclon. Virg JP.n. 10. v. 325. 

A giant killed by Vulcan, in the war waged 

against the gods. Apollod. 1, c. 6. The 

father of Pireus, who faithfully attended Tcle- 

machus. Homer. Od. 15, v. 251. A son of 

/Coins, who followed /Eneas in Italy, where he 
was killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 774. 

A son of Alcmaeon, the son of Amphiaraus. 

Paus. 6, c. 17. 



Clytus, a Greek in the Trojan war, killed 
by Hector. Homer. II. II, v. 302. 

Cnacadium, a mountain of Laconia. Paws. 
3. c. 24. 

Cnacalis, a mountain of Arcadia, where fes* 
tivals were celebrated in honour of Diana. Id. 
8, c. 23. 

Cnagia, a surname of Diana. 

Cnemus, a Macedonian general, unsuccessful 
in an expedition against the Acarnanians. Diod. 
12.— Tliucyd. 2, c. 66, &c 

Cneus or Cn.s:us, a praenomen common to 
many Romans. 

Cnjdinium, a name given to a monument 
near Ephesus. 

Cnidus and Gnidus, a town and a promon- 
tory of Doris in Caria. Venus was the chief 
deity of the place, and had there a famous sta- 
tue made by Praxiteles. Horat. 1, od. 30. — 
Plin. 36, c. 15. 

Cnopcs, one of the descendants of Codrus, 
who went to settle a colony, &c. Polyozn. 8. 

Cnossia, a mistress of Menelaus. Apollod. 

3, c- 11. 

Cnosus, or Gnossus, a town of Crete, about 
25 stadia from the sea. It was built by Minos, 
and had a famous labyrinth Paus. 1, c. 27. 

Co, Coos, and Cos, now Zia, one of the Cy- 
clades, situate near the coasts of Asia, about 15 
miles from Haiicarnassus. Its chief town is 
called Cos, and anciently bore the name of As- 
typaiasa. It gave birth to Hippocrates, Apelles, 
and Simonides, and was famous for its fertility, 
for the wine and silk-worms which it produced, 
and for the manufacture of silk and cotton of a 
beautiful ana delicate texture The women of 
the isiand always dressed in white; and their 
garments were so clear and thin, that their bo- 
dies could be seen through, according to Ovid. 
Met 7, fab. 9. The women of Cos were chang- 
ed into cows by Venus or Juno; whom they re- 
proached for suffering Hercules to lead Geryon's 
flocks through their territories. Tibull. 2, el. 

4, v. 29.— Horat. 1, Sat 2, v. 101.— Strab. 14. 
-r-Plin. 11, c. 23.— Propert 1, el. 2, v. 2, 1. 2, 
el. 1, v. 5, 1. 4, el. 2, v. 22.— Ovid. Jl. A. 2, v. 
298. -' 

Coamani, a people of Asia. Mela, 1, c. 2. 

Coasted and Coactr.'E, a people of Asia, 
near the Palus Mxotis. Lucan. 3, v. 246. 

Cobares, a celebrated magician of Media, 
in the age of Alexander. Curt 7, c. 4. 

Cocalus, a king of Sicily, who hospitably re- 
ceived Daedalus, when he fled before Minos. 
When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters of 
Cocalus destroyed him. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 261. 
—Diod. 4. 

Cocceius Nerva a friend of Horace and 
Meexnas, and grandfather to the emperor Ner- 
va. He was one of those who settled the dis- 
putes between Augustus and Antony. He af- 
terwards accompanied Tiberius in his retreat in 
Campania, and starved himself to death. Tacit. 
Ann. 4, c. 58, and 6, c. 26. Horat 1, Sat. 5. 

v. 27. An architect of Rome, one of whose 

buildings is still in being, the present cathedral 

of Naples. A nephew of Otho. Plut 

A man whom to Nero granted a triumph, after the 



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discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacit. 1 5, 
Ann. c. 72. 

Coccygius, a mountain of PelopoDnesus. 
Pans. 2. c. 36. 

Cocintum, a promontory of the Srutii, now 
Cape Stllo. 

Cocles, Pub. Horat. a celebrated Roman, 
who, alone, opposed the whole army of Porsen- 
na at the head of a bridge, while his compa- 
nions behind him were cutting otf tne commu- 
nication with the other shore. When the bridge 
was destroyed, Cocles, though seveiely wound- 
ed in the leg oy the darts of the enemy, leapt into 
the Tiber, and swam across with his arms. A 
brazen statue was raised to him in the temple 
of Vulcan, by the consul Publicola, for his emi- 
nent services. He had the use only of one eye, 
as Caclts signifies, Liv. 2, c. 10.— Vul. Max. 
3, c. 2.— Virg, Mix. 8, v, 650. 

Cocti.e. and Cottle, certain parts of the 
Alps, called after Coctms, the conqueror of the 
Gauls, who was in alliance with Augustus, Ta- 
cit. Hist 

Cocytus, a river of Epirus. The word is de- 
rived from Ket*viiv, to loeep and to lammt. Its 
etymology, the unwholesomeness of its water, 
and, above all, its vicinity to the Acheron, have 
made the poets call it one of the rivers of heil. 
hence Cocylia virgo, applied to Alecto_, one of 
the furies, Virg. G. 3, v. 38, 1. 4, v. 419. JEn* 
6, v. 297, 323. I. 7, v. 479.— Pans. 1, c, 17. 

A river of Campania, flowing into the Lu- 

crine lake. 

Codanus sinus, one of the ancient names of 
the Baltic. Plin, 4, c. 13. 

Codomanus, a surname of Darius the third, 
king of Persia, 

Codrid-e, the descendants of Codrus, who 
went from Athens at the head of several colo- 
nies. Pans. 1. c. 2. 

Codropolis, a town of Illyricum. 

Codrus, the 17th and last king of Athens, 
son of Melanthus. When the Herac'idag made 
war against Athens, the oracle declared that 
the victory would be granted to that nation whose 
kiug was killed in battle. The Heraclidae upon 
this gave strict orders to spare the life of Codrus; 
' but the patriotic king disguised himself, and at- 
tacked one of the enemy, by whom he was killed. 
The Athenians obtained the victory, and Codrus 
was deservedly called the father of his country. 
He reigned 22 years, and was killed 1070 years 
before the christian era. To pay greater ho- 
nour to his memory, the Athenians made a re- 
solution, that no man after Codrus should reign 
in Athens under the name of king, and there- 
fore the government was put into the hands of 
perpetual archons. Paterc. 1, c. 2. — Justin. 2, 
c. 6 and 7. — Pans. 1, c. 19 1. 7, c 25. — Vat. 

Max 5. c. 6 A man who, with his brothers. 

kiled Hegesias, tyrant of Ephesus, &c Po- 
ly, n 6, c. 49. A Latin poet, contemporary 

with Virgil. Vug. Eel. 7. Another, in the 

reign of Domitian, whose poverty became a pro- 
verb. Juv. 3, v. 203. 

Cozcilius, a centurion Cats. Civ. Bell. 

Coela, a place in the bay of Eubeea. Liv. 
31,c 47. Apart of Attica. Strab. 10. 

Co2lalet,e, a people of Thrace. 



Ccslesyria and Cgelosyria, a country of 

Syria, between mount Libanus and Antilibanus, 
where the Orontes takes its rise. Its capital 

was Damascus. Antiochus Cyzicenus gave 

this name to that part of Syria which he obtain- 
ed as his share, when he divided his father's da- 
minions with Grypus, B. C. 112. Dionys. Perieg. 

C(elia, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in. Syll. 
The Cce'.ian family, which was plebeian, but 
honoured with the consulship, was descended 
from Vibenna Coeles, an Etrurian, who came to 
settle at Rome in the age of Romulus. 

Cozlius, a Roman, defended by Cicero. 

Two brothers of Tarracina, accused of having 
murdered their father in his bed. They were 
acquitted, when it was proved that they were 
both asleep at the time of the murder. Vol. 

Max. 8 c. 1. — Pint, in Cic A general of 

Carbo An orator. Id. in Pomp. A 

lieutenant of Antony's. Curser, a Roman 

knight, in the age of Tiberius. A man, who 

after spending his all in dissipation and luxury, 
became a public robber with his friend Birrhus. 

Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 69. A Roman historian, 

who flourished B. C. 121. A hill of Rome. 

Vid. Caelius. 

Co3lus or Uranus, an ancient deity, sup- 
posed to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus, Hy- 
perion, &c He was son of Terra, whom he 
afterwards married. The number of his chil- 
dren, according to some, amonnted to forty -five. 
They were called Titans, and were so closely 
confined by their father, that they conspired 
against him, and were supported by their mo- 
ther, who provided them with a scythe. Saturn 
armed himself with his scythe, and deprived his 
father of the organs of generation, as he was 
going to unite himself to Terra. From the 
blood which issued from the wound, sprang the 
giants, furies, and nymphs. The mutilated 
parts were thrown into the sea, and from them, 
and the foam which they occasioned, arose Ve- 
nus the goddess of beauty. Hesiod. &c. 

Coznus, an officer of Alexander, son-in-law 
to Parmenio. He died of a distemper, in his 
return from India. Curl. 9, c. 3. — Diod. 17. 

Co2ranus, a stoic philosopher. Tacit. Ann. 

14, c. 52. A person slain by Ulysses. Ovid. 

Met. 13, v. 157. A Greek Charioteer to Me- 

rion. He was killed by Hector. Homer. II. 17, 
v. 610. 

Ccsus, a son of Ccelus and Terra. He was 
father of Latona, Asteria, &c. by Phoebe. He- 
siod. Th. 135 and 405. Virg. G. 1, v. 279. 

A river of Messenia, flowing by Electra, 

Pairs. 4. c. 33. 

Coes, a man of Mitylene, made sovereign 
master of his country, by Darius. His coun- 
trymen stoued him to death. Herodot. 5, c. 11 
and 3S. 

Cogamus, a river of Lydia. Plin. 5, c. 29. 

Cogidunus, a king of Britain, faithful to 
Rome. Tacit. Agric. c 14. 

Coiubus, a river of Asia, near Pontus. 

Cohors, a division in the Roman armies, 
consisting of about 600 men. It was the sixth 
part of a legion, and consequently its number 
Avas under the same fluctuation as that of the le- 
gions, being sometimes more, and sometimes less. 



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Colj^nus, a king of Attica, before the age of 
Cecrops, according to some accounts. Pans. 1, 
c. 31. 

Colaxes, a son of Jupiter and Ora. Flacc. 
6, v. 48. 

Colaxais, one of the remote ancestors of the 
the Scythians. Hercdot. 4, c. 5, &c. 

Colchi, the inhabitants of Colchis. 

Colchis and Colchos, a country of Asia, at 
the south of Asiatic Sarmatia, east of the Eux- 
ine sea, north of Armenia, and west of Iberia, 
now called Mingrelia. It is famous for the ex- 
pedition of the Argonauts, and the birth place 
of Medea. It was fruitful in poisonous herbs, 
and produced excellent flax. The inhabitants 
were originally Egyptians, who settled there 
when Sesostris king of Egypt extended his con- 
quests in the north. From the country arise the 
epithets Colchus, Colckicus, Colchiachus, and 
Medea receives the name of Colchis. Juv. 6, 
v. 640.— Flacc 5, v. 418.— Horat. 2, od. 13, 
v. 8.— Strab. 11.— Ptol. 5, c. 10.— Ovid. Met. 
13, v. 24. Amor. 2, el. 14, v. 28.— Mela, 1, 
c. 19, 1. 2, c 3. 

Colenda, a town of Spain, 

Colias, now Agio Nicolo, a promontory of 
Attica, in the form of a man's foot, where Ve- 
nus had a temple. Herodot. 8, c- 96. 

Collatia, a town on the Anio, built by the 
people of Alba. It was there that Sext. Tar- 
quin offered violence to Lucretia. Liv. 1, 37, 
&c— Strab. S.—Virg. JEn 6, v. 774. 

L. Tarquinius Collatinus, a nephew of 
Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia, to 
whom Sext. Tarquin offered violence. He, 
with Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome, 
and were made first consuls. As he was one 
of the Tarquins, so much abominated by all the 
Roman people, he laid down his office of consul, 
and retired to Alba in voluntary banishment, 

Liv. 1, c. 57, I. 2, c 2.—Flor. 1, c. 9. One 

of the seven hills of Rome. 

Collina, one of the gates of Rome, on mount 
Quirinalis. Ovid. 4, Fast, v, 871, A god- 
dess at Rome, who presided over hills. One 

of the original tribes established by Romulus. 

Collucja, a lascivious woman, &c. Juv. 6, 
v. 306. 

Jun. Colo, a governor of Pontus, who brought 
Mithridates to the emperor Claudius. Tacit. 
12, Ann. c. 21. 

Colons, a place of Troas. Ntpos. 4, c. 3. 

Colone, a city of Phocis of Erythrsea 

of Thessaly of Messenia . A rock of 

Asia, on the Thracian Bospborus. 

Colonia Agripptna, a city of Germany on 

the Rhine, now Cologne. Equescris, a town 

on the lake of Geneva, now Noyon. Mori- 

norum, a town of Gaul, now Terrouen, in Ar- 
tois. Norbensis, a town of Spain, now Al- 
cantara. Trajana, or Ulpia, a town of Ger- 
many, now Keller, near Cieves. Vqlentia, a 

town of Spaiu, which now bears the same name. 

Colonos, an eminence near Athens, where 
CEdipus retired during his banishment, from 
which circumstance Sophocles has given the ti- 
tle of (Edipus Coloneus to one of his tragedies. 

Colophon, a town of Ionia, at a small dis- 



tance from the sea, first built by Mopsus the son 
of Manto, and colonized by the sons of Codrus. 
It was the native country of Mimnermus, Nican- 
der, and Xenophanes, and one of the cities which 
disputed for the honour of having given birth to 
Homer. Apollo had a temple there. — Strab. 14. 
Plin. 14, c. 20.— Pans. 7, c. 3.— Tacit. Ann. 
2, c. 54.— Cic. pro Arch. Poet. S.—Ovid. Met. 
6, v. 8. 

Colosse and Colossts, a large town of Phry- 
gia, near Laodicea, of which the government was 
democratical and the first ruler called arcbon. 
One of the first christian churches was establish- 
ed there, and one of St Paul's epistles was ad- 
dressed to it. Plin. 21, c. 9. 

Colossus, a celebrated brazen image at 
Rhodes, which passed for one of the seven won- 
ders of the world. Its feet were upon the two 
moles which formed the entrance of the harbour, 
and ships passed full sail between its legs. It 
was 70 cubits, or 105 feet high, and every thing 
in equal proportion, and few could clasp round 
its thumb. It was the work of Chares, the dis- 
ciple of Lysippus, and the artist was 12 years in 
making it. It was begun 300 years before Christ; 
and after it had remained unhurt during 56 or 
88 years, it was partly demolished by an earth- 
quake, 224 B. C. A winding staircase ran to 
the top, from which could easily be discerned 
the shores of Syria, and the ships that sailed on 
the coast of Egypt, by the help of glasses, which 
were hung on the neck of the statue. It re- 
mained in ruins for the space of 894 years; and 
the Rhodians, who had received several large 
contributions to repair it, divided the money 
among themselves, and frustrated the expecta- 
tions of the donors, by saying that the oracle of 
Delphi forbade them to raise it up again from 
its ruins. In the year 672 of the christian era, it 
was sold by the Saracens, who were masters of 
the island, to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, who 
loaded 900 camels with the brass, whose value 
has been estimated at 36,000 pounds English 
money. 

Colotes, a Teian painter, disciple of Phi- 
dias. Plin. 35, c. 8. A disciple of Epicte- 

tus— ^ — A follower of Epicurus, accused of ig- 
norance by Plut. A sculptor, who made a 

statue of iEscuIapius. Strab. 8. 

Colpe, a city of Ionia. Plin. 5, c. 29. 

Colubraria, now Monte Colubre, a small 
island at the east of Spain, supposed to be the 
same as Ophiusa Plin. 3, c. 5 

Colt mba, a dove, the symbol of Venus 
among the poets. This bird was sacred to Ve- 
nus, and received divine honours in Syria. 
Doves disappeared once every year at Eryx, 
where Venus had a temple, and they were said 
to accompany the goddess to Libya, whither she 
went to pass nine days, after which they return- 
ed. Doves were supposed to give oracles in the 
oaks of the forest of Dodona. Tibull. 1, el. 7, 
v. 17.— AZIian. V. H. 1, c 15. 

Columella, (L. Jun Moderatus) a native 
of Gades, who wrote, among other works, twelve 
books on agriculture, of which the tenth, on gar- 
dening, is in verse. The style is elegant, and 
the work displays the genius of a naturalist, and 
the labours of an accurate observer. The best 



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edition of Columella is that of Gesner, 2 vols. 
4to. Lips, 1735, and reprinted there 1772. 

Columns Herculis, a name given to two 
mountains on the extremest parts of Spain and 
Africa, at the entrance into the Mediterranean. 
They were called Calpe and Abyla, the former 
on the coast of Spain, and the latter on the side 
of Africa, at the distance of only 18 miles. They 
are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of 
Hercules, and they were supposed to have been 
joined, till the hero separated them, and open- 
ed a communication between the Mediterrane- 
an and Atlantic seas. — — Protei, the boundaries 
of Egypt, or the extent of the kingdom of Pro- 
teus. Alexandria was supposed to be built near 
them, though Homer places them in the island 
of Pharus. Odys. 4, v. 351. — Virg. JEn. 11, v. 
262. 

Coluthus, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, 
who wrote a short poem on the rape of Helen, 
in imitation of Homer. The composition re- 
mained long unknown, till it was discovered at 
Lycopolis in the 15th century, by the learned 
cardinal Bessariou. Coluthus was, as some sup- 
pose, a contemporary of Tryphiodorus. 

Colyttus, a tribe of Athens. 

Comagena, a part of Syria above Cilicia, ex- 
tending, on the east, as far as the Euphrates. Its 
chief town was called Samosata, the birth place 
of Lucian. Strab. 11 and 17. 

Comana (a. and oruni), a town of Pontus. 
Hist. Alex. 34. Another in Cappadocia, fa- 
mous for a temple of Bellona, where there were 
above 6000 ministers of both sexes. The chief 
priest among them was very powerful, and knew 
no superior but the king of the country. This 
high office was generally conferred upon one of 
the royal family. Hirt. Alex. 66. — Flacc. 1, 
v. 636.— Strab. 12. 

Comania, a country of Asia. 

Comarea, the ancient name of Cape Comorin 
in India. 

Comari, a people of Asia. Mela, 1, c. 2. 

Comarus, a port in the bay of Ambracia, 
near Nicopolis. 

Comastxjs, a place of Persia. 
, Combabus, a favourite of Stratonice, wife of 
Antiochus. 

Combe, a daughter of Ophius, who first in- 
vented a brazen suit of armour. She was chang- 
ed into a bird, and escaped from her children, 
who had conspired to murder her. Ovid. Met. 

7, v. 382. 

Combi or Ombi, a city of Egypt on the Nile. 
Juv. 15, v. 35. 

Combrea, a town near Pallene. Herodot. 7, 
C 123. 

Combutis, a general under Brennus. Paws. 
10, c. 22. 

Cometes, the father of Asterion, ahd one of 

the Argonauts. Flacc. 1, v. 356. One of the 

Centaurs killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. 

Ovid. Met. 12, v. 284. A son of Thestius 

killed at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Paus. 

8, c. 45. One of the Magi, intimate with 

Cambyses king of Persia. Justin. 1, c. 9. 

An adulterer of iEgiale. A son of Orestes. 

Cometho, a daughter of Pterilaus, who de- 
prived her father of a golden hair in his head, 



upon which depended his fate She was put to 
death by Amphitryon for her perfidy. Apollod. 
2, c. 4. 

Q. Cominius, a Roman knight who wrote 
some illiberal verses against Tiberius. Tacit. 4. 
Ann. c. 31. 

Cojvutia, (orum), an assembly of the'Roman 
people. The word is derived from Comitium, 
the place where they were convened, quasi a 
cum eundo. The Comitium was a large hall, 
which was left uncovered at the top, in the first 
ages of the republic; so that the assembly was 
often dissolved in rainy weather. Tne Comitia 
were called, some consularia, for the election of 
the consuls; others proztoria, for the election of 
praetors, &c. These assemblies were more ge- 
nerally known by the name of Comitia, Curiata, 
Centuriata, and Tributa. The Curiata was 
when the people gave their votes by curiae. The 
Centuriata were not convened in later times. 
(Vid. Centuria.) Another assembly was called 
Comitia Tributa, where the votes were receiv- 
ed from the whole tribes together. At first the 
Roman people were divided only into three 
tribes; but as their numbers increased, the tribes 
were at last swelled to 35. The object of these 
assemblies was the electing of magistrates, and 
all the public officers of state. They could be 
dissolved by one of the tribunes, if he differed 
in opinion from the rest of his colleagues. If one 
among the people was taken with the falling 
sickness, the whole assembly was immediately 
dissolved, whence that disease is called morbis 
comitalis. After the custom of giving their votes 
vivd voce had been abolished, every one of the 
assembly, in the enacting of a law, was present- 
ed with two ballots, on one of which were the 
letters U. R. that is, uti rogas, be it as it is re- 
quired: on the other was an A. that is, antiquo, 
which bears the same meaning as antiquum volo, 
I forbid it, the old law is more preferable. If 
the number of ballots with U. R. was superior 
to the A's, the law was approved constitutional- 
ly; if not, it was rejected. Only the chief ma- 
gistrates, and sometimes the pontifices, had the 
privilege of convening these assemblies. There 
were only these eight of the magistrates who had 
the power of proposing a law, the consuls, the 
dictator, the praetor, the interrex, the decemvirs, 
the military tribunes, the kings, and the trium«> 
virs. These were called major es magistratus: 
to whom one of the minores magistratus was ad- 
ded, the tribune of the people. 

Comius, a man appointed king over the At- 
trebates, by J. Caecar, for his services. Cas. 
Bell. G. 4, c. 21. 

Commagene. Vid. Comagena. 

Commodus, (L. Aurelius Antoninus) son of 
M. Antoninus, succeeded his father in the Ro- 
man empire. He was naturally cruel, and fond 
of indulging his licentious propensities; and re- 
gardless of the instructions of philosophers, and 
of the decencies of nature, he corrupted his own 
sisters, and kept 300 women, and as many boys, 
for his illicit pleasures. Desirous to be called 
Hercules, like that hero, he adorned his shoul- 
ders with a lion's skin, and armed his hand with 
a knotted club He showed himself naked in 
public, and fought with the gladiators, and boast- 



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cd of his dexterity in killing the wild beasts in 
the amphitheatre. He required divine honours 
from the senate, and they were granted. He 
was wont to put such an immense quantity of gold 
. dust in his hair, thai when he appeared bare- 
headed in the sunshine, his head glittered as if 
surrounded with sun-beatris. Martia, one of his 
concubines, whose death he had prepared, poi- 
soned him; but as the poison did not quickly 
operate, he was strangled by a wrestler. He 
died in the 31st year of his age, and the 13th of 
his reign, A. D. 192. It has been observed, that 
he never trusted himself to a barber., but always 
burnt his beard, in imitation of the tyrant Dio- 
nysius. Herodian. 

Commoris, a village of Cilicia. Cic. Fam. 
15, ep. 4. 

Comon, a general of Messenia. Pans. 4, c. 
26. 

Compitalia, festivals celebrated by the Ro- 
mans the 12th of January and the 6th of March, 
in the cross ways, in horcour of the household 
gods called Lares. Tarquin the Proud, or ac- 
cording to some, Servius Tullius, instituted 
tnem, on account of an oracle which ordered him 
to offer heads to the Lares. He sacrificed to 
them human victims; but J. Brutus, after the ex» 
pulsion of the Tarquins, thought it sufficient to 
offer them only poppy heads, and men of straw. 
The slaves were generally the ministers, and 
during the celebration, they enjoyed their free- 
dom. Varro de L L. 5, c. 3. — Ovid. Fast. 5, 
v. 140 — Dionys. Hal. 4. 

Compsa, now Consa, a town of the Hirpini 
in Italy, at the east of Vesuvius 

Compsatus, a river of Thrace falling into the 
lake Bistonis. Herodot. 7. c. 109. 

Compusa, a town of Bithyrtia. 

Comum, now Como, a town at the north of 
Insubria, at the bottom of the lake Como, in the 
modern duchy of Milan. It was afterwards cal- 
led Novo Comnm by J. Caesar, who transplant- 
ed a colony there, though it resumed its ancient 
name. It was the birth place of the younger 
Pliny. Plin. 3, c. 18.— Liv. 33, c. 36 and 37. 
— Suet, in Jul. 28. — Plin. 1, ep. 3. — Cic. Fam. 
13, ep 35 

Comus, the god of revelry, feasting, and noc- 
turnal entertainments. During his festivals, 
men and women exchanged each other's dress. 
He was represented as a young and drunken 
man, with a garland of flowers on his head, and 
a torch in his hand, which seemed falling. He is 
more generally seen sleeping upon his legs, and 
turning himself when the heat of the falling torch 
scorched his side. Phil. 2. Icon. — Plut. Quest. 
Rom. 

Concani, a people of Spain, who lived chief- 
ly on milk mixed with horse's blood Their 
chief town, Concana, is now called Santinala, 
or Cangas de onis. Virg. G. 3, v. 463. — Sil. 
3, v. 361.— flora*. 3, od. 4, v. 34. 

Concerdia, a town belonging to Venice in 
Italy. 

Concordia, the goddess of peace and concord 
at Rome, to whom Camillus first raised a tem- 
ple in the capitol, where the magistrates often 
assembled for the transaction of public business. 
She had, besides this, other temples and statues, 



and was addressed to promote the peace and 
union of families and citizens. Plut in Camil. 
— Plin. 33, c. 1 — Cic. pro Domo. — Ovid. Fast. 
1, v. 639, 1. 6, v. 637. 

Condate, a town of Gaul, now Rennes (Rhe~ 
donum urbs) in Brittany. 

Condalus, an avaricious officer, &c, Aristot. 
Polit. 

Condi vicnum, a town of Gaul, now Nantes 
in Brittany. 

Condochates, a river of India, flowing into 
the Ganges. 

Conorusi, a people of Belgium, now Con- 
drotz in Liege. Cces. Bell O. 4, c. 6. 

Condylia, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 
23. 

Cone, a small island at the mouth of the Is- 
ter, supposed the same as the Insula Conopun 
of Pliny 4, c. 12.— Lucan. 3, v. 200. 

Conetodtjnus and Cotuatus, two desperate 
Gauls, who raised their countrymen against 
Rome, &c. Cces. Bell. G. 7, c. 3. 

Confltjentes, a town at the confluence of 
the Moselle and Rhine, now Coblentz. 

Confucius, a Chinese philosopher, as much 
honoured among his countrymen as a monarch. 
He died about 479 years B. C. 

Congedus, a river of Spain. Martial. 1, ep. 
50, v. 9. 

Coniaci, a people of Spain, at the head of 
the Iherus. Strab. 3. 

Conimerica, a town of Spain, now Coimbra 
of Portugal. 

Conisaltus, a god worshipped at Athens, with 
the same ceremonies as Priapus at Lampsacus, 
Strab. 3. 

Conisci, a people of Spain. 

Connidas, the preceptor of Theseus, in whose 
honour the Athenians instituted a festival called 
Connideia. It was then usual to sacrifice to him 
a ram. Plut. in Thes.. 

Conon, a famous general of Athens, son of 
Timotheus. He was made governor of all the 
islands of the Athenians, and was defeated in a 
naval battle by Lysander, near the /£_;ospota- 
mos. He retired in voluntary banishment to 
Evag ras king of Cyprus, and afterwards to Ar- 
taxerxes king of Persia, by whose assistance he 
freed his country from slavery He defeated 
the Spartans near Cnidos, in an engagement 
where Pisander, the enemy's admiral, was kil- 
led. By his means the Athenians fortified their 
city with a strong wall, and attempted to reco- 
ver Ionia and /Eoiia. He was perfidiously be- 
trayed by a Persian, and died in prison, B. C. 
393. C. Nep. in vita. — Plut. in Lxjs. &f hiax. 

— Isocrales. A Greek astronomer of Samos, 

who, to gain the favour of Ptolemy Evergetes. 
publicly declared that the queen's locks, which 
had been dedicated in the temple of Venus, and 
had since disappeared, were become a constel- 
lation He was intimate with Archimedes, and 
flourished 247 B. C. Calul. 67.— Virg. Eel. 3, 

v. 40. A Grecian mycologist, in the age of 

Julius Caesar,- who wrote a book which contain- 
ed 40 fables, still extant, preserved by Photius. 

There was a treatise written on Italy by a 

»nan of the same nai»e. 

Consentes, the name which the Romans gave 



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So the twelve superior gods, the Dii majorum 
gentium. The word signifies as much as consen- 
tientts that is, who consented to the delibera- 
tions of Jupiter's council. They were twelve in 
number, whose names Ennius has briefly expres- 
sed in these lines: 
Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, 

Mars, 
Mercurius, Jovi, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Jipollo. 
Varro, de R. R. 

Consentia, now Cosenza, a town in the coun- 
try of the Brutii. Liv. 3, c. 24, 1. 23, c. 11.— 
Cic. Fin 1, c 3. 

Considius JEoivvs, a Roman knight, &c. Ta- 
cit. — Caius, one of Pompey's adherents, &c. 
Cms. Bell. Civ. 2, c. 23- 

Consjlinom, a town of Italy. Mela, 2, c. 4. 

Constans, a son of Constantine. Vid. Con- 
stantinus. 

Const antia, a grand-daughter of the great 
Constantine, who married the emperor Gratian. 

Const antina, a princess, wife of the emper- 
or Galius. Another of the imperial family. 

Constantinopolis, (Stamboul) formerly By- 
zantium, the capital of Thrace, a noble and mag- 
nificent city, built by Constantine the Great, and 
solemnly dedicated A. D. 330. It was the capi- 
tal of the eastern Roman empire, and was cal- 
led, after its foundation, Roma nova, on account 
of its greatness, which seemed to rival Rome. 
The beauty of its situation, with all its conve- 
niences, have been the admiration of every age. 
Constantinople became long the asylum of 
science and of learned men, but upon its conquest 
by Mahomet the II. 28th of May, 1453, the pro- 
fessors retired from the barbarity of their vic- 
tors, and found in Italy the protection which their 
learning deserved. This migration was highly 
favourable to the cause of science, and whilst 
the Pope, the head of the house of Medicis, and 
the emperor, munificently supported the fugi- 
tives, other princes imitated their example, and 
equally contributed to the revival of literature 
in Europe. 

Constantinus, surnamed the Great, from the 
greatness of his exploits, was son of Constanti- 
us. As soon as he. became independent, he as- 
sumed the title of Augustus, and made war 
against Licinius, his brother-in-law, and col- 
league on the throne, because he was cruel and 
ambitious. He conquered him, and obliged him 
' to lay aside the imperial power. It is said, that 
as he was going to fight against Maxentius, one 
of his rivals, he saw a cross in the sky, with this 
inscription, iv tsvtoo vacci, in hoc vince. From 
this circumstance he became a convert to Chris- 
tianity, and obtained an easy victory, ever after 
adopting a cross or labawun as his standard. Af- 
ter the death of Diocletian, MsfxMnian, Max- 
entius, Maximinus, and Licinius, who had reign- 
ed together, though in a subordinate manner, 
Constantine became sole emperor, and began to 
reform the state. He founded a city in a most 
eligible situation, where old Byzantium former- 
ly stood, and called it by his own name, Con- 
stantinopolis. Thither he transported part of the 
Roman senate; and by keeping his court there, 
he marie it the rival of Rome, in population and 
magnificence. From that time the two imperial 



cities began to look upon each other with an eye 
of envy; and soon after the age of Constantine, 
a separation was made of the two empires, and 
Rome was called the capital of the western, and 
Constantinopolis was «alled the capital of the 
eastern dominions of Rome. The emperor has 
been distinguished for persona) courage, and 
praised for the protection he extended to the 
christians. He at first persecuted the Arians, 
but afterwards inclined to their opinions. His 
murder of his son Crispus has been deservedly 
censured. By removing the Roman legions from 
the garrisons on the rivers, he opened an easy 
passage to the barbarians, and rendertd his sol- 
diers unwarlike. He defeated 100,000 Goths, 
and received into his territories 300,000 Sarma- 
tians, who had been banished by their slaves, 
and allowed them land to cultivate. Constan- 
tine was learned, and preached, as well as com- 
posed, many sermons, one of which remains. He 
died A. D. 337, after a reign of 31 years of the 
greatest glory and success. He left three sons, 
Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius, 
among whom he divided his empire. The first, 
who had Gaul. Spain, and Britain, for his por- 
tion, was conquered by the armies of his brother, 
Constons, and killed in the 25th year of his 
age, A. D. 340. Magnentius, the governor of 
the provinces of Rhaetia, murdered Constans 
in his bed, after a reign of 13 years over Italy, 
Africa, and Illyricum; and Constantius, the only 
surviving brother, now become the sole emper- 
or, A. D. 353, punished his brother's murder- 
er, and gave way to cruelty and oppression. He 
visited Rome, where he displayed a triumph, 
and died in his march against Julian, who had 
been proclaimed independent emperor by. his 

soldiers. The name of Constantine was very 

common to the emperors of the east, in a later 
period. — A private, soldier in Britain, raised on 

account of his name to the imperial dignity. 

A general of Belisarius. 

Constantius Chlorus, son of Eutropius, and 
father of the great Constantine, merited the ti- 
tle of Caesar, which he obtained, by his victories 
in Britain and Germany. He became the col- 
league of Galerius, on the abdication of Diocle- 
tian; and after bearing the character of a hu- 
mane and benevolent prince, he died at York, 

and made his son his successor, A. D. 306. 

The second son of Constantine the Great. Vid. 
Constantinus. -The father of Julian and Gal- 
Jus, was son of Constantius by Theodora, and 

died A. D. 337. A Roman genera! of Nyssa, 

who married Placidia, the sister of Honorius, 
and was proclaimed emperor, an honour he en 
joyed only seven months. He died universally- 
regretted, 421 A. D.' and Was succeeded by his 
son Valentinian in the west. One of the ser- 
vants of Attila. 

Consuales Ludi, or Consualia, festivals at 
Rome in honour of Cousus, the god of counsel, 
whose altar Romulus discovered under the 
ground. This altar was always covered except 
at the festival, when a mule was sacrificed, and 
games and horse-races exhibited in honour of 
Neptune. It was during these festivals that Ro- 
mulus carried away the Sabine women who had 
assembled to be spectators of the games. They 



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were first instituted by Romulus. Some say, 
however, that Romulus only regulated and re- 
instituted tbem after tbey had been before esta- 
blished by Evander. During the celebration, 
which happened about the middle of August, 
horses, mules, and asses, were exempted from all 
labours, and were led through the streets adorn- 
ed with garlands and flowers. Auson. 69, v. 9. 
— Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 199. — Liv. 1, c. 9. — Dionys. 
Hal. 

Consul, a magistrate at Rome, with regal 
authority for the space of one year. There were 
two consuls, a consulendo, annually chosen in 
the Campus Martius. The two first consuls 
were L. Jan. Brutus, and L. Tarquinius Colia- 
tinus, chusen A U. C. 244. after the expulsion 
of the Tarquins. In the first ages of the repub- 
lic, the two consuls were always chosen from 
patrician families, or noblemen; but the people 
obtained the privilege, A. U. C. 388, of elect- 
ing one of the consuls from their own body; and 
sometimes both were plebeians. The first con- 
sul among the plebeians was L. Sextius. It was 
required that every candidate for the consulship 
should be 43 years of age, called legitimum tern- 
pus. He was always to appear at the election 
as a private man, without a retinue; and it was 
requisite, before he canvassed for the office, to 
have discharged the inferior functions of quaes- 
tor, edile, and praetor. Sometimes these quali- 
fications were disregarded. Val Corvinus was 
made a consul in his 23d year, and Scipio in his 
24th. Young Marius, Pompey, and Augustus, 
were also under the proper age when they were 
invested with the office, and Pompey had never 
been quaestor or praetor. The power of the con- 
suls was unbounded, and they knew no superior 
but the gods and the laws: but after the expira- 
tion of their office, their conduct was minutely 
scrutinized by the people, and misbehaviour was 
often punished by the laws. The badge of their 
office was the praztexta, a robe fringed with pur- 
ple, afterwards exchanged for the toga picla or 
palmata. They were preceded by 12 lictors, 
carrying the fasces or bundle of sticks, in the 
middle of which appeared an axe. The axe, be- 
ing the characteristic rather of tyranny than of 
freedom, was taken away from the fasces by 
Valerius Publicola, but it was restored by his 
successor. The consuls took it by turns, month- 
ly, to be preceded by the lictors while at Rome, 
lest the appearance of two persons with the 
badges of royal authority, should raise appre- 
hensions in the multitude. While one appeared 
publicly in state, only a crier walked before the 
other, and the lictors followed behind without the 
fasces. Their authority was equal; yet the Va- 
lerian law gave the right of priority to the older, 
and the Julian law to him who had the most 
children, and he was generally called consul 
major or prior. As their power was absolute, they 
presided over the senate, and could convene and 
dismiss it at pleasure. The senators were their 
counsellors; and among the Romans, the man- 
ner of reckoning their years was by the name of 
the consuls, and by M. Tuli Cicerone 8f L. An- 
tonio Consulibus, for instance, the year of Rome 
691 was always understood. This custom last- 
ed from the year of Rome 244 till the year 



1294, or 54lst year of the christian era, when 
the consular office was totally suppressed by Jus- 
tinian. In public assemblies the consuls sat in 
ivory chairs, and held in their bands an ivory 
wand, called scipio eburneus, which had an ea- 
gle on its top, as a sign of dignity and power. 
When they had drawn by lot the provinces over 
which they were to preside during their consul- 
ship, they went to the capitol to offer their pray- 
ers to the gods, and entreat them to protect the 
republic: after this they departed from the city, 
arrayed in their military dress, and preceded by 
the lictors. Sometimes the provinces were as- 
signed them, without drawing by lot, by the will 
and appointment of the senators. At their de- 
parture, they were provided by the state with 
whatever was requisite during their expedition. 
In their provinces they were both attended by 
the 12 lictors, and equally invested with legal 
authority. They were not permitted to return to 
Rome without the special command of the sen- 
ate, and they always remained in the province 
till the arrival of their successor. At their re- 
turn they harangued the people, and solemnly 
protested that they had done nothing against the 
laws or interest of their country, but had faith- 
fully and diligently endeavoured to promote the 
greatness and welfare -of the state. No man 
could Ue consul two following years; yet this in- 
stitution was sometimes broken; and we find Ma- 
rius re-elected consul, after the expiration of bis 
office, during the Cimbrian war. The office of 
consul, so dignified during the times of the com- 
monwealth, became a mere title under the em- 
perors, and retained nothing of its authority but 
the useless ensigns of original dignity Even the 
office of consul, which was originally annual, 
was reduced to two or three months by J. Caesar: 
but they who were admitted on the first of Janu- 
ary denominated the year, and were called or- 
dinarii. Their successors, during the year, were 
distinguished Dy the name of suffecti. Tiberius 
and Claudius abridged the time of the consul- 
ship, and the emperor Commodus made no less 
than 25 consuls in one year. Constantine the 
Great renewed the original institution, and per- 
mitted them to be a whole year in office. 

Here is annexed a list of the consuls from the 
establishment of the consular power to the battle 
of Actium, in which it may be said that the au- 
thority of the consuls was totally extinguished. 

The two first consuls chosen about the mid- 
dle of June, A. U C. 244, were L. Jun. Bru- 
tus, and L. Tarq Collatinus. Collatinus re- 
tired from Rome as being of the family of the 
Tarquins, and Pub. Valerius was chosen in his 
room. When Brutus was killed in battle, Sp. 
Lucretius was elected to succeed him; and af- 
ter the death of Lucretius, Marcus Horatius 
was chosen for the rest of the year with Vale- 
rius Publicola. The first consulship lasted about 
16 months, during which the Romans fought 
against the Tarquins, and the capitol was dedi- 
cated. 

A. U. C. 246. Pub. Valerius Publicola, 2. 
Tit. Lucretius. Porsenna supported the claims 
of Tarquin. The noble actions of Codes, Scae-<, 
vola, and Clcelia. 

247. P. Lucretius, or M. Horatius; P. Valer. 



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3Publicola 3. The vain efforts of Porsenna con- 
tinued 

248. Sp. Lartius; T. Herminius. Victories 
•btaiued o\er the Sabines. 

249. M. Valerius; P. Postumius. Wars with 
(he Sabines continued. 

250. P Valerius 4; T. Lucretius 2. 

251. Agrippa Menenius; P. Postumius 2. The 
death of Publicola. 

252. Opiter Virginius; Sp. Cassius. Sabine 
war. 

253. Postumius Cominius; T. Lartius. A 
eonspiracy of slaves at Rome. 

254. Serv. Sulp^cius: Marcus Tullius. 

255 P. Veturius Gemiuus; T JEbutius Elva, 

256. T. Lartius 2; L. Cloelius. War with 
the Latins. 

257. A. Sempronius Atratinus; M. Minucius. 
258 Aulus Postumius; Tit. Virginius The 

battle of Regillse. 

259. Ap. Claudius; P. Servilius. War with 
the Volsci. 

260 A. Virginius; T. Veturius. The dissa- 
tisfied people retired to Mons Sacer. 

261. Postumius Cominius 2: Sp. Cassius 2. 
A reconciliation between the senate and people, 
and the election of the tribunes. 

262. T. Geganius; P. Minucius. A famine 
at Rome. 

263. M. Minucius 2; Aul. Sempronius 2. The 
haughty behaviour of Coriolanus to the popu- 
lace. 

264. Q. Sulpitius Camerinus; Sp. Lartius 
Flavus 2. Coriolanus retires to the Volsci. 

265. C. Julius; P. Pinarius. The Volsci 
make declarations of war. 

266. Sp. Nautius; Sex. Furius. Coriolanus 
forms the siege of Rome. He retires at the 
entreaties of his mother and wife, and dies. 

267. T. Sicinius; C. Aquilius. The Volsci 
defeated. 

268 Sp. Cassius 3; Proculus Virginius. Cas- 
sius aspires to tyranny. 

269. Serv. Cornelius; Q. Fabius. Cassius is 
condemned and thrown down the Tarpeian rock 

270. L. JEmilius; Caesio Fabius. The JEqui 
and Volsci defeated. 

• 271 M. Fabius; L. Valerius. 

272. Q. Fabius 2; C. Julius. War with the 
JEqui 

273. Caesio Fabius 2; Sp. Furius. War con- 
tinued with the JEqui and Veientes. 

274. M. Fabius 2; Cn. Manlius. Victory 
over the Hernici. 

275. Caesio Fabius 3; A. Virginius. The 
march of the Fabii to the river Cremera. 

276. L. JEmilius 2; C. Servilius. The wars 
continued against the neighbouring states. 

277. C. Horatius; T. Menenius. The de- 
feat and death of the 300 Fabii. 

278 Sp. Servilius; Aul. Virginius. Mene- 
nius brought to his trial for the defeat of the ar- 
mies under him. 

279. C. Nautius; P. Valerius. 

280. L. Furius; C. Manlius. A truce of 40 
years granted to the Veientes. 

281. L. JEmilius 3; Virginius or Vopiscus Ju- 
lius. The Tribune Genutius murdered in his 
bed for his seditions. 



282. L. Pinarius; P. Furius. 

283. Ap. Claudius; T. Quintius. The Ro- 
man army suffer themselves to be defeated by 
the Volsci, on account of their hatred to Appius, 
while his colleague is boldly and cheerfully obey- 
ed against the JEqui. 

284. L. Valerius 2. Tib. JEmilius.- Appius 
is cited to take his trial before the people, and 
dies before the day of trial. 

285. T Numicius Priscus; A Virginius. 
28*6. T. Quintius 2; Q. Servilius. 

287. Tib. JEmilius 2; Q Fabius. 
2S8. Q. Servilius 2; Sp. Postumius. 

289. Q. Fabius 2; T Quintius 3. In the 
Census made this year, which w;;s the ninth, 
there were found 124,214 citizens in Rome. 

290. Aul. Postumius; Sp. Furius. 

. 291. L. JEbutius; P. Servilius. A plague at 
Rome. 

292. T. Lucretius Tricipitinus; T. Veturius 
Geminus. 

293. P Volumnius; Serv. Sulpicius. Dread- 
ful prodigies at Rome, and seditions. 

294. C. Claudius; P. Valerius 2. A Sabine 
seizes the capitol, and is defeate.d and killed. 
Valerius is killed in an engagement, and Cin- 
cinnati is taken from the plough and made dic- 
tator; he quelled the dissentions at Rome, and 
returned to his farm. 

295. Q Fabius 3; L. Cornelius. The census 
made the Romans amount to 132,049. 

296. L. Minucius; C. Nautius 2. Minucius 
is besieged in his camp by the JEqui; and Cin- 
cinnati, being elected dictator, delivers him, 
obtains a victory, and lays down bis power 16 
days after his election. 

297. Q Minucius, C. Horatius. War with 
the JEqui and Sabines. Ten tribunes elected 
instead of five. 

298. M. Valerius; Sp. Virginius. 

299 T. Romilius; C. Veturius. 

300 Sp. Tarpeius; A. Aterius. 

301 P. Curiatius; Sex Quintilius. 

302. C Menenius; P. Cestius Capitolinus, 
The Decemvirs reduce the laws into twelve ta- 
bles 

303. Ap Claudius; T. Genutius; P. Cestius, 
&c. The Decemvirs assume the reins of go- 
vernment, and preside with consular power. 

304 and 305. Ap. Claudius; Q. FaLius Vibu- 
lanus; M. Cornelius, &c. The Decemvirs con- 
tinued. They act with violence. Appius en- 
deavours to take possession of Virginia, who is 
killed by her father. The Decemvirs abolished, 
and Valerius Potitus and M. Horatius Barbatus 
are created consuls for the rest of the year. Ap- 
pius is summoned to take his trial. He dies in 
prison, and the rest of the Decemvirs are ba- 
nished. 

306. Lart. Herminius; T. Virginius. 

307. M. Geganius Macerinus; C. Julius. Do- 
mestic troubles 

308. T. Quintius Capitolinus 4; Agrippa Fu- 
rius. The JEqui and Volsci come near to the 
gates of Rome, and are defeated. 

309. M. Genucius; C. Gonitis. A law pass- 
ed to permit the patrician and plebeian families 
to intermarry. 

310. Military tribunes are chosen instead of 
e e 



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consuls. The Plebeians admitted among them. 
The first were A. Sempronius; L. Attilius; T. 
Cloelius. They abdicated three months after 
their election, and consuls were again chosen, 
L Papirius Mugillanus; L. Sempronius Atrati- 
nus. 

311. M. Geganius Macerinus 2; T. Quintius 
Capitoiiaus 5. The censorship instituted. 

312. M. Fabius Vibulanus; Postumius iEbu- 
tius Cornicen. 

313. C. Furius Pacilus; M. Papirius Crassus. 

314. P. Geganius Macerinus; L. Menenius 
Lanatus. A famine at Rome. Maelius at- 
tempts to make himself king. 

315. T. Quintius Capitolinus 6; Agrippa Me- 
nenius Lanatus. 

316. Mamercus JEmilius; T. Quintus; L. Ju- 
lius. Military tribunes. 

317 M. Geganius Macerinus; Sergius Fide- 
nas. Tolumnius, king of the Veientes, killed 
by Cossus. who takes the second royal spoils 
called Opima. 

318. M. Cornelius Maluginensis: L. Papirius 
Crassus. 

319. C. Julius; L. Virginius. 

320. C. Julius 2; L. Virginius 2. The dura- 
tion of the censorship limited to 18 mouths. 

321. M. Fabius Vibulanus; " M. Fossius; L. 
Sergius Fidenas. Military tribunes. 

322. L. Pinarius Mamercus; L. Furius Medul- 
linus; Sp. Postumius Albus. Military tribunes 

323. T, Quintius Cincinnatus; C. Julius Man- 
to; consuls. A victory over the Veientes and 
Fidenates by the dictator Postumius. 

324. C. Papirius Crassus; L. Julius. 

325. L. Sergius Fidenas 2; Host. Lucret. 
Tricipitinus. 

326. A Cornelius Cossus; 'T. Quintius Pen- 
nus2. 

327. Servilius Ahala; L. Papirius Mugilla- 
nus 2. 

328. T. Quintius Pennus; C. Furius; M. Pos- 
thumius; A. Corn. Cossus. Military tribunes, 
all of patrician families. Victory over the Vei- 
entes. 

329. A. Sempronius Atratinus; L. Quintius 
Cincinnatus; L. Furius Medullinus; L. Horat. 
JBarbatus. 

330. A Claudius Crassus, &c. Military tri- 
bunes. 

331. C. Sempronius Atratinus; Q. Fabius Vi- 
bulanus. Consuls who gave much dissatisfac- 
tion to the people. 

332. L. Manlins Capitolinus, &c. Military 
tribunes. 

333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus; T. Q. Ca- 
pitolinus. 

334. L. Q. Cincinnatus 3; L. Furius Medul- 
linus 2; M. Manlius; A Sempronius Atratinus. 
Military tribunes. 

335. A. Menenius Lanatus, &c. Military tri- 
bunes. 

336. L. Sergius Fidenas; M. Papirius Mugil- 
lanus; C. Servilius. 

337. A. Meuenius Lanatus 2, &c. 

338. A. Sempronius Atratinus 3, &c 

339. P. Cornelius Cossus, &c 

340. Cn. Corn. Cossus, &c. One of the mi- 
litary tribunes stoned to death by the army. 



341. M. Corn. Cossus; L. Furius Medullinus, 
Consuls. Domestic seditions. 

342. Q. Fabius Ambustus; C. Furius Pacilus. 

343. M. Papirius Atratinus; C. JSautius Ru- 
tilus. 

344. Mamercus iEmilius; C. Valerius Poti- 
tus. 

345. Cn. Corn. Cossus; L. Furius Medullinus 
2. Plebeians for the first time quaestors. 

346. C. Julius, &c Military tribunes. 

347. L. Furius Medullinus, &c. Military 
tribunes. 

348. P. and Cn. Cornelii Cossi, &c. Military 
tribunes. This year the Roman soldiers first 
received pay. 

349. T. Quintius Capitolinus, &c. Military 
tribunes. The siege of Veii begun. 

350. C. Valerius Potitus, &c. Military tri- 
bunes. 

351. Manlius iEmiliusMamercinus,&c. The 
Roman cavalry begin to receive pay. 

352. C. Servilius Ahala, &c. A defeat at 
Veil, occasioned by a quarrel between two of 
the military tribunes, 

353. L. Valerius Potitus 4; M. Furius Ca- 
millus 2, &c. A military tribune chosen from 
among the plebeians. 

354 P. Licinius Calvus, &c. 

355. M- Veturius, &c 

356. L. Valerius Potitus 5; M. Furius Ca- 
millus 3, &.c. 

357. L. Julius lulus, &c. 

358. P. Licinius, &c. Camillus declared 
dictator. The city of Veii taken by means of 
a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph. 

359. P. Corn. Cossus, &c The people wish- 
ed to remove to Veii. 

360. M. Furius Camillus, &c. Falisci sur- 
rendered to the Romans. 

361 L. Lucret. Flaccus; Servius Sulpicius 
Camerinus, consuls, after Rome had been go- 
verned by military tribunes for 15 successive 
years. Camillus strongly opposes the removing 
to Veii, and it is rejected. 

362 L. Valerius Potitus; M. Manlius. One 
of the censors dies. 

363. L. Lucretius, &c. Military tribunes. 
A strange voice heard, which foretold the ap- 
proach of the Gauls. Camillus goes to banish- 
ment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clusium, 
and soon after march towards Rome. 

364. Three Fabii military tribunes. The 
Romans defeated at Allia by the Gauls. The 
Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire. Camillus 
declared dictator by the senate, who had retired 
into the capitol. The geese save the capitol, 
and Camillus suddenly comes and defeats the 
Gauls. 

365. L. Valerius Poplicola 3; L. Virginius, 
&C. Camillus declared dictator, defeats the 
Volsci, iEqui, and Tuscans. 

366. T. Q. Cincinnatus; Q. Servilius Fide- 
nas; L. Julius lulus. 

367. L. Papirius; Cn. Sergius; L. iEmilius. 
&c. 

368. M. Furius Camillus, &c 

369. A. Manlius; P. Cornelius, &c. The 
Volsci defeated. Manlius aims at royalty. 

370. Ser. Corn. Maluginensis; P. Valerius 



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Potitus; M. Furius Camillus. Manlius is con- 
demned and thrown down the Tarpeian rock. 

371. L. Valerius; A. Manlius; Ser Sulpi- 
oius, &c. 

372. Sp. and L. Papirii, &c. 

373 M. Funus Camillus; L. Furius, &c 
874 L. and P. Valerii. 

375. C. Manlius, &c. 

376. Sp. Furius, &c. 
377 L. JSmilius, &c. 

378, 1 For five years anarchy at Rome. No 

379. consuls or military tribunes elected, 

380. {►but only for that time, L. Sextinus; C. 

381. Licinius Calvus Stolo, tribunes of the 

382. J people. 

383. L. Furius, &c. 

384. Q Servilius; C. Veturius, &c. Ten 
magistrates are chosen to take care of the Si- 
bylline books. 

385. L. Q. Capitolinus; Sp. Servilius, &c 

386. According to some writers, Camillus 
this year was sole dictator, without consuls or 
tribunes. 

387. A. Cornelius Cossus; L. Vetur. Crassus, 
&c. The Gauls defeated by Camillus. One 
of tbe consuls for the future to be elected from 
among the plebeians. 

388. L. iEinilius, patrician; L. Sextius, ple- 
beian; consuls. The offices of praetor and 
Curule iEdile, granted to the senate by the 
people. 

389. L. Genucius; Q. Servilius. Camillus 
died. 

390. Sulpitius Paeticus; C. Licinius Stolo. 

391. Cn. Genucius; L. iEmilius. 

392. Q. Serv. Ahala 2; L. Genucius 2. 
Curtius devote? himself to the Dii manes. 

393. C. Sulpicius 2; C. Licinius 2. Manlius 
conquers a Gaul in single battle. 

394. C. Petilius Balbus; M. Fabius Am- 
bustus. 

395. M. Popilius Laenas; C. Manlius 2. 

396. C. Fabius; C. Plautius. Gauls defeated. 

397. C. Marcius; Cn. Manlius 2. 

398. M. Fabius Ambustus 2; M. Popilius 
Laenas 2. A dictator elected from the plebei- 
ans for the first time. 

399. C. Sulpicius Paeticus 3; M. Valerius 
Poplicola 2; both of patrician families. 

400. M. Fabius Ambustus 3; T. Quintius. 

401. C. Sulpicius Psticus 4; M. Valerius 
Poplicola 3. 

402. M. Valerius Poplicola 4; C. Marcius 
Rutilus. 

403. Q. Sulpicius Paeticus 5; T. Q. Pennus. 
A censor elected for the first time from the ple- 
beians. 

404. M. Popilius Laenas 3; L. Corn. Scipio. 

405. L. Furius Camillus; Ap. Claudius Cras- 
sus. Valerius, suinamed Corvinus, after con- 
quering a Gaul. 

406. M. Valer. Corvus: M. Popilius Laenas 
4. Corvus was elected at 23 years of age, 
against the standing law. A treaty of amity 
concluded with Carthage. 

407. T. Manlius Torquatus; C. Plautius. 

408. M. Valerius Corvus 2; C. Paetilius. 

409. M. Fabius Dorso; Ser. Sulpicius Ca- 
meriuus. 



410. C. Marcius Rutilus; T. Manlius Tor- 
quatus. 

411. M. Valerius Corvus 3; A. Corn. Cossus. 
The Romans begin to make war against the 
Samnites, at the request of the Campanians 
They obtain a victory. 

4i2. C. Marcius Rutilus 4; Q, Servilius. 

413. C. Plautius, L. JEmilius Mamercinus. 

414. T. Manlius Torquatus 3; P. Decius 
Mus., The victories of Alexander the Great in 
Asia. Manlius put his son to death fur fighting 
against his order. Decius devotes himself for 
the army, which obtains a great victory over the 
Latins. 

415. T. iEmilius Mamercinus; Q, Publilius 
Philo. 

416. L. Furius Camillus; C. Maenius. The 
Latins conquered. 

417. C. Sulpitius Longus; P. iEIius Paetus. 
The praetorship granted to a plebeian. 

418. L. Papirius Crassus; Caeso Duilius. 

419. M. Valerius Corvus; M. Atiiius Re- 
gulus. 

420. T. Veturius; Sp. Posthumius. 

421. L. Papirius Cursor; C. Paetilius Libo. 

422. A. Cornelius 2; Cn. Domitius. 

423. M. Claudius Marcellus; C. Valerius 
Potitus. 

424. L. Papirius Crassus; C. Plautius Venno. 

425. L. iEmilius Mamercinus 2; C. Plau- 
tius. 

426. P. Plautius Proculus; P. Corn. Sea 
pula. 

427. L. Corn. Lentulus; Q. Publilius Phi- 
lo. 2. 

428. C. Paetilius; L. Papirius Mugillanus. 

429. L Furius Camillus 2; D. Jun. Brutus 
Sc»va. The dictator Papirius Cursor is for 
putting to death Fabius, his master of horse, 
because he fought in his absence, and obtained 
a famous victory. He pardons him, 

430. According to some authors, there were 
no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator, 
L. Papirius Cursor. 

431. L. Sulpicius Longus 1; Q. Aulius Ccr- 
retanus. 

432. Q. Fabius; L. Fulvius. 

433. T. Veturius Calvinus 2; Sp. Postumi- 
us Albinus 2. C. Pontius, the Samnite, takes 
the Roman consuls in an ambuscade at Cau- 
dium. 

434. L. Papirius Cursor 2; Q. Publilius 
Philo. 

435. L. Papirius Cursor 3; Q. Aulius Cer- 
retanus 2. 

436. M Fossius Flaccinator; L. Plautius 
Venno. 

437. C. Jun. Bubnlcus; L. ^ZmiliusBarbula. 
438 Sp. Nautius; M Popilius. 

439. L. Papirius 4; Q. Publilius 4. 

440. M. Paetilius; C. Sulpicius. 

441. L. Papirius Cursor 5; C. Jun. Bubul- 
cus 2. 

442. M. Valerius; P. Decius. The censor 
Appius makes the Appian way and aqueducts. 
The family of the Potitii extinct. 

443. C.Jun. Bubulcus 3; Q. JErnilius Bar- 
bula 2. 

444. Q. Fabius 2; C. Martius Rutilus. 



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447. 

448. 

449. 

450. 
phus. 

451. 

452. 

453 
Corvus: 



445. According (o some authors, there were 
no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator, 
L. Papirius Cursor. 

446. Q. Fabius 3; P. Decius 2. 
Appius Claudius; L. Volumnius. 
P. Corn. Arvina;Q. Marcius Tremulus. 
L. Postumius; T. Minucius. 
P. Sulpicms Saverrio; Sempronius So- 
The iEqui conquered. 
L. Genucius; Ser. Cornelius. 
M. Livius; M. iEmilius. 
Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus; M. Val. 
not consuls, but dictators, according to 

some authors. 

454. M. Valerius Corvus; Q. Apuleius. The 
priesthood made common to the plebeians. 

455. M. Fulvius Paetinus; T. Manlius Tor- 
quatus. 

456. L. Cornelius Scipio; Cn. Fulvius. 

457. Q. Fabius Maximus 4; P. Decius Mus. 
3. Wars against the Samnites. 

458. L. Volumnius 2; Ap Claudius 2. Con- 
quest over the Etrurians and Samnites. 

459. Q. Fabius 5; P. Decius 4. Decius de- 
votes himself in a battle against the Samnites 
and the Gauls, and the Romans obtain a victory. 

460. L. Postumius Megellus; M. Atilius Re- 
gulus. 

461. L. Papirius Cursor: Sp. Carvilius. Vic- 
tories over the Samnites. 

462. Q. Fabius Gurges; D. Jun. Brutus 
Scaeva. Victory over the Samnites. 

463. L Postumius 3; C. Jun. Brutus. JEs- 
culapius brought to Rome in the form of a ser- 
pent from Epidaurus. 

464. P. Corn. Rufinus; M Curius Dentatus. 

465. M. Valerius Corvinu,s; Q. Caedicius 
Noctua. 

466. Q. Marcius Tremulus; P. Corn. Ar- 
vina. 

467. 
468. 
469. 
pidus. 
470. 



M. Claudius Marcellus; C. Nautius. 
M Valerius Potitus; C. iElius Paetus, 
C. Claudius Caenina; M. iEmilius Le- 



C. Servilius Tucca; Caecilius Metellus. 
War with the Senones. 

471. P. Coin. Dolabella; C. Domitius Cal- 
vinus. The Senones defeated. 

472. Q. iEmilius; C Fabricius. War with 
Tarentum. 

473. L. iEmilius Barbula; Q. Marcius. Pyr- 
rhus comes to assist Tarentum. 

474. P. Valerius Laevinus; Tib. Coruncia- 
nus. Pyrrhus conquers the consul Laevinus. 
and, though victorious, sues for peace, which is 
refused by the Roman senate. The census was 
made, and 272,222 citizens were found. 

475. P. Sulpicius Saverrio; P. Decius Mus. 
A battle with Pyrrhns-. 

476. C. Fabricius Luscinus 2; Q. iEmilius 
Papus 2. Pyrrhus goes to Sicily. The treaty 
between Rome and Carthage renewed. 

477. P. Corn Rufinus; C. Jun. Brutus. Cro- 
tona and Locri taken. 

478. Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges 2; C. Ge- 
nucius Clepsina. Pyrrhus returns from Sicily 
to Italy. 

479. M. Curius Dentatus 2: L. Corn. Len- 
fulus. Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius. 



480. M. Curius Dentatus 3; Ser. Corn. Me- 
renda. 

481. C: Fabius Dorso; C. Claudius Caenina 
2. An embassy from Philadelphus to conclude 
an alliance with the Romans. 

482. L. Papirius Cursor 2; Sp. Carvilius 2. 
Tarentum surrenders. 

483. L. Genucius; C. Quintius. 

484. C. Genucius; Cn. Cornelius. 
^ 485. Q,. Ogulinus Gallus; C. Fabius Pictor. 
Silver money coined at Rome for the first time. 

486. P. Sempronius Sophus; Ap. Claudius 
Crassus. 

487. M. Atilius Regulus: L. Julius Libo. 
Italy enjoys peace universally. 

488. Numerius Fabius; D. Junius. 

489. Q. Fabius Gurges 3: L. Mamilius Vi- 
llus. The number of the quaestors doubled to 
eight. 

490. Ap. Claudius Caudex; M. Fulvius Flac- 
cus. The Romans aid the Mamertines, which 
occasions the first Punic war. Appius defeats 
the Carthaginians in Sicily. The combats of 
gladiators first instituted. ' 

491. M. Valerius Maximus; M. Octacilius 
Crassus. Alliance between Rome and Hiero 
king of Syracuse. A sun dial first put up at Rome, 
brought from Catana. 

492. L. Postumius Gemellus; Q. Mamilius 
Vitulus. The siege and taking of Agrigentum. 
The total defeat of the Carthaginians. 

493. L. Valerius Flaccus; T. Otacilius Cras- 
sus. 

494. Cn. Corn. Scipio Asina; C. Duilius. In 
two months the Romans build and equip a fleet 
of 120 gallies. The naval victory and triumph 
of Duilius. 

495. L. Corn. Scipio; C. Aquilius Florus. 
Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica. 

496. A. Atilius Calatinus; C. Sulpicius Pa- 
terculus. The Carthaginians defeated in a na- 
val battle. 

497 C Attilius Regulus; Cn. Corn. Blasio. 

498. L. Manlius Vulso; Q. Caedicius. At the 
death of Caedicius, Matilius Regulus 2, was 
elected for the rest of the year. The famous 
battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls land 
in Africa. 

499. Serv. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior; M. 
iEmilius Paulus. Regulus, after many victo- 
ries in Africa, is defeated, and taken prisoner 
by Xantippus. Agrigentum retaken by the 
Carthaginians. 

500. Cn. Corn. Scipio Asina 2; A. Attilius 
Calatinus 2. Panormus taken by the Romans. 

501. Cn. Servilius Caepio; C. Sempronius 
Blajsus. The Romans, discouraged by ship- 
wrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the seas. 

502. C. Aurilius Cotta; P. Servilius Gemi- 
nus. Citizens capable to bear arms, amounted 
to 297,797. 

503. L. Csecilius Metullus 2; C. Furius Pa- 
cilus. The Romans begin to recover their pow- 
er by sea. 

504. C. Attilius Regulus 2; L. Manlius Vol- 
so 2. The Carthaginians defeated near Panor- 
mus in Sicily. One hundred and forty-two ele- 
phants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus ad- 



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vises the Romans not to exchange prisoners. He 
is put to death in the most excruciating torments. 

505 P Clodius Pulcher; L. Jun. Pulius. 
The Romans defeated in a naval battle. The 
Roman fleet lost in a storm. 

506 C. Aurelius Cotta 2; P. Servilius Ge- 
minns 2. 

507. L. Caecilius Metellus 3; Num. Fabius 
Buteo. The number of the citizens 252,222. 

508. M. Otacilius Crassus; M. Fabius Lici- 
nus. 

509. M. Fabius Buteo; C. Atilius Balbus. 

510. A. Manlius Torquatus 2; C. Sempronius 
BJa^sus. 

511. C. Fundanius Fundulus; C. Sulpicius 
Gaiius. A fleet built by individuals at Rome. 

512. C Lutatius Catulus; A Postumius Albi- 
nus. i he Carthaginian fleet defeated near the 
islands JEgates. Peace made between Rome 
«nd Carthage. The Carthaginians evacuate Si- 
cily. 

513. Q. Lutatius Cerco; A. Manlius Atticus. 
Sicily is made a Roman province. The 39tb 
census taken. The citizens amount to 260,000. 

514. C. Claudius Centho; M. Sempronius 
Tuditanus. 

515. C. MamiliusTurinus; Q. Valerius Falto. 

516. T Sempronius Gracchus; P. Valerius 
Falto. The Carthaginians give up Sardinia to 
Rome. 

517. L. Corn. Lentulus Caudinus: Q. Ful- 
vius Flaccus The Romans offer Ptolemy Ever- 
getes assistance against Antiochus Theos. 

518. P. Corn. Lentulus Caudinus; Licinius 
Varus. Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia. 

519. C. Atilius Bulbus 2; T. Manlius Tor- 
quatus. The temple of Janus shut for the first 
time since the reign of Numa, about 440 years. 
An universal peace at Rome. 

520. L. Postumius Albinus; Sp. Carvilius 
Maximus. 

521. Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; M 
Pomponius Matho. Differences and jealousy 
between Rome and Carthage. 

522. M. iEmilius Lepidus; M. Publicius 
Malleolus 

„ 523. M. Pomponius Matho 2; C. Papirius 
Maso. The first divorce known at Rome. 

524. M. iEmilius Barbula; M. Junius Pera. 
War with the Illyrians. 

525. L. Postumius Albinus 2; Cn. Fulvius 
Centumalus. The building of new Carthage. 

526. Sp. Carvilius Maximus 2; Q. Fabius 
Maximus. 

527. P. Valerius Flaccus; M. Atilius Regu- 
lus. Two new praetors added to the other prae- 
tors. 

528. M. Valerius Messala; L. Apullius Ful- 
lo. Italy invaded by the Gauls. The Romans 
could now lead into tbe field of battle 770,000 
men. 

529. L. /Emilius Papus; C. Atilius Regulus. 
The Gauls defeat the Romans near Clusium. 
Tbe Romans obtain a victory near Telamon. 

530. T. Manlius Torquatus 2; Q. Fulvius 
Flaccus 2. The Boii, part of the Gauls, sur- 
render. 

531. C. Flaminius; P. Furius Philus. 

532. M. Claudius Marcellus; Cn. Corn. Sei- 



pio Calvus. A new war with the Gauls. Mar* 
cellus gains the spoils called opima. 

533. P. Cornelius; M. Minucius Rufus. An- 
nibal takes the command of the Carthaginian 
armies in Spain. 

534. L. Veturius; C. Lutatius. The Via 
Flaminia built. 

535. M. Livius Salinator; L. JEmilius Pau- 
lus War with Illyricum 

536. P. Cornelius Scipio; T. Sempronius 
Longus. Siege of Saguntum, by Annibal. The 
cause of the second Punic war. Annibal march- 
es towards Italy, and crosses the Alps. The 
Carthaginian fleet defeated near Sicily. Sem- 
pronius defeated near Trebia, by Annibal. 

537. Cn. Servilius; C. Flaminius 2. A fa- 
mous battle near the lake Thrasymenus. Fabi- 
us is appointed dictator. Success of Cn. Scipio 
in Spain. 

538 C Terentius Varro; L. JEmilius Pau- 
lus 2. The famous battle of Cannae. Annibal 
marches to Capua. Marcellus beats Annibal 
near Nola. Asdrubal begins his march towards 
Italy, and his army is totally defeated by the 
Scipios. 

539. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus; Q, Fabius 
Maximus 2. Philip of Macedonia enters into 
an alliance with Annibal Sardinia revolts, and 
is reconquered by Manlius. The Carthaginians 
twice beaten in Spain by Scipio. 

540. Q. Fabius Maximus 3; M. Claudius 
Marcellus 2. Marcellus besieges Syracuse by 
sea and land. 

541. Q. Fabius Maximus 4; T. Sempronius 
Gracchus 3. The siege of Syracuse continued. 

542. Q. Ftivius Flaccus; Ap. Claudius Pul- 
cher. S>racuse taken and plundered. Sicily 
made a Roman province. Tarentum treacher- 
ously delivered to Annibal. The two Scipios 
conquered in Spain. 

543. Cn. Fulvius Centumalus; P. Sulpicius 
Galba. Capua besieged and taken by the Ro- 
mans. P. Scipio sent to Spain with proconsular 
power. 

544. M. Claudius Marcellus 4; M. Valerius 
Lsevinus 2. The Carthaginians driven from Si- 
cily Carthagena taken by young Scipio. 

545. Q. Fabius Maximus 5; Q. Fulvius Flac- 
cus 4. Annibal defeated by Marcellus, Fabius 
takes Tarentum Asdrubal defeated by Scipio. 

546. M. Claudius Marcellus 5; T. Quintius 
Crispinus. Marcellus killed in an ambuscade 
by Annibal. The Carthaginian fleet defeated. 

547. M- Claudius Nero; M. Livius 2. As- 
drubal passes the Alps. INero obtains some ad- 
vantage over Annibal. The two consuls defeat 
Asdrubal, who is killed, and his head thrown 
into AnnibaPs camp, The Romans make war 
against Philip. 

548. L. Veturius; Q,. Caecilius. Scipio ob- 
tains a victory over Asdrubal, the son of Gisgo, 
in Spain. Masinissa sides with the Romans. 

549. P. Cornelius Scipio; P. Licinius Crassus. . 
Scipio is empowered to invade Africa. 

550. M. Cornelius Cethegus; P Sempronius 
Tuditanus. Scipio lands in Africa. The cen- 
sus taken, and 215,000 heads of families found 
in Rome. 

551. Cn. Servilius Caepio: C. Servilius Gemi- 



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-»us. Scipio spreads general consternation in 
Africa. Annibai is recalled from Italy by the 
Ca> ui^ginian senate. 

552. M. Ser.ihus; T Claudius, Anniba) 
and Scipio come to a parley; they prepare for 
battle. Annibai is defeated at Zama. Scipio 
prepares to besiege Carthage. 

553. Cn Corn. Lentulus; P. iElius Paetus. 
Peace granted to the Carthaginians. Scipio 
triumphs. 

• 554. P. Sulpicius Galba 2; C. Aurelius Cot- 
ta. War with the Macedonians. 

555. L. Corn. Leiuulus; P. Villius Tapulus. 
The Macedonian, war continued. 

556. Sex. iElius Psetus; T. Quintius Flami- 
nius. Philip defeated by Quintius. 

557. C. Corn. Cethegus; Q. Minucius Rufus. 
Philip is defeated. Quintius grants him pence. 

558. L. Furius Purpureo; M. Claudius Mar- 
cellus. The independence of Greece proclaim- 
ed by Flamininus, at the Isthmian games. 

559. L. Valerius Flaccus, M. Poreius Cato. 
Quintius regulates the affairs of Greece. Ga- 
te's victories in Spain, and triumph. The Ro- 
mans demand Annibel from the Carthaginians. 

560. P. Corn. Scipio Afncanus 2; T. Sem- 
pronius Longus. Annioal flies to Antiochus. 

561. L. Cornelius Morula-. Q. Minucius Ther- 
inus. Amiochus prepareb to ma!:e war against 
Rome, and Annibai endeavours in vain to stir 
up the Carthaginians tc take up arms. 

562. Q. Quintius Flumininus; Cn. Domitius. 
The Greeks call Antiochus to deliver them. 

563. P. Corn. Scip; ica; Manlius Acilius 
Glabrio. The success of Acnius in Greece 
against Antiochus. 

564. L. Corn. Scipio; C. Lselius. The fleet 
of Antiochus under Aonibal defeated by the Ro- 
mans. Antiochus defeated by Scipio. 

565. M. Fulvius Nobilior; Cn. Manlius Vul- 
so. War with the Gallo-Grecians. 

566. M. Valerius Messala; C. Livius Salina- 
tor. Antiochus dies. 

567. M. Jimilius Lepidus; C. Flaminius. 
The Ligurians reduced. 

568. Sp. Postumius Albinus; Q. Marcius Phi- 
lippus. The Bacchanalia abolished at Rome. 

569. Ap. Claudius Pulcher; M. Sempronius 
Tuditanus. Victories in Spain and Liguria. 

570. P. Claudius Pulcher; L. Poreius Lieini- 
us. Philip of Macedou seuds his son Demetrius 
to Rome. 

571. M. Claudius Marcellus; Q. Fabius La- 
beo. Death of Annibai. Scipio, and Philopoe- 
men. Gauls invade Italy. 

572. M. Bsebius Tamphilus; L. JEmilius Pau- 
lus. Death of Phiiip. 

573. P. Cornelius Cethegus; M. Bsebius Tam- 
philus. Expeditions against Liguria. The first 
gilt statue raised at Rome. 

574. A. Postumius Albinus Luscus; C. Cal- 
purnius Piso. Celtiberians defeated*. 

575. Q. Fulvius Flaccus; L. Manlius Acidi- 
nus. Alliance renewed with Perseus the son 
of Philip. 

576. M. Junius Brutus; A. Manlius Vulso. 

577. C. Claudius Pulcher; T. Sempronius 
Gracchus. The Istrians defeated. 



578. Cn. Corn. Scipio Hispalus; Q. Petillius 
Spurisius. 

579. P. Mucius; M. ^Emilius Lepidus 2. 

580. Sp. Postumius Albums; Q. Mucius Sc«- 
vola. 

581. L. Postumius Albinus; M. Popilius L«- 
nas. 

582. C. Popilius Lsenas; P. M\ins Ligur. 
War declared against Perseus. 

583. P. Licinius Crassus; C. Cassius Longi- 
nus. Perseus gains some advantage over the 

.Romans. 

584. A. Hostilius Mancinus; A. Atilius Ser- 
ranus. 

585. Q. Marcius Philippus 2; Cn. Servilius 
Caepio. The Campaign in Macedonia. 

586. L. iEmilins Paulus 2; C. Licinius Cras- 
sus. Perseus is defeated and taken prisoner by 
Pa'.ius. 

587. Q. jElius Psetus; M. Junius Pennus. 

588. M. Claudius Marcellus; C, Sulpicius 
Galba. 

589. Cn, Octavius Nepos; T. Manlius Tor- 
quatus. 

590. Aulus Manlius Torquatus; Q, Cassius 
Longus. 

591. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus; M. Juven- 
cius Pbalna. 

592. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica; C Marcius Fi- 
gulus. Demetrius flies from Rome, and is made 
king of Syria. 

593. M. Valerius Messala; C. Fannius Strabo. 

594. L. Anicius Gaiius;>l Corn. Cethegus. 

595. C. Cornelius Dolabella; M. Fulvius 
Nobilior. 

596. M. iEmilius Lepidus; C. Popilius Lae- 
nas. 

597. Sex. Jul. Caesar; L. Aurelius Orestes. 
War against the Dalmatians. 

598. L. Corn. Lentulus Lupus; C. Marcius 
Figulus 2. 

599. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica 2; M. Claudius 
Marcellus 2. 

600. Q. Opimius Nepos; L. Postumius Al- 
binus. 

601. Q. Fulvius Nobilior; T Annius Luscus. 
The false Philip. Wars in Spain. 

602. M. Claudius Marcellus 3; L. Valerius 
Flaccus. 

603. L. Licinius Lacullus; A. Posthumius 
Albinus. 

604. T. Quintius Flamininus; M. Acilius 
Balbus. War between the Carthaginians and 
Masinissa. 

605. L. Marcius Censorinus; M. Manilius 
Nepos. The Romans declare war against Car- 
thage. The Carthaginians wish to accept the 
hard conditions which are imposed upon them; 
but. the Romans say that Carthage must be de- 
stroyed. 

606. Sp. Postumius Albinus'; L. Calpurnius 
Piso. Carthage besieged. 

607. P. Corn. Scipio; C. Livius Drusus. 
The siege of Carthage continued with vigour by 
Scipio. 

608. Cn. Cornelius Lenlulus; L. Mummius. 
Carthage surrenders, and is destroyed. Mum- 
mi'.is takes and burns Corinth. 



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800. Q. Fabius .flEmilianus; L. Hostilius Man- 
cinius. 

610. Ser. Sulpicius Galba; L. Aurelius Cotta. 

611. Ap Claudius Pulcher; Q Czecilius 
Metellus Macedonicus. War against the Cel- 
tiberians. 

612. L. Metellus Calms; Q. Fabius Maxi- 
mus Servilianus. 

613. Q. Pompeius; C. Servilius Caepio. 

614. C. Laelius Sapiens; Q. Servilius Csepio. 
The wars with Viriatus. 

615. M. PopiliusLsenas; Cn. CalpurniusPiso. 

616. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica; D. Junius 
Brutus. The two consuls imprisoned by tbe 
tribunes. 

617. M. ^miliusLepidus; C. Hostilius Man- 
cinus. Wars against Numantia, 

618 P. Furius Philus; Sex Atilius Serranus, 

619. Ser. Fuhius Flaccus; Q. Calpurnius 
Piso. 

620. P. Com. Scipio 2; C. Fuhius Flaccus. 

621. P Mucius Scsevola; L. Calpurnius Piso 
Frugi. Numantia surrenders to Scipio, and is 
entirely demolished. The seditions of Ti. 
Gracchus at Rome. 

622. P. Popilius Laenas; P. Rupilus. 

623. P. Licinius Crassus; L. Valerius Flac- 
cus. 

624. C. Claudius Pulcher; M. Perpenna. In 
the census ate found 313,823 citizens. 

625. C. Sempronius Tuditanus; M. Aquilius 
Nepos. 

626. Cn. Octavius Nepos; T. Annius Luscus, 

627. L. Cassius Longus; L. Cornelius Cinna. 
A revolt of slaves in Sicily. 

628. L. iEmiliusLepidus; L. Aurelius Ores- 
tes. 

629. M. PlautiusHypsaeus; M. Fulvius Flac- 
cus. 

630. C. Cassius Longinus; L. Sextius Cal- 
vinus. 

631. Q. Caecilius Metellus; T. Quintius Fla- 
mininus. 

632. C. Fannius Strabo: Cn. Domitius 
Ahenobarbus. The seditions of Caius Grac- 
chus. 

633. Lucius Opimius; Q. Fabius Maximus. 
The unfortuuate end of Caius Gracchus. The 
Allobroges defeated. 

634. P. Manlius Nepos; C. Papirius Carbo. 

635. L. Caecilius Metellus Calvus; L. Au- 
relius Cotta. 

636. M. Portius Cato; Q. Marcius Rex. 

637. L. Caecilius Metellus; Q. Mutius Scae- 
vola. 

638. C. Licinius Geta; Q. Fabius Maximus 
Eburnus. 

639. M. Cacilius Metellus; M. iEmilius 
Scaurus. 

640. M. Acilius Balbus; C. Portius Cato. 

641. C. Caecilius Metellus; Cn. Papirius 
Carbo. 

642. M. Lhius Drusus; L. CalpurniusPiso. 
The Romans declare war against Jugurtha. 

643. P. Scipio Nasica; L. Calpurnius Bes- 
tia. Calpurnius bribed and defeated by Ju- 
gurtha. 

644. M. Minucius Rufus; Sp. Postumius Al- 
bfnus. 



645. Q. Ceecilius Metellus; M. Junius Sila- 
nus. Success of Metellus agaiust Jugurtha. 

646. Servius Sulpicius Galba; M. Aurelius 
Scaurus. Metellus continues the war. 

647. C. Marius; L. Cassius. The war against 
Jugurtha continued with vigour by Marius. 

648. C. Atilius Serranus; Q, Servilius Caepio. 
Jugurtha betrayed by Bocehus into the hands of 
Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius. 

64J). P.RutiliusRufus; Corn. Manlius Maxi- 
mus. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha Two 
Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri and Teu- 
toues. 

650 C. Marius 2; C. Flavius Fimbria. Th* 
Cimbri march towards Spain. 

651. C. Marius 3; L. Aurelius Orestes. The 
Cimbri defeated in Spain. 

652. C. Marius 4, Q. Lutatius Catulus. The 
Teutones totally defeated by Marius. 

653. C. Marius 5; M. Aquillius. The Cim- 
bri enter Italy, and are defeated by Marius and 
Catulus. 

654. C. Marius 6; L. Valerius Flaccus. Fac- 
tions against Metellus. 

655. M. Antonius; A. Postumius Albinos. 
Metellus is gloriously recalled. 

656. L Caecilius Metellus Nepos; T. Didius. 

657. Cn. Corn. Lentulus; P. Licinius Crassus. 

658. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus; C. Cassius 
Longinus. The kingdom of Cyrene left by will 
to the Roman people. 

659. L. Lucinius Crassus; Q. Mucius Scae- 
vola. Seditions of Norbanus. 

660. C. Coelius Caldus; L. Domitius Ahe- 
nobarbus. 

661. C. Valerius Flaccus; M. Herennius Sylla 
exhibited a combat of 100 lions with men in the 
circus. 

662. C. Claudius Pulcher; M. Perpenna. 
The allies wish to be admitted citizens of Rome. 

663. L. Marcius Philippus; Sex. Julius Cse- 
sar. The allies prepare to revolt. 

664. M. Julius Caesar; P. Rutilius Rufus. 
Wars with the Marsi. 

665. Cn. Pompeius Strabo; L. Portius Cato. 
The great valour of Sylla, surnamed the For- 
tunate. 

666. L. Cornelius Sylla; Q. Pompeius Rufus. 
Sylla appointed to conduct the Mithridatic war. 
Marius is empowered to supersede him; upon 
which Sylla returns to Rome with his army, and 
takes it, and has Marius and his adherents judg- 
ed as enemies. 

667. Cn. Octavius; L. Cornelius Cinna. Cin- 
na endeavours to recall Marius, and is expelled. 
Marius returns, and, with Cinna, marches against 
Rome. Civil wars and slaughter. 

668. C. Marius 7; L. Cornelius Cinna 2. 
Marius died, and L. Valerius Flaccus was cho- 
sen in his room. The Mithridatic war. 

669. L. Cornelius Cinna 3; Cn. Papirhis 
Carbo. The"Milhridatic war continued by Sylla. 

670. L. Cornelius Cinna 4; Cn. Papirius 
Carbo 2. Peace with Mithridates. 

671. L. Corn. Scipio Asiaticus; C. Norbanus. 
The capitol burnt. Pompey joins Sylla. 

672. C. Marius; Cn. Pa'piiius Carbo 3. Ci- 
vil wars at Rome between Marius and Sylla 



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Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla, who 
makes himself dictator. 

673. M Tuliius Decula; Cn. Cornelius Do- 
labella Sylla weakens and circumscribes the 
power of the tribunes. Pompey triumphs over 
Africa. 

674. L. Corn. Sylla Felix 2; Q. Ca;cilius 
Metellus Pius. War against Mithridates. 

675. P Servilius Vatia; Ap. Claudius Pul- 
cher. Sylla abdicates the dictatorship. 

676. M. .Emilius Lepidus; Q. Lutatius Ca- 
tulus. Sylla dies. 

677. D. Junius Brutus; Mamercus iEmilius 
Lepidus Levianus. A civil war between Lepi- 
dus and Catulus. Pompey goes against Sertorius 
in Spain. 

678. Cn. Octavius; M. Scribonius Curio. 
Sertorius defeated. 

679. L. Octavius; C. Aurelius Cotta. Mi- 
thridates and Sertorius make a treaty of alliance 
together. Sertorius murdered by Perpenna. 

680 L Licinius Lucullus; M. Aurelius Cot- 
ta. Lucullus conducts the Mithndatic war. 

681. M. Terentius Varro Lucullus; C. Cas- 
sius Varus Spartacus. The gladiators make head 
against the Romans with much success. 

682. L. Gellius Poplicola; Cn. Corn Len- 
tulus Clodianus. Victories of Spartacus over 
three Roman generals. 

683. Cn. Aufidius Orestes; P. Corn. Lentu- 
lus Sura. Crassus defeats and kills Spartacus 
near Apulia. 

684. M. Licinius Crassus; Cn. Pompeius 
Magnus. Successes of Lucullus against Mi- 
thridates. The census amounts to above 900,000. 

685. Q. Hortensius 2; Q. Caecilius Metellus. 
Lucullus defeats Tigranes king of Armenia, and 
meditates the invasion of Parthia. 

686. Q, Martius Rex; L. Caecilius Metellus. 
Lucullus defeats the united forces of Mithridates 
and Tigranes. 

687.' M. Acilius Glabrio; C. Calpurnius Pi- 
so. Lucullus falls under the displeasure of his 
troops, who partly desert him. Pompey goes 
against the pirates. 

688. M. iEmilius Lepidus; L. Volcatus Tul- 
lus. Pompey succeeds Lucullus to finish the 
Mithridatic war, and defeats the enemy. 

689. L. Aurelius Cotta; L. Manlius Torqua- 
tus. Success of Pompey in Asia. 

690. L. Julius Caesar; C. Martins Figulus. 
Pompey goes to Syria. His conquests there. 

691. M. Tuliius Cicero; C Antonius. Mi- 
thridates poisons himself. Catiline conspires 
against the state. Cicero discovers the con- 
spiracy, and punishes the adherents. 

692. D- Junius Silanus; L. Licinius Murae- 
na. Pompey triumphs over the pirates, Mi- 
thridates, Tigranes, and Aristobulus. 

693. M. Puppius Piso; M. Valerius Massala 
Niger. 

694. L. Afranius; Q. Metellus Celer. A 
reconciliation between Crassus, Pompey, and 
Caesar. 

695. C. Jul. Caesar; M. Calpurnius Bibulus. 
Caesar breaks the fasces of his colleague, and 
is sole consul. He obtains the government of 
©aul for five years. 

696. C. Calpurnius Piso; A Gabinius Pau- 



lus. Cicero banished by means of Clodius 
Cato goes against Ptolemy king of Cyprus. Suc- 
cesses of Caesar in Gaul. 

697. P. Corn. Lentulus Spinther; Q. Caeci- 
lius Metellus Nepos. Cicero recalled. Cae~ 
sar's success and victories. 

698. Cn. Corn. Lentulus Marcellinus; L- 
Marcius Philippus. The triumvirate of Caesar, 
Pompey, and Crassus. 

699. Cn. Pompeius Magnus 2; M. Licinius 
Crassus 2. Crassus goes against Parthia. Cae- 
sar continued for five years more in the adminis- 
tration of Gaul. His conquest of Britain. 

700. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus; Ap. Clau- 
dius Pulcher- Great victories of Caesar. 

701. Cn. Domitius Calvinus; M. Valerius 
Messala. Crassus defeated and slain in Parthia. 
Milo kills Clodius. 

702. Cn. Pompeius Magnus 3; the only con- 
sul. He afterwards took for colleague, Q. Cae- 
cilius Meteiius Pius Scipio. Revolts of the 
Gauls crushed by Caesar. 

703. Ser. Suipicius Rufus; M. Claudius 
Mifcellus. Rise of the jealousy between Caesar 
and Pompey. 

704. L. iEmilius Paulus; P. Claudius Mar- 
cellus. Cicero pro-consul of Cilicia. Increase 
of the differences between Caesar and Pompey. 

705. C. Claudius Marcellus; L. Cornelius 
Lentulus. Caesar begins the civil war. Pom- 
pey flies from Rome. Caesar made dictator. 

706. C. Julius Caesar 2; P. Servilius Isauri- 
cus. Caesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia. Pom- 
pey mnrdered in Egypt- The wars of Caesar 
in Egypt. 

707. Q. Fusius Calenus; P. Vatinius. Power 
and influence of Caesar at Rome. He reduces 
Pontus. 

708. C. Julius Caesar 3; M. iEmilius Lepi- 
dus. Caesar defeats Pompey 's partisans in Af- 
rica, and takes Utica. 

709. C. Julius Caesar 4; Consul alone. He 
conquered the partisans of Pompey in Spain, and 
was declared perpetual Dictator and Imperator, 
&c. 

710. C. Julius Casar 5; M Antonius. Caesar 
meditates a war against Parthia. Above sixty 
Romans conspire against Caesar, and murder him 
in the senate house. Antony raises himself to 
power. The rise of Octavius. 

711. C. Vibius Pansa; A. Hirtius. Antony 
judged a public enemy. He is opposed by the 
consuls and Augustus. He joins Augustus. Tri- 
umvirate of Antony, Augustus, and Lepidus. 

712 L. Minucius Plancus; M. iEinilius Le- 
pidus 2. Great honours paid to the memory of J. 
Caesar. Brutus and Cassius join their forces 
against Augustus and Antony. 

713. L Antonius; P. Servilius Isauricus 2. 
Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus and 
Cassius. 

714. Cn Domitius Calvinus; C. Asinius Pol- 
lio Antony joins the son of Pompey against Au- 
gustus. The alliance of short duration. 

715. L. Marcius Censorinus; C. Calvisius 
Sabinus. Antony marries Octavia, the sister of 
Augustus, to strengthen their mutual alliance. 

716. Ap Claudius Pulcher; C. Norbanus 
Flaccus; to whom were substituted C. Octavian- 



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us, and Q. Pedius. Sext. Pompey, the son of 
Ponipey the Great, makes himself powerful by 
sea, to oppose Augustus. 

717. M Agrippa; L. Caninius Gallus. Agrip- 
pa is appointed by Augustus to oppose Sext. Pom- 
pey with a fleet. He builus the famous harbour 
of Misenum. 

718. L. Gellius Pop!icola;M. CocceiusNer- 
va. Agrippa obtains a naval victory over Pom- 
pey, who delivers himself to Antony, by whom 
he is put to death. 

719. L, CornincusNepos;Sex.PompeiusNe- 
pos. Lentulus removed from power by Augus- 
tus. 

720. L. ScriboniusLibo;M. Antor.ius 2. Au- 
gustus and Antony being sole masters of the Ro- 
man empire, make another division of the pro- 
vinces. Caesar obtains the west, and Antony the 
east. 

721. C. Caesar Octavianus 2; L. Volcatius 
Tullus. Octavia divorced by Antony, who mar- 
ries Cleopatra. 

722. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus; C. Sosius. 
Dissentions between Augustus and Antony. 

723. C, Caesar Octavianus 3 ; M. Valer. Mes- 
sala Cotvinus. The battle of Actium, which, ac- 
cording to some authors, happened the year of 
Rome 721. — The end of the commonwealth. 

Consus, a deity at Rome who presided over 
councils His temple was covered in the Max- 
imus Circus, to show that councils ought to be 
secret and inviolable. Some suppose that it is 
the same as Neptunus Equestris. Romulus in- 
stituted festivals to his honour, called Consualia, 
during the celebration of Which the Romans car- 
ried away the Sabine women. (Vid. Commits 
ludi ) Pint, in Rom. — Jluson. 69, and eteg de 
fer. R. 19.— Dionys. Hoi. I.—Liv. 1, c. 9. 

Constgna, the wife of Nicomedes king of 
Bithynia, torn in pieces by dogs for her lascivi- 
ous deportment. Plin. 8, c. 40. 

Contadesdus, a river of Thrace. Herodot. 
4, c. 90. 

Contubia, a town in Spain. Flor. 2, c. 17. 

Coon, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by 
Agamemnon* Homer. II. 

Coos, Cos, Cea. and Co, an island of the 
vEgean sea. Vid Co.., 

Cop^e, a place of Greece, near the Cephisus. 
Plin. 4, c. 7. 

Copais lacus, now Linine, a lake of Boeotia, 
into which the Cephisus and other rivers empty 
themselves. It is famous for its excellent eels. 
Paus. 9, c. 24, 

Cophas, a son of Artabazus. Curt. 7, c. 11. 
— A river of.India. Dionys. Ptrieg 

Cophontis, a burning mountain of Bactriana. 
Plin. 2, c. 106. 

Copia, the goddess of plenty; among the Ro- 
mans represented as bearing a horn filled with 
grapes, fruits, &c. 

Ccpillus, a general of the Tectosagae, taken 
by the Romans. Plut. in Syli. 

C. Coponius, a commander of the fleet of 
Rhodes, at Dyracchium, in the interest of Pom- 
pey. Cic 1, de Div. c. 8. — Paterc. 2, c. 83. 

Coprates, a river of Asia, failing into the 
Tigris. Diod. 19. 



Cofreus, a son of Pelops, who fled to Myce- 
nae at the dearth of Jphitus. Jlpollod. 2, c. 5. 

Copttts and Coptos, now Kypt, a town of 
Egypt, about 100 leagues from Alexandria, on 
a canal which communicates with the Nile. Flin. 
5, c. 9, 1. 6, c. 2S.—Strab. 16.— /tu>. 15, v. 28. 

Cora, a town of Latium, on the confines of 
the Volsci, built by a colony of Dardanians be- 
fore the foundation of Rome. Lucan. 7, v. 392. 
Virg.'»En. 6, v. 775. 

Coracesium and Coracensium, a maritime 
town of Pamphyiia. Liv. 33 c. 20. 

Coraconasus, a town of Arcadia, where the 
Ladon fails into the Alpheus. Paus. 8, c. 25. 

Coralet^, a people of Scythia. Flacc. 6, v. 
81. 

- Coralli, a savage people of Pontus. Ovid, ex 
Pont. 4, cl. 2, t. 37. 

Coranus, a miser. Vid. Nasica. 

Coras, a brother of Catillus and Tyburtus, 
who fought against JEneas. Viig. JEn. 7, v. 672. 

Corax, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, who 
first demanded salary of his pupils. Cic. in Brut. 
12, de oral. 1, c. 20.— Aul. Gell. 5, c 10.— 

Qjuintil. 3, c. 1. A king of Sicyon. A 

mountain of iEtolia. Liv. 36, c. 30. 

Cobaxi, a people of Colchis. Plin. 6, c. 5. 

Corbeus, a Gaul, &c. Cces Bell. G. 8, c. 6. 

Corpis and Orsua, two brothers, who fought 
for the dominion of a city, in the presence of 
Scipio, in Spain. Liv. 28, c. 21. — Vol. Max. 
9, c 11. 

Corbulo, Domitius, a prefect of Belgium, 
who, when governor of Syria, routed the Par- 
thians, destroyed Artaxata, and made Tigranes 
king of Armenia. Nero, jealous of his virtues, 
ordered him to be murdered; and Corbulo hear- 
ing this, fell upon his sword, exclaiming, I have 
well deserved this": A. D. 66. His name was gi- 
ven to a place (Monumentum) in Germany, 
which some suppose to be modern Groningen. 
Tacit, rfnn. 11, c. 18. 

Corcyra, an island in the Ionian sea, about 
12 miles from Bvthrotum, on the coast of Epi- 
rus; famous for the shipwreck of Ulysses, and 
the gardens of Alcinous. It has been successive- 
ly called Drepane, Scheria, and Phceacia, and 
now bears the name of Corfu. Some Corinthi- 
ans, with Chersicrates at their head, came to 
settle there, when banished from their country, 
703 years before -the christian era. A colony of 
Colchis had settled there 1349 years before 
Christ. The war which was carried on by the 
Athenians against the Corcyreans, and was cal- 
led Corcyrean, became but a preparation for the 
Pelopoanesian war. The people of Corcyra were 
once so hated by the Cretans, that such as were 
found on the island of Crete were always put to 
death. Ovid. lb. 512. — Hcmer. Od. 5, &c. — 
Lucan 9, v. 32. — Mela, 2, c 7. —Plin. 4 c. 12, 
Sirab. 6. 

Coroub * , now Cordova, a famous city of His- 
pania Bajtica, the native place of both the Se- 
necas, and of Lucan. Martial. 1, ep. 62. — Mela, 
2, c . 6. — Cces. Bell. Alex- 57. — Plin- 3, c. 1. 

Cordyla, a port of Pontus, supposed to give 
its name to a peculiar sort of fishes caught, there 
{Cordyla.) Plin- 9, c 15. — Martial 13, ep. 1- 

Core, a daughter of Ceres, the same as Pro- 
if 



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serpinc. Festivals called Coreia, were institut- 
ed to her honour in Greece. 

Coressus, a hill near Ephesus- Herodol- 5, 
c. 100. 

Coresus, a priest of Bacchus at Calydon in 
Boeotia, who was deeply enamoured of the 
nymph Callirhoe, who treated him with disdain- 
He complained to Bacchus, who visited the 
country with a pestilence- The Calydonians 
\vei e directed by the oracle to appease the god 
by sacrificing Callirhoe on his altar- The nymph 
was led to the altar, and Coresus, who was to 
sacrifice her, forgot his resentment, and stabbed 
himself. Callirhoe, conscious of her ingrati- 
tude to the love of Coresus, killed herself on the 
brink of a fountain, which afterwards bore her 
name- Pans- 7, c. 21. 

Coretas, a man who first gave oracles at 
Delphi- Plut- de orac def- 

Corfintum, now San Ferino, the capital of 
the Peligni, three miles from the Aturnas which 
falls into the Adriatic. Cots- Civ. 1, c- 16- — 
Lucan. 2, v. 478— Si/. 5, v- 522- 

Coria, a surname of Minerva among the Ar- 
cadians. Cic de Nat- D 3, c 23- 

Corinna, a celebrated woman of Tanagra, 
near Thebes, disciple to Myrtis- Her father's 
name was Archelodorus- It is said that she ob- 
tained five times a poetical prize, in which Pin- 
dar was her competitor; but it must be acknow- 
ledged, that her beauty greatly contributed to 
defeat her rivals. She had composed 50 books 
of epigrams and odes, of which only some few 
verses remain. Fropert- 2, el. 3. — Paws- 9, c- 

22 A woman of Thespis, celebrated for her 

beauty. — Ovid's mistress was also called Corin- 
na. Amor. 2, el. 6. 

Corinnus, an ancient poet in the time of the 
Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem- Homer, 
as some suppose, took his subject from the poem 
of Corinnus. 

Corinthiacus sinus, is now called the gulf 
of Lepanto- 

Corinthus, an ancient city of Greece, now 
called Corito, situated on the middle of the Isth- 
mus of Corinth, at the distance of about 60 stadia 
on either side from the sea. It was first founded by 
Sisyphus son of iEolus, A. M.2616, and receiv- 
ed its name from Corinthus the son of Pelops. 
Its original name was Ephyre; and it is called 
Bimaris, because situate between the Saronicus 
Sinus and Crisseus Sinus. The inhabitants were 
once very powerful, and had great influence 
among the Grecian states. They colonized Sy- 
racuse iu Sicily, and delivered it from the ty- 
ranny of its oppressors, by the means of Timo- 
leon, Corinth was totally destroyed by L. Mum- 
mius, the Roman consul, and burnt to the ground 
146 B. C. The riches which the Romans found 
there were immense. During the conflagration, 
all the metals which were in the city melted and 
mixed together, and formed that valuable com- 
position of metals, which has since 'been known 
by the name of CoHnthium JEs. This, however, 
appears improbable, especially when it is re- 
membered that the artists of Corinth made a 
mixture of copper with small quantities of goid 
and silver, and so brilliant was the composition, 
that the appellation of Corinthian brass after- 



wards stamped an extraordinary value on pieces 
of inferior worth. There was there a famous 
temple of Venus, where lascivious women re- 
sorted and sold their pleasures so dear, that ma- 
ny of their lovers were reduced to poverty ; 
whence the proverb of 

JVbn cuivis hotnini contingit adire Corinthum, 
to show that all voluptuous indulgences are at- 
tended with much expense. J. Caesar planted 
a colony at Corinth T and endeavoured to raise 
it from its ruins, and restore it to its foimer 
grandeur. The government of Corinth was mo- 
narchical, till 779 years B. C. when officers cal- 
led Prytanes were instituted. The war which 
has received the name of Corinthian tear, be- 
cause the battles were fought in the neighbour- 
hood of Corinth, was begun B. C. 395, by the 
combination of the Athenians, Thebans, Corin- 
thians, and Argives, against Lacedasmon. Pi- 
sander and Agesilaus distinguished themselves 
in that war; the former, on the first year of hos- 
tilities, was defeated with the Lacedaemonian 
fleet, by Conon, near Cnidus; while a few days 
after Agesilaus slaughtered 10,000 of the ene- 
my. The most famous battles were fought at 
Coronea and Leuctra; but Agesilaus refused to 
besiege Corinth, lamenting that the Greeks, in- 
stead of destroying one another, did not turn 
their arms against the Persian power. Martial 
9, ep. 58.— Sueton. Mug 70.— Liv. 45, c 28. 
—Flor. 2, c 16.— Ovid Met. 2, v. 240.— Ho- 
rat. 1, ep. 17, v. 36 —P/in. 34, c- 2 —Stat. 
Theb. 7, v. 106.— Pans. 2, c. 1, &c— Strab. 8, 
&c. — Homer II. 15. — Cic. Tusc 4, c. 14. in 
Verr. 4, c. 44. de N. D. 3. — An actor at Rome. 
Juv. 8, v. 197. 

Coriolanus, the surname of C. Martius, from 
his victory over Corioli, where, from a private 
soldier, he gained the amplest honours. When 
master of the place, he accepted as the only re- 
ward, the surname of Conolanus, a horse, and 
prisoners, and his ancient host, to whom he im- 
mediately gave his liberty. After a number of 
military exploits, and many services to his coun- 
try, he was refused the consulship by the people, 
when his scars had for a while influenced them 
iu his favour. This raised his resentment; and 
when the Romans had received a present of corn 
from Gelo king of Sicily, Coriolanus insisted that 
it should be sold for money, and not be given 
gratis. Upon this the tribunes raised the people 
against him for his imprudent advice, and even 
wished him to be put to death. This rigorous 
sentence was stopped by the influence of the 
senators, and Coriolanus submitted to a trial. He 
was banished by a majority of three tribes, and 
he immediately retired among the Volsci, to 
Tullus Aufidius, his greatest enemy, from whom 
he met a most friendly reception. He advised 
him to make war against Rome, and he march- 
ed at the bead of the Volsci as general. The ap- 
proach of Coriolanus greatly alarmed the Ro- 
mans, who sent him several embassies to recon- 
cile bim to his country, and to solicit his return. 
He was deaf to all proposals, and bade them 
prepare for war. He pitched his camp only at 
the distance of five miles from the city; and his 
enmity against his country would have been fa- 
tal, had not his mother Volnmnia, and his wife 



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Vergilia, been prevailed upon by the Roman 
matrons, to go and appease his resentment. The 
meeting of Coriolauus with his family was ten 
der and affecting. He remained long inexora- 
ble: but at last the tears and entreaties of a mo- 
ther and a wife prevailed over tbe stern and ob- 
stinate resolutions of an enemy, and Coriolanus 
marched the Volsci from the neighbourhood of 
Rome. To show their sense of Volumnia's me- 
rit and patriotism, the Romans dedicated a tem- 
ple to Female Fortune. The behaviour of Co- 
riolanus, however, displeased the Volsci. He was 
summoned to appear before the people of Anti- 
urn, but the clamours which his enemies raised, 
were so prevalent, that he was murdered on the 
place appointed for his trial, B. C. 488. His 
body was honoured with a magnificent funeral 
by the Volsci, and the Roman matrons put on 
mourning for his loss. Some historians say that 
he died in exile, in an advanced old age. — Pint. 
in vita- — Flor. 2, c- 22. 

Corioli, and Coriolla, a town of Latium 
on the borders of the Volsci, taken by the Ro- 
mans under C. Martius, called from thence Co- 
riolanus. Plin. 3, c. 5 — Plut. — Liv. 2, c. 33. 
Corissus, a town of Ionia. 
Coritus. Vid, Corytus. 
Cormassa,- a town of Pamphylia. Liv. 38, 
c. 15. 

CoRMtrs, a river near Assyria. Tacit. 12, 
Jinn, c. 14. 

Cornelia lex, de Civitate, was enacted A. 
U. C. 670, by L. Corn. Sylla. It confirmed 
the Sulpician law, and required that the citizens 
of the eight newly elected tribes, should be di- 
vided among the 35 ancient tribes. Another, 

de Judiciis, A. U. C. 673, by the same. It or- 
dained that the praetor should always observe 
the same invariable method in judicial proceed- 
ings, and that the process should not depend upon 

bis will Another, de Sumptibus, by the same. 

It limited the expenses which generally attend- 
ed funerals. Another de Religione, by the 

same, A. U. C. 677. It restored to the college 
of priests, the privilege of choosing the priests, 
which, by the Domitian law, had been lodged 

in the hands of the people. Another, de Mu- 

rticipiis, by the same; which revoked all the pri- 
vileges which had been some time before grant- 
ed to the several towns that had assisted Mari- 

us and Cinna in the civil wars.' Another, de 

Magistratibus, by the same; which gave the 
power of bearing honours and being promoted 
before -the legal age, to those who had followed 
the interest of Sylla, while the sons and parti- 
zans of his enemies, who bad been proscribed, 
were deprived of the privilege of standing for 
any office of the state. Another, de Magis- 
tratibus, by tbe same, A. U. C. 673. It or- 
dained that no person should exercise the same 
office within ten years distance, or be invested 

with two different magistracies in one year. 

Another, de Magistrates, by the same, A. U. 
C. 673. It divested the tribunes of the privi- 
lege of making laws, interfering, holding assem- 
blies, and receiving appeals. All such as had 
been tribunes were incapable of holding any 
other office in the state by that law. — n~ Another, 
de Majestate, by the same, A. U. C. 670. It 



made it treason to send an army out of a pro 
vince, or engage in a war without orders, to in- 
fluence the soldiers to spare or ransom a captive 
general of the enemy, to pardon the leaders of 
robbers or pirates, or for the absence of a Ro- 
man citizen, to a foreign court, without previous 
leave. The punishment was, aquas, fy ignis in- 
terdiction Another by the same, which gave 

the power to a man accused of murder, either 
by poison, weapons, or false accusations, and 
the setting fire to buildings, to choose whether 
the jury that tried him should give their verdict 
clam or palam viva voce, or by ballots. Ano- 
ther by the same, which made it aquce 8f ignis 
interdictio to such as were guilty of forgery, con- 
cealing and altering of wills, corruption, false 
accusations, and the debasing or counterfeiting 
of the public coin; all such as were accessary to 
this offence, were deemed as guilty as the offend- 
er. — — Another, de ptcuniis repetundis, by which 
a man convicted of peculation or extortion in 
the provinces, was condemned to suffer the aquce 

8f ignis interdictio. Another by the same, 

which gave the power to such as were sent into 
the provinces with any government, of retaining 
their command and appointment, without a re- 
newal of it by the senate, as was before observ- 
ed. Another by the same, which ordained 

that the lands of proscribed persons should be 
common, especially those about Volaterrae and 
Fesulse in Etruria, which Sylla divided among 
his soldiers Another by C. Cornelius, tri- 
bune of the people, A. U. C. 686; which or- 
dained that no person should be exempted from 
any law, according to the general custom, unless 
200 senators were present in the senate; and no 
person thus exempted, could hinder the bill of 
his exemption from being carried to the people 

for their concurrence. Another by Nasica, 

A. U. C. 582, to make war against Perseus, son 
of Philip, king of Macedonia, if he did not give 
proper satisfaction to the Roman people. 

Cornelia, a daughter of Cinna, who was the 
first wife of J. Caesar. She became mother of 
Julia, Pompey's wife, and was so affectionately 
loved by her husband, that at her death he pro- 
nounced a funeral oration over her body. Plut. 

in Cazs. A daughter of Metellus Scipio, who 

married Pompey, after the death of her husband 
P. Crassus. She has been praised for her great 
virtues. When her husband left her in the bay 
of Alexandria, to go on shore in a s>mal! boat, she 
saw him stabbed by Achillas, and heard his dy- 
ing groans without the possibility of aiding him. 
She attributed all his misfortunes to his connex- 
ion with her. Plut. in Pomp. A daughter 

of Scipio Africanus, who married Sempronius. 
Gracchus, and was the mother of Tiberius and 
Caius Gracchus. She was courted by a king; 
but she preferred being the wife of a Roman ci- 
tizen, to thai of a monarch. Her virtues have 
been deservedly compiended, as well as the 
wholesome principles she inculcated in her two 
sons. When a Campanian lady made once a' 
show of her jewels at Cornelia's house, and en- 
treated her to favour her with a sight of her own, 
Cornelia produced her two sons, saying, These 
are the only jewels of which I can boast. In 
her lifetime, a statue was raised to her, with 



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Ibis inscription, Cornelia mater Gracchorum. 
Some of her epistles are preserved. Plut. in 
Gracch — Juv. 6, v. 167. — Val. Max. 4, c. 4. 
— Cic. in Brut. 58, de El. Or. 58. - — A ves- 
tal virgin, buried alive in Domitian's age, as 
guilty of incontinence. Sueton. in Dom. 

Cornelii, an illustr'ous family at Rome, of 
whom the most distinguished were, Caius Cor- 
nelius, a soothsayer of Padua, who foretold the 
beginning and issue of the battle of Pharsalia. 
-Doiobeila, a friend and admirer of Cleopa- 
tra. He told her that Augustus intended to re- 
move her from the monument, where she had 

retired. An officei of Sylla, whom J. Caesar 

bribed to escape the proscription which threat- 
ened his life. Cethegus, a priest degraded 

from his office for want of attention. Cn. a 

man chosen by Marcelius to be his colleague in 

the consulship. Baibus, a man who hindered 

J. Caspar from rising up at the arrival of the se- 
nators. Cossus, a military tribune during the 

time that there were no consuls in the republic. 
He offered to Jupiter the spoils called opima. 
Liv 4, c 19. Baibus, a man of Gades, in- 
timate with Cicero, by whom he was ably de- 
fended when accused. A freedmaa of Sylla 

the dictator. Scipio, a man appointed mas- 
ter of the horse, by Camillus, when dictator 

Gallus, an elegiac poet Vid. Callus. 

Merula, was made consul by Augustus, in the 

room of Cmna. Marcelius, a man killed in 

Spain, by Galba. C. Nepos, an historian. 

Vid. Nepos. Merula, a consul, sent against 

the Boii in Gaul. He killed 1400 of them. 
His grandson followed the interest of Sylla ; and 
when Marius entered the city, he killed himself, 

by opening his veins. Gallus, a man who 

died in the act of copulation. Val. Max. 9, c. 
12. — — Severus, an epic poet in the age of Au- 
gustus, cf great genius. He wrote a poem on 
mount JEtna, and on the death of Cicero. Quin- 

til. 10, v. 1. Thuscus, a mischievous person. 

Lenlulus Cethegus, a consul. Aur. Cel- 

sus, wrote eight books on medicine, still extant, 

and highly valued. Cn. and Publ. Scipio. 

Vid. Scipio. Lentulus, a high priest, &c. 

Liv. — Plut. — Val. Max. — Tacit. — Suet. Polyb. 
—C. Jfep. &c 

Corniculum, a town of Latium. Dionys. 
Hal. 

Cornificius, a poet and general in the age 
of Augustus, employed to accuse Brutus, &c. 
His sister Ccrnificia, was also blessed with a 
poetical genius. Plut. in Brut. A lieuten- 
ant of J. Caesar. Id. in Ccts. A friend of 

Cicero and his colleague in the office of augur. 

Corniger, a surname of Bacchus. 

Cornutus, a stoic philosopher of Africa, pre- 
ceptor to Persius the satirist. He wrote some trea- 
tises on philosophy and rhetoric. Pers. 5, v. 

36 A praetor of Rome, in the age of Cicero. 

Cic. 0, ep 12. A Roman, saved from the 

proscription of Marius, by his servants, who hung 
up a dead man in his room, and said it was their 
master. Plut in Mario. 

CouffiBus, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon and 
Auaximena. He assisted Priam in the Trojan 
war, with the hopes of being rewarded with the 
hand of Cassaudra for bis services. Cassandra 



advised him in vain to retire from the war. He 
was killed by Peneleus. Pans. 10, c. 27. — 

Vtrg. JEn. 2, v. 341, &c. A courier of El is, 

killed by Neoptolemus, He obtained a prize 
at Olympia, B. C. 776, in the 28th olympiad, 
from the institution of Iphitus; but this year has 
generally been called the first olympiad. Pans. 
5, c. 8. A hero of Argolis, who killed a ser- 
pent called Pcene, sent by Apollo to avenge Ar- 
gos, and placed by some authors in the number 
of the furies. His country was afflicted with 
•the plague, and he consulted the oracle of Del- 
phi, which commanded him to build a temple, 
where a tripod, which was given him, should 
fall from his band. Paws. 1. v. 43. 

Corona, a town of Messenia. Plin. 4, C. 5. 

Coronea, a town of Boeotia, where, in the 
first year of the Corinthian war, Agesilaus de- 
feated the allied forces of Athens Thebes, Co- 
rinth, and Argos, B. C. 394. C. JVep. in «%es. 
—Pans. 9, c 34— Died. 12. A town of Pe- 
loponnesus — of Corinth— of Cyprus — of Ambra- 
cia — of Phthiotis. 

Coronis, a daughter of Phlegias, loved by 
Apollo. She became pregnant by her lover, 
who killed her on account of her criminal par- 
tiality to Ischys the Thessalian. According to 
some, Diana killed her for her infidelity to her 
brother, and Mercury saved the child from her 
womb as she was on the burning pile. Others 
say that she brought forth her son, and exposed 
him, near Epidaurus, to avoid her father's re- 
sentment; and they farther mention, that Apol- 
lo had set a crow to watch her behaviour. The 
child was preserved, and called iEsculapius; and 
the mother, after death, received divine honours, 
and had a statue at Sicyon, in her son's temple, 
which was never exposed to public view. Paws. 

2, c. 26. The daughter of Coronaeus, king 

of Phocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, 
when flying before Neptune. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 

543. One of the daughters of Atlas and 

Pieione. 

Coronia, a town of Acarnania. Thucyd. 2, 
c. 102. 

Coronus, a son of Apollo. Paws. 2, c. 5. 
A son of Phoroneus king of the Lapithae. 



Diod. 4. 
Corrhagium, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, 

Corsi, a people of Sardinia, descended from 
the Corsicans. 

Corsia, a town of Bceotia. Paws. 9, c 24. 

Corsica, a mountainous island in the Medi. 
terranean, on the coast of Italy. Its inhabi- 
tants were savage, and bore the character of 
robbers, liars, and atheists, according to Sene- 
ca, who was exiled among them. They lived 
to a great age, and fed on honey, which was 
produced in great abundance,, though bitter in 
taste, from the number of yew trees and hem- 
lock which grew there. Corsica was in the posses- 
sion of the Carthaginians, and conquered by the 
Romans, B. C. 231. The Greeks called it 
Cyrnos. In the age of Pliny it was considered 
as in a flourishing state, as it contained no less 
than 33 towns, a number far exceeding its pre- 
sent population. Strab. — Martial. 9, ep. 27. — 



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Plin. S, c. 6, 1. 7, c. 2. — Ovid. 1, Amor. el. 12, 
v. io._ Virg. Eel. 9, v. 30. 
Corsote, a town of Armenia. 
Corsura, an island in the bay of Carthage. 
Cortona, an ancient town of Etruria, called 
Corytum by Virgil. It was at the mouth of the 
Thrasymene lake. Dionys- H. 1, c. 20 and 
26 — Liv. 9, c. 37, 1. 22, c. 4. 

Corvinus, a name given to M. Valerius from 
a crow, which assisted him when he was fighting 

against a Gaul. An orator. Paterc. 2, c. 

36. Messala, an eloquent orator, in the 

Augustan age, distinguished for integrity and 
patriotism, yet ridiculed for his frequent quota- 
tions of Greek in his orations. In his old age, 
he became so forgetful as not even to remember 

his own name. One of this family became 

so poor, that he was obliged, to maintain him- 
self, to be a mercenary shepherd. Juv. 1, v. 
101. 

T. Coruncanus, the first plebeian who was 
made high-priest at Rome. — —The family of 
the Coruncani was famous for the number of 
great men which it supplied, for the service 
and honour of the Roman republic. Cic. •pro 
Domo. 

Corus, a river of Arabia, falling into the Red 
sea. Herodot. 3, c. 9. 

Corybantes, the priests of Cybele, called 
also Galli. In the celebration of their festivals, 
they beat their cjrabals, and behaved as if de- 
lirious. They first inhabited on mount Ida, and 
from thence passed into Crete, and secretly 
brought up Jupiter. Some suppose that they 
receive their name from Corybas son of Jasus 
and Cybele, who first introduced the rights of 
his mother into Phrygia. There was a festival 
at Cnossus in Crete, called Corybantica, in com- 
memoration of the Corybantes, who there edu- 
cated Jupiter. Pans. 8, c. 37 — Diod. 5. — 
Horat. 1, od. 16 — Virg. Mn- 9, v. 617, 1. 10, 
v. 250. 

Corybas, a son of Jasus and Cybele. Diod. 

5. A painter, disciple to Nicomachus. Plin- 

35, c 11. 

Corybassa, a city of Mysia. 
. Corybtjs, a promontory of Crete. 

Corycia, a nymph, mother of Lycorus, by 
Apollo. Paus. 10, c- 6. 

Corycides, the nymphs who inhabited the 
foot of Parnassus. This name is often applied 
to the muses. Ovid Met- 1, v. 320. 

Corycius, an old man of Tarentum, whose 
time was happily employed in taking care of his 
bees. He is represented by Virgil. G. 4, v. 
127, &c- as a contented o!d man, whose assi- 
duity and diligence are exemplary. Some sup- 
pose that the word Corycius, implies not a per- 
son of that name, but a native of Corycus, who 
had settled in Italy. 

Corycus, now Curco, a lofty mountain of 
Cilicia, with a town of the same name, and 
also a cave, with a grove which produced excel- 
lent saffron. Herat- 2, Sat. 4, v. 68. — Lucan. 
9, v. 809.— Plin. 5, c. 27.— Cic. ad Earn. 12, 

ep. 13. — Strab. 14. Another of Ionia, long 

the famous retreat of robbers. Another at 

the foot of Parnassus, sacred to the muses. 
$tat. Tlieb. 7 .—Strab. 9. 



Corybon, a fictitious name of a shepherd, 
often occurring in the pastorals of Theocritus 
and Virgil. 

Coryla and Coryleum, a village of Paphla- 
gonia. 

Coryna, a town of Ionia. Mela, 1, c. 17. 
Corymbifer, a surname of Bacchus, from 
his wearing a crown of corymbi, certain berries 
that grow on the ivy. Ovid. 1, Fast. v. 393. 

Coryneta and Corynetes, a famous rob- 
ber, son of Vulcan, killed by Theseus. Plut. 
in Tfies. 

Coryphasium, a promontory of Peloponne- 
sus. Paws. 4, c. 36. 

Coryphe, a daughter of Oceanus. Cic. de 
Nat. D. 3, c 23. 

Corythenses, a place of Tegea. Paus. 8, 
c.45. 

Corythus, a king of Corinth. Diod. 4. 
Corytus, a king of Etruria, father to JasiuS, 
whom Dardanus is said to have put to death, to 
obtain the kingdom. It is also a town and 
mountain of Etruria, now Cortona, near which 
Dardanus was born. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 170, 1. 7, 
v. 209.— SiZ. 5, v. 123, I. 4, v. 721. 
Cos, an island. Vid. Co. 
Cosa and Cossa, or Cos^e, a town of Etru- 
ria. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 168. — Liv. 22, c. 11.— 
Cic. 9, Jitt. G.—Ozs. B. C. 1, c. 34. 
Cosconius, a Latin writer. Varro de L. L. 

5. A wretched epigram writer. Martial. 

2, ep. 77. 

Cosingas, a Thracian priest of Juno, &c. 
Poly can. 7, c. 22. 

Cosis, a brother to the king of Albania, kill- 
ed by Pompey. Plut in Pomp. 

Cosmus, an effeminate Roman. Juv. 8. 
Cossea, a part of Persia. Diod. 17. 
Cossus, a surname given to the family of the 

Cornelii. A Roman t who killed Volumnius, 

king of Veii, and obtained the Spolia Opima. 
A. U. C. 317. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 841. 

CossuTii. a family at Rome, of which Cos- 
sutia, Csesar's wife, was descended. Suet, in 
Cats. 1. — One of the family was distinguished 
as an architect about 200 B. C. He first in- 
troduced into Italy the more perfect models of 
Greece. 

Costoboei, robbers in Galatia. Paus. 10, 
c. 34. 

Cosyra, a barren islamd in the African sea. 
near Melita. Ovid. Fast. 3, t. 567. 

Cotes, and Cottes, a promontory of Mauri- 
tania. 

Cothon, a small island near the citadel of 
Carthage, with a convenient bay, which served 
for a dock-yard. . Servius in Virg. JEn. 1. v. 
431.— Diod. 3. 

Cothonea, the mother of Triptolemus. Hy- 
gin. fab. 147. 

Cotiso, a king of the Daci, whose army in- 
vaded Pannonia, and was defeated by Corn. 
Lentulus, the lieutenant of Augustus. It is said 
that Augustus solicited his daughter in marriage. 
Suet, in Aug. 63.— Horat. 3, od. 8, v. 18. 

Cotonis, an island near the Echinades. Plin. 
4, c. 12. 

Cotto M. Aurelius, a Roman, who opposed 
Marius. He was consul with Lucullus; and 



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when in Asia he was defeated by sea and land, 
by Mithridates. He was surnamed Ponticus, 
because he took Hcraclea of Pontus by treach- 
ery. PLut. in Lucull. An orator, greatly 

commended by Cicero de Orat.— — A governor 
of Paphlagonia, very faithful to Sardanapalus. 

Diod. 2. A spendthrift in the age of Nero, 

&c Tacit. An officer of Caesar, in Gaul. 

A poet mentioned by Ovid in Ep. de Pont. 

Cotti^e Alpes, a certain part of the Alps, 
by which Italy is separated from Gaul. Suet. 
Tib. 37, Mr. 18. 

Cottus, a giant, son of Coelus and Terra, 
who had 100 hands, and 50 heads. Hesiod. 
Tkecg. v. 147. — — A man among the iEJui, 
&c. Cats Bell. 

CoTYjEtrM, a town of Galatia. Plin. 5, c. 
32. of Phrygia. 

Cotyl^eus, a surname of iEscuIapius, wor- 
shipped on the borders of the Eurocas. His 
temple was raised by Hercules. Paus. 3, c. 19. 

Cotylius, a mountain of Arcadia. Paus. 
8, c. 41. 

Cotyora, a city of Asia Minor, founded by 
a colony from Sinope. Diod. 14. 

Cotys, the father of Asia. Herodot. 4, c. 
45.' A son of Manes by Callirhoe, who suc- 
ceeded his father on the throne of Masonia. 

A king of Thrace. C JYep in Iphic. An- 
other, who favoured the interest of Pompey. 
He was of an irascible temper. Lucan 5, v. 

54. Another, king of Thrace, who divided 

the kingdom with his uncle, by whom be was 
killed. It is the same to whom Ovid writes 
from his banishment. Tacit. 2, Ann. 64. — 

Ovid. 2, de Pont ep. 9. A king of the 

Odrysse. Lit. 42, c. 29. A king of Arme- 
nia Minor, who fought against Mithridates, in 
the age of Claudius. Tacit. Jinn. 11 and 13. 

Another, who imagined he should many 

Minerva, and who murdered some of his ser- 
vants who wished to dissuade him from expec- 
tations so frivolous and inconsistent. Jithen. 12. 

Cotytto, the goddess of all debauchery, 
whose festivals, called Cotyttia, were ceiebrned 
by the Athenians, Corinthians, Thracians, &c. 
during the night. Her priests were called 
Baptae, and nothing but debauchery and wan- 
tonness prevailed at the celebration. A festival 
of the same name was observed in Sicily, where 
the votaries of the goddess carried about boughs 
hung with cakes and fruit, which it was lawful 
for any person to pluck off. It was a capital 
punishment to reveal whatever was seen or done 
at these sacred festivals, and it cost Eupolh his 
life for an unseasonable reflection upon them. 
The goddess Cotytto is supposed to be the same 
as Proserpine or Ceres. Horat. epod. 17, v. 
58. Juv. 2, v. 91. 

Cragus, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part of 
mount Taurus, sacred to Apollo. Ovid. Met. 
9, v. 645.— Horat. 1, od. 21. 

Crambusa, a town of Lycia. 

Cranai, a surname of the Athenians, from 
their king Cranaus. Herodot. 8, c. 44. 

Cranapes, a Persian, &c. Herodot. 

Cranaus, the second king of Athens, who 
succeeded Cecrops, and reigned nine years, 



B. C. 1497. Paus. 1, c. 2. A city of C aria. 

Plin. 6, c. 29. 

Crane, a nymph. Vid. Carna. -A town 

of Arcadia. 

Craneum, a gymnastic school at Corinth. 
Diog. 

Ciianii, a town of Cephallenia. Thucyd. 
2, c. 30. 

Cranon and Crannon, a town of Thessaly, 
on the borders of Macedonia, where Antipater 
and Craterus defeated the Athenians after Alex- 
ander's death. Liv. 26, c. 10, I. 42, c 64. 

Grantor, a philosopher of Soli, among the 
pupils of Plato, B. C. 310. Diog. An ar- 
mour-bearer of Peleus, killed by Demoleon. 
Ovid. Met. 12, v. 361. 

Crassipes, a surname of the family of the 
Furii, one of whom married Tullia, Cicero's 
daughter, whom he soon after divorced. Cic. 
Jill. 4, ep. 5.— Liv. 38 c. 42. 

L. Crassitius, a man who opened a school 
at Rome- Suet, de Gram. 18. 

Crassus, a grandfather of Crassus the Rich, 

who never laughed. Plin. 7, c 19. PuW. 

Licinius, a Roman high-priest, about 131 years 
B. C who went into Asia with an army against 
Aiistonicus, where he was killed, and buried at 

Smyrna. M. Licinius, a celebrated Roman, 

surnamed Rich, on account of his opulence. At 
first he was very circumscribed in bis circum- 
stances; but, by educating slaves, and selling 
them at a high price, he soon enriched himself. 
The cruelties of Cinna obliged him to leave 
Rome; and he retired to Spain, where he re- 
mained concealed for eight months. After 
Cinna's death he passed into Africa, and thence 
to Italy, where he served Sylla, and ingratiated 
himself in his favour. When the gladiators, 
with Spartacus at their head, had spread an 
universal alarm in Italy, and defeated some of 
the Roman generals, Crassus was sent against 
them. A battle was fought, in which Crassus 
slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and by this 
decisive blow, he soon put an end to the war, 
and was honoured with an ovatio at his return. 
He was soon after made consul with Pompey; 
and in this high office he displayed his opulence, 
by entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables. 
He was afterwards censor, and formed the first 
triumvirate with Pompey and Caesar. As his 
love of riches was more predominant than that 
of clory, Crassus never imitated the ambitious 
conduct of his colleagues, but was satisfied with 
the province of Syria, which seemed to promise 
an inexhaustible source of wealth. With hopes 
of enlarging his possessions, he set off from 
Rome, though the omens proved unfavourable, 
and every thing seemed to threaten his ruin. 
He crossed the Euphrates, and, forgetful of the 
rich cities of Babylon, and Seleucia, he hasten- 
ed to make himself master of Parthia. He 
was betrayed in his march by the delay of Ar- 
tavasdes, king of Armenia, and the perfidy of 
Ariamnes. He was met in a large plain by 
Surena, the general of the forces of Orodes, 
king of Parthia; and a battle was fought, in 
which 20,000 Romans were killed, and 10,000 
taken prisoners. The darkness of the night fa- 
voured the escape of the rest, and Crassus, fore- 



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ed by the mutiny and turbulence of his soldiers, 
and the treachery of his guides, trusted himself 
to the general of the enemy, on pretence of 
proposing terms of accommodation, and he was 
put to death, B. C. 53. His head was cut off, 
and sent to Orodes, who poured melted lead down 
his throat, and insulted his misfortunes. The 
firmness with which Crassus received the news 
of his son's death, who perished in that expe- 
dition, has been deservedly commended; and 
the words that he uttered when he surrendered 
himself into the hands of Surena, equally claim 
our admiration. He was wont often to say, that 
no man ought to be accounted nch, if he could 
not maintain an army. Though he has been 
called avaricious, yet he showed himself always 
ready to lend money to his friends without inte« 
rest. He was fond of philosophy, and his know- 
ledge of history was great and extensive. Plu- 
tarch has written his life. Flor. 3, c. 11 

Publius, the son of the rich Crassus, went into 
Parthia with his father. When he saw himself 
surrounded by the enemy, and without any hope 
of escape, he ordered one of his men to run him 
through. His head was cut off, and shown with 
insolence to his father by the Parthians. Plut in 

Crass L. Licinius, a celebrated Roman 

orator, commended by Cicero, and introduced 
in his book de Oratore as the principal speaker. 

'A son of Crassus the rich, killed in the 

civil wars, after Caesar's death. 

Crastinus, a man in Csesar's army, killed at 
the battle of Pharsalia. Cms Bell. G. 3, c. 99. 

Cratais, the mother of Sylla, supposed to be 
the same as Hecate. Horn. Od. 12 v v. 124. 

Crat^us, conspired against Archelaus, &c. 
— Jiristot. 

Crater, a bay of Campania near Misenus. 

Craterus, one of Alexander's generals. He 
rendered himself conspicuous by his literary 
fame, as well as by his valour in the field, and 
wrote the history of Alexander's life. He was 
greatly respected and loved by the Macedonian 
soldiers, and Alexander always trusted him with 
unusual confidence. After Alexander's death, 
he subdued Greece with Antipater, and passed 
with his colleague into Asia, where he was kil- 
led in a battle against Eumenes, B. C. 321. He 
had received for his share of Alexander's king- 
doms, Greece and Epirus Nep. in Eumen. 2. 
— Justin. 12 and 13. — Curt. 3. — Arrian. — 
Plut. in Altx. A physician of Atticus, men- 
tioned by Cic. 12. ad Attic, ep. 13. — Horat. 2, 

Set. 3, v. 161. A painter whose pieces 

adorned the public buildings of Athens, tlin. 

35, c. 11. An Athenian, who collected into 

one body, all the decrees which had passed in 

the public assemblies at Athens. A famous 

sculptor. 

Crates, a philosopher of Bocotia, sou of As- 
condus, and disciple of Diogenes the Cynic, B. 
C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave the mo- 
ney to his fellow citizens. He was naturally de- 
formed, and he rendered himself more hideous 
by sewing sheep's-skins to his mantle, and by the 
singularity of his manners. He clothed himself 
as warm as possible in the summer; but in the 
winter, his garments were uncommonly thin, and 
incapable to resist the inclemency of the season. 



Hipparchia, the sister of a philosopher, became 
enamoured of him; ana as he could not cool her 
passion by representing himself as poor and de- 
formed, he married her. He had by her two 
daughters, whom he gave in marriage to bis dis- 
ciples, after he had permitted them their com- 
pany for 30 days by way of trial. Some of his 

letters are extant. Diog. in vita. A stoic, 

son of Timocrates, who opened a school at Rome, 
where he taught gramniar. Sueton.— — A na- 
tive of Pergamus, who wrote an account of the 
most striking events of every age, B C. 165. 
AZlian. de Anim. 17, c. 9.— ^ — A philosopher of 
Athens, who succeeded in the school of his mas- 
ter Polemon. An Athenian comic poet. 

Cratesiclea, the mother of Cleomenes, wh© 
went to Egypt, in hopes of serving her country, 
&c Flut. in Cleon. 

Cratesipolis, a queen ofSicyon, who severe- 
ly punished some of her subjects, who had re- 
volted at the death of Alexander, her husband, 
&c Polycen. 8, c. 58. 

Cratesipidas, a commander of the Lacede- 
monian fleet, against the Athenians, &c. Diod. 
13. 

Cratevas, a general of Cassander. Diod. 19. 

Crateus, a son of Minos. 

Crathis, a river of Achaia falling into the 
bay of Corinth. Strab. 8. Another in Mag- 
na Graecta, whose waters were supposed to give 
a yellow colour lo the hair and beard of those 
that drank them. Ovid. 14. Met. v. 315. — Pans. 
7, c. 25.— Plin. 31, c 2. 

Cratinus, a native of Athens, celebrated for 
his comic writings, and his fondness for drinking. 
He died at the age of 97, B. C. 431 years. Quin- 
tilian greatly commends his comedies, which the 
little remains of his poetry do not seem fully to 

justify. Horat. 1. Sat- 4. — QjuintiU A 

wrestler of uncommon beauty. Paus. 6, c- 3. 
A river of Asia. Plin- 37, c. 2. 



Cratippus, a philosopher of Mitylene, who, 
among others, taught Cicero's son at Athens. 
After the battle of Pharsalia, Pompey visited the 
house of Cratippus, where their discourse was 
chiefly turned upon Providence, which the war- 
rior blamed, and the philosopher defended. Plut. 

in Pomp. — Cic in Offic. 1. An historiaa 

contemporary with Thucydides. Dionys. Hal. 

Cratylus, a philosopher, preceptor to Pla- 
to after Socrates. 

CRAusi-as, two islands on the coast of Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

Crausis, the father of Philopoemen. 

Crauxidas, a man who obtained an Olympic 
crown at a horse race. Paus- 5, c- 8. 

Cremera, a small river of Tuscany, falling 
into the Tiber, famous for the death of the 300 
Fabii, who were killed there in a battle against 
the Veientes, A. U. C. 277. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 
205.— Juv. 2, v. 155. 

Cremma, a town of Lycia. 

Cremmyon, and Crommyon, a town near. 
Corinth, where Theseus killed a sow of uncom- 
mon bigness. Ovid. Met- 7, v. 435. 

Cremni and Cremnos, a commercial place 
on the Palus Mxotis. Herodot- 4, c. 2. 

Cremona, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, on the 
Po, near Mantua. It was a Roman colony, and 



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suffered much when Annibal first passed into Ita- 
ly. Liv. 21, c. 56,— Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 4 and 
19. 

Chemonis Jugum, a part of the Alps, over 
which, as some suppose, Annibal passed to enter 
Italy. Liv. 21, c. 23. 

Cremides, a place of Bithynia. Diod 14. 
Cremutius Cordus, an historian who wrote 
an account of Augustus, and of the civil wars, 
aud starved himself for fear of the resentment 
of Tiberius, whom he had offended, by calling 
Cassius the last of the Romans. Tacit. Jinn. 
55, c. 34, 35.— Suet, in Aug. 35. in Tib. 60. 
in Calig. 16. 

Crenis, a nymph mentioned by Ovid. Met. 
12, v. 313. 

Creon, a king of Corinth, was son of Sisy- 
phus He promised his daughter Glauce to Ja- 
son, who repudiated Medea. To revenge the 
success of her rival, Medea sent her for a pre- 
sent a gown covered with poison. Glauce put it 
on, and was seized with sudden pains. Her body 
took fire, and she expired in the greatest tor- 
ments. The house also was consumed by the 
fire, and Creon and his family shared Glauce's 
fate. Jlpollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 1. — Eurip, in 

Med. — Hygin. fab. 25. — Diod. 4. A son of 

Menoetius, father to Jocasta, the wife and mo- 
ther of (Edipus. At the death of Laius, who 
had married Jocasta, Creon ascended the va- 
cant throne of Thebes. As the ravages of the 
Sphinx (Vid. Sphinx) were intolerable, Creon 
offered his crown, and daughter in marriage, to 
him who could explain the enigmas which the 
monster proposed. (Edipus was happy in his 
explanations, and he ascended the throne of 
Thebes, and married Jocasta, without knowing 
that she was his mother, and by her he had two 
sons, Polynices and Eteocles. These two sons 
mutually agreed, after their father's death, to 
reign in the kingdom, each alternately. Eteo- 
cles first ascended the throne, by right of senio- 
rity; but when he was once in power, he refused 
to resign at the appointed time, and his brother 
led against him an army of Argives to support 
his right. The war was decided by a single 
combat between the two brothers. They both 
killed one another, and Creon ascended the 
throne, till Leodamas the son of Eteocles should 
be of a sufficient age to assume the reins of go- 
vernment. In his regal capacity, Creon com- 
manded that the Argives, and more particular- 
ly Polynices, who was the cause of all the blood- 
shed, should remain unburied. If this was in 
any manner disobeyed, the offenders were to be 
buried alive. Antigone, the sister of Polynices, 
transgressed, and was accordingly punished. 
Haemon, the son of Creon, who was passionate- 
ly foud of Antigone, killed himself on her grave, 
when his father refused to grant her pardon. 
Creon was afterwards killed by Theseus, who 
had made war against him at the request of 
Adrastus, because he refused burial to the Ar- 
gives. Vid. Eteocles, Polynices, Adrastus, (Edi- 
pus. — Apollod. 3, c. 56, &c— Paws. 1, c. 39, 1. 
9, c. 5, kc. — Stat, in Tlieb. — Sophocl. in Jlntig. 
—JEsckyl. Sept. in Theb. — Hygin. fab. 67 and 

76 . — Diod. 1 and 4. The first annual archon 

at Athens, 684 B. C. Pater. 1, c. 8. 



Creontiades, a son of Hercules by Megara, 
daughter of Creon, killed by his father, because 
he had slain Lycus. 

Creophilus, a Samian, who hospitably en- 
tertained Homer, from whom he received a po- 
em in return. Some say that he was that poet's 

master, &c. Strab. 14. An historian. Athen. 

8. 

Creperius Pollio, a Roman, who spent his 
all in the most extravagant debaucheiy. Juv. 
9, v. 6. 

• Cres, an inhabitant of Crete. -The first 

king of Crete. Pans. 8, c. 53. 

Cresa and Cressa, a town of Caria. 

Cresius, a hill of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 44. 

Cresphontes, a son of Aristomachus, who, 
with his brothers Temenus and Aristodemus, 
attempted to recover the Peloponnesus. Paus. 
4, c. 3, &c. 

Cressius, belonging to Crete. Virg. JEn. 4, 
v. 70, 1. 8, 294. 

Creston, a town of Thrace, capital of a part 
of the country called Cresionia. The inhabi- 
tants had each many wives; and when the hus- 
bana died, she who had received the greatest 
share of his affection, was cheerfully slain on his 
grave. Herodot- 5, c. 5. 

Cresus and Ephesus, two men who built the 
temple of Diana at Ephesus. Paus. 7, c. 2. 

Creta, one of the largest islands of the Me- 
diterranean sea, at the south of all the Cyclades. 
It was once famous for its hundred cities, and 
for the laws which the wisdom of Minos esta- 
blished there. The inhabitants have been de- 
tested for their unnatural loves, their falsehood, 
their piracies, and robberies. Jupiter, as some 
authors report, was educated in that island by 
the Corybantes, and the Cretans boasted that 
they could show his tomb. There were differ- 
ent colonies from Phrygia, Doris, Achaia, &c. 
that established themselves- there. The island, 
after groaning under the tyranny of democrati- 
cal usurpation, and feeling the scourge of fre- 
quent sedition, was made a Roman province, 
B. C. 66, after a war of three years, in which 
the inhabitants were so distressed, that they were 
even compelled to drink the water of their cat- 
tle. Chalk was produced there, and thence call- 
ed Creta, and with it the Romans marked their 
lucky days in their calendar. Horat. 1, od. 36, 
v 10, epod. 9— Ovid. Fast.— 3, v. 444. Epist. 
10, v. 106.— Val. Max. 7, c. 6.— Strab. 10 — 
Lucan. 3, v. 184.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 104. — Me- 
la, 2, c. l.—Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Cret^us, a poet mentioned by Propertius. 
2, el. 34, v. 29. 

Crete, the wife of Minos. Apollod. 3, c. 1. 
A daughter of Deucalion. Id. 3, c. 3. 



Cretea, a country of Arcadia, where Jupi- 
ter was educated, according to some traditions. 
Paus. 8, c. 38. 

Cretes, inhabitants of Crete. Virg. JEn. 
4, v. 146. 

Creteus, a Trojan, distinguished as a poet 
and musician. He followed iEpeas, and was 

killed by Turnus Virg. JEn. 9, v. 774. 

Another, killed by Turnus. Id. 12, v. 538. 

Cretheis, the wife of Acastus, king of Iol- 
chos, who fell in love with Pcleus, son of iEa- 



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eus, and accused him of attempts upon her vir- 
tue, because he refused to comply with her wish- 
es, &c. Sue is called by some Hippolyte, or 
Astiadamia. Pindar. Nem 4 

Crethecs, a sou of iEolus, father of iEson, 
by Tyro, his brother's daughter. Apollod. 1, c. 
7, &c. 

Ckethon, a son of Diodes, engaged in the 
Trojan war on the side of Greece. He was 
slain, with his brother Orsilochus, by iEneas. 
Homtr. II. 5, v. 540. 

Creticus, a certain orator. Juv. 2, v. 67. 
— -A surname of M. Antony's father. 

Cressas, a famous boxer. Paus. 2. 

Crecsa, a daughter of Creon king of Co- 
rinth. As she was going to marry Jason, who 
had divorced Medea, she put ou a poisoned gar- 
ment, which immediately set her body on tire, 
and she expired in the most excruciating tor- 
ments. She had received this gown as a gift 
from Medea, who wished to take that revenge 
upon the infidelity of Jason. Some call her 

Glauce. Ovid, de Art. Am. 1, v. 33£ A 

daughter of Priam, king of Troy, by Hecuba. 
She married iEoeas, by whom she had some 
children, among which was Ascanius. When 
Troy was taken, she fled in the night, with her 
husband; but they were separated in the midst 
of the confusion, and iEneas could not recover 
her, uoi hear where she was. Cybele saved 
her, and carried her to her temple, of which she 
becaoie priestess; according to the relation of 
Virgil, who makes Creusa appear to her hus- 
band in a vision, while he was seeking her in 
the tumult of war. She predicted to iEneas the 
calamities that attended him, the fame he should 
acquire when he C3me to Italy, and his conse- 
quent marriage with a princess of the country. 
Paus. 10, c. 16,— Virg. JB*. 2. v. 56-J, &c 

^ daughter of Ereeiuh. u? king of Athens, 

She was mother of Janus hy Apollo. A town 

of Boeotia. Slrab. 9.— Paus. 9. c. 32. 

Creusis, a naval station of the Thespians. 
Paus. 9, c. 32. 

Criascs, a son of Argos, king in Peloponne- 
sus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 
' Crinippus, a general of Dionysius the elder. 

Crinis, a stoic philosopher. Laert A 

pri?st of Apollo. 

Crinisus and Crimisus, now Caltabellola, a 
river on the western parts of Sicily near Seges- 
ta, where Timoleon defeated the Carthaginian 
forces. C. Nep in Tim — Virg. JEa. 5, v. 3S. 

> The word in the various editions of Virgil, 

is spelt Cremissus, Crimissus, Crimisus, Crime,- 

sus, Crinisus, Crimnisus. The Crinisus was 

a Trojan prince, who exposed bis daughter on 
the sea, rather than suffer her to be devoured by 
the sea-monster which Neptune sent to punish 
the infidelity of Laomedon. \Vul. Laomedon ] 
The daughter came safe lo the shores of Sicily. 
Crinisis some time after went in quest of his 
daughter, and was so disconsolate for her loss, 
that the gods changed him into a river in Sicily, 
and granted him the power of metamorphosing 
himself into whatever shape he pleased. He 
made use of this privilege to seduce the neigh- 
bouring nymphs. 



Crino, a daughter of Antenor. Paus. 10, c. 
27. One of the Danaides. Apollod. 

Crison, a man of Himera, who obtained a 
prize at Olympia, &c. Paus. 5, c. 23. 

Crispina, a Roman matron, &c. Tacit. I. 
Hist. 47. 

Crispintjs, a praetorian, who, though -origin al- 
ly a slave in Egypt, was after the acquisition of 
riches, raised to the honours of Roman knight- 
hood by Domitian. Juv 1, v. 26. A stoic 

philosopher, as remarkable for his loquacity as 
for the foolish and tedious poem he wrote, to ex- 
plain the tenets of his own sect, to which Ho- 
race alludes in the last verses of 1, Sat. 1. 

Cristus Sallustkts. Vid. Sallustius. 

Vino, a famous orator. Qxtintil. 10, c. 1. 

The second husband of Agrippina. Flav. 

Jul. a sou of the Great Constantine, made Cae- 
sar by his father, and distinguished for valour 
and extensive knowledge. Fausta, his step-mo- 
ther, wished to seduce him; and when he refused, 
she accused him before Constantine, who be- 
lieved the crime, and caused his son to be poi- 
soned, A. D. 326. 

Criss-eus sinus, a bay on the coasts of Pe- 
loponnesus, near Corinth, now the bay of Salo- 
na. It received its name from Crista, a town of 
Phocis, situate on the bay, and near Delphi. 

Critala, a town of Cappadocia. Herodot. 
7, c 26. 

Critheis, a daughter of Melanippus, who be- 
came pregnant by an unknown person, and af- 
terwards married Phemicis of Smyrna, and 
brought forth the poet Homer, according to He- 
rodct. in vita. 

Crithote, a town of the Thracian Chersone- 
sus. C. N»p. 

Critias, one of the thirty tyrants set over 
Athens by the Spartans. He was eloquent and 
well-lred, but of dangerous principles, and he 
cruelly persecuted his enemies, and put them to 
death. He was killed in a battle against those 
citizens whom his oppression had banished. He 
had been among the disciples of Socrates, and 
had written elegies and other compositions, of 
which some fragments remain. Cic 2, de Chat. 
A philosopher. A man who wrote on re- 
publics Another, who addressed an elegy to 

Alcibiades. 

Crito, one of the disciples of Socrates, who 
attended his learned preceptor in his last mo- 
rn' nts, and composed some dialogues now lost. 

Diog A physician in the age of Artaxerxes 

Longimanus An historian of Naxus, who 

wrote an account of all that had happened dur- 
ing eight particular years of his life. A Ma- 
cedonian historian, who wrote an account of Pal- 
lene of Persia, of the foundation of Syracuse, of 
the Getag &c- 

Critubulus, a general of Phocis. at the bat- 
tle of Thermopylae, between Antiochus and the 

Romans. Pnus. 10, c. 20. A physician in the 

age of Philip king of Macedonia. Plvn. 7, c. 

37. A son of Crito, disciple to Socrates. " 

Diog. in Crit. 

Critodemtts, an ancient historian. Plin. 5, 
c. 76. 

Critognatus, a celebrated warrior of A lesia, 
when Cassar was in Gaul. Cazs. Bell. Gutt. 



CR 



CR 



Critolaus, a citizen of Tegea in Arcadia, 
who, with two brothers, fought against the two 
sons of Detnostratus of Pheneus, to put an end 
to a long war between their respective nations. 
The brothers of Critolaus were both killed, and 
he alone remained to withstand his three bold 
antagonists. He conquered them; and when, 
at his return, his sister deplored the death of 
one of his antagonists, to whom she was betroth- 
ed, he killed her in a fit of resentment. The 
offence deserved capital punishment; but he was 
pardoned, on account of the services he had ren- 
dered his country. He was afterwards general* 
of the Achaeans, and it is said that he poisoned 
himself, !iecause he had been conquered at 
Thermopylae by the Romans. Cic. de. Nat. D. 

A peripatetic philosopher of Athens, sent 

ambassador to Rome, &c. 140 B. C. Cic. 2, 

de Oral. An historian who wrote about Epi- 

rus. 

Crius, a soothsayer, son of Theocles. Paus. 

3, c. 13. A man of iEgina, &c> — Herodot. 

6, c. 50. A river of Achaia, called after a 

giant of the same name Paus 7, c. 27. 

Crobialus, a town of Paphiagonia. 

Crobyzi, a people of Thrace. 

Crocale, one of Diana's attendants. Ovid. 
Met 3. 

Croce^:. a town of Laconia. Paus. 3, v. '21. 

Crocodilopolis, a town of Egypt, near the 
Nile, above Memphis. The crocodiles were 
held there in the greatest veneration; and they 
were so tame, that they came to take food from 
the hand of their feeders. It was afterwards 
called Arsinoe. Herodot. 2, c. 69 — Strab. 17. 

Crocus, a beautiful youth, enamoured of the 
nymph Smylax. He was changed into a flower 
of the same name, on account of the impatience 
of his love, and Smilax was metamorphosed into 
a yew-tree. Ovid. 4, Met v. 283. 

Cr(esus, the fifth and last of the Mermnadae, 
who reigned in Lydia, was son of Alyattes, and 
passed for the richest of mankind. He was the 
first who made the Greeks of Asia tributary to 
the Lydians. His court was the asylum of learn- 
ing; and iEsop, the famous fable-writer, among 
others, lived under his patronage. In a conver- 
sation with Solon, Croesus wished to be thought 
the happiest of mankind; but the philosopher ap- 
prized him of his mistake, and gave the prefer- 
ence to poverty and domestic virtue. Croesus 
undertook a war against Cyrus the king of Per- 
sia, and marthed to meet him with an army of 
420,000 men, and 60,000 horse. After a reign 
of 14 years, he was defeated, B. C. 548; his 
capital was besieged, and he fell into the conquer- 
or's hands, who ordered him to be burnt alive. 
The pile was already on fire, when Cyrus heard 
the conquered monarch three times exclaim, 
Solon! with lamentable energy. He asked him the 
reason of his exclamation, and Croesus repeated 
the conversation he had once had with Solon on 
human happiness Cyrus was moved at the reci- 
tal, and at the recollection of the inconstancy of 
human affairs, he ordered Croesus to be taken 
from the burning pile, and he became one of his 
most intimate friends. The kingdom of Lydia 
became extinct in his person, and the power was 
transferred to Persia. Croesus survived Cyrus. 



The manner of his death is unknown. He if 
celebrated for the immensely rich presents which 
he made to the temple of Delphi, from which 
he received an obscure and ambiguous? oracle, 
which he interpreted in his favour, and which 
was fulfilled in the destruction of his empire. 
Herodot. 1, c. 26, &c — Plut. in Solon. 8, c. 
24. — Justin. 1, c. 7. 

Cromi, a people of Arcadia. 

CnoMiTis, a country of Arcadia. 

Crommyon and Cromyon, a place of Attica, 
where Hercules killed a large sow that laid 
waste the neighbouring country. Ovid. Met. 7. 
— Xen. A town near Corinth. Poms. 2, c. 1. 

Cromna, a town of Bithynia. 

Cromus, a son of Neptune. Paus. 2, c. 1. 
■A son of Lycaon. Id. 8, c. 3. 



Cronia, a festival at Athens, in honour of 
Saturn. The Rhodians observed the same fes- 
tival, and generally sacrificed to the god a con- 
demned malefactor. 

Cronium, a town of Elis — of Sicily. 

Crophi, a mountain of Egypt, near which 
were the sources of the Nile, according to some 
traditions, in the city of Sais. Herodot. 2, c. 28. 

Crossjsa, a country situate partly in Thrace, 
and partly in Macedonia, Herodot. 7, c. 123. 

Crotalus, a navigable river of Italy. Plin. 
3, c. 10. 

Croton, a man killed by Hercules, by whom 
he was afterwards greatly honoured. Diod. 4. 

Crotona, a town of Italy, still known by the 
same name, in the bay of Tarentum, founded 
759 years before the Augustan age, by a colony 
from Achaia. The inhabitants were excellent 
warriors, and great wrestlers, Democedes, Alc- 
maeon, Milo, &c. were natives of this place. It 
was surrounded with a wall twelve miles in cir- 
cumference, before the arrival of Pyrrhus in 
Italy. Crotona struggled in vain against the at- 
tacks of Dionysius of Sicily, who took it. It suf- 
fered likewise in the wars of Pyrrhus and Anni- 
bal, but it received ample glory, in being the 
place where Pythagoras established his school. 
Herodot. 8, c. 37.— Strab. 6 —Plin. 2, c. 96. 
—Liv. 1, c. 18, 1. 24, c. 3 —Justin. 20, c. 2. 

Crotoniatje, the inhabitants of Crotona. Cic. 
de inv. 2, c. 1. 

Crotoniatis, a part of Italy, of which Cro- 
tona is the capital. Thucyd. 7, c, 35. 

Crotofiades, a patronymic of Linus, grand- 
son of Crotopus. 

Crotopias, the patronymic of Linus, grand- 
son of Crotopus. Ovid, in lb. 480, 

Crotopus, a king of Argos, son of Agenor, 
and father to Psamathe the mother of Linus by 
Apollo. Ovid, in lb. 480. 

Crotus, a son of Eumene, the nurse of the 
Muses, He devoted his life to the labours of 
the chase, and after death Jupiter placed him 
among the constellations under the name of Sa- 
gittarius. Paus. 9, c. 29. 

Crunos, a town of Peloponnesus. Mela, 2, 
c. 2. 

Crusis, a place near Olynthos. 

Crustumerium and Crustumeria, a town 
of the Sabines, Liv. 4, c. 9, I. 42, c. 34. — 
Virg. JEn. 7. v. 631. 

Crustuminum, a town of Etruria, near Veii. 



CT 



CU 



famous for pears; whence the adjective Crustu- 
mia. Virg. G. 2, v. 88. 

Crustumium, Crustunus, and Crustur- 
nenius, now Coucu, a river flowing from the 
Apennines, by Arimnmm. Lucan. 2, y. 406. 

Crynis, a river of Bithynia. 

Crypta, a passage through mount Pausily- 
pus. Vid. Pausilyjus. 

Cteatus, oneof the Grecian chiefs before 
Troy. Paus. 5, c. 4. 

Ctemene, a town of Thessaly. 

Ctenos, a harbour of Chersonesus Taurica. 

Ctesias, a Greek historian and physician of 
Cnidos, taken prisoner by Artaxerxes Mnenion 
at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the king's 
wounds, and was his physician for 17 years. He 
wrote an history of the Assyrians and Persians, 
which Justin and Diodorus have partially pre- 
ferred to that of Herodotus. Some fragments 
of his compositions have been preserved by Pho- 
tius, and are to be found in Wesseling's edition 
of Herodotus. Strab. 1. — Mien 12. — Plut 

in Jirtax. A sycophant of Athens. An 

historian of Ephesus. 

Ctesibius, a mathematician of Alexandria, 
who flourished 135 years B.C. He was the 
inventor of the pump, and other hydraulic in- 
struments. He also invented a clepsydra, or a 
water clock. This invention of measuring time 
by water, was wonderful and ingenious. Water 
was made to drop upon wheels, which it turned. 
The wheels communicated their regular motion 
to a small wooden image, which by a gradual 
rise, pointed with a stick to the proper hours 
and months, which were engraved on a column 
near the machine. This artful invention gave 
rise to many improvements; and the modern 
manner of measuring time with an hour glass is 
an imitation of the clepsydra of Ctesibius. Viiruv. 
de Jirchit. 9, c. 9. — —A cynic philosopher, 



An historian, who flourished 254 years B.C. and 
died in his 104th year. Plut. in Dem 

Ctesicles. a general of Zacynthos, &c. 

Ctesidemus, a painter who had Antiphilus 
for pupil. Plin. 35, c. 10. 

Ctesilochus, a noble painter, who repre- 
sented Jupiter as bringing forth Bacchus. Plin. 
35, c. 11 

Ctesiphon, an Athenian, son of Leosthenes, 
who advised his fellow-citizens publicly to pre- 
sent Demosthenes with a golden crown for his 
probity and virtue. This was opposed by the 
orator iEschines, the rival of Demosthenes, who 
accused Ctesiphon of seditious views. Demos- 
thenes undertook the defence of his friend, in a 
celebrated oration still extant, and JEschines 
was banished. Demost. 8{ JEscltin. de Corona. 

A Greek architect, who made the plan of 

Diana's temple at Ephesus. An elegiac poet, 
whom king Attalus set over his possessions in 

iEolia. Mien. 13. A Greek historian, who 

wrote an history of Boeotia, besides a treatise on 

trees and plants. Plut. in Thes. A large 

village of Assyria, now Elmodain, on the banks 
of the Tigris, where the kings of Parthia ge- 
nerally resided in winter on account of the mild- 
ness of the climate. Strab. 15, — Plin. 6, c. 26. 

Ctesippus, a son of Chabrias. After his 
father's death he was received into the house 



of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias. Phocion 
attempted in vain to correct his natural foibles 

and extravagancies. Plut. in Phoc. A man 

who wiote an lusiory of Seythia One of the 

descendants of Hercules. 

Ctimene, the youngest daughter of Laertes 
by Anticlea. Homer- Od. 15, v. 334. 

Cularo, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul, 
called afterwards Gratianopolis, and now Gre^ 
nobie. Cic. ep. 

Cuma and Cumje, a town of iEolia, in Asia 
Minor The inhabitants have been accused of 
stupidity for not laying a tax upon all the goods 
which entered their harbour during 300 years. 
They were called Cumuni Strab. 13. — Paterc. 

1, c. 4. A city of Campania, near Puteoli, 

founded by a colony from Chalcis and Cumae, 
of iEolia, before the Trojjn war. The inha- 
bitants were called Cumcei and Cumani. There 
was one of the Sibyls, that fixed her residence 
in a cave in the neighbourhood, and was called 
the Cumcean Sibyl. Vid. Sibyllse. — Ovid. Met. 
15, v, 712. Fast 4, v. 158. Pont. 2, el. 8, v. 
41.— Cic. Rull 2, c. 26.— Paterc. 1, c. 4.— 
Virg. JEn. 3, v. 441.— Liv. 4.—Ptol. 3.— Strab. 
5. 

Cumanum, a country house of Pompey near 

Cuma?. Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep. 10.- Another 

of Varro. Id. Jicad. 1, c. 1. 

Cunaxa, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from 
Babylon, famous for a battle fought there be- 
tween Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus the 
younger B. C. 401. The latter entered the 
field of battle with 113,000 men, and the for- 
mer's forces amounted to 900,000 men. The 
valour and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, 
who were among the troops of Cyrus, are well 
known, and have been celebrated by the pen of 
Xenophon, who was present at the battle, and 
who had the principal care of the retreat. Plut. 
in Jirtax. — Ctesias. 

Cuneus, a cape of Spain, now Jilgarve, ex- 
tending into the sea in the form of a wedge. 
Mela, 3, c. 1. — Plin. 4, c. 22. 

Cupavo, a son of Cycnus, who assisted iEneas 
against Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 186. 

Cupentus, a frietsd of Turnus, killed by 
#meas. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 539. 

Cupido, a celebrated deity among the an- 
cients, god of love, and love itself There are 
different traditions concerning his parents. Cicero 
mentions three Cupids; one, son of Mercury and 
Diana; another, son of Mercury and Venus; and 
the third, of Mars and Venus. Plato mentions 
two; Hesiod, the most ancient theogonist, speaks 
only of one, who, as he says, was produced at 
the same time as Chaos and the Earth. There 
are, according to the more received opinions, 
two Cupids, one of whom is a lively ingenious 
youth, son of Jupiter and Venus; whilst the 
other, son of Nox and Erebus, is distinguished 
by his debauchery and riotous disposition. Cu- 
pid is represented as a winged infant, naked,' 
armed with a bow and a quiver full of arrows. 
On gems, and all other pieces of antiquity, he 
is represented as amusing himself with some 
childish diversion. Sometimes he appears driving 
a hoop, throwing a quoit, playing with a nymph, 
catching a butterfly, or trying to burn with a 



cu 



cu 



torch; ait other times he plays upon a horn be- 
fore his mother, or closely embraces a swan, or 
with one foot raised in the air, be in a musing 
posture seems to meditate some trick; sometimes, 
like a conqueror, he marches triumphantly with 
a helmet on his head, a spear on his shoulder, 
and a buckler on his arm, intimating that even 
Mars himself owns the superiority of love. His 
power was generally known by bis riding on the 
back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to 
pieces the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among the 
ancients he was worshipped with the same so-. 
lemnity as his mother Venus, and as his influ- 
ence was extended over the heavens, the sea, 
and the earth, and even the empire of the dead, 
his divinity was universally acknowledged, and 
vows, prayers, and sacrifices were daily offered 
to him. According to some accounts, the union 
of Cupid with Chaos gave birth to men, and all 
the animals which inhabit the earth, and even 
the gods themselves were the offspring of love 
before the foundation of the world. Cupid, like 
the rest of the gods, assumed different shapes; 
and we find him in the .ZEneicl, putting on, at 
the request of his mother, the form of Ascanius, 
and going to Dido's court, where he inspired the 
queen with love. Firs:. Mm. 1, v. 693, &c. — 
Cic.de Nat. D. 3.— Ovid. Met. 1, fab 10 — 
Hesiod. Theog. v. 121, &c. — Oppian. Hali 4, 
Cyneg. 2. — Bion. Idyll 3. — Mosckus. — Eurip. 
in Hippol. — Theccrit. Idyll. 3, 11, &c. 

Cupiennius, a friend of Augustus, who made 
himself ridiculous for the nicety and effeminacy 
of his dress. Horat 1, Sat. 2, v 36. 

Cures, a town of the Sabines, of which Tatius 
was king. The inhabitants, called Qilirites, were 
carried to Rome, of which thej became citizens. 
Virg. JEn. 1, v. 292, I. 8, v. 638.— Liv. 1, c. 
13.— Macrob. 1, c. 9.— Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 477 and 
480, 1. 3, v. 94. 

Curetes, a people of Crete, called also Co- 
rybantes, who, according to Ovid, were produced 
from rain. Their knowledge of all the arts was 
extensive, and they communicated it to many 
parts of -ancient Greece. They were intrusted 
with the education of Jupiter, and to prevent 
his teing discovered by bis father, they invented 
a kind of dance, and drowned his cries in the 
harsh sounds of their shields and cymbals. As 
a reward for their attention they were made 
priests and favourite ministers of Rhea, called 
also Cybelc, who had intrusted them with the 
care of Jupiter. Diomis. Hall. 2. — Virg. G. 4, 
v. 151.— Strab. 10— Pans. 4, c. 33.— Ovid. 
Met. 4, v. 282. Fast. 4, v. 210 

Curetis, a name given to Crete, as being 
the residence of the Curetes. Ovid. Met. S, v. 
136. 

Curia, a division of the Roman tribes. Romu- 
lus originally divided the people into three tribes, 
and each tribe into 10 Curiae. Over each Curiae 
was appointed a priest, who officiated at the sa- 
crifices of his respective assembly.' The sacri- 
fices were called Curionia, and the priest Curio. 
He was to be above the age of fifty. His morals 
were to be pure and unexceptionable, and his 
body free from all defects. The Curiones were 
elected by their respective Cmice, and above 
them was a superior priest called Curio maximus, 



chosen by all the Curiae in a public assembly. 
The word Curia was also applied to public 



edifices among the Romans. Tnese were gene- 
rally of two sorts, divine and civit. In the for- 
mer were held the assemblies of the priesis, and 
of every religious order, for the regulation of 
religious sacrifices and ceremonies. The other 
was appointed for the senate, where they assem- 
bled for the despatch of pubiic'business. The 
Curia were solemnly consecrated by tbe Augurs, 
before a lawful assembly could be convened 
there. There were three at Rome which more 
particularly claim our attention; Curia Hostilia, 
built by king Tuilus Hosiilius, Curia Pompeii, 
where Julius Caesar was murdered; and Curia 
Jiugusti, the palace and court of the emperor 

Augustus. A town of the Rceti, now Coire, 

the capital of the Grisons. 

Curia lex, de Comiliis, was enacted by M. 
Curius Dentatus the tribune, it forbade the 
convening of the Comitia, for the election of 
magistrates, without a previous permission from 
the senate. 

Curias. Vid. Curium. 
Curiatii, a family of Ajba, which was car- 
ried to Rome by Tuilus Hostilius, and entered 
among the patricians. The three Curiatii, who 
engaged the Horatii, and tost the victory, were 
of this family. Flor. 1, c. 3. — Dionys HuL 6. — 
Liv. 1, c 24. 

Q. Curio, an excellent orator, who called 
Caesar in full senate, Omnium mulierum virum y 
et omnium virorum mulierem. Tacit. 21. Jinn. 

c- 7. — Suet, in Cces. 49. — Cic. in Brut 

His son, C. Scribonius, was tribune of the peo- 
ple, and an intimate friend of Caesar. He saved 
Caesar's life as he returned from the senate-bouse, 
after the debates concerning the punishments 
which ought to be inflicted on the adherents of 
Catiline. He killed himself in Africa Flor. 
4, c 2. — Plut. in Pomp 8f Cces. 49. — Val. 
Max. 9, c. 1. — Lucan. v. 268. 

Curiosolit^e, a people among the Celtae, 
who inhabited the country which now forms 
Lower Britany. Cozs- Bell- G. 2, c. 34, 1. 3, c. 
11. 

Curium, a town of Cyprus, at a small dis- 
tance from which, in the south of the island, 
there is a cape which bears the name of Curias. 
Herodot. 5, c. 113. 

Curius Dentatus Marcus Annius, a Ro- 
man, celebrated for his fortitude and frugality. 
He was three times consul, and was twice honour- 
ed with a triumph. He obtained decisive vic- 
tories over the Samnites, the Sabines, and the 
Lucanians, and defeated Pyrrhus nearTarentum. 
The ambassadors of the Samnites visited his 
cottage, while he was boiling some vegetables 
in an earthen pot, and they attempted to bribe 
him by the offer of large presents. He refused 
their offers with contempt, and said, I prefer my 
earthen pots to all your vessels of gold and sil- 
ver, and it is my wish to command those who 
are in possession of money, while 1 am deprived 
of it, and live in poverty Plut. in Cat. Cens.— 

Horat. 1, od. 12, v. 41.— Flor. 1, c 15. A 

lieutenant of Caesar's cavalry, to whom six co- 
horts of Pompey revolted, &c. Cces. 1. Bell. 
Civ. 24. 



CY 



CY 



©URTiA, a patrician family, which migrated 
with Tcitius to Rome. 

Curtillus, a celebrated epicure, &c. Herat. 
2, bat. 8, v. 52. 

M Curtius, a Roman youth, who devoted 
hiojselt to the gods Manes for the safety of his 
country about 360 years B. C A wide gap, 
called afterwards Curtius lacus, had suddenly 
opened in the forum, and the oracie had said 
that it never would dose before Rome threw 
into it whatever it had most precious. Curtius 
immediately perceived that no less than a human 
sacrifice was required, tie armed himself, 
mounted his horse, and solemnly threw himself 
into the golf, which instantly closed over his 

head. Liv. 7, c G.— Val. Max. 5, c. 6. Q, 

Rufus. Vid. Quintus. Nicias, a grammari- 
an, intimate with Porapey, &c. Suet, de ur. 

Montanus, an orator and poet under Vespasian. 

Tacit. 4. Jinn. Atticus, a Roman knight, 

who accompanied Tiberius- in his retreat into 

Campania. Tacit. Jin. 4. Lacus, the gulf 

into which Curtius leaped. Vid. M. Curtius. 

Pons, a stream which conveyed water to 

Rome from the distance of 40 miles, by an aque- 
duct so elevated as to be distributed through all 
the hills of. the city. Plin. 36, c. 15. 

Curulis Magistratus, a state officer at 
Rome, who had the privilege of sitting in an 
ivory chair in public assemblies The dictator, 
the consuls, the censors, the praetors, and t-diles, 
claimed that privilege, and therefore were call- 
ed cwules magistratus. The senators who had 
passed through the above mentioned offices were 
generally carried to the senate-house in ivory 
chairs, as all generals in their triumphant pro- 
cession to the capitol. When names of distinc- 1 
tion began to be known among the Romans, the 
descendants of curule magistrates were called 
nobiles, the first of a family who discharged that 
office were known by the name of noti, and 
those that had never been in office were called 
ignobiles. 

Cuss^i, a nation of Asia, destroyed by Alex- 
ander to appease the manes of Hephoestion. 
Plut. in Jikx. 

Cusus, a river of Hungary falling into the 
Danube, now the Vag. 

Cdtilium, a town of the Sabines, near a 
lake which contained a floating island; and of 
which the water was of an unusually cold quality. 
Plin 3, c. 12, 1 31, c. 2— Seneca. Q, JV. 3, c. 
25— Liv. 26, c 11 

Cyamosorus, a river of Sicily. 
Cyane, a nymph of Syracuse, to whom her 
father offered violence in a fit of drunkenness. 
She dragged herravisher to the altar, where she 
sacrificed him, and killed herself to stop a pes- 
tilence, which, from that circumstance, had 
already begun to afflict the country. Plut. in 
Par all. A nymph of Sicily, who endeavour- 
ed to assist Proserpine, when she was carried 
away by Pluto The god changed her into a 
fountain now called Pisme, a few miles from 

Syracuse. Ovid. Met. v 5, 112. A town of 

Lycia. Plin. 5, c 27. An innkeeper, &c 

Juv. 8, v. 162. 

Cyane-s:, now the Pavorane, two rugged 
islands at the entrance of the Euxine sea, about 



20 stadia from the mouth of the Thracian Bos- 

phorus One of them is on the side of Asia, 
and the other on the European coast, and ac- 
cording to Strabo, there is only a space of 20 
furlongs between them. The waves of the sea, 
which continually break against them with a 
violent noise, fill the air with a darkening foam, 
and render the passage extremely dangerous. 
The ancients supposed that these islands floated, 
arid even sometimes united to crush vessels into 
pieces when they passed through the straits. 
This tradition arose from their appearing, like 
all other objects, to draw nearer when naviga- 
tors approached them. They were sometimes 
called Symplegades and Planet**. Their true 
situation and form was first explored and ascer- 
tained by the Argonauts. Plin. 6, c. 12. — 
Herodot. 4, c 85.— Jlpollon. 2, v. 317 and 600. 
—Lycoph. 1285 —Strab. 1 and 3.— Mela, 2, c. 
T.—Ovid. Trist. 1, el 9, v. 34. 

Cyanee and Cyanea, a daughter of the 
Maeander; mother of Byblis and Caunus, by 
Miletus, Apollo's son. Ovid. Met 9, v. 451. 
Cyaneus, a large river of Colchis. 
Cyanippe, a daughter of Adrastus. 
Cyanipptjs, a Syracusan, who derided the 
orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god 
so inebriated him, that he offered violence to 
his daughter Cyane, who sacrificed him on the 
altar. Plut in Par all.— — A Thessalian, whose 
wife met with the same fate as Procris. Plut. 
in Parall. 

Cyaraxes, or Cyaxaf.es, son of Phraortes. 
was king of Media and Persia. He bravely de- 
fended his kingdom, which the Scythians had in- 
vaded He made war against Aiyattes, king 
of Lydia, and subjected to his power all Asia 
beyond the river Halys. He died after a reign 
of 40 years, B. C. 585. Diod. 2.— Herodot. 1, 

c. 73 and 103. Another prince, supposed by 

some to be the same as Darius the Mede. He 
was the son of Astyages, king of Media. He 
added seven provinces to his father's dominions, 
| and made war against the Assyrians, whom 
Cyrus favoured. Xenoph. Cyrop. 1. 

Cybebe, a name of Cybele, from nvfinfiuv, 
because in the celebration of her festivals men 
were driven to madness. 

Cybele, a goddess, daughter of Coelus and 
Terra, and wife of Saturn. She is supposed 
to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, 
Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Din- 
dymene, &c. According to Diodorus, she was 
the daughter of a Lydian prince, called Menos, 
by his wife Dindymene, and he adds, that as soon 
as she was born she was exposed on a mountain. 
She was preserved and suckled by some of the 
wild beasts of the forest, and received the name 
of Cybele from the mountain where her life had 
been preserved. When she returned to her 
father's court, she had an intrigue with Atys, a 
beautiful youth, whom her father mutilated, &c. 
All the mycologists are unanimous in mention- 
ing the amours of Atys and Cybele. The par- 
tiality of the- goddess for Atys seems to arise 
from his having first introduced her worship in 
Phrygia She enjoined him perpetual celibacy, 
and the violation of his promise was expiated 
by voluntary mutilation. Iq Phrvgia the festi- 



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vals of Cybele were observed with the greatest 
solemnity. Her priests, called Corybantes, Galli, 
&c were not admitted in the service of the god- 
dess without a previous mutilation. In the cele- 
bration of the festivals, they imitated the man- 
ners of madmen, and filled the air with dreadful 
shrieks and howlings, mixed with the confused 
noise of drums, tablets, bucklers, and spears. 
This was in commemoration of the sorrow of 
Cybele for the loss of her favourite Atys. Cy- 
bele was generally represented as a robust wo- 
man, far advanced in her pregnancy, to intimate 
the fecundity of the earth. She held keys in 
her hand, and her head was crowned with rising 
turrets, and sometimes with the leaves of an 
oak. She sometimes appears riding in a chariot 
drawn by two tame lions; Atys follows by her 
side, carrying a ball in his hand, and supporting 
himself upon a fir-tree, which is sacred to the 
goddess. Sometimes Cybele is represented with 
a sceptre in her hand, with her head covered 
with a tower. She is also seen with many 
breasts, to show that the earth gives aliments to 
all living creatures; and she generally carries 
two lions under her arms. From Phrygia the 
worship of Cybele passed into Greece, and was 
solemnly established atEleusis, under the name 
of the Eleusinian mysteries of Ceres. The 
Romans, by order of the Sibylline books, brought 
the statue of the goddess from Pessinus into 
Italy; and when the ship which carried it had 
run on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue 
and innocence of Claudia were vindicated in 
removing it with her girdle. It is supposed that 
the mysteries of Cybele were first known about 
1580 years B. C. The Romans were particu- 
larly superstitious in washing every year, on the 
6th of the calends of April, the shrine of this 
goddess in the waters of the river Almon. There 
prevailed many obscenities in the observation 
of the festivals, and the priests themselves were 
the most eager to use indecent expressions, and 
to show their unbounded licentiousness by the 
impurity of their actions. Vid. Atys, Eleusis, 
Rhea, Corybantes, Gaili, &c. — Augustin. de 
Civit. D. &.c. — Lactant.- — Lucian. in Dtd Syr. 
—Diod. S.—firg. JEn. 9, v. 617, I. 10, v. 252. 
—Lucan. 1, v. 56G.—Ovid Trist. 4, v. 210 and 
361. — Plut de Loquac. — Cic. ad Attic. — Cod. 
Rhod. 8, c. 17, &c. 

Cybele and Cybela, a town of Phrygia. 
Apollod.. 3, c. 5. 

Cybelus, a mountain of Phrygia, where Cy- 
bele was worshipped. 

Cybira, a town of Phrygia, whence Cybi- 
raticus. Horat. 1, ep. 6, v. 33. 

Cybistria, a town of Cappadocia. Cic. 
Div. 15. 

Cycesium, a town of Peloponnesus near Pisa. 
Cvchreus, a son of Neptune and Salamis. 
After death be was honoured as a god in Sala- 
mis and Attica. As he left no children, be 
made Telamon his successor, because he had 
freed the country from a monstrous serpent. 
Pans. 1, c. 35.— Plut. in Thes.— Apollod. 3, 
C. 12. 

Cyclades, a name given to certain islands of 
the /Egean sea, those particularly that surround 
Delos as with a circle; whence the name 



(KVnX(§r circulus.y They were about 58 in 
number, the principal of which were Ceos, 
NaxoSj Andros, Paros, Melos, Seriphos, Gyarus, 
Tenedos, &c. The Cyclades were reouced 
under the power of Athens by Miltiades; but 
during the invasion of Greece by the Persians, 
they revolted from their ancient and natural al- 
lies. C. Mp.in Ml. 2. — Plin. 4, c. 12. — 

Mela, 2, c. 7. Ptol. 3, c. 15— Strab. 10.— 

Dionys. Perieg. — Ovid. Met 2, v. 64. — Virg. 
Mn. 3, v. 127, 1. 8, v. 692.— Sil. 4, v. 247. 

Cyclopes, a certain race of men of gigantic 
stature, supposed to be the sons of Coelus and 
Terra. They had but one eye in tbp middle of 
the forehead: whence their name (x.vKxQr' cir- 
culus, a>^ oculus.) They were three in number, 
according to Hesiod, called Arges, Bronte6, and 
Steropes. Their number was greater according 
to other mycologists, and in the age of Ulysses, 
Polyphemus was their king. [Vid. Polyphemus.] 
They inhabited the western parts of the island 
of Sicily; and because they were uncivilized in 
their manners, the poets speak of them as men- 
eaters. The tradition of their having only one 
eye, originates from their custom of wearing 
small bucklers of steel which covered their 
faces, and had a small aperture in the middle, 
which corresponded exactly to the eye. From 
their vicinity to Mount iEtna, they have been 
supposed to be the workmen of Vulcan, and to 
have fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupiter. 
The most solid walls and impregnable fortresses 
were said, among the ancients, to be the work 
of the Cyclops, to render them more respect- 
able, and we find that Jupiter was armed with 
what they had fabricated, and that the shield of 
Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were the 
produce of their labour. The Cyclops were 
reckoned among the gods, and we find a temple 
dedicated to their service at Corinth, where 
sacrifices were solemnly offered. Apollo de- 
stroyed them all, because they had made the 
thunderbolts of Jupiter, with which his son 
iEsculapius had been killed. From the different 
accounts given of the Cyclops by the ancients, 
it maybe concluded that they were all the same 
people, to whom various functions have been 
attributed, which cannot be reconciled one to 
the other, without drawing the pencil of fiction 
or mythology. Apollod. 1, c. 1 and 2. — Homer. 
Od. 1 and 9.— Hesiod. Theog. v. 140. — Theo- 
r.rit. Id. 1, &c— Strab. 8.— Virg. G. 4, v. 170. 
JEn. 6, v. 630, 1. S, v. 418, &c. I. 11, v. 263. 

—Ovid. Met. 13, v. 780, 1. 14, v. 249. A 

people of Asia. 

Cycnus, a son of Mars by Pelopea, killed 
by Hercules. The manner of his death pro- 
voked Mars to such a degree, that he resolved 
severely to punish his murderer, but he was 
prevented by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Hy- 
gin. fab. 31 and 261. — Hesiod. in Scut Here. 

A son of Neptune, invulnerable in every 

part of his body. Achilles fought against him; 
but when he saw that his darts were of no ef- 
fect, he threw him on the ground and smothered 
him. He stripped him of his armour, and saw 
him suddenly changed into a bird of the same 

name. Ovid. Met. 12, fab. 3. A son of 

Hyrie, changed into a swan. A son of Sthe- 



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nelus, king of Liguria. He was deeply afflicted 
at the death of his friend and relation Phaeton, 
and in the midst of his lamentations he was 
metamorphosed into a swan. Ovid Met 2, v. 
S61.—V%rg.JEn. 10, v. 189.— Pans. 1, c. SO. 
A horse's name. Stat. 6. Theb. v 524. 

Cydas, a profligate Cretan, made judge at 
Rome by Antony. Cic. in Phil. 5 and 8. 

Cydias, an Athenian of great valour, &c. 

Pans. 10, c. 21. A painter who made a 

painting of the Argonauts. This celebrated 
piece was bought by the orator Hortensius, for 
164 talents. Plin. 34. 

Cydippe, the wife of Anaxilaus, &c. He- 

rodot. 1, c. 165 The mother of Cleobis and 

Biton. Vid. Cleebis. A girl beloved by 

Acontius. Vid Acontius One of Cyrene's 

attendants. Virg G. 4, v. 329. 

Cydnus, a river of Cilicia, near Tarsus, where 
Alexander bathed when covered with sweat, i he 
consequences proved almost fatal to the monarch. 
Curt. 3, c. 4 — Justin. 11, c 8. 

Cydon, a friend of Turuus against iEneas. 
Viig. JEn. 10, y. 335. 

Cydon and Cydonia, now Canea, a town of 
C ete, built by a colony from Samos. It was 
supposed that Minos generally resided there. 
Hence Cyd'oneus Ovid. Met. 8, v. 22. — Virg. 
JEn. 12, v. 858.— Sil. 2, v. 109.— Liv. 37, c 
60.— Luean. 1, v. 229 

Cydonia, an island opposite Lesbos. Plin. 
2 and 4. . 

Cydrara, a city of Phrygia. Herodot. 1, c. 
30. 

Cydrolaus, a man who led a colony to Samos. 
Diod. 5. 

Cygnus, Vid. Cycnus. 

Cylabps, a place near Argos in Peloponnesus. 
Plut. in Pyrrh. 

Cylbiani, mountains of Phrygia where the 
Cayster takes its rise. Plin. 5, c. 29. 

Cylices, a people among the Illyrians. There 
was in their country a monument in honour of 
Cadmus. Aihtn. 

Cylindds, a sot; of Phryxus and Calliope. 

Cyllabaris, a punlic place for exercises at 
Argos, where was a statue of Minerva. Paus. 
in Cor. 

Cyllabarus, a gallant of the wife of Dio- 
medes, &c. 

Cyllarus, the most beautiful of all the Cen- 
taurs, passionately fond of Hylonome. They 
perished both at the same time. Ovid 12, Met 

v. 408. A celebrated horse of Pollux or of 

Castor, according to Seneca. Virg. G. 3. v. 90. 

Cyllen, a son of Elatus. Paus. 8, c. 4. 

Cyllene, the mother of Lycaon, by Pelas- 

gus. Jlpollod. 3, c. 8. A naval station of Elis 

in Peloponnesus. Paus. 4, c. 23. A moun- 
tain of Arcadia, with a small town on its decli- 
vity, which received its name from Cyllen. Mer- 
cury was born there; hence his surname of Cyl- 
leneius, which is indiscriminately applied to any 
thing he invented, or over which he presided. 
Lucan. 1, v. 663 — Horat. ep. 13, v. 13 — 
Paus. 8, c. 17.— Virg. JEn. 8, v. 139.— Ovid. 
Met. 13, v. 146. A. A. 3, v. 147 

Cylleneius, a surname of Mercury, from 
his being born on the mountain Cyllene. 



Cyllyrh, certain slaves at Syracuse. Her#» 
dot. 1, c. 155. 

Cylon, an Athenian, who aspired to tyranny, 
Herodot. 5, c 71. 

Cyma or Cym.3:, the largest and most beauti- 
ful town of jEolia, called also Phriconis and 
Phricontis, and Cumoz. Vid- Cumae. Liv. 37, 
c. 11.— Cic. Flacc. 20.— Herodot. 1, c. 149. 

Cymodoce, Cyme, and Cymo, one of the Ne- 
reides. Hesiod. Theog. v. 255. — Vhg. G. 4, 
v. 388. 

Cymolus, and Cimolus, an island of the Cre- 
tan sea. Ovid. 1, Met. v. 463. 

Cymothoe, one of the Nereides, represent- 
ed by Virg. JEn. 1, v. 148, as assisting the Tro- 
jans with Triton after the storm with which 
iEolus, at the request of Juho, had afflicted the 
fleet. 

Cynara, one of Horace's favourites, 4 Od. 1, 
v. 4 

CYNiEGiRus, an Athenian celebrated for his 
extraordinary courage. He was brother to the 
poet iEschylus. After the battle of Marathon, 
he pursued the flying Persians to their ships, and 
seized one of their vessels with his right hand, 
which was immediately severed by the enemy. 
Upon this he seized the vessel with his left hand, 
and when he had lost that also, he still kept his 

hold with his teeth. Herodot. 6, c. 114. 

Justin. 2, c. 9 

Cyn-ethium, a town of Arcadia, founded by 
one of the companions of iEneas. Dionys. Hal. 

Cynane, a daughter of Philip, king of Mace- 
donia, who married Amyntas, son of Perdiccas, 
by whom she had Eurydice. Polyozn. 8. 

Cynapes, a river falling into the Euxine. 
Ovid. 4, Pont. el. 10, v. 49, 

Cynaxa. Vid Cunaxa. 

Cyneas. Vid. Cineas. 

Cynesii and CYNETiE, a nation of the remot- 
est shores of Europe, towards the ocean. Hero- 
dot. 2, c. 33. 

Cynethussa, an island in the iEgean sea. 
Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Cynia, a lake of Acarnania. Strab, 16. 

Cynici, a sect of philosophers founded by An- 
tisthenes the Athenian. They received this 
name a canind mordacitate, from their canine 
propensity to criticise the lives and actions of 
men, or because, like dogs, they were not asham- 
ed to gratify their criminal desires publicly. They 
were famous for their contempt of riches, for the 
negligence of their dress, and the length of their 
beards. Diogenes was one of their sect. They 
generally slept on the ground. Cic. 1. Off. 35 
and 41. 

Cynisca, a daughter of x\rchidamus king of 
Sparta, who obtained the first prize in the chariot 
races at the Olympic games. JPaus. 3, c. S. 

Cyno, a woman who preserved the life of Cy- 
rus. Herodot. 1, c. 110. 

Cynocephale, a town of Thessaly, where the 
proconsul Quintius conquered Philip of Mace- 
don, and put an end to the first Macedonian war, 
B. C. 197, Liv 33, c. 7. 

Cynocephali, a nation in India, who have 
the head of a dog, according to some traditions. 
Plin. 7, c. 2. 

Cynophontis, a festival at Argos, observed 



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during the dog-days. It received its name &iro 
tov X.WX.S e&ve/y, killing dogs, because they used 
to kill all the dogs they met. 

Cynortas, one of the ancient kings of Spar- 
ta, son of Amyclas and Diomede. Paus 3, c. 1. 
Cynortion, a mountain of Peloponnesus. 
Paus. 2, c. 27. 

Cynos, a town of Locris. Another in 

Thessaly, where Pyrrha, Deucalion's wife, was 
buried. 

Cynosarges, a surname of Hercules. A 

small village of Attica of the same name, where 
the Cynic philosophers had established their 
school. Herodot. 5 and 6. 

Cynossema, (a dogs tomb), a promontory 
of the Thracian Chersonesus, where Hecuba 
was changed into a dog, and buried. Ovid. 13. 
Met- 569. 

Cynosura, a nymph of Ida in Crete. She 
nursed Jupiter, Who changed her into a star 
which bears the same name. It is the same as 
the Ursa Minor. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. J 07. 

Cynthia, a beautiful woman, who was mis- 
tress to Propertius. A surname of Diana, 

from mount Cynthus, where she was born. 

Cynthius, a surname of Apollo, from mount 
Cynthus. 

Cynthus, a mountain of Delos, so high that 
it is said to overshadow the whole island. Apollo 
was surnamed Cynthius, and Diana Cynthia, as 
they were born on the mountain, which was sa- 
cred to them. Virg. G. 3, v. 36. — Ovid. 6. 
Met. v. 304 Fast. 3, v. 346. 

Cynurenses, a people of Arcadia. Paus. 
§, c. 27. 

Cynus, a naval station of Opuns. Id. 10, 
c. 1 

Cyparissi and Cyparissia, a town of Pelo- 
ponnesus, near Messenia Liv 32, c. 31. — 
Plin. 4, c. 5. 

Cyparissus, a youth, son of Telephus of Cea, 
beloved by Apollo. He killed a favourite stag 
of Apollo's, for which he was so sorry that he 
pined away, and was changed by the god into 
a cypress tree. Virg. JErt. 3, v. 680. — Ovid 
Met. 10, v. 12 1. — —A town near Delphi. 
Mela, 2, c. 3. 

Cyphara, a fortified place of Thessaly. Liv. 
32, c, 13. 

Cyprianus, a native of Carthage, who, 
though born of heathen parents, became a con- 
vert to Christianity, and the bishop of his coun- 
try. To be more devoted to purity and study, 
he abandoned his wife; and as a proof of his 
charity he distributed his goods to the poor. He 
wrote 81 letters, besides several treatises, de 
Dei gratia, de virgin-urn habitu. &c and render- 
ed his compositions valuable by the information 
he conveys of the discipline of the ancient 
church, and by the soundness and purity of his 
theology. He died a martyr, A. D. 258. The 
best editions of Cyprian are, that of Fell, fol 
Oxon. 1682, and that reprinted Arnst. 1700. 

Cyprus, a daughter of Antony and Cleopa- 
tra, who married Agrippa. A large island 

in the Mediterranean sea, at the south of Cili- 
cia, and at the west of Syria, formerly joined 
to the continent near Syria, according to Pliny. 
It has been anciently called Jlcamantis, Jlma- 



thusia, Jlspelia, Cerasfa, Colonia, or Colinia, 
Macuria, and Spechia. It has been celebrated 
for giving birth to Venus, surnamed Cypris, who 
wa9 the chief deity of the place, and to whose 
service many places and temples were conse- 
crated. It was anciently divided into nine king- 
doms, and was for some time under the power 
oi" Egypt, and afterwards of the Persians. The 
Greeks made themselves masters of it, and it 
was taken from them i>y the Romans. Its length, 
according to Strabo, is 1400 stadia. There were 
three celebrated temples there, two sacred to 
Venus, and the other to Jupiter. The inhabi- 
tants were given much to pleasure and dissipa- 
tion Strab. 15 — Ptol. 5, c. 14. —Flor. 3, c. 
9.— Justin. 18, c. b.—Plin. 12, c. 24,1. 33, c 
5, I. 36, c. 26.— Mela, 2, c. 7. 

Cypselides, the name of three princes as 
descendants of Cypselus, who reigned ai Co- 
rinth during 73 years. Cypselus was succeeded 
by his son Periander, who left his kingdom after 
a reign of 40 years, to Cypseiu.s II. 

Cypselus, a king of Arcadia, who married 
the daughter of Ctesiphon, to strengthen him- 
self against the Heraclidx. Paus. 4, c. 3. 

A man of Corinth, son of Eetion, and father of 
Periander. He destroyed the Bacchiadae, and 
seized upon the sovereign power, about 659 
years before Christ. He reigned 30 years, and 
was succeeded by his son. Periander had two 
sons, Lycophron and Cypselus, who was insane. 
Cypselus received his name from the Greek 
word nv^ix®* a coffer, because when the Bac- 
chiadae attempted to kill him, his mother saved 
his life by concealing him in a coffer. Paus. 
5, c. 17. — Cic. Tusc 5, c 37. — Herodot. 1, c. 

114,1.5, c 92, &c— Aristot. Polit. The 

father of Miltiades. Herodot. 6, c. 35. 

Cyraunis, an island of Libya. Id. 4, c. 195. 

Cyrbiana, a province of the Elymseans. 

Cyre, a fountain near Cyrene. 

Cyrenaica, a country of Africa, of which 
Cyrene is the capital. Vid. Cyrene. 

Cyrenaici, a sect of philosophers who fol- 
loweu the doctrine of Aristippus. They placed 
their summum bonum in pleasure, and said that 
virtue ought to be commended because it gave 
pleasure. Laert. in Jlrist. — —Cic. de Nat. 
D. 3 

Cyrene, the daughter of the river Peneus, 
of whom Apollo became enamoured. He car- 
ried her to that part of Africa which is called 
Cyrenaica, where she brought forth Arista?us. 
She is called by some daughter of Hypseus, 
king of the Lapithae, and son of the Peneus. 
Virg G 4, v 321. — Just in. 13, c 1.— Pindar. 

Pyth. 9. A celebrated city of Libya, to 

which Aristseus, who was the chief of the colonists 
settled there, gave his mother's name. Cyrene 
was situate in a beautiful and fertile plain, 
about eleven miles from the Mediterranean sea, 
and it became the capital of the country, which 
was called Pentapolis, on account of the five 
cities which it contained. It gave birth to many 
great men, among whom were Callimachus, 
Eratosthenes, Carneades, Aristippus, &c. The 
town of Cyrene was built by Battus, B. C. 630, 
and the kingdom was bequeathed to the Ro- 
mans, B. C, 97, by king Ptolemy Appion. He- 



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rodot. 3 and 4.— Pans. 10, c. 13.— S«ra6. 17.— 
Mela, 1, c. 8. — PZin. 5, c. 5. — Tacit. Jinn. 3, 
C. 70, 

Cyriades, one of the thirty tyrants who ha- 
rassed the Roman empire, in the reign of Gal- 
lienus. He died A. D. 259. 

Cyrillus, a bishop of Jerusalem, who died 
A. D. 386. Of his writings, composed in Greek, 
there remain 23 catacheses, and a letter to the 
emperor, Constantine, the best edition of which 

is Milles, fol. Oxon. 1703. A bishop of 

Alexandria, who died A. D. 444. The best 
edition of his writings, which are mostly con- 
troversial in Greek, is that of Paris, fol. 7 vols. 
1638. 

Cyrne, a place of Eubcea. 

Cyrnus, a driver in the games which Scipio 

exhibited in Africa, &c. Ital. 16, v. 342. 

A man of Argos, who founded a city in Cher- 

sonesus. Diod. 5. A river that falls into the 

Caspian sea. Plut. in Pomp. -An island on 

the coast of Liguria, the same as Corsica; and 
called after Cyrnus, the son of Hercules. Virg. 
Eel. 9, v. 30.— Paws. 10, c. 17. 

Cyrrjei, a people of ^Ethiopia. 

CyrrhadvE, an Indian nation. 

Cyrrhes, a people of Macedonia, near Pel- 
la. 

Cyrrhestica, a country of Syria near Cili- 
cia, of which the capital was called Cyrrhum. 
Plin. 5, c. 23. Cic Jitt. 5, ep. 18. 

Cyrrhus and Cyrus, a river of Iberia, in | 
Asia. 

Cyrsilus, an Athenian, stoned to death by | 
his countrymen, because he advised them to re- 
ceive the army of Xerxes, and to submit to the [ 
power of Persia. Demosth. de Corond. Cic. 3, 
de Offic. c, 11. 

Cyrus, a king of Persia, son of Cambyses and 
Mandane, daughter of A sty ages king of Media. 
His father was of an ignoble family, whose mar- 
riage with Mandane had been consummated on 
account of the apprehensions of Astyages. ( Vid. 
Astyages.) Cyrus was exposed as soon as born; 
but he was preserved by a shepherdess, who 
educated him as her own son. As he was play- 
ing with his equals in years, he was elected king 
in a certain diversion, and he exercised his pow- 
er with such an independent spirit, that he or- I 
dered one of his play companions to be severely | 
whipped for disobedience. The father of the 
youth, who was a nobleman, complained to the j 
king of the ill treatment which his son had re- j 
ceived from a shepherd's son. Astyages order- \ 
ed Cyrus before him, and discovered that he was 
Mandane's son, from whom he had so much to 
apprehend. He treated him with great cold- 
ness; and Cyru9, unable to bear his tyranny, es- 
caped from his confinement, and began to levy 
troops to dethrone his grandfather. He was as- 
sisted and encouraged by the ministers of As- 
tyages, who were displeased with the king's op- 
pression. He marched against him, and Astya- 
ges was defeated in a battle, and taken prison- 
er, B. C. 559. From this victory the empire of 
Media became tributary to the Persians. Cyrus 
subdued the eastern parts of Asia, and made 
war against Croesus, king of Lydia, whom he 
conquered, B. C. 548. He invaded the king- 



dom of Assyria, and took the city of Babylon, by 
drying the channels of the Euphrates, and march- 
ing his troops through the bed of the river, while 
the people were celebrating a grand festival. He 
afterwards marched against Tomyris, the queen 
of the Messagetae, a Scythian nation, and was 
defeated in a bloody battle, B C. 530. The 
victorious queen, who had lost her son in a pre- 
vious encounter, was so incensed against Cyrus, 
that she cut off his head, and threw it into a ves- 
sel tilled with human blood, exclaiming, Satia 
te sanguine quern sitisti. Xenophon has written 
the life of Cyru3; but his history is nof^erfect- 
ly authentic. In the character of Cyrus, he de- 
lineates a brave and virtuous prince, and often 
puts in his mouth many of the sayings of Socra- 
tes. The chronology is false; and Xenophon, 
in his narration, has given existence to persons 
whom no other historian ever mentioned. The 
Cyropcedia, therefore, is not to be looked upon 
as an authentic history of Cyrus the Great, but 
we must consider it as showing what every good 
and virtuous prince ought to be. Diod. 1. — 
Herodot. 1, c 75, &c. — Justin. 1, c. 5 and 7. 

The younger Cyrus was the younger son of 

Darius Nothus, and the brother of Artaxerxes, 
He was sent by bis father, at the age of sixteen, 
to assist the Lacedaemonians against Athens. Ar- 
taxerxes succeeded to the throne at the death of 
Nothus: and Cyrus, who was of an aspiring soul, 
attempted to assassinate him. He was discover- 
ed, and would have been punished with death, 
had not his mother, Parysatis, saved him from 
the hands of the executioner by her tears and 
entreaties. This circumstance did not in the 
least check the ambition of Cyrus; he was ap- 
pointed over Lydia and the sea coast, wheie he 
secretly fomented rebellion, and levied troops 
under various pretences. At last he took the 
field with an army of 100,000 barbarians, and 
13,000 Greeks under the command of Clear- 
chus. Artaxerxes met him with 900,000 men 
near Cunaxa. The battle was long and bloody, 
and Cyrus might have perhaps obtained the vic- 
tory, had not his uncommon rashness proved his 
ruin. It is said that the two royal brothers met 
in person, and engaged with the most inveterate 
fury, and their engagement ended in the death 
of Cyrus, 401 years B. C. Artaxerxes was so 
anxious of its being universally reported that his 
brother had fallen by his hand, that he put to 
death two of his subjects, for boasting that they 
had killed Cyrus. The Greeks, who were en- 
gaged in the expedition, obtained much glory in 
the battle; and after the death of Cyrus, they 
remained victorious in the field without a com- 
mander. They were not, however, discourag- 
ed, though at a great distance from their coun- 
try, and surrounded on every side by a powerful 
enemy. Tl.ey unanimously united in the elecr 
tion of commanders, and traversed all Asia, in 
spite of the continual attacks of the Persians, and 
nothing is more truly celebrated in ancient his- 
tory than the bold retreat of the ten thousand. 
The journey that they made from the place of 
their first embarkation till their return, has been 
calculated at 1155 leagues, performed in the 
space of 15 months, including all the time which 
was devoted to take rest and refreshment. This 
h h 



CY 



CY 



uetreat has been celebrated by Xenophon, who 
was one of their leaders, and among the friends 
and supporters of Cyrus. It is said, that in the 
letter he wrote to Lacedaemon, to solicit auxi- 
liaries, Cyrus boasted his philosophy, his royal 
blood, and bis ability to drink more wine than 
his brother without being intoxicated. Plut. in 
Artax. — Diod. 14. — Justin. 5, c. 11. A ri- 
val of Horace, in the affections of one of his 

mistresses, 1. od. 17, v. 24. A poet of Pa- 

nopolis, in the age of Theodosius. 

Cyrus and Cyropolis, a city of Syria, built 
by the Jews in honour of Cyrus, whose humani- 
ty in relieving them from their captivity they 
wished thus to commemorate. 

Cyrus, a river of Persia, now Kur. 

Cyta, a town of Colchis, famous for the poi- 
sonous herbs which it produces, and for the birth 
of Medea. Flacc. 6, v. 693.— Propert. 2, el. 
l,v. 73. 

Cyt^eis, a surname of Medea, from her being 
an inhabitant of Cyta. Propert- 2, el. 4, v. 7. 

Cythera, now Cerigo, an island on the coast 
of Laconia in Peloponnesus. It was particular- 
ly sacred to the goddess Venus who was from 
thence surnamed Cytheraea, and who rose, as 
some suppose, from the sea, near its coasts. It 
was for some time under the power of the Ar- 
gives, and always considered of the highest im- 
portance to maritime powers. The Phoenicians 
had built there a famous temple to Venus. Virg. 
JEn 1, v. 262, 1. 10, v. 5.— Paw?. 3, c. 33.— 
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 288, 1. 15, v. 386.— Fast. 4, v. 
\b.— Herodot. l,c. 29. 

Cyther^ea, a surname of Venus. 

Cytheris, a certain courtezan, much re- 
spected by the poet Gallus, as well as by Anto- 
ny. 

Cytheron, Vid Cithaeron. 

Cytherun, a place of Attica. 

Cytherus, a river of Elis. Pans. 6, c. 22. 

Cythnos, now Thermia, an island near At- 
tica, famous for ittcheese. It has been called 
Ophiousa and Dryopis. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 252 

Cytineum, one of the four cities called Te- 
trapolis, in Doris. Strab. 9. — Thucyd. 1, c. 107. 



Cytissorus, a son of Phryxus, &c. Herodot. 
7, c. 197 

Cytorus, now Kudros, a mountain and town 
of Galatia, built by Cytorus, 6on of Phryxus, 
and abounding in box wood. Catuli. 4, v. 13. 
—Ovid. Met. 4, v. 311.— Strab. 11.— Virg. G. 
2, v. 437. 

Cyzicum, or Cyzicus, an island of the Pro- 
pontis, about 530 stadia in circumference, with 
a town called Cyzicus. Alexander joined it to 
the continent by two bridges, and from that time 
it was called a peninsula. It had two harbours 
called Panormus and Chytus, the first natural, 
and the other artificial. It became one of the 
most considerable cities of Asia. It was be- 
sieged by Mithridates, and relieved by Lucul- 
lus. Flor. 3, c. b.—Plin. 5, c 32.— Diod. 
18. 

Cyzicus, a son of (Eneus and Stilba, who 
reigned in Cyzicus. He hospitably received the 
Argonauts, in their expedition against Colchis. 
After their departure from the court of Cyzicus, 
they were driven back in the night, by a storm, 
upon the coast; and the inhabitants seeing such 
an unexpected number of men, furiously attack- 
ed them, supposing them to be the Pelasgi, their 
ancient enemies. In this nocturnal engagement, 
many were killed on botb sides, and Cyzicus 
perished by the hand of Jason himself, who 
honoured him with a splendid funeral, and rais- 
ed a stately monument over his gra.ve. Jipollod. 

1, c 9. — Flacc. — Jlpoilon. — Orpheus. The 

chief town of the island of Cyzicum, built where 
the island is joined by the bridges to the conti- 
nent. It has two excellent harbours called Pa- 
normus and Chytus. The former is naturally 
large and beautiful, and the other owes all its 
conveniences to the hand of art. The town is 
situate partly on a mountain, and partly in a 
plain. The Argonauts built a temple to Cybele 
in the neighbourhood. It derives its name from 
Cyzicus, who was killed there by Jason. The 
Athenians defeated, near this place, their ene- 
mies of Lacedaemon, assisted by Pharnabazus, 
B C. 410. Flor. 3, c. 5, &c— Strab.— . 'pol- 
lon. I. Propert. 3, el. 22.— Flacc. 2, v. 636. 



dm 



DM 



DAM, Dah^:, or Dai, now the Dahistan, a 
people of Scythia, who dwelt on the bor- 
ders of the Caspian sea. Sil 13, v. 764. — Lu- 
can. 7, v. 429.— Virg. „£n. 1, v. 728. 

Daci and DAcae, a warlike nation of Germa- 
ny, beyond the Danube, whose country, called 
Dacia, was conquered by the Romans under Tra- 
jan, after a war of 15 years, A. D. 103 The 
emperor joined the country to Moesia, by erect- 
ing a magnificent bridge across the Danube, 
considered as the best of his works, which how- 
ever the envy of his successor Adrian demolish- 
ed. Dacia now forms the modern countries of 
Walachia, Transylvania, and Moldavia. Lucan. 
2, v. 53. 

Dacicus, a surname assumed by Domitian on 



his pretended victory over the Dacians. Juv. 6. 
v. 204. 

Dactyli, a name given to the priests of Cy- 
bele, which some derive from Swrvhoe finger, 
because they were ten, the same number as the 
fingers of the hands. Paus.l,c 8. 

Dadic .e, a people of Asiatic Scythia Herodot. 
3, c. 91. 

Djedala, a mountain and cityof Lycia, where 
Daedalus was buried according to Pliny 5, c. 

27 A name given to Circe, from her being 

cunning, (S*tS'*.\ot), and like Daedalus, addict- 
ed to deceit and artifice. Virg JEn. 7, v. 282. 
Two festivals in Boeotia. One of these was ob- 
served at Alalcomenos by the Plataeans, in a 
large grove, where they exposed, in the open 



DM 



DA 



air, pieces of boiled flesh, and carefully observ- 
ed whither the crows that came to prey upon 
them directed their (light. All the trees upon 
which any of these birds alighted, were imme- 
diately cut down, and with them statues were 
made, called Dttdala, in honour of Daedalus. — 
The other festival was of a more solemn kind. 
It was celebrated every sixty years by all the 
cities of Boeotia, as a compensation for the in- 
termission of the smaller festivals for that num- 
ber of years, during the exile of the Plataeaos. 
Fourteen of the statues, called Daedala, were 
distributed by lot among the Plataeans, Leba- 
daeans, Corooeans, Orchomenians. Thespians, 
Thebans, Tanagraeans, and Chaeroneans, be- 
cause they had effected a reconciliation among 
the Plataeans, and caused them to be recalled, 
from exile, about the time that Thebes was re- 
stored by Cassander, the son of Antipater. Dur- 
ing this festival, a woman in the habit of a 
bridemaid accompanied a .statue which was 
dressed in female garments, on the banks of the 
Eurotas. This procession was attended to the 
top of mount Citbaerou, by many of the Boeo- 
tians, who had places assigned them by lot 
Here an altar of square piices of wood, ce- 
mented together iike stones, was erected, and 
upon it were thrown large quantities of combus- 
tible materials. Afterwards a bull was sacri- 
ficed to Jupiter, and an ox or heifer to Juno, by 
every one of the cities of Bceotia, and by the 
most opulent that attended. The poorest citi- 
zens offered small cattle; and all these oblations, 
together with the Daedala, were thrown in the 
common heap and set on fire, and totally reduc- 
ed to ashes. They originated in this: When Ju- 
no, after a quarrel with Jupiter, had retired to 
Eubcea, and refused to return to bis bed, the 
god, anxious for her return, went to consult Ci- 
thaeron king of Plataea, to find some effectual 
measure to break her obstinacy. Citbaeron ad- 
vised him to dress a statue in woman's apparel, 
and carry it in a chariot, and publicly to report 
it was Plataea, the daughter of Asopus, whom he 
was going to marry. The advice was followed, 
and Juno informed of her husband's future mar- 
riage, repaired in haste to meet the chariot, and 
was easily united to him, when she discovered 
the artful measures he had made use of to effect 
a reconciliation. Pausun 8f Plut. 

D^dalion, a son of Lucifer, brother to Ceyx, 
and father of Philonis. He was so afflicted at 
the death of Philonis, whom Diana bad put to 
death, that he threw himself down from the top 
of mount Parnassus, and was changed into a fal- 
con by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 11, v 295. 

D^dalus, an Athenian, son of Eupalamus, 
descended from Erecbtheus, king of Athens. 
He was the most ingenius artist of his age. and 
to him we are indebted for the invention of the 
wedge, the axe, the wimble, the level, and 
many other mechanical instruments, and the 
sails of ships. He made statues which moved 
of themselves, and seemed to be endowed with 
life. Talus, his sister's son, promised to be as 
great as himself, by the ingenuity of his inven- 
tions; and therefore, from envy, he threw him 
down from a window and killed him. After 
the murder of this youth, Daedalus, with his son 



Icarus, fled from Athens to Crete, where Mi- 
nos, king of the country, gave him a cordial re- 
ception. Daedalus made a famous labyrinth for 
Minos, and assisted Pasiphae, the queen, to gra* 
tify her unnatural passion for a bull. For this - 
action, Daedalus incurred the displeasure of Mi- 
nos, who ordered him to be confined in the la- 
byrinth which he had constructed, Here he 
made himself wings with feathers and wax, and 
carefully fitted them to his body, and to that of 
his son, wno was the companion of his confine- 
ment. They took their flight in the air from 
Crete; but the heat of the sun melted the wax 
on the wings of Icarus, whose flight was too 
high, and he fell into that part of the ocean, 
which from him has been called the Icarian sea. 
The father, by a proper management of his 
wings, alighted at Cumse, where he built a tem- 
ple to Apollo, and thence directed his course to 
Sicily, where he was kindly received by Coca- 
lus, who reigned over part of the country. He 
left many monuments of his ingenuity in Sicily, 
which still existed in the age of Diodorus Sicu- 
lus. He was despatched by Cocalus, who was 
afraid of the power of Minos, who had declared 
war against him, because he had given an asy- 
lum to Daedalus. The flight of Daedalus from 
Crete, with wings, is explained, by observing 
that he was the inventor of sails, which in his 
age might pass at a distance for wings. Paus. 
1, 7, and 9.— Diod. 4.— Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 3. 
Heroid. 4. De Art Am. 2. Trist. 3, el. 4.— 
Hygin. fab. 40.— Virg. Mn 6, v. U.—Apol- 

lod. 3, c. 1, kc.—Herodot. 7, c. 170. There 

were two statuaries of the same name, one of 
Sicyon, son of Patroclus, the other a native of 
Bithynia. Paus. 7, c. 14. — Arrian. 

Daemon, a kind of spirit which, as the an- 
cients supposed, presided over the actions of 
mankind, gave them their private counsels, and 
carefully watched over their most secret inten- 
tions. Some of the ancient philosophers main- 
tained that every man had two of these Dae- 
mons; the one bad, and the other good. These 
Daemons had the power of changing themselves 
into whatever they ; pleased,and of assuming what- 
ever shapes were most subservient to their in- 
tentions. At the moment of death, the Dae- 
mon delivered up to judgment the person with 
whose care he had been entrusted: and accord- 
ing to the evidence he delivered, sentence was 
passed over the body. The Daemon of Socra- 
tes is famous in history. That great philoso- 
pher asserted that the genius informed him when 
any of his friends was going to engage in some 
unfortunate enterprise, and stopped him from the 
commission of all crimes and impiety. These 
Genii or Demons, though at first reckoned only 
as the subordinate ministers of the superior 
deities, received divine honour in length of time, 
and we find altars and statues erected to a Ge- 
nio loci, Gen'w Augusti, Junonibus, &c. Cic. 
Tusc. 1 . — Plut. de Gen. Socr. 

Dah-E. Vid. Daae. 

Dai, a nation of Persia, all shepherds. He- 
rodot. 1, c. 125. 

Daicles, a victor at Olympia, B. C. 753. 

Daidis, a solemnity observed by the Greeks. 



DA 



DA 



It lasted three days. The first was in comme- 
moration of Latona's labour; the second in me- 
nu t of Apollo's birth; and the third in honour 
of the marriage of Podalirius, and the mother 
of Alexander. Torches were always carried at 
the celebration; whence the name. 

Daimachus, a master of horse at Syracuse, 
&c Polyazn. 1. 

Daimenes, a general of the Achaeans. Paus. 

7, c. 6. An officer exposed on a cross, by 

Dionysius of Syracuse. Diod. 14. 

Daiphron, a son of iEgyptus, killed by his 
wife, &c 'Jipoliod. 2, c. 1. 

Dajra, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
Eleusis by Mercury, Paus. 1, c. 38. 

Daldia, a town of Lydia. 

Dalmatics, one of the Caesars, in the age of 
Constantine, who died A D. 337. 

Dalmatia, a part of Illyricum, at the east of 
the Adriatic, near Liburnia on the west, whose 
inhabitants, called Dalmata, were conquered 
by Metellus, B. C. 118. They chiefly lived upon 
plunder, and from their rebellious spirit were 
troublesome to the Roman empire. They wore 
a peculiar garment called Dalmatica, after- 
wards introduced at Rome. Horat. 2, od. 1, v. 
16. — Lamprid. in Commod. 8. — Strab. 7. — 
Ptol 2. 

D almium, the chief town of Dalmatia, Strab. 
7. 

Damagetus, a man of Rhodes, who inquired 
of the oracle what wife he ought to. marry? and 
received for answer the daughter of the bravest 
of the Greeks. He applied to Aristomenes, and 
obtained his daughter in marriage, B. C. 670. 
Paus. 4, c. 24. 

Damalis, a courtezan at Rome, in the age of 
Horace, 1 od. 36, v. 13. 

Damas, a Syracusan in the interest of Aga- 
thocles. Diod. 19. 

Damascena, a part of Syria near mount Li- 
banus. 

Damascius, a stoic of Damascus, who wrote 
a philosophical history, the life of Isidorus, and 
four books on extraordinary events, in the age 
of Justinian. His works, which are now lost, 
were greatly esteemed according to Photius. 

Damascus, a rich and ancient city of Da- 
mascene in Syria, where Demetrius Nicanor 
was defeated by Alexander Zebina. It is the 
modern Damas or Sham, inhabited by about 
80,000 souls. Lucan. 3, v. 215. — Justin. 36, 
c. 2. — Mela, l,c. 11. 

Damasia, a town called also Augusta, now 
Jlusburg, in Swabia on the Leek. 

Damasichthon, a king of Thebes. Paus. 
9, c 5. 

Damasippus, a captain in Philip's army. 

A senator who accompanied Jubawhen he 

entered Utica in triumph. Cues. Bell. C. 2 

A great enemy of Sylla. Palerc. 2, c. 22. 

An orator Juv 3, v. 185. A merchant 

of old seals and vessels, who, after losing his 
all in unfortunate schemes in commerce, as- 
sumed the name and habit of a stoic philoso- 
pher. Horat. 2, Sat. 3. One of Niobe's 

sons. 

Damasistratus, a king of Plataea, who bu- 
ried Laius. Apotlod. 3, c 5. 



Damasithtnus, a son of Candaules, general 

in the army of Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 98. 

A king of Calyndae, sunk in his ship by Artemi- 
sia. Id. 8, c. 87. 

Damastes, a man of Sigaeum, disciple of 
Hellanicus, about the age of Herodotus, &c. 
Dionys. A famous robber. Vid. Procrastes. 

Damastor, a Trojan chief, killed by Pa- 
troclus at the siege of Troy. Homer. 11. 16, v. 
416. 

Damia, a surname of Cybele. A woman 

to whom the Epidaurians raised a statue. He- 
rodot. 5, c. 82. 

Damias, a statuary of Clitor, in Arcadia, in 
the age of Lysander. Paws. 10, c, 9. 

Damippus, a Spartan takert by Marcellus as 
he sailed out of the port of Syracuse. He dis- 
covered to the enemy that a certain part of the 
city was negligently guarded, and in conse- 
quence of this discovery Syracuse was taken. 
Polyxzn. 

Damis, a man who disputed with Aristode- 
mus the right of reigning over the Messeuians. 
Paus. 4, c. 10. 

Damnii, a people at the north of Britain. 

Damnonii, a people of Britain, now supposed 
Devonshire. 

Damnorix, a celebrated Gaul, in the interest 
of Julius Caesar, &c. 

Damo, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, by or- 
der of her father, devoted her life to perpetual 
celibacy, and induced others to follow her ex- 
ample. Pythagoras at his death intrusted her 
with all the secrets of his philosophy, and gave 
her the unlimited care of his compositions, un- 
der the promise that she never would part with 
them. She faithfully obeyed his injunctions; 
and though in the extremest poverty, she refus- 
ed to obtain money by the violation of her fa- 
ther's commands. Laert. in Pythag. 

Damocles, one of the flatterers of Dionysius 
the elder, of Sicily. He admired the tyrant's 
wealth, and pronounced him the happiest mau 
on earth. Dionysius prevailed upon him to un- 
dertake for a while the charge of royalty, and 
be convinced of the happiness which a sovereign 
enjoyed. Damocles ascended the throne, and 
while he gazed upon the wealth and splendour 
that surrounded him, he perceived a sword hang- 
ing over his head by a horse hair. This so ter- 
rified him, that all his imaginary felicity vanish- 
ed at once, and he begged Dionysius to remove 
him from a situation which exposed his life to 
such fears and dangers. Cic. in Tuscul. 5, c. 
21. 

Damocrates, a hero, &c. Plut. in Arist. 

Damocrita, a Spartan matron, wife of 
Alcippus, who severely punished her enemies 
who had banished her husband, &c. Plut. in 
Parall. 

Damocritus, a timid general of the Achae- 

ans, &c. Paus. 7, c. 13. -A Greek writer, 

who composed two treatises, one upon the art 
of drawing an army in battle array, and the 

other concerning the Jews. A man who 

wrote a poetical treatise upon medicine. 

Damon, a victor at Olympia. Olymp. 102. 

— Paws. 4, c. 27, A poet and musician of 

Athens, intimate with Pericles, and distinguish- 



DA 



DA 



ei for his knowledge of government and fond- 
ness of discipline. He was banished for bis in- 
trigues about 430 years before Christ. C Nep. 

lft, c. 2. — Plut. in Pericl. A Pythagorean 

philosopher, very intimate with Pythias. When 
he had been condemned to death by Dionysius, 
he obtained from the tyrant leave to go and set- 
tle his domestic affairs, on promise of returning 
at a stated hour to the place of execution. Py- 
thias pledged himself to undergo the punishment 
which was to be inflicted on Damon, should he 
not return in time, and he consequently deliver- 
ed himself into the hands of the tyrant Damon 
returned at the appointed moment, and Diony- 
sius was so struck with the fidelity of those two 
friends, that he remitted the punishment, and 
entreated them to permit him to share their 
friendship, and enjoy their confidence. Val. 

Max. 4, c. 7. A man of Cheronaea, who 

killed a Roman officer, and was murdered by 

his fellow-citizens. Plut. in Cim. A Cy- 

renean, who wrote an history of philosophy. 
Laert. 

Damophantus, a general of Elis, in the age 
of Philopoemen. Plut in Phil. 

Damophila, a poetess of Lesbos, wife of 
Pamphilus. She was intimate with Sappho, 
and not only wrote hymns in honour of Diana 
and of the gods, but opened a school, where 
the younger persons of her sex were taught the 
various powers of music and poetry. Philostr. 

Damophilus, an historian. Diod. A 

Rhodian general against the fleet of Demetrius. 
Diod. 20. 

Damophon, a sculptor of Messinia. Paus. 
7, c. 23. 

Damostratus, a philosopher who wrote a 
treatise concerning fishes. JElian. V. H. 13, 
c 21. 

Damoxenus, a comic writer of Athens. Alhen. 

3. A boxer of Syracuse, banished for killing 

his adversary. Paws. 8, c 40. 

Damyrias, a river of Sicily. Plut. in Timol. 

Dana, a large town of Cappadocia. 

Danace, the name of the piece of money 
which Charon required to convey the dead over 
,the Styx. Suidas. 

Danae, the daughter of Acrisius king of Argos, 
by Eurydice. She was confined in a brazen tower 
by her father, who had been told by an oracle, 
that his daughter's son would put him to death. 
His endeavours to prevent Danae from becoming 
a mother proved fruitless; and Jupiter, who was 
enamoured of her, introduced himself to her 
bed, by changing himself into a golden shower. 
From his embraces Danae had a son, with whom 
she was exposed on the sea by her father. The 
wind drove the bark which carried her to the 
coasts of the island of Seriphus, where she was 
saved by some fishermen, and carried to Poly- 
dectes king of the place, whose brother, called 
Dictys, educated the child, called Perseus, and 
tenderly treated the mother. Polydectes fell in 
love with her; but as he was afraid of her son, 
he sent him to conquer the Gorgons, pretending 
that he wished Medusa's bead to adorn the nup- 
tials which he was going to celebrate with Hip- 
podamia, the daughter of (Enomaus. When 
Perseus had victoriously finished his expedition, 



he retired to Argos with Danae, to the house of 
Acrisius, whom he inadvertently killed. Some 
suppose that it was Proetus the brother of Acri- 
sius, who introduced himself to Danae in the 
brazen tower; and instead of a golden shower, 
it was maintained, that the keepers of Danae 
were bribed by the gold of her seducer. Virgil 
mentions that Danae came to Italy with some 
fugitives of Argos, and that she founded a city 
called Ardea. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 611. Art. Am. 
3, v. 415. Amor. 2, el. 19, v. 21,—Horat. 3, 
od. 16.— Homer. II. 14, v. 319.— Apollod 2,c 
2 and 4.— Stat. 2/ieb. 1, v. 255.— Virg. Mn. 7, 

v. 410. A daughter of Leontium, mistress 

to Sophron, governor of Ephesus. A daughter 

of Danaus, to whom Neptune offered violence. 

Danai, a name given to the people of Argos, 
and promiscuously to all the Greeks, from Dana- 
us their king. Virg. and Ovid, passim. 

Danaides, the fifty daughters of Danaus 
king of Argos. W r hen their uncle iEgyptus came 
from Egypt with his fifty sons, they were pro- 
mised in marriage to their cousins; but before 
the celebration of their nuptials, Danaus, who 
had been informed by an oracle that he was to 
be killed by the hands of one of his sons-in-law, 
made his daughters solemnly promise that they 
would destroy their husbands. They were pro- 
vided with daggers by their father, and all, ex- 
cept Kypermnestra, stained their hands with the 
blood of their cousins, the first night of their 
nuptials; and as a pledge of their obedience to 
their father's injunctions, they presented him 
each with the head of the murdered sons of 
iEgyptus. Hypermnestra was summoned to ap- 
pear before her father, and answer for her dis- 
obedience in suffering her husband, Lynceus, to 
escape; but the unanimous voice of the people 
declared her innocent, and in consequenee of 
her honourable acquittal, she dedicated a temple 
to the goddess of Persuasion. The sisters were 
purified of this murder by Mercury and Minerva, 
by order of Jupiter: but according to the more 
received opinion, they were condemned to severe 
punishment in hell, and were compelled to fill 
with water a vessel full of holes, so that the wa- 
ter ran out as soon as poured into it, and there- 
fore their labour was infinite, and their punish- 
ment eternal. The names of the Danaides, and 
their husbands, were as follows, according to 
Apollodorus: Amymone married Enceladus; Au- 
tomate, Busiris; Agave, Lycus; Scea, Dayphron; 
Hippodamia, Ister; Rhodia, Chalcedon; Calyce, 
another Lynceus; Gorgophone, Proteus; Cleo- 
patra, Agenor; Asteria, Chaetus; Glauce, Aleis, 
Hippodamia, Diacorytes; Hippomedusa, Alc- 
menon; Gorge, Hippothous; Iphimedusa, Euche- 
nor; Rhode, Hippolitus; Pirea, Agoptolemus; * 
Cercestis, Dorion; Pharte, Eurydamas; Mnestra^ 
iEgius; Evippe, Arigius; Anaxibia, Archetaus; 
Nelo, Melachus; Clite, Clitus; Stenele.. Stene- , 
lus; Chrysippe, Chrysippus; Autonoe, Eurylo- 
chus; Theano, Phantes; Electra, Peristhenesj 
Eurydice, Dryas; Glaucippe, Potamon; Autho- 
lea, Cisseus; Cleodora, Lixus; Evippe, Imbrus; 
Erata, Bromius; Stygne, Polyctor; Bryce, Chto- 
nius; Actea, Periphas; Podarce, (Eneus; Diox- 
ippe, iEgyptus; Adyte, Mcnalces; Ocipete, Lam- 
pus; Pilargc, Idmon; Hippodice, Idas; Adiante, 



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Daiphron; Callidia, Pandion; CEme, Arbelus; 
Celeuo, Hixbius; Hyperia, Hippocoristes- The 
heads of the sons of jEgyptus were buried at 
Argos; but their bodies were left at Lerna, 
where the murder had been committed. Jlpollod. 
2, c. l.—Horat 3, od. 11.— Strab. 8. — Pans. 
2, c. 16.— Hygin. fab. 168, &c. 

Danala, a castle of Galatia. 

Danapris, now the Nieper, a name given in 
the middle ages to the Borysthenes, as Danaster 
the JVeister, was applied to the Tyras. 

Danaus, a son of Bel us and Anchinoe, who, 
after his father's death, reigned conjointly with' 
his brother JEgyptus on the throne of Egypt. 
Some time after, a ditference arose between 
the brothers, and Danaus set sail with bis fifty 
daughters in quest of a settlement. He visited 
Rhodes, where he consecrated a statue to Mi- 
nerva, and arrived safe on the coast of Pelopon- 
nesus, where he was hospitably received by 
Gelanor, king of Argos. Gelanor had lately 
■ascended the throne, and the first years of his 
reign were marked with dissentions with his 
subjects. Danaus took advantage of Gelanor's 
unpopularity, and obliged him to abdicate the 
crown. In Gelanor, the race of the Inachidce, 
was extinguished, and the Belides began to reign 
at Argos in Danaus. Some authors say, that 
Gelanor voluntarily resigned the crown to Da- 
naus, on account of the wrath of Neptune, who 
had dried up all the waters of Argolis, to punish 
the impiety of Inachus. The success of Danaus, 
invited the fifty sons of iEgyptus to embark for 
Greece. They were kindly received by their 
uncle, who, either apprehensive of their number, 
or terrified by an oracle which threatened his 
ruin by one of his sons-in-law, caused his daugh- 
ters, to whom they were promised in marriage, 
to murder them the first night of their nuptials. 
His fatal orders were executed, but Hyperm- 
nestra alone spared the life of Lynceus. (Vid. 
Danaides.) Danaus, at first, persecuted Lynceus 
with unremitted fury, but he was afterwards re- 
conciled to him, and he acknowleged him for 
his son-in-law, and successor, after a reign of 
50 years. He died about 1425 years before the 
Christian era, and after death, he was honoured 
with a splendid monument in the town of Argos, 
which still existed in the age of Pausanias. Ac- 
cording to iEschylus, Danaus left Egypt, not 
to be present at the marriage of his daughters, 
with the sons of bis brother, a connexion which 
he deemed unlawful and impious. The ship in 
which Danaus came to Greece was called Jlr- 
mais, and was the first that had ever appeared 
there. It is said that the use of pumps was first 
introduced into Greece by Danaus. Jlpollod. 2, 
c. l.—Paus 2, c. 19.— Hygin. fab. 168, &c— 
Herodot. 2, c. 91, &c. 7, c. 94. 

Dandari and Dandarid^;, certain inhabi- 
tants near mount Caucasus. Tacit. 12, Jinn. c. 
18. 

Dandon, a man of Illyricum, who, as Pliny 
7, c. 48, reports, lived 500 years. 

Danubius, a celebrated riyer, the greatest in 
Europe, which rises, according to Herodotus, 
near the town of Pyrene, in the country of the 
Celtoe, and after flowing through the greatest 
part of Euj-ope, falls into the Euxine sea. The 



Greeks called it Ister; but the Romans distin- 
guished it by the appellation of the Danube, 
from its source till the middle of its course, and 
from thence to its mouths, they called it Ister, 
like the Greeks. It falls into the Euxine through 
seven mouths, or six, according to others. He- 
rodotus mentions five, and modern travellers dis- 
cover only two. The Danube was generally sup- 
posed to be the northern boundary of the Roman 
empire in Europe; and therefore, several cas- 
tles were erected on its banks, to check the in- 
cursions of the barbarians. It was worshipped 
as a deity by the Scythians. According to mo- 
dern geography, the Danube rises in Suabia, and 
after receiving about 40 navigable rivers, finish- 
es a course of 1600 miles, by emptying itself 
into the Black sea. Dionys. Perieg. — Herodot. 
2, c 33, I. 4, c. 48, &c— Strab. A.—Plin. 4, 
c. 12. — Jimmian. 23. 

Daochus, an officer of Philip, &c. Plut. in 
Demosth 

Daphne, a town of Egypt, on one of the 
mouths of the Nile, 16 miles from Pelusium. 
Herodot. 2, c 30. 

Daphn^eus, a general of Syracuse, against 
Carthage. Polycen. 5. 

Dapune, a daughter of the river Peneus, or 
of the Ladon, by the goddess Terra, of whom 
Apollo became enamoured. This passion had 
been raised by Cupid, with whom Apollo, proud 
of his late conquest over the serpent Python, 
had disputed the power of his darts. Daphne 
heard with horror the addresses of the god, and 
endeavoured to remove herself from his impor- 
tunities by flight. Apollo pursued her; and 
Daphne, fearful of being caught, entreated the 
assistance of the gods, who changed her into a 
laurel. Apollo crowned his head with the leaves 
of the laurel, and for ever ordered that that tree 
should be sacred to his divinity. Some say that 
Daphne was admired by Leucippus, son of (Eno- 
maus king of Pisa, who, to be in her company, 
disguised his sex, and attended her in the woods, 
in the habit of a huntress. Leucippus gained 
Daphne's esteem and love; but Apollo, who was 
his powerful rival, discovered his sex, and Leu- 
cippus was killed by the companions of Diana. 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 452, &c. — Partken. Erotic, c. 

15. — Paus. 8, c. 20. A daughter of Tiresias, 

priestess in the temple of Delphi, supposed by 
some to be the same as Manlo. She was con- 
secrated to the service of Apollo by the Epigoni, 
or, according to others, by the goddess Tellus. 
She was called Sibyl, on account of the wild- 
ness of her looks and expressions, when she de- 
livered oracles. Her oracles were generally in 
verse, and Homer, according to some accounts, 
has introduced much of her poetry in his com- 
positions. Diod. 4. — Paus. 10, c. 5. A fa- 
mous grove near Antiech, consecrated to volup- 
tuousness and luxury. 

Daphnephoria, a festival in honour of Apollo, 
celebrated every ninth year by the Boeotians. It 
was then usual to adorn an olive bough with gar- 
lands of laurel and other flowers, and place on 
the top a brazen globe, on which were suspend- 
ed smaller ones. In the middle was placed a 
number of crowns, and a globe of inferior size, 
and the bottom was adorned with a saffron co- 



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loured garment. The globe on the top repre- 
sented the sun, or Apollo; that in the middle was 
an emblem of the moon, and the others of the 
stars. The crowns, which were 65 in number, 
represented the sun's annual revolutions. This 
bough was carried in solemn procession by a 
beautiful youth of an illustrious family, and 
whose parents were both living. The youth was 
dressed in rich garments which reached to the 
ground; his hair hung loose and dishevelled, his 
head was covered with a golden crown, and he 
wore on his feet shoes called lpkicratidoe, from 
Iphicrates, an Athenian, who first invented them. 
He was called AcKpvuqopos, laurel-bearer, and 
at that time he executed the office of priest of 
Apollo. He was preceded by one of his near- 
est relations, bearing a rod adorned with gar- 
lands, and behind him followed a train of virgins 
with branches in their hands. In this order the 
procession advanced as far as the temple of Apol- 
lo, surnamed Ismenius, where supplicatory hymns 
were sung to the god. — This festival owed its 
origin to the following circumstance: when an 
oracle advised the iEtolians, who inhabited Arne 
and the adjacent country, to abandon their an- 
cient possessions, and go in quest of a settlement, 
they invaded the Theban territories, which at 
that time were pillaged by an army of Pelasgi-. 
ans. As the celebration of Apollo's festivals was 
near, both nations, who religiously observed it, 
laid aside all hostilities, and, according to cus- 
tom, cut down laurel boughs from mount Helicon, 
and in the neighbourhood of the river Melas, 
and walked in procession in honour of the divi- 
nity. The day that this solemnity was observed, 
Polemates, the general of the Boeotian army, 
saw a youth in a dream that presented him with 
a complete suit of armour, and commanded the 
Boeotians to offer solemn prayers to Apollo, and 
walk in procession with laurel boughs in their 
hands every ninth year. Three days after this 
dream, the Boeotian general made a sally, and 
cut off the greatest part of the besiegers, who 
were compelled by this blow to relinquish their 
enterprise. Polemates immediately instituted a 
novennial festival to the god who seemed to be 
the patron of the Boeotians. Pans. Bceolic. &c. 
Daphnis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Mer- 
cury, by a Sicilian nymph. He was educated 
by the nymphs. Pan taught him to sing and 
play upon the pipe, and the muses inspired him 
with the love of poetry. It is supposed he was 
the first who wrote pastoral poetry, in which his 
successor Theocritus so happily excelled. He 
was extremely fond of hunting; and at his death, 
five of his dogs, from their attachment to him, 
•refused all aliments, and pinea away. From 
the celebrity of this shepherd, the name of 
Daphnis has been appropriated by the poets, an- 
cient and modern, to express a person fond of 
rural employments, and of the peaceful inno- 
cence which accompanies the tending of flocks. 

JElian. V. H. 10, c 18.— Diod. 4. There 

was another shepherd on mount Ida of the same 
name changed into a rock, according to Ovid. 

Met. 4, v. 275 A servant of Nicocrates, 

tyrant of Cyrene, &c . Polycen. 8 A gram- 
marian. Suet, de Gr. A son of Paris and 

(Enone. 



Baphnus, a river of Locris, into which the 
body of Hesiod was thrown after his murder. 

Plut. de Syinp. A physician who preferred 

a supper to a dinner, because he supposed that 
the moon assisted digestion. Athen. 7. 

D ababa, a town of Arabia. 

Darantasia, a town of Beigic Gaul, called 
also Forum Claudii and now Motier. 

Daraps, a king of the Gangaridse, &c Flacct 
6, V. 67. 

Dardani, the inhabitants of Dardania. 

Also a people of Moesia very inimical to the 
neighbouring power of Macedonia. Liv. 26, 
c. 25, 1. 27, c. 33, 1. 31, c. 28, 1. 40, c. 57.— 
Plin. 4, c. 1 

Dardania, a town or country of Troas, from 
which the Trojans were called Dardani and 
Dardanidce. There is also a country of the 
same name near Ulyricum. This appellation is 
also applied to Samothrace. Virg. fy Ovid, 
passim. — Strab. 7. 

Dardanides, a name given to iEneas, as de- 
scended from Dardanus. The word, in the 
plural number, is applied to the Trojan women. 
Virg. i^En. 

Dardanium, a promontory of Troas, called 
from the small town of Dardanus, about seven 
miles from Abydos. The two ca&tles built on 
each side of the strait by the emperor Mahomet 
IV. A. D. 1659, gave the name of Dardanelles 
to the place. Strab. 13. 

Dardanus, a son of Jupiter and Electra, 
who killed his brother Jasius to obtain the king- 
dom of Etruria after the death of his reputed 
father Corytus, and fled to Samothrace, and 
thence to Asia Minor, where he married Batia, 
the daughter of Teucer, king of Teucria. After 
the death of his father-in-law he ascended the 
throne, and rtigued 62 years. He built the city 
of Dardania, and was reckoned the founder of 
the kingdom of Troy. He was succeeded by 
Erichthonius. According to some, Corybas, his 
nephew, accompanied him to Teucria, where 
he introduced the worship of Cybele. Dardanus 
taught his subjects to worship Minerva: and he 
gave them two statues of the goddess, one of 
which is well known by the name of Palladium. 
Virg. AZn. 3, v. 167.— Paus. 7, c 4. — Hygin . 
fab. 155 and 275— Apollvd. 3.— Homer it. 20. 

A Trojan killed by Achilles. Homer. II. 

20, v. 460. 

Dardarii, a nation near the Palus Mzeofis. 
Plut. in Lucull. 

Dares, a Phrygian, who lived during the 
Trojan war, in which be was engaged, and of 
which he wrote the history in Greek. This 
history was extant- in the age of iElian; the 
Latin translation, now extant, is univei sally be- 
licveu to be spurious, though it is attributed by 
some to Cornelius Nepos. The best edition is 
that of Smids cum not. var 4to and 8vo. Amst. 

1702. — Homer. II. 5, v. 10 and 27. One of 

the companions of iEneas, descended from Amy-- 
cus, and celebrated as a pugilist at the funeral 
games in honour of Hector, where he killed 
Butes. He was killed by Turnus in Italy. Virg. 
JEn. 5, v 369. 1. 12, v. 363 

Daretis. a country of Macedonia. 

Dahia, a town of Mesopotamia. 



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D aria ves, the name of Darius in Persian. 
Strab. 16. 

Dariobrigum, a town of Gaul, bow Vennes 
in Britany. 

Darit.^, a people of Persia. Herodot. 3, 
c. 92. 

Darius, a noble satrap of Persia, son of 
Hystaspes, who conspired with six other noble- 
men to destroy Smerdis, who usurped the crown 
of Persia after the death of Cambyses. On the 
murder of the usurper, the seven conspirators 
universally agreed, that he whose horse neighed 
first should be appointed king. In consequence 
of this resolution, the groom of Darius previous- 
ly led his master's horse to a mare at a place 
near which the seven noblemen were to pass. 
On the morrow, before sun-rise, when they pro- 
ceeded all together, the horse recollecting the 
mare, suddenly neighed; and at the same time 
a clap of thunder was heard, as if in approba- 
tion of the choice. The noblemen dismounted 
from their horses, and saluted Darius king; and 
a resolution was made among them, that the 
king's wives and concubines should be taken 
from no other family but that of the conspira- 
tors, and that they should for ever enjoy the un- 
limited privilege of being admitted into the 
king's presence without previous introduction 
Darius was 29 years old when he ascended the 
throne, and he soon distinguished himself by his 
activity and military accomplishments. He be- 
sieged Babylon; which he took after a siege of 
20 months, by the artifice of Zopyrus. From 
thence he marched against the Scythians, and 
in his way conquered Thrace. This expedition 
was unsuccessful; and, after several losses and 
disasters in the wilds of Scythia, the king retired 
with shame, and soon after turned his arms 
against the Indians, whom he subdued. The 
burning of Sardis, which was a Grecian colony, 
incensed the Athenians, and a war was kindled 
between Greece and Persia. Darius was so ex- 
asperated against the Greeks, that a servant 
every evening, by his order, repeated these 
words: " Remember, O king, to punish the Athe- 
nians." Mardonius, the king's son-in-law, was 
intrusted with the care of the war, but his army 
was destroyed by the Thracians: and Darius, 
more animated by his loss, sent a more conside- 
rable force, under the command of Datis and 
Artaphernes. They were conquered at the cele- 
brated battle of Marathon, by 10,000 Athe- 
nians; and the Persians lost in that expedition 
no less than 206,000 men. Darius was not dis- 
heartened by this severe blow, but he resolved 
to "carry on the war in person, and immediately 
ordered a still larger army to be levied. He 
died in the midst of his preparations, B. C. 
485, after a reign of 36 years, in the 65th year 
of his age. Herodot. 1, 2, &c. — Diod. 1. — 
Justin. 1, c. 9. — Plut. in Aiist. — C. Nep. in 

Miltiad. The second king of Persia of that 

name, was also called Ochus or Nbtkus because 
he was the illegitimate son of Artaxerxes by a 
concubine. Soon after the murder of Xerxes 
he ascended the Throne of Persia, and married 
Parysatis his sister, a cruel and ambitious wo- 
man, by whom he had Artaxerxes Memnon, 
Amestris, and Cyrus the younger. He carried 



on many wars with success, under the conduct 
of his generals and of his son Cyrus. He died 
B. C. 404, after a reign of 19 years, and was 
succeeded by his son Artaxerxes, who asked him 
on his death bed, what had been the guide of 
his conduct in the management of the empire, 
that he might imitate him? The dictates of jus- 
tice and of religion, replied the expiring mon- 
arch. Justin. 5, c. 11. — Diod. 12. The 

third of that name was the last king of Persia, 
surnamed Codomanus. He was son of Arsanes 
and Sysigambis, and descended from Darius 
Nothus. The eunuch Bagoas raised bim to the 
throne, though not nearly allied to the royal 
family, in hopes that he would be subservient to 
his will; but he prepared to poison him, when 
he saw him despise his advice, and aim at inde- 
pendence. Darius discovered his perfidy, and 
made him drink the poison which he had pre- 
pared against his life. The peace of Darius 
was early disturbed, and Alexander invaded 
Persia to avenge the injuries which the Greeks 
had suffered from the predecessors of Darius. 
The king of Persia met his adversary in person, 
at the head of 600,000 men. This army was 
remarkable, more for its opulence and luxury, 
than for the military courage of its soldiers; and 
Athenaeus mentions, that the camp of Darius 
was crowded with 277 cooks, 29 waiters, 87 
cup-bearers, 40 servants to perfume the king, 
and 66 to prepare garlands and flowers to deck 
the dishes and meats which appeared on the 
royal table. With these forces Darius met 
Alexander. A battle was fought near the Gran- 
icus, in which the Persians were easily defeated. 
Another was soon after fought near Issus; and 
Alexander left 110,000 of the enemy dead on 
the field of battle, and took among the prisoners 
of war, the mother, wife, and children of Da- 
rius. The darkness of the night favoured the 
retreat of Darius, and he saved himself by fly- 
ing in disguise, on the horse of his armour- 
bearer. These losses weakened, but discouraged 
not Darius; he assembled another more power- 
ful army, and the last decisive battle was fought 
at Arbela. The victory was long doubtful; but 
the intrepidity of Alexander, and the superior 
valour of the Macedonians, prevailed over the 
effeminate Persians; and Darius, sensible of his 
disgrace and ruin, fled towards Media. His 
misfortunes were now completed. Bessus, the 
governor of Bactriana, took away his life, in 
hopes of succeeding him on the throne; and 
Darius was found by the Macedonians in his 
chariot, covered with wounds, and almost ex- 
piring, B C. 331. He asked for water, and 
exclaimed, when he received it from the hand 
of a Macedonian, " It is the greatest of my 
misfortunes that I cannot reward thy humanity. 
Beg Alexander to accept my warmest thanks 
for the tenderness with which he has treated my 
wretched family, whilst I am doomed to perish 
by the hand of a man, whom I have loaded with 
kindness." These words of the dying monarch 
were reported to Alexander, who covered the 
dead body with his own mantle, and honoured 
it with a most magnificent funeral. Tbe traitor 
Bessus met with a due punishment from the 
conqueror, who continued his kindness to the 



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unfortunate family of Darius. Darius has been 
accused of imprudence, for the imperious and 
artogant manner in which he wrote his letters 
to Alexander, in the midst of his misfortunes. 
In him the empire of Persia was extinguished 
228 years after it had been first founded by 
Cyrus the Great. Diod. 17. — Plut in Alex. — 

Justin. 10, 11, &c. — Curtius. A son of 

Xerxes, who married Artaynta, and was killed 
by Artabanus. Herodot. 9, c. 108. — Diod. 11. 

-■ -A son of Artaxerxes declared successor to 

the throne, as being the eldest prince. He con- 
spired against his father's life, and was capitally 
punished. Plut in Jlrtax. 

Dascon, a man who founded Camarina. 
Thucyd. 6, c. 5. 

Dascylitis, a province of Persia. Id. 1, c. 
129. 

Dascylus, the father of Gyges. Herodot- 
1, c. 8. 
Dasea, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 27. 
Dasius, a chief of Salapia, who favoured 
Annibal. Liv. 26, c. 38. 

Dassaret.e, DAssARiTiE, Dassareni, or 
Dassaritii, a people af Illyricum, or Mace- 
donia. Plut. in Flam. 

Datames, a son of Camissares, governor of 
Caria, and general of the armies of Artaxerxes. 
The influence of his enemies at court obliged 
him to fly for safety, after he had greatly sig- 
nalized himself by his military exploits. He 
took up arms in his own defence, and the king 
made war against him. He was treacherously 
killed by Mithridates, who had invited him under 
pretence of entering into the most inviolable 
connexion and friendship, 362 B. C. C. JVep. 
in Datam. 

Dataphernes, one of the friends of Bessus. 
After the murder of Darius, he betrayed Bessus 
into Alexander's bands. He also revolted from 
the conqueror, and was delivered up by the 
Dahae. Curt. 7, c. 5 and 8. 

Datis, a general of Darius 1st, sent with an 
army of 200,000 foot, and 10,000 horse, against 
the Greeks, in conjunction with Artaphernes. 
He was defeated at the celebrated battle of 
Marathon, by Miltiades, and some time after put 
to death by the Spartans. C. JVep. in Milt. 

Datos, or Daton, a town of Thrace, on a 
small eminence near the Strymon. There is in 
the neighbourhood a fruitful plain, from which 
Proserpine, according to some, was carried away 
by Pluto. That city was so rich that the ancients 
generally made use of the word Datos, to ex- 
press abundance. When the king of Mace- 
donia conquered it he called it Philippi, after 
his own name. Appian. de Civ. 

Davara, a hill near mount Taurus, in Asia 
Minor. 

Daulis, a nymph from whom the city of Dau- 
lis in Phocis, anciently called Anacris, received 
its name. It was there that Philomela and 
Procne made Tereus eat the flesh of his son, and 
hence the nightingale, into which Philomela was 
changed, is often called Daulias avis. Ovid. ep. 
15, v. 154.— Strab. 9.— Paus. 10, c. A.—Ptol. 
3, c 15.— Liv. 32, c. 18.— Plin. 4, c. 3. 

Dauni, a people on the eastern part of Italy, 



conquered by Daunus, from whom they receiv 
ed their name. 

Daunia, a name given to the northern parts 
of Apulia, on the coast of the Adriatic. It re- 
ceives its name from Daunus, who settled there, 
and is now called Capitanata. Virg.- AUn. 8, v. 
146.— Sil. 9, v. 500, 1. 12, v. 429.— Horat. 4. 

od 6, v. 27. Juturna, the sister of Turnus, 

was called Daunia, after she had been made a 
goddess by Jupiter. Virg. Mn. 12, v. 139 and 
785. 

Daunus, a son of Pilumnus and Danae. He 
came from Illyricum into Apulia, where he 
reigned over part of the country, which from him 
was called Daunia, and he was still on the throne 
when Diomedes came to Italy. .Ptol. 3, c. 1. 
— Mela, 2, c. 4. — Strab. 5. A river of Apu- 
lia, now Carapelie. Horat. 3, od. 30. 

Daurifer and Daurises, a brave general of 
Darius, treacherously killed by the Carians. He- 
rodot. 5, c. 116, &e. 

Davus, a comic character in the Andria of 
Terence. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 40. 

DebjE, a nation of Arabia. Diod. 3. 

Decapolis, a district of Judea from its 10 
cities. Plin. 5, c. 18. 

Decebalus, a warlike king of the Daci, who 
made a successful war against Domitian. He 
was conquered by Trajan, Domitian's succes- 
sor, and he obtained peace. His active spirit 
again kindled rebellion, and the Roman empe- 
ror marched against him, and defeated him. He 
destroyed himself, and his head was brought to 
Rome, and Dacia became a Roman province, 
A. D. 103. Dio. 68. 

Decei.eum, or ea, now Biala Castro, a small 
village of Attica, north of Athens; which, when 
in the hands of the Spartans, proved a very gal- 
ling garrison to the Athenians. The Pelopon- 
nesian war has occasionally been called Decele- 
an, because for some time hostilities were car- 
ried on its neighbourhood. C. Nep. 7, c. 4. 

Decelus, a man who informed Castor and 
Pollux, that their sister, whom Theseus had car- 
ried away, was concealed at Aphidnae. Herodot. 
9, c. 73 

Decemviri, ten magistrates of absolute au- 
thority among the Romans. The privileges of 
the patricians raised dissatisfaction among the 
plebeians; who, though freed from the power of 
the Tarquins, still saw that the administration of 
justice depended upon the will and caprice of 
their superiors, without any written statute to 
direct them, and convince them that they were 
governed with equity and impartiality. The tri- 
bunes complained to the senate, and demanded 
that a code of laws might be framed for the 
use and benefit of the Roman people. This pe- 
tition was complied with, and three ambassa-* 
dors were sent to Athens, and to all the other 
Grecian states, to collect the laws of Solon, and 
of the other celebrated legislators of Greece. 
Upon the return of the commissioners, it was 
universally agreed that ten new magistrates cal-- 
led Decemviri, should be elected from the sen- 
ate, to put the project into execution. Their 
potver was absolute; all other offices ceased af- 
ter their election, and they presided over the 
city with regal authority. They were invested 

i i 



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with the badges of the consul, in the enjoyment 
of which they succeeded hy turns, and only one 
was preceded by the fasces, and had the power 
of assembling the senate and confirming decrees. 
The first decemvirs were Appius Claudius, T. 
Genutius. P Sextus, Sp. Veturius, C Julius, A. 
Manlius, Ser. Sulpitius Pluriatius, T. Romulus, 
Sp. Posthumius, A U. C. 303. Under them 
the laws which had been exposed to public view, 
that every citizen might speak his sentiments, 
were publicly approved of as constitutional, and 
ratified by the priests and augurs in the most so-, 
lemn and religious manner. These laws were 
ten in number, and were engraved on tables of 
brass; two were afterwards added, and they were 
called the laws of the twelve tables, leges duo- 
decim tabularum, and leges decemvir ales. The 
deccmviral power, which was beheld by all ranks 
of people with the greatest satisfaction, was con- 
tinued; but in the third year after their crea- 
tion, the decemvirs became odious, on account 
of their tyranny, and the attempt of Ap. Claudi- 
us to ravish Virginia, was followed by the total 
abolition of the office. The people were so ex- 
asperated against them, that they demanded 
them from the senate, to burn them alive. Con- 
suls were again appointed, and tranquillity re- 
established in the state. There were other 

officers in Rome, called decemvirs, who were 
originally appointed, in the absence of the prae- 
tor, to administer justice. Their appointment 
became afterwards necessary, and they gene- 
rally assisted at sales called subhastationes, be- 
cause a spear, hasta, was fixed at the door of 
the place where the goods were exposed to sale. 
They were called decemviri lilibus judicandis. 
The officers whom Tarquin appointed to guard 
the Sibylline hooks, were also called decemvi- 
ri. They were originally two in number, called 
duumviri, till the year of Rome 388, when their 
number was increased to ten, five of which were 
chosen from the plebeians, and five from the pa 
tricians. Sylla increased their number to fif- 
teen, called quin decemvirs. 

Decetia, a town of Gaul. Cms. 

Decia lex, was enacted by M. Decius the 
tribune, A. U. C. 442, to empower the people 
to appoint two proper persons to fit and repair 
the fleets. 

L. Decidius Saxa, a Celtiberian in Caesar's 
camp Cces. Bell. Civ 1. 

Decineus, a celebrated soothsayer. Slrab. 
16. 

Decius Mus, a celebrated Roman consul, 
who, after many glorious exploits, devoted him- 
self to the gods Manes for the safety of his coun- 
try, in a battle against the Latins, 338 years B. 
C. His son Decius imitated his example, and 
devoted himself in-like manner in his fourth con- 
sulship, when fighting against the Gauls and 
Samnites, E. C. 296. His grandson also did 
the same in the war against Pyrrbus and the 
Tarentines, B. C. 280. This action of devot- 
ing oneself, was of infinite service to the state. 
The soldiers were animated hy the example, and 
induced to follow with intrepidity, a commander 
who, arrayed in an unusual dress, and address- 
ing himself to the gods with solemn invocation, 
rushed into the thickest part of the enemy to 



meet his fate. Liv. 8, 9, &c. — Val. Max. 5, c, 
6.—Polyb. 2.— Virg. J£n. 6, v. 824 Bru- 
tus, conducted Caesar to the senate-house the day 

that he was murdered. (Cm Metius, Q. Tra- 

janus) a native of Pannonia, sent by the empe- 
ror Philip, to appease a sedition in Mcesia. In- 
stead of obeying his master's command, he as- 
sumed the imperial purple, and soon after march- 
ed against him, and at his death became the 
only emperor. He signalized himself against the 
Persians; and when he marched against the 
Goths, he pushed his horse in a deep marsh, 
from which he could not extricate himself, and 
he perished with all his army by the darts of the 
barbarians, A. D. 251, after a reign of two 
years. This monarch enjoyed the character of 
a brave man, and of a great disciplinarian; and 
by his justice and exemplary life, merited the 
title of Optimus, which a servile senate lavished 
upon him. 

Decurio, a subaltern officer in the Roman 
armies. He commanded a decuria, which con- 
sisted of ten men, and was the third part of a 
lurma, or the 30th part of a Ugio of horse, which 
was composed of 300 men. The badge of the 
centurions was a vine rod or sapling, and each 
had a deputy called optio. There were certain 
magistrates in the provinces, called decuriones 
municipales, who formed a body to represent the 
Roman senate in free and corporate towns They 
consisted of ten, whence the name; and their 
duty extended to watch over the interest of their 
fellow-citizens, and to increase the revenues of 
the commonwealth. Their court was called cu- 
ria decurionwn, and minor senatus; and their 
decrees, called Hecreta decuiionum, were mark- 
ed with two D D. at the top. They generally 
styled themselves civitatum patres curiales, and 
honorati municipiorum senatores. They were 
elected with the same ceremonies as the Roman 
senators; they were to be, at least 25 years of 
age, and to be possessed of a certain sum of mo- 
ney. The election happened on the calends of 
March. 

Decumates agri, lands in Germany, which 
paid the 10th part of their value to the Romans. 
Tacit. G. 29. 

Deditamenes, a friend of Alexander, made 
governor of Babylonia. Curt. 8, c. 3. 

Degis, a brother of Decebalus king of the 
Daci. He came as ambassador to the court of 
Domitian Martial. 5, ep 3. 

Dejanira, a daughter of GEneus, king of 
iEtolia Her beauty procured her many admi- 
rers, and her father promised to give her in mar- 
riage to him only who proved to be the strong- 
est of all his competitors. Hercules obtained 
the prize, and married Dejanira, by whom he 
had three children, the most known of whom is 
Hyllus. As Dejanira was once travelling with 
her husband, they were stopped by the swollen 
streams of the Evenus, and the centaur Nessus 
offered Hercules to convey her safe to the op- 
posite shore. The hero consented; but no soon- 
er had Nessus gained the bank, than he attempt- 
ed to offer violence to Dejanira, and to carry 
her away in the sight of her husband. Hercu- 
les, upon this, aimed, from the other shore, a 
poisoned arrow at the seducer, and mortally 



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wounded him. Nessus, as he expired, wished 
to avenge his death upon his murderer; and he 
gave Dejanira his tunic, which was covered with 
blood, poisoned and infected by the arrow, ob- 
serving, that it had the power of reclaiming a 
husband from unlawful loves. Dejanira ac- 
cepted the present; and when Hercuies proved 
faithless to her bed, she sent him the centaur's 
tunic, which instantly caused his death. ( Fid. 
Hercules.) Dejanira was so disconsolate at the 
death of her husband, which she had ignorantly 
occasioned, that she destroyed herself. Ovid. 
Met. 8 and 9. — Diod. 4. — Senec. in Hercul. — 
Hygin. fab. 34. 

Deicoon, a Trojan prince, son of Pergasus, 
intimate with iEneas. He was killed by Aga- 
memnon. Homer. II. 5, v. 534.— — A son of 
Hercules and Megara. Jlpollod. 2, c. 7. 

Deidamia, a daughter of Lycomedes, king of 
Scyros. She bore a son called Pyrrhus, or Ne- 
optolemus, to Achilles, who ^vas disguised at her 
father's court in women's clothes, under the 
name of Pyrrha. Prcpert. 2, el. 9. — rfpcllod. 3, 

c. 13. A daughter of Pyrrhus, killed by the 

Epirots. Polyozn. A daughter of Adrastus, 

king of Argos, called also Hippodamia. 

Deileon, a companion of Hercules in his ex- 
pedition against the Amazons. Flacc.5, v. 115 
Deilochus, a son of Hercules. 
Deimachus, a son of Neleus and Chloris, was 
killed, with all his brothers, except Nestor, by 

Hercules. Jlpollod. 1, c. 9. The faUier of 

Enarette. Id. 1, c. 7. 

Deioces, a son of Phraortes, by whose means 
the Medes delivered themselves from the yoke 
of the Assyrians. He presided as judge among 
his countrymen, and his great popularity and 
love of equity, raised him to the throne, and he 
made himself absolute, B. C. 700. He was 
succeeded by his son Phraortes, after a reign of 
53 years. He built Ecbatana according to He- 
rodotus, and surrounded it with seven different 
walls, in the middle of which was the royal pa- 
lace. Herodot. 1, c. 96, &c — Polycen. 

Deiochus, a Greek captain, killed by Paris 
in the Trojan war. Homer. II 15, v. 341. 
, DeIone, the mother of Miletus by Apollo. 
Miletus is often called Deionides, on account of 
his mother. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 442. 

Deioneus, a king of Phocis, who married 
Diomede, daughter of Xuthus, by whom he bad 
Dia He gave his daughter Dia in marriage to 
Ixion, who promised to make a present to his 
father-in-law. Deioneus accordingly visited the 
house of Ixion, and was thrown into a large hole 
filled with burning coals, by his son-in-law. Hy- 
gin. fab. 48 and 241. — Jlpollod. 1, c. 7 and 9, 
1. 2, c. 4. 

Deiopeia, a nymph, the fairest of all the four- 
teen nymphs that attended upon Juno. The god- 
dess promised her in marriage toiEolus, the god 
ef the. winds, if be would destroy the fleet of 
iEneas, which was sailing for Italy. Virg JEn 

1, v. 75. One of the attendant nymphs of 

Cyrene. Virg. G. 4, v. 343 

Deiotarus, a governor of Galatia, made king 
of that province by the Roman people. In the 
civil wars of Pompey and Caesar, Deiotarus fol- 
lowed the interest of the former. After the 



battle of Pharsalia, Caesar severely reprimand- 
ed Deiotarus for his attachment to Pompey, de- 
prived him of part of his kingdom, and left him 
only the bare title of royalty. When he was 
accused by his grandson, of attempts upon Cae- 
sar's life, Cicero ably defended him in the Ro- 
man senate. He joined Brutus with a large 
army, and faithfully supported the republican 
cause. His wife was barren, but fearing that 
her husband might die without issue, she pre- 
sented him with a beautiful slave, and tenderly 
educated, as her own, the children of this union. 
Deiotarus died in an advanced old age. Strab. 
12 — Lucan. 5, v. 55. 
Deiphila. Vid. Deipyle. 
Deiphobe, a sibyl of Cumae, daughter of 
Glaucus. It is supposed that she led iEneas to 
the infernal regions. (Vid. Sibyllas.) Virg. 
JEn. 6, v. 36. 

Deiphobus, a son of Priam and Hecuba, 
who after the death of his brother Paris, married 
Helen. His wife unworthily betrayed him, and 
introduced into his chamber her old husband 
MenelauSj to whom she wished to reconcile her- 
self. He was shamefully mutilated and killed 
by Menelaus. He had highly distinguished him- 
self during the war, especially in his two com- 
bats with Merion, and in that in which he slew 
Ascalaphus son of Mars. Virg JEn. 6, v, 495. 

— Homer. II 13. A son of Hippolytus, who 

purified Hercules after the murder of Ipbitus. 
Jlpollod. 2, c. 6. 

Deiphon, a brother of Triptolemus, son of 
Ceieus and Metanira. When Ceres travelled 
over the world, she stopped at his father's court, 
and undertook to nurse him and bring him up. 
To reward the hospitality of Ceieus, the goddess 
began to make his son immortal, and every eve- 
ning she placed him on burning coals to purify 
him from whatever mortal particles he still pos- 
sessed. The uncommon growth of Deiphon as- 
tonished Metanira, who wished to see what Ceres 
did to make him so vigorous. She was lrigbt- 
end to see her son on burning coals, and the 
shrieks that she uttered disturbed the mysterious 
operations of the goddess, and Deiphon perished 
in the flames. Jipollod. 1, c. 5. The hus- 
band of Hyrnetho, daughter of Temenus, king of 
Argos. Id. 2, c. 7. 

Deiphontes, a general of Temenus , who took 

Epsdauria, &c Paus. 2, c. 12. A general 

of the Dorians, &c Polycen. 

Deipyle, a daughter of Adrastus, who mar- 
ried Tydeus, by whom she had Diomedes. Jipol- 
lod 1, C. 8. 

Deipylus, a son of Sthenelus, in the Trojan 
war Homer. II. 5. 

Deipyrus, a Grecian chief, during the Tro- 
jan war. Homer. II. 8. 

Deldon, a kiug of Mysia, defeated by Cras- 
sus. 

Delia, a festival celebrated every fifth year 
in the island of Delos, in honour of Apollo. It 
was first instituted by Theseus, who at his return 
from Crete, placed a statue there, which he had 
received from Ariadne. At the celebration, 
they crowned the statue of the goddess with gar- 
lands, appointed a choir of music, and exhibited 
horse-races. Thev afterwards led a dance, in 



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which they imitated, by their motions, the va- 
rious windings of the Cretan labyrinth, from 
which Theseus had extricated himself by Ari- 
adne's assistance There was also another 

festival of the same name yearly celebrated by 
the Athenians in Delos, It was also instituted 
by Theseus, who, when he was going to Crete, 
made a vow that if he returned victorious, he 
would yearly visit, in a solemn manner, the tem- 
ple of Delos. The persons employed in this an- 
nual procession were called Deliastce and Theo- 
ri. The ship, the same which carried Theseus, 
and had been carefully preserved by the Athe- 
nians, was called Theoria and Delias. When 
the ship was ready for the voyage, the priest 
of Apoilo solemnly adorned tbefstern with gar- 
lands, and an universal lustration was made all 
over the city. The Theori were crowned with 
laurel, and before them proceeded men armed 
with axes, in commemoration of Theseus, who 
had cleared the way from Troezene to Athens, 
and delivered the country from robbers. When 
the ship arrived at Delos, they offered solemn 
sacrifices to the god of the island, and celebra- 
ted a festival in his honour. After this, they 
retired to their ship, and sailed back to Athens, 
where all the people of the city ran in crowds 
to meet them. Every appearance of festivity 
prevailed at their approach, and the citizens 
opened their doors, and prostrated themselves 
before the Deliastae, as they walked in proces- 
sion. During this festival, it was unlawful to 
put to death any malefactor, and on that account 
the life of Socrates was prolonged for thirty days. 
Xenophon. Memor. &f in Conv. — Plut. in Phozd. 
— Senec. ep. 70. 

Delia, a surname of Diana, because she was 
born in Delos. Virg, Eel. 3,' v. 67. 

Deliades, a son of Glaucus, killed by his 

brother Bellerophon. Jlpollod. 2, c. 3. The 

priestess in Apollo's temple, Homer. Hymn, 
ad Jip. 

Delium, a temple of Apollo.— — A town of 
Boeotia opposite Calchis, famous for a battle 
fought there, B. C. 424, &c. Liv. 31, c. 45, 
1. 35, c. 51. 

Delius, a surname of Apollo, because he was 

born in Delos. Quint, an officer of Antony, 

who when he was sent to cite Cleopatra before 
his master, advised her to make her appearance 
in the most captivating attire. The plan suc- 
ceeded. He afterwards abandoned his friend, 
and fled to Augustus, who received him with 
great kindness. Horace has addressed, 2 od. 3. 
to him. Plut. inJinton. 

Delmatius, Fl. Jul. a nephew of Constan- 
tine the Great, honoured with the title of Cae- 
sar, and put in possession of Thrace, Macedonia, 
and Achaia. His great virtues were unable to 
save him from a violent death, and he was as- 
sassinated by his own soldiers, &c. 

Delminium, a town of Dalmatia. Flor. 4, 
c. 12. 

Delos, one of the Cyclades at the north of 
Naxos, was severally called Lagia, Ortygia, As- 
teria, Clamidia, Pelasgia, Pyrpyle, Cynthus, 
and Cynaethus, and now bears the name of 
Sailles. It was called Delos from Snx&, be- 
cause it suddenly made its appearance on the 



surface of the sea by the power of Neptune, 
who, according to the mythologists, permitted 
Latona to bring forth there, when she was per- 
secuted all over the earth, and could find no safe 
asylum. (Vid, Apollo.) The island is cele- 
brated for the nativity of Apollo and Diana; 
and the solemnity with which the festivals of 
these deities were celebrated there, by the in- 
habitants of the neighbouring islands, and of the 
continent, is well known. One of the altars of 
Apollo in the island, was reckoned among the 
seven wonders of the world. It had been erect- 
ed by Apollo, when only four years old, and 
made with the horns of goats, killed by Diana 
on mount Cynthus. It was unlawful to sacrifice 
any living creature upon that altar, which was 
religiously kept pure from blood and every pol- 
lution. The whole island of Delos was held in 
such veneration, that the Persians who had pil- 
laged and profaned all the temples of Greece, 
never offered violence to the temple of Apollo, 
but respected it with the most awful rever- 
ence. Apollo, whose image was in the shape 
of a dragon, delivered there oracles during the 
summer, in a plain manner without any ambi- 
guity or obscure meaning. No dogs, as Thucy- 
dides, mentions, were permitted to enter the 
island. It was unlawful for a man to die, or for 
a child to be born there; and when the Atheni- 
ans were ordered to purify the place, they dug 
up all the dead bodies that had been interred 
there, and transported them to the neighbouring 
islands. An edict was also issued, which com- 
manded all persons labouring under any mor- 
tal or dangerous disease, to be instantly remov- 
ed to the adjacent island called Khane. Some 
mythologists suppose that Asteria, who changed 
herself into a quail to avoid the importuning ad- 
dresses of Jupiter, was metamorphosed into this 
island, originally called Ortygia ab oprug, a 
quail. The people of Delos are described by 
Cicero, Jircad. 2, c, 16 and 18, 1 4, c. 18, as 
famous for rearing hens. Strab 8 and 10. — 
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 329, 1. 6, v. 333.— Mela, 2, c. 
7. — Plin. 4, c. 12. — Plut. de Solert. Anim. &c. 
—Thucyd, 3, 4, &c— Virg. wEn. 3, v 73.— 
PtcL 3, c. 15. — Callim ad Del. — Claudian. de 
4. — Cons. Hon. 

Delphi, now Castri, a town of Phocis, situ- 
ate in a valley at the south-west side of mount 
Parnassus. It was also called Pytho, because 
the serpent Python was killed there; and it re- 
ceived the name of Delphi, from Delphus, the 
son of Apollo. Some have also called it Par- 
nassia Nape, the valley of Parnassus. It was 
famous for a temple of Apollo, and for an ora- 
cle celebrated in every age and country. The 
origin of the oracle, though fabulous, is describ- 
ed as something wonderful. A number of goats 
that were feeding on mount Parnassus, came 
near a place which had a deep and long perfo- 
ration. The steam which issued from the hole, 
seemed to inspire the goats, and they played and 
frisked about in such an uncommon manner, 
that the goat herd was tempted to lean on the 
hole, and see what mysteries the place contain- 
ed. He was immediately seized with a fit of 
enthusiasm, his expressions were wild and ex- 
travagant, and passed for prophecies. This cir- 



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cjumstance was soon known about the country, 
and many experienced the same enthusiastic in- 
spiration. The place was revered, and a tem- 
ple was soon after erected in honour of Apollo, 
and a city built. According to some accounts, 
Apollo was not the first who gave oracles there; 
but Terra, Neptune, Themis^ and Phoebe, were 
in possession of the place before the son of La- 
tona. The oracles were generally given in verse; 
but when it had been sarcastically observed, 
that the god and patron of poetry was the most 
imperfect poet in the world, the priestess deli- 
vered her answers in prose. The oracles were 
always delivered by a priestess called Pythia. 
(Vid. Pythia.) The temple was built and de- 
stroyed several times. It was customary for those 
who consulted the oracle to make rich presents 
to the god of Delphi ; and no monarch distinguish- 
ed himself more by his donations than Croesus. 
This sacred repository of opulence was often the 
object of plunder; and the people of Phocis 
seized 10,000 talents from it, and Nero carried 
away no less than 500 statues of brass, partly 
of the gods, and partly of the most illustrious 
heroes. In another age, Constantine the Great 
removed its most splendid ornaments to his new 
capital. It. was universally believed, and sup- 
ported, by the ancients, that Delphi was in the 
middle of the earth, and on that account it was 
called Terras, umbilicus. This, according to 
mythology, was first found out by two doves, 
which Jupiter had let loose from the two extre- 
mities of the earth, and which met at the place 
where the temple of Delphi was built, Apollon. 
2, v. 706.— Diod. 16.— Plut. de Defect. Orac. 
&c— Pans. 10, c. 6, &c— Ovid. Met. 10, v. 
168 — Strab. 9. 

Pelphicus, a surname of Apollo, from the 
worship paid to his divinity at Delphi. 

Delphinia, festivals at JEgina, in honour of 
Apollo of Delphi. 

Delphinium, a place in Bceotia, opposite Eu- 
boea. 

Delphis, the priestess of Delphi. Martial. 
9, ep 43. 

Delphus, a son of Apollo who built Delphi, 
^nd consecrated it to his father. The name of 
his mother is differently mentioned. She is call- 
ed by some Celseno, by others Melaene daugh- 
ter of Cephis, and by others Thyas daughter of 
Cast?lius, the first who was priestess to Bacchus. 
Hygin. 161. — Paus. 10, c, 6. 

Delphyne, a serpent which watched over 
Jupiter, rfpollod. 1, c. 6. 

Delta, a part of Egypt, which received that 
name from its resemblance to the form of the 
fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. It lies be- 
tween the Canopian and Pelusian mouths of the 
Nile, and begins to be formed where the river 
divides itself into several streams. It has been 
formed totally by the mud and sand, which are 
washed down from the upper parts of Egypt by 
the Nile, according to ancient tradition. Cats. 
Jikx. c. 27. — Strab. 15 and 17. — Htrcdot. 2, c. 
13, &Lc—PU n . 3, c 16. 

Demades, an Athenian, who, from a sailor, 
became an eloquent orator, and obtained much 
influence in the state. He was taken prisoner 
at the battle of Cheronaea, by Philip, and in- 



gratiated himself into the favour of that princej 
by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was 
put to death, with his son, on suspicion of trea- 
son, B. C 322. One of his orations is extant. 
Diod 16 and 17.— Plut. in Dem. 

DEMiENETUs, a rhetorician of Syracuse, ene- 
my to Timoleon. C. JVe/>. in Tim. 5. 

Demagoras, one of Alexander's flatterers. 
An historian who wrote concerning the foun- 
dation of Rome. Dionys. Hal. 1. 

Demarata, a daughter of Hiero. &c. Liv. 
24, c. 22. 

Demaratus, the son and successor of Ariston 
on the throne of Sparta, B. C. 526. He was 
banished by the intrigues of Cleomenes, his roy- 
al colleague, as being illegitimate. He retired 
into Asia, and was kindly received by Darius 
son of Hystaspes king of Persia. When the Per- 
sian monarch made preparations to invade 
Greece, Demaratus, though persecuted by the 
Lacedaemonians, informed them of the hostili- 
ties which hung over their head. Herodol 5, c. 

75, &c. 1. 6, c. 50, &c A rich citizen of 

Corinth, of the family of the Bacehiadae. When 
Cypselus had usurped the sovereign power of 
Corinth, Demaratus, with all his family, migra- 
ted to Italy, and settled at Tarquinii, 658 years 
before Christ. His son, Lucumon, was king of 
Rome, under the name of Tarquinius Priscus. 

Dionys. Hal. A Corinthian exile at the court 

of Philip king of Macedonia. Plut. in <Mex. 

Demarchus, a Syracusan, put to death by 
Dionysius. 

Demareta, the wife of Gelon. Diod. 15. 

Demariste, the mother of Timoleon. 

Dematria, a Spartan mother, who killed her 
son, because he returned from a battle without 
glory. Pint. Lac. Inst- 

Demetria, a festival in honour of Ceres, cal- 
led by the Greeks Demeter. It was then custo- 
mary for the votaries of the goddess to lash them- 
selves with whips made with the bark of trees, 
The Athenians had a solemnity of the same 
name, in honour of Demetrius Poliorcetes. 

Demetrias, a town of Thessaly. — The name 
was common to other places. 

Demetrius, a son of Antigonus and Strato- 
nice, surnamed Poliorcetes, destroyer of towns. 
At the age of 22, he was sent by his father against 
Ptolemy, who invaded Syria. He was defeated 
near Gaza; but he soon repaired his loss by a 
victory over one of the generals of the enemy. 
He afterwards sailed with a fleet of 250 ships 
to Athens, and restored the Athenians to liber- 
ty, by freeing them from the power of Cassan- 
der and Ptolemy, and expelling the garrison, 
which was stationed there under Demetrius Pha- 
lereus. After this successful expedition, he be- 
sieged and look Munychia, and defeated Cassan- 
der at Thermopylae. His reception at Athens, 
after these victories, was attended with the 
greatest servility; and the Athenians were not 
ashamed to raise altars to him as to a god, and 
to consult his oracles. This uncommon success 
raised the jealousy of the successors of Alexan- 
der; and Seleucus, Cassander. and Lysimachus, 
united to destroy Antigonus and his son. Their 
hostile armies met at Ipsus, B. C. 301. Antigo- 
nus was killed in the battle; and Demetrias, af- 



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ter a severe loss, retired to Ephesus. His ill 
success raised him many enemies; and the Athe- 
nians, who had lately adored him as a god, re- 
fused to admit him into their city. He soon af- 
ter ravaged the territories of Lysimachus, and 
reconciled himself to Seleucus, to whom he gave 
his daughter Stratontce in marriage. Athens 
now laboured under tyranny; and Demetrius re- 
lieved it, and pardoned the inhabitants. The 
loss of his possessions in Asia, recalled him from 
Greece, and he established himself on the throne 
of Macedonia, by the murder of Alexander, the 
son of Cassander. Here he was continually at 
war with the neighbouring states; and the supe- 
rior power of his adversaries obliged him to leave 
Macedonia, after he had sat on the throne for 
seven years. He passed into Asia, and attack- 
ed some of the provinces of Lysimachus with va- 
rious success; butfamine and pestilence destroy- 
ed the greatest part of his army, and he retired to 
the court of Seleucus for support and assistance. 
He met with a kind reception, but hostilities 
were soon begun; and after he had gained some 
advantages over his son-in-law, Demetrius was 
totally forsaken by his troops in the field of bat- 
tle, and became an easy prey to the enemy. 
Though he was kept in confinement by his son- 
in-law, yet he maintained himself like a prince, 
and passed his time in hunting and in every la- 
borious exercise. His son Antigonus offered Se- 
leucus all his possessions, and even his person, to 
procure his father's liberty; but all proved una- 
vailing, and Demetrius died in the 54th year of 
his age, after a confinement of three years, 286 
B. C. His remains were given to Antigonus, 
and honoured with a splendid funeral pomp at 
Corinth, and thence conveyed to Demetrias. His 
posterity remained in possession of the Macedo- 
nian throne till the age of Perseus, who was con- 
quered by the Romans. Demetrius has render- 
ed himself famous for his fondness of dissipation 
when among the dissolute, and his love of vir- 
tue and military glory in the field of battle. He 
has been commended as a great warrior, and his 
ingenious inventions, his warlike engines, and 
stupendous machines in his war with the Rho- 
dians, justify his claims to that perfect charac- 
ter. He has been b'amed for his voluptuous in- 
dulgences; and his biographer observes, that no 
Grecian prince had more wives and concubines 
than Poliorcetes. His obedience and reverence 
to his father have been justly admired; and it 
has been observed, that Antigonus ordered the 
ambassadors of a foreign prince particularly to 
remark the cordiality and friendship which sub- 
sisted between him and his son. Pint, in vita. 

— Diod. 17. — Justin 1, c. 17, &c. A prince 

who succeeded his father Antigonus on the throne 
of Macedonia. He reigned 11 years, and was 
succeeded by Antigonus Doson. Justin. 26, c. 2. 
— Polyb- 2. A son of Philip king of Mace- 
donia, delivered as an hostage to the Romans 
His modesty delivered his father from a heavy 
accusation laid before the Roman senate. When 
he returned to Macedonia, he was falsely accus- 
ed by his brother Perseus, who was jealous of 
his popularity, and his father too creduously con- 
sented to his death, B. C. 180. Liv. 40, c. 20. 
—Justin, 32, c. 2. AMagnesian. A ser- 



vant of Cassius. A son of Demetrius of Cy- 

rene. A freedman of Pompey. A son of 

Demetrius, surnamed Slender. A prince sur- 

named Soter, was son of Seleucus Philopater, the 
son of Antiochus the Great, king of Syria. His 
father gave him as a hostage to the Romans. 
After the death of Seleucus, Antiochus Epi- 
phanes, the deceased monarch's brother, usurp- 
ed the kingdom of Syria, and was succeeded by 
his son Antiochus Eupator. This usurpation dis- 
pleased Demetrius, who was detained at Rome; 
he procured his liberty on pretence of going to 
hunt, and fled to Syria, where the troops receiv- 
ed him as their lawful sovereign, B. C. 162. He 
put to death Eupator and Lysias, and establish- 
ed himself on his throne by cruelty and oppres- 
sion. Alexander Bala, the son of Antiochus 
Epiphanes, laid claim to tbe crown of Syria, and 
defeated Demetrius in a battle, in the 12th year 
of his reign. Strab. 16. — Jlppian. — Justin. Si, 
c. 3.— — -The 2d, surnamed Nicanor, or Con- 
queror, was son of Soter, to whom he succeed- 
ed by the assistance of Ptolemy Philometer, af- 
ter he had driven out the usurper Alexander Ba- 
la, B. C. 146. He married Cleopatra, daugh- 
ter of Ptolemy; who was, before, the wife of the 
expelled monarch. Demetrius gave himself up 
to luxury and voluptuousness, and suffered his 
kingdom to be governed by his favourites. At 
that time a pretended son of Bala, called Dio- 
dorus Tryphon, seized a part of Syria; and De- 
metrius, to oppose his antagonist, made an alli- 
ance with the Jews, and marched into the east, 
where he was taken by the Parthians Phraates 
king of Parthia, gave bim his daughter Rhodo- 
gyne in marriage; and Cleopatra was so incens- 
ed at this new connexion, that she gave herself 
up to Antiochus Sidetes, her brother-in-law, and 
married him Sidetes was killed, in a battle 
against the Parthians, and Demetrius regained 
the possession of his kingdom. His pride and 
oppression rendered him odious, and his sub- 
jects asked a king of the house of Seleucus, from 
Ptolemy Physcon, king of Egypt; and Demetri- 
us, unable to resist the power of his enemies, 
fled to Ptolemais, which was then in tbe bands 
of his wife Cleopatra. The gates were shut up 
against his approach, by Cleopatra; and he was 
killed by order of the governor of Tyre, whith- 
er he had fled for protection. He was succeed- 
ed by Alexander Zebina. whom Ptolemy had 
raised to the throne, B C. 127. Justin. 36, &c. 

— Jlppian de Bell. Syr. — Joseph. The 3d, 

surnamed Eucerus, was son of Antiochus Gry- 
phus. After tbe example of his brother Philip, 
who had seized Syria, he made himself master 
of Damascus, B C. 93, and soon after obtain- 
ed a victory over his brother. He was taken in 
a battle against the Parthians, and died in cap- 
tivity. Joseph 1. Pbalereus, a disciple, of 

Theophrastus, who gained such ap influence over 
the Athenians, by his eloquence, and the purity 
of his manners, that he was elected decennial 
archon, B C. 317. He so embellished the ci- 
ty, and rendered himself so popular by his mu- 
nificence, that the Athenians raised 360 brazen 
statues to his honour. Yet in the midst of all 
this popularity, his enemies raised a sedition 
against him, and he was condemned to death, 



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and all his statues thrown down, after obtaining 
the sovereign power for 10 years. He fled with- 
out concern or mortification to the court of Pto- 
lemy Lagus, where he met with kindness and 
cordiality. The Egyptian monarch consulted 
him concerning the succession of his children; 
and Demetrius advised him to raise to the throne 
the children of Eurydice. in preference to the 
offspring of Berenice This counsel so irritated 
Philadelphus, the son of Berenice, that after his 
father's death he sent the philosopher into Upper 
Egypt, and there detained him in strict confine- 
ment. Demetrius, tired with his situation, put 
an end to his life by the bite of an asp, 284 B. 
C. According to some, Demetrius enjoyed the 
confidence of Philadelphus, and enriched his li- 
brary at Alexandria with 200,000 volumes. All 
the works of Demetrius, on rhetoric, history, and 
eloquence, are lost; and the treatise on rhetoric, 
falsely attributed to him. is by some supposed to 
be the composition of Halicaruassus. The last 
edition of this treatise is that of Glasgow, 8vo. 
1743. Diog. in vita. — Cic. in Brut. &f de Qffic. 

1. — Plut. in Exit. A Cynic philosopher, 

disciple of Apollonius Thyaneus, in the age of 
Caligula. The emperor wished to gain the phi- 
losopher to his interest by a large present; but 
Demetrius refused it with indignation, and said, 
If Caligula wishes to bribe me. let him send me 
his crown. Vespasian was displeased with his 
insolence, and banished him to an island. The 
Cynic derided the punishment, and bitterly in- 
veighed against the emperor. He died in a great 
old age; and Seneca observes, that nature had 
brought him forth, to shoio mankind, that an ex- 
alted genius can live securely without being cor- 
ruplyl by the vices of the surrounding world. 
Senec. — Philostr. in Jipoll. -One of Alexan- 
der's flatterers. A native of Byzantium, who 

wrote on the Greek poets. An Athenian kil- 
led at Mantinea, when fighting against the The- 
bans. Polycen. — A writer who published an 
history of the irruptions of the Gauls into Asia. 

A philological writer, in the age of Cicero. 

Cic. ad Attic. 8, ep. 11. A stage player. 

Juv. 3, v. 99.^ Syrus, a rhetorician at Athens. 

.Cic. in Brut. c. 174. A geographer, sur- 

named the Calatain. Strab. 1. 
Demo, a Sibyl of Cumae. 
Demoanassa, the mother of iEgialeus. 
Democedes, a celebrated physician of Cro- 
tona, son of Calliphon, and intimate with Poly- 
crates. He was carried as a prisoner from Sa- 
mos to Darius king of Persia, where he acquir- 
ed great riches, and much reputation by curing 
the king's foot, and the breast of Atossa. He 
was sent to Greece as a spy, by the king, and 
fled away to Crotona, where he married the 
daughter of the wrestler Mi io. JElian. V. H. 
8, c \S.—Herodot. 3, c 134, &c. 

Demochares, an Athenian, sent with some 
of his countrymen with an embassy to Philip king 
of Macedonia. The monarch gave them audi- 
ence; and when he asked them what he could do 
to please the people of Athens? Demochares re- 
plied, " Hang yourself." This impudence 
raised the indignation of all the hearers; but 
Philip mildly dismissed them, and bade them 
ask their countrymen, which deserved most the 



appellation of wise and moderate, either they 
who gave such ill language, or he who received 
it without any signs of resentment? Senec. de Ira, 
3.— JElian. V. II. 3, 7, 8, 12.— Cic in Brut. 
3, de Orat. 2. A poet of Soli, who compos- 
ed a comedy on Demetrius Poliorcetes. Plut. 

in Dem. A statuary, who wished to make a 

statue of mount Athos. Vitruv. A general 

of Pompey the younger, who died B C. 36. 

Democles, a man accused of disaffection to 
wards Dionysius, &c Polyozn. 5. A beau- 
tiful youth, passionately loved by Demetrius Po- 
liorcetes. He threw himself into a caldron of 
boiling water, rather than submit to the unnatu- 
ral lusts of the tyrant Plut. in Dem. 

Democoon, a natural son of Priam, who 
came from his residence at Abydos to protect 
bis country against the Greeks. He was, after 
a glorious defence, killed by Ulysses. Homer. 

n. 4. 

Democrates, an architect of Alexandria. 
A wrestier. JElian. V. H. 4, c. 15. 



An Athenian who fought on the side of Darius, 
against the Macedonians. Curt. 6, c. 5. 

Democritus, a celebrated philosopher of Ab- 
dera, disciple to Leucippus. He travelled over 
the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and Africa, 
in quest of knowledge, and returned home in 
the greatest poverty. There wus a law at Ab- 
dera, which deprived of the honour of a funeral 
the man who had reduced himself to indigence; 
and Democritus, to avoid ignominy, repeated 
before his' countrymen one of his compositions 
called Diacosmus- It was received with such 
uncommon applause, that he was presented with 
500 talents; statues were erected in bis honour; 
and a decree passed that the expenses of his 
funeral should be paid from the public treasury. 
He retired to a garden near the city, where he 
dedicated his time to study and solitude; and ac- 
cording to some authors he put out his eyes, to 
apply himself more closely to philosophical in- 
quiries. He was accused of insanity, and Hip- 
pocrates was ordered to inquire into the nature 
of his disorder. The physician had a conference 
with the philosopher, and declared that not De- 
mocritus, but his enemies were insane. He con- 
tinually laughed at the follies and vanity of man- 
kind, who distract themselves with care, and are 
at once a prey to hope and to anxiety. He told 
Darius, who was inconsolable for the loss of his 
wife, that he would raise her from the dead, if 
he could find three persons who had gone through 
life without adversity, whose names he might en- 
grave on the queen's monument. The king's! 
inquiries to find such persons proved unavailing, 
and the philosopher in some manner soothed the 
sorrow of his sovereign. He taught his disci- 
ples that the soul died with the body; and there- 
fore, as he gave no credit to the existence of 
ghosts, some youths, to try his fortitude, dressed 
themselves in a hideous and deformed habit, and 
approached his cave in the dead of night, with 
whatever could create terror and astonishment. 
The philosopher received them unmoved; and 
without even looking at them, he desired them 
to cease making themselves such objects of ri- 
dicule and folly. He died in the 109th year of 
his age, B. C. 361. His father was so rich, 



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that he entertained Xerxes, with all his army, as 
he was marching against Greece All the works 
of Democrilus are lost. He was the author of 
the doctrine of atoms, and first taught that the 
milky way was occasioned by a confused light 
from a multitude of stars. He may be consi- 
dered as the parent of experimental philosophy, 
in die prosecution of which he showed himself so 
ardent that he declared he would prtfer the dis- 
covery of one of the causes of the works of na- 
ture, to the diadem of Persia. He made arti- 
ficial emeralds, and tinged them with various 
colours; he likewise dissolved stones, and soften- 
ed ivory. Euseb. 14, c. 27. Qifig. Invito-. 

—JElian. V. H. 4, c. 20.— Ck. de Finxib —Vul. 

J\/Jax. 8, c. 7 — Slrab. 1 and 15. An Eptfe- 

sian, who wrote a book on Diana's temple, &c. 

Diog. -A powerful man of Naxos. Herodot. 

7, c. 46. 

Demodice, the wife of Cretheus, king of 
Iolchos. Some call her Biadice, or Tyro. Ilygin. 
P. Ji. 2, c 20. 

Demodochus, a musician at the court of 
Alcinous, who sang, in the presence of Ulysses, 
the secret amours of Mais and Venus, &e> Ho- 
mer. Od. 8, v. 44. — Plut. de Mus. A Tro- 
jan chief, who came with iEneas into Italy, 

where he was killed. Virg. Mn. 10, v. 413. 

An historian. PluL de Flum. 

Demoleus, a Gree\, killed by ZEneas in the 
Trojan war. Virg . J£v. . b , x 260. 

Demoleon, a centaur, killed by Theseus at 
the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 356 
• A son of Antenor, killed by Achilles. Ho- 
mer. II. 20, v. 395. 

Demon, an Athenian, nephew to Demos- 
thenes. He was at the head of the government 
during the absence of his uncle, and obtained 
a decree that Demosthenes should be recalled, 
and that a ship should bt sent to bring him back. 
Demonassa, a daughter of Amphiaraus, who 
married Thersander. Paus- 9, c. 5. 

Demonax, a celebrated philosopher of Crete, 
in the reign of Adrian. He showed no concern 
about the necessaries of life; but when hungry, 
he entered the first house he met, and there sa- 
tisfied his appetite. He died in his 100th year. 
A man of Mantinea, sent to settle the go- 
vernment of Cyrene. Herodot. 4, c. 161. 

Demonica, a woman who betrayed Ephesus 
to Brennus. Plut. in Parall. 

Demophantus, a general, killed by Antigo- 
nus, &c. Paus. 8, c. 49. 

Demophile, a name given to the sibyl of 
Cumae, who, as it is supposed by some, sold the 
sibylline books to Tarquin. Varro apud Lact. 
l,c. 6. 

Demophilus, an Athenian archon. An 

officer of Agathocles. Diod. 19. 

Demophon, an Athenian, who assisted the 
Thebans in recovering Cadmea, &c. Diod. 15. 
Demophoon, son of Theseus and Phaedra, 
was king of Athens, B. C. 1182, arid reigned 
3S years. At his return from the Trojan war, 
he visited Thrace, where he was tenderly re- 
ceived and treated by Phyllis. He retired to 
Athens, and forgot the kindness and love of 
Phyllis, who hanged herself in despair. Ovid. 
Heroid. 2. — Paus. 10, c. 55. A .friend of 



tineas, killed by Camilla. Virg. JEn. 11. v. 
675. 

Demopolis, a son of Themistocles. Plut. in 
Them. 

Demos, a place of Ithaca. 

Demosthenes, a celebrated Athenian, son 
of a rich blacksmith, called Demosthenes, and 
of Cleobule. He was but seven years of age 
when his father died. His guardians negligently 
managed his affairs, and embezzled the greatest 
part of his possessions. His education was to- 
tally neglected; and for whatever advances he 
made in Seaming, he was indebted to his indus- 
id application. He became the pupil of 
Isasus and Plato, and applied himself to study 
the orations of Isocrates. At the age of 17 he 
gave an early proof of his eloquence and abili- 
ties against his guardians, from whom he ob- 
tained the retribution of the greatest part of his 
estate. His rising talents were however impeded 
by weak lungs, and a difficulty of pronunciation, 
especially of the letter p, but these obstacles 
were soon conquered by unwearied application. 
To correct the stammering of his voice, he spoke 
with pebbles in his mouth; and removed the dis- 
tortion of his features, which accompanied his 
utterance, by watching the motions of his coun- 
tenance in a looking-glass. That his pronuncia- 
tion might be loud and full of emphasis, he fre- 
quently ran up the steepest and most uneven 
walks, where his voice acquired force and ener- 
gy: and on the sea-shore, when the waves were 
violently agitated, he declaimed aloud, to ac- 
custom himself to the noise and tumults of a pub- 
lic assembly. He also confined himself in a 
subterraneous cave, to devote himself more 
closely to studious pursuits: and, to eradicate all 
curiosity of appearing in public, be shaved one 
half of his head. In this solitary retirement, by 
the help of a glimmering lamp, he composed the 
greatest part of his orations, which have ever 
been the admiration of every age, though his 
contemporaries and rivals severely inveighed 
against them, and observed that they smelt of 
oil. His abilities, as an orator, raised him to 
consequence at Athens, and he was soon placed 
at the head of the government. In this public 
capacity he roused his countrymen from their" 
indolence, and animated them against the en- 
croachments of Philip of Macedonia. In the 
battle of Cheronaea, however, Demosthenes be- 
trayed his pusillanimity, and saved his life by 
flight. After the death of Philip he declared 
himself warmly against his son and successor, 
Alexander, whom he branded with the appella- 
tion of boy; and when the Macedonians demand- 
ed of the Athenians their orators, Demosthenes 
reminded his countrymen of the fable of the 
sheep which delivered their dogs to the wolves. 
Though he had boarted that all the gold of Ma- 
cedonia could not tempt him; yet he suffered 
himself to be bribed by a small golden cup from 
Harpalus. The tumults which this occasioned, 
forced him to retire from Athens; and in his 
banishment, which he passed at Trcezene and 
jEgina, he lived with more effeminacy than true 
heroism. When Antipater made war against 
Greece, after the death of Alexander, Demos- 
thenes was publicly recalled from his exile, and 



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& galley was sent to fetch him from iEgina. His 
return was attended with much splendour, and 
al) the citizens crowded at the Piraeus to see him 
laud. His triumph and popularity, however, 
were short. Antipater and Craterus were near 
Athens, and demanded all the orators to be de- 
livered up into their hands. Demosthenes with 
all his adherents fled to the temple of Neptune 
in Calauna, and when he saw that all hopes of 
safety were banished, he took a dose of poison, 
which he always carried in a quill, and expi- 
red on the day that the Tnesmophoria were 
celebrated, in the 60th year of his age, B. C. 
322. The Athenians raised a brazen statue to 
his honour with an inscription translated into 
this distich: 

Si tibi par menti robur, Vir magne, fuisset, 
Grcecia non Macedas succubuisset hero. 
Demosthenes has been deservedly called the 
prince of orators; and Cicero, his successful 
rival among the Romans, calls him a perfect 
model, and such as he wished to be. These two 
great princes of eloquence nave often been com- 
pared together; but the judgment hesitates to 
which to give the preference. They both ar- 
rived at perfection; but the measures by which 
they obtained it, were diametrically opposite. 
Demosthenes' has been compared, and with pro- 
priety, by his rival iEschiues, to a Siren, from 
the melody of his expressions. No oivtor can 
be said to have expressed the various passions 
of hatred, resentment, or indignation, with more 
energy than he; and as a proof of his uncom- 
mon application, it need only be mentioned, that 
he transcribed eight, or even ten times, the his- 
tory of Thucydides, that he might not only imi- 
tate, but possess the force and energy of the 
great historian The best editions of his works 
are that of Wolfius. fol. Frankof 1604; that left 
unfinished oy Taylor, Cantab. 4to. and that pub- 
lished in 12 vols. Svo 1720, &c. Lips, by Reiske 
and his widow. Many of the orations of De- 
mosthenes have been published separately. Plut. 
in vita — Diod. 16. — Cic. in Orat. kc. — Pans. 

1, c 8, 1 2, c. 33 An Athenian general 

sent to succeed Alcibiades in Sicily. He at- 
tacked Syracuse with Nicias, but his efforts were 
ineffectual. After many calamities be fell into 
the enemy's hands, and his army was confined 
to hard labour. The accounts about the death 
of Demosthenes are various; some believe that 
he stabbed himself, whilst others suppose that 
he was put to death by the Syracusans, B. C. 
413. Plut- in Nic.— Thucyd. 4, &c.—Diod. 

12. The father of the orator Demosthenes 

He was very rich, and employed an immense 
number of slaves in the business of a sword cut- 
ler. Plut. in Dem. A governor of Caesarea, 

under the Roman emperors. 

Demostratus, an Athenian orator. 

Demuchus, a Trojan, son of Philetor, killed 
by Achilles. Homer II. 20, v. 457. 

Demylus, a tyrant who tortured the philoso- 
pher Zeno. Plut. de Stoic- Rep. 

Denselet^e, a people of Thrace. Cic. Pis. 
34 

Deobriga, a town on the Iberus in Spain, 
now Miranda de E'oro. 

Deodatus, an Athenian who opposed the 



cruel resolutions of Cleon against the captive 
prisoners of Mitylene. 

Deois. a name given to Proserpine from her 
mother Ceres, who was calied Deo. This name 
Ceres received, because when she sought her 
daughter all over the world, all wished her suc- 
cess in her pursuits, with the word S»us, invenies; 
a <JW, invenio. Ovid- Met. 6, v. 114. 

Der^e, a place of Messenia. 

Deree, a town of Lycaonia at the north of 
mount Taurus in Asia Minor, now Jllab-Dag. 
Cic- Fam. 13, ep. 73. 

Derbices, a people near Caucasus, who kill- 
ed all those that had reached their 70th year. 
They buried such as died a natural death. Strab. 

Derce, a fountain in Spain, whose waters 
were said to be uncommonly cold. 

Dercknnus, an ancient king in Latium. 
VirgMa. 11, v 850. 

Derceto and Dercetis, a goddess of Syria, 
called also Jitergatis, whom some suppose to be 
the same as Astarte. She was represented as a 
beautiful woman above the waist, and the lower 
pait terminated in a fish's tail According to 
Diodorus, Venus, whom she had offended, made 
her passionately fond of a young priest, remark- 
able for the beauty of his features. She had a 
daughter by him, and became so ashamed of her 
incontinence, that she removed her iover, ex- 
posed the fruit of her amour, and threw herself 
into a lake. Her body was transformed into a 
fish, and her child was preserved, and called 
Semiramis. As she was chiefly worshipped in 
Syria, and represented like a fish, the Syrians 
anciently abstained from fishes. Lucian. de Ded 
Str—Plin. 5, c, 13.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 44.— 
Diod. 2. 

Dercyllidas, a general of Sparta, celebrat- 
ed for his military exploits. He took nine dif- 
ferent cities in eight days, and freed Chersonesus 
from the inroads of the Thracians by building a 
wall across the country. He lived B. C 399. 
Diod 14. — Xtnoph. Htst. Graze 1, &c. 

Dercyllus. a man appointed over Attica by 
Antipater C. Nep. in Phoc. 2. 

Dercynus, a son of Neptune killed by Heri 
cules. Jipollod, 2, c. 5. 

Ders^ei, a people of Thrace. 

Derthona, now Tortona, a town of Liguria, 
between Genoa and Placentia, where a Roman 
colony was settled. Cic. Div. 11. 

Dertose, now Tortosa, a town of Spain near 
the Iberus. 

Deruslei, a people of Persia. 

Desudaba, a town of Media. Liv. 44, <j. 
26. 

Deva, a town of Britain, now Chester, on the 
Dee. 

Deucalion, a son gf Prometheus, who mar- 
ried Pyrrha, the daughter of Epimetbeus. He 
reigm d over part of Thessaly, and in bis age 
the whole earth was overwhelmed with a deluge. 
The impiety of mankind had irritated Jupiter, 
who resolved to destroy mankind, &nd imme- 
diately the earth exhibited a boundless 9eci.e of 
waters. The highest mountains were climbed 
up by the frightened inhabitants of the country; 
but this seeming place of security was soon over- 
topped by the rising waters, and no hope was 
Kk 



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left of escaping the universal calamity. Prome- 
theus advised bis son to make himself a ship, 
and by this means he saved himself and his wife 
Pyrrha. The vessel was tossed about during 
nine successive days, and at last stopped on the 
top of mount Parnassus, where Deucalion re- 
mained till the waters had subsided. Pindar 
and Ovid make no mention of a vessel built by 
the advice of Prometheus; but, according to their 
relation, Deucalion saved his life by taking re- 
fuge on the top of Parnassus, or according to 
Hyginus, of Mtna, in Sicily. As soon as the 
waters had retired from the surface of the earth, 
Deucalion and his wife went to consult the oracle 
of Themis, and were directed to repair the loss 
of mankind by throwing behind them the bones 
of their grandmother. This was nothing but 
the stones of the earth; and after some hesita- 
tion about the meaning of the oracle, they obey- 
ed. The stones thrown by Deucalion became 
men, and those of Pyrrha, women. According 
to Justin, Deucalion was not the only one who 
escaped from the universal calamity. Many 
saved their lives by ascending the highest moun- 
tains, or trusting themselves in small vessels to 
the mercy of the waters. This deluge, which 
chiefly happened in Thessaly, according to the 
relation of some writers, was produced by the 
inundation of the waters of the river Peneus, 
whose regular course was stopped by an earth- 
quake near mount Ossa and Olympus. Accord- 
ing to Xenophon, there were no less than five 
deluges. ( The first happened under Ogyges, and 
lasted three months. The second, which was 
in the age of Hercules and Prometheus, con- 
tinued but one month. During the third, which 
happened in the reign oi another Ogyges, all 
Attica was laid waste by the waters. Thessaly 
was totally covered by the waters during the 
fourth, which happened in the age of Deucalion. 
The last was during the Trojan war, and its ef- 
fects were severely felt by the inhabitants of 
Egypt. There prevailed a leport in Attica, that 
the waters of Deucalion's dtluge had disappear- 
ed through a small aperture about a cubit wide, 
near Jupiter Olympius's temple; and Pausanias, 
who saw it, further adds, that a yearly offering 
of flour and honey was thrown into it with reli- 
gious ceremony. The deluge of Deucalion, so 
much celebrated in ancient history, is supposed 
to have happened 1503 years B. C. Deucalion 
had two sons by Pyrrha, Hellen, ealled by some 
son of Jupiter, and Amphictyon, king of Attica, 
and also a daughter, Protogenea, who became 
mother of iEthlius by Jupiter. Pind. 9, Olxjmp. 
—Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 8.— Heroid. 45, v. 167— 
ApoLlod. 1, c. l.—Paus. 1, c 10, 1. 6, c. 8.— 
Juv. 1, v. 81. — Hygin- fab. 153. — Justin. 2,c. 
6. — Diod. 5. — Liman. de Dad. Syria. — Virg. 
G. 1, v. 62. One of the Argonauts. 



A son of Minos. Jlpotlod 3, c. 1. A son of 

Abas. 

Beucetius, a Sicilian general. ' Diod. 11. 

Deudorix, one of the Cherusci, led in tri- 
umph by Germanicus. 

Dexamene, one of the Nereides. Homer. 
II. 18. 

Dexamenus, a man delivered by Hercules 
from the hands of bis daughter's suitors. Jlpol- 



lod- 2, c. 5.-»— - A king of Olenus in Achate,, 
whose two daughters married the sons of Actor. 
Pans- 5, c. 3. 

Dexippus, a Spartan who assisted the people 
of Agrigentum, &c. Diod. 13. 

Dexithea, the wife of Minos. Jlpollod. 3, 
c. 1. 

Dexius, a Greek, father of Iphinous, killed 
by Glaucus in the Trojan war, &c. Homer° 
It. 7. 

DIa, a daughter of Deion, mother of Piri- 

thous by Ixion. An island in the jEgean sea, 

17 miles from Delos. It is the same as Naxos. 

Vid. Naxos. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 157. Another 

on the coast of Crete, now Stan Dia. A 

city of Thrace. Eubcea. Peloponnesus, 

Lusitania. Italy, near the Alps. 

Scythia, near the Phasis.- Caria. Bithy- 

nia, and Thessaly. 

Diactorides, one of Agarista's suitors. He- 

rodot. 6, c. 127. The father of Eurydame, 

the wife of Leutychides. Id. 6, c. 71. 

Di^eus of Megalopolis, a general of the 
Achaeans, who killed himself when his affairs 
became desperate. Faus. 7, c. 16. 

Diadumenianus, a son of Macrinus, who 
enjoyed the title of Caesar during his father's 
life-time, &c. 

Diagon and DiXgum, a river of Peloponne- 
sus, flowing into the Alpheus, and separating 
Pisa from Arcadia. Pans. 6, c. 21. 

Diagondas, a Theban who abolished all noc- 
turnal sacrifices. Cic. de Leg. 2, c. 15. 

Diagoras, an Athenian philosopher. His 
father's name was Teleclytus. From the great- 
est superstition, he became a most unconquer- 
able atheist; because he saw a man who laid a 
false claim to one of his poems, and who per- 
jured himself, go unpunished. His great im- 
piety and blasphemies provoked his countrymen, 
and the Areopagites promised one talent to him 
who brought his head before their tribjnal, and 
two if he were produced alive. He lived about 
416 years before Christ. Cic. de Nat. D. 1, c. 

23, I. 3, c. 37, &c— Val. Max. 1, c. 1. An 

athlete of Rhodes, 460 years before the Chris- 
tian era. Pindar celebrated his merit in a beau- 
tiful ode still extant, which was written in gold- 
en letters in a temple of Minerva. He saw his 
three sons crowned the same day at Olympia, 
and died through excess of joy. Cic- Tusc. 5. 
— Flut. in Pel — Paws. 6, c 7. 

Dialis, a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first in* 
stituted by Numa. He was never permitted to 
swear, even upon public trials. Varro. L. L. 
4, c. 15. — Dionys. 2 Liv. 1, c. 20. 

Diallds, an Athenian, who wrote an historj 
of all the memorable occurrences of his age. 

Diamastigosis, a festival at Sparta in honour 
of Diana Orthia, which received that name 
etTro rou {Actciyovvifromwhipping, because boys 
were whipped before the altar of the goddess. 
These boys, called Bomonicae, were originally 
free born Spartans; but, in the more delicate 
ages, they were of mean birth, and generally of 
a slavish origin. This operation was performed 
by an officer in a severe and unfeeling manner; 
and that no compassion should be raised, the 
priest stood near the altar with a small light 






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statue of the goddess, which suddenly became 
heavy and insupportable if the lash of the whip 
was more lenient or less rigorous. The pa- 
rents of the children attended the solemnity, 
and exhorted them not to commit any thing 
cither by fear or groans, that might be unworthy 
of Laconian education. These flagellations were 
so severe, that the blood gushed in profuse tor- 
rents, and many expired under the lash of the 
whip without uttering a groan, or betraying any 
marks of fear. Such a death was reckoned 
very honourable, and the corpse was buried with 
much solemnity, with a garland of flowers on 
its head. The origin of this festival is unknown. 
Some suppose that Lycurgus first instituted it to 
inure the youths of Lacedaemon to bear labour 
and fatigue, and render them insensible to pain 
and wounds Others maintain, that it was a 
mitigation of an oracle, which ordered that hu- 
man blood should be shed on Diana's altar; and 
according to their opinion, Orestes first introduc- 
ed that barbarous custom, after he had brought 
the statue of Diana Taurica into Greece. There 
is another tradition which mentions, that Pau- 
sanias, as he was offering prayers and sacrifices 
to the gods, before he engaged with Mardonius, 
was suddenly attacked by a number of Lydians 
who disturbed the sacrifice, and were at last re- 
pelled with staves and stones, the only weapons 
with which the Lacedaemonians were provided 
at that moment. In commemoration of this, 
therefore, that whipping of boys was instituted 
at Sparta, and after that the Lydian procession. 
Diana was the goddess of hunting. Accord- 
ing to Cicero, there were three of this name; a 
daughter of Jupiter and Proserpine, who became 
mother of Cupid; a daughter of Jupiter and 
Latona, and a daughter of Upis and Glauce. 
The second is the most celebrated, and to her 
all the ancients allude. She was born at the 
same birth as Apollo; and the pains which she 
saw her mother suffer, during her labour, gave 
her such an aversion to marriage, that she ob- 
tained from her father the permission to live in 
perpetual celibacy, and to preside over the tra- 
vails of women. To shun the society of men, 
she devoted herself to hunting, and obtained the 
permission of Jupiter to have for her attendants 
CO of the Oceanides, and 20 other nymphs, all 
of whom, like herself, abjured the use of mar- 
riage. She is represented with a bent bow and 
quiver, and attended with dogs, and sometimes 
drawn in a chariot by two white stags. Some- 
times she appears with wings, holding a lion in 
one hand, and a panther in the other, with a 
chariot drawn by two heifers, or two horses of 
different colours. She is represented taller by 
the head than her attendant nymphs, her face 
has something manly, her legs are bare, well 
shaped, and strong, and her feet are covered 
with a buskin, worn by huntresses among the 
ancients. Diana received many surnames par- 
ticularly from the places where her worship 
was established, and from the functions over 
which she presided. She wa9 called Lucina, 
Ilythia, or Juno Pronuba, when invoked by wo- 
men in childbed, and Trivia when worshipped 
in the cross-ways, where her statues were gene- 
rally erected. She was supposed to be the same 



as the moon, and Proserpine or Hecate, and 
from that circumstance she was called Trifor- 
mis; and some of her statues represented her 
with three heads, that of a horse, a dog, and a 
boar. Her power and functions under these 
three characters, have been beautifully express- 
ed in these two verses. 

Terret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, Luna, 
Diana, 

Ima, suprema, feras, sceptro, fulgore, sagitta. 

She was also called Agrotera, Orthia, Tau- 
rica, Delia, Cynthia, Aricia, &c. She wa9 
supposed to be the same as the Isis of the Egyp- 
tians, whose worship was intioduced into Greece 
with that of Osiris under the name of Apollo. 
When Typhon waged war against the gods^ 
Diana is said to have metamorphosed herself 
into a cat, to avoid his fury. The goddess is 
generally known in the figures that represent 
her, by the crescent on her head, by the dog* 
which attend her, and by her hunting habit. 
The most famous of her temples was that of 
Ephesus, which was one of the seven wonders 
of the world. [Vid. Ephesus.] She was there 
represented with a great number of breasts, and 
other symbols which signified the earth or Cy- 
bele. Though she was the patroness of chas- 
tity, yet she forgot her dignity to enjoy the com- 
pany of Endymion, and the very familiar favours 
which, according to mythology, she granted to 
Pan and Orion are well known. [Vid. Endy- 
mion, Pan, Orion ] The inhabitants of Tau- 
rica were particularly attached to the worship 
of this goddess, and they cruelly offered on her 
altar all the strangers that were shipwrecked on 
their coasts. Her temple in Aricia was served 
by a priest who had always murdered his prede- 
cessor, and the Lacedaemonians yearly offered 
her human victims till the age of Lycurgus, who 
changed this barbarous custom for the sacrifice 
of flagellation. The Athenians generally of- 
fered her goats, and others a white kid, and 
sometimes a boar pig, or an os. Among plants 
the poppy and the ditamy were sacred to her. 
She, as well as her brother Apollo, had some 
oracles, among which those of Egypt, Cilicia. 
and Ephesus, are the most known. Ovid. Fast. 

2, v. 155— Met. 3, v 156, I. 7, v. 94 and 194, 
kc—Cic, de Nat. D. 3—Horat. 3, od. 22 — 
Virg. G. 3, v. 302. JEn. 1, v. 505.— Homer. 
Od. b.—Paus. 8, c. 31 and 37 .—Catull— Stat. 

3. Silv. l,v. bl.—Apollod. 1, c. 4, &c. 1. 3,c. 
5, &c. 

Dianasa, the mother of Lycurgus. Plut. in 

LyQ - , „ - 

DfANiuiw, a town and promontory of Spain, 

now Cape Martin,- where Diana was worship- 
ped. 

Diasia, festivals in honour of Jupiter at 
Athens. They received (heir name utto rou <f*(§f 
KdLt t»? *3"«f , fvom Jupiter and misfortune, be* 
cause, by majsing applications to Jupiter, men 
obtained relief from their misfortunes, and were 
delr cred from dangers. During this festival 
things of all kinds were exposed to sale- 

Dibio, a town of France, now Dijon in Bur- 
gundy. 

Dicjea and Dicearchea, a town of Italyl 
Ital. 13, t. 385. 



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DiCjEos, an Athenian who was supematural- 
ly apprized of the defeat of the Persians in 
Greece. Herodot. 8, c. 65. 

Dice, one of the Horse, daughters of Jupiter 
Jipollod. 1, c. 3. 

Dicearchus, a Messenian, famous for his 
knowledge of philosophy, history, and mathema- 
tics. He was one of Aristotle's discipies. No- 
thing remains of his numerous compositions. He 
had composed an history of the Spartan repub- 
lic, which was publicly read over every year, by 
order of the magistrates, for the improvement, 
and instruction of youth. 

Diceneus, an Egyptian philosopher in the age 
of Augustus, who travelled into Scythia, where 
he ingratiated himself ivith the king of the coun- 
try, and by his instructions softened the wildness 
and rusticity of his manners. He also gained 
such an influence over the multitude, that they 
destroyed all the vines which grew in their coun- 
try, to prevent the riot and dissipation which the 
wine occasioned among them. He wrote all 
his maxims and his laws in a book, that they 
might not lose the benefit of them after his 
death. 

Dicomas, a king of the Gctee. Plul. in An- 
ton. 

Dict-e, and Dict^us mons, a mountain of 
Crete. The island is often known by the name 
of Dictcea arva. Virg. JEci. 6 JEn. 3, v. 171. 
Jupiter was called Dictozus, because wor- 
shipped there, and the same epithet was applied 
to Minos. Virg. G 2, v 536.— Ovid. Met. 8, 
V. 43.— Ptol 3, c. n.—Strab. 10. 

Dictamnum and Dictynna, a town of Crete, 
where the herb called dictamnus chiefly grows. 
Virg JEn. 12, v. 412.— Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 
50. ' I 

Dictator, a magistrate at Rome invested 
with regal authority. This officer, whose ma- 
gistracy seems to have been borrowed from the 
customs of the Albans or Latins, was first cho- 
sen during the Roman wars against the Latins. 
The consuls being unable to raise forces for 
the defence of the state, because the plebeians 
refused to enlist, if they were not discharged i 
from all the debts they had contracted with the 
patricians, the senate found it necessary to I 
elect a new magistrate with absolute and un- j 
controlable power to take care of the state. The S 
dictator remained in office for six months, after 
which he was again elected, if the affairs of the 
state seemed to be desperate; but if tranquillity 
was re-established, he generally laid down his 
power before the time was expired. He knew 
no superior in the republic, and even the laws 
were subjected to him He was called dictator, 
because dictus, named by the consul, or quoniam 
dictis ejus parebat poputus., because the people 
implicity obeyed his command. He was named 
by the consul in the night, viva voce, and his 
election was confirmed by the auguries, though 
sometimes he was nominated or recommended 
by the people. \s his power was absolute, he 
could proclaim war, levy forces, conduct them 
against an enemy, and disband them at pleasure. 
He punished as he pleased; and from his deci- 
sion there was no appeal, at least till later times. 
He was preceded by 24 lictors, with the fasces; 



during his administration, all other officers, ex- 
cept the tribunes of the people, were suspended, 
and he was the master of the republic. But 
amidst ail this independence, he was not per- 
mitted to go beyond the borders of Italy, and he 
was always obliged to march on foot in his ex- 
peditions; and he never couid ride, in difficult 
and laborious marches, without previously ob- 
taining a formal leave from the people. He was 
chosen only when the state was in imminent 
dangers from foreign enemies or inward sedi- 
tions. In the time of a pestilence a dictator 
was sometimes elecied, as also to hold the co- 
mitia, or to celebrate the public festivals, to 
hold trials, to choose senators, or drive a nail in 
the capitol, by which superstitious ceremony the 
Romans believed that a plague could be averted 
or the progress of an enemy stopped. This of- 
fice, so respectable and illustrious in the first 
ages of the republic, became odious by the per- 
petual usurpations of Sylla and J. Caesar; and 
after the death of the latter, the Roman senate, 
on the motion of the consul Antony, passed a de- 
cree, which for ever after forbade a dictator to 
exist in Rome. The dictator, as soon as elect- 
ed, chose a subordinate officer, called his mas- 
ter of horse, magister equitum. This officer 
was respectable, but he was totally subservient 
to the will of the dictator, and could do nothing 
without his express order, though he enjoyed 
the privilege of using a horse, and had the same 
insignia as the praetors. This subordination, 
however, was some time after removed; and 
during the second Punic war the master of the 
horse was invested with a power equal to that 
of the dictator. A second dictator was also 
chosen for the election of magistrates at Rome, 
after the battle of Cannae. The dictatorship 
was originally confined to the patricians, but the 
plebeians were afterwards admitted to share it. 
Titus Latius Flavus was. the first dictator, A. 
U C. 253. Dionys. Hal —Cic- de Leg. 3 — 
T)io. — Plut- in Fab- — dppian. S- — Folyb. 3. — 
Paterc 2, c. 28—Liv. 1, c. 23, 1. 2, c. 18, I. 
4, c 57, I. 9, c. 38.' 

Dictidienses, certain inhabitants of mount 
Athos. Thucyd. 5, c 82. 

Dictynna, a nymph of Crete, who first in- 
vented hunting nets. She was one of Diana's 
attendants, and for that reason the goddess is 
often called Dictynnia. Some have supposed 
that Minos pursued her, and that to avoid his 
importunities, she threw herself into the sea, 
and was caught in fishermen's nets, Sutua, 
whence her name. There was a festival at Spar- 
ta in honour of Diana, called Dictynnia. — Paus. 
2, c 30, I. 3, c. 12. A city of Crete. 

Dictys, a Cretan, who went with Idomeneus 
to the Trojan war. It is supposed that he wrote 
an history of this celebrated war, and that at 
his death he ordered it to be laid in his tomb, 
where it remained, till a violent earthquake in 
the reign of Nero opened the monument where 
he had been buried. This convulsion of the 
earth threw out his history of the Trojan war, 
which was found by some shepherds, and after- 
wards carried to Rome- This mysterious tra- 
dition is deservedly deemed fabulous; and the 
history of the Trojan war, which is now extant, 



DI 



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9ts the composition of Dictys of Crete, was com- 
posed in the loth century, or, according to others, 
in the age of Coustantine, and falsely attributed 
to one of the followers of Idomeneus. The edi- 
tion of Dictys is by Masellus Venia, 4to. Medi- 
ol. 1477. — — A king of the island of Seriphus, 
sou of Magoes and Nays. He married the 
nymph Ciymene, and was made king of Seri- 
phus by Perseus, who deposed Polydectes, be- 
cause he behaved with wantonness to Danae. 
Vid Polydectes. Apollod. 1, c 9, 1. 2, c. 4. 

■ A centaur, killed at the nuptials of Piri- 

thous. Ovid .Met. 12, v. 334. 

Didas, a Macedonian who was employed by 
Perseus to render Demetrius suspected to his 
father Philip. Liv. 40. 

Didia lex, de Sumptibus. by Didius, A. U. 
C. 606, to restrain the expenses that attended 
public festivals and entertainments, and limit 
the number of guests which generally attended 
them, not only at Rome, butin all the provinces 
of Italy. By it, not only those who received 
guests in these festive meetings, but the guests 
themselves, were liable to ue fined- It was an 
extension of the Oppian and Fannian laws. 

Didius, a governor of Spain, conquered by 

Sertorius. Pint, in Sert. A man who brought 

Caesar the head of Pompey's eldest son. Phit. 

A governor of Britain, under Claudius. 

Julianus, a rich Roman, who, after the murder 
of Pertinax, bought the empire which the Prae- 
torians had exposed to sale. A. D. 192. His 
great luxury and extravagance rendered him I 
odious; and when he refused to pay the money 
which he had promised for the imperial purple, 
the soldiers revolted against him, and put him 
to death, after a short reign. Severus was made 
emperor after him. 

Dido, called also Elissa, a daughter of Belus 
king of Tyre, who married Sichseus, or Sichar- 
bas, her uncle, who was priest of Hercules. Pyg- 
malion, who succeeded to the throne of Tyre 
after Belus, murdered Sichaeus, to get posses- 
sion of the immense riches which he possessed; 
and Dido, disconsolate for the loss of a husband 
whom she tenderly loved, and by whom she was 
equally esteemed, set sail in quest of a settle- 
ment, with a number of Tynans, to whom the 
cruelty of the tvrant became odious. According 
to some accounts, she threw into the sea the 
riches of her husband, which Pygmalion so great- 
ly desired; and by that artifice compelled the 
ships to fly with her, that had come by order of the 
tyrant to obtain the riches of Sichaeus. During 
her voyage, Dido visited the coast of Cyprus, 
where she carried away 50 women, who prosti- 
tuted themselves on the sea shore, and gave 
them as wives to her Tyrian followers. A storm 
drove her fleet on the African coast, and she 
bought of the inhabitants as much land as could 
be covered by a bull's hide, cut into thongs. 
Upon this piece of land she built a citadel call- 
ed Byrsa, [Vid- Byrsa.] and the increase of 
population, and the rising commerce among her 
subjects, soon obliged her to enlarge her city, 
and the boundaries of her dominions. Her 
beauty, as well as the fame of her enterprise, 
gained her many admirers; and her subjects 
wished to compel her to marry larbas, king of 



Mauritania, who threatened them with a dread- 
ful war. Dido begged three months to give her 
decisive answer; and during that time, she erect- 
ed a funeral pile, as if wishing, by a solemn sa- 
crifice, to appease the manes of Sichseus, to 
whom she had promised eternal fidelity. When 
all was prepared, she stabbed herself on the pile 
in presence of her people, and by this uncom- 
mon action, obtained the name of Dido, valiant 
woman., instead of Elissa. According to Virgil 
and Ovid, the death of Dido was caused by the 
sudden departure of /Eneas, of whom she was 
deeply enamoured, and whom she could not ob- 
tain as a husband. This poetical fiction repre- 
sents iEneas as living in the age of Dido, and 
introduces an anachronism of near 300 years. 
Dido left Phoenicia 247 years after the Trojan 
war, or the age of iFneas, that is, about 953 
years B. C This chronological error proceeds 
not from the ignorance of the poets, but it is 
supported by the authority of Horace, 

" Aut famam sequere, aut sibi convenientia 
finge." 
While Virgil describes, in a beautiful episode, 
the desperate love of Dido, and the submission 
of iEneas to the will of the gods; he at the same 
time gives an explanation of the hatred which 
existed between the republic* of Rome and Car- 
thage, and informs his readers that their mutual 
enmity originated in their very first foundation, 
and was apparently kindled by a more remote 
cause than the jealousy and rivalship of two 
flourishing empires. Dido, after her death, was 
honoured as a deity by her subjects. Justin. 18, 
c. 4, &c. — Paterc 1, c. 6. — Viig. JEn. — Ovid. 
Met. 14, fab. 2. — Heroid. 7. — Appian Alex. — 
Or os. 4 — Herodian. — Dionys. Hal. 

Didyma, a place of Miletus. Pans- 2, c. 9. 

An island in the Sicilian sea. Pans. 10, c. 

11. 

DidyMjEus, a surname of Apollo- 

DIdymaon, an excellent artist, famous for 
making suits of armour. Virg JEn. 5, v. 359. 

Didyme, one of the Cyclades. Ovid. Met 7, 

v. 469. A city of Sicily. Id. Fast. 4, v. 475. 

One of the Lipari isles, now Saline A 

place near Miletus, where the Branchidse had 
their famous oracle 

Didymum, a mountain of Asia Minor. 

Didymus, a freed man of Tiberius, &c Tac 

Ann. 6, c. 24.- A scholiast on Homer sur- 

named Xaxxsvrsg©-, flourished B- C 40. He 
wrote a number of bo^ks, which are now lost. 
The editions of his commentaries are, that in 
2 vols. 8vo. Venut. apud Aid- 1528, and that of 
Paris Rvo 1530. 

Dieneces, a Spartan, who, upon hearing, be- 
fore the battle of Thermopylae, that the Persians 
were so numerous that their arrows would dark- 
en the light of the sun, observed, that it would 
be a great convenience, for they then should 
fight in the shade. Herodot- 7, c. 226. 

Diespiter. a surname of Jupiter, as being 
the father of light. 

Digektia, a small river which watered Ho- 
race's farm, in the country of the Sabines. Ho- 
rat. 1, ep- V , v. 104. 

Digma, a part of the Piraeus at Athens. 

Dii, the divinities of the ancient inhabitants 



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of the earth were very numerous. Every object 
which caused terror, inspired gratitude, or be- 
stowed affluence, received the tribute of venera- 
tion- Man saw a superior agent in the stars, the 
elements, or the trees, and supposed that the 
waters which communicated fertility to his fields 
and possessions, were under the influence and 
direction of some invisible power, inclined to 
favour and to benefit mankind. Thus arose a 
train of divinities, which imagination arrayed in 
different forms, and armed with different pow 
ers. They were endowed with understanding, 
and were actuated by the same passions which 
daily afflict the human race, and those children 
of superstition were appeased or provoked as the 
imperfect being which gave them birth. Their 
wrath was mitigated by sacrifices and incense, 
and sometimes human victims bled to expiate a 
crime which superstition alone supposed to ex- 
ist. The sun, from its powerful influence and 
animating nature, first attracted the notice, and 
claimed the adoration of the uncivilized inhabi- 
tants of the earth. The moon also was honour- 
ed with sacrifices, and addressed in prayers; and 
after immortality had been liberally bestowed 
on all the heavenly bodies, mankind classed 
among their deities the brute creation, and the 
cat and the sow shared equally with Jupiter 
himself, the father of gods and men, the devout 
veneration of their votaries. This immense num- 
ber of deities have been divided into different 
classes, according to the will and pleasure of the 
mythologists. The Romans, generally speak- 
ing, reckoned two classes of the gons, the dii 
majorum gentium, or dii consulentes, and the dii 
minorum gentium. The former were twelve in 
number, six males and six females [Vid. Con- 
sentes.] In the class of the latter, were ranked 
all the gods which were worshipped in different 
parts of the earth. Besides these, there were 
some called dii select), sometimes classed with 
the twelve greater gods; these were Janus, Sa- 
turn, the Genius, the Moon, Pinto, and Bacchus. 
There were also some called demi-gods, that is, 
who deserved immortality by the greatness of 
their exploits, and for their uncommon services 
to mankind. Among these were Priapus, Ver- 
tumnus, Hercules, and those whose parents were 
some of the immortal gods. Besides these, there 
were some called topici, whose worship was es- 
tablished at particular places, such as Isis in 
Egypt, Asfarie in Syria, Uranus at Carthage, 
&c. In process of time, also, all the passions, 
and the moral virtues, were reckoned as power- 
ful deities, and temples wore raised to a goddess 
of concord, peace, &c. According to the autho- 
rity of Hesiod, there were no less than 30,000 
gods that inhabited the earth, and were guar- 
dians of men, all subservient to the power of Ju- 
piter- To these succeeding ages have added an 
almost equal number; and indeed they were so 
numerous, and their functions so various, that 
we find temples erected, and sacrifices offered 
to unknown gods. It is observable, that all the 
gods of the ancients have lived upon earth as 
mere mortals; and even Jupiter, who was the 
ruler of heaven, is represented by the mytholo- 
gists as a helpless child; and we are acquainted 
with all the particulars that attended the birth 



and education of Juno. In process of time, nat 
only good and virtuous men, who had been the 
patrons of learning and the supporters of liber- 
ty, but also thieves and pirates, were admitted 
among the gods; and the Roman senate courte- 
ously granted immortality to the most cruel and 
abandoned of their emperors. 

Dii, a people of Thrace, on mount Rhodopc. 

Dimassus, an island near Rhodes. Plin. 5, 
c. 31. 

Dinarchus, a Greek orator, son of Sostra- 
tus, and disciple to Tbeophrastus, at Athens. 
He acquired much money by bis compositions, 
and suffered himself to be bribed by the enemies 
of the Athenians, 307 B.C. Of 64 of his ora- 
tions, only three remain. Ck. de Orat. 2, c. 

53. A Corinthian ambassador, put to death 

by Polyperchon. Plut- in Phoc. A native 

of Delos, who collected some fables in Crete, 
&c. Dionys. Hal. 

Dindymus or a (ortim,) a mountain of Phry- 
gia, near a town of the same name in the neigh- 
bourhood of Cyzicus. It was from this place 
that Cybele was called Dindymene, as her wor- 
ship was established there by Jason- Slrab. 12. 
— Stat, 1 Sylv. l,v. 9.—Horat. l,od. 16, v. 5; 
— Virg. ALn. 9, v. 617. 

Dinia, a town of Phrygia. Liv. 38, c- 5. 
A town of Gaul, now Digne in Provence. 



Dinias, a general of Cassander. Diod. 19. 
A man of Pherse, who seized the supreme pow- 
er at Cranon. Polyxn. 2. A man who wrote 

an history of Argos. Plut. in Arat. 

Diniche, the wife of Archidamus. Paus 3, 
c. 10. 

Dinochares, an architect, who finished the 
temple of Diana at Ephesus, after it had been 
burnt by Erosiratus. 

Dino crates, an architect of Macedonia, who 
proposed to Alexander to cut mount Aihos in 
the form of a statue, holding a city in one hand^. 
and in the other a basin, into which all the wa- 
ters of the mountain should emp'y themselves. 
This project Alexander rejected as too chime- 
rical, but he employed the talents of the artist 
in building and beautifying Alexandria. He be- 
gan to build a temple in honour of Arsinoe, by 
order of Ptolemy Philadeiphus, in which he in- 
tended to suspend a statue of the queen, by 
means of loadstones. His death, and that of his 
royal patron, prevented the execution of a work 
which would have been the admiration of fu- 
ture ages. Plin 7, c. 37. — Marcell. 22, c, 40. 
— Plut. in Alex. A general of Asathocles. 



A Messenian, who behaved with great ef- 
feminacy and wantonness. He defeated Philo- 
poemen, and put him to death B. C. 183. Plut. 
in Flam. 

Dinodochus, a swift runner. Paus. 6, c 1. 

Dinolochus, a Syracusan, who composed 14 
comedies. JElian- de Anim. 6, c. 52. 

Dinomenes, a tyrant of Syracuse. Pans. 8, 
c. 42^ 

Dinon, a governor of Damascus, under Pto- 
lemy, &c. Polycen. 4. The father of Cli- 

tarchus, who wrote an history of Persia in Alex- 
ander's age. He is esteemed a very authentic 
historian by C. NepAnConon. — Plut. in Alex 
—Diog. 



DI 



DI 



Dinosthenes, a man who made himself a | 
statue of an Olympian victor Paus. 6, c. 16. 

Dinostratus, a celebrated geometrician in 
the age of Plato. 

Dioclea, festivals in the spring at Megara, 
in honour of Diodes, who died in the defence 
of a certain youth, to whom he was tenderly at- j 
tacbed. There was a contention on his tomb, j 
and the youth who gave the sweetest kiss, was 
publicly rewarded with a garland . Theocritus 

has described them in his 12 Idyll, v. 27. 

A town on the coast of Dalmatia. Plin. 3, c. 
23. 

Diocles, a general of Athens, &c. Polyozn- i 
5. A comic poet of Athens. An histori- 
an, the first Grecian who ever wrote concerning 
the origin of the Romans, and the fabulous his- 
tory of Romulus. Pint- in Rom. One of the 

four brothers placed over the citadel of Corinth, 

by Archelaus, &c. Polyozn. 6. A rich man 

of Messenia. Paus* 4, c. 2. . ■ A general of 
Syracuse. Diod. 13. 

Diocletianopolis, a town of Thessaly, cal- 
led so in honour of Diocletian. 

Diocletiantjs, (Caius Valerius Jovius) a ce- 
lebrated Roman emperor, born of an obscure 
family in Dalmatia. He was first a common 
soldier, and by merit and success he gradually 
rose to the office of a general, and at the death 
of Numerian, he was invested with the imperial 
purple. In his high station he rewarded the vir- 
tues and fidelity of Maximian, who had shared 
with him all the subordinate offices in the army, 
by making him his colleague on the throne. He 
created two subordinate emperors, Constantius 
and Galerius, whom he called Ccesars, whilst he 
claimed for himself and his colleague the supe- 
rior title of Augustus. Diocletian has been cele- 
brated for his military virtues; and though he was 
naturally unpolished by education and study, yet 
he was the friend and patron of learning and 
true genius. He was bold and resolute, active 
and diligent, and well acquainted with the arts 
which endear a sovereign to his people, and make 
him respectable even in the eyes of his enemies. 
His cruelty, however, against the followers of 
Christianity has been deservedly branded with 
the appellation of unbounded tyranny, and inso- 
lent wantonness. After he had reigned 21 years 
in the greatest prosperity, he publicly abdicated 
the crown at Nicomedia, on the first of May, A. 
D' 304, and retired to a private station at Salo- 
na, Maximian, his colleague, followed his exam- 
ple, but not from voluntary choice; and when he 
some time after endeavoured to rouse the' am- 
bition of Diocletian, and persuade him to reas- 
sume the imperial purple, he received for an- 
swer, that Diocletian took now more delight in 
cultivating his little garden, than he formerly 
enjoyed in a palace, when his power was extend- 
ed over all the earth. He lived nine years after 
his abdication in the greatest security and en- 
joyment at Salona, and died in the 68th year of 
his age. Diocletian is the first sovereign who 
voluntarily resigned his power; a philosophical 
resolution, which, in a later age, was imitated 
by the emperor Charles the fifth of Germany 

Diodorus an historian, surnamed Siculus, 
because he was born at Argyra in Sicily. He 



wrote an history of Egypt, Persia, Syria, Media, 
Greece, Rome, and Carthage, which was divid- 
ed into 40 books, of which only 15 are extant^ 
with some few fragments. This valuable com- 
position was the work of an accurate inquirer, 
and it is said that he visited all the places of 
which he has made mention in his history. It 
was the labour of 30 years, though the greater 
part may be considered as nothing more than a 
judicious compilation from Berosus, Timasus, 
Theopompus, Callisthenes, and others. The au- 
thor, however, is too credulous in some of his 
narrations, and often wanders far from the truth. 
His style is neither elegant, nor too laboured; 
but it contains great simplicity, and unaffected 
correctness. He often dweils too long upon fa- 
bulous reports and trifling incidents, while events 
of the greatest importance to history are treated 
with brevity, and sometimes passed over in si- 
lence. His manner of reckoning, by the Olym- 
piads, and the Roman consuls, will be found ve- 
ry erroneous. The historian flourished about 44 
years B. C. He spent much time at Rome to 
procure information, and authenticate his histo- 
rical narrations. The best edition of his works, 
is that of Wesseling, 2 vols. fol. Amst. 1746. 

A disciple of Euclid, in the age of Plato. 

Diog- in vita. A comic poet. A son of 

Echeanax, who, with his brothers Codrus and 
Anaxagoras, murdered Hegesias the tyrant of 

Ephesus, &c. Polycen. 6. An Ephesian, 

who wrote an account of the life of Anaximan-i 

der. Diog. An orator of Sardes, in the time 

of the Mithridatic war. — —A stoic philosopher, 
preceptor to Cicero. He lived and died in the 
house of his pupil, whom he instructed in the 
various branches of Greek literature. Cic. in 

Brut. A general of Demetrius. A writer 

surnamed Periegetus, who wrote a descriptioa 

of the earth. Plut. in Them. An African, 

&c. &c. Plut. 

Dioetas, a general of Achaia, &c. Polyozn. 2. 

Diogenes, a celebrated Cynic philosopher of 
Sinope, banished from his country for coining 
false money. From Sinope, he retired to Athens, 
where he became the disciple of Antisthenes, 
who was at the head of the Cynics. Antisthenes, 
at first, refused to admit him into his house, and 
even struck him with a stick. Diogenes calmly 
bore the rebuke, and said, Strike me, Antisthe- 
nes, but never shall you find a stick sufficiently 
hard to remove me from your presence, whilst 
there is any thing to be learnt, any information 
to be gained from your conversation and ac- 
quaintance. Sucb firmness recommended him 
to Antisthenes, and he became his most devoted 
pupil. He dressed himself in the garment which 
distinguished the Cynics, and walked about the 
streets with a tub on his head, which served him 
as a house and a place of repose. Such singu- 
larity, joined to the greatest contempt for riches, 
soon gained him reputation, and Alexander the 
Great condescended to visit the philosopher in 
his tub. He asked Diogenes if there was any 
thing in which he could gratify or oblige him. 
Get out of my sun-shine, was the only answer 
which tne philosopher gave. Such an indepen- 
dence of mind so pleased the monarch, that he 
turned to his courtiers, and said. Were I not 



m 



DI 



Alexander, I would wish to be Diogenes. He 
was once sold as a slave, but his magnanimity 
so pleased his master, that he made him the pre- 
ceptor of his children, and the guardian of his 
estates. After a life spent in the greatest misery 
and indigence, he died B. C. 324, in the 96th 
year of his age. He ordered his body to be 
carelessly thrown into a ditch, and some dust to 
be sprinkled over it. His orders were, how- 
ever, disobeyed in this particular, and his friends 
honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral 
at Corinth. The inhabitants of Sinope raised 
statues to his memory; and the marble figure of 
a dog was placed on a high column erected on 
his tomb. His biographer has transmitted to 
posterity a number of sayings, remarkable for 
their simplicity and moral tendency. The life 
of Diogenes, however, shrinks from the eye of 
a strict examination; he boasted of his poverty, 
and was so arrogant that many have observed 
that the virtues of Diogenes arose from pride 
and vanity, not from wisdom or sound philoso- 
phy. His morals were corrupted, and he gave 
way to the most vicious indulgences, and bk un- 
bounded wantonness has given occasion to some 
to observe, that the bottom of his tub would not 
bear too close an examination. Diog. in vita. — 
Plut. in Jpoph—Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c 36, &c. 

A stoic of Babylon, disciple of Chrysippus. 

He went to Athens, and was sent as ambassa- 
dor to Rome, with Carneades and Critolaus, 155 
years before Christ. He died in the 88th year 
of his age, after a life of the most exemplary 
virtue. Some suppose that he was strangled by 
order of Antiochus king of Syria, for speaking 
disrespectful of his family in one of his treatises. 

Qjiintil. 1, c. 1. Jithen. 5, c. 11. — Cic. de 

OJfic. 3, c. 51. A native of Apollonia, cele- 
brated for his knowledge of philosophy and phy- 
sic. He was pupil to Auaxagoras. Diog. in 

vita- Laertius, an epicurean philosopher, 

born in Cilicia. He wrote the lives of the phi- 
losophers in ten books, still extant. This work 
contains an accurate account of the ancient phi- 
losophers, aud is replete with all their anecdotes 
and particular opinions. It is compiled, how- 
ever, without any plan, method, or precision, 
though much neatness and conciseness are ob- 
servable through the whole. In this multifarious 
biography the author does not seem particularly 
partial to any sect, except perhaps it be that of 
Potamon of Alexandria. Diogenes died A. D. 
222. The best editions of his works are that of 
Meibomius, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1692, and that 
of Lips. 8vo. 1769. A Macedonian, who be- 
trayed Salamis to Aratus. Pans 2, c. 8. 

There was a philosopher of that name who at- 
tended Alexander in his Asiatic expedition for 
the purpose of marking out and delineating his 
march. &c. 

Diogenia, a daughter of Celeus. Paws. 1, c 

38. A daughter of the Cephisus, who married 

Erechtheus. Jipollod. ' 

Diogenus, a man who conspired with Dym- 
Bus against Alexander. Curt. 6, c. 7 

Diognetcs, a philosopher who instructed 
Marcus Aurelius in philosophy, and in writing 
dialogues. 
Diomeda, a daughter ofPhorbas, whom Achil- 



les brought from Lemnos, to be his mistress, after 

the loss of Briseis. Homer. 11. 9, v. 661.- 

The wife of Deion of Amyclas. 

Diomedes, son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, was 
king of ^Etolia, and one of the bravest of the 
Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He engaged 
Hector and iEueas, and by repeated acts of 
valour obtained much military giory. He went 
with Ulysses to steal the Palladium from the 
temple of Minerva at Troy; and assisted in mur- 
dering Rhesus, king of Thrace, and carrying 
away his horses At his return from the siege 
of Troy, he lost his way in the darkness of the 
night, and landed in Attica, where his compa- 
nions plundered the country, and lost the Trojan 
Palladium. During his long absence, his wife 
iEgiale forgot her marriage vows, and prostitu- 
ted herself to Comeces, one of her servants. 
This lasciviousness of the queen was attributed 
by some to the resentment of Venus, whom Dio- 
medes had severely wounded in the arm in a 
battle before Troy. The infidelity of iEgiale 
was highly displeasing to Diomedes. He re- 
solved to abandon his native country, which was 
the seat of his disgrace," and the attempts of his 
wife to take away his life, according to some ac- 
counts, did not a little contribute to hasten his 
departure. He came to that part of Italy which 
has been called Magna Graecia, where he built 
a city called Argyrippa. and married the daugh- 
ter of Daunus, the king of the country. He died 
there in extreme old age, or, according to a cer- 
tain tradition, he perished by the hand of his 
father-in-law. His death was grestly lamented 
by his companions, who in the excess of their 
grief were changed into birds resembling swans. 
These birds took flight into a neighbouring island 
in the Adriatic, and became remarkable for the 
lameness with which they approached the Greeks, 
and for the horror with which they shunned all 
other nations. They are called the birds of 
Diomedes. Altars were raised to Diomedes, as 
to a god, one of which Strabo mentions at Ti- 
mavus. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 756, 1. 11, v. 243, &c. 
— Ovid. Met 14, fab. 10.— Jipollod. 1, c 8, 1. 
3, c. l.—Hygin. fab. 97, 112 and 113 —Paus. 

2, c. 30. A king of Thrace, son of Mars and 

Cyrene, who fed his horses with human flesh. It 
was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy 
him; and accordingly the hero, attended with 
some of his friends, attacked the inhuman tyrant, 
and gave him to be devoured by his own horses 
which he had fed so barbarously. Diod. 4 — 

Paus. 3, c. 18. — Jipollod. 2, c. 5. A friend 

of Alcibiades. Plut. in Jilcib. A gramma- 
rian. 

Diomedon, an Athenian general, put to death 
for his negligence at Arginusae. Thucyd. 8, c. 

19. A man of Cyzicus, in the interest of 

Artaxerxes. C Nep. in Ep. 

Dion, a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, fa- 
mous for his power and abilities". He was rela- 
ted to Dionysius, and often advised him, together 
with the philosopher Plato, who at his request 
had come to reside at the tyrant's court, to Jay 
aside the supreme power. His great popularity 
rendered him odious in the eyes of the tyrant, 
who banished him to Greece. There he collect-, 
ed a numerous force, and encouraged by the in- 



DI 



DI 



fluence of his name, and tbe hatred of his ene- 
my, he resolved to free his country from tyranny 
He entered tne port of Syracuse only with two 
ships, and in three days reduced under his pow- 
er an empire which had already subsisted for 50 
years, and which was guarded by 500 ships of 
war, and 100,000 foot, and 10,000 horse. The 
tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept the power 
in bis own hands, fearful of the aspiring ambi- 
tiou of some of the frieuds of Dionysius. He 
was however shamefully betrayed and murdered 
by one of his familiar friends, called Calibrates, 
or Cailipus, 354 years before the christian era, 
in tbe 55th year of his age, and four years after 
his return from Peloponnesus. His death was 
universally lamented by the Syracusans, and a 
monument was raised to his memory. Diod. 

16. — C. Nep. in vita. A town of Macedonia. 

Parts 9, c. 36. Cassius, a native of Nicsea 

in Biihyuia. His father's name was Apronianus. 
He was raised to tbe greatest "offices of state in 
the Roman empire by Pertinax and his three 
successors. Naturally fond of study, he improved 
himself by unwearied application, and was ten 
years in collecting materials for an history of 
Rome, which be made public in 80 books, after 
a laborious employment of 12 years in composing 
it. This valuable history began with the arrival 
of iEneas in Italy, and was continued down to 
the reign of the emperor Alexander Severus. 
The 34^first books arc totally lost, the 20 follow- 
ing are mutilated, and fragments are all that we 
possess of the last 20 In the compilation of his 
extensive history, Dion proposed to himself Thu- 
cydides for a model : but be is not perfectly hap- 
py in his imitation His style is pure ana ele- 
gant, and his narrations are judiciously managed, 
and his reflections learned; but upon the whole 
he is credulous, and the bigotted slave of par- 
tiality, satire, and flattery. He inveighs against 
the republican principles of Brutus and Cicero, 
and extols the cause of Caesar. Seneca is the- 
object of his satire, and he represents bin) as 
debauched and licentious in his morals. Dion 
flourished about the 230th year of the christian 
era. The best edition of his works is that of 
Reimarus, 2 vols. fol. Hamb. 1750. A fa- 
mous christian writer, surnamed Chrysostom, &c. 

DionjEA, a surname of Venus, supposed to be 
the daughter. of Jupiter aud Dione. 

Dione, a nymph, daughter of Nereus and 
Dons She was mother of Venus, by Jupiter, 
according to Homer and others. Hesiod, how- 
ever, gives Venus a different origin. [Vid. Ve- 
nus.] Venus is herself sometimes called Dione. 
Virg. 3, JEn. v. 19.— Homer. II. 5, v. 381.— 
Stat. 1, Sylv. 1, v. 86. 

Dionysia, festivals in honour of Bacchus 
among the Greeks. Their form and solemnity 
were first introduced into Greece from Egypt by 
a certain Melampus, and if we admit that Bac- 
chus is the same as Isus, the Dionysia of the 
Greeks are the same as the festivals celebrated 
by the Egyptians in honour of Isis. They were 
observed at Athens with more splendour and 
ceremonious superstition than in any other part 
of Greece. The years were numbered by their 
celebration, the archon assisted at the solemnity, 
and tbe priests that officiated were honoured with 



the most dignified seats at tbe public games. At 
first they were celebrated with great simplicity, 
and the time was consecrated to mirth. It was 
then usual to bring a vessel of wine adorned 
with a vine branch, after which followed a goat, 
a basket of figs, and the Qsthhot. The worship- 
pers imitated in their dress and actions the 
poeticai fictions concerning Bacchus. They 
clothed themselves in fawn skins, fine linen, and 
mitres, they carried thyrsi, drums, pipes, and 
flutes, and crowned themselves with garlands of 
ivy, vine, fir, &c. Some imitated Silenus, Pan, 
ami the Satyrs by the uncouth manner of their 
dress, and their fantastical motions. Some rode 
upon asses, and others drove the goats to slaugh- 
ter for the sacrifice. In this manner both sexes 
joined in the solemnity, and ran about the hills 
and country, nodding their heads, dancing in 
ridiculous postures, and filling the air with hide- 
ous shrieks and shouts, and crying aloud, Evoe 
Bacche! lo! Ioi Evoe! Iacche! Iobacche! Evohe! 
With such solemnities were the festivals of Bac- 
chus celebrated by the Greeks, particularly the 
Athenians. In one of these there followed a 
number of persons carrying sacred vessels, one 
of which contained water. After these came a 
select number of noble virgins carrying little 
baskets of gold filled with all sorts of fruits. 
This was the most mysterious part of the so- 
lemnity. Serpents were sometimes put in the 
baskets, and by their wreathing and crawling 
out they amused and astonished the beholders. 
After the virgins, followed a company of men 
carrying poles, at the. end of which were fastened 
ifntKXci. The heads of these men, who were 
called <piLXKo<po£oi, were crowned with ivy and 
violets, and their faces covered with other herbs. 
They marched singing songs upon the occasion 
of the festivals, caileu pzxxiKct a.<r/j,*.ra.. Next 
to tbe tf>!txKo<pc£oi followed the i&uipiixxoi in 
women's apparel, with white striped garments 
reaching to the ground; their heads were deck- 
ed with garlands, and on their hands they wore 
gloves composed of flowers. Their gestures and 
actions were like those of a drunken man. Be- 
sides these, there were a number of persons call- 
ed xiH,v<,<po£oi who carried the xmvov or musical 
van of Bacchus; without their attendance none 
of the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated with 
due solemnity, and on that account tbe god is 
often called xiKvime. The festivals of Bacchus 
were almost innumerable The name of the 
most celebrated were the Dionysia *£%x.iairt£*, 
at Limnae in Attica. Tbe chief persons that 
officiated were fourteen women called yt^ttgzi 
venerable They were appointed by one of the 
archons, and before their appointment they so- 
lemnly took an oath, before the archon or his 
wife, that their body was free from all pollution. 
The greater Dionysia, sometimes called 



rtc.iv.ct or ta jtrti-' xcu, as being celebrated with- 
in tiu city, were (lie most famous. They were" 

supposed to be the same a 1 ? the preceding 

The less Dionysia, sometimes called t* x*t' 
etygeve, because celebrated in the country, or a«v- 
ctict from xhvgc a winepress, were lo all appear- 
ance a preparation for the greater festivals They 

were celebrated in autumn. The Dionysia 

@gxv£Gvat, observed at Brawon in Attica, were 
1.1 



DI 



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a scene of lewdness, extravagance, and debau- 
chery The Dionysia vukthkia were observ- 
ed by the Athenians in honour of Bacchus Nyc- 
telius. It was unlawful to reveal whatever was 

seen or done during the celebration The 

Diouysia called ajUGQuyict, because human vic- 
tims were offered to the god, or because the 
priests imitated the eating of raw flesh, were 
celebrated with much solemnity. The priests 
put serpents in their hair, and by the wildness 
of their looks, and the oddity of their actions, 

they feigned insanity. The Dionysia agnaSt- 

ka were yearly observed in Arcadia, and the 
children who had been instructed in the music 
of Philoxenus and Timotheus, were introduced 
in a theatre, where they celebrated the festivals 
of Bacchus by entertaining the spectators with 
songs, dances, and different exhibitions. There 
were besides these, others of inferior note. There 
was also one observed every three years called 
Dionysia t^hth^ika, and it is said that Bacchus 
instituted it himself in commemoration of his 
Indian expedition, in which he spent three years. 
There is also another, celebrated every fifth year, 
as mentioned by the scholiast of Aristophanes. 

All these festivals in honour of the god of 

wine, were celebrated by the Greeks with great 
licentiousness, and they contributed much to the 
corruption of morals among all ranks of people. 
They were also introduced into Tuscany, and 
from thence to Rome. Among the Romans both 
sexes promiscuously joined in the celebration 
during the darkness of night. The drunkenness, 
the debauchery, and impure actions and indul- 
gences, which soon prevailed at the solemnity, 
called aloud for the interference of the senate, 
and the consuls Sp. Posthumius Albinus, and Q. 
Martius Philippus, made a strict examination 
concerning the propriety and superstitious forms 
of the Bacchanalia. The disorder and pollution 
which was practised with impunity by no less 
than 7000 votaries of either sex, was beheld 
with horror and astonishment by the consuls, 
and the Bacchanalia were for ever banished 
from Rome by a decree of the senate. They 
were again reinstituted there in length of time, 
but not with such licentiousness as before. Eu- 
rip in Bacc. — Virg JEn. 11, v. 737. — Diod. 
4.— Ovid. Met. 3, v. 533, 1. 4, v. 391, 1. 6, v. 
587. 

Dionysides, two small islands near Crete. 

Festivals in honour of Bacchus. Pans- 3, c. 13. 

Dionysias, a fountain. Pans. 4, c. 36. 

DioNYbiDES, a tragic poet of Tarsus. 

DioNvsioDonus, a famous geometer. Plin 

2, c 109. A Bceotian historian. Diod. 15. 

A Tarentine, who obtained a prize at Olyin- 

pia in the 100th Olympiad. 

Dionysion, a temple of Bacchus in Attica. 
Paws 1, c. 43. 

Dionysipolis, a town of Thrace. Mela, 2, 
c. 2. 

Dionysius, 1st, or the elder, was son of Her- 
mocrates. He signalized himself in the wars 
which the Syracusans carried on against the 
Carthaginians, and taking advantage of the pow- 
er lodged in his hands, he made himself abso- 
lute at Syracuse. To strengthen himself in his 
usurpation, and acquire popularity, he increased 



the pay of the soldiers, and recalled those that 
had been banished. He vowed eternal enmity 
against Carthage, and experienced various suc- 
cess in his wars against that republic. He was 
ambitious of being thought a poet, and his bro- 
ther Theodorus was commissioned to go to Olym- 
pia, and repeat there some verses in his name, 
with other competitors, for the poetical prizes, 
His expectations were frustrated, and his poetry 
was received with groans and hisses. He was 
not, however, so unsuccessful at Athens, where 
a poetical prize was publicly adjudged to one of 
his compositions. This victory gave him more 
pleasure than all the victories he had ever ob- 
tained in the field of battle. His tyranny and 
cruelty at home rendered him odious in the eyes 
of his subjects, and he became so suspicious 
that he never admitted his wife or children to 
his private apartments without a previous exa- 
mination of their garments. He never trusted 
his head to a barber, but always burnt his beard. 
He made a subterraneous cave in a rock, said 
to be still extant, in the form of a human ear, 
which measured 80 feet' in height and 250 in 
length. It was called the ear of Dionysius,. The 
sounds of this subterraneous cave were all ne- 
cessarily directed to one common tympanum, 
which had a communication with an adjoining 
room where Dionysius spent the greatest part of 
his time to hear whatever was said by those 
whom his suspicion and cruelty had coufined in 
the apartments above. The artists that had 
been employed in making this cave were all put 
to death by order of the tyrant, for fear of their 
revealing to what purposes a work of such un- 
common construction was to be appropriated. 
His impiety and sacrilege were as conspicuous 
as his suspicious credulity. He took a golden 
mantle from the statue of Jupiter, observing that 
the son of Saturn had too warm a covering for 
the summer, and too cold for the winter, and he 
placed one of wool instead. He also robbed 
iEsculapias of his golden beard, and plundered 
the temple of Proserpine. He died of an indi- 
gestion in the 63d year of his age, B. C. 368, 
after a reign of 38 years. Authors, however, 
are divided about the manner of his death, and 
some are of opinion that he died a violent death. 
Some suppose that the tyrant invented the cata- 
pulta, an engine which proved of infinite service 
for the discharging of showers of darts and stones 
in the time of a siege. Diod. 13, 14, &c. — 
Justin. 20, c. l,&c. — Xenoph Hist. Grozc- — C. 

Nep. Timol. — Plut. in Diod. The second of 

that name, surnamed the younger, was son of 
Dionysius the 1st, by Doris. He succeeded his 
father as tyrant of Sicily, and by the advice of 
Dion, his brother-in-law, he invited the philoso- 
pher Plato to his court, under whom he studied 
for a while. The philosopher advised him to 
lay aside the supreme power, and in his admo- 
nitions he was warmly seconded by Dion. Dio- 
nysius refused to consent, and soon after Plato 
was seized and publicly sold as a slave. Dion 
likewise, on account of his great popularity, was 
severely abused and insulted in his family, and 
his wife given in marriage to another. Such a 
violent behaviour was highly resented; Dion, 
who was banished, collected some forces in 



m 



DI 



Greece, and in three days rendered himself 
master of Syracuse, and expelled the tyrant B. 
C. 367. [Vid. Dion.J Dionysius retired to Lo- 
cri, where he behaved with the greatest oppres- 
sion, and was ejected by the citizens. He re- 
covered Syracuse ten years after his expulsion, 
but his triumph was short, and the Corinthians, 
under the conduct of Timoleon, obliged him to 
abandon the city. He fled to Corinth, where 
to support himself he kept a school, as Cicero 
observes, that he might still continue to be ty- 
rant; and as he could not command over men, 
that he might still exercise his power over boys. 
It is said that he died from an excess of joy when 
he heard that a tragedy of his own composition 
had been rewarded with a poetical prize. Dio- 
nysius was as cruel as his father, but he did not, 
like bim, possess the art of retaining bis power. 
This was seen and remarked by the old man, 
who, when he saw his son attempting to debauch 
the wives of some of his subjects, asked him, 
with the greatest indignation, whether he had 
ever heard of his having acted so brutal a part 
in his younger days? No, answered the son, be- 
cause you were not the son of a king. Well, 
my son, replied the old man, never shalt thou 
be the father of a king. Justin. 21, c. 1, 2, &c 
—Diod. 15, &c—JElian. V. H. 9, c. 8.— 
Quintil. 8, c. 6. — C. JV«p. in Dion. — Cic Tusc. 

5, c. 2. An historian of Halwarnasstis, who 

left his country and came to reside at Rome, 
that he might carefully study all the Greek and 
Larin writers, whose compositions treated of the 
Roman history. He formed an acquaintance 
with all the learned of the age, and derived 
much information from their company and con- 
versation. After an unremitted application, 
during 24 years, he gave to the world his Roman 
antiquities in 20 books, of which only the 11 
first are now extant, nearly tontaining the ac- 
count of 312 years. His composition has been 
greatly valued by the ancients as well as the 
moderns for the easiness of his style, the fidelity 
of his chronology, and the judiciousness of his 
remarks and criticism. Like a faithful histori- 
an, he never mentioned any thing but what was 
'authenticated, and totally disregarded the 
fabulous traditions which fill and disgrace the 
pages of both his predecessors and followers. 
To the merits of the elegant historian, Diony- 
sius, as may be seen in his treatises, has also 
added the equally respectable character of the 
eloquent orator, the critic, and the politician, 
He lived during the Augustan age, and came 
io Rome about 30 years before the Christian 
era . The best editions of his works are that of 
Oxford, 2 vols. fol. 1704, and that of Reiske, 6 

vols. 8vo. Lips. 1774. A tyrant of Heraclea 

in Pontus, in the age of Alexander the Great. 
After the death of the conqueror and of Per- 
diccas, he married Amestris, the niece of king 
Darius, and assumed the title of king. He was 
of such an uncommon corpulence that he never 
exposed his person in public, and when he gave 
audience to foreign ambassadors he always 
placed himself in a chair which was convenient- 
ly made to hide his face and person from the 
eyes of the spectators. When he was asleep it 
was impossible to awake him without boring 



his flesh with pins. He died in the 55th year 

of his age. As his reign was remarkable for 
mildness and popularity, his death was severely 
lamented by his subjects. He left two sons and 
a daughter, and appointed his widow queen re- 
gent. -A surname of Bacchus. — —A disciple 

of Chaeremon. A native of Chalcis, who 

wrote a book entitled nri<rus or the origin of 

cities. A commander of the Ionian fleet 

against the Persians, who went to plunder Phoe- 
nicia. Herodot. 6, c- 17. A general of An- 

tiocbus Hierax. A philosopher of Heraclea, 

disciple to Zeno. He starved himself to death, 
B. C. 279, in the 81st year of his age. Diog. 

An epic poet of Mitylene- A sophist of 

Pergamus. Strab. 13. A writer in the Au- 
gustan age called Periegetes. He wrote a very 
valuable geographical treatise in Greek hexa- 
meters, still extant. The best edition of his 
treatise is that of Henry Stephens, 4to. 1577, 
with the scholia, and that of Hill, 8vo. Lond. 
1688. A Christian writer, A. D. 492, call- 
ed Jlreopagita. The best edition of his works 

is that of Antwerp, 2 vols. fol. 1634. The 

music master of Epaminondas. C. Nej>. A 

celebrated critic. [Vid, Longinus.] A rhe- 
torician of Magnesia A Messeniaa mad- 
man, &c. Plut in Alex. A. native of Thrace, 

generally called the Rhodian, because he lived 
there. He wrote some grammatical treatises 

and commentaries, B. C- 64. Strab. 14. A 

painter of Colophon. 

Diophanes. a man who joined Peloponnesus 

to the Achasan league. Pans. 8, c 30. A 

rhetorician intimate with Tib. Gracchus. Plut. 
in Gracch. 

Diophantus, an Athenian general of the 
Greek mercenary troops in the service of Nec- 

tanebus king of Egypt. Diod 16. A Greek 

orator of Mitylene, preceptor to Tib. Gracchus. 

Cic. in Brut. A native of Alexandria in the 

fourth century. He wrote 13 books of arithme- 
tical questions, of which six are still extant, the 
best edition of which is that in folio, Tolosae, 
1670. He died in his 84th year, but the age in 
which he lived is uncertain. Some place him 
in the reign of Augustus, others under Nero and 
the Antonines. 

Dioposnus, a noble sculptor of Crete. Plin. 
36, c. 4. 

Diopolis, a name given to Cabira, a town of 
Paphlagonia, by Pompey. Strab. 12. 

Diores, a friend of iEneas, killed by Turnus. 
He had engaged in the games exhibited by 
TEneas on his father's tomb in Sicily. Virg. 
JEn. 5, v. 297, 1. 12, v. 509. 

Diortctus, a place of Acarnania, where a 
canal was cut (fi* o^vaa-u) to make Leucadia 
an island. Plin. 4, c. 1. 

Dioscorides, a native of Cilicia, who was 
physician to Antony and Cleopatra, or lived as 
some suppose in the age of Nero. He was 
originally a soldier, but afterwards he applied 
himself to study, and wrote a book upon medi- 
cinal herbs, of which the best edition is that of 

Saracenus, fol. Francof. 1598. A man who 

wrote an account of the republic of Lacedsemon. 
A nephew of Antigonus. Diod. 19. A Cy- 
prian, blind of one eye, in the age of Ptolemy 



Dl 



DI 



Philadelphia. A disciple of Isocrates. 

An astrologer, sent ambassador by J. Caesar to 
Achillas, fee. Cms. Bell Civ. 3, c. 109. 

Dioscoridis insula, an island situate at the 
south of rhe entrance of the Arabic Gulf, and 
now called Socotara. 

Dioscuri, or sons of Jupiter, a name given 
to Castor and Pollux. There were festivals in 
their honour, called Dioscuria, celebrated by 
the people of Corcyra, and chiefly by the Lace- 
daemonians. They «ere observed with much 
jovial festivity. The people made a free use of 
the gifts of Bacchus, and diverted themselves 
with sports, of which wrestling matches always 
made a part. 

Dioscurias, a town of Colchis. Plin. 6, 
c. 28. 

Diospage, a town of Mesopotamia. Plin. 
6, c. 26. 

Diospolis, or Theb^e, a famous city of 
Egypt, formerly called Hecatonnpylos. Vid. 
Thebae. 

Diotime, a woman who gave lectures upon 
philosophy, which Socrates attended. Pint, in 
Symp. 

Diotimus, an Athenian skilled in maritime 
affairs, &c. I J olycm. 5. A stoic who flour- 
ished, 85 B C. 

Diotrephes, an Athenian officer, &c. Thu- 
cyd. 3, c. 75. 

Dioxippe, one of the Danaides. Jipollod. 
2, c. 1. 

Dioxippos, a soldier of Alexander, who kill- 
ed one of his fellow-soldiers in a fury, &c. 

JElian. An Athenian boxer, &c. Diod. 17. 

A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 

9, v. 574. 

Dip^^e, a place of Peloponnesus, where a 
battle was fought between the Arcadians and 
Spartans Herodot 9, c. 35. 

Diphilas, a man sent to Rhodes by the Spar- 
tans to destroy the Athenian faction. there. Diod. 
14. — — A governor of Babylon in the interest 
of Antigonus. Id. 19. An historian. 

Diphilus, an Athenian general, A. U. C. 

811. An architect so slow in finishing his 

works, that Diphilo tardior became a proverb. 
Cic ailfratr. 3. A tragic writer. 

Diphoridas, one of the Ephori at Spaita. 
Tint, in Jlges. 

Diposn^e, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 31 

Dipolis, a name given to Lemnos, as having 
two cities, Hephaestia and Myrinia. 

Dipsas, (antis) a river of Cilicia, flowing 

from mount Taurus. Lucan. 8, v. 255. 

(adis,) a profligate and incontinent woman, 

mentioned by Ovid. Am. 1, v. 8. A kind of 

serpent. Lucan. 9.. 

Diptlov, one of the gates of Athens. 

BiRjE, the daughters of Acheron and Nox, 
who persecuted the souls of the guilty. They 
are the same as the Furies, and some suppose 
that they are called Furies in hell, Harpies on 
earth, and Dir?e in heaven. They were repre- 
sented as standing near the throne of Jupiter, 
in an attitude which expressed their eagerness 
to receive his orders, and the power of torment- 
ing the guilty on earth with the most excru- 



ciating punishments. Virg, JEn. 4, v. 473, 1. 
8, v. 701. 

Dirce, a woman whom Lycus, king of 
Thebes, married after he had divorced Antiope. 
When Antiope became pregnant by Jupiter, 
Dnce suspected her husband of infidelity to her 
bed, and imprisoned Antiope, whom she tor- 
mented with the greatest cruelty Antiope es- 
caped from ber confinement, and brought forth 
Amphion and Zethus on mount Cithaeron. When 
these children were informed of the cruelties to 
which their mother had been exposed, they be- 
sieged Thebes, put Lycus to death, and tied the 
cruel Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, who drag- 
ged her over rocks and precipices, and exposed 
her to the most poignant pains, till the gods, 
pitying her fate, changed her into a fountain, in 
the neighbourhood of Thebes. According to 
some accouuts, Antiope was mother of Amphion 
and Zethus, before she was confined and exposed 
to the tyranny of Dirce. {Vid. Amphion, An- 
tiope.) Propert 3, el. 15, v 37. — Paus 9,c. 
26— JElian. V. H. 12, c 57.— Lucan. 3, v. 
175. I. 4, v. 550. 

Dircenna, a cold fountain of Spain, near 
Bilbilis. Martial 1, ep 50, v. 17. 

Dirphya, a surname of Juno, from Dirphya, 
a mountain of Boeotia, where the goddess had a 
temple 

Dis, a god of the Gauls, the same as Pluto 
the god of hell. The inhabitants of Gaul sup- 
posed themselves descended from that deity. 
Cass. Bell G. 6.— Tacit 4, Hist. c. 84. 

Discordia, a malevolent deity, daughter of 
Nox, and sister to Nemesis, the Parcae and 
Death. She was driven from heaven by Jupi- 
ter, because she sowed dissentions among the 
gods, and was the cause of continual quarrels. 
When the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis were 
celebrated, the goddess of discord was not in- 
vited, and this seeming neglect so irritated her, 
that she threw an apple into the midst of the 
assembly of the gods with the inscription of 
detur Puichriori This apple was the cause of 
the ruin of Troy, and of infinite misfortunes to 
the Greeks. (Vid. Paris.) She is represented 
with a pale ghastly look, her garment is torn, 
her eyes sparkle with fire, and in her bosom she 
holds a dagger concealed. Her head is gene- 
rally entwined with serpents, and she is attend- 
ed by Bellona. She is supposed to be the cause 
of all the dissentions, murders, wars, and quar- 
rels, which arise upon earth, public as well as 
private. Virg JEn. 8, v. 702. — Hesiod. Tkeogn. 
225. — Petronius. 

Dithtrambus, a surnameof Bacchus, whence 
the hymns sung in his honour were called Dithy- 
rambics. Horat. 4, od. 2. 

Dittani, a people of Spain. 

Divt, a name chiefly appropriated to those 
who were made gods after death, such as heroes, 
and warriors, or the Lares, and Penates, and 
other domestic gods. 

Divitiacus, one of the iEdui, intimate with 
Caesar. Cic. 1, de Div. 

Dium, a town of Euboea, where there were 

hot baths. Plin 31, c. 2 A promontory 

of Crete. A town of Macedonia. Liv. 44, 

c. 7. 



DO 



DO 



Divodtjrum, a town of Gaul, now Metx, in 
Lorrain. 

Divus Fidius, a god of the Sabines, worship- 
ped also at Rome. Dionys 

Diyllus, an Athenian historian. Died. 16 
A statuary. Paus. 10, c 13. 

Dobj.ru;>, a people of Paeonia. Herodot. 
5, c 16. 

Docilis, a gladiator at Rome, mentioned by 
Horat 1. ep. 18, v. 19. 

Docimos, a man of Tarentum, deprived of 
his military dignity by Philip, sou of Arayntas, 
for indulging himself with hot baths Polyozn 

4. An officer of Antigonus. Diod. 19. 

An officer of Penliccas, taken by Antigonus. 
Id. 18 

Dodona, a town of Thesprotia in Epirus, or 
according to others, in Thessaly. There was 
in its neighbourhood, upon a small hill called 
Tmai-us, a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. The 
town and temple of the god were first built by 
Deucalion, after the uuiversal deluge. It was 
supposed to be the most ancient oracle of all 
Greece, and according to the traditions of the 
Egyptians, mentioned by Herodotus, it was 
founded by a dove. Two black doves, as he 
relates, took tbeir flight from the city of Thebes, 
in Egvpt, one of which flew to the temple of 
Jupiter Ammon, and the other to Dodona, where 
with a human voice they acquainted the inhabi- 
tants of the country that Jupiter had consecrat- 
ed the ground, which in future would give ora- 
cles. The extensive grove which surrounded 
Jupiter's temple was endowed with the gift of 
prophecy, and oracles were frequently delivered 
by the sacred oaks, and the doves which inha- 
bited the place. This fabulous tradition of the 
oracular power of the doves, is explained by 
Herodotus, who observes that some Phoenicians 
carried away two priestesses from Egypt, one of 
which went to fix her residence at Dodona, 
where the oracle was established. It may fur- 
ther be observed, that the fable might have been 
founded upon the double meaning of the word 
7TiKUitt, which signifies doves in most parts of 
Greece, while in the dialect of the Epirots, it 
implies old women. In ancient times the oracles 
were delivered by the murmuring of a neigh- 
bouring fountain, but the custom was afterwards 
changed. Large kettles were suspended in the 
air near a brazen statue, which held a lash in 
its hand. When the wind blew strong, the statue 
was agitated, and struck against one of the ket- 
tles, which communicated the motion to all the 
rest, and raised that clattering and discordant 
din which continued for a while, and from which 
the artifice of the priests drew their predictions. 
Some suppose that the noise was occasioned by 
the shaking of the leaves and boughs of an old 
oak, which the superstition of the people fre- 
quently consulted, and from which they pretend- 
ed to receive oracles. It may be observed with 
more probability that the oracles were delivered 
by the priests, who by artfully concealing them- 
selves behind the oaks, gave occasion to the su- 
perstitious multitude to believe that the trees 
were endowed with the power of prophecy. As 
the ship Argo was built with some of the oaks 
of the forest of Dodona, there were some beams 



which gave oracles to the Argonauts, and warn- 
ed them against the approach of calamity. 
Within the forests of Dodona there were a stream 
and a fountain of cool water, which had ihe 
power of lighting a torch as soon as it touched 
it. This fountain was totally dry at- noon day, 
and was restored to its full course at midnight, 
from which time till the following noon it began 
to decrease, and at the usual hour was again de- 
prived of its waters. The oracles of Dodona 
were originally delivered by men, but afterwards 
by women. (Fid. Dodonides.) Plin. 2, c. 
103. — Herodot. 2, c. 57.— Mela, 2, c. 3. — 
Homer. Od. 14. II.— Paus. 7, c. 21.— Strab. 17. 
— Plut. in Pyrrh. — Jipollod. 1, c. 9. — Lucan. 
6, v. 421.— Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 8, v. 23 

Dodon^us, a surname of Jupiter from Do- 
dona. 

Dodone, a daughter of Jupiter and Europa. 

A fountain in the forest of Dodona. Vid. 

Dodona. 

Dodonides, the priestesses who gave oracles 
in the temple of Jupiter in Dodona. According 
to some traditions the temple was originally in- 
habited by seven daughters of Atlas, who nurs- 
ed Bacchus. Their names were Ambrosia, Eu- 
dora, Pasithoe, Pytho, Plexaure, Coronis, Tythe 
or Tycbe In the latter ages the oracles were 
always delivered by three old women, which cus- 
tom was first established when Jupiter enjoyed 
the company of Dione, whom he permitted to 
receive divine honours in his temple at Dodona. 
The Boeotians were the only people of Greece 
who received their oracles at Dodona from men, 
for reasons which Str'abo I. 9, fully explains. 

Don, a people of Arabia Felix. 

Dolabella P. Corn, a Roman who married 
the daughter of Cicero. During the civil wars 
he warmly espoused the interest of J. Caesar, 
whom he accompanied at the famous battles at 
Pharsalia, Africa, and Munda. He was made 
consul by his patron, though M. Antony his col- 
league opposed it. After the death of J. Caesar, 
he received the government of Syria, as his pro- 
vince. Cassius opposed his views, and Dola- 
bella, for violence, and for the assassination of 
Trebonius one of Caesar's murderers, was de- 
clared an enemy to the republic of Rome. He 
was besieged by Cassius in Laodicea, and when 
he saw that all was lost, he killed himself, in 
the 27th year of his age. He was of a small 
stature, which gave occasion to his father-in-law 
to ask him once when he entered his bouse, who 

had tied bim so cleverly to his swerd A 

procousu! of Africa. Another who conquer- 
ed the Gauls, Etrurians, and Boii at the lake 

Vadimonis, B. C, 283. The family of the 

Dolabellse distinguished themselves at Rome, 
and one of them L. Corn, conquered Lusitania, 
B. C. 99. 

Dolichaon, the father of the Hebrus, &c. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 696. 

Doliche, an island in the iEgean sea. Jipol- 
lod- 2. c. 6. A town of Syria of Mace- 
donia. Liv. 42, c. 53. 

Dolius, a faithful servant of Ulysses. Horn. 
Od. 4, v. 675. 

Dolomena, a country of Assyria. Strab. 16. 

Dolon, a Trojan, son of Eumedes, famous 



1)0 



DO 



for his swiftness- Being sent by Hector to spy 
the Grecian camp by night, he was seized ty 
Diomedes and Ulysses, to whom he revealed the 
situation, schemes, and resolutions of his coun- 
trymen, with the hopes of escaping with his life 
He was put to death by Diomedes, as a traitor. 
Homer. II. 10, v. 314.— Virg. JEn. 12, v. 349, 
&c— — A poet. Vid Susarion. 

Dolonci, a people of Thrace. Herodot. 6, 
C 34. 

Dolopes, a people of Thessaly, near mount 
Pindas. Peleus reigned there, and sent them. 
to the Trojan war und^-r Phoenix. They be- 
came also masters of Scyros, and, like the rest 
of the ancient Greeks, were fond of migration. 
Virg. JEm. 2, v. l.—Flucc. 2, v. 10 — Liv. 36, 
c- 33. — Strab. 9. — Plut. in Cimon. 

Dolopia, the country of the Dolopes, near 
Pindus, through which the Achelous flowed. 

Dolops, a Trojan, son of Lampus, killed by 
Menelaus. Homer. II. 15, v. 525 

DoMiDtrcus, a god who presided over mar- 
riage. Juno was also called Domiduca, from 
the power she was supposed to have in marri- 
ages. 

Dominica, a daughter of Petronius, who mar- 
ried the emperor Valens. 

Domitia lex de Religione, was enacted by 
Domitius Ahenobarbus, the tribune, A. U. C. 
650. it transferred the right of electing priests 
from the college to the people. 

Domitia Longina, a Roman lady who boast- 
ed of her debaucheries. She was the wife of 
the emperor Domitian. 

DomTtiantus, Titus Flavius, son of Vespasian 
and Flavia Domatilla, made himself emperor 
of Rome, at the death of his brother Titus, 
whom according to some accounts he destroyed 
bj poison. The beginning of his reign promis- 
ed tranquillity to the people, but their expecta- 
tions were soon frustrated. Domitian became 
cruel, and gave way to incestuous and unnatu- 
ral indulgences. He commanded himself to be 
called God and Lord, in all the papers which 
were presented to him. He passed the great- 
est part of the day in catching flies and killing 
them with a bodkin, so that it was wittily an- 
swered by Vibius to a person who asked him 
who was with the emperor, no body, not even a 
fly. In the latter part of his reign Domitian be- 
came suspicious, and his anxieties were increas- 
ed by the predictions of astrologers, but still 
more poignantly by the stings of remorse. He 
was so distrustful even when alone, that round 
the terrace, where he usually walked, he built 
a wall with shining stone, that from them he 
might perceive as in a looking glass whether any 
body followed him. All these precautions were 
unavailing; he perished by tfce hand of an assas- 
sin the 8th of September, A. D. 96, in the 45th 
year of his age, and the 15th of his reign. He 
was the last of the 12 Caesars. He distinguish- 
ed himself for his love of learning, and in a lit- 
tle treatise, which he wrote upon the great care 
which ought to be taken of the hair to prevent 
baldness, he displayed much taste and elegance, 
according to the observations of his biographers. 
After his death he was publicly deprived by the 
senate of all the honours which had been pro- 



fusely heaped upon him, and even his body was 
left in the open air without the honours of a fu- 
neral. This disgrace might proceed from the 
resentment of the senators, whom he had ex- 
posed to terror as well as to ridicule. He once 
assembled that august body to know in what 
vessel a turbot might be most conveniently dress- 
ed. At another time they received a formal 
invitation to a feast, and when they arrived at 
the palace, thev were introduced into a large 
gloomy hall bung with black, and lighted with 
a few glimmering tapers. In the middle were 
placed a number of coffins, on each of which 
was inscribed the name of some one of the in- 
vited senators. On a sudden a number of men 
burst into the room, clothed in black, with drawn 
swords and flaming torches, and after they had 
for some time terrified the guests, they permit- 
ted them to retire. Such were the amusements 
and cruelties of a man who, in the first part of 
his reign, was looked upon as the father of his 
people, and the restorer of learning and liberty. 
Suet, in vita — Eutrop. 7. 

Domitilla, Flavia, a woman who married 
Vespasian, by whom she had Titus a year after 

her marriage, and 11 years after Domitian. <- 

A niece of the emperor Domitian, by whom she 
was banished. 

Domitius Domitianus, a general of Diocle- 
tian in Egypt. He assumed the imperial pur- 
ple at Alexandria, A. D. 288, and supported 
the dignity of emperor for about two years. He 

died a violent death. Lucius. Vid. iEnobar- 

uus. Cn. iEnobarbus, a Roman consul, who 

conquered Bituitus the Gaul, and left 20,000 of 
the enemy on the field of battle, and took 3000 

prisoners. A grammarian in the reign of 

Adrian. He was remarkable for his virtues, 
and his melancholy disposition.— — A Roman 
who revolted from Antony to Augustus. He 
was at the battle of Pharsalia, and forced Pom* 
pey to fight by the mere force of his ridicule. 
The father of Nero, famous for his cruel- 
ties and debaucheries. Suet, in Ner.-* — A tri- 
bune of the people, who conquered the Allobro- 
ges. Plut. A consul, during whose consu- 
late peace was concluded with Alexander king 

of Epirus. Liv- 8, c. 17. A* consul under 

Caligula. He wrote some few things now lost. 

A Latin poet called also Marsus in the age 

of Hdrace. He wrote epigrams, remarkable 
for little besides their indelicacy. Ovid de 
Pont 4, el. 16, v. 5. — — Afer, an orator, who 
was preceptor to Quintilian. He disgraced his 
talents by bis adulation, aud by practising the 
arts of an informer under Tiberius and bis suc- 
cessors. He was made a consul by Nero, and 
died A. D. 59. 

^Elius Donatus, a grammarian who flour- 
ished A. D. 353. A bishop of Numedia, a 

promoter of the Donatists, A., D 311. A 

bishop of Africa, banished from Carthage, A. 
D. 356. 

Donilaus, a prince of Gallograecia, who as- 
sisted Pompey with 300 horsemen against J. 
Caesar. 

Donuca, a mountain of Thrace. Liv. 40, c. 
57. 

Dontsa, one of the Cyclades, in the iEgean, 



DO 



DR 



where green marble is found. Virg, JEn. 3, v. 
125. 

Doracte, an island in the Persian gulf. 

Dores, the inhabitants of Doris. Vid. Doris. 

Dori and Dorica, a part of Achaia near 
Athens. 

Doricus, an epithet applied not only to Do- 
ris, but to all the Greeks in general. Virg. JEn. 
2, v 27. 

Dorienses, a people of Crete of Cyrene. 

Dorieus, a 6on of Anaxandridas, who went 
with a colony into Sicily because he could not 
bear to be under his brother at home. Herodot. 

5, c. 42, &c— Paus. 3, c. 3 and 16, &c. A 

son of Diagoras of Rhodes. Paus. 6, c. 7. 

Dorilas, a rich Libyan prince, killed in the 
•ourt of Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 4. 

Dorilaus, a general of the great Mithridates. 

Dorion, a town of Thessaly, where Thamy- 
ras the musician challenged the Muses to a trial 
of skill. Stat Theb. 4, v. 182.— Propert. 2, el. 
22, v. 19.— Lucan. 6, v. 352. 

Doris, a country of Greece, between Phocis, 
Thessaly, and Acarnania. It received its name 
from Dorus the son of Deucalion, who made a 
settlement there. It was called Tetrapolis, 
from the four cities of Pindus or Dryopis, Eri- 
neum, Cytinium, Borium, which it contained. 
To these four some add Lilaeum and Carphia, 
and therefore call it Hexapolis. The name of 
Doris has been common to many parts of Greece. 
The Dorians, in the age of Deucalion, inhabited 
Phthiotis, which they exchanged for Histiasotis, 
in the age of Dorus. From thence they were 
driven by the Cadmeans, and came to settle 
near the town of Pindus. From thence they 
passed into Dryopis, and afterwards into Pelo- 
ponnesus. Hercules having re-established iEgi- 
mius king of Phthiotis or Doris, who had been 
driven from his country by the Lapitbae, the 
grateful king appointed Hyllus, the son of his 
patron, to be his successor, and the Heraclidae 
marched from that part of the country to go to 
recover Peloponnesus. The Dorians sent many 
colonies into different places, which bore the 
same name as their native country. The mobt 
famous of these is Doris in Jlsia Minor, of which 
Halicarnassus was once the capital. This part 
©f Asia Minor was called Hexapolis, and after- 
wards Pentapolis. after the exclusion of Halicar- 
nassus. Strab. 9, &c. Virg, JEn. 2, v. 27. — 
Plin. 5, c. 29 —Jlpollod 2.— Herodot. 1, c. 
144, 1. 8, c. 31. A goddess of the sea, daugh- 
ter of Oceanus and Tethys. She married her 
brother Nereus, by whom she had 50 daughters 
called Nereides. Her name is often used to 
express the sea itself. Propert 1, el, 17, v. 25. 

—Virg. Eel. 10.— Hesiod. Theog. 240. A 

woman of Locri, daughter of Xenetus, whom 
Dionysius the elder, of Sicily, married the same 

day with Aristomache. Cic. Tusc. 5. One 

of the 50 Nereides. Hesiod. Th. 250.— Homer. 
II. 18, v. 45. 

Doriscus, a place of Thrace near the sea, 
where Xerxes numbered his forces. Herodot. 
7, c. 59. 

Dorium, a town of Peloponnesus. Paus. 4, 
c. 33. One of the Danaides. Jlpollod. 



Dorius, a mountain of Asia Minor. Paus, 
6, c. 3. 

Dorsennus, a comic poet of great merit in 
the Augustan age. Plin. 14, c. 13.— Horat. 2, 
ep. 10, y. 173. 

Dorso, C Fabius, a Roman who when Rome 
was in the possession of the Gauls, issued from 
the capitol, which was then besieged, to go and 
offer a sacrifice, which was to be offered on mount 
Quirinalis. He dressed himself in sacerdotal 
robes, and carrying on his shoulders the statues 
of his country gods, passed through the guards 
of the enemy, without betraying the least signs 
of fear. When he had finished his sacrifice, he 
returned to the capitol unmolested by the ene- 
my, who were astonished at his boldness, and 
did not obstruct his passage or molest his sacri- 
fice. Liv. 5, c. 46. 

Dorus, a son of Hellen and Orseis, or, ac- 
cording to others, of Deucalion, who left Phthio- 
tis, where his father reigned, and went to make 
a settlement with some of his companions near 
mount Ossa. The country was called Doris, 
and the inhabitants Dorians. Herodot. 1, c 56, 

&c. A city of Phoenicia, whose inhabitants 

are called Dorienses. Paus. 10, c. 24. 

Doryasus, a Spartan, father of Agesilaus. 

Doryclus, an illegitimate son of Priam, 
killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 

11. A brother of Phineus king of Thrace, 

who married Beroe. Virg. JEn. 5, v, 620. 

DoRYLiEUM and Doryl-sus, a city of Phry- 
gia, now Eski Shehr. Plin. 5, c. 29. — Cic. Place. 
17. 

Dorylas, one of the centaurs killed by The- 
seus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 180. 

Dorylaus, a warlike person, intimate with 
Mithridates Evergetes, and general of the Gnos- 
sians, B. C. 125. Strab. 10. 

Doryssus, a king of Lacedsemon, killed in a 
tumult. Paus. 3, c. 2. 

Dosci, a people near the Euxine. 

Dosiadas, a poet who wrote a piece of poetry 
in the form of an altar (fia>/uos) which Theocri- 
tus has imitated. 

Dosiades, a Greek, who wrote an history of 
Crete. Diod. 5. 

Doson, a surname of Antigonns, because he 
promised ana never performed. 

Dossends. Vid. Dorsennus. 

Dotadas, a king of Messenia, &c. Paus. 4, 
c.3. 

Doto, one of the Nereides. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 
102. 

Dotus, a general of the Paphlagonians, in 
the army of Xerxes.. Herodot. 7, c. 72. 

Doxander, a man mentioned by Jirist. 5. 
Polit. 

Dracanus, a mountain where Jupiter took 
Bacchus from his thigh. Theocril. 

Draco, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens. 
When he exercised the office of archon, be made 
a code of laws, B. C. 623, for the use of the ci- 
tizens, which, on account of their severity, were 
said to be written in letters of blood. By them, 
idleness was punished with as much severity as 
murder, and death was denounced against the 
one as well as the other. Such a code of rig- 
orous laws gave occasion to a certain Athenian 



DR 



DR. 



to a9k of the legislator, why he was so severe in 
his punishments, and Draco gave for answer, 
that as the smallest transgression had appeared 
to him deserving death, he could not find any 
punishment more rigorous for more atrocious 
crimes. These laws were at first enforced, but 
they were often neglected on account of their 
extreme severity, and Solon totally abolished 
them, except that one which punished a murder- 
er with death. The popularity of Draco was 
uncommon, but the gratitude of his admirers 
proved fatal to him. When once he appeared 
an the theatre, he was received with repeated 
applause, and the people, according to the cus- 
tom of the Athenians, showing their respect to 
their lawgiver, by throwing garments upon him. 
This was done in such profusion, that Draco was 
soon hid under them, and smothered by the too 
great veneration of his citizens. Plut. in Sol. 

A man who instructed Plato in music. Id. 

de Music. 

Dracomtides, a wicked citizen of Athens. 
Plat, in Soph. 

Dracus, a general of the Achaeans, conquer- 
ed by Mum mi us. 

Drances, a friend of Latinus, remarkable for 
his weakness and eloquence. He showed him- 
self an obstinate opponent to the violent mea- 
sures which Tnrnus pursued against the Trojans. 
Some have imagined that the poet wished to de- 
lineate the character and the eloquence of Ci- 
cero under this name. Virg JEn. 11, v. 122. 

Dkangina, a province of Persia. Diod. 17. 

Drapes, a seditious Gaul, &c. Cces. Bell. 
Gall. 8, c. 30. 

Dravus, a river of Noricum, which falls into 
the Danube at Mursa. 

Drepana and DrEpanum, now Trapani, a 
town of Sicily near mount Eryx, in the form of 
a scythe, whence its name, (<Ppe7r&vov, falx.) 
Anchises died there, in his voyage to Italy with 
his son iEneas. The Romans under Ct. Pul- 
cher were defeated near the coast, B C. 249, 
by the Carthaginian general Adherbal. Virg. 
Mn. 3, v. 707. — Cic Verr. 2, c. 57 — Ovid. 
Fast. 4, v. 474. A promontory of Pelopon- 
nesus. 

Drilo, a river of Macedonia, which falls into 
the Adriatic at Lissus. 

Dri viachus, a famous robber of Chios. When 
a price was set upon his head, he ordered a 
young man to cut it off and go and receive the 
money- Such an uncommon instance of gene- 
rosity so pleased the Chians, that they raised a 
temple to his memory, and honoured him as a 
god. Jithen. 13. 

Drincs, a small river falling into the Save and 
Dauube. 

Driopides, an Athenian ambassador sent to 
Darius when the peace with Alexander had been 
violated. Curt 3, c. 13. 

Drios, a mountain of Arcadia. ( 

Droi, a people of Thrace. Thucyd. 2, c. 
101. 

Drom^us, a surname of Apollo in Crete. 

Dropici, a people of Persia. Herodot. 1. c. 
125. 

Dropion. a king of Paeonia. Pans. 10, c. 13. 

Dbuentiits and Druentia, now Durance, a 



rapid river of Gaul, which falls into the Rhone 
between Aries and Avignon. Sil. Ital, 3, v. 468. 
—Strab. 4. 

Drugeri, a people of Thrace. Plin. 4, c- 
11. 

Drvidje, the ministers of religion among the 
ancient Gauls and Britons. They were divided 
into different classes, called the Bardi, Eubages, 
the Vates, the Semnotbei, the Sarronides, and 
the Samothei. They were held in the greatest 
veneration by the people. Their life was aus- 
tere and recluse from the world; their dress was 
peculiar to themselves, and they generally ap- 
peared with a tunic which reached a little, oeiow 
the knee. As the chief power was lodged in 
their hands, they punished as they pleased, and 
could declare war and make peace at their op- 
tion. Their power was extended not only over 
private families, but they could depose magis- 
trates, and even kings, if their actions in any 
manner deviated from tbe laws of the state. 
They had the privilege of naming the magis- 
trates which annually presided over their cities, 
and the kings were created only with tneir ap- 
probation. They were intrusted with the edu- 
cation of youth, and all religious ceremonies, 
festivals, and sacrifices, were under then pecu- 
liar care. They taught the doctrine of the me- 
tempsychosis, and believed the immortality of 
the soul. They were professionally acquainted 
with the art of magic, and from their knowledge 
of astrology, they drew omens, and saw futurity 
revealed before their eyes. In their sacrifices 
they often immolated human victims to their 
gods, a barbarous custom which continued long 
among them, and which the Roman emperors 
attempted to abolish to little purpose. The pow- 
er and privileges which they enjoyed were he- 
held with admiration by their countrymen, and 
as their office was open to every rank and every 
station, there were many who daily proposed 
themselves as candidates to enter upon this im- 
portant function. Tbe rigour, however, and se- 
verity of a long noviciate deterred many, and few 
were willing to attempt a labour, which enjoin- 
ed them during 15 or 20 years to load their me- 
mory with the long and tedious maxims of drui- 
dical religion. Their name is derived from the 
Greek word efyuc, an oak, because the woods and 
solitary retreats were the places of their resi- 
dence. Cm. Bell. G. 6, c. 13.— Plin. 16, c. 
44.— Diod. 5. 

Druna, the Drome, a river of Gaul, falling 
into the Rhone. 

Drusilla Livia, a daughter of Germanicus 
and Agrippina, famous for her debaucheries and 
licentiousness. She committed incest with her 
brother Caligula, who was so tenderly attached 
to her, that in a dangerous illness he made her 
heiress of all his possessions, and commanded 
that she should succeed him in the Roman em- 
pire. She died A D. 38, in the 23d year of 
her age, and was deified by her brother Caligu- 
la, who survived her for some time. A daugh- 
ter of Agrippa king of Judaea, &c. 

Druso, an unskilful historian and mean usur- 
er, who obliged his debtors, when they could not 
pay him, to hear him read his compositions, to 



Dll 



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draw from tbem praises and flattery. Horat. 1, 
Sat. 3, v. 86. 

Drusus, a son of Tiberius and Vipsan-ia, who 
tnade himself famous by his intrepidity and 
courage in the provinces of Jilyricum and Pan- 
nonia. He was raised to the greatest honours 
of the state by his father, but a blow which he 
gave to Sejanus., an audacious libertine, proved 
his ruin. Sejanus corrupted Livia the wife of 
Drusus, and in conjunction with her he caused 

him to be poisoned by an eunuch, A. D. 23. 

A son of Germanicus and Agrippina, who enjoy- 
ed offices of the greatest trust under Tiberius. 
His enemy Sejanus, however, effected his ruin 
by his insinuations; Drusus was confined by Ti- 
berius, and deprived of all aliment. He was 
found dead nine days after his confinement, A. 

D. 33 A son of the emperor Claudius, who 

died by swallowing a pear thrown in the air. 
An ambitious Roman., grandfather to Cato. He 
was killed for his seditious conduct. Paterc. 1, 

c. 13. Livius, father of Julia Augusta, was 

intimate with Brutus; and killed himself with 
him after the rattle of Philippi. Paterc. 2, c 

31. M. Livius, a celebrated Roman, who 

renewed the proposals of the Agrarian laws, 
which had proved fatal to the Gracchi. He was 
murdered as he entered his house, though he 
was attended with a number of clients and La- 
tins, to whom he had proposed the privileges of 
Roman citizens, B. C. 190. Ck. ad Her. 4, c. 

12. Nero Claudius, a son of Tiberius Nero 

and Livia, adopted by Augustus He was bro- 
ther to Tiberius, who was afterwards made em- 
peror. He greatly signalized himself in his 
wars in Germany and Gaul, against the Rhceti 
and Vindellci, and was honoured with a triumph. 
He died of a fall from his horse ia the 30th year 
of his age, B. C 9. He left three children, 
Germanicus, Livia, and Claudius, by his wife 
Antonia. Dion. — — M Livius Salinator, a 
consul who conquered Asdrubal with his col- 
league Claudius Nero. Horat. 4, od. 4. — Virg. 
JEn. 6, v. 824. — — Caius, an historian, who be- 
ing one day missed from his cradle, was found 
the nest on the highest part of the house, with 

his face turned towards the sun. Marcus, a 

praetor, &c. Cic. ad Her. 2, c. 13 The 

plebeian family cf the Drasi produced eight con- 
suls, two censors, and one dictator. The surname 
of Drusus was given to the family of the Livii, 
as some suppose, because one of them hilled a 
Gaulish leader of that name. Virg. in 6 JEn. 
V- 824, mentions the Drusi among the illustrious 
Romans, and that perhaps more particularly be- 
cause the wife of Augustus was of that family. 

Dryades, nymphs that presided over the 
woods. Oblations of milk, oil, and honey, were 
offered to them, and sometimes the votaries 
sacrificed a goat. They were not generally 
considered immortal, but as genii, whose lives 
were terminated with the tree over which they 
were supposed to preside. — \ irg. G. 1, v. 11. 

Dr?as t tiade«, a patronymic of Lycurgus, 
king of Thrace, s.n of Drvas. He cut his legs 
as he attempted to destroy the vines, that no 
libations might be made to Bacchus. Ovid, in 
lb. v. 345. 

Drtas, a son of Hippolocus, who was father 



I to Lycurgus. He went with Eteocles to the 
j Theban war, where he perished. Stat. Theb. 

| 8, v. 355. A son of Mars, who went to the 

' chase of the Calydonian boar. Jlpcllod. 1, c. 

! 8. A centaur at the nuptials of Pirithoasj 

j who hilled Rhoetus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 296. 

: A daughter of Faunus, who so hated the sight 

of men, that she never appeared in public 

A son ol Lycurgus, killed by bis own father in 

a fary. Apollod 3, c. 5. A son of iEgyptus, 

murdered by his wife Eurydice. Id. 2, c. 1. 
Drymjea, a town of Phocis. Paus. 10, c. 33. 
Drymo, a sea nymph, one of the attendants 
of Cyrene. Virg. G. 4, v. 536 

DitYMus, a town between Attica and Bceotia; 

Dryope, a woman of Lemnos, whose shape 

Venus assumed, Jo persuade all the femaies of 

the island to murder the men. Flacc 2, v. 174. 

A virgin of (Echalia, whom Andrsemon 



married after she had been ravished by Apollo. 
She became mother of Amphisus, who, w^en 
scarce a year old, was with his mother changed 

into a lotus. Ovid. .Met. 10, v. 331. A 

nymph, mother of Tarquitus by Faunus. Virg. 

JEn 10, v 551. A nymph of Arcadia, 

mother of Pan by Mercury, according to Homer, 
hymn, in Pan. 

Dryopeia, an anniversary day observed at. 
Asine in Argoiis, in honour of Dryops the son 
of Apollo. 

Dryopes, a people of Greece near mount 
(Eta. They afterwards passed into the Pelo- 
ponnesus, where they inhabited the towns of 
Asine and Hermioue in Argoiis. When they 
were driven from Asine, by the people of Ar- 
gos, they settled among the Messeniaus, and 
called a town by the name of their ancient ha- 
bitation Jlsine Some of their descendants went 
to make a settlement in Asia Minor together 
with the lonians Herodot. 1, c. 146, 1 8, c. 
31.— Paus. 4, c. 34.-—S&-0&. 7, S, 13.— P/m. 
4, c. 1. — Virg. JEn. 4, v. 146. — Lucan. 3, v. 
179. 

Dryopis and Dryopida, a small country at 
the foot of mount (Eta in Thessaly. Its true 
situation is not well ascertained. According la, 
Pliny, it bordered on Epirus. It was for some 
time in the possession of the Hellenes, after they 
were driven from Histiaeotis by the Cadmeans, 
Herodot 1, c. 56. 

Droops, a son of Priam. A son of Apol- 
lo. Pates 4. c. 34. A friend of JE)neas, kill- 
ed by Clausus in Italy Virg. JEn. 10 v. r>46. 

Drypetis, the younger daughter of Darius, 
given in marriage to Hephaestion by Alexander. 
Diud. 18. 

DrjBis, or Alduadubis, the Daux, a river of 
Gaul, falling into the Saone. 

Dubris, a town of Britain, supposed to be 
Dover. 

Dccetius, a Sicilian general, who died B, 
C 440. 

Dcillia Lex, was enacted by M. Duillius, a 
tribune, A U. C. 304. It made it a capital 
crime to leave the Roman people without its tri- 
bunes, or to create any new magistrate without 

a suffh ient cause. Liv. 3, c 55. Another, 

A. U. C. 392, to regulate what interest ougbi: 
to be paid for money lent, 
w m 



DU 



DY 



C. Duielius Nepos, a Roman consul, the 
first who obtained a victory over tbe naval pow- 
er of Carthage, B. C. 260. He took 60 of the 
enemy's ships, and was honoured with a naval 
triumph, the first that ever appeared at Rome. 
The senate rewarded his valour by permitting 
him to have music playing and torches lighted, 
at the public expense, every day while he was 
at supper. There were some medals struck in 
commemoration of this victory, and there still 
exists a column at Rome, which was erected on 
tbe occasion- Cic. de Senec. — Tacit- Jinn. 1, c. 
12. 

Dulichium, an island of the Ionian sea, op- 
posite the Acbelous It was part of the king- 
dom of Ulysses. Ovid. Trist 1, el. 4, e. 67. 
Met 14, v. 226. R. .?. 272.— Martial. 11, ep. 
<70, v. 8.— Virg Eel 6, v. 76. 

Dumnorix, a powerful chief amongthe JEdui. 
Cos. Bell. G. l,c. 9. 

Dunax, a mountain of Thrace. 

Duratius Picto, a Gaul, who remained in 
perpetual friendship with tbe Roman people. 
Cozs. Belt G 8, c. 26. 

Duris, an historian of Samos, who flourished 
B. C 257. He wrote the life of Agathocles of 
Syracuse, a treatise on tragedy, an history of 
Macedonia, &c. Strab. 1. 

Durius, a large river of ancient Spain, now 
called the Duero, which falls into the ocean near 
modern Oporto in Portugal, after a course of 
nearly 300 miles. Sil 1, v. 234. 

Durocasses, the chief residence of the Dru- 
ids in Gaul, now Dreux, Cozs. Bell. G. 6, c. 
13. 

Duronia, a town of the Samnites. 

Dusii, some deities among the Gauls. August, 
de C. D. 15, c. 23. 

Duumvibi, two noble patricians at Rome, first 
appointed by Tarquiu to keep the Sybil line books, 
which were supposed to contain the fate of the 
Roman empire. These sacred books were pla- 
ced in the capitol, and secured in a chest under 
the ground. They were consulted but seldom, 
and only by an order of the senate, when the 
armies had been defeated in war, or when Rome 
seemed to be threatened by an invasion, or by 
secret seditions. These priests continued in their 
original institution till the year U C. 388, when 
a law was proposed by the tribunes to increase 
the number to ten, to be chosen promiscuously 
from patrician and plebeian families. They were 
from their number called Decemviri, and some 
time after Sylla increased them to fifteen, known 

by the name of QuindecCmviri. There were 

also certain magistrates at Rome, called Duum- 
viri perduelliones sive capitales. They were first 
created by Tullus Hostilius, for trying such as 
were accused of treason. This office was abo- 
lished as unnecessary, but Cicero complains of 
their revival by Labienus the tribune. Oral. 



pro Rabir. Some of the commanders of the 
Roman vessels were also called Duumviri, es- 
pecially when there were two together. They 
were first created, A. U. C. 542. There were 
also in the municipal towns in the provinces 
two magistrates called Duumviri munkipales. 
They were chosen from the Centurions, and 
then- office was much the same as that of tbe 
two consuls at Rome. They were sometimes 
preceded by two lictors with the fasces. Their 
magistracy continued for five years, on which 
account they have been called Quinquennales 
magistratus. 

Dyagondas, a Theban legislator who abo* 
lished all nocturnal sacrifices. Cic. de Leg. 2, 
c. 15. 

Dyardenses, a river in the extremities of 
India. Curt. 8, c. 9. 

Dym,e, a town of Achaia. Lit). 27, c. 31,1. 
32, c. 22.— Pans. 7, c. 17. 

DymjEi, a people of iEtolia. Diod. 19. 

Dymas, a Trojan, who joined himself to 
./Eneas when Troy was taken, and was at last 
killed by his countrymen,, who took him to be an 
enemy because he had dressed himself in the ar- 
mour of one of the Greeks he had slain. Virg. 
JEn. 2, v. 340 and 428. -The father of He- 
cuba. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 761. 

Dymnus, one of Alexander's officers. He 
conspired with many of his fellow soldiers against 
his master's life. The conspiracy was discover- 
ed, and Dymnus stabbed himself before he was 
brought before the king. Curt. 6, c. 7. 

Dynamene, one of the Nereides. Homer. II. 
18, v. 43. 

Dynaste, a daughter of Thespius. Jipollod. 

Dyras, a river of Trachinia. It rises at tbe 
foot of mount (Eta, and falls into the bay of Ma- 
lia. Herodot. 7, c. 198. 

Dyraspes, a river of Scytbia. Ovid. Pont. 

4, el. 10, v. 53. 

Dyris, the name of mount Atlas among the 
inhabitants of thai neighbourhood. 

Dyrrachium, now Durazzo, a large city of 
Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic sea, 
founded by a colony from Corcyra, B. C. 623, 
It was anciently called Epidamnus, which the 
Romans, considering it of ominous meaning, 
changed into Dyrrachium. Cicero met with a 
favourable reception there during his exile. Me- 
la, 2, c. 3— JRaus. 6, c. 10.— Plut.— Cic. 3. 
Alt 22. 

Dysaules, a brother of Celeus, who insti- 
tuted the mysteries of Ceres at Celeae, Pans. 
2, c. 14. 

Dysciketus, an Athenian archon. Paus. 4, 
C 27, 

Dysorum, a mountain of Thrace. Herodot- 

5, c. 22. 

Dyspoktii, a people of Elis. Paw. 6, c. 22. 



EG 



EC 



EANES, a man supposed to have killed Pa- 
troclus, and to have fled to Peleus in Thes- 
saly. Strab. 9. 

Eanus, the name of Janus among the ancient 
Latins. 

Earinus, a beautiful boy, eunuch to Domi- 
tian. Stat. 3, Sylv 4. 

Easium, a town of Achaia in Peloponnesus. 
Pans. 7, c. 6. 

Ebdome, a festival in honour of Apollo at 
Athens on the seventh day of every lunar month. 
It was usual to sing hymns in honour of the god, 

and to carry about boughs of laurel. There 

was also another of the same name, celebrated 
by private families the seventh day after the birth 
of every child. 

Ebom, a name given to Bacchus by the peo- 
ple of Neapolis. Mucrvb 1 , c. 18. 

Ebora, a town of Portugal, now Evora. 

Eboracum, York in England. 

Ebujd-£, the western isles of Britain, now He- 
brides. 

Ebttrones, a people of Belgium, now the 
county of Liege. Cccs- B. G. 2, c. 4, 1. 6, c. 5. 

The Eburovices Aulerci, were the people 

of Evereux in Normandy. Cues. ib. 3, c 17. 

Ebosus, one of the Baleares, 100 miles in 
circumference, which produces no hurtful anir 
mals. It is near the coast of Spain in the Me- 
diterranean, and now bears the name of Yvica, 
and is famous for pasturage and for figs. Plin. 

3, c 5. A man engaged in the Rululian war. 

Virg. Mn. 12, v. 299. 

Ecbatana, (orum) now Hamedan, the capi- 
tal of Media, and the palace of Deioces king of 
Media. It was surrounded with seven walls, 
which rose in gradual ascent, and were painted 
in seven different colours. The most distant 
was the lowest, and the innermost, which was 
the most celebrated, contained the royal palace. 
Parmenio was put to death there by Alexander's 
orders, and Hephsestion died there also, and re- 
ceived a most magnificent burial. Herodot. 1, 
c. 98.— Strab. U.—Curt. 4, c. 5, 1. 5, c 8, 1. 

7 1 c. 10. — Diod. 17 A town of Syria, where 

Cambyses gave himself a mortal wound when 
mounting on horseback. Herodot. 3. — Plot. 6, 
c. 2.— Curt. 5. c. 8. 

Ececiiiria, the wife of Iphitus. Paus. 5, c. 
10. 

Ecetra, a town of the Volsci. Liv. 2, c. 25, 
I. 3, c 4. 

Echecrates, a Thessalian, who offered vio- 
lence to Phoebas, the priestess of Apollo's tem- 
ple of Delphi. From this circumstance a de- 
cree wa9 made, by which no woman was admit- 
ted to the office of priestess before the age of 
fifty. Diod. 4. 

Echeoamia, a town of Phocis. Paus. 10, c. 3. 

Echelatus, a man who led a colony to Af- 
rica Strab. 8. 

Echelta, a fortified town in Sicily. 

Echelus, a Trojan chief, killed by Patroclus. 

Another, son of Agenor, killed by Achilles. 

Homer. II. 16 and 20. 

EchemerStus, an Arcadian, who obtained 
the prize at the Pythian games. Paus. 10, c- 7. 

Echemon, a son of Friam, killed by Dio- 
medes. Hcmer, II. 5, v. 160. 



Echemus, an Arcadian, who conquered the 
Dorians when they endeavoured to recover Pe- 
loponnesus under Hyllus. Paus. 8, c. 5. A 

king of Arcadia, who joined Aristomenes against 
the Spartans. 

Echeneus, a Pheacian. Homer.. Od. 7. 

Echephron, one of Nestor's sons. Jlpollod. 

1, c. 9. — A son of Priam. Id. A son of 

Hercules, Paus. 8, c. 24. 

Echepolis, a Trojan, son of Thasius, killed 
by Antilochus. Homer. II. 4, v. 458. 

Echestratus, a son of Agis 1st, king of Spar- 
ta, who succeeded his father, B. C. 1058. He- 
rodot. 7, c. 204. 

Echevethenses, a people of Tegea in Arca- 
dia. Paus. 8, c. 45. 

Echidna, a celebrated monster, sprung from 
the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoe, the daugh- 
ter of Oceanus. She is represented as a beau- 
tiful woman in the upper parts of the body, but 
as a serpent below the waist. She was mother, 
by Typhon, of Olhos, Geiyon, Cerberus, the 
Hydra, &c According to Herodotus. Hercu- 
les had three children by her, Agatbyrsus, Ge- 
lonus, and Scytha. Herodot. 3, c, 108. — Besiod. 
Iheog. — Apollod. 2. — Paus. 8, c. 18. Ovid*. 
Met. 9, v. 158. 

Echidorus, a river of Thrace, Ptol. 3. 

Echixades or Echini, five small islands 
near Acarnania, at the mouth of the river Ache- 
lous. They have been formed by the inunda- 
tions of that river, and by the sand and mud 
which its waters carry down, and now bear the 
name of Curzolari. Plin. 2, c. 85. — Herodot. 

2, c. 10.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 588.— Strab. 2. 
Echinon, a city of Thrace. Mela, 2, c. 3. 
Echinus, an island in the iEgean. A 

town of Acarnania of Phthiotis. Liv. 32, 

c. 33. 

Echintjs6a, an island near Eubcea, called af- 
terwards Cimolus. Piin. 4, c. 12. 

Echion, one of those men who sprung from 
the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus. He was 
one of the five who survived the fate of his bro- 
thers, and assisted Cadmus in building the city 
of Thebes. Cadmus rewarded his services by 
giving him bis daughter Agave in marriage. 
He was fathor of Pentheus by Agave. He suc- 
ceeded his fatber-in-law on the throne of Thebes, 
as some have imagined, and from that circum- 
stance Thebes has been called Echioniaz, and 
the inhabitants Echionidcs. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 
311. Trist. 5, el. 5, v. 53. A son of Mer- 
cury and Antianira, who was the herald of the 

Argonauts. Flacc. 1, v. 400. A man who 

often obtained a prize in running. Ovid Met. 

8, v. 292. A musician at Rome in Domi- 

tian's age. Juv. 6, v. 76. A statuary. 

A painter. 

Echionides, a patronymic given to Pentheus 
as descended from Echion. Ovid. Met. 3. 

Echionius, an epithet applied to a person 
born in Thebes, founded with the assistance of 
Echion. Virg. Mix. 12, v. 515. 

Echo, a daughter of the Air and Tellus, who 
chiefly resided in the vicinity of the Cephisus. She 
was once one of Juno's attendants, and became 
the confidant of Jupiter's amours. Her loqua- 
city however displeased Jupiter; and she was de- 



EG 



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ptrved of the power of speech by Juno, anil only 
permitted to answer to the questions which were 
put to her Pan had formerly been one of her 
admirers, but he never enjoyed her favours. 
Echo, after she had been punished by Juno, fcil 
in love with Narcissus, and on being despised 
by him, she pined away, and was changed into 
a stone, which still retained the power of voice 
Ovid. Mti 3, v. 358. 

Eckomos, a mountain of Sicily, now Licata. 

Edessa and Edesa, a town of Syria. 

Edess^ poeius, a harbour of Sicily near Pa- 
chynus. Cic. Verr, 5, c. 34. 

Edeta, or Lekia, a town of Spain along the 

river Sucre Plin. 3, c. 3. Liv. 28, c- 24. 

Sit 3, v. 371. 

Edissa and .ZEdessa, a town of Macedonia 
taken by Ciranus, and called /Egae, or iEgeas. 
Vid, iEdessa. 

Edon, a mountain of Thrace, called also 
Edonus. From this mountain that part of Thrace 
is often called Edonia which lies between the 
Stmuon and the Nessus, and the epithet is ge- 
nerally applied not only to Thrace, but to a cold 
northern climate. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 325. — Plin. 
4, c. 11. — Lucan. 1, v, 674. 

Edoni or Edones, a people of Thrace, near 
the Srrymon. rfpollod 3, c. 5. 

Edonides, a name given to the priestesses 
of Bacchus, because they celebrated the festi- 
vals of the god on mount Edon. Ovid. Met. 
11, v. 69. 

Edyiius, a mountain which Sylla seized to 
attack the people of Cheronaea. Plut. in Syll. 

Eetion, the father of Andromache, and of 
seven sons, was king of Thebes in Cilicia. He 
was killed by Achilles. From him the word 
Eelioneus is applied to his relations or descend- 
ants Homer. II. 12. The commander of 

the Athenian fleet conquered by the Macedo- 
nians under Clytus, near the Echinades. Diod. 
18. 

Egelibus, a river of Etruria. Virg. JEn. 8, 
v. 610. 

Egeria, a nymph of Aricia in Italy, where 
Diana was particularly worshipped Egeria was 
counted by Noma, and accerdmg to Ovid she 
became his wife. This prince frequently visited 
her, and that he might more successfully intro- 
duce his laws and new regulations into the state, 
he solemnly declared before the Roman people, 
that they were previously sanctified and approv- 
ed by the nymph Egeria. Ovid says that Egeria 
was so disconsolate at the death of Numa, that 
she melted into tears, and was changed into a 
fountain by Diana. She is reckoned by many 
as a goddess who presided over the pregnancy 
of women, and some maintain that she is the 
same as Lucina, or Diana, Liv. 1, c. 19. — 
Ovid Met. 15, v. 547.— Virg. J®n. 7, v. 775 — 
Martial 2, ep. 6, v.. 16. 

Egesaretus, a Thessalian of Larissa. who 
• favoured the interest of Pompey durjug the civil 
wars. Cces. 3. Civ. c. 35 

Egesinus, a philosopher, pupil to Evander. 
Cic J)cad 4, c. 6 

Egesta, a daughter of H:ppotcs the Trojan. 
Her father exposed ber on the sea. for fear of 
being devoured by a marine monster which laid 



Tvaste the country. She was carried safe fa 
Sicily, where she was ravished by the river Cri- 
nisus. A town of Sicily. Vid. iEgesia. 

Egnatia Mammilla, a woman who accom- 
panied her husband into banishment under Nero, 

&c. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 71. A town. Vid. 

Gnatia. 

P. Egnatius, a crafty and perfidious Roman 
in the reign of Nero, who committed the great- 
est crimes for the sake of money. Tacit. Hist, 
4, c. 10. 

Eion, a commercial place at the mouth of the 
Strymon. Pans 8, c. 8. 

Eiones, a village of Peloponnesus on the sea 
coast. 

Eioneus, a Greek killed by Hector in the 

Trojan war. Homer. II 8 A Thracian, 

father to Rhesus. Id. 10. 

Elabontas, a river near Antioch. Strab. 

Elma. a town of iEolia. Liv. 36, c. 43. — 
Pans 9, c. 5 An island in the Propontis. 

El^us, a part of Epirus. A surname of 

Jupiter. A town of the Thracian Chersone- 

sus. Liv 31, c 16, I. 32, c. 9. 

Elagabalus, the surname of the sun at 
Emessa. 

Elaites, a grove near Canopus in Egypt. 

Elaius, a mountain of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 
c 41. 

Elaphijea, a surname of Diana in Elis. Id. 
6, c, 22. 

Elaphus. a river of Arcadia. Id. 8, c. 36. 

Elaphebolia, a festival in honour of Diana 
the Huntress. In the celebration a cake was 
made in the form of a deer, iXcLq®* . ano offer- 
ed to the goddess. It owed its institution to the 
following circumstance; when the Phocians had 
been severely beaten by- the Thessalians, they 
resolved, by the persuasion of a certain Dei- 
pbantus, to raise a pile, of combustible materials, 
and burn their wives, children, and effects, rather 
than submit to the enemy.' This resolution was 
unanimously approved by the women, who de- 
creed Deiphantus a crown for his magnanimity. 
When every thing was prepared, before they 
fired the pile, they engaged their enemies, and 
fought with such desperate fury, that they totally 
rouicd them, and obtained a complete victory. 
In commemoration of this unexpected success, 
this fVstivai was instituted to Diana, and observ- 
ed with the greatest solemnity, so that even one 
of the months of the year, March, was called 
Eiaphebolion from this circumstance. 

Elaptonius, a youth who conspired against 
Alexander. Curt. S, c. 6. 

Elara, the mother of Tiphyus by Jupiter. 

J}pollod. I, c. 4. A daughter of Orcbomenus 

king of Arcadia Strab. 9. 

Elatea, the largest town of Phocis, near the 
Cephisus. Paus. 10, c. 34. 

Elatia, a town of Phocis. Liv. 28, c. 7. 
Of Tbessaly. Id. 42, c. 54. 

Elatus, one of the first Ephori of Sparta, 

B. C. 760. Plut. in Liic The father of 

Ceneus. Ovid- Met. 12, v. 497. A moun- 
tain of Asia of Zacynthus. The father 

of Polyphemus the Argonaut, by Hipseia. 

Jlpidlod. 3, c. 9. The son of Areas king of 

Arcadia, by Erato, who retired to Phocis. Id. 



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ib. — Pans. 8, c. 4. A king in the army of 

Priam, killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 6. 

One of Penelope's suitors, killed by Eu- 

meus. Homer Od. 22, v. 267. 

'Elaver, a river in Gaul falling into the 
Loire, now the Jillier. 

Elea, a town of Campania, whence the fol- 
lowers of Zeno were called the Eleatic sect. 
Cic. dead. 4, c. 42. Tusc 2, c. 21 and 22. 
JV. D. 3, c. 33. -of (Eolia. 

Electra, one of the Oceauides. wife of At- 
las, and mother oi Darclanus, by Jupiter. Gvid. 

Fast. 4, v. 31 • -A daughter of Atias and 

Pleione. She was changed into a constellation. 

^polled. 3, c. 10 and 12. One of the Da- 

naides. Id. 2, c. 1. A daughter of Aga- 
memnon king of Argos. She first incited her 
brother Orestes to revenge his father's death by" 
assassinating his mother Clytemnestra. Orestes 
gave her in marriage to his friend Pylades, and 
she became mother of two sons, Strophius and 
Medon. Her adventures and misfortunes form 
one of the interesting tragedies of the poet So- 
phocles. Hygin. fab. 122. — Pans. 2, c. Ib. — 
Milan. V. PL 4, c. 26, &c— A sister of Cad- 
mus. Paus. 9, c. 8. A city and river of 

Messenia in Peloponnesus. Pans. 4, c. S3. 

One of 'Helen's female attendants. Id. 10, 

c. 25 

Electro, a gate of Thebes. Pans. 9, c 8. 

Electrides, islands in the Adriatic sea. 
which received their name from the quantity of 
amber, (electmm) which they produced. They 
were at the mouth of the Po, according to Apol- 
lonius of Rhodes, but some historians doubt of 
their existence. Plin. -2, c. 26, 1. 37, c. 2. — 
Mela, 2, c 7. 

Electryon, a king of Argos, son of Perseus 
and Andromeda. He was brother to Alcaeus, 
whose daughter Anaxo he married, and by her 
he had several sons and one daughter, Aicmene. 
He sent his sons against the Teieboans, who had 
ravaged his country, and they were all killed 
except Licimnius. Upon this Electryon pro- 
mised his crown and daughter in marriage to 
him who could undertake to punish the Teie- 
boans for the death of his sons, Amphitryon 
offered himself, and succeeded. Electryon in- 
advertently perished by the hand of his son-in- 
law. [Vid. Amphitryon and Alcmcna.] Jlpol- 
lod. 2, c. 4. Paus. 

Elei, a people of Elis in Peloponnesus. They 
were formerly called Epei. In their country was 
the temple of Jupiter, where also were celebrat- 
ed the Olympic games of which they bad the 
superinteudauce. Their horses were in great 
repute, hence Elei equi and Elea palma. Pro- 
pert. 3, el. 9, v. 18. — Pans. 5. — Lucan. 4, v. 
293. 

Eleleus, a surname of Bacchus, from the 
word iKiMv, which the Bacchanals loudly re- 
peated during his festivals. His priestesses were 
in consequence called Eleleis-ides. Ovid. Met. 
4, v. 15. 

Eleok, a village of Boeotia. Another in 

Phocis. 

Eleontum, a town of the Thracian Cher- 
swaesus. 

Elephantis, a poetess who wrote lascivious 



verses. Martial. 12. ep, 43. A princess by 

whom Danaus had two daughters. Jipollod. 2. 

.An ibland in the river Nile, in Upper Egypt, 

with a town of the same name, whicn is often 
called Elepliantina by some authors. Strab. 17. 
—Herodot. 2, c. 9, &c. 

Elephantophagi, a people of JEthiopia. 

Elephenor, son of Chaicedon, was one of 
Helen's suitors. Homer II, 2, v. 47. 

Eleporus, a river of Magna Graecia. 

Eleuchia, a daughter of Thespius. dpollod* 

Eleus, a city of Thrace A river of Me- 
dia. A king of Eiis. Paus. 5, c. 3. 

Eleusinia, a great festival observed every 
fourth year by the Celeans, Phliasians, as also 
by the Pheneatae, Lacedaemonians, Parrhasians, 
and Cretans; but more particularly by the peo- 
ple of Athens, every fifth year, at Eleusis in 
Attica, where it was introduced by Eumolpus, 
B. C. 1356. It was the most celebrated of all 
the religious ceremonies of Greece, whence it 
is often called by way of eminence juvo-th^ia 
the mysteries. It was so superstiticusly observed, 
that if any one ever revealed it, it was supposed 
ihat he had called divine vengeance upon his 
head, and it was unsafe to live in the same house 
with him. Such a wretch was publicly put to 
an ignominious death This festival was sacred 
to Ceres and Proserpine; every thing contained 
a mystery, and Ceres herself was known only by 
the name, of <xyj?ni*. from the sorrow and grief 
(aX^&) which she suffered for the loes ot her 
daughter. This mysterious secrecy was solemn- 
ly observed, and enjoined to all the votaries of 
the goddess; and if any one ever appeared at 
the celebration, either intentionally or through 
ignorance, without proper introduction, he was 
immediately punished with death. Persons of 
both sexes and all ages were initiated at this 
solemnity, and it was looked upon as so heinous 
a crime to neglect this sacred part of religion, 
that it was one of the heaviest accusations which 
contributed to the condemnation of Socrates. 
The initiated were under the more particular 
care of the deities, and dierefore their life was 
supposed to be attended with more happiness 
and real security than that of other men. This 
benefit was not only granted during life, but it 
extended beyond the grave, and they were hon- 
oured with the first places in the Elysian fields, 
while others were left to wallow in pcrpetuat 
filth and ignominy. As the benefits of expiation 
were so extensive, particular care was taken in 
examining the character of such as were pre- 
sented, for initiation. Such as were guilty of 
murder, though against their will, and such as 
were convicted of- witchcraft, or any heinous 
crime, were not admitted, and the Athenians 
suffered none to be initiated but such as were 
members of their city. This regulation, which 
compelled Hercules, Castor, and Pollux, to be- 
come citizens of Athens, was strictly observed 
in the first ages of the institution, but afterwards - 
all persons, barbarians excepted, were freely 
initiated. The festivals were divided into greater 
and less mysteries The less were instituted 
from the following circumstance. Hercules 
passed near Eleusis while the Athenians were 
celebrating the mysteries, and desired to be ini- 



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tialed. As this could not be done, because he 
was a stranger, and as Euraolpus was unwilling 
to displease him on account of bis great power, 
and the services which he had done to the Athe- 
nians, another festival was instituted without 
violating the laws. It was called /uiKpa, and 
Hercules was solemnly admitted to the celebra- 
tion and initiated. These less mysteries were 
observed at Agrae near the liissus. The greater 
were celebrated at Eieusis, from which place 
Ceres has been called Eieusinia. In later times 
the smaller festivals were preparatory to the 
greater, and no person could be initiated at 
Eieusis without a previous purification at Agrae. 
This purification they performed by keeping 
themselves pure, chaste, and unpolluted during 
nine days, after whiUi they came and offered 
sacrifices and prayers, wearing garlands of flow- 
ers, called ig-jutp*, or i/uepx, and having under 
their feet Aios x.a>Siov, Jupiter's skin, which was 
the skin of a victim offered to that god. The 
person who assisted was called vfp&voc from 
vSoop, water, which was used at the purification, 
and they themselves were called /uvs&i, the ini- 
tiated. A year after the initiation at the less 
mysteries they sacrificed a sow to Ceres, and 
were admitted in the greater, and the secrets of 
the festivals were solemnly revealed to them, 
from which they were called z<$ogoi and z?ro7n*i, 
inspectors. The institution was performed in 
the following manner. The candidates, crown- 
ed with myrtle, were admitted by night into a 
place called fA.vstx.oi cnxo? the mystical temple, 
a vast and stupendous building. As they enter- 
ed the temple they purified themselves by wash- 
ing their hands in holy water, and received for 
admonition that ihey were to come with a mind 
pure and undefiled, without which the cleanness 
of the body would be unacceptable. After this 
the holy mysteries were read to them , from a 
large book called 7ri<rga>fA.et, because made of 
two stones, Trtrg&i, fitly cemented together. 
After this the priest, called I«go<pdE.vT«c, propos- 
ed to them certain questions, to which they 
readily answered. After this, strange and amaz- 
ing objects presented themselves to their sight, 
the place often seemed to quake, and to appear 
suddenly resplendent with fire, and immediately 
covered with gloomy darkness and horror. 
Sometimes thunders were heard, or flashes of 
lightning appeared on every side. At other 
times hideous noises and bowlings were heard, 
and the trembling spectators were alarmed by 
sudden and dreadful apparitions. This was 
called aLvro-^ict, intuition. After this the ini- 
tiated were dismissed with the barbarous words 
of Hoy% of*.7r&£. The garments in which they 
were initiated, were held sacred, and of no less 
efficacy to avert evils than charms and incanta- 
tions. From this circumstance, therefore, they 
were never left off before they were totally unfit 
for wear, after which they were appropriated for 
children or dedicated to the goddess! The chief 
person that attended at the initiation was called 
ltpo<pnv<r»c the revealer of sacred things. He 
was a citizen of Athens, and held his office dur- 
ing life, though among the Celeans and Phlilia- 
sians it was limited to the period of four years. 
He was obliged to devote himself totally to the 



service of the deities; his life was chaste and 
single, and he usually anointed his body with the 
juice of hemlock, which is said, by its extreme 
coldness, to extinguish, in a great degree, the 
natural heat. The Hierophantes had three at- 
tendants; the first was called Sa.Sov^os, torch 
bearer, and was permitted to marry. The second 
was called Kngv'£, a cryer. The third adminis- 
tered at the altar, and was called aim fiufAot. 
The Hierophantes is said to have been a type of 
the powerful creator of all things, AxSov^oc of 
the sun, Kngv£ of Mercury, and ot7ri [ZwfAci of 
the moon. There were, besides these, other in- 
ferior officers, who took particular care that 
every thing was performed according to custom. 
The first of these, called fixa-thsvs, was one of 
the archons; he offered prayers and sacrifices,, 
and took care that there was no indecency or 
irregularity during the celebration. Besides him 
there were four others, called e7rtfAiK»<rai, cura- 
tors, elected by the people. One of them was 
chosen from the sacred family of the Eumolpi- 
da? ; the other was one of the Ceryces, and the 
rest were from among the citizens. There were 
also ten persons who assisted at this and every 
other festival, called ltgoiroioi, because they 

offered sacrifices. This festival was observed 

in the month Boedromion or September, and 
continued nine days, from the 15th till the 23d. 
During that time it was unlawful to arrest any 
man, or present any petition, on pain of forfeit- 
ing a thousand drachmas, or, according to others, 
on pain of death. It was also unlawful for those 
who were initiated to sit upon the cover of a 
well, to eat beans, mullets, or weazels. If any 
woman rode to Eieusis in a chariot, she was 
obliged by an edict of Lycurgus to pay 6000 
drachmas. The design of this law was to de- 
stroy all distinction between the richer and poor- 
er sort of citizens. The first day of the cele- 
bration was called ctyogfAo^, assembly, as it might 
be said that the worshippers first met together. 
The second day was called axttSi f/.vscti, to the 
sea, you that are initiated, because they were 
commanded to purify themselves by bathing in 
the sea. On the third day sacrifices, and chiefly 
a mullet, were offered; as also barley from a 
field of Eieusis, These oblations were called 
©vet, and held so sacred, that the priests them- 
selves were not, as in other sacrifices, permitted 
to partake of them. On the fourth day they 
made a solemn procession, in which the kaxa- 
&iov, holy basket of Ceres, was carried about in 
a consecrated cart, while on every side the peo- 
ple shouted x Al i s AnfAUTi^, Hail Ceres! After 
these followed women, called Ktsoqogoi who car- 
ried baskets, in which were sesamum, carded 
wool, grains of salt, a serpent, pomegranates, 
reeds, ivy boughs, certain cakes, &c. The fifth 
was called H ra>v \x/u7ra.Sa>v ufAnpx, the torch 
day, because on the following night the people 
ran about with torches in their hands. It was 
usual to dedicate torches to Ceres, and contend 
which should offer the biggest in commemora- 
tion of the travels of the goddess, and of her 
lighting a torch in the flames of mount iEtna. 
The sixth day was called Izk^oc, from Iacchus, 
the son of Jupiter and Ceres, who accompanied 
his mother in her search of Proserpine, with a 



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torch in his hand. From that circumstance his 
statue had a torch in its hand, and was carried 
in solemn procession from the Ceramicus te 
Eleusis The staiue, with those that accompa- 
nied it, called I&x%&ycsyot, were crowned with 
myrtle. In the way nothing was heard but sing- 
ing and the noise of brazen kettles, as the vota- 
ries danced along. The way through which they 
issued from the city, was called ltp& e<fc?, the 
sacred way; the resting place lipx. o-vkh, from a 
Jig-tree which grew in the neighbourhood. They 
also stopped on a bridge over the Cephisus. 
where they derided those that passed by. After 
they had passed this bridge they entered Eleusis 
by a place called /uug-Iuls uo-cJc?, the mystical 
entrance. On the seventh day were sports, in 
which the victors were rewarded with a measure 
of barley, as that grain had been first sown in 
Eleusis. The eighth day was called E-7r:Sa.vpiav 
njuipat, because once JEsculapius, at his return 
from Epidaurus to Athens, was initiated by the 
repetition of the less mysteries It became cus- 
tomary, therefore, to celebrate them a second 
time upon this, that such as had not hitherto 
been initiated, might be lawfully admitted. The 
ninth and last day of the festival was called 
TLxn /uv^octi, earthen vessels, because it was 
usual to fill two such vessels with wine, one of 
which being placed towards the east, and the 
other towards the west, which, after the repeti- 
tion of some mystical words, were both thrown 
down, and the wine being spilt on the ground, 
was offered as a libation. Such was the manner 
of celebrating the Eleusinian mysteries, which 
have been deemed the most sacred and solemn 
of all the festivals observed by the Greeks. 
Some have supposed them to be obscene and 
abominable, and that from thence proceeded all 
the mysterious secrecy. They were carried from 
Eleusis to Rome in the reign of Adrian, where 
they were observed with the same ceremonies 
as before, though perhaps with more freedom 
and licentiousness. They lasted about 1800 
years, and were at last abolished by Theodosius 
the Great. JElian. V. H. 12, c. 24.— Cic. de 
Leg. 2, c. 14.*— Pons. 10, c. SI, &c—Plut. 
r Eleusis, or Eleusin, a town of Attica, equal- 
ly distant from Megara and the Pinsus, cele- 
brated for the festivals of Ceres. [Vid. Eleu- 
sinia.] It was founded by Triptolemus. Ovid. 
4. Fast. 5, v. 507.— Paus. 9, c 24. 

Eleutiier, a son of Apollo. One of the 

Curetes, from whom a town of Boeotia, and 
another in Crete, received their name. Paus. 
», c. 2 and 19. 

Eleuther.e, a village of Bceotia, between 
Megara and Thebes, where Mardonius was de- 
feated with 300,000 men. Plin. 4, c. 7, 1. 34, 
c. 8. 

Eleutheria, a festival celebrated at Plakea 
in honour of Jupiter Eleutherius, or the assertor 
of liberty, by delegates from almost all the ci- 
ties of Greece. Its institution originated in this: 
after the victory obtained by the Grecians under 
Pausanias over Mardonius, the Persian general, 
in the country of Plataea, an altar and statue 
were erected to Jupiter Eleutherius, who had 
freed the Greeks from the tyranny of the bar- 
barians. It was further agreed upon in a gene- 



ral assembly, by the advice of Aristides, the 
Athenian, that deputies should be sent every 
fifth year from the different cities of Greece to 
celebrate Eieutheria festivals of liberty. The 
Plataeans celebrated also an anniversary festival 
in memory of those who had lost their lives in 
that famous battle. The celebration was thus: 
at break of day a procession was made, with a 
trumpeter at the head, sounding a signal for bat- 
tle.- After him followed chariots "loaded with 
myrrh, garlands, and a black bull, and certain 
free young men, as no signs of servility were to 
appear during the solemnity, because they in 
whose honour the festival was instituted had died 
in the defence of their country. They carried 
libations of wine and milk in large eared ves- 
sels, with jars of oil and precious ointments. 
Last of ail appeared the chief magistrate, who 
though not permitted at other times to touch iron, 
or wear garments of auy colour but white, yet 
appeared clad in purple; and taking a water pot 
out of the city chamber, proceeded through the 
middle of the town with a sword in his hand, 
towards the sepulchres. There he drew water 
from a neighbouring spring, and washed and 
anointed the monuments; after which he sacri- 
ficed a bull upon a pile of wood, invoking Jupi- 
ter and infernal Mercury, and inviting to the 
entertainment the souls of those happy heroes 
who had perished in the defence of their coun- 
try. After this he filled a bowl with wine, say- 
ing, I drink to those who lost their lives in the 
defence of the liberties of Greece. There was 
also a festival of the same name observed by the 
Samians in honour of the god of Love. Slaves 
also, when they obtained their liberty, kept a 
holiday, which they called Eleutheria. 

Eleutho, a surname of Juno Lucina, from 
her presiding over the delivery of pregnant wo- 
men- Pindar. Olymp. 6. 

Eleutherocilices, a people of Cilicia, never 
subject to kings. Cic. 15, ad Fam. ep. 4, 1. 5, 
ad ML 20. 

Eleutheros, a river of Syria, falling into 
the Mediterranean. Plin. 9, c. 10. 

Elicius, a surname of Jupiter, worshipped 
on mount Aventine. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 328. 

Eliensis and Eliaca, a sect of philosophers 
founded by Ph?edon of Elis, who was originally 
a slave, but restored to liberty by Alcibiades. 
Diog. — Strab. 

Elimea, or Elimiotis, a district of Mace- 
donia, or of Illyricum according to others. Lit. 
42, c. 53, 1. 45, c. 30. 

Elis, a country of Peloponnesus at the west 
of Arcadia, and north of Messenia, extending 
along the coast, and watered by the river Al- 
pheus, The capital of the country, called Elis, 
now Belvidcre y became large and populous in 
the age of Demosthenes, though in the age of 
Homer it did not exist. It was originally govern- 
ed by kings, aud received its name from Eleos, ' 
one of its monarchs. Elis was famous for the 
horses it produced, whose celerity was so often 
known aud tried at the Olympic games. Strab. 
8.— Plin. 4, c. 5.— Paus. 5.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 
494.— Cic. Fam. 13, ep. 26. de Div. 2, c. 12.— 
Liv. 27, c. 22.— Virg. G. 1, v. 59, 1. 3, v. 202. 



EL 



EN 



Eliphash, a people of Peloponnesus. Pohjb. 
II. 

Elissa, a queen of Tyre, more commonly 
•known by the name ot Dido. Vid. Dido. 

Elissus, a river of Eiis 

Ellopia, a (own of Euboea.— — An ancient 
name of that island. 

Elorus, a river of Sicily on the eastern coasts, 
called after a king of the same name. Herodot, 
7, c. 145. 

Elos, a city of Achaia, called after a servant 
maid oi Athatnas of the same name. 

Elot^:, Vid. He Iotas. 

Elpenor, one of the companions of Ulysses, 
changed into a hog by Circe's potions, and after- 
wards restored to his former shape He fell 
from the top of a house where he was sleeping, 
and was killed. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 252. Homer, 
Od. 10, v. 652, 1. 11, v. 51. 

Elpinice, a daughter of Miltiades, who mar- 
ried, a man that promised to release from con- 
finement her brother and husband, whom the 
laws of Athens had made responsible, for the fine 
imposed on his father. C Nep. in Cim. 

Eluina, a surname of Ceres. 

Elyces, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid. 
Met 5, fab. 3. 

ElymIis, a country of Persia, between the 
Persia:! gulf and Media. The capital of the 
country was called Eiyrnais, and was famous for 
a rich temple of Diana, which Antiochus Epi- 
fihanes attempted to plunder. The Ely means 
assisted Antiochus the Great in his wars against 
the Romans. None of their kings are named in 
history. Strabo. 

Ely mi, a nation descended from the Trojans, 
in alliance with the people of Carfhage. Paus, 
10, c. 8. 

Elymus, a man at the court of Acestes in Si- 
cily. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 73. 

Elyrus, a town of Crete. Id. 10, c. 18. 

Elysium, and Elysii Campi, a place or island 
in the infernal regions, where, according to the 
mythology of the ancients, the souls of the vir- j 
Suous were placed after death. There happi- 
ness was complete, the pleasures were innocent 
and refined. Bowers, for ever green, delightful 
meadows with pleasant streams, were the most 
striking objects. The air was wholesome, se- 
rene, and temperate; the birds continually war- 
bled in the groves, and the inhabitants were 
blessed with another sun and other. stars. The j 
employment of the heroes who dwelt in these ! 
regions of bliss were various; the manes of Achil- 
les are represented as waging war with wild 
beasts, while the Trojan chiefs are innocently 
exercising themselves in managing horses, or in j 
handling arms. To these innocent amusements 
some poets have added continual feasting and 
revelry, and they suppose that the Elysian fields 
were filled with all the incontinence and volup- 
tuousness which could gratify the low desires of 
the debauchee. The Elysian fields* were, ac 
cording to some, in the Fortunate Islands on the 
eoast of Africa, in the Atlantic. Others place 
them id the island of Leuce; and. according to 
the authority of Virgil, they were situate in Ita- 
ly. According to Lucian, they were near the 
moon; or in the centre of the earth if we believe 



Plutarch. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 638. — Homer. Od. 
4 — Pindar. — Tibuil. 1, el. 3, v. 51 — Lucian. 
— Pi at. de Consul. 

Emathia, a name given anciently, and parti- 
cularly bv the Poets, *o ttie countries which form- 
ed the empires of Macedonia and Thessaly. 
Virg. G. 1, v. 492, I, 4 v. 390.— Lucan. 1, v. 
1, I. 10, v. 50, 1 6, v. 620, 1 7, v. 427.— Ovid. 
Met. 5, v. 314. 

Emathion, a son of Titan and Aurora, who 
reigned in Macedonia. The country was called 
Emathia from his name. Some suppose that he 
was a famous robber, destroyed by Hercules. 
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 313. — Justin. 7, c. 1. — A man 
killed at the nuptials of Perseus and Androme- 
da. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 100. 

Emathion, a man killed in the wars of Tur- 
nus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 571, 

Embatum. a place of Asia, opposite Chios. 
Embolima, a town of India. Curt. 8, c. 12. 
Emerita, a town of Spain, famous for dying 
wool. Plin. 9, c. 41. 

Emessa and Emissa, a town of Phoenicia. 
Emoda, a mountain of India. 
Empedocles, a philosopher, poet, and histo- 
rian of Agrigentum in Sicily, who flourished 444 
B.C. He was the disciple of Telauges the Py- 
thagorean, and warmly adopted the doctrine of 
transmigration. He wrote a poem upon the 
opinions of Pythagoras, very much commended, 
in which he spoke of the various bodies which 
nature had given him. He was first a girl, af- 
terwards a boy, a shrub, a bird, a fish, and last- 
ly Empedocles His poetry was bold and ani- 
mated, and his verses were so universally es- 
teemed, that they were publicly recited at the 
Olympic games with those of Homer and Hesi- 
od. Empedocles was no less remarkable for his 
humanity and social virtues than for his learn- 
ing He showed himself an inveterate enemy to 
tyranny, and refused to become the sovereign of 
his country. He taught rhetoric in Sicily, and 
often alleviated the anxieties of his mind as well 
as the pains of his body with music. It is re- 
ported that his curiosity to visit the flames of the 
crater of /Etna, proved fatal to him. Some main- 
tain that he wished it to be believed that he was 
a god, and that his death might be unknown, he 
threw himself into the crater and perished in the 
flames. His expectations, however, were frus- 
trated, and the volcano, by throwing up one of 
his sandals, discovered to the world that Empe- 
docles had perished by fire. Others report that 
he lived to an extreme old age, and that he was 
drowned in the sea. Horat 1, ep. 12, v. 20. — 
Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 50, &c — Diog. in vita- 

Emperamus, a Lacedaemonian general in the 
seeond Messenian war 
Empoclus, an historian. 
Emporia Punica, certain places near the 
Syrtes. 

Emporle, a town of Spain inCatalonia, now 
Ampurias. Liv. 34, c. 9 and 16, 1. 26, c. 19. 
Enceladus, a son of Titan and Terra, the 
most powerful of all the giants who conspired 
against Jupiter. He was struck with Jupiter's 
thunders, and overwhelmed under mount /Etna. 
Some suppose that he is the same as Typhon. 
According to the poets, the flames of iEtna pro- 



EN 



EO 



ceeded from the breath of Enceladus; and as of- 
ten as he turned his weary side, the whole island 
of Sicily felt the motion, and shook from its ve- 
ry foundations. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 578, &c. 

A son of iEgyptus. 

Entchele^:, a town of Illyricum, where Cad- 
mus was changed into a serpent. Lucan. 3, v. 
189 .— Strab. 7. 

En-deis, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. She 
married ^Eacus king of Egina, by whom she had 
Peleus and Telarnon. Fans. 2, c. 29. — Apol- 
lod 3, c. 12. 

Ewdera, a place of JEthiopia. 
Endymion, a shepherd, son of iEthlius and 
Calyce. It is said that he required of Jupiter 
to grant to him to he always young, and to sleep 
as much as he would, whence came the proverb 
of Endymionis somnum dor^dre, to express a 
long sleep. Diana saw him naked as he slept 
on mount Latmos, and was so struck with his 
beauty that she came down from heaven every 
night to enjoy his company. Endymion married 
Chromia, daughter of Itonus, or according to 
some, Hyperipna, daughter of Areas, by whom 
he had three sons, Fseon, Epeus, and iEolus, and 
a daughter called Eurydice; and so little ambi- 
tious did he show himself of sovereignty, that he 
made his crown the prize cfthe best racer among 
his sons, an honourable distinction which was 
gained by Epeus. The fable of Endymion's 
amours with Diana, or the moon, arises from his 
knowledge of astronomy, and as he passed the 
night on some high mountain, to observe the 
heavenly bodies, it has been reported that he was 
courted by the moon. Some suppose that there 
were two of that name, the sen of a king of Elis, 
and the shepherd or astronomer of Caria. The 
people of Heraclea maintained that Endymion 
died on mount Latmos, and the Eleaas pretend- 
ed to show his tomb at Olympia in Peloponne- 
sus. Propcrt. 2, el. 15. — Cic. Tusc. 1. — Juv. 
10. — Theocrit. 3. — Pans. 5, c. 1, 1. 6, c. 20. 

Eneti, or Heneti, a people near Paphlago- 
cia. 

En t gyum, now Gangi, a town of Sicily freed 
from tyranny by Timoleon. Cic. Verr. 3, c. 43, 
1. 4, c. 44.— Ital. 14, v. 250. 
Enienses, a people of Greece. 
Exiopeus, a charioteer of Hector, killed by 
Diomedes. Homer. II. 8, v. 120. 

Enipeus, a river of Thessaly flowing near 

Pharsalia. Lucan. 6, v. 373. A river of Elis 

in Peloponnesus, of which Tyro the daughter of 
Salmoneus became enamoured. Neptune assum- 
ed the shape of the river god to enjoy the com- 
pany of Tyro. Ovid. Am. 3, el. 5. — Strab. 
Enispe, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 25. 
Enna, now Castro Janni, a town in the mid- 
dle of Sicily, with a beautiful plain, where Pro- 
serpine was carried away by Pluto. Mela, 2, c. 
l.—Cic. Ver. 3, c. 49, 1. 4, c 104.— Ovid. Fast. 
4, v, 522.— Liv. 24, c 37. 

Ennia, was the wife of Macro, and after- 
wards of the emperor Caligula. Tacit. Ann. 6, 
C 45. 

Q. Ennius, an ancient poet, born at Rudii in 
Calabria. He obtained the name and privileges 
of a Roman citizen by his genius and the bril- 
liancy of his learning. His s'yle is rough and 



unpolished, but his defects, which are more par- 
ticularly attributed to the age in which he lived, 
have been fully compensated by the energy of 
his expressions and the fire of his poetry. Quin- 
tilian warmly commends him, and Virgil has 
shown his merit, by introducing many whole 
lines from his poetry into his own compositions, 
which he calls pearls gathered from the dung- 
hill. Ennius w r rote in heroic verse 18 books of 
the annals of the Roman republic, and display- 
ed much knowledge of the world, in some dra- 
matical and satirical compositions. He died of 
the gout, contracted by frequent intoxication, 
i about 169 years before the christian era, in the 
70th year of his age. Ennius was intimate with 
the great men of his age; he accompanied Cato 
in his questorship in Sardinia, and was esteem- 
ed by him of greater value than the honours of 
a triumph; and Scipio, on his death bed, order- 
ed ids body to be buried by the side of his poeti- 
cal friend. This epitaph was said to be written 
upon him: 
Aspicite, o cives, senis Ennii imaginis formam! 

Hie vestrum pinxit maxima facta patrum. 
Ntmo me lacrymis decoret, neque funerajletu 

Faxit: cur? volito vivus per ora vir&m. 
Conscious of his merit as the first epic poet of 
Rome, Ennius bestowed on himself the appella- 
tion of the Homer of Latium. Of the tragedies, 
comedies, annals, and satires which he wrote, 
nothing remains but fragments happily collect- 
ed from the quotations of ancient authors. The 
best edition of these is by Hesselius, 4to. Amst. 
1707. Ovid 2, Trist. v. 424.— Cic. de Finib. 
1, c. 4, de Offic.' 2,c. 18.— Quint*/. 10, c 1.— 
Lucret. 1, v. 117, &c — C. Nep. in Catone. 

Ennoaids, a Trojan prince, killed by Achil- 
les. Homer. II. 2, v. 365, 1. 11, v. 422. 

Ennosiceus, terra concusscr, a surname of 
Neptune. Juv. 10, v. 182. 

Ekope, a town of Peloponnesus, near Pylos. 
Paus. 3, c. 26. 
Enops, a shepherd loved by the nymph Neis, 

by whom he had Satnius. Homer. II. 14. 

The father of Thestos. A Trojan killed by 

Patroclus. II. 16. 

Enos, a maritime town of Thrace. 
Enosichthon, a surname of Neptune. 
ENOToccETiE, a nation whose ears are describ- 
ed as hanging down to their heels. Strab. 

Entella, a town of Sicily inhabited by Cam- 
panians. Ital. 14, v. 205.— Cic Ver. 3, c 43. 
Entellus, a famous athlete among the friends 
of iEneas. He was intimate with Eryx, and en- 
tered the lists against Dares, whom he conquer- 
ed in the funeral games of Anchises, in Sicily. 
Virg.Aln. 5, v. 387, &c. 
Eny alius, a surname of Mars. 
Enyo, a sistc of Mars, called by the Latins 
Bellona, supposed by some to be daughter of 
Phorcys and Ceto. Ital. 10, v. 203. 

Eone, a daughter of Thespius. Apollod. 
Eord^ea, a district at the west of Macedonia. 
Liv. 31, c. 39, 1. 33, c. 8, 1. 42, c. 53. 

Eos, the name of Aurora among the Greeks, 
whence the epithet Eous is applied to all the eas- 
tern parts of the world. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 406. 
A. A. 3, v. 537, 1. 6, y. 478.— -Virg. G. 1, T. 
283, 1. 2, v. 115. 
k n 



EP 



EP 



Eous, one of the horses of the sun. Ovid. Met. 
2, v. 153, &c. 

Epagris, one of the Cyclades, called by Aris- 
totle Hydrussa. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Epaminondas, a famous Theban descended 
from the ancient kings of Bccotia. His father's 
name was Polymnus. He has oeen celebrated 
lor his private virtues and military accomplish- 
ments. His love of truth was so great that he 
never disgraced himself by falsehood. He form- 
ed a most sacred and inviolable friendship with 
Pelopidas, whose life he saved in a battle. By 
his advice Pelopidas delivered Thebes from the 
power of Lacedaemon. This was the signal of 
war. Epaminondas was set at the head of the 
Thcbat 1 armies, and defeated the Spartans at 
the celebrated battle of Leuctra, about 371 
years B. C Epaminondas made a proper use 
of this victorious campaign, and entered the ter- 
ritories, o* -Lacedaemon with 50,000 men. Here 
he gained J m any friends and partisans; out at his 
return to Thebes he was seized as a traitor for 
violating the laws of his country. While he was 
making the Theban ai'ms victorious on every 
side, he neglected the law which forbade any 
citizen to retain in his hands the supreme pow- 
er more than one month, and all his eminent 
services seemed unable to redeem him from 
death. He paid implicit obedience to the laws 
of his country, and only begged, of his judges 
that it might be inscribed on his tomb that he 
had suffered death for saving his country from 
ruin This animated reproach was felt; he was 
pardoned, and invested again with the sovereign 
power. He was successful in a war in Thessaly, 
and assisted the Eleans against the Lacedaemo- 
nians. The hostile armies met near Mantinea, 
and wuile Epaminondas was bravely fighting in 
the thickest of the enemy, he received a fatal 
wound in the breast, and expired exclaiming, 
that he died unconquered, when he heard that 
the Boeotians obtained the victory, in the 48th 
year of his age, 363 years before Christ. The 
Thebans severely lamented his death; in him 
their power was extinguished, for only during 
his life they had enjoyed freedom and indepen- 
dence among the Grecian states. Epaminondas 
was frugal as well as virtuous, and he refused 
with indignation the rich presents which were 
offered to him by Artaxerxes the king of Per- 
sia. He is represented by bis biographer as aiv 
elegant dancer and a skilful musician, accom- 
plishments highly esteemed among his country- 
men. Plul. in. Parall. — C. JS/ep. in vita. — 
Xtnoph. Qucest. Grcec. — Diod. 15. — Polyb. 1. 

Epantelii, a people of Italy. 

Epaphroditus, a freedman punished with 
death for assisting Nero to destroy himself. Su- 
et, in Ner. .A freedman of Augustus sent to 

spy Cleopatra. Plut. A name assumed by 

Sylla. 

Epaphus, a son of Jupiter and lo, who found- 
ed a city in Egypt, which he called Memphis, 
in honour of his wife, who was the daughter of 
the Nile. He had a daughter called Libya, 
who became mother of iEgyptus and Danaus by 
Neptune He was worshipp* d as a god at Mem- 
phis. Herodot. 2, c. 153.-— Ovid. Met. l,v. 699, 



Epasnactus, a Gaul in alliance with Rome, 
&c Cos. Bell. G. 8, c. 44. 

Epebolus, a soothsayer of Messenia, who 
prevented Aristodemus from obtaining the sove- 
reignty. Paw. 4, c. 9, &c. 

Epei and Elei, a people of Peloponnesus. 
Plin. 4, c. 5. 

Efetium, now Viscio, a town of lllyricum. 

Epeus, a son of Endymion, brother to Paeon, 
who reigned in a part of Peloponnesus. His sub- 
jects were called from him Epei. Paus. 5, c. 1. 
A son of Panopeus, who was the fabricator 



of the famous wooden horse which proved the 
ruin of Troy. Virg JEn. 2, v. 264. — Justin. 
20, c. 2.— Paus. 10, c. 28. 

Ephesus, a city of Ionia, built as Justin men- 
tions, by the Amazons, or by Androchus, son of 
Codrus, according to Strabo; or by Ephesus, a 
son of the river Cayster. It is famous for a tem- 
ple of Diana, which was reckoned one of the 
seven wonders of the world. This temple was 
425 feet long and 200 feet broad. The roof was 
supported by 127 columns, sixty feet high, which 
had been placed there by so many kings. Of 
these columns, 36 were carved in the most beau- 
tiful manner, one of which was the work of the 
famous Scopas. This celebrated building was 
not totally completed till 220 years after its foun- 
dation. Ctesiphon was the chief architect. 
There was above the entrance a huge stone, 
which, according to Pliny, had been placed there 
by Diana herself. The riches which were in 
the temple were immense, and the goddess who 
presided over it was worshipped with the most 
awful solemnity. This celebrated temple was 
burnt on the night that Alexander was born, 
[ Vid. Erostratus] and soon after it rose from its 
ruins with more splendour and magnificence. 
Alexander offered to rebuild it at his own ex- 
pense, if the Ephesians would place upon it an 
inscription which denoted the name of the bene- 
factor. This generous offer was refused by the 
Ephesians, wht> observed, in the language of 
adulation, that it was improper that one deity 
should raise temples to (he other. Lysimachus 
ordered the town of Ephesus to be called Arsi- 
noe, in honour of his wife; but after his death 
the new appellation was lost, and the town was 
again known by its ancient name. Though mo- 
dern authors are not agreed about the ancient 
ruins of this once famed city, some have given 
the barbarous name of Jijasalouc to what they 
conjecture to be the remains of Ephesus. The 
words Uteres Ephesias are applied to letters con- 
taining magical powers. Plin. 36, c 14. — Slrab. 
12 and 14. — Mela, 1, c 17. — Paus. 7, c 2. — 
Plut. in Mtx. — Justin. 2, c. 4. — Callim. in 
Dian.—Ptol. b.—Cic. de Nat. D 2. 

EpiietjSe, a number of magistrates at Athens- 
first instituted by Demophoon, the son of The- 
seus. They were reduced to the number of 51 
by Draco, who, according to some, first esta- 
blished them. They were superior to the Arco- 
pagites, and their privileges were great and nu- 
merous. Solon, however, lessened their power, 
and intrusted them only with the trial of man- 
slaughter and conspiracy against the life of a 
citizen. They were all more than fifty years 
old, and it was required that their manners 



EP 



EP 



■should be pure anc! rnnoeeut, and their behaviour 
austere and full of gravity. 

Ephialtes or Ephialtus, a giant, son of 
Nepiune, who grew nine inches every month. 

\_Vid. Aloeus.] An Athenian, famous for his 

courage and strength. He fought with the Per- 
sians against Alexander, and was killed at Ha- 

licarnassus. Diod. 17. A J'rachinian who 

led a detachment of the army of Xerxes by a se- 
cret path to attack the Spartans at Thermopylae. 
Pans 1, c. 4. — Herodot 7, c. 213. 

Ephori, powerful magistrates at Sparta, who 
were first created by Lycurgus; or, according to 
some, by Theopompus, B.C. 760. They were 
five in number. Like censors in the state, they 
could check and restrain the authority of the 
Icings, and even imprison them, if guilty of irre- 
gularities. They fined Archidamus for marry- 
ing a wife of small stature, and imprisoned Agis 
for his unconstitutional behaviour. They were 
much the same as the tribunes of the people at 
Rome, created to watch with a jealous eye over 
the liberties and rights of the populace. They 
had the management of the public money, and 
were the arbiters of peace and war. Their of- 
fice was annual, and they had the privilege of 
convening, proroguing, and dissolving the great- 
er and less assemblies of the people. The for- 
mer was composed of 9000 Spartans, all inha- 
bitants of the city; the latter of 30,000 Lace- 
daemonians, inhabitants of tbe inferior towns 
and villages. C. <Nep. in Paus* 3. — Aristot. 
Pol. 2, c. 7. 

Ephorus, an orator and historian of Cumse 
m iEoaa, about 352 years before Christ. He 
was disciple of Isocrates, by whose advice he 
wrote an history which gave an account of all 
the actions and battles that had happened be- 
tween the Greeks and barbarians for 750 years. 
It was greatly esteemed by the ancients. It is 
now lost. Qvintil. 10, c. 1. 

Ephyra, the ancient name of Corinth, which 
it received from a nymph of the same name, 
and thence Ephyreus is applied to Dyrrhachium, 
founded by a Grecian colony. Virg. G. 2, v. 
264.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 239.-— Lucan. 6, v. 17. 

—Stat. Theb.4,\. 5.9.—Ilal 14, v. 181 

'A city of Threspotia in Epirus. — —Another in 
Elis. iEtolia. 'One of Cyrene's attend- 
ants. Virg. G. 4, v. 343. 

Epicaste, a name of Jocasta the mother and 

wife of CEdipus. Paws. 9, c 5. A daughter 

of ^geus, mother of Thestalus by Hercules. 

Epicerides, a man of Cyrene, greatly es- 
teemed by the Athenians for his beneficence. 
Demost. 

Epicharis, a woman accused of conspiracy 
against Nero. She refused to confess the asso- 
ciates of her guilt, though exposed to the great- 
est torments, &c. Tacit. 15, Jinn. e. 51. 

Epicharmus, a poet and Pythagorean phi- 
losopher of Sicily, ijwho introduced comedy at 
Syracuse, in the reign of Hiero. His composi- 
tions were imitated by Plautus. He wrote some 
treatises upon philosophy and medicine, and ob- 
served that the gods sold all their kindnesses for 
toil and labour. According to Aristotle and 
Pliny, he added the two letters x »nd 3- to the 
Greek alphabet. He flourished about 440 years 



before Christ, and died in the 90th year of his 
age. Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 58. — Diog. 3 and 8.— - 
Cic. ad Attic. 1, ep. 19. . 

Epicles, a Trojan prince killed by Ajax. Ho~ 
mer. II. 12, v. 37S. 

Epicljdes, a Lacedaemonian of the family of 
the Eup.sti.enidae. He was raised to the throne 
by his brother Cleomenes 3d. in the place of 
Agis, against the laws and constitution of Spar- 
ta. Paws. 2, c. 9. 

Epicrates, a Milesian, servant to J. Caesar. 

A poet of Ambraeia. JElian. The name 

is applied to Pompey, as expressive of supreme 
authority. Cic. Alt. 2, ep. 3. 

EpicriTU3, a stoic philosopher of Hieropolis 
in Phrygia, originally the slave of Epaphroditus, 
the freedman of Nero. Though driven from 
Rome by Domitian, he returned after the em- 
peror's death, and gained the esteem of Adrian 
and Marcus Aurelius. Like the stoics, he sup- 
ported the doctrine of the immortality of the 
soul, but he declared himself strongly against 
suicide, which was so warmly adopted by his 
sect. He died in a very advanced age. The 
earthen lamp of which he made use, was sold 
some time after his death at 3000 drachtras. 
His Enchiridion is a faithful picture of the stoic 
philosophy, and his dissertations, which were 
delivered to his pupils, were collected by Arri- 
an. His style is concise and devoid of all or- 
nament, full of energy and useful maxims. The 
value of his compositions is well known from the 
saying of the emperor Antoninus, who thanked 
the gods he could collect from the writings cf 
Epictetus wherewith to conduct life with nonour 
to himself and advantage to his country. There 
are several good editions of the works of Epicte- 
tus., with those of Cebes and others; the most 
valuable of which, perhaps, will be found to be 
that of Reland, Traject. 4to. 1711; and Arrian's 
by Upton, 2 vols, 4to Lond. 1739. 

Epicurus, a celebrated philosopher, son of 
Neocles and Cherestrata, born at Gargettus in 
Attica. Though his parents were poor, and of 
an obscure origin, yet he was early sent to 
school, where he distinguished himself by the 
brilliancy of his genius, and at the age of 12, 
when his preceptor repeated to him this verse 
from Hesiod, 

H<toi fxiv crg&)Trf?a X A ®* yiViT 1 , &c. 

In the beginning of things the Chaos was cre- 
ated. 
Epicurus earnestly asked him who created it ? To 
this tbe teacher answered, that he knew not, but 
only philosophers. " Then," says the youth, ♦'Phi- 
losophers henceforth shall instruct me." After 
having improved himself, and enriched his mind, 
by travelling, he visited Athens, which was then 
crowded by the followers of Plato, the Cynics, 
the Peripatetics, and the Stoics. Here he es- 
tablished himself, and soon attracted a number 
of followers by the sweetness and gravity of his 
manners, and by his social virtues. He taught 
them that tbe happiness of mankind consisted in 
pleasure, not such as arises from sensual grati- 
fication, or from vice, but from the enjoyments 
of the mind, and the sweets of virtue. This 
doctrine was wannly attacked by the philoso- 
phers of the different sects, and particularly by 



EP 



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the Stoics. They ohserved that he disgraced 
the gods by representing them as inactive, given 
up to pleasure, and unconcerned with the affairs 
of mankind. He refuted all the accusations of 
his adversaries by the purity of his morals, and 
by his frequent attendance on places of public 
worship- When Leontium, one of his female 
pupils, was accused of prostituting herself to her 
master and to all his disciples, the philosopher 
proved the falsity of the accusation by silence 
and an exemplary life. His health was at last 
impaired by continual labour, and he died of a 
retention of urine, which long subjected him to 
the most excruciating torments, and which he 
bore with unparalleled fortitude. His death 
happened 270 years before Christ, in the 72d 
year of his age. His disciples showed their res- 
pect for the memory of their learned preceptor, 
by the unanimity which prevailed among them. 
While philosophers in every sect were at war 
with mankind and among themselves, the fol- 
lowers of Epicurus enjoyed perfect peace, and 
lived in the most solid friendship. The day of 
his birth was observed with universal festivity, 
and during a month all his admirers gave them- 
selves up to mirth and innocent amusement. 
Of all the philosophers of antiquity, Epicurus is 
the only one whose writings deserve attention 
for their number, He wrote no less than 300 
volumes, according to Diogenes Laertius; and 
Chrysippus was so jealous of the fecundity of 
his genius, that no sooner had Epicurus publish- 
ed one of his volumes, than he immediately com- 
posed one, that he might not be overcome in the 
number of his productions. Epicurus, however, 
advanced truths and arguments unknown before; 
tut Chrysippus said, what others long ago had 
said, without showing any thing- which might be 
called originality. The followers of Epicurus 
were numerous in every age and country, his 
doctrines were rapidly disseminated over the 
world, and when the gratification of the sense 
was substituted to the practice of virtue, the 
morals of mankind were undermined and de- 
stroyed. Even Rome, whose austere simplicity 
had happily nurtured virtue, felt the attack, and 
was corrupted. When Cyneas spoke of the te- 
nets of the Epicureans in the Roman senate, 
Fabricius indeed entreated the gods that all the 
enemies of the republic might become his fol- 
lowers. But those were the feeble efforts of ex- 
piring virtue; and when Lucretius introduced 
the popular doctrine in his poetical composition, 
the smoothness and beauty of the numbers con- 
tributed, with the effeminacy of the Epicureans, 
te enervate the conquerors of the world. Diog. 
in vita. — JElian. V. H. 4, c. 13. — CicdeNat. 
D. 1, c. 24 and 25.—Tusc, 3, 49. de finib. 2, 
c. 22. 

Epictdes, a tyrant of Syracuse, B. C. 213. 

Epidamnus, a town of Macedonia on the 
Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundusium. The Ro- 
mans planted there a colony which they called 
Dyrrachium, considering the ancient name (ad 
damnum) ominous. Paus. 6, c. 10. — Plin. 3, 
C. 23.— Plautus, Men. 2, act. 1, v. 42. 

Epidaphne, a town of Syria, called also An- 
tioch. Germanicus, son of Drusus, died there. 
Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 83. 



Epjdauria, a festival at Athens in honour of 
iEsculapius. -A country of Peloponnesus. 

Epidaurds, a town at the north of Argolis in 
Peloponnesus, chiefly dedieat2d to the worship 
of iEsculapius, who had there a famous temple. 
It received its name from Epidaurus, a son of 
Argos and Evadne. It is now called Pcdaura. 
Strab- S.—Virg. G. 3, v. 44.— Paus. 3, c. 21. 

— Mela. 2, c. 3. A town of Dalmatia, now 

Rugusi Vecchio, of Laconia. 

Epidium, one of the western isles of Scotland, 
or the Mull of Can tyre according to some. Pto- 
lem. 

Epidius, a man who wrote concerning unusu- 
al prodigies. Plin. 16, c. 25. 

Epidot^;, certain deities who presided over 
the birth and growth of children, and were knowa 
among the Romans by the name of Dii averrun- 
ci. They were worshipped by the Lacedaemo- 
nians, and chiefly invoked by those who were 
persecuted by the ghosts of the dead, &c. Pans. 

3, c. IT, &c 

Epigen t es, a Babylonian astrologer and his- 
torian. Plin. 7, c. 56. 

Epigeus, a Greek killed by Hector. 

Epigoni, the sons and descendants of the Gre- 
cian heroes who were killed in the first Thcban 
war. The war of the Epigoni is famous in an- 
cient history. It was undertaken ten years afler 
the first. The sons of those who had perished in 
the first war, resolved to avenge the death of their 
fathers, and marched against Thebes, under the 
command of Thersander; or, according to others, 
of Alcmseon, the son of Amphiaraus. The Ar- 
gives were assisted by the Corinthians, the peo- 
ple of Messenia, Arcadia, and Megara. The 
Thebans had engaged ail their neighbours in 
their quarrel, as in one common cause, and the 
two hostile armies met and engaged on the banks 
of the Glissas. The fight was obstinate and 
bloody, but victory declared for the Epigoni, and 
some of the Thebans fled to Illyricum with Leo- 
damas their general, while others retired into 
Thebes, where they were soon besieged, and 
forced to surrender. In this war iEgialeus alone 
was killed, and his father Adrastuswas the only 
person who escaped alive in the first war. This 
whole war, as Pausanias observes, was written 
in verse; and Callinus, who quotes some of the 
verses, ascribes them to Homer, which opinion 
has been adopted by many writers. For my part, 
continues the geographer, I own that next to the 
Illiad and Odyssey of Homer. I have never seen 
a finer poem. Paus 9, c. 9 and 25. — Jivollod. 
1 and 3. — Diod. 4. This name has been appli- 
ed to the sons of those Macedonian veterans who 
in the age of Alexander formed connexions with 
the women of Asia. 

Efigonus, a mathematician of Ambracia. 

Epigranea, a fountain of Boeotia. Plin. 4, 
c. 7. 

Erii and Epei, a people of Elis'. 

Epilaris, a daughter of Thespius. Jlpollod. 

Epimelides, the founder of Corone. Paus. 

4, c. 34. 

Epimenes, a man who conspired against Alex- 
ander's life. Curt. 8, c. 6. 

Epimenides, an epic poet of Crete, contem- 
porary with Solon. His father's name was Agia- 



EP 



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sarchus, and his mother's Blasta. He is reckon- 
ed one of the seven wise men, by those who ex- 
clude Periander from the number. While be 
was tending bis flocks one day. he entered into 
a cave, where he fell asleep. His sleep continu- 
ed for 40, or 47, or according to Pliny 57 years, 
and when he awoke he found every object so 
considerably altered, that he scarce knew where 
he was. His brother apprised hira of the length 
of his sleep to his great astonishment. It is sup- 
posed that he lived 289 years. After death he 
was revered as a god, and greatly honoured by 
the Athenians, whom he had delivered from a 
plague, and to whom he had given many good 
and useful counsels. He is said to be the first 
who built temples in the Grecian communities 
Cic. de Div. 1, c 34. — Diog. invito. — Paus 1, 
c. 14. — Plut. in Solon. — Vat. Max: 8, c. 13. — 
Strab W.—Plin. 7, c. 12. 

Epimetheus, a son of Japetus and Clymene, 
one of the Occanides, who inconsiderately mar- 
ried Pandora, by whom he had Pyrrha, the wife 
of Deucalion. He had the curiosity to open the 
box which Pandora had brought with her, [Vid. 
Pandora,] and from thence issued a train of 
evils, which from that moment have never ceas- 
ed to afflict the human race. Hope was the on- 
ly one which remained at the bottom of the box, 
not having sufficient time to escape, and it is she 
alone which comforts men under misfortunes. 
Epimetheus was changed into a monkey by the 
gods, and sent into the island of Pithacusa. 
Jipollod. 1, c. 2 and 7. — Hygin. fab. — Hesiud. 
Theog. Vid. Prometheus.] 

Epimethis, a patronymic of Pyrrha, the 
daughter of Epimetheus Ovid. Met. 1, v. 390. 

Epiochus, a son of Lycurgus, who received 
divine honours in Arcadia. 

Epioxe, the wife of iEscu'spius. Paus. 2, c. 
29. 

Epiphaxea, a town of Cilicia, near Issus, now 
Surpendkar. Plin. 5. c. 27. — Cic. ad Fam. 15, 

ep. 4. Another of Syria on the Euphrates. 

Plin. 5, c. 24. 

Epifhaxes, (illustrious.) a surname given to 

the Antiochuses, kings of Syria. A surname 

of one of the Ptolemies, the fifth of the house of 
the Eagidce. StreA. 17. 

Epjphanius, a bishop cf Salamis, who was 
active in refuting the writings of Origen, but his 
compositions are mere valuable for the frag- 
ments which they preserve than for their own 
intrinsic merit. The only edition is by Dionys. 
Pelavius, 2 vols. Paris, 1622. The bishop died 
A. D 403. 

Epipol.e, a district of Syracuse, on the north 
side, surrounded by a wall, by Dionysius, who, 
to complete the work expeditiously, employed 
60,000 men upon it, so that in 30 days he fin- 
ished a wall 4 1-4 miles long, and of great height 
and thickness. 

EpTrcs, a country situate between Macedo- 
nia, Achaia, and the Ionian sea. It was former- 
ly governed by kings, of whom Neoptolemus, son 
of Achilles, was one of the first. It was after- 
wards joined to (he empire of Macedonia, and 
at last became a part of the Roman dominions. 
It is now called Larla. Strab. 7. — Mela, 2, c. 3. 



— Ptol 3, c. 14.— Plin. 4, c. I.— Virg. G. 3, 
v. 121. 

Epistrophus, a son cf Iphituskingof Phocis, 
who went to the Trojan war. Homer. II. 

Epitades, a man who first violated a law of 
Lycurgus, which forbade laws to be made. Plut. 
in rfgid. 

Epitus, Vid Epytus. 

Epium, a town of Peloponnesus on the border! 
of Arcadia. 

Epoxa, a beautiful girl, the fruit, it is said, 
of a man's union with a mare. 

Epopetts. a son of Neptune and Canace, who 
came from Thessaly to Sicyon, and carried away 
Antiope, daughter of Nycteus king of Thebes. 
This rape was followed by a war, in which Nyc- 
teus and Epopeus were both killed. Paus. 2,c. 

6 — Jipollod. 1, c. 7, &c. A son of Aloeus, 

grandson to Phoebus. He reigned at Corinth. 

Paus. 2, c. 1 and 3. One of the Tyrrhene 

sailors, who attempted to abuse Bacchus. Gvid. 
Met. 3, v. 619 

Eporedorix, a powerful person among the 
yEdui, who commanded his countrymen in their 
war against the Sequani. Cces. Bell. G. 7, 
c. 67. 

Epulo, a Rutulian killed by Achates. Virg. 
JEn. 12, v.459. 

Epytipes, a patronymic given to Periphas 
the son of Epytus, and the companion of Asca- 
nius. Virg. JEn 5, v. 547. 

Epytus, a king of Alba. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 

44. A king of Arcadia A king of Mes- 

senia, of the family of the Heraclidaj. The 

father of Periphus, a herald in the Trojan war. 
Homer. II 17 

Equajusta, a town of Thessaly. 

Equicolus. a Rutulian engaged in the wars 
of jEneas. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 684. 

Equiria, festivals established at Rome by Ro- 
mulus, in honour of Mars, when horse races and 
games were exhibited in the Campus Marfius. 
Varro de L. L. 5, c. 3. — Ovid. Fast. 2, v. S59. 

Equotuttcum, now Caslel Franco, a little 
town of Apulia, to which, as some suppose, Ho- 
race alludes in this verse, 1 Sat. 5, v. 87. 
" Mansuri oppidulo, versu quod dicere non est." 

Eracox, an officer of Alexander, imprisoned 
for his cruelty. Curt. 10. 

Er.£a, a city of Greece, destroyed in the age 
of Strabo, 3. 

Eraxa, a small village of Cilicia on mount 
Amanus. Cic. Fam. 15, ep. 4. 

Erasexus, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing 
for a little space under the ground in Argolis. 
Ovid. Met. 15, v. 275.— Plin. 2, c. 13. 

Erasippus, a son of Hercules and Lysippe. 

Erasistratus, a celebratedphysician, grand- 
son to the philosopher Aristotle. He discovered 
by the motion of the pulse the love which An- 
tiochus had conceived for his mother-in-law 
Slratonice, and was rewarded with 100 talents 
for the cure by the father of Antiochus. He was 
a great enemy to bleeding and violent physic. 
He died B. C. 257. Val. Max. 5, c. 7.— Plut. 
in Demetr. 

Erato, one of the Muses, who presided over 
lyric, tender, and amorous poetry. She is repre- 
sented as crowned with roses and myrtle, hold- 



ER 



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ing in her right hand a lyre, and a lute in her 
left, musical instruments of which she is consi- 
dered by some as the inventress. Love is some- 
times placed by her side holding a lighted flam- 
beau, while she herself appears with a thought- 
ful, but oftener with a gay and animated look. 
She was invoked by lovers, especially in the 
month of April, which, among the Romans, was 
more particularly devoted to love. Jipollod. 10. 
— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 37.— Ovid, de Jlrt. Jim. 2, 

v. 425. One of the Nereides. Jipollod. 1, c. 

2. One of the Dryades, wife of Areas, king 

of Arcadia. Pans- S, c. 4. One of the Da- 

flaides whomarried Bromius. A queen of the 

the Armenians, after the death of Ariobarzanes, 
&c. Tacit. Jinn. 2, c. 4. 

Eratosthenes, son of Aglaus, was a native 
of Cyrene, and the second intrusted with the care 
of the Alexandrian library. He dedicated his 
4ime to grammatical criticism and philosophy, 
but more particularly to poetry and mathema- 
tics He has been called a second Plato, the cos- 
mographer, and the geometer of the world. He 
is supposed to be the inventor of the armillary 
sphere. With the instruments with which the 
munificence of the Ptolemies supplied the libra- 
ry of Alexandria, he was enabled to measure the 
obliquity of the ecliptic, which he called 20 1-2 
degrees. He also measured a degree of the me- 
ridian, and determined the extent and circum- 
ference of the earth with great exactness, by 
means adopted by the moderns. He starved him- 
self after he had lived to his 82 year, B. C. 194. 
Some few fragments remain of his compositions. 
He collected the annals of the Egyptian kings 
by order of one of the Ptolemies. Cic. ad Jlttic 

£, ep. 6. Varro de R. R. 1, c 2. 

Eratostratus, an Ephesiah, who burnt the 
famous temple of Diana, the same night that 
Alexander the Great was born. This burning, 
as some writers have observed, was not prevent- 
ed or seen by the goddess of the place, who was 
then present at the labours of Olympias, and the 
birth of the conqueror of Persia. Eratostratus 
did this villany merely to eternize his name by 
so uncommon an action. Pint, in Alex. — Val. 
Max 8, c. 14. 

Eratus, a son of Hercules and Dynaste. 

Jipollod, A king of Sicyon, who died B. C. 

1671. 

Erbessus, a town of Sicily north of Agrigen- 
itsm, now Mcnle Bibino. Liv. 24, c. 30. 

Er-chia, a small village of Attica, the birth 
place of Xenophon. Laert. 2, c. 48 

Erebus, a deity of hell, son of Chaos and 
Darkness. He married Night, by whom he had 
the light and the day. The poets often used the 
word Erebus to signify hell itself, and particu- 
larly that part where dwelt Vac souls of those 
who had lived a virtuous life, from whence they 
passed into the Elysian fields. Cic. de Nat. D. 
3, c. 11.— Virg. JEn. 4, v. 26. 

Erechtheus, son of Pandion 1st, was the 
sixth King of Athens. He was father of Cecrops 
2d, Metion, Pandorus, and four daughters, Cre- 
usa, Orithya, Procris, and Othonia, by Praxithea. 
In a war against Eleusis he sacrificed Othonia, 
called also Chthonia, to obtain a victory which 
the oracle promised far euch a sacrifice. In 



that war he killed Eumolpus, Neptune's son, 
%vho was the general of the enemy, for which he 
was struck with thunder by Jupiter at Neptune'f 
request. Some say that he was drowned in the 
sea. After death he received divine honours at 
Athens, He reigned 50 years, and died B. C. 
1347. According to some accounts, he first intro- 
duced the mysteries of Ceres at Eleusis. Ovid. 6, 
877.— Pans 2, c. 25.—*1pollod. 3, c. 15.— Cic. 
v. pro Sext. 21,— Twc 1,<5 48.— Mat. D. 3, c. 
15. 

ErechthIdes, a name given to the Athe- 
nians, from their king Erechtheus. Ovid. Met. 
7, v. 430. { - 

Erembj, a people of Arabia. 

Eremus, a country of ^Ethiopia. 

Erenea, a village of Megara. Pans. 1, c. 
44. 

Eressa, a town of iEolia. 

Erksds, a town of Lesbos, where Theophras- 
tus was born. 

Eretria, a city of Euboea on the Euripus, 
anciently called Melaneis and Arotria. It was 
destroyed by the Persians, and the ruins were 
hardly visible in the age of Strabo. It received 
its name from Eretrius, a son of Phaeton. Paus. 
7, c 8, &c.— Mela, 2, c. 7,— Plin. 4, c. 12.— 
C. Nep in Milt. 4. 

Eretum, a town of the Sabines near the Ti- 
ber, whence came the adjective Eretinus. Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 711.— Tibull. 4, el. 8, v. 4. 

Ereuthalion, a man killed by Nestor in a 
war between the Pylians and Arcadians. Homer. 
II 

Ergane, a river whose waters intoxicate as 
wine A surname of Minerva. Paus. 5, c 14. 

Ergenna, a celebrated soothsayer of Etruria. 
Pers. 2, v. 26. 

Ergias, a Rhodian, who wrote an history of 
his country. 

ErgInus, a king of Qrchomenos, son of Cly- 
menus. He obliged the Thebans to pay him a 
yearly tribute of 100 oxen, because his father 
had been killed by a Theban. Hercules at- 
tacked his servants, who came to raise the tri- 
bute, and mutilated them, and he afterwards 
killed Erginus, who attempted to avenge their 
death by invading Bceotia with an army. Paus. 

9, c. 17. A river of Thrace. Mela, 2, c. 2. 

A son of Neptune. One of the four bro- 
thers who kept the Acrocorinth, by order of An- 
tigonus. Poly an. 6. 

Ergintnus, a man made master of the ship 
Argo by the Argonauts, after the death of Ty- 
phis. 

Eribcea, a surname of Juno. Homer. II. 5. 
The mother of Ajax Telamon. Sophocl. 

Eribotes, a man skilled in medicine, &c. 
Orpheus. 

Ericetes, a man of Lycaonia, killed by Mes- 
sapus, in Italy. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 749. 

Erichtho, a Thessalian woman famous for 
her knowledge of poisonous herbs and medicine. 

Lucan. 6, v. 507. One of the Furies. Ovid. 

— Hesiod. 21,, v. 151. 

Erichthonius, the fourth king of Athens, 
sprung from the seed of Vulcan, which fell up- 
on the ground when that god attempted to offer 
violence to Minerva. He was very deformed.. 



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and had the tails of serpents instead of legs. 
Minerva placed him in a basket, which she gave 
to the daughters of Cecrops, with strict injunc- 
tions Lot to examine its contents. Aglauros, 
one of the sisters,, had the curiosity to open the 
basket, for which the goddess punished her in- 
discretion by making her jealous of her sister 
Herse. [Vid. Herse.] Erich thon was young 
when he ascended the throne of Athens, He 
reigned 50 years, and died B C. 1437. The 
invention of chariots is attributed to him, 'and 
the manner of harnessing horses to draw them. 
He was made a constellation after death under 
the name of Bootes. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 553. — 
Hygin. fab. 166. — Apollod. 3, c- 14. — Paus. 4, 

C. 2.— Virg. G. 3, v. 113 A son of Darda- 

nus who reigned in Troy, and died 1374 B. C. 
after a long reign of about 75 years. Jlpollod. 
3,c. 10. 

Ericikium, a town of Macedonia. 

Ericusa, one of the Lipari isles, now Alicudi. 

Eridanus, one of the largest rivers of Italy, 
rising in the Alps and falling into the Adriatic 
by several mouths; now called the Po. It was 
in its neighbourhood that the Heliades, the sis- 
ters of Phaeton, were changed into poplars, ac- 
cording to Ovid. Virgil calls it the king of all 
rivers, and Lucan compares it to the Rhine and 
Danube An Eridanus is mentioned in heaven. 
Cic. in Aral- 145. — Claudian de Cons. Hon. 6, 
v. 175— Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 3— Paus. 1, c. 3. 
—Slrab. 5 — Lucan. 2, v. 409. Virg. G. 1, v. 
482.--«En. 6, v. 659. 

Erigone, a daughter of Icarius, who hung 
herself when she heard that her father had been 
killed by some shepherds whem he had intoxi- 
cated. She was maae a constellation, now known 
under the name of Virgo Bacchus deceived 
her by changing: himself into a beautiful grape. 
Ovid! Met. 6, fab. 4.— Stat. 11. Theb. v. 644.— 
Virg. G 1, v 33. — Apoliod. 3, c. 14. — Hygin. 

fab. 1 and 24. A daughter of iEgisthus and 

Clytemnestra, who had by her brother Orestes, 
Penthilus, who shared the. regal power with Ti- 
masenus, the legitimate son of Orestes and Her- 
mione. Pews. 2, c. 18. — Paterc. 1, c. 1. 

Erigoneius, a name applied to the Dog-star, 
because looking towards Erigone, &c. Ovid. 
Fast. 5, v. 723. 

Erigoxus, a river of Thrace. A painter. 

Plin. 35, c 11. 

Erigyus, a Mitylenean, one of Alexander's 
officers. Curt. 6, c. 4. 

Erillus, a philosopher of Carthage, contem- 
porary with Zeuo. Diog, 

Erixdes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. Ta- 
cit. Ann. 11, c. 16. 

Erinna, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate with 
Sappho. Plin. 34, c, S. 

Erinnys, the Greek name of the Eumenides. 
The word signifies the /my of the mind, sgu vous. 
[Vid. Eumenides.] Virg. JEn. 2, v. 337 



A surname of Ceres, on account of her amour 
with Neptune under the form of a horse. Paus. 
S, c. 25 and 42. 

Eriopis, a daughter of Medea. Paus. 2. c. 3. 

Eriphanis a Greek woman famous for bcr 
poetical compositions, Sl.e was extremely fond 
of the hunter Meiampus, and to enjoy his com- 



pany she accustomed herself to lire in the Woods, 
Mien. 14. 

Eriphidas, a Lacedaemonian , who b en g sent 
to suppress a sedition at Heraclea, assembled 
the people, and beheaded 500 of the ringleaders, 
Diod. 14. e 

Eriphyle, a sister of Adrasius king of Argos, 
who married Amphiaraus. She was daughter 
of Talaus and Lysimache. When her husband 
concealed himself that he might not accompany 
the Argives in their expedition against Thebes, 
where he knew he was to perish, Eriphyle suf- 
fered herself to be bribed by Poiymces with a 
golden necklace which had been formerly given 
to Hermione by the goddess Venus, and she dis- 
covered where Amphiaraus was. This treache- 
ry of Eriphyle compelled him to go to the war; 
but before he departed, he charged his son Alc- 
meeon to murder his mother as soon as he was 
informed of his death. Amphiaraus perished in 
the expedition, and his death was no sooner 
known than his last injunctions were obeyed, 
and Eriphyle was murdered by the hands of her 
son. Virg. JEn 6, v. 444. — Homer. Od. 11. — 
Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 18. — Ipollod. 1, c. 9, 1. S ? 
c. 6 and 7. — Hygin. fab. 73. — Paus. 5, c. 17. 

Eris, the goddess of discord among the Greeks. 
She is the same as the Discordia of the Latins* 
Vid. Discordia. 

Erisicthon, a Thessalian, son of Triops, 
who derided Ceres and cut down her groves. 
This impiety irritated the goddess, who afflicted 
him with continual hunger. He squandered all 
his possessions to gratify the cravings of his ap- 
petite, and at last he devoured bis own limbs 
for want of food. His daughter Metra had the 
power of transforming herself into whatever ani- 
mal she pleased, and she made use of that arti- 
fice to maintain her father, who sold her, after 
which she assumed another shape and became 
again his property. Ovid. Met. fab. 18. 

Erithus, a son of Actor, killed by Perseus, 
Ovid. Met. 5. 

Erixo, a Roman knight condemned by the 
people for having whipped his son to death. Se~ 
nee. 1, de Clem. 14. 

Ef.ochus, a town of Phocis. Paus. 10, c 3. 

Eropus, or .iEropas, a king of Macedonia, 
tvbo when in the cradle succeeded his father 
Philip 1st, B. C. G02. He made war against 
the lllyrians, whom he conquered. Justin. 7, 
c ° 

Eros, a servant of whom Antony demanded 
a sword to kill himself Eros produced the in- 
strument, but instead of giving it to his master, 
he killed himself in his presence. Plid. in An- 
ton. A commedian. Cic. pro Rose. 2. 

A son of Curonos or Saturn, god of love. Vid. 
Cupiuo. 

Eiiostratus. Vid. Eratostratus. 

Erotia, a festival in honour of Eros the god 
of love. It was celebrated by die Thespians 
every fifth year with sports and games, when 
musicians and others contended. Jf any quar- 
rels or seditions had arisen among the people 
it was then usual to offer sacrifices and prayers 
to the god, that he would totally remove them. 

Erruca, a town of the Volsci in Italy. 

Erse, a daughter of Cecrops, Vid. Herse, 



ER 



ET 



Erxias, a man who wrote an history of Colo- 
phon. He is perhaps the same as the person 
who wrote an history of llhodes. 

Ertalus, a Trojan chief, killed by Patroclus. 
Horn. II. 16, v. 411. 

Erymas, a Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. 
JEn. 9, v. 702. 

Erybium, a town at the foot of mount Par- 
nassus. < 

Erycina, a surname of Venus from mount 
Eryx, where she bad a temple. She was also 
worshipped at Rome under this appellation. 
Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 874.— Horat. 1. Od. 2, v. 33. 

Ef.ymanthis, a surname of Cailisto, as an 

inhabitant of Erymamhus. Arcadia is also 

known by that name. 

Erymanthus, a mountain, river, and town 
of Arcadia, where Hercules killed a prodigious 
boar, which he carried on his shoulders to Eu- 
rystheus, who was so terrified at the sight, that 
he hid himself in a brazen vessel. Paus, 8, c. 
24.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 802.— P/in. 4, c. 6 — 
Cic. Tusc. 2, c. 8, I. 4, c. 22.— Ovid. Met. 2, 
T. 499. 

Erymnle. a town of Thessaly. Paus. 8, c. 
24. Of Magnesia. 

Erymneus, a Peripatetic philosopher who 
flourished B. C. 126. 

Erymus, a huntsman of Cyzicus. 

Erythea, an island between Gades and 
Spain, where Geryon reigned. Plin. 4, c. 22. — 
Mela, 3, c. S.—Propert. 4, el. 10, v. l.—Sil. 
16, v. 195.— Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 649. A daugh- 
ter of Geryon. Paus. 10, c. 37. 

Erythini, a town of Paphlagonia. 

Erythr.e, a town of Ionia, opposite Chios, 
once the residence of a Sybil. It was built by 
Neleus, the son of Codrus. Paus. 10, c. 12. — 

Liv. 44, e 28, 1. 38, c. 39. A town of Boeo- 

tia. Id. 6, c. 21. One in Libya, ano- 
ther in Locris. 

Erythr^um mare, a part of the ocean on 
the coast of Arabia. As it has a communica- 
tion with the Persian gulf, and that bf Arabia 
or the Red Sea, it has often been mistaken by- 
ancient writers, who by the word Erythrean, 
understood indiscriminately either the Red Sea 
or the Persian gulf. It received this name either 
from Erytbras, or from the redness (sguQ-gof, 
ruber) of its sand or waters. Curt. 8, c. 9. — 
Plin. 6, c. 23. Herodot. I, c. 180 and 189, 1. 
3, c. 93, 1. 4, c. 37. — Mela, 3, c. 8. 
Erythras, a son of Hercules. Jlpollod. 



A son of Perseus and Andromeda, drowned in 
the Red Sea, which from him was called Ery- 
throzum. JJrrian. Ind. 6, c. 19. — Mela, 3, c. 7. 

Erythriojt, a son of Athamas and Themis- 
fone. Jlpollod. 

Erythros, a place of Latium. 

Eryx, a son of Butes and Venus, who relying 
upon his strength, challenged all strangers to 
fight with him in the combat of the cestus. Her- 
cules aecepted his challenge after many had 
yielded to his superior dexterity, and Eryx was 
killed in the combat, and buried on the moun- 
tain, where he had built a temple to Venus, 

Virg. JEn. 5, v. 402. An Indian killed by 

his subjects for opposing Alexander, &c. Curt. 
8, o. n — - »a mountain of Sicily, now Giulia- 



no near Drepanum, which received its name from 
Eryx, who was buried there. This mountain was 
so steep that the houses which were built upon 
it-seemed every moment ready to fall Daeda- 
lus had enlarged the top, and enclosed it with a 
strong wall. He also consecrated there to Venus 
Erycina a golden heifer, which so much resem- 
bled life, that it seemed to exceed the power of 
art. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 478. — Hygin. fab. 16 and 
260.— Liv. 22, c. 9.— Mela, 2, c. l.—Paus. 3, 
c. 16. 

Eryxo, the mother of Battus, who artfully 
killed the tyrant Learchus who courted her. He- 
rodot. 4, c 160. 

Esernus, a famous gladiator. Cic. 
EsQuiLKE, and Esquilinus mons, one of the 
seven hills of Rome, which was joined to the 
city by king Tullus. Birds of prey generally came 
to devour the dead bodies of criminals who had 
been executed there, and thence they were cal- 
led Esquilinoz alites. Liv. 2, c. 11. — Horat. 5, 
epod. v. 100.— Tacit. Jinn. 2, c. 32. 

Essendones, a people of Asia, above thePa- 
lus Mssotis, who eat the flesh of their parents 
mixed with that of cattle.' They gilded the head 
and kept it as sacred. Mela, 2, c. 1. — Plin. 4, 
c. 12. 

Essui, a people of Gaul. 
Esti^eotis, a district of Thessaly, on the ri- 
ver Peneus. 

Esula, a town of Italy, near Tibur. Horat. 
3, Od. 29, v. 6. 

Estiaia, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of which 
it was unlawful to carry away any thing or com- 
municate it to any body. 

Etearchxjs, a king of Oaxus in Crete. After 
the death of his wife, he married a woman who 
made herself odious for her tyranny over her 
step-daughter Phronima. Etearchus gave ear to 
all the accusations which were brought against 
bis daughter, and ordered her to be thrown into 
the sea. She had a son called Battus, who led 
a colony to Cyrene. Herodot. 4, c. 154. 

Eteocles, a son of OEdipus and Jocasta. Af- 
ter his father's death, it was agreed between him 
and his brother Polynices, that they should both 
share the royalty, and reign alternately each a 
year. Eteocles by right of seniority first ascend- 
ed the thione, but after the first year of his reign 
was expired, he refused to give up the crown to 
his brother according to their mutual agreement. 
Polynices, resolving to punish such an open vio- 
lation of a solemn engagement, went to implore 
the assistance of Adrastus, king of Argos. He 
received that king's daughter in marriage, and 
was soon after assisted with a strong army, head- 
ed by seven famous generals. These hostile pre- 
parations were watched by Eteocles, who on his 
part did not remain inactive. He chose seven 
brave chiefs to oppose the seven leaders of the 
Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates 
of the city . He placed himself against his bro- 
ther Polynices, and he opposed Menalippus to 
Tydeus, Polyphontes to Capaneus, Megareus to 
Eteoclus, Hyperbius to Parthenopaeus, and Las- 
thenes to Amphiaraus. Much blood was shed in 
light and unavailing skirmishes, and it was at 
last agreed between the two brothers that the 
war should be decided by single combat. They 



EV 



EV 



both fell in an engagement conducted with the 
mo>t inveterate fury on either side, and it is even 
said that the ashes of these two brothers, who 
had been so inimical one to the other, separated 
themselves on the burning pile, as if even after 
death, sensible of resentment, and hostile to re- 
conciliation. Stat. Theb. — Apollod. 3, c. 5, &c. 
— JEschyl. Sept. ante Theb. — Eurip in Phcenis. 
■ — Paris. 5, c. 9, 1. 9, c. 6. — A Greek, the first 
who raised ultars to the Graces. Pans. 

Eteoclus, one of the seven chiefs of the ar- 
my of Adrastus, in his expedition against Thebes, 
celebrated for his valour, for his disinterested- 
ness and magnanimity. He was killed by Me- 
gareus, the 3on of Creon, under the walls of 

Thebes. Eurip. — JJpollod. 3, c. 6. A son 

of Iphis. 

Eteocretjs, an ancient people of Crete. 

Eteones, a town of Bceotia on the Asopus. 
Stat. Theb. 7, v. 266. 

Eteoneus, an officer at the court of Mene- 
Jaus, when Telemachus vi?ited Sparta. He was 
son of Boethus. Homer. Od. 4, v. 22. 

Eteonicus, a Lacedaemonian general, who, 
upon hearing that Callicratidas was conquered 
at Arginusae, ordered the messengers of this news 
to be crowned, and to enter Mitylene in triumph. 
This so terrified Conon, who besieged the town, 
that he concluded that the enemy had obtained 
some advantageous victory, and he raised the 
siege. Diod. 13. — Polyazn. J. 

Etesije, periodica! northern winds of a gentle 
and mild nature, very common for rive or six 
weeks in the mouths of spring and autumn. Lu- 
cret. 5, v. 741. 

Ethalion, one of the Terrhene sailors chang- 
ed into dolphins for carrying away Bacchus. 
Ovid. Met. 3, v. 647. 

Etheleum, a river of Asia, the boundary of 
Troas and Mysia. Strab. 

Ethoda, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe. 

Ethemon, a person killed at the marriage of 
Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 163. 

Etias, a daughter of iEneas. Pans. 3. c. 22. 

Etis, a town of Peloponnesus. Id. ib. 

Etruria, Vid. Hetruria. 

Etrusci, the inhabitants of Etruria, famous 
for their supcrscitions and enchantments. Vid. 
Hetruria. Cic. ad Fam. 6, ep. 6. — Liv. 2, c. 
34. 

Etylus, the father of Theocles. Id. 6, c. 19. 

Evadne, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of 
Argos, who slighted the addresses of Apollo, and 
married Capaneus one of the seven chiefs who 
went against Thebes. When her husband had 
been struck with thunder by Jupiter for his blas- 
phemies and impiety, and his ashes had been 
separated from those of the rest of the Argives, 
she threw herself on his burning pile and perish- 
ed in the flames. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 447. — Pro- 
perl. 1, el. 15, v. 21.— Slat. Theb. 12, v. 800. 

A daughter of the Strymon and Neaera. She 

married Argus, by whom she had four children. 
Jlpoll-L 2. 

Evages, a poet famous for his genius but not 
for his learniug. 

Evagoras, a king of Cyprus who retook Sa- 
lamis, which had been taken from his father by 
ih'e Persians. He made war against Artaxerxes, 



the king of Persia, with the assistance of the 
Egyptians, Arabians, and Tyrians, and obtained 
some advantage over the fleet of his enemy . The 
Persians however soon repaired their losses, and 
Evagoras saw himself defeated by sea and land, 
and obliged to be tributary to the power of Ar- 
taxerxes, and to be stripped of all his dominions 
except the town of Salamis. He was assassi- 
nated soon after this fatal change of fortune, by 
an eunuch, 374 B. C. He left two sons, Nicocles, 
who succeeded him, and Protagoras, who de- 
prived his nephew Evagoras of his possessions. 
Evagoras deserves to be commended for his so- 
briety, moderation, and magnanimity, and if he 
was guilty of any political error in the manage- 
ment of his kingdom, it may be said that his love 
of equity was a full compensation. His grandson 
bore the same name, and succeeded his father 
Nicocles. He showed himself oppressive, and 
his uncle Protagoras took advantage of his un- 
popularity to deprive him of his power Evago- 
ras fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, who gave him a 
government more extensive than that of Cyprus, 
but his oppression rendered him odious, and he 
was accused before his benefactor, and by his 
orders put to death. C. Nep. 12, c. 2. — Diod. 

14 — Pans. 1, c. 3 — Justin. 5, c. 6. A mau 

of Elis who obtained a prize at the Olympian 

games. Paus. 5, c. 8. A Spartan famous for 

his services to the people of Elis. Id. 6, c. 10. 

A son of Neleus and Chloris. Jipollod. 1, 

c. 9. A son of Priam. Id. 3, c 12. A 

king of Rhodes. An historian of Lindos.' ■ 

Another cf Thasos, whose works proved servicea- 
ble to Pliny in the completion of his natural his* 
tory. Piin. 10. 

Eta go re, one of the Nereides. Jipollod. 

Evan, a surname of Bacchus, which he re- 
ceived frona the wild ejaculation of Evan! Evan! 
by his priestesses. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 15. — Virg. 
JEn. 6, v. 517. 

Evander, a son of the prophetess Carmente, 
king of Arcadia, An accidental murder obliged 
him to leave his country, and he came to Italy, 
where he drove the Aborigines from their an- 
cient possessions, and reigned in that part of 
the country where Rome was afterwards found- 
ed. He kindly received Hercules when he re- 
turned from the conquest of Geryon, and he was 
the first who raised him altars. He gave iEneas 
assistance against the Rutuli, and distinguished 
himself by his hospitality. It is said that he first 
brought the Greek alphabet into Italy, and in- 
troduced there the worship of the Greek deities. 
He was honoured as a god after death by his sub* 
jects, who raised him an altar on mount Aven- 
tine. Paus. 8, c. 43. — Liv. 1, c. 7. — Ital. 7, 
v. 18. — Dionys. Hal. 1, c 7. — Ovid. Fast. l,v. 

500, 1. v. 91.— Virg. JEn. S, v. 100, &c. A 

philosopher of the second academy, who flour- 
ished B. C. 215. 

Evangelus, a Greek historian. A comic 

poet. 

Evangorides, a man of Elis, who wrote an 
account of all those who had obtained a prize at 
OJympia, where he himself had been victorious. 
Paus. 6, c. 8. 

Evanthes, a man who planted a colony in 
Lucania at the head of some LocriaifSi— —••A 



EU 



EU 



celebrated Greek poet. An historian of Mi- 
letus A philosopher of Saoios. A wri- 
ter of Cyzicus.- 



-A son of GEnopion of Crete, 
who migrated to live at Chios. Paul. 7, c. 4. 

Evarchus, a river of Asia Minor flowing into 
the Euxine on the confines of Cappadocia. Flac. 
6, v. 102. 

Evas, a native of Phrygia, who accompanied 
JEne.as into Italy, where he was killed by Me- 
zentius. Virg. JEn. i0, v. 702. 

Evax, an Arabian prince who wrote to Nero 
concerning jewels, &.c Plin. 25, c 2. 

Etjbages, certain priests held in great vene- 
ration among the Gauls and Britons. Vid. 
Druidse. 

Eubatas, an athlete of Cyrene, whom the 
courtezan Lais in vain endeavoured to seduce. 
Paw Eliac 1. 

Eubius, an obscene writer, &c. Ovid. Trist. 
2, v. 415. 

Eubo3a, the largest island in the iEgean sea 
after Crete, now cailed JVegropont. It is sepa- 
rated from the continent of Boeotia, by the nar- 
row straits of the Euripus, and was anciently 
known by the different names of Maoris, Oche, 
Ellopia, Chalets? rfbantis, Jisopis. It is 150 
miles long, 37 broad in its most extensive parts, 
and 365 in circumference. The principal town 
was Chalcis, and it was reported that in the 
neighbourhood of Chalcis the island had been 
formerly joined to the continent. Eubcea was 
subjected to the power of the Greeks; some of its 
cities, however, remained for some time inde- 
pendent. Plin~ 4, c. 12. — Strab. 10. — Ovid. 

Met 14, v. 155. One of the three daughters 

of the river Asterion, who was one of the nurses 

of Juno. Paus. 2, c. 17. One of Mercury's 

mistresses. A daughter of Thespius. Jlpol- 

lod 2. \ town of Sicily near Hybla. 

Euboicus, belonging to Euboea. The epithet 
is also applied to the country of Cumae. because 
that city was built by a colony from Chalcis, a 
town of Eubcea. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 257. — Virg. 
JEn. 6, v. 2, 1 9, v. 710, 

Eubote, a daughter of Thespius. Jlpollod. 

Eubotes, a son of Hercules, Id. 2, 

Eubule, an Athenian virgin, daughter of 
Leon, sacrificed with her sisters, by order of the 
pjacie of Delphi, for the safety of her country, 
which laboured under a famine. JElia-n. V. H. 
12, c 18. 

Eubulides, a philosopher of Miletus, pupil 
and successor to Euclid. Demosthenes was one 
©f his pupils, and by his advice and encourage- 
ment to perseverance he was enabled to con- 
quer the difficulty he felt in pronouncing the let- 
ter R. He severely attacked the doctrines of 

Aristotle- Uiog, An historian who wrote 

an account of Socrates, and of Diogenes. La- 

ertius. A famous statuary of Athens. Pans. 

8, c. 14. 

Ei;sulus-, an Athenian orator, rival to De- 
mosthenes. A comic poet. An historian 

who wrote a voluminous account of Mithras. 
A jvbiJosopher of Alexandria. 

Eucerus, a man of Alexandria accused of 
aduhary with Octavia, that Nero might have 
occasion to divorce her. Tacit. Jinn. 14, c. 60. 



Euchenor, a son of iEgyptus and Arabia. 
Jlpcllnd. t 

Euchides, an Athenian who went to Delphi 
and returned the same day, a journey of about 
107 miles. The object of his journey was to 
obtain -onie sacred tire. 

Euclides, a native of Megara, disciple of 
Socrates, B. C. 404. When the Athenians had 
forbidden all the people of Megara on pam of 
death to enter their city, Euciides disguised him- 
self in woman's clothes to introduce himself in- 
to the presence of Socrates. Diog. in Socrate. 
A mathematician of Alexandria, who flour- 
ished 300 B C. He distinguished himself by 
bis writings on music and geometry, but parti- 
cularly by 15 books on the elements of ma- 
thematics, which consist of problems and theo- 
rems with demonstrations. This work has been 
greatly mutilated by commentators. Euclid was 
so respected in his lifetime, that king Ptolemy 
became one of his pupils. Euclid established a 
school at Alexandria, which became so famous-, 
that from his age to the time of the Saracen 
conquest, no mathematician was found but what 
bad studied at Alexandria.' He was so respect- 
ed that Plato, himself a mathematician, being 
asked concerning the building of an altar at 
Athens, referred his inquiries to the mathema- 
tician of Alexandria The latest edition of Eu- 
clid's writings is that of Gregory, fol. Oxon. 
1703. Val. Max. 8, c. 12 — Cic de Orat. 3, 
c. 72. 

Euclus, a prophet of Cyprus, who foretold 
the birth and greatness of the poet Homer, ac- 
cording to some traditions. Paws. 10, c. 12. 

Eucrate, one of the Nereides. Apollod. 

Eucrates, the father of Procles the historian* 
Paus 2, c. 21. 

Eucritds. Vid. Evephenus. 

Euctemon, a Greek of Cumse, exposed to- 
great barbarities. Curt.. 5, c. 5. An astro- 
nomer who flourished B. C.'431. 

Euctresii, a people of Peloponnesus. 

Eud^emon, a general of Alexander. 

Eudamidas, a son of Arcbidamus 4th, bro- 
ther to Agis 4th. Pie succeeded on the Spartan 
throne, after his brother's death, B. C. 330. 

Paus. 3, c. 10. A son of Achidamus, king of 

Sparta, who succeeded B. C. 268. The com- 
mander of a garrison stationed at Troezene by 
Craterus. 

Eudamus, a son of Agesilaus of the Herao 

lidse. He succeeded his father. A learned 

naturalist and philosopher. 

Eudemus, the physician of Livia, the wife of 
Drusus, &c Tacit. Jinn. 4, c. 3. An ora- 
tor of Megalopolis, preceptor to Philopcemen. 
An historian of Naxos. 

Eudocia, the wife of the emperor Theodosius 
the younger, who gave the public some compo- 
sitions. She died A. D. 460. 

Eudocimus, a man who appeased a mutiny 
among some soldiers by telling them that an 
hostile army was in sight. Polycen. 

Eudora, one of the Nereides. One of 

the Atlantides. 

Eudorus, a son of Mercury and Polimela, 
who went to the Trojan war with Achilles. Ho- 
mer. II. 16. 



EV 



EU 



Eudoxi Specula, a place in Egypt. 

Eudoxia, the wife of Arcadius. &c. A 

^daughter of Theodosius the younger, who mar- 
ried the emperor Maximus, and invited Gense- 
ric the Vandal over into Italy. 

Emoxus, a son of iEschines of Cnidus, 
who distinguished himself by his knowledge of 
astrology, medicine, and geometry. He was 
the first who regulated the year among the 
Greeks, among whom he first brought from Egypt 
the celestial sphere and regular astronomy. He 
spent a great part of his life on the top of a 
mountain, to study the motion of the stars, by 
whose appearance he pretended to foretell the 
events of futurity. He died in his 53d year, B. 
C. 352. Lucan. 10, v. 187. — Diog. — Petron. 

88. A native of Cyzicus, who sailed all 

round the coast of Africa from the Red Sea, 
and entered the Mediterranean by the columns 

of Hercules. A Sicilian, son of Agathocles. 

A physician. Diog. 

Evelthon, a king of Salami's in Cyprus. 
Evemeridas, an historian of Cnidus. 
Evemercs, an ancient historian of Messenia, 
intimate with Cassander. He travelled over 
Greece and Arabia, and wrote an history of the 
gods, in which he proved that they all had been 
upon earth, as mere mortal men. Ennius trans- 
lated it into Latin. It is now lost. 

Evenor, a painter, father to Parrhasius. Plin. 
35, c. 9. 

Eyentjs, an elegiac poet of Pares. A river 

running through iEtolia, and falling into the 
Ionian sea. It receives its name from Evenus, 
son of Mars and Sierope, who being unable to 
overcome Idas, who had promised him his daugh- 
ter Marpessa in marriage, if he surpassed him 
in running, grew so desperate, that he threw 
himself into the river, which afterwards bore 

his name. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 104. — Strab. 7. 

A sou of Jason and Hypsipyle, queen of Lemnos. 
Homer II. 7, v. 467 

Evephenus, a Pythagorean philosopher, 
whom Oionysius condemned to death because 
he had alienated the people of Metapontum from 
his power. The philosopher begged leave of 
the tyrant to go and marry his sister, and pro- 
mised to return in six months. Dionysius con- 
sented by receiving Eucritus, who pledged him- 
self to die if Evephenus did not return in time. 
Evephenus returned at the appointed moment, 
to the astonishment of Dionysius, and delivered 
his friend Eucritus from the death which threat- 
ened him The tyrant was so pleased with these 
two friends, that he pardoned Evephenus, and 
begged to share their friendship and confidence. 
Polyjen. 5. 

Everes, a son of Peteralaus, the only one of 
his family who did not perish in a battle against 

Eleciryon. Apollod. 2 A son of Hercules 

and Parthenope. The father of Tiresias. 

*1poliod. 

Everget,<e, a people of Scythia, called also 
Arimaspi. Curt. 7, c. 3. 

Evergetes, a surname signifying benefactor, 
given to Philip of Macedonia, and to Antigonus 
Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was also com- 
monly given to the kings of Syria and Pontus, 
and we often see among the former an Alexan- 



der Evergetes, and among the latter a Mithri- 
dates Evergetes. Some of the Roman emperors 
also claimed that epithet, so expressive of bene- 
volence and humanity. 

Evesperides, a people of Africa. Htrcdot. 
4, c. 171. 

Euganei, a people of Italy on the borders of 
the Adriatic, who, upon being expelled by the 
Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps. SiL 
8,*-. 604.— Liv. 1, c. 1. 

Eugeon, an ancient historian before the Pe- 
loponnesian war. 

Eugenius, an usurper of the imperial title af- 
ter the death of Valentmian the 2u, A. D. 392. 

Euhemertts. Vid. Evemerus. 

Euhydrum, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, 
c. 13. 

Euhyus and Evius a surname of Bacchus, 
given him in the war of the giants against Jupi- 
ter. Herat. 2, Od 11, v. 17. 

Evippe, one of the Danaides who married 
and murdered Imbras. Another. Jipollod. 

2, c 1, The mother of the Pierides, who 

were changed into magpies. Ovid. Met 5, v. 
303. 

Evippus, a son of Thestius, king of Pleuron, 
killed by his brother Iphiclus in the chase of the 
Calydonian boar. Jlpollod. 1, c 7 A Tro- 
jan killed by Patroclus Homer II. 16, v. 417. 

Eulimene, one of the Nereides. 

Eumachius, a Campanian who wrote an his- 
tory of Annibal . 

Eumffios, a herdsman and steward of Ulys- 
ses, who knew his master at his return home 
from the Trojan war after 20 years absence, 
and assisted him in removing Penelope's suitors. 
He was originally the son of the king of Scyros, 
and upon being carried away by pirates, he 
was sold as a slave to Laertes, who rewarded 
his fidelity and services. Homer. Od. 13, v. 
403, 1. 14, v. 3, 1. 15, v. 288, I. 16 and 17. 

Edmedes, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who came 
to Italy with JEneas, where he was killed by 
Turnus. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 346.— Ovid. Trist* 

3, el. 4, v. 27. 

Eumelis a famous augur. Stat. 4 Sylv. 8, 
v. 49. 

Eumelus, a son of Admetus, king of Pherae 
in Thessaly. He went to the Trojan war, and 
had the fleetest horses in the Grecian army. He 
distinguished himself in the games made in ho- 
nour of Patroclus. Homer. II. 2 and 23. 

A man whose daughter was changed into a bird. 

Ovid Met. 7, c. 390. A man contemporary 

with Triptolemus, of whom he learned the art 

of Agriculture. Pans. 7, c. IS. One of the 

followers of iEneas,whe first informed his friends 
that his fleet had been set on fire by the Trojan 

women. Virg. JEn. 5, 665. One of the 

Bacchiadae, who wrote, among other things, a 
poetical history of Corinth, B C. 750, of which 
a small fragment is still extant. Paus. 2, c. 1. 

A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, who 

died B C. 304. 

Eumenes, a Greek officer in the army of AI 
exander, son of a charioteer. He was the most 
worthy of all the officers of Alexander lo s.-cceed 
after the death of his master. He conquered Pa- 
phlagonia and Cappadocia, of which he obtained 



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the government, till the power and jealousy of 
Antigonus obliged him to retire. He joined his 
forces to those of Perdiccas, and defeated Crate- 
rus and Neoptolemus. Neoptolemus perished by 
the hands of Eumenes. When Craterus had 
been killed during the war, his remains received 
an honourable funeral from the hand of the con- 
queror; and Eumenes, after weeping over the 
ashes of a man who once was his dearest friend, 
sent his remains to his relations in Macedonia. 
Eumenes fought against Antipater and conquer- 
ed him, and after the death of Ferdiccas, his al- 
ly, his arms were directed against x\ntigonus, 
by whom he was conquered, chiefly by the treach- 
erous conduct of his officers. This fatal battle 
obliged him to disband the greatest part of his 
army to secure himself a retreat, and he fled 
with ouly 700 faithful attendants to Nora, a for- 
tified place on the confines of Cappadocia, where 
he was soon besieged by the conqueror. He 
supported the siege for a year with courage and 
resolution, but some disadvantageous skirmishes 
so reduced him, that his soldiers, grown despe- 
rate, and bribed by the offers of the enemy, had 
the infidelity to betray him into the hands of An- 
tigonus. The conqueror, from shame or remorse, 
had not the courage to visit Eumenes; but when 
he was asked by his officers, in what manner he 
wished him to be kept, he answered, Keep him 
as carefully as you would keep a lion This se- 
vere command was obeyed; but the asperity of 
Antigonus vanished in a few days, and Eumenes, 
delivered from the weight of chains, was per- 
mitted to enjoy the company of his friends. Even 
Antigonus hesitated whether he should not re- 
store to his liberty a man Avith whom he had 
lived in the greatest intimacy while both were 
subservient to the command of Alexander, and 
these secret emotions of pity and humanity were 
not a little increased by the petitions of his son 
Demetrius for the release of Eumenes. But the 
calls of ambition prevailed; and when Antigo- 
nus recollected what an active enemy he had in 
his power, he ordered Eumenes to be put to 
death in the prison; (though some imagine he 
was murdered without the knowledge of his con- 
queror.) His bloody commands were executed 
B. C. 315. Such was the end of a man who 
raised himself to power by merit alone. His 
skill in public exercises first recommended him to 
the notice of Philip, and under Alexander bis 
attachment and fidelity to the royal person, and 
particularly his military accomplishments, pro- 
moted him to the rank of a general. Even his 
enemies revered him; and Antigonus, by whose 
orders he perished, honoured his remains with 
a splendid funeral, and conveyed his ashes to 
his wife and family in Cappadocia. It has been 
observed that Eumenes had such an universal 
influence over the successors of Alexander, that 
none during his life time dared to assume the 
title of king; and it does not a little reflect to his 
fconour, to consider that the wars he' carried on 
were not from private or interested motives, but 
for the good and welfare of his deceased bene- 
factor's children. Plut. 8f C. Ncp. in vita. — 
Diod. 19. — Justin. 13, — Curt. 10. — Jlvian 
A king of Pergamus, who succeeded his un- 
cle Philetaerus on the throne, B. C. 263. He 



made war against Antiocbus the son of Seleucus, 
and enlarged his possessions by seizing upou 
many of the cities of the kings of Syria. He 
lived in alliance with the Romans, and made 
war against Prusias, king of Bithynia. He was 
a great patron of learning, and given much to 
wine. He died of an excess in drinking, after a 
reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by Atta- 

lus. Sir ah. 15. The second of that name 

succeeded his father Attaius on the throne of 
Asia and Pergamus. His kingdom was small 
and poor, but he rendered it powerful and opu- 
lent, and his alliance with the Romans did not a 
little contribute to the increase of his dominions 
after the victories obtained over Antiocbus the 
Great. He carried his arms against Prusias and 
Antigonus, and died B. C. 159, after a reign of 
3S years, leaving the kingdom to his son Atta- 
ius 2d. Pie has been admired for his benevo- 
lence and magnanimity, and his love of learning 
greatly enriched the famous library of Pergamus, 
which had been founded by bis predecessors in 
imitation of the Alexandrian collection of tbe 
Ptolemies. His brothers were so attached to him, 
and devoted to his interest, that they enlisted 
among his body guards to show their fraternal 
fidelity. Sirub. 13. — Justin. 31 and 34. — Po- 

lyb. A celebrated orator of Athens about the 

beginning of the fourth century. Some of his 
harangues and orations are extant. An his- 
torical writer in Alexander's army. 

Eumenia, a city of Phrygia, built by Attaius 

in honour of his brother Eumenes. A city of 

Thrace, of Caria. Piin. 5, c. 29. — -of 

Hyrcania. 

Eumenides and Eumenes, a man mentioned 
Ovid. 3. Trist. el, 4, v. 27. 

Eumentides, a name given to the Furies by the 
ancients. They sprang from the drops of blood 
which flowed from the wound which Coelus re- 
ceived from his son Saturn. According to others 
they were daughters of the earth, and conceiv- 
ed from the blood of Saturn. Some make them 
daughters of Acheron and Night, or Piuto and 
Proserpine, or Chaos and Terra, according to 
Sophocles, or as Epimenides reports, of Saturn 
and Evonyme. According to the most received' 
opinions, they were three in number, Tisiphone, 
Megara, and Alecto, to which some add Neme- 
sis. Plutarch mentions only one, called Adras- 
ta, daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. They were 
supposed to be the ministers of the vengeance of 
the gods, and therefore appeared stern and in- 
exorable; always employed in punishing the guil- 
ty upon earth, as well as in the infernal regions. 
They inflicted their vengeance upon earth by 
wars, pestilence, and disscntions, and by the se- 
cret stings of conscience; and in hell they punish- 
ed the guilty by continual flagellation and tor- 
ments. They were also called Furia, Erin- 
nt/es, and Dirce, and the appellation of Eume- 
nides, which signifies benevolence and compas- 
sion, they received after they had ceased to per- 
secute Orestes, who in gratitude offered them sa- 
crifices, and erected a temple in honour of their 
divinity. Their worship was almost universal, 
and people presumed not to mention their names 
or fix their eyes upon their temples. They were 
honoured with sacrifices and libations, and in 



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Achaia they had a temple, which when entered j 
by any one guilty of crime, suddenly rendered 
him furious, and deprived him of the use of his 
reason. In their sacrifices the votaries used 
branches of cedar and of alder, hawthorn, saf- 
fron, and juniper, and the victims were gene- 
rally turtle doves and sheep, with libations of 
wine and honey. They were generally repre- 
sented with a grim and frightful aspect, with a 
black and bloody garment, and serpents wreath- 
ing round their heads instead of hair. They 
held a burning torch in one hand, and a whip of 
scorpions in the other, and were always attend- 
ed by terror, rage, paleness, and death. In hell 
they were seated around Pluto's throne, as the 
ministers of his vengeance. JEschyl. in Eumen. 
— Sophocl. in (Edip. Col. 

Eumenidia, festivals in honour of the Eu- 
menides, called by the Athenians <rz/uv<ii $-«<*; 
venerable goddesses. They were celebrated once 
every year with sacrifices of pregnant ewes, with 
offerings of cakes made by the most eminent 
youths, and libations of honey and wine. At 
Athens none but free-born citizens were admit- 
ted, such as had led a life the most virtuous and 
unsullied. Such only were accepted by the god- 
desses who punished all sorts of wickedness in a 
severe manner. 

Eumenius, a Trojan killed by Camilla in Ita- 
ly. Virg.JEn. 11, v. 666. 

Eumolpe, one of the Nereides. Jpollod. 

Eumolpid-^e, the priests of Ceres at the cele- 
bration of her festivals of Eleusis- All causes 
relating to impiety or profanation were referred 
to their judgment, and their decisions, though 
occasionally severe, were considered as general- 
ly impartial. The Eumolpidae were descended 
from Eurnolpus, a king of Thrace, who was made 
priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. 
He became so powerful after his appointment to 
the priesthood, that he maintained a war against 
Erechtheus. This war proved fatal to both; 
Erechtheus and Eurnolpus were both killed, and 
peace was re-established among their descen- 
dants, on condition that the priesthood should 
ever remain in the family of Eurnolpus, and the 
, regal power in the house of Erechtheus. The 
priesthood continued in the family of Eurnolpus 
for 1200 years; and this is still more remarka- 
ble, because he who was once appointed to the 
holy office, was obliged to remain in perpetual 
celibacy. Pans. 2, c- 14. 

Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, son of Neptune 
and Chione. He was thrown into the sea by 
his mother, who wished to conceal her shame 
from her father. Neptune saved his life, and 
carried him into ^Ethiopia, where he was brought 
up by Amphitrite, and afterwards by a woman 
of the country, one of whose daughters he mar- 
ried. An act of violence to his sister-in-law ob- 
liged him to leave ^Ethiopia and he fled to Thrace 
with his son Ismarus, where he married the 
daughter of Tegyrius, the king of the country. 
This connexion with the ro^al family, rendered 
him ambitious: he conspired against his father- 
in-law, and fled, when the conspiracy was dis- 
covered, to Attica, where he was initiated in 
the mysteries of Ceres of Eleusis, and made 
Hierophantes or High Priest. He was afterwards 



reconciled to Tegyrius, and inherited his king- 
dom. He made war against Erechtheus, the 
king of Athens, who had appointed him to the 
office of high priest, and perished in battle. His 
descendants were also invested with the priest- 
hood, which remained for about 1200 years in 
that family. Vid. Eumolpids. Jlpollod. 2, c. 
5, &c — Hygin. fab. 73. — Diod. 5. — Pans. 2, 
c. 14. 

Eumonides, a Theban, &c. Pint. 

Eun^us, ason of Jason by Hypsipyle, the 
daughter of Thoas. Homer. II. 7. 

Eunapius, a physician, sophist, and historian, 
born at Sardis. He flourished in the reign of Va- 
lentinian and his successors, and wrote a histo- 
ry of the Caesars, of which few fragments remain, 
His life of the philosophers of his age is still ex- 
tant. It is composed with fidelity and elegance, 
precision and correctness. 

Eunomia, a daughter of Juno, one of the Horse. 
Jlpollod. 

Eunomus, a son of Prytanes, who succeeded 
his father on the throne of Sparta. Pans. 2, c. 

36. A famous musician of Locris, rival to 

Ariston, over whom he obtained a musical prize 
at Delphi. Strab. 6. A man killed by Her- 
cules. Jipollod.- A Thracian, who advised 

Demosthenes not to be discouraged by his ill 
success in his first attempts to speak in public. 
Pint, in hem. The father of Lycurgus, kil- 
led by a kitchen knife. Pint, in Lye. 

Eunus, a Syrian slave, who inflamed the minds 
of the servile multitude by pretended inspiration 
and enthusiasm. He filled a nut with sulphur in 
his mouth, and by artfully conveying fire to it, 
he breathed out flames to the astonishment of 
the people, who believed him to be a god, or 
something more than human. Oppression and 
misery compelled 2000 slaves to join his cause, 
and he soon saw himself at the head of 50,000 
men. With such a force he defeated the Ro- 
man armies, till Perpenna obliged him to sur- 
render by famine, and exposed on a cross the 
greatest part of his followers, B. C. 132. Pint. 
in Sert. 

Euonymos, one of the Lipari isles. 

Euoras, a grove of Laconia. Paus. 3, c. 10. 

Eupagicm, a town of Peloponnesus. 

Eupalamon, one of the hunters of the Caly- 
donian boar. Ovid. Met. S, v. 360. 

Eupalamus, the father of Daedalus and of Me- 
tiadusa. Jlpollod. 3, c. 15. 

Eupator, a son of Auliochus. The sur- 
name of Eupator was given to many of the 
Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates. &c. Strab. 
12. 

EuPAToniA, a. town of Paphlagonia built by 
Mithridatcs, and called afterwards Pompeiopolis 

by Pompey. Plin. 6, c 2. Another called 

Magnopolis in Pontus, now Tehenilcek. Strab. 
12. 

Eupeithes, a prince of Ithaca, father to An- 
linous. In the former part of his life he had fled 
before die vengeance of the Thesprotians, whose 
territories he had laid waste in the pursuit of 
some pirates. During the absence of Ulysses 
he was one of the most importuning lovers of 
Penelope. Homer. Od. 16. 

Euphars, succeeded Aodrocleson^e throne 



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of Messenia, and in his reign (he first Messeni- Kuplje, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, near 
an war began. He died B. C. 730. I'am. 4, Neapolis. Stat- 3, Silv. 1, 149. 
e. 5 and 6. j Eupolis, a comic poet of Athens, who flour- 

Euphantus, a poet and historian of Olynthus, j i^hed 435 years before the Christian era, and 
son of Eubulides, and preceptor to Anligonus j severely iashed the vices and immoralities of 



king of Macedonia. Diog. in Eucl. 

Eupheme, a woman who was nurse to the 
Muses, and mother of Crocus by Pan. Paus. 
Euphemus, a son of Neptune and Europa, 
who was among the Argonauts, and the hunters 
of the Caiydoman boar, tie was so swift and 
light that he could run over the sea without 
scarce welting his feet. Pindar. Pytk. 4. — 

JlpoUod. 1, o 9. — Paus. 5, c. 17. One of 

the Greek captains before Troy. Homer. It. 2, 
v. 353. 

Euphoreus, a famous Trojan, son of Pan- 
Hious, the first who wounded Patroclus, whom 
Hector killed. He perished by the hand of Me- 
nelaus, who hung his shield in the temple of 
Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the founder of the 
doctrine of the metempsychosis, or transmigra- 
tion of souls, affirmed that he had been once 
Euphorbns, and that his soul recollected many 
exploits which had been done while it animated 
that Trojan's body. As a further proof of his 
assertion, he showed at first sight the shield of 
Euphorbus in the temple of Juno. Ovid. Met'. 
15, v. 160— Paus. 2, c. 17.— Homer. II. 16 and 
17. A physician of Juba, king of Maurita- 
nia. 

Euphorion, a Greek poet of Chalcis in Eu- 
boea, in the age of Antiochus the Great. Tibe- 
rius took him for his model for correct writing, 
and was so fond of him that he hung his pictures 
in aii the public libraries. His father's name 
was Polymnetus. He died in his 56th year, B. 
C. 220. Cicero de Nat. D. 2, c. 64, calls him 

Obscurum. The lather of iEscbylus bore the 

Same name. 

Eupiiranor, a famous painter and sculptor 

of Corinth. Plin. 34, c. 8. This name was 

common to many Greeks, 

Euphrates, a disciple of Plato who govern- 
ed Macedonia with absolute authority in the 
reign of Perdiccas, and rendered himself odious 
by his cruelty and pedantry. After the dsath of 

Perdiccas, he was murdered by Parmenio. 

A stoic philosopher in the ag<; of Adrian, who 
destroyed himself, with the emperor's leave, to 
escape the miseries of old age, A. D 113, Dio. 
„ — _A large and celebrated river of Mesopota- 
mia, rising from mount Taurus in Armenia, and 
discharging itself with the Tigris into the Per- 
sian gulf. It is very rapid in its course, and 
passes through the middle of the city of Baby- 
lon. It inundates the country of Mesopotamia 
at a certain season of .the year, and, like the 
Nile, in Egypt, happily fertilizes the adjacent 
fields. Cyrus dried up its ancient channel, and 
changed the course of the waters when he be- 
sieged Babylon. Strab. 11. — Mela, 1», c, 2, I. 
3, c. 8.— Plin. 5, c 24.— Virg. G. 1, v. 509, 
1. 4, v. 560. 

Euphron, an aspiring man of Sicyon, who en- 
slaved his country by bribery. Diod 15. 

Euphrosyna, one of the Graces, sister to 
Aglaia and Thalia. Paws. 9, c. 35. 



his age. It is said that he had composed 17 
dramatical pieces at the age of 17. He had a 
dog so attached to him, that at his death he re- 
fused all aliments, and starved himself on his 
tomb. Some suppose that Alcibiades put Eu- 
polis to death because he had ridiculed him in 
a comedy which he had written against the 
Bapta:, tb» priests of the goddess Cotytto, and 
the impure ceremonies of their worship; but 
Suidas maintains that he perished in a sea fight 
between the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians 
in the Hellespont, and that on that account his 
countrymen, pitying his fate, decreed that no 
poet should ever after go to war, Horat. 1, 
Sat. 4, i. 2, Sat. 10.— Cic. ad Attic 6, ep. 1.— 
JElian. 

EupoiMpus, a geometrician of Macedonia. 

A painter. Plin. 34, c- 8. 

Eurianassa, a town near Chios. Plin. 5, 
c. 31. 

Euripides, a celebrated tragic poet, born at 
Salamis the day on which the army of Xerxes 
was defeated by the Greeks. He studied elo- 
quence under Prodicus, ethics under Socrates, 
and philosophy under Anaxagoras He applied 
himself to dramatical composition, and his wri- 
tings became so much the admiration of his 
countrymen, that the unfortunate Greeks who 
had accompanied Nicias in his expedition against 
Syracuse, were freed from slavery, only by re. 
peating some verses from the pieces of Euri- 
pides. The poet often retired from the society 
of mankind, and confined himself in a solitary 
cave near Salamis, where he wrote and finished 
bis most excellent tragedies. The talents of 
Sophocles were looked upon by Euripides with 
jealousy, and the great enmity which always 
reigned between the two poets, gave an oppor- 
tunity to the comic muse of Aristophanes to 
ridicule them both on the stage with success and 
humour. During the representation of one of 
the tragedies of Euripides, the audience, dis- 
pleased with some lines in the composition, de- 
sired the writer to strike them off Euripides 
heard the reproof with indignation; he advanced 
forward on the tage, and told the spectators that 
he came there to instruct them, and not to re- 
ceive instruction. Another piece, in which he 
called riches the summum &o»mm and the admi- 
ration of gods and men, gave equal dissatisfac- 
tion, but the poet desired the audience to listen 
with silent attention, for the conclusion of the 
whole would show them the punishment which 
attended the lovers of opulence. The ridicule 
and envy to which he was continually exposed, 
obliged him at last to remove from Athens. He 
retired to the'eourt of Archelaus king of Mace- 
donia, where he received the most conspicuous 
marks of royal munificence and friendship. His 
end was as deplorable as it was uncommon. It 
is said that the dogs of Archelaus met him in 
his solitary walks, and tore his body to pieces 
407 years before the christian era, in the 78th 
year of his age. Euripides wrote 75 tragedies, 



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of which only 19 are extant; the most approved 
of which are his Phceiiis.a?, Orestes, Medea, 
Andromache, Electra, Hippolytus, Iphigema is 
Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauns, Hercules and the 
Troades. He is peculiaily happy in expressing 
the passions of love, especially the more tender 
and animated. To the pathos he has added sub- 
limity, and the most common expressions have 
received a perfect polish from his pen. In his 
person, as it is reported, he was noble and ma- 
jestic and his deportment was always grave and 
serious He was slow in composing, and labour- 
ed with difficulty, from which circumstance a 
foolish and malevoleiat poet once observed, that 
he had written 100 verses in three days, while 
Euripides had written only three. True, says 
Euripides, but there is this difference bttween 
your poetry and mine; yours witi expire in three 
days, hut mine shall live for ages to come, Euri- 
pides was such an enemy to the fair sex, that 
some have called him /ute-oyvv»s icoman hater, 
and perhaps from this aversion arose the impure 
and diabolical machinations which appear in his 
female characters; an observation, however, 
which he refuted by saying he had faithfully 
copied nature. In spite of all his antipathy he 
was married twice, but his connexions were so 
injudicious, 4hat he was compelled to divorce 
both his wives. The best editions of this great 
poet are that of Musgrave, 4 vols. 4to. Oxon. 
1778; that of Canter apud Commeiin, 12mo. 
2 vols. 1597; and that of Barnes, fol. Cantab. 
1694. There are also several valuable editions 
of detached plays. Diod. 13. — Vat. Max. 3, c. 
"i.—Cic. In. 1, c 50. Or. 3, c 7.— dread. 1, 4, 
Ojjic. 3; Finib. 2. Tusc. 1 and 4, &c. 

Euripus, a narrow strait which separates the 
island of Eubcea from the coast of Bceotia. Its 
flux and reflux, which continued regular during 
18 or 19 days, and were uncommonly unseized 
the rest of the month, was a matter of deep in- 
quiry among the ancients, and it is said that 
Aristotle threw himself into it because he was 
unable to find out the causes of that phaenome- 
non. Liv. 28, c. 6.— Mela, 2, c. l.—Plin. 2, 
c. 95.— Strab. 9. 

Euristhenes. Vid. Eurysthenes. 
' Euromus, a city of Caria. Liv. 32, c. 33, I. 
33, c. 30 

Europa, one of the three grand divisions of 
the earth, known among the ancients, extending, 
according to modern surveys, about 3000 miles 
from north to south, and 2500 from east to west. 
Though inferior in extent, yet it is superior to 
the others in the learning, power, and abilities 
of its inhabitants. It is bounded on the east by 
the /Egean sea, Hellespont, Euxine, Pal us Mseo- 
tis, and the Tenais in a northern direction. The 
Mediterranean, divides it from Africa on the 
south, and on the west and north it is washed by 
the Atlantic and Northern Oceans. It is sup- 
posed to receive its name from Europa, who was 
carried there by Jupiter Mela, 2, c. 1. — Plin. 

3, c. 1, &c. Lucan. 3, v. 275.— Virg. JEn. 

1, v. 222. A daughter of Agenor king of 

Phoenicia and Telephassa. She was so beauti- 
ful, that Jupiter became enamoured of her, and 
the better to seduce her, he assumed the shape 
of a bull, and mingled with the herds of Age- 



nor, while Europa, with her female attendants, 
were gathering flowers in the meadows. Europa 
caressed the beautiful animal, and at last had 
the courage to sit upon his back. The god took 
advantage of her situation, and with precipitate 
steps retired towards the shore, and crossed the 
sea with Europa on his back, and arrived safe in 
Crete. Here he assumed his original shape and 
declared his love. The nymph consented, though 
she had once made vows of perpetual celibacy ^ 
and she became mother of Minos, Sarpedou, 
and Rhadamanthus. After this distinguished 
amour with Jupiter, she married Asterius king 
of Crete This monarch seeing himself without 
children by Europa, adopted the fruit of her 
amours with Jupiter, and always esteemed Mi- 
nos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus as his owa 
children. Some suppose that Europa lived 
about 1552 years before the christian era. Ovid. 
Met. 2, fab, 13 — Mosch. Idyl —Apoliod 2, c. 

5, 1. 3, c. 1. One of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 

Th. 356. A part of Thrace near mount 

Haeraus. Justin. 7, c. 1. 

Europjetjs, a patronymic of Minos the son of 
Europa. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 23. 

Eorops, a king of Sicyon, son of JEgialeus, 
who died B. C. 1993. Pam 2, e. 5. 

Europos, a king of Macedonia, &c. Justin. 

7, c. 1. A town of Macedonia on the Axius. 

Plin. 4, c 10 

Eorotas, a son of Lelex, father to Sparta, 
who married Laeedasmon. He was one of the 
first kings of Laconia, and gave his name to the 
river which flows near Sparta. JSpollod. 3, c, 

16 —Paus. 3, c. l. : A river of Laconia, 

flowing by Sparta. It was called by way of 
eminence, Basilipotamos, the king of rivers, and 
worshipped by the Spartans as a powerful god. 
Laurels, reeds, myrtles, and olives, grew on its 
banks in great abundance. Strab. 8. — Pans, 
3, c. \.—Liv. 35, c. 29.— Virg. Eel. 6, v. 82. 

— Ptol. 4. A river in Thessaly near mount 

Olympus, called also Titaresus. It joined the 
Peneus, but was not supposed to incorporate with 
it. Strab 6.— Plin. 4, c. 8. 

Etjroto, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. 
Bpollod. 

Eurus, a wind blowing from the eastern parts 
of the world. The Lasins sometimes called it 
Vulturnus. Ovid Trist 1, el. 2. Met. 11, &c. 

Euryale, a queen of the Amazons, who as- 
sisted iEetes, &c, Flacc. 4 A daughter of 

Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune. A 

daughter of Proetus king of Argos. One of 

the Gorgons who was immortal. Hesiod. Theog* 
v, 207. 

Eurtalus, one. of the Peloponnesian chiefs 
who went to the Trojan war with 80 ships. 
Homer II. 2. An illegitimate son of Ulys- 
ses and Evjppe. ScphocL A son of Melas, 

taken prisoner by Hercules, &c. Jlpollod. 1, c* 

8. A Trojan who came with /Eneas into 

Italy, and rendered himself famous for his im- 
mortal friendship with Nisus. Vid. Nisus. 

Virg. JEn. 9, v. 179. A pleasant place of 

Sicily near Syracuse. Liv. 25, c. 25. A 

Lacedaemonian general in the second Messenian 
war. 

Evuybates, a herald in the Trojan war who 



EU 



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took Briseis from Achilles by order of Agamem- 
non. Homer. II. 1, v. "32. — Ovid. Hcroid. 3. 

A warrior of Argos, often victorious at the 

Nemean games, &c. Pans. 1, c. 29. One 

of the Argonauts. 

Eurybia, the mother of Lucifer and all the 

stars. Hzsiod. A daughter of Pontus and 

Terra, mother of Astrseus, Pallas, and Perses, 
by Crius. A daughter of Thespius. Jipollod. 

Eurybiades, a Spartan general of the Gre- 
cian fleet at the battles of Artemisium and Sa- 
lamis against Xerxes. He has been charged 
with want of courage, and with ambition. He 
offered to strike Themistocles when he wished 
to speak about the manner of attacking the Per- 
sians, upon which the Athenian said, Strike me, 
but hear me. Herodot. 8, c. 2, 74, &c. — Plut. 
in Them. — C. JYep. in Them. 

Eurybius, a son of Eurytus king of Argos, 
killed in a war between his countrymen and the 
Athenians. Jipollod. 2, c. 8. — — A son of Ne- 
reus and Chloris. Id. 1, c. 9. 

Euryclea, a beautiful daughter of Ops of 
Ithaca. Laertes bought her for 20 oxen, and 
gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treated 
her with much tenderness and attention. Ho- 
mer. Od. 19. 

Eurycles, an orator of Syracuse who pro- 
posed to put Nicias and Demosthenes to death, 
and to confine to bard labour all the Athenian 
soldiers in the quarries. Plut. A Lacedae- 
monian at the battle of Actium on the side of 

Augustus. Id. in Anton. A soothsayer of 

Athens. 

Eurycrates, a king of Sparta, descended 
from Hercules. Herodot. 7, c 204. 

Eurycratidas, a son of Anaxander, &c. 
Herodot. 7, c. 204. 

EuRYDARius, a Trojan skilled in the interpre- 
tation of dreams. His two sons were killed by 
J>iomedes during the Trojan war. Homer. II. 

5, v. 148. One of Penelope's suitors. Od. 

22, v. 283. A wrestler of Cyrene, who, in 

a combat, had his teeth dashed to pieces by his 
antagonist, which he swallowed without showing 
any signs of pain, or discontinuing the fight. 

JElian. V. H. 10, c. 19. A son of >Egyptns. 

Jipollod. 

Eurydame, the wife of Leotychides, king of 
Sparta. Herodot. 

Eurydamidas, a king of Lacedsemon, of the 
family of the Proclidae. Paws. 3, c 10. 

Eurydice, the wife of Amyntas, king of 
Macedonia. She had by her husband Alex- 
ander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daughter 
called Euryone. A criminal partiality for her 
daughter's husband, to whom she offered her 
hand and the kingdom, made her conspire 
against Amyntas, who. must have fallen a victim 
to her infidelity, had not Euryone discovered it. 
Amyntas forgave her. Alexander ascended the 
throne after his father's death, and perished by 
the ambition of his mother. Perdiccas, who 
succeeded him, shared his fate; but Philip, who 
was the next in succession, secured himself 
against all attempts from his mother, and ascend- 
ed the throne with peace and universal satisfac- 
tion. Eurydice fled to Iphicrates the Athenian 
general for protection. The manner of her 



death is unknown. C. Nep. in Iphic. 3. A 

daugliter of Amyntas, who married her uncle 
Aridseus, the illegitimate son of Philip. After 
the death of Alexander the Great, Aridaeug 
asceuded the throne of Macedonia, but he was 
totally governed by the intrigues of his wife, 
who called back Cassander, and joined her 
forces with his to march against Polyperchon 
and Olympias. Eurydice was forsaken by her 
troops, Aridseus was pierced through with arrows 
by order of Olympias, who commanded Eury- 
dice to destroy herself either by poison, the 

sword, or the halter. She chose the latter. 

The vvife of the poet Orpheus. As she fled be- 
fore Aristaeus, who wished to offer her violence, 
she was bit by a serpent in the grass, and died 
of the wound. Orpheus was so disconsolate that 
be ventured to go to hell, where, by the melody 
of his lyre, he obtained from Pluto the restora- 
tion of his wife to life, provided he did not look 
behind before he came upon earth. He vio- 
lated the conditions, as his eagerness to see his 
wife rendered him forgetful. He looked behind, 
and Eurydice was for ever taken from him. 
[Vid. Orpheus.] Virg. G. 4, v. 457, &c— 
Pans. 9, c. 30.— Ovid. Met. 10, v. 30, &c.~ 

A daughter of Adrastus Jipollod. 3, c. 12. 

One of the Danaides who married Dyas. Id. 

2, c. 1. The wife of Lycurgus, king of Ne- 
maha in Peloponnesus. Id. 1, c. 9.- A daugh- 
ter of Actor. Id. A wife of /Eneas. Faux. 

10, c 26. A daughter of Amphiaraus. Id. 

3, c. 17. A daughter of Antipater, who mar- 
ried one of the Ptolemies. Id. 1, c. 7. A 

daughter of king Philip. Id. 5, c. 17. A 

daughter of Lacedaemon. Id. 3, c. 13. A 

daughter of Clymenus, who married Nestor. 

Homer Od A wife of Demetrius, descended 

from Miltiades. Plut. in Demetr. 

Eorygania, a wife of (Edipus. Jipollod. 

Euryleon, a king of the Latins, called also 
Ascanius. 

Eurylochus, one of the companions of Ulys- 
ses, the only one who did not taste the potions 
of Circe. His prudence however forsook him 
in Sicily, where he carried away the flocks sa- 
cred to Apollo, for which sacrilegious crime he 
was shipwrecked. Homer. Od. 10, v. 205, 1. 

12, v. 195. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 287. A 

man who broke a conduit which conveyed water 

into Cyrrhae, &c. Polyozn.6. A man who 

discovered the conspiracy which was made 
against Alexander by Hermolaus and others. 
Curt. 8, c. 6. 

Eurymachus, a powerful Theban who seized 

Pbitaea by treachery. &c. One of Penelope's 

suitors. A. son of Antenor. A lover of 

Hippodamia. Paus. 

Eorymede, the wife of Glaucus king of Ephj> 
ra. Jipollod. 

Eurymedon, the father of Periboea, by whom 

Neptune had Nausithous. Home'r. Od. 7. 

A river of Pamphylia, near which the Persians 
were defeated by the Athenians under Cimon, 

B. C. 470. Liv. 33, c 41, 1. 37, c. 23. 

A man who accused Aristotle of propagating 
profane doctrines in the Lyceum. 

Eurymenes, a son of Neleus and Chloris. 
Jipollod. 



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Eurynome, one of the Oceanides, mother 

of the Gi aces. Hesiod. A daughter of Apollo, 

mother of Aclrastus and Eriphyle. A woman 

of Lemnos, &c. Place- 2, v. 136. The wife 

of Eycurgus sen of Aieus. Jlpollod. 3, c. 9. 

The mother of Asopus by Jupiter. Id. 3, c- 

One of Penelope's female attendants. 

mer. Od. 17, v. 515.- 



12. 
Ho- 

-An Athenian sent with 
a reinforcement to Nicias in Sicily. Plat, m 
J\"ic. 

Eurynomus, one of the deities of hell. Paus. 
10, c. 23. 

Etjrjone, a daughter of Amyntas king of Ma- 
cedonia, by Eurydice. 

Eurypon, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. His 
reign was so glorious, that his descendants were 
called Eurypontidce. Pans. 3, c. 7. 

Eurypyle. a daughter of Thespius. 

Eurypylus, a son of Telephus and Astyoche, 
was kiilecl in the Trojan war by Pyrrhus. He 
made his court to Cassandra.. Homer. II. 11. 

A Grecian at the Trojan war. Homer. II. 

2. A prince o[ Olenus who went with Her- 
cules against Laomedcn. Puus. 7, c. 19. 

A son of Meeisteus who signalized himself in 
the war of the Epigoni against Thebes. Jlpol- 

Ivd. 3. A son of Tcmeuus king of Messeilia, 

who conspired against his father's life. Id. 3, 

c. 6. A son of Neptune kiiled by Hercules. 

Id. 2, c. 7. One of Penelope's suitors. Id. 

3, c. 10. A Thessalian who became deliri- 
ous for looking into a box which fell to his share 
after the plunder of Troy. Pans. 7, c. 19. 



A soothsayer in the Grecian camp before Troy, 
sent to consult the oracle of Apollo, how his 
eounlrymen could return safe home. The re- 
sult of his inquiries was the injunction to offer 
an human sacrifice. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 114. — 
Ooid. 

Eurysthentes, a son of Aristodemus, who 
lived in perpetual dhsention with his twin bro- 
ther Procles, while they both sat on the Spar- 
tan throne. It was unknown which of the two 
was born first; the mother, who wished to see 
both her sons raised on the throne, refused to 
declare it, and they were both appointed kings 
of Sparta by order of the oracle of Delphi, B. 
C. 1102. After the death of the two brothers, 
the Lacedaemonians, who knew not to what fa- 
mily the right of seniority and succession be- 
longed, permitted two kings to sit on the throne, 
one of each family. The descendants of Eurys- 
thenes were called Eurysthcmdce; and those of 
Procles, Proclidce. It was inconsistent with the 
laws ©f Sparta for two kings of the same family 
to ascend the throne together, yet that law was 
sometimes violated by oppression and tyranny. 
Eurysthenes had a son called Agis, who suc- 
ceeded him. His descendants were called Jlgi- 
da. There sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings 
of the family of Eurysthenes, and only 24 of the 
Proclidae. The former were the more illustri- 
ous. Herodot. 4, c. 147,1. 6, c. 52.— Pans. 
3, c. 1 — C. JVep. hinges. 

Eurysthenid.*:. Vid. Eurystheues. 

Eurystheus, a king of Argos and Mycenae, 
son of Sthenelus and Nicippe the daughter of Pe- 
lops. Juno hastened his birth by two months, 
that he might come into the werid before Her- 



cules the son of Alcmena, as the younger of the 
two was doomed by order of Jupiter to be sub- 
servient to the will of the other. [Vid. Alcme- 
na.] This natural right was cruelly exercised 
by Eurystheus, who was jealous of the fame of 
Hercules, and who, to destroy so powerful a re- 
laiion, imposed upon him the most dangerous 
and uncommon enterprises well known by the 
name of the twelve labours of Hercules. The suc- 
cess of Hercules in achieving those perilous la- 
bours alarmed Eurystheus in a greater degree, 
and he furnished himself with a brazen vessel, 
where he might secure himself a safe retreat ia 
case of danger. After the death of Hercules, 
Eurystheus renewed his cruellies againsi his 
children, and made war against Ceyx king of 
Trachinia, because he had given them support, 
and treated them with hospitality- He was 
killed in the prosecution of this war by Hyllus 
the son of Hercules. His head was sent to Alc- 
mena the mother of Hcicuies, who mindful of 
the cruelties which her son had suffered, insult- 
ed it and tore out the eyes with the most inve- 
terate fury. Eurystheus was succeeded on the 
throne of Argos by Alreus his nephew. Kygin. 
fab. 30 and 22.—Jlpoliod. 2, c. 4, &c— Pans. 
1, c. 33, i. 3, c. 6.— Ovid. <Uet. 9, fab. 6.— 
Virg. JEn. 8, v. 292. 

Euryte, a daughter of Hippodamus, who 

married Parthaon. Jlpollod. The mother of 

Hallirhotius, by Neptune. Id. 

Euryte.^:, a town of Achaia. Paus- 7, c. 18. 

Eurytejle, a daughter of Thespius. A 

daughter of Leucippus. Jlpollod. 

Etjry themis, the wife of Thestius. Jlpollod. 

Eurythion and Eurytion, a centaur whose 
insolence to Hippodamia was the cause of the 
quarrel between the Lapithae and Centaurs, at 
the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12. — 
Puus. 5, c. 10. — Hesiod. Theog. A herds- 
man cf Geryon killed by Hercules. Jlpollod. 

2. A king of Sparta, who seized upon Man-- 

tinea by stratagem. Polycen. 2. One of the 

Argonauts. Ovid. Met 8, v. 311. A son of 

Lycaon, who signalized himself duiing the fu» 
neral games exhibited in Sicily by JEneas. Virg. 

JEn. 5, v. 495. A silversmith. Id. 10, v. 

499. A man of Heraclea convicted of adul- 
tery. His punishment was the cause of the abo- 
lition of the oligarchical power there. Jlrislot* 
5, Polit. 

Edrytis, (idos) a patronymic of Iole daugh- 
ter of Eurylus. Ovid. Jtht. 9. fab. 11. 

Eurytus, a sou of Mercury, among the Ar- 
gonauts . Place. 1, v. 439. — A king of (Echa- 
lia, father to Iole. He offered his daughter to 
him who shot a bow better than himself. Her- 
cules conquered him, and put him to death be- 
cause he refused him his daughter as the prize 

of his victory. Jlpollod. 2, c. 4 and 7. A 

son of Actor, concerned in the wars between 
Augias and Hercules, and killed by the hero. 
A son of Augias killed by Hercules as he- 
was going to Corinth to celebrate the Isthmian 
games. Jlpollod. A person killed in hunt- 
ing the Calydonian boar. A son of Hippo- 
coon. Id. 3, c. 10 A giaut killed by Her* 

cules or Bacchus for making war against fire 

gods. 

rp 



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EX 



Eusebia, an empress, wife to Constantins, 
&c. She died A D. 360, highly and deserved- 
ly lamented, 

EfisEBius, a bishop of Cajsarea in great fa- 
vour with the emperor Constantino. He was 
concerned in the theological disputes of Arius 
and Athanasius, and distinguished himself by 
his writings, which consisted of an ecclesiasti- 
cal history, the life of Constantine, Chronicon, 
Evangelical preparations, and other numerous 
treatises, most of which are now lost. The best 
edition of ids Preparatio and Demonstrate Evan- 
gelica, is by Vigerus, 2 vols, folio; Rothomagi, 
1628; and of his ecclesiastical history by Read- 
ing, folio Cantab. 1720. 

Eusebios, a surname of Bacchus. 
Eusepus and Pedasos, the twin sons of Bu- 
colion killed in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 6. 
Eustathius, a Greek commentator on the 
works of Homer. The best edition of this very 
valuable author, is that published at Basil, 3 
vols. folio 3 1560. It is to be lamented the de- 
sign of Alexander Politus, begun at Florence in 
1735, and published in the first five books of the 
Iliad, is not executed, as a Latin translation of 
these excellent commentaries is among the de- 
siderata of the present day. A man who wrote 

a very foolish Romance in Greek, entitled de 
Ismeniaz and Ismenes amoribus, edited by Gaul- 
minus, 8vo, Paris, 1617. 

Eut^ea, a town of Arcadia. Paus 8, c. 27. 
Eutelidas, a famous statuary of Argos. Id. 
6, c 10. 

Euterpe, one of the Muses, daughter to Ju- 
piter and Mnemosyne. She presided over mu- 
sic, and whs looked upon as the inventress of the 
flute and of all wind instruments. She is re- 
presented as crowned with flowers and holding 
a flute in her hands. Some, mycologists attri- 
buted to her the invention of tragedy, more com- 
monly supposed to be the production of Melpo- 
mene. Vid. Musce. The name of the mo- 
ther of Themistocles according to some. 

Euthycrates, a sculptor of Sicyon, son of 
Lysippus. He was peculiarly happy in the pro- 
portions of his statues. Those of Hercules and 
Alexander were in general esteem, and parti- 
cularly that of Medea, which was carried on a 

chariot by four horses. Plln. 34, c. 8. A 

man who betrayed Glynthus to Philip. 

Euthyoemus, an orator nnd rhetorician who 
greatly distinguished himself by his eloquence, 
&c Strab. 14. 

Euthymus, a celebrated boxer of Locri in 
Italy, &c. Pans. 6, c 6 

Eutrapelus, a man described as artful and 

fallacious by Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 31. A 

hair-dresser. Martial, 7, ep. 82. 

Eutrapelus, , Vobimn.) a friend of M. An- 
towy, &c. Cic. Fam. 32. 

Eutropius, 3 Latin historian in the age of 
Julian, under whom be carried arms in the fa- 
tal expedition against the Persians. His origin 
as well as his dignity are unknown; yet some 



suppose, from the epithet of Clarisshnus prefix- 
ed to his history, that he was a Roman senator. 
He wrote an epitome of the history of Rome, 
from the age of Romulus to the reign of the em- 
peror Vaiens, to whom the work was dedicated, 
tie wrote a treatise on medicine without being 
acquainted with the art. Of ail his works the 
Roman history alone is extant. It is composed 
with conciseness and precision, but without ele- 
gance. The best edition of Eutropius is that of 
Haverkamp, Cum notis variorum, 8vo L. Bat. 

1729 and 1762. A famous eunuch at the 

court of Arcadius the son of Theodosius the 
Great, &c 

Eutychide, a woman who was thirty times 
brought to bed, and carried to the grave by 
twenty of her children. Plin. 7, c. 3. 

Eutychides, a learned servant of Atticus, 
&c. Cic. 15. ad Attic. A sculptor. 

Euxanthius, a daughter of Minos and Dexi- 
thea. Jipollod 

Euxenidas, a painter. &c Plin. 35. 

Euxenus, a man who wrote a poetical history 
of the fabulous ages pf Italy. Dionys. Hal 1. 

Euxinus Pontus, a sea between Asia and Eu- 
rope, partly at the north of Asia Minor and at 
the west of Colchis. It was anciently called 
a^eivos, inhospitable, on account of the savage, 
manners of the inhabitants on its coasts Com- 
merce with foreign nations, and the plantation 
of colonies in their neighbourhood, gradually sof- 
tened their roughness, and the sea was no lon- 
ger called Axenus,but Euxenus, hospitable. The 
Euxine is supposed by Herodotus to be 1387 
miles long and 420 broad. Str«bo calls it 1100 
miles long and in circumference 3125. It abounds 
in all varieties of fish, and receives the tribute 
of above 40 rivers. It is not of great depth, ex- 
cept in the easlern parts, whence some have 
imagined that it had a subterraneous communi- 
cation with the Caspian It is called the Black 
sea, from the thick dark fogs which cover it. 
Ovid. Trisl. 3. el. 13, 1. 4, el. 4, v. 54.— Strab. 
2, &c— Mela., 1, c I.— Plin. S.—Herodot. 4, 
c 85. 

Euxippe a woman who killed herself be- 
cause the ambassadors of Sparta had offered vio- 
lence to her virtue, &c. 

Exadius, one of the Lapithse at the nuptials 
of Pirithous. Homer. II. 1, v. 264.— Ovid. Met. 
12, v. 266. 

Ex^thes, a Parthian who cut off the head of 
Crassus, &c. Polyten. 7. 

Exagonus, the ambassador of a nation in Cy- 
prus, who came to Rome and talked so much of 
the power of herbs, serpents. &c. that the con- 
suls ordered him to be thrown into a vessel full 
of serpents. These venomous creatures, far 
from hurting him, caressed him and harmless- 
ly licked him with their tongues., Plin. 28, c 
3. 

ExomatrjE 5 a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. 
Flacc. 6, v. 144. 



FA 



FA 



FA.BARIA, festivals at Rome in honour of 
Carna wife of Janus, when beans (fabee) 
were presented as an oblation. 

Fabaris, now Faifa, a river of Italy in the 
territories of the Sabines, called also Farfarus. 
Ovid. Viet. 14, v. 334— Firg JEn. 7, v. 715. 
Fabia. Fid. Fabius Fabncianus. 
Fabia lex, de ambitu, was to circumscribe 
the number of Seclatores, or attendants which 
were allowed to candidates in canvassing for 
some high office. It was proposed, but did not 
pass. 

Fabia, a tribe at Rome. Horat- 1, ep. 7, v. 
52. A vestal virgin, sister to Terentia, Ci- 
cero's wife. 

Fabiani, some of the Luperci at Rome, in- 
stituted in honour of the Fabian family 

Fabii, a noble and powerful family at Rome, 
who derived their name from J 'aba, a bean, be- 
cause some of their ancestors cultivated this 
pulse. They were said to be descended from 
Fabius, a supposed son of Hercules by an Ita- 
lian nymph; and they were once so numerous, 
that they took upon themselves to wage war 
against the Veientes. They came to a general 
engagement near the Cremera, in which all the 
family, consisting of 306 men, were totally slain, 
B. C. 477. There only remained one, whose 
tender age had detained him at Rome, and from 
him arose the noble Fabii in the following ages- 
The family was divided into six different branch- 
es, the ^mbusti, the Maximi, the Vibulani, the 
Butcones, the Dorsones, and the Pictores, the 
three first of which are frequently mentioned in 
the Roman history, but the others seldom. 
Dionya. 9, c 5.— Liu, 2, c. 46, &c— Flor. 1. 
c. 2.— Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 235.— Firg. JEn. 6,' 
v. 845. 

Faeius Maximus Rullianus was the first of the 
Fabii who obtained the surname of Maximus, 
for lessening the power of the populace at elec- 
tions. He was master of horse, and his victo- 
ries over the Samnites in that capacity, nearly 
cost him his life, because he engaged the ene- 
my without the command of the dictator. He 
was five times consul, twice dictator, and once 
censor. He triumphed over seven different na- 
tions in the neighbourhood of Rome, and ren- 
dered himself illustrious by his patriotism 



Rusticus, an historian in the age of Claudius and 
Nero. He was intimate with Seneca, and the 
encomiums which Tacitus passes upon his style, 
makes us regret the loss of his compositions 
Marcellinus, an historian in the second cen- 
tury. A Roman lawyer, whom Horat- 1 , sat 

2, v. 134, ridicules as having been caught in 
adultery. Q. Maximus, a celebrated Ro- 
man, first surnamed Verrucosus, from a wart on 
his lip, and Jlgnicula, from his inoffensive man- 
ners. From a dull and unpromising childhood 
he burst into deeds of valour and heroism, and 
was gradually raised by merit to the highest of- 
fices of the state. In his first consulship, he ob- 
tained a victory over Liguria, and the fatal bat- 
tle of Thrasymenus, occasioned his election to 
the dictatorship. In this important office he be- 
gan to oppose Annibal, not by fighting him in 
the open fieid like his predecessors, but he con- 
tinually harassed his army by countermarches 



and ambuscades, for which he received the suiv 
name of Cunctator or delayer. Such operations 
for the commander of the Roman armies, gave 
offence to some, and Fabius was even accused 
of cowardice. He, however, still pursued the 
measures which prudence and reflection seemed 
to dictate as most salutary to Rome, and he pa- 
tiently bore to see his master of horse raised to 
share the dictatorial dignity with himself, by 
means of his enemies at home. When he had 
laid down his office of dictator, his successors, 
for a while, followed his plan; b^t the rashness 
of Varro, and his contempt for the operations of 
Fabius, occasioned the fatal battle of Cannae. 
Tarentum was obliged to surrender to his arms 
after the battle of Cannae, and on that occasion 
the Carthaginian enemy observed that Fabius 
was the Annibal of Rome. When he had made 
an agreement with Annibal for the ransom of 
the captives, which was totally disapproved by 
the Roman senate, he sold all his estates to pay 
the money, rather than forfeit his word to the 
enemy- The bold proposal of yoang Scipio to 
go and carry the war from Italy to Africa, was 
rejected by Fabius as chimerical and dangerous. 
He did not, however, live to see the success of 
the Roman arms under Scipio, and the conquest 
of Carthage by measures which he treated with 
contempt and heard with indignation. He died 
in the 100th year of his age, after he had been 
five tirnes consul, and twice honoured wi>h a tri- 
umph. The Romans were so sensible of his 
great merit and services, that the expenses of 
his funeral were defrayed from the public trea- 
sury. Plut. in vita. — Flor. 2, c- 6. — Lw — 

Polyb. His son bore the same name, and 

showed himself worthy of his noble father's vir- 
tues. During his consulship he received a pisit 
from his father on horseback in the camp: the 
son ordered the father to dismount, and the old 
man cheerfully obeyed, embracing his son, and 
saying, I wished to know whether you knew 
what it is to be consul. He died before his fa- 
ther, and the Cunctator, with the moderation of 
a philosopher, delivered a funeral oration over 

the dead body of his son. Plut. in Fabio. 

Pictor, the first Roman who wrote an historical 
account of his country, from the age of Romu- 
lus to the year of Rome 536. He flourished B. 
C. 225. The work which is now extant, and 
which is attributed to him, is a spurious compo- 
sition A loquacious person mentioned by 

Horat. I, Sat. 1, v. 14. A Roman consul, 

surnamed Ambustus, because he was struck with 

lightning A lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul. 

■Fabricianus, a Roman assassinated by his 



wife Fabia, that she. might more freely enjoy the 
company of a favourite youth- His son was sav- 
ed from his mother's cruelties, and when he came 
of age he avenged his father's death by murder- 
ing his mother and her adulterer. The s'-nate 
took cognizance of the action, and patronized 

the parricide. Plut. in Parall A chief 

priest at Rome when Brennus took the city Plut. 
A Roman sent to consult the oracle of Del- 
phi, while Annibal was in I'aly. Another 

chosen dictator merely to create new senators. 

A lieutenant of Lucullus, defeated by Mith- 

ridates, A son of Paulus iEroilius, adopted 



FM 



FA 



into the family of the Fabii. A Roman sur- 

namcd Allobrogicus, from his victory over the 

AHobroges, &c. Flor. 2, c. 17. Another 

chosen general against the Carthaginians in Ita- 
ly. He lost all his forces in a battle, and fell 
wounded by the side of Annibal. Plut. in Pa- 
rall- A consul with J Caesar, who conquer- 
ed Pompey's adherents in Spain. A high 

priest who wrote some annals, and made war 
against Viriathus in Spain- Liv 30, c- 26. — 
Flcr 3, c. 2. Dorso. Vid. Dorso. 

Fabrateria, a colony and town of the Volsci 
in Latium. Ital. 8, c 39S. — Cic. Fain. 9, ep. 
24 

Fabricius, a Latin writer in the reign of Ne- 
ro, who employed his pen in satirizing and de- 
faming the senators. His works were burnt by 

order of Nero Caius Luscinus, a celebrated 

Roman, who, in his first consulship obtained se- 
veral victories over the Samnites and Lucanians, 
and was honoured with a triumph. The riches 
which were acquired in those battles were im- 
mense; the soldiers were liberally rewarded by 
the consul, and the treasury was enriched with 
400 talents. Two years after Faorieius went 
as ambassador to Pyrrhus, and refused with con- 
tempt the presents, and heard with indignation 
the offers, which might have corrupted the fide- 
lity of a less virtuous citizen. Pyrrhus had occa- 
sion to admire the magnanimity of Fabricius; 
"but tiis astonishment was more powerfully awak- 
ened when be opposed him in the field of battle, 
and when be saw him make a discovery of the 
perfidious offer of his physician, who pledged 
himself to the Roman general for a sum of mo- 
ney to poison his royal master. To this great- 
ness of soul were added the most consummate 
knowledge of military affairs, and the greatest 
simplicity of manners. Fabricius never used rich 
plate at his table; a small salt-cellar, whose feet 
were of horn, was the only silver vessel which 
appeared in his house. This contempt of luxu- 
ry and useless ornaments Fabricius wished to 
inspire among the people; and during his cen- 
sorship he banished from the senate Cornelius 
JR. u funis, who had been twice consul and dicta- 
tor, because he kept in his house more than ten 
pound weight of silver plate. Such were the 
manners of the conqueror of Pyrrhus, who ob- 
served, that he wished rather to command those 
that had money than possess it himself. He liv- 
ed and died in the greatest poverty. His body 
was buried at the public charge, and the Roman 
people were obliged to give a dowry to his two 
daughters, when they had arrived to marriage- 
able years. Veil. Max. 2, c. 9, I. 4, c. 4. — Flor. 
1, c. IS —Cic 3, de Ofiic.—Flut in Pyrrh.— 

Virg. Mn 6, v 844 A bridge at Rome 

built by the consul. Fabricius, over the Tiber. 
Horal 2. Scr 3. v. 38. 

Fabulla, a prostitute, &c. Juv. 2, v. 68. • 

Facelina, a small place on the north of Si- 
cily, where Diana had a temple. 'Sennits ad 
Virg. JEn 9, v. 117. -Hygm. 261. 

Fadus, a Rntulian killed in the night by Eu- 
ryalus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 344. 

FiEsuL.aE, now Fiesaie, a town of Etruria, fa- 
mous for its augurs. Cic. Mar. 24. — Ital. 8, v. 
41S.—Sallusl. Cat. 27. 



Falcjdia lex was enacted by the tribune Fal- 
cidius, A. U. C 713, concerning wills and the 
rights of heirs. 

Faleria, a town of Picenum, now Fallcrona, 
of which the inhabitants were called Falerien- 
ses. Plin. 3, c. 13. 

Falerh, (or mm) now Palari, a town of 
Etruria, of which the inhabitants are called Fa- 
lisci. The Romans borrowed some of their laws 
from Falerii. The place was famous for its 
pastures, and for a peculiar sort of sausage. Vid. 
Falisci. Martial. 4, ep. 46. — Liv. 10, c. 12 and 
16.— Ovid. Fast. 1, v. M.—Ponl. 4, el. 8, v. 
41. — Cato R. R 4 and 14. — Servius in Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 695 — Plin. 3, c. 5. 

Falerika, a tribe at Rome, Liv. 9, c. 20. 

Fai.ernus, a fertile mountain and plain of 
Campania, famous for its wine, which the Ro- 
man poets have greatly celebrated. Liv. 22, c. 
14.— Martial. 12, ep. 57.— Virg. G. 2, v. 96. 
— Florat. 1, od. 20, v. 10. 2 Sat. 4,*v. 15.— 
Shab. 5, — Ficr. 1, c. 15. 

Falisci, a people of Etruria, originally a Ma- 
cedonian colony. When they were besieged by 
Camillus, a school-master went out of the gates 
of the city with his pupils, and betrayed them 
into the hands of the Roman enemy, that by such 
a possession he might easily oblige the place to 
surrender. Camilius heard the proposal with in- 
dignation, and ordered the man to be stripped 
naked and whipped back to the town by those 
whom his perfidy wished to betray. This in- 
stance of generosity operated upon the people so 
powerfully, that they surrendered to the Ro- 
mans. Plut. in Camil. 

Faltscus Gratius. Vid. Gratius. 

Fama, (fame) was worshipped by the ancients 
as a powerful goddess, and generally represented 
blowing a trumpet, &c. Stat. 3, Theb 421. 

Fannia, a woman of Minturnae, who hospi- 
tably entertained Marius in his flight, though he 
had formerly sat in judgment upon her, and di- 
vorced her from her husband. 

Fannia lex, de Sumptibus, by Fannius the 
consul, A. U. C. 593. It enacted that no per- 
son should spend more than 100 asses a day at 
the great festivals, and 30 asses on other days, 
and ten at all other times. 

Fannii, two orators of whom Cicero speaks 
in Brut. 

Fannius, an inferior poet ridiculed by Horace 
because his poems and picture were consecrated 
in the library of Apollo, on mount Palatine at 
Rome, as it was then usual for such as possessed 

merit. Horat. 1, Sat- 4, v. 21. A person 

who killed himself when apprehended in a con- 
spiracy against Augustus. Mart. 12, ep. 80. 

Caius, an author iv Trajan's reign, whose 

history of the cruelties of Nero is greatly re- 
gretted. 

Faxt.m Vacun.se, a village in the country of 
the Sabines. Horat. 1, cp. 10, v. 49. 

Farfarus, a river of the Sabines, falling 
into the Tiber, above Capena. Ovid, Met. 14, 
v. 330. 

Fascelis, a surname of Diana, because her 
statue was brought from Taurica by Ipbigenia 
in a bundle of sticks, (fastis,) and placed ai 
Aricia. 



FA 



FE 



Fascellina, a town of Sicilv near Panonr.us. 
Sil. 14, v. 261. 

Faucula, a prostitule, who privately con- 
veyed food to the Roman prisoners at Capua. 
Liv 26, c. 33. 

Faventia, a town of Spain, Plin. 3, c. 1. 

Of Italy. TUd. 8, v. 597. Plin. 14, c. 15. 

Martial. 2, ep. 14. 
Faverlv, a town of Tstria. Liv. 41, c. 11. 
Faula, a mistress of Hercules. 
Fauna, a deity among the Romans, daughter 
of Picus, and originally called Marica. Her 
marriage with Faunus procured her the name 
of Fauna, and her knowledge of futurity that 
of Fatua and Fatidica. It is said that she never 
saw a man after her marriage with Faunus, and 
that her uncommon chastity occasioned her being 
ranked among the gods after death. She is the 
same, according to some, as Bona Mater. Some 
mycologists accuse her of drunkenness, and say 
that she expired under the blows of her husband, 
for an immoderate use of wine. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 
47, &c. — Varro — Justin. 43, c. 1. 

Faunalia, festivals at Rome in honour of 
Faunus. 

Fauni, certain deities of the country, repre- 
sented as haying the legs, feet, and ears of goats, 
and the rest of the body human- They were 
called satyrs by the Greeks. The peasants of- 
fered them a lamb or a kid with great solemnity. 
Virg. G. 1, v. 10 —Ovid. Met. 6, v. 392. 

Faunus, a son of Picus. who is said to have 
reigned in Italy about 1300 years B. C. His 
bravery as well as wisdom have given rise to 
the tradition that he was son of Mars. He raised 
a temple in honour of the god Pan, called by 
the Latins Lupercus, at the foot of the Palatine 
hill, and he exercised hospitality towards stran- 
gers with a liberal hand. His great popularity, 
and his fondness for agriculture, made his sub- 
jects revere him as one of their country deities 
after death. He was represented with all the 
equipage of the satyrs, and was consulted to give 
oracles Dionys. 1, c 7. — Virg. J£n. 7, v. 47, 
T 8, v. 314, 1. 10, v. 55.— Horat. 1, od. 17. 

Favo, a Roman mimic, who at the funeral of 
'Vespasian imitated the manners and gestures of 
"the deceased emperor. Suet, in Vesp. 19. 

Favorinus, a philosopher and eunuch under 
Adrian, &c 

Fausta, a daughter of Sylla, &c. Horat. 1. 
Sat. 2, v. 64. The wife of the emperor Con- 
stantino, disgraced for her cruelties and vices. 
Faustina, the wife of the emperor Antoni- 
nus, famous for her debaucheries. Her daugh- 
ter, of the same name, blessed with beauty, 
liveliness, and wit, became the most abandoned 

of her sex. She married M. Aurelius. The 

third wife of the emperor Heliogabalus bore that 
name. 

Faustitas, a goddess among the Romans, 
supposed to preside over cattle. Horat. 4. od. 
5, v. 17. 

Faustulus, a shepherd ordered to expose 

Romulus and Remus. He privately brought 

them up at home. Liv. 1, c. 4. — Justin. 43, c. 

2. — Plut. in Rom. 

Faustus, an obscure poet under the first Ro- 



man emperors, two of whose dramatic pieces., 

Thebae and Tereus, Juvenal mentions, 7, v. 12. 

Febrous, a god at Rome, who presided over 

purifications. The Feralia, sacrifices which 

the Romans offered to the gods Manes, were 
also called Febnut, whence the name of the 
month of February, during which the oblations 
were made. 

Feciales, a number of priests at Rome, em- 
ployed in declarng war and making peace. 
When the Romans thought themselves injured, 
one of the sacerdotal body was empowered to 
demand redress, and after the allowance of 33 
days to consider the matter, war was declared 
if submissions were not made, and the Fecialis 
hurled a bloody spear into the territories of the 
enemy in proof of intended hostilities. Liv. 1, 
C. 3, 1. 4, c. 30. 

Felginas, a Roman knight killed by Pompey 
at Dyrrachium. Cozs. 3, Bell. Civ. 

Felix, M. Antonius, a freed man of Clau- 
dius Caesar, made governor of Judaea, Samaria, 
and Palestine. He is cailed by Suetonius the 
husband of three queens, as he married the two 
Drusdlae, one grand-daughter of Antony and 
Cleopatra, and the other a Jewish princess, sis- 
ter of Agrippa. The name of his third wife is 
unknown. Suet, in CI. 18. — Tacit. Jinn. 12, 
c. 14. 

Feltria, a town of Italy at the north of 
Venice. 

Fenestella, a Roman historian in the age 

of Augustus. He died at Cumae. One of 

the gates at Rome. Ovid Fast. 6, v. 578. 

Fenni or Finni, the inhabitants of Finniugia 
or Enu-.gia, considered as Finland Tacit. G. 
46.— Plin. 4, c. 13. 

Feralia, a festival in honour of the dead, 
observed at Rome the 17th or 21st of February, 
It continued for 11 days, during which time pre- 
sents were carried to the graves of the deceased, 
marriages were forbidden, and the temples of 
the gods were shut. It was universally believed 
that the manes of their departed friends came 
and hovered over their graves, and feasted upon 
the provisions that the band of piety and affec- 
tion had procured for them. Their punishments 
in the infernal regions were also suspended, and 
during that time they enjoyed rest and liberty. 

Ferentinum, a town of the Hernici, at the 
east of Rome.. The inhabitants were called 
Ferentinates or Ferentini. Sil 8, v. 394 — 
Liv. 1, c. 50, 1. 9, c. 43 and 44. 

Ferentum, or Forentum, a town of Apulia, 
now Forenza. Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 15. — Liv. 9, 
c. 16 and 20. 

Feretrius, a surname of Jupiter, aferendo, 
because he had assisted the Romans, or aferien- 
do, because he had conquered their enemies 
under Romulus. He had a temple at Rome, 
built by Romulus, where the spoils called opima 
were always carried. Only two generals obtain- 
ed these celebrated spoils after the age of Romu- 
lus. Liv. 1, c. 10. — Plut. in Rom. — C. Nep. 
in Alt. 20. 

Ferine Latinje, festivals at Rome instituted 
by Tarquin the Proud. The principal magis- 
trates of 47 towns in Latium usually assembled 
on a mount near Rome, where they altogether 



FE 



FL 



with the Roman magistrates offered a bull to 
Jupiter Latialis, of which they carried home 
some part after the immolation, after tbey had 
sworn mutual friendship and alliance, it con- 
tinued but one day originally, but in process of 
time four days were dedicated to its celebration. 
Dionys. Hal. 4, c. 49. — Cic Ep. 6. — Liv. 21, 
&c. The ferise among the Romans were certain 
days set ap.srt to celebrate festivals, ana during 
that time it was unlawful for any person to work. 
The} were either public or private- Tiie public 
were of four different kinds The fence slativce 
were certain immoveable days always marked 
in the calendar, and observed by the whole city 
with much festivity and public rejoicing. Tne 
ferine, conceptivaz were moveable feasts, and the 
day appointed for the celebration was always 
previously fixe:, by the magistrates or priests. 
Among these were iheferiee Latinoz, which were 
first established by Tarquin, and observed by 
the consuls regularly before they set out for the 
provinces; tlie Compitalia, &c. The ferLe im- 
peratives were appointed only by the command 
of the consul, dictator, or praetor, as a public 
rejoicing for some important victory gained over 
the enemy of Rome. The ferice. Nundina were 
regular days, in which the people of the country 
and neighbouring towns assembled together and 
exposed their respective commodities to sale. 
They were Called Nundina?, because kept every 
ninth day. The feriot privates were observed 
only in families, in commemoration of birth 
days, marriages, funerals, and the like. The 
days on which the ferice. were observed were 
called by the Romans festi dies, because dedica- 
ted to mirth, relaxation, and festivity, . 

Feronia, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
over the woods and groves. The name is de- 
rived a ferendo, because she gave assistance to 
her votaries, or perhaps from the town Feronia, 
near mount Soracte, where she had a temple. 
It was usual to make a yearly sacrifice to her, 
and to wash the face and hands in the waters 
of the sacred fountain, which flowed near her 
temple. It is said that those who were filled 
with the spirit of this goddess could walk bare- 
footed over burning coals without receiving any 
injury from the flames. The goddess had a tem- 
ple and a grove about three miles from Anxur, 
and also another in the district of Capena. Liv. 
33, c. 26.—Virg- JEn- 7, v. 697 and 8.00.— 
Varro de L. L. 4, c 10.— Ital. lS.—Sirab. 5.— 
Herat. 1. Sat 5, v. 24 

Fescennia, (iorum or turn,) a town of Etruria, 
now Galese, where the Fescennine verses were 
first invented. These verses, the name of which 
conveys an idea of vulgar obscenity, were a sort 
of rustic dialogue spoken extempore ; in which 
the actors exposed before their audience the 
failings and vices of their adversarirs, and by 
a satirical humour and merriment endeavoured 
to raise the laughter of the company. They were 
often repeated at nuptials, and many lascivious 
expressions were used for the general diversion, 
as also at harvest-home, when gestures were 
made adapted to the sense of the unpolished 
verses that were used. They were proscribed 
by Augustus as of immoral tendency. Plin. 3, 



c. 5.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 695.— Horat. 2, ep. 1, 
v. 145. 

Fesul.*:, or F^sul^, a town of Etruria, 

where Sylla settled a colony. Cic Cat. 3, t. 6. 

Festus, a friend of Domitian, who ;<illed 

himseif in an illness. Martial. 1. ep Id 

Porcius, a proconsul who succeeded Felix as 
governor of Judaea, under Claudius. 

Fibrexus, a river of Italy, falling into the 
Liris through Cicero's farm at Arpinum SU. 
8, v. 400.— Cic. Leg. 2, c. 1. 

Ficana, a town of Lalium, at the south of 
Rome near die Tiber. Liv. 1. c. 33. 

Ficaria, a small island on the east of Sar- 
dinia, now Serpentera. Plin. 3, c 7. 

Ficulea or Ficolnea, a town of Latium 
beyond mount Sacer at the north of Rome. 
Cicero had a villa there, and the road that led 
to the town was called Ficulnensis. afterwards 
Nomentana Via. Cic. 12. Jilt. 34. — Liv. 1, e. 
38, I. 3, c. 52. 

Fidena, an inland town of Latium, whose 
inhabitants are called Fidenates. The place 
was conquered by the Romans B. C. 435. Viig. 
JEn. 6, v. 773.— Juv. 1, v.' 44 —Lit?. 1, c. 14, 
15, and 27, 1. 2. c. 19, 1. 4, c, 17 and 21. 

Fidentia, a town of Gaul on the south of 
the Po. between Piacentia and Parma. Veil. 
2, c 28 — Plin. 3, c. 15.— Cic. In. 2, c 54. 

Fides, the goddess of faith, oaths, and ho- 
nesty, worshipped by the Romans. Numa was 
the first wko paid her divine honours. 

FiDicuL.^, a place of Italy. Val. Max. 7, 
c 6. 

Fimus Dips, a divinity by whom the Ro- 
mans generally swore. He was also called San- 
ctis or Sane us and Semipater, and he was so- 
lemnly addressed in prayers the 5th of June, 
which was yearly consecrated to his service. 
Some suppose him to be Hercules. Ovid. Fast. 
6, v. 213— Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10.— Dionys. 
Hal. 2 and 9. 

Fimbria, a Roman officer who besieged Mi- 
thridates in Pritane, and failed in his attempts 
to take him prisoner. He was deserted by his 
troops for his cruelly, upon which he killed him- 
self. Plut. in Lucull. 

Firmum, now Firmo, a town of Picenum on 
the Adriatic, the port of which was called Cas- 
tellum Firmamim. Cic. 8, Jilt. 12. — Plin. 7, 
c. S. — Velleius. 1, c 14 

M. Firmius, a powerful native of Seleucia 
who proclaimed himself emperor, and was at 
last conquered by Aurelian. 

Fiscellus, a part of the Apennine mountains 
in Umbria, where the Nar rises. Ital. 8, v. 518. 
—Plin. 3, c. 12. 

Flacilla Antonia, a Roman matron in Ne- 
ro's age, &x. Tacit. Jinn. 14, c. 7. 

Flaccus, a consul who marched against Syl- 
la, and was assassinated by Fimbria. Plut. 

A poet. Vid. Valerius. A governor of 

Egypt who died A. D 39. Verrius, a gram- 
marian, tutor to the two grandsons of Augustus, 
and supposed author of the Capitoline marbles. 

A name of Horace. Vid. Horatius. 

.<F.lia Flacilla, the mother of Arcadius and 
Honorius, was daughter of Antonius, a prefect 
of Gaul. 



FL 



FL 



FlamInia Lex agraria, by C. Flaminius the 
tribune, A. U. C. 525. It required that the 
lands of Picenum, from which the Gauls Senones 
had been expelled, should be divided among the 
Roman people. 

Flaminia Via, a celebrated road which led 
from Rome to Ariminum and Aquileia. It re- 
ceived its name from Flaminius, who built it, 
and was killed at the battle of Thrasymenus 

against Annibal. A gate of Rome opening 

to the same road, now delpopolo. 

C. Flaminius, a Roman consul of a turbulent 
disposition, who was drawn into a battle near 
the lake of Thrasymenus, by the artifice of An- 
nibal. He was killed in the engagermnt, with 
with an iu>uiense number of Romans, B. C. 217. 
The conqueror wished to give a burial to his bo- 
dy, but it was not found in the heaps of slain. 
While tribune of the people, he proposed an 
agrarian law against the advice of his friends, 
ef the senate, and of his own father. Cic. de 
Inv. 2, c. n.—Liv. 22, c. 3, kc.—Polyb.— 
Flor. 2, c. 6. — Val. Max. 1, c. 6. 

T. Q. Flaminius or Flaminius, a celebrated 
Roman raised to the consulship, A. U. C. 556. 
He was trained in the art of war against Anni 
bal, and he showed himself capable in every 
respect to discharge with honour the great of- 
fice with which he was intrusted. He was sent 
at the head of the Roman troops against Philip, 
king of Macedonia, and in his expedition he met 
with uncommon success. The Greeks gradu- 
ally declared themselves his firmest support- 
ers, and he totally defeated Philip on the con- 
fines of Epirus, and made all Locris, Phocis, 
and Thessaly, tributary. to the Roman power. 
He granted peace to the conquered monarch, 
and proclaimed all Greece free and independ- 
ent at the Isthmian games. This celebrated 
action procured the name of patrons of Greece 
to the Romans, and insensibly paved their way 
to universal dominion. Flaminius behaved 
among them with the greatest policy, and by his 
ready compliance with their national customs 
and prejudices, he gained uncommon popularity, 
and received the name of father and deliverer 
of Greece. He was afterwards sent ambassa- 
dor to king Prusias, who had given refuge to 
Annibal, and there his prudence and artifice 
hastened out of the world a man who had iong 
been the terror of the Romans. Flamn.ius was 
found dead in his bed, after a life spent in the 
greatest glory, in which he had imitated with 
success the virtues of his model Seipio. Plut. 

in vita. — Ft or. Lucius, the brother of the 

preceding, signalized himself in the wars of 
Greece. He was expelled from the senate for 
killing a Gaul, by Cato, his brother's colleague 
in the censorship, an action which was highly 

resented by Titus. Plut. in Flam. Calp. 

Flamma, a tribune, who at the head of 300 men 
saved the Roman army in Sicily, B. C. 258, by 
en^jging the Carthaginians and cutting them to 
pieces. 

Flanaticus sinus, a bay of the Flanatcs, in 
Liburnia, on the Adriatic, now the gulf of Cor- 
ner o Plw. 3, c. 19 and 21. 

Flavia lex agraria, by L. Flavius, A. U. 
Q. 693, for the distribution of a certain quanti- 



ty of lands among Pompey's soldiers, and the 
commons. 

Flavianum, a town of Etruria, on the Tiber, 
called also Flavinium. Virg JEn. 7, v. 696. 
— Sil. 8, v. 492. 

Flavinia, a town of Latium, which assisted 
Turnus against iEneas. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 696. 

Flavius, a senator who conspired with Piso 

againsi Nero, &c. Tacit. A tribune of the 

people deposed by J. Cresar. A Roman who 

informed Gracchus of the violent measures of 
the senate 3gainst him. A brother of Ves- 
pasian, &c A tribune who woundeo one of 

Annibal's elephants in an engagement. A 

schoolmaster at Rome in the age of Horace. 1 
Sat. 6, v. 72. One of the names of the em- 
peror Domitian. Juv. 4, v. 37. 

Flevus, the right branch of the Rhine, which 
formed a large lake on its falling into the sea, 
called Flevo, now Zuider-Zee. It was after- 
wards called Helium, now Ulie, when its breadth 
became more contracted, and a fort erected 
there obtained the name of Fltvum Frisiorum. 
Tacit. An. 2, c. 6, 1. 4, v. 72.— Plin. 4, c. 15. 
— Mela, 3, c. 2. 

Flora, the goddess of flowers and gardens 
among the Romans, the same as the Chloris of 
the Greeks Some suppose that she was origi- 
nally a common courtezan, who left to the Ro- 
mans the immense riches which she had ac- 
quired by prostitution and JasciviousnesSj in re- 
membrance of which a yearly festival was in- 
stituted in her honour. She was worshipped 
even among the Sabines, long before the foun- 
dation of Rome, and likewise among the Pho- 
ceans, who built Marseilles long before the ex- 
istence of the capital of Italy. Tatius was the 
first who raised her a temple in the city of Rome, 
It is said that she married Zepbyrus, and that 
she received from him the privileges of pre- 
siding over flowers, and of enjoying perpetual 
youth. [Vid. Floralia.] She was represented 
as crowned with flowers, and holding in her 
hand the horn of plenty. Ovid. Fast 5, v. 195, 

&c— Varro de R R. l.—Lactant. 1, c. 20 

A celebrated courtezan passionately loved by 
Pompey the Great. She was so beautiful, that 
when the temple of Castor and Pollux at Rome 
was adorned with painting, her picture was 

drawn and placed among the rest. Another 

courtezan, &c- Juv. 2, v. 49. 

Floralia, games in honour of Flora at Rome. 
They were instituted about the age of Romulus, 
but they were not celebrated with regularity 
and proper attention till the year U- C. 580. 
They were observed yearly, and exhibited a 
scene of the most unbounded licentiousness. It 
is reported that Cato wished once to be present 
at the celebration, and that when he saw that 
the deference for his presence interrupted the 
feast, he retired, not choosing; to be the specta- 
tor of the prostitution of naked women in a public, 
theatre. This behaviour so captivated the de- 
generate Remans, that the venerable senator 
was treated with the most uncon:moo applause 
as be retired. Val. Max. 2, c. 10. — Varro de 
L. L. l.—Faterc c. 1.— Plin. IS, c. 29. 

Florentia ; a town of Italy on the Arnus, 



FO 



FO 



n6w Florence, the capital of Tuscany. Tacit. 
An. 1, c. 19—Flor. 3, c. 21.— Plin. 3, c. 5. 

Florianus, a man who wore the imperial 
purple at Kome only for two months, A. D 276. 
Flouus, L. Annajus Julius, a Latin historian 
of the same family which produced Seneca and 
Lucan, A. D. 116. He wrote an abridgment 
of Roman annals in four books, composed in a 
florid and poetical style, and rather a panegyric 
on many of the great actions of the Romans, 
than a faithful and correct recital of their histo- 
ry. He also wrote poetry, and entered the lists 
against the emperor Adrian, who satirically re- 
proached him with frequenting taverns and 
places of dissipation. The best editions of Flo- 
rus are Duker's, 2 vols. 8vo. L. Bat. 1722 and 
1744; and that of J. Frid. Fischer, 8vo. Lips. 
1760. Julius, a friend of Horace, who ac- 
companied Claudius Nero in his military expedi- 
tions. The poet has addressed two epistles to him. 

Fluonia, a surname of Juno Lucina, who un- 
der that appellation was invoked by the Roman 
matrons to stop excessive discharges of blood. 
Fest. de V.fig, 

Folia, a woman of Ariminum, famous for her 
knowledge of poisonous herbs, and for her petu- 
lance. Horat- ep. 5, v. 42. 

Fons Sons, a fountain in the province of Cy- 
rene, cool at mid-day and warm at the rising 
and setting of the sun, Herodot. 4, c. 181. 

Fontanus, a poet mentioned by Ovid. Pont. 
4, el. 16. 

Fonteia, a vestal virgin. Cic. 

Fonteius Capito, an intimate friend of Ho- 
race. 1 Sat. 5, v. 32. A Roman who raised 

commotions in Germany after the death of Ne- 
ro. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 7. A man who con- 
ducted Cleopatra into Syria bj order of Antony. 
Plut. in Ant. 

Formije, a maritime town of Campania at 
the south-east of Caieta. It was anciently the 
abode of the La^strygones, and it became known 
for its excellent wines, and was called Mamur- 
farimx urbs, from a family of consequence and 
opulence who lived there. Liv. 8, c, 14, 1. 38. 
c. 36,— Horat. 1. od. 20, v. 11, 1. 3. od. 17, 
Sat. 1, 5, v. 37.— Plin. 36, c. 6. 

Formianum, a villa of Cicero near Formiae, 
near which the orator was assassinated. Cic. 
Fam. 11, ep. 27, 1. 16, ep. 10.— Tacit. Jinn. 
16, c 10. 

Formio, now RisanOy a river of Istria, the 
ancient boundary of Italy eastward, afterwards 
extended to the Arsia. Plin. 3, c. 18 and 19. 

Fornax, a goddess at Rome who presided 
over the baking of bread. Her festivals, called 
Fornncatia, were first instituted by Numa. Ovid. 
Fast. 2^ v. 525. 

Foro Appii, a people of Italy, whose capital 
was called Forum Jippi. Plin. 3, c, 5. 

Fortuna, a powerful deity among the an- 
cients, daughter of Oceanus according to Ho- 
mer, or one of the Parcoe according >to Pindar. 
She was the goddess of fortune, and from her 
hand were derived riches and poverty, pleasures 
and misfortunes, blessings and pains. She was 
worshipped in different parts of Greece, and 
in Achaia; her statue held the horn of plenty in 
one hand, and had a winged Cupid at its feet. 



in Beeotia she had a statue which represented 
her as holding Plutus the god of riches in her 
arms, to intimate that fortune is the source 
whence wealth and honours flow Bupalus was 
the first who made a statue of Fortune for the 
people of Smyrna, and he represented her with 
the polar star upon her head, and the horn of 
plenty in her hand. The Romans paid particu- 
lar attention to the goddess of Fortune, and had 
no less than eight different temples erected to 
her honour in their city. Tullus Hostilius was 
the first who built her a temple, and from that 
circumstance it is easily known when her wor- 
ship was first introduced among the Romans. 
Her most famous temple in Italy was at Antium, 
in Latium, where presents and offerings were re- 
gularly sent from every part of the country. 
Fortune has been called Pherepolis, the pro- 
tectress of cities, Acrea, from the temple of Co- 
rinth on an eminence, ak^cq. She was called 
Prenestine at Prceneste in Italy, where she had 
also a temple. Besides she was worshipped 
among the Romans under different names, such 
as Female fortune, Virile fortune, Equestrian, 
Evil, Peaceful, Virgin, &~c. On the 1st of April, 
which was consecrated to Venus among the Ro- 
mans the Italian widows and marriageable vir- 
gins assembled in the temple of Virile fortune, 
and after burning incense and stripping them- 
selves of their garments, they entreated the god- 
dess to hide from the eyes of their husbands 
whatever defects there might be on their bodies. 
The goddess of Fortune is represented on an- 
cient monuments with a horn of plenty, and 
sometimes two in her hands. She is blind-fold- 
ed, and generally holds a wheel in her hand as 
an emblem of her inconstancy. Sometimes she 
appears with wings, and treads upon the prow 
of a ship, and holds a rudder in her hand. Dio~ 
nys. Hal. 4.— Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 569.— Plut. de 
fort. Rom. and in Cor. — Cic. de Div. 2. — Liv.. 
10.— Augustin. de Civ. D. 4—Ftor. l.— Val. 
Max. 1, c 5. — Lucan. 2, &c. 

Fortunate insula, islands at the west of 
Mauritania in the Atlantic sea. They are sup- 
posed to be the Canary isles of the modems, 
thought to be only two in number, at a little dis- 
tance one from the other, and 10,000 stadia 
from the shores of Libya. They were repre- 
sented as the seats of the blessed, where the 
souls of the virtuous were placed after death. 
The air was wholesome and temperate, the earth 
produced an immense number of various fruits 
without the labours of men, When they had 
been described to Sertorius in the most enchant- 
ing colours, that celebrated general expressed 
a wish to retire thither, and to remove himself 
from the noise of the world, and the dangers of 
war. Strab. 1. — Plut. in Sertor. — Horat. 4, 
od. 8, v. 21,—Epod. 16.— Plin. 6, c 31 and 
32. 

Foruli, a town of the Sabirtes, built on a 
stony place. Strab. 5, — Virg. JEn. 7, v. 714„ 

Forum — appii, a town of Latium on the Ap- 
pia via. Cic. I, Jit. 10. — Horat. I, Sat 3, v. 

3.- Augustum, a place at Rome. Ovid. 

Fast. 5, y. 552. Allieni, a town of Italy, 

now Ftrrara. Tacit. H. 3, c. 6. Aurelia, a 

towa of Etruria, now Mcnialto. Cic. Cat. 1, 



FR 



FU 



-e? 9. Claudii, another in Etruria, now Qriolo. 

— - — Comelii, another, now Imola, in the Pope's 
dominions. Plin. 3, c. 16. — Cic Fam 12, ep. 

5. .Domitii, a town of Gaul, now Fronlig- 

n<m, in Lauguedoc. Vocooii, a town of Gaul, 

now Gonsaron, between Antibes and Marseilles. 

Cic Fam. 10, ep 17. Lepidi. a town of 

ancient Gaul, south of the Po. Popilii, an- 
other at the south of Ravenna, on the Adriatic. 

Flaminii, a town of Umbria, now San 

Giuvane. Plin. 3, c. 14. Gallorum, a town 

of Gaul Togata, now Castel Franco, in the Bo- 

lognese. Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 30. Also a town 

of Venice, calied Forajuliensis urbs, now Friuli. 

Cic. Fam. 12, ep. 26. Julium, a town of 

Gaul Narbonensis, now Frejus, in Provence 
Cic Fam- 10, ep. 17. — Strab. 4.— — Lebno- 

runi, a town of Insubria. Pclyb. Sempro- 

nii, a town of Umbria, &c. Many other places 
bore the name of Fvrum wherever there was a 
public market, or rather where the praetor held 
his court of justice, (forum vel convenius,) and 
thence they were called sometimes conventus as 
well as fora, into which provinces were general- 
ly divided under the administration of a separate 
governor. Cic. Ver. 2, e. 20, 1. 4, c. 48, 1. 5, 
c. 11. — Vatin 5, Fam. 3, ep 6 and 8. — Attic 
5. ep. 21. 

Fosi, a people of Germany near the Elbe, 
considered as the Saxons of Ptolemy. Tacit. 
G. 36. 

Fossa, the straits of Bonifacio between Cor- 
sica and Sardinia, called also Tepbros. Plin. 

3, c. 6. Drusi or Drusiani, a canal, eight 

miles in length, opened by Drusus from the 
Rhine to the Issel, below the separation of the 
Waal. Suet Claud. 1.— Tacit. Hist. 5, c. 23. 

Mariana, a canal cut by Marius from the 

Rhone to Marseilles during the Cimbrian war, 
and now called Galejtm. Sometimes the word 
is used in the plural, Fosscb, as if more than one 
canal had been formed by Marius. Plin. 3, c. 
4.— Strab. 4.— Mela, 2, c. 5. 

Fossje Philistine, one of the mouths of the 
Po. Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 9. 

Franci, a people of Germany and Gaul, 
whose country was called Francia. Claudian. 

Fraus, a divinity worshipped among the Ro- 
mans, daughter of Orcus and Night. She pre- 
sided over treachery, &c. 

Fregella, a famous town of the Volsci in 
Italy, on the Liris, destroyed for revolting from 
the Romans. Ital. E, v. 452. — Liv. 8, c. 22,1. 
27, c. 10, &c— Cic. Fam. 13, ep. 76. 

Fregen.e, a town of Etruria. Plin. 3, c. 5. 

Frenta.vi, a people of Italy, near Apulia, 
who receive their name from the river Frento, 
now Fortore, which runs through the eastern 
part of their country, and falls into the Adriatic 
opposite the islands of Diomede. Plin. 3, c. 
11.— Liv. 9, c. 45 —Sil. S, v. 520. 

Fretum, (the sea) is sometimes applied by 
eminence to the Sicilian sea, or the straits of 
Messina. Cats. C- 1, c. 29.— Flor. 1, c. 26. 
—Cic. 2. Att. 1. 

Frigidus, a river of Tuscany. 

Frisii, a people of Germany near the Rhine, 
now the Frisons or Friesland. Tacit. A. 1, c. 
60— Hist. 4, c. 15 and 72.— G. 34. 



Sex. Jdl. Frontinus, a celebrated geome? 
1 trician, who made himself known by the books 
! he wrote on aqueducts and stratagems, dedicat- 
ed to Trajan. He ordered at his death that no 
monument should be raised to his memory, say- 
ing, Memo?ia nostri durabit, sivitam meruimus. 
The best edition of Fronlinus is that of Ouden- 
dorp, 8vo. L bat- 1779. 

Fronto, a preceptor of M. Antoninus, by 

whom he was greatly esteemed Julius, a 

learned Roman, who was so partial to the com- 
pany of poets, that he lent them his house and 
gardens, which continually re-echoed the com- 
positions of his numerous visitors. Juv. 1, SaU 
v. 12. 

Frusino a small town of the Volsci on one 
of the branches of the Liris. Juv. 3, v. 223. — 
Liv, 10, c. 1.— Sil. 8. v. 399.— Cic Att. 11, 
ep. 4 and 13. 

Fucinus, a lake of Italy in the country of the 
Marsi, at the north of the Liris, attempted to 
be drained by J. Caesar and afterwards by Clau- 
dius, by whom 30,000 men were employed for 
eleven years to perforate a mountain to convey 
the water into the Liris, but with no permanent 
success. The lake surrounded by a ridge of 
bigh mountains is now called Ceiano, and is 
supposed to be 47 miles in circumference, and 
not more than 12 feet deep on an average. 
Plin. 36, c. 15.— Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 56.— Virg. 
JEn. 7. v. 759. 

Fufidius, a wretched usurer, &c. Elorat. 1. 
Sat. 2. 

Fcfius Geminus, a man greatly promoted by 
the interest of Livia, &c. Tacit. Ann. 5, c; 
1 and 2. 

Fugalia, festivals at Rome to celebrate the 
flight of the Tarquins. 

Fulginates, (sing. Fulginas) a people of 
Umbria, whose chief town was FulgHnum, now 
Foligno. Sil. It. 8, v. 462.— Plin. 1, c. 4, 1. 
3, c 14. 

Q. Fulginus, a brave officer in Caesar's le- 
gions, &c. Gas. Bell. Civ- 

Fulgora, a goddess at Rome who presided 
over lightning. She was addressed to save her 
votaries from the effects of violent storms of 
thunder. Aug. de Civ. D. 6, c. 10. 

Fullinum and Fulginum, a small town of 
Umbria. 

Fulvia lex Was proposed but rejected, A. 
U. C. 628, by Flaccus Fulvius. It tended to 
make all the people of Italy citizens of Rome. 

Folvia, a bold and ambitious woman who 
married the tribune Clodius, and afterwards 
Curio, and at last M. Antony. She took apart 
in all the intrigues of her husband's triumvirate 
and showed herself cruel as well as revengeful. 
When Cicero's head had been cut off by order 
of Antony, Fulvia ordeied it to be brought to 
her, and with all the insolence of barbarity, she 
bored the orator's tongue with her golden bod- 
kin. Antony divorced her to marry Cleopatra, 
upon which she attempted to avenge her wrongs, 
by persuading Augustus to take up arms against 
her husband. When this scheme did not suc- 
ceed, she raised a faction against Augustus, in 
which she engaged L. Antonius her brother-in- 
law, and when all her attempts proved fruitless? 
Q<3 



FU 



FU 



she retired into the east, where her husband re- 
ceived her with great coldness and indifference. 
This unkindness totally broke her heart, and she 
soon after died, about 40 years before the chris- 
tian era. Plut. in Cic. Sf Anton. A woman 

who discovered to Cicero the designs of Catiline 
upon his life Plut. in Cic. 

Fulvids, a Roman senator, intimate with Au- 
gustus. He disclosed the emperor's secrets to 
his wife, who made it public to all the Roman 
matrons, for which he received so severe a re- 
primand from Augustus, that he and his wife 

haDged themselves in despair A friend of 

C. Gracchus who was killed in a sedition with 
his son. His body was thrown into the river, 
and his widow was forbidden to put on mourn- 
ing for his death. Plut. in Gracch. Flaccus 

Censor, a Roman who plundered a marble tem- 
ple of Juno, to finish the building of one which 
he had erected to Fortune. He was always un- 
happy after this sacrilege. Liv. 25, c. 2 



Ser. Nobilior, a Roman consul who went to 
Africa after the defeat of Regulus. After he 
had acquired much glory against the Cartha- 
ginians, he was shipwrecked at his return with 
200 Roman ships. His grandson Marcus was 
sent to Spain, where he greatly signalized him- 
self. He was afterwards rewarded with the 
consulship. 

Fundanus, a lake near Fundi in Italy, which 
discharges itself into the Mediterranean. Tacit. 
Hist. 3, c. 69. 

Fundi, a town of Italy near Caieta, on the 
Appian road, at the bottom of a small deep bay 
called Lacus Fundanus. Herat. 1, Sat 5, v. 
34.— Liv. 8, c 14 and 19, I. 38, c 36.— Plin. 
3, c. 5. — Cic. Rull. 2, c. 25.— -Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 
59.— Strab. 5. 

Furle, the three daughters of Nox and Ache- 
ron, or of Pluto and Proserpine, according to 
some. Vid. Eumenides. 

Furii, a family which migrated from Medul- 
lia in Latium, and came to settle at Rome un- 
der Romulus, and was admitted among the pa- 
tricians. Camillus was of this family, and it 
was he who first raised it to distinction. Plut. 
in Camill. 

Furia lex de Testamenlis, by C. Furius the 
tribune. It forbad any person to leave as a 
legacy more than a thousand asses, except to the 
relations of the master who manumitted, with 



a few more exceptions. Cic. 1. — Verr. 42. — 
Liv. 35. 

Furina, the goddess of robbers, worshipped 
at Rome. Some say that she is the same as the 
Furies. Her festivals were called Furinalia. 
Cic de Nat. 3, c. 8—Varro. de L. L. 5, c 3. 

Furius, a military tribune with Camillus. 
He was sent against the Tuscans by his col- 
league. A Roman slave who obtained his 

freedom, and applied himself with unremitted 
attention to cultivate a small portion of land 
which he had purchased. The uncommon fruits 
which he reaped from his labours rendered his 
neighbours jealous of his prosperity. He was 
accused before a Roman tribunal of witchcraft, 

but honourably acquitted. M. Bibaculus, a 

Latin poet of Cremona, who wrote annals in 
Iambic verse, and was universally celebrated 
for the wit and humour of his expressions. It 
is said that Virgil imitated his poetry and even 
borrowed some of his lines. Horace however 
has not failed to ridicule his verses. QuintU. 
8, c. 6, &c. — Horat. 2, Sat. 5, v. 40. 

Furnids, a man accused of adultery with 
Claudia Pulchra, and condemned, &c. Tacit. 

Hist. 4, v. 52.- A friend of Horace, who 

was consul, and distinguished himself by his 
elegant historical writings. 1 Sat. 10, v. 36. 

Arist. Fuscus, a friend of Horace, as con- 
spicuous for the integrity and propriety of his 
manners, as for his learning and abilities. The 
poet addressed his 22 Od. Lib. 1 and 1 Ep. 10, 

t& him.: Corni a prastor sent by Domitian 

against the Daci, where he perished. Juv. 4, 
v. 112. 

Fusialex de Comiliis, A. U. C. 52", forbad 
any business to be transacted at the public as- 
semblies on certain days, though among the fasti. 

Another A. U. C. 690, which ordained that 

the votes in a public assembly should be given 

separately. Caninia, another by Camillus 

andC. Caninius Galbus, A. U. C 751, to check 
the manumission of slaves. 

Fusius, a Roman orator. Cic. 2. de Cral. 

c. 22. A Roman killed in Gaul, while he 

presided there over one of the provinces. Cozs. 

Bell. G. 7, c. 3. A Roman actor, whom 

Horace ridicules. 2 Sat. 3, v. 60. He intoxi- 
cated himself; and when on the stage, he fell 
asleep whilst he personated Uione, where he- 
ought to have been roused and moved by the 
cries of a ghost; but in vain. 



GA 



GA 



GAB ALES, a people of Aquitain. Plin. 4, c. 
19. 

Gabaza, a country of Asia, near Sogdiana. 
Curt. 8, c. 4. 

Gabellus, now La Secchia, a river falling in 
a northern direction into the Po, opposite the 
Mincius. Plin. 3, c. 16. 

Gabene and Gabiene, a country of Persia. 
Diod. 19. 

Gabia or Gabina. Vid. Gabina, 



Gabienus, a friend of Augustus, beheaded by 
order of Sext. Pompey. It is maintained that he 
spoke after death. 

Gabii, a city of the Volsci, built by the kings 
of Alba, but now no longer in existence. It was 
taken by the artifice of Sextus, the son of Tar- 
quin, who gained the confidence of the inhabi- 
tants by deserting to them, and pretending that 
his father had ill treated him. Romulus and Re- 
mus were educated there, as it was the custom 



GJE 



GA 



at that time to send there the young nobility, 
and Juno was the chief deity of the place. The 
inhabitants had a peculiar mode of tucking up 
their dress, whence Gabimis cinclus. Virg. JEn. 
6, v. 773, 1. 7, v. 612 and 682.— Liv. 5, c. 46, 

1. 6, c. 29, I. 8, c. 9, 1. 10, c 7.— Ovid. Fast. 

2, v. 709.— Pint. inRonml. 

GabIna, the name of Juno, worshipped at Ga- 
bii. Virg. JEn 7, v. 682. 

GabInia lex de Comitiis, by A. Gabinius, the 
tribune, A. U. C. 614. It required that in the 
public assemblies for electing magistrates, the 
votes should be given by tablets, and not viva 

voce. Another for convening daily the senate 

from the calends of February, to those of March. 
Another, de Comitiis, which made it a ca- 
pital punishment to convene any clandestine as- 
sembly, agreeable to the old law of the twelve 
tables. — —Another, de Militia, by A. Gabini- 
us the tribune, A. U. C, 685. It granted Pom- 
pey the power of carrying on the war against 
the pirates, during three years, and of obliging 
all kings, governors, and states, to supply him 
with ail the necessaries he wanted, over all the 
Mediterranean sea, and in the maritime provin- 
ces, as far as 400 stadia from the sea. Ano- 
ther, de Usurd, by Aul. Gabinius the tribune, 
A. U. C. 685. It ordained thatno action should 
fee granted for the recovery of any money bor- 
rowed upon small interest, to be lent upon lar- 
ger- This was an usual practice at Rome, which 
obtained the name of venur am facer e. Ano- 
ther against fornication, 

Gabintanus, a rhetorician, in the reign of 
Vespasian. 

Gabinius, a Roman historian. Aulius, a 

Roman consul, who made war in Judaea, and 
re-established tranquillity there. He suffered 
himself to be bribed, and replaced Ptolemy Au- 
letes on the throne of Egypt. He was accused, 
at his return, of receiving bribes. Cicero, at the 
request of Pompey, ably defended him. He was 
banished, and died about 40 years before Christ, 

at Salona. A lieutenant of Antony. A 

consul, who behaved with uncommon rudeness 
to Cicero. 

Gades (ium,) Gadis (is) and Gadira, a 
small island in the Atlantic, on the Spanish 
coast, 25 miles from the columns of Hercules. 
It was sometimes called Tarlessus, and Erythia 
according to Pliny, and is now known by the 
name of Cadiz. Geryon, whom Hercules kill- 
ed, fixed his residence there. Hercules, surnam- 
es Gaditanus, had there a celebrated temple, in 
which all his labours were engraved with excel- 
lent workmanship. The inhabitants were call- 
ed Gaditani, and there women were known for 
their agility of body, and their incontinency. 
Horat. 2, od. 2, v. 11. — Slat. 3, Sylv. 1, v. 183. 
—Liv. 21, c 21, 1. 24, c. 49, 1. 26, c. 43.— 
Plin. 4, c. 23.—Slrab. 3.—Cic. pro Gab.— 
Justin. 44, c 4. — Paus. 1, c. 35. — Ptol. 2, c. 
4. — Patcrc. 1, c. 2. 

Gaditanus, a surname of Hercules, from 
Gades. Vid. Gades. 

GjEsk-vm., a people on the Rhone, who assist- 
ed the Senones in taking and plundering Rome 
under Brennus. Strab. 5. 

Getulia, a country of Libya, near the Ga- 



ramantes, which formed part of king Masinifc 
sa's kingdom. The country was the favourite 
retreat of wild beasts, and is now called Bildul*- 
gerid. Sallust. in Jug. — Sil. 3, v. 287. — Plin. 
5, c. 4. 

Gjetulicus, Cn. Lentulus, an officer in the 

age of Tiberius, &c. Tacit. Jinn. 4, e. 42. 

A peet who wrote some epigrams, in which he 
displayed great genius, and more wit, though he 
often indulged in indelicate expressions. 

Gala, father of Masinissa, was king of Nu- 
midia. 

Galabrii, a nation near Thrace. 
Galactophagi, a people of Asiatic Scythia. 
Homer. II. 3. 

Galj-esus. Vid. Gaiesus. 
Galanthis, a servant maid of Alcmena, 
whose sagacity eased the labours of her mis- 
tress. When Juno resolved to retard the birth 
of Hercules, and hasten the labours of the wife 
ofSthenelus, she solicited the aid of Lucina; 
who immediately repaired to the house of Alc- 
mena, and in the form of an old woman, sat 
near the door with her legs crossed, and her fin- 
gers joined. In this posture she uttered some 
magical words, which served to prolong the la- 
bours of Alcmena, and render her state the more 
miserable. Alcmena had already passed some 
I days in the most excruciating torments, when 
' Galanthis began to suspect the jealousy of Juno; 
| and concluded that the old woman, who continu- 
j ed at the door always in the same unchanged 
I posture, was the instrument of the anger of the 
goddess. With such suspicions Galanthis ran out 
I of the house, and with a countenance expressive 
J of joy, she informed the old woman that her mis- 
tress had just brought forth. Lucina, at the 
words, rose from her posture, and that instant 
| Alcmena was safely delivered. The uncommon 
laugh which Galanthis raised upon this, made 
Lucina suspect that she had been deceived. She 
seized Galanthis by the hair, and threw her on 
the ground; and while she attempted to resist, 
she was changed into a weazel, and condemn- 
ed to bring forth her young, in the most agoniz- 
ing pains, by the mouthy by which she had ut- 
tered falsehood. This transformation alludes 
to a vulgar notion among the ancients, who be- 
lieved this of the weazel, because she carries her 
young in her mouth, and continually shifts from 
place to place. The Boeotians paid great vene- 
ration to the weazel, which, as they supposed, 
facilitated the labours of Alcmena. JElian. H. 
Anim. 2. — Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 6. 

Galata, a town of Syria. An island near 

Sicily. A town Of Sicily. A mountain of 

Phocis. 

Galata, the inhabitants of Galatia. Vid. Ga- 
latia. 

Galat.ea and Galatii.ea, a sea nymph, 
daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was passion- 
ately loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, whom 
she treated with coldness and disdain; while 
Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, enjoyed her unbound- 
ed affection. The happiness of these two lovers 
was disturbed by the jealousy of the Cyclops, who 
crushed hisrival to pieces with a piece of a broken 
rock, while he sat in the bosom of Galataea. Gala- 
tasa was inconsolable for the loss of Acis, and as 



GA 



GA 



she could not restore him to life, she changed 
him into a fountain. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 7S9. — 

Virg. JEn. 9, v. 103. The daughter of a 

Celtic king, from whom the Gauls were called 

Galata?. JJmmian. 15. A country girl, &c. 

Virg. Eel 3. 

Galatia, or Gallogr^ecia, a country of Asia 
Minor, between Phrygia, the Euxine, Cappado- 
cia, and Bithynia. It received its name from 
the Gauls, who migrated there under Brennus, 
some time after the sacking of Rome. Strub. 
12. — Justin 37, c. 4. — Liv. 38, c. 12, 40. — 
Lucan. 7, v. 540. — Cic. 6, Jitt. 5.—Plin. 5, c. 

32. — Ptol. 5, c. 4. The name of ancient 

Gaul among the Greeks. 

Galaxia, a festival, in which they boiled a 
mixture of barley, pulse, and milk, called 
Tctxa.£ict by the Greeks. 

Galba, a surname of the first of the Sulpitii, 
from the smallness of his stature. The word sig- 
nifies a small worm, or according to some, it 
implies, in the language of Gaul, fatness, for 
which the founder of the Sulpitian family was 

remarkable. A king among the Gauls, who 

made war against J. Caesar. Cces. Bell. Gall. 2, 

c. 4. A brother of the emperor Galba, who 

killed himself, &c. A mean buffoon, in the 

age of Tiberius. Juv. 5, v. 4. Servius, a 

lawyer at Rome, who defended the cause of adul- 
terers with great warmth, as being one of the 
fraternity. Horace ridicules him, 1. Sat. 2, v. 

46 -Servius Sulpicius, a Roman who rose 

gradually to the greatest offices of the state, and 
exercised his power in the provinces with equity 
and unremitted diligence. He dedicated the 
the greatest part of his time to solitary pursuits, 
chiefly to avoid the suspicions of Nero. His 
disapprobation of the emperor's oppressive com- 
mand in the provinces, was the cause of new 
disturbances. Nero ordered him to be put to 
death, but he escaped from the hands of the exe- 
cutioner, and was publicly saluted emperor 
When he was seated on the throne, he suffered 
himself to be governed by favourites, who ex- 
posed to sale the goods of the citizens to gratify 
their avarice. Exemptions were sold at a high 
price, and the crime of murder was blotted out, 
and impunity purchased with a large sum of mo- 
ney. Such irregularities in the emperor's min- 
isters, greatly displeased the people; and when 
Galba refused to pay the soldiers the money 
which he had promised them, when he was 
raised to the throne, they assassinated him in 
the 73d year of his age, and in the eighth of his 
reign, and proclaimed Otho emperor in his room, 
January 16th, A. D. 69. The virtues which had 
shone so bright in Galba, when a private man, 
totally disappeared when be ascended the throne, 
and he who showed himself the most impartial 
judge, forgot the duties of an emperor, and of a 
father of his people. Sueton. 8f Plut. in vita. 

• — Tacit. A learned man, grandfather to the 

emperor of the same name. Suet, in ( Galb. 4. 

Sergius, a celebrated orator before the age 

of Cicero. He showed his sons to the Roman 
people, and implored their protection, by which 
means he saved himself from the punishment 
which either his guiltor the persuasive eloquence 
of his adversaries, M. Cato and L> Scribonius, , 



urged as due to him. Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 58". 
ad Her. 4, c. 5. 

Galenus Claudius, a celebrated physician 
in the 3ge of M. Antoninus and his successors, 
born at Pergamus, the son of an architect. He 
applied himself with unremitted labour to the 
study of philosophy, mathematics, and chiefly of 
physic. He visited the most learned seminaries 
of Greece and Egypt; and at last came to Rome, 
where he soon rendered himself famous by his 
profession. Many, astonished at his cures, at- 
tributed them to magic, and said that he bad re- 
ceived all his knowledge from enchantments. He 
was very intimate with Marcus Aurelius, the 
emperor, after whose death he returned to Per- 
gamus, where he died in his 90tb year, A- D. 
193. He wrote no less than 300 volumes, the 
greatest part of which were burnt in the temple 
of Peace at Rome, where they had been deposi- 
ted. Galenus confessed himself greatly indebt- 
ed to the writings of Hippocrates, for his medi- 
cal knowledge, and bestowed great encomiums 
upon him. To the diligence, application and 
experiments of those two celebrated physicians, 
the moderns are indebted for many useful disco- 
veries; yet, often their opinions are ill-ground- 
ed, their conclusions hasty, and their reasoning 
false. What remains of the works of Galen, has 
been published, without a Latin translation, in 
five vols. fol. Basil 1538. Galen was likewise 
edited, together with Hippocrates, by Charteri- 
us, 13 vols. fol. Paris 1679, but very incorrect. 

GALEOi.iE, certain prophets in Sicily. Cic. 

Galeria, one of the Roman tribes. The 

wife of Vitellius. Cces. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 60. 
-Fustina, the wife of the emperor Antoninus 



Pius. 

Galerius, a native of Dacia, made emperor 
of Rome, by Diocletian. Vid. Maximianus. 

Galesus, now Ga/eso, a river of Calabria 
flowing into the bay of Tarentum. The poets 
have celebrated it for the -shady groves in its 
neighbourhood, and the fine sheep which feed 
on its fertile banks, and whose fleeces were said 
to be rendered soft when they bathed in the 
stream. Martial. 2, ep. 43, 1. 4, ep. 28. — 

Virg G. 4,v, 126.— Horat. 2, od. 6, v. 10. 

A rich person of Latium, killed as he attempted 
to make a reconciliation between the Trojans 
and Rutulians, when Ascaniushad killed the fa- 
vourite stag of Tyrrheus; which was the prelude 
of all the enmities between the hostile nations. 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 335. 

Galiljea, a celebrated country of Syria, of- 
ten mentioned in scripture 

Galinthiadia, a festival at Thebes, in ho- 
nour of Galinlhias, a daughter of Prcetus. It 
was celebrated before the festival of Hercules, 
by whose orders it was first instituted. 

Gallj, a nation of Europe, naturally fierce, 
and inclined to war. They were very supersti- 
tious; and in their sacrifices tbey, often immo- 
lated human victims. In some places, they 
had large statues made with twigs, which they 
filled with men, and reduced to ashes. They 
believed themselves descended from Pluto; and 
from that circumstance they always reckoned 
their time not by the days, as other nations, but 
by the nights. Their obsequies were splendid, 



GA 



GA 



and not only the most precious things, but even 
slaves and oxen, were burnt on the funeral pile. 
Children, among them, never appeared in the 
presence of their fathers, before tiiey were able 
to bear arms in the defence of their country. 
Cccs. Bell G.—Strab. 4.— Tacit Vid. Gailia. 

The priests of Cybele, who received that 

name fiom the river Gailus, in Phrygia, where 
they celebrated the festivals. They mutilated 
themselves before they were admitted to the 
priesthood, in imitation of Atys, the favourite of 
Cybeie. (Fid. Atys,) The chief among them was 
called Archigalius, who in his dress resembled 
a woman, and carried, suspended to his neck, a 
large collar with two representations of the head 
of Atys. Vid. Corybantes, Dactyli, &c. Diod. 
4 —Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 38.— Lucan. 1, v. 466.— 
Lucian. de Dea Syria. 

Gallia, a large country of Europe, called 
Galatia by the Greeks. The inhabitants were 
called Galli, Celtiberi, and Celtcscythce, by 
themselves Celt<e, by the Greeks GalaUe. An- 
cient Gaul was divided into four different parts 
by the Romans, called Gallia Belgica, Narbo- 
nensis, Aquitania, and Celtica. Gallia Belgica, 
was the largest province, bounded by Germany, 
Gallia Narbonensis, and the German ocean, and 
contained the modern country of Alsace, Lor- 
raine, Picardy, with part of the Low Countries, 
and of Champagne, and of the isle of France 
Gallia Narbonensis, which contained the pro- 
vinces now called Languedoc, Provence, Dau- 
phine, Savoy, was bounded by the Alps and Pyre- 
nean mountains, by Aquitania, Belgium, and the 
Mediterranean. Aquitania Gallia, now called 
the provinces of Poitou, Santonge, Guienne, 
Berry, Perigord, Quercy, Limosin, Gascogny, 
Auvergne, &c. was situated between the Ga- 
rumna, the Pyrenean mountains, and the ocean. 
Gallia Celtica, or Lugdunensis, was bounded by 
Belgium, Galiia Narbonensis, the Alps, and the 
ocean; It contained the country at present 
known by the name of Lyonnois, Touraine, 
Franche Comte, Senenois, Switzerland, and 
part of Normandy. Besides these grand di- 
visions, there is often mention made of Gallia 
Cisalpina, or Citerior; Transalpina or Ulterior, 
which refers to that part of Italy which was con- 
quered by some of the Gauls who crossed the 
Alps. By Gallia Cisalpina, the Romans under- 
stood that part of Gaul which lies in Italy; and 
by Transalpina, that which lies beyond the Alps, 
in regard only to the inhabitants of Rome, Gal- 
lia Cispadana and Transpadana, is applied to a 
part of Italy conquered by some of the Gauls, 
and then it means the country on this side of 
the Po, or beyond the Po, with respect to Rome. 
By Gallia Togata, the Romans understood Cis- 
alpine Gaul, where the Roman gowns, togce, 
were usually worn, as the inhabitants had been 
admitted to the rank of citizenship at Rome. 
Gallia Narbonensis, was called Braccata, on ac- 
count of the peculiar covering of the inhabitants 
for their thighs The epithet of Comata, is ap- 
plied to Gallia Celtica, because the people suf- 
fered their hair to grow to an uncommon length. 
The inhabitants were great warriors, and their 
valour overcame the Roman armies, took the 
cities of Rome, and invaded Greece, in different 



ages. They spread themselves over the great- 
est part of the world. They were very super- 
stitious in their religious ceremonies, and re- 
vered the sacerdotal ordei, as if they had been 
gods. ( Vid. Druidse.) They long maintained 
a bloody war against the Romans; and Caesar 
resided 10 years in their country before he could 
totally subdue them. Cczs. Bell. Gall. — Paus. 
7, c. 6. — Strnb. 5, &c 

Qallicanus monts, a mountain of Campania. 

Gallicanus Ager, was applied to the coun- 
try between Picenum and Ariminum, whence 
the Galli Senones were banished, and which 
was divided among the Roman citizens. Liv. 
23, c. 14, 1. 39, c 44.— Cic. Cat- 2.—Cces Giv. 
1, c. 29. Sinus, a part of the Mediterra- 
nean on the coast of Gaul, now called the gulf 
of Lyons, 

Gallienus, Publ. Lucinius, a son of the em- 
peror Valerian. He reigned conjointly with 
his father for seven years, and ascended the 
throne as sole emperor, A. D. 260. In his youth 
he showed his activity and military character, 
in an expedition against the Germans and Sar- 
matae; but when he came to the purple he de- 
livered himself up to pleasure and indolence. 
His time was spent in the greatest debauchery; 
and be indulged himself in the grossest and most 
lascivious manner, and his palace displayed a 
scene, at once of effeminacy and shame, volup- 
tuousness and immorality. He often appeared 
with his hair powdered with golden dust; and 
enjoyed tranquillity at home, while bis provinces 
abroad were torn by civil quarrels and seditions. 
He heard of the loss of a rich province, and of 
the execution of a malefactor, with the same 
indifference; and when he was apprized that 
Egypt had revolted, he only observed, that he 
could live without the produce of Egypt. Pie 
was of a disposition naturally inclined to raille- 
ry and the ridicule of others. When his wife 
had been deceived by a jeweller, Gallienus or- 
dered the malefactor to be placed in the circus, 
in expectation of being exposed to the ferocity 
of a lion. While the wretch trembled at the 
expectation of instant death, the executioner, by 
order of the emperor, let loose a capon upon him. 
An uncommon laugh was raised upon this, and 
the emperor observed, that he who had deceived 
others, should expect to be deceived himself. In 
the midstof these ridiculous diversions, Gallienus 
was alarmed by the revolt of two of his officers, 
who had assumed the imperial purple. This in- 
telligence roused him from his lethargy; he 
marched against his antagonists, and put all the 
rebels to the sword, without showing the least 
favour either to rank, sex, or age. These cru- 
elties irritated the people and the army; empe- 
rors were elected, and no less than thirty tyrants 
aspired to the imperial purple. Gallienus re- 
solved boldly to oppose his adversaries; but in 
the midst of his preparations, be was assassina- 
ted at Milan by some of his officers, in the 50th 
year of his age, A. D. 26S. 

Gallinaria Sylva, a wood near Cumse in 
Italy, famous as being the retreat of robbers. 
Juv 3, v. 307. 

Gallifolis, a fortified town of the Salcntincs, 
on the Ionian sea. 



6A 



£A 



Gallogr^cia, a country of Asia Minor, near 
Bithynia and Cappadocia. It was inhabited by 
a colony of Gauls, who assumed the name of 
Gallograci, because a number of Greeks had 
accompanied them in their emigration. Strab. 2. 

C. Gallonius, a Roman knight appointed 
over Gades, &c 

P. Gallonius, a luxurious Roman, who, as 
was observed, never dined well, because he was 
Bcver hungry. Cic de Fin. 2, c- 8 and 28. 

Gallus, Fid. Alectryon— A general of 

Otho, &c. Pint- A lieutenant of Sylla. 

■ An officer of M. Antony, &c Caius, a 

friend of the great Africanus, famous for his 
knowledge of astronomy, and his exact calcula- 
tions of eclipses. Cic. de Smee. iElius, the 

3d governor of Egypt in the age of Augustus 

Cornelius, a Roman knight, who rendered 

himself famous by his poetical, as well as mili- 
tary talents. He was passionately fond of the 
slave Lycoris or Cytheris, and celebrated her 
beauty in his poetry. She proved ungrateful, 
and forsook him to follow M. Antony, which 
gave occasion to Virgil to write his tenth eclogue- 
Gallus, as well as the other poets of his age, 
was in the favour of Augustus, by whom be was 
appointed over Egypt. He became forgetful of 
the favours he received; he pillaged the province, 
and even conspired against his benefactor ac- 
cording to some accounts, for which he was ban- 
ished by the emperor. This disgrace operated 
so powerfully upon him, that he killed himself 
in despair, A. D. 26. Some few fragments re- 
main of his poetry, and it seems that he particu- 
larly excelled in elegiac compositions. It is 
said, that Virgil wrote an eulogium on his poeti- 
cal friend, and inserted it at the end of his Ge- 
wgics; but that he totally suppressed it, for fear 
of offending his imperial patron, of whose fa- 
vours Gallus had shown himself so undeserving, 
and instead of that he substituted the beautiful 
episode about Aristaans and Eurydice- This eu- 
?ogium, according to some, was suppressed at 
the particular desire of Augustus. Quintil- 10, 
c 1 — Virg. Eel- C and 10.— Ovid. Jlmnt. 3, 

el. 15, v. 29. Vifaias Gallus, a celebrated 

orator of Gaul, in the age of Augustus, of whose 
orations Seneca has preserved some fragments. 
-r — A Roman who assassinated Dccius, the em- 
peror, and raised himself to the throne. He 
showed himself indolent and cruel, and beheld 
with the greatest indifference the revolt of his 
provinces, and the invasion of bis empire by the 
barbarians. He was at last assassinated by his 

soldiers, A D- 253. Flavius Claudius Con- 

stantinus, a brother of the emperor Julian, rais- 
ed to the imperial throne under the title of Cae- 
sar, by Constantius his relation. He conspir- 
ed against his benefactor, and was publicly con- 
demned to be beheaded, A. D- 354. A small 

river of Phrygia, whose waters were said to be 
very efficacious, if drunk in moderation, in cur- 
ing madness. Plin. 32, c- 2. — Ovid. Fast- 4, 
v. 361. 

Gamaxus, an Indian prince, brought in chains 
before Alexander for revolting. 

Gamelia, a surname of Juno, as Cornelius 
was of Jupiter, on account of their presiding 
over marriages. A festival privately observ- 



ed at three different times. The first was (lie 
celebration of a marriage, the second was in 
commemoration of a birth-day, and the third was 
an anniversary of the death of a person. As it 
was observed generally on the 1st of January, 
marriages on that day were considered as of a 
good omen, and the month was called Game- 
lion among the Athenians. Cic. de Fin- 2, c. 

o 1 • 

Gandarit,e, an Indian nation. 

Gangama, a place near the Palus Maeotis. 

Gangaridje, a people near the mouths of the 
Ganges. They were so powerful that Alexan- 
der did not dare to attack them. Some attri- 
buted this to the weariness and indolence of his 
troops. They were placed by Valer- Flaccus 
among the deserts of Scjthia. Justin. 12, c 8. 
—Curt. 9, c, 2— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 27.— Flacc. 
6, v. 67. 

Ganges, a large river of India, falling into the 
Indian ocean, said by Lucan to be the boundary 
of Alexander's victories in the east. It inun- 
dates the adjacent country in the summer. Like 
other rivers, it was held in the greatest venera- 
tion by the inhabitants, and this superstition is 
said to exist stii! in some particular instances. 
The Ganges is now discovered to rise in the 
mountains of Thibet, and to run upwards of 
2000 miles before it reaches the sea, receiving 
in its course the tribute of several rivers, 11 of 
which are superior to the Thames, and often 
equal to the great body of the waters of the 
Rhine. Lucan. 3, v. 230. — Strab. 5. — Plin. 
6, c 87— Curt. 8, c. 9— Mela, 3, c- 7.— Virg. 
Mn. 9, v. 31. 

Gannascus, an ally of Rome, put to death 
by Corbulo, the Roman general, &.c. Tacit. 
Jinn. 11, c. 18. 

Ganymede, a goddess, better known by the 
name of Hebe. She was. worshipped under this 
name in a temple at Philus in Peloponnesus. 
Pans. 2, c. 13. 

Ganymebes, a beautiful youth of Phrygia, 
son of Tros, and brother to II us and Assaracus. 
According to Lucian, he was son of Dardanus. 
He was taken up to heaven by Jupiter as be 
was hunting, or rather tending his father's flocks 
on mount Ida, and he became the cup-bearer of 
the gods in the place of Hebe. Some say that 
he was carried away by an eagle, to satisfy the 
shameful and unnatural desires of Jupiter. He 
is generally represented sitting on the back of a 
flying eagle in the air. Paus. 5, c. 24. — Ho- 
mer. II. 20, v. 231.— Virg. JEn. 5, v. 252.— 
Ovid. Met. 10, v. \bb.—Horat. 4, od. 4. 

GARiETicuM, a town of Africa. 

GarXxMantes, (sing. Garamas,) a people in 
the interior parts of Africa, now called the de- 
serts, of Zaara. They lived in common, and ac- 
knowledged as their own only such children as 
resembled them, and scarce clothed themselves, 
on account of the warmth of their climate. Virg. 
JEn. 4, v. 198, 1. 6, v. 795.— Lucan 4, v. 334. 
—Strab. 2.— Plin. 5, c. S.—Sil. It. 1, v. 142, 
I. II, v. 181. 

Garamantis, a nymph who became mother 
of Iarbas, Pbileus, and Pilumnus, by Jupiter'. 
Virg. JEn. 4, \. 198. 



GE 



GE 



Garamas, a king of Libya, whose daughter 
was mother of Amnion by Jupiter- 

Garatas, a river of Arcadia, near Tegea, on 
the banks of which Pan had a temple. Taus. 8, 
c 44. 

Gareat^e, a people of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 
45. 

Gareathyra, a town of Cappadocia. Slrab. 
12. 

Garganus, now St. Angela, a lofty mountain 
of Apulia, which advances in the form of a pro- 
montory into the Adriatic sea. Virg- JEn- 11, 
v. 257. — Lucan. 5, v. 880. 

Gargaphia, a valley near Platsea, with a 
fountain of the same name, where Actseon was 
torn to pieces by his dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 156. 

Gargaris, a king of the Curetes, who first 
found the manner of collecting honey. He had 
a son by his daughter, whom he attempted in 
vain to destroy. He made him his successor. 
Justin. 44, c. 44. 

Gargarus, (plur. a, orum,) a town and moun- 
tain of Troas, near mount Ida, famous for its 
fertility. Virg. G 1, v. 103.— Macrob. 5, c. 20. 
—Strab. 13.— P/m. 5, c. 30. 

Gargettus, a village of Attiea, the birth 
place of Epicurus. Cic. Fain. 15, ep. 16. 

Gargittius, a dog which kept Geryon's 
flocks. He was killed by Hercules- 

Gargilius Martiahs, an historian. A 

celebrated hunter. Horat. 1, ep. 6, v. 57. 

Garites, a people of Aquitain, in Gaul. 

Garumna, a river of Gaul, now called Ga- 
ronne, rising in the Pyreneaa mountains, and 
separating Gallia Celtica from Aquitania. It 
falls into the bay of Biscay, and has, by the per- 
severing labours of Lewis 14th, a communication 
with the Mediterranean by the canal of Langue- 
doc, carried upwards of 100 miles through hills, 
and over vallies. Mela, 3, c. 2. 

Gastron, a general of Lacedaemon, &c. Po~ 
lycen. 2. 

Gathe/E, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 34. 

Gatheatas, a river of Arcadia. Id. Fo. 

Gaugamela, a village near Arbela beyond 
the Tigris, where Alexander obtained his third 
•victory over Darius. Curt. 4, c. 9. — Strab, 2. 
and 16. 

Gaulus and Gauleon, an island in the Me- 
diterranean sea, opposite Libya. It produces no 
venomous creatures. Plin. 3, c. 8. 

Gaurus, a mountain of Campania, famous for 
its wines. Lucan. 2, v. 667.— SiL 12, v, 160. 
—Slat. 3, Sylv. 5, v. 99. 

Gaus and Gaos, a man who followed the in- 
terest of Artaxerxes, from whom he revolted, and 
by whom he was put to death. Diod. 15. 

Gaza, a famous town of Palestine, once well 
fortified, as being the frontier place on the con- 
fines of Egypt. Alexander took it after a siege of 
two months. Diod. 17. 

Gebenna, a town and mountain of Gaul. Lu- 
can. 1, v. 435. 

Gedrosia, a barren province of Persia, near 
India. Strab. 2. 

Geganji, a family of Alba, part of which mi- 
grated to Home, under Romulus. One of the 
daughters, called Gegani, was the first of the 
vestals created by JVu-um, Plut. in Num, 



Gela, a town on the southern parts of Sicily^ 
about 10 miles from the sea, according to Pto- 
lemy, which received its name from a small ri- 
ver in the neighbourhood, called Gelas It was 
built by a Rhodiau and Cretan colony, 713 years 
before the Christian era. After it had continued 
in existence 404 years, Phintias, tyrant of Agri- 
gentum, carried the inhabitants to Phintias, a 
town in the neighbourhood, which he had found- 
ed,' and he employed the stones of Gela to beau- 
tify his own city. Phintias was also called Ge- 
la. The inhabitants were called Gelensis, Ge- 
loi, and Gelani. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 702. — Paus. 
3, c. 46. 

Gelanor, a king of Argos, who succeeded his 
father, and was deprived of his kingdom by Da- 
naus the Egyptian. Paus. 2, c. 16. Vid. Da- 
naus. 

Gellia Cornelia lex, de Civitate, by L, 
Gellius and Cn. Cornel. Lentulus, A. U. C. 681. 
It enacted, that all those who had been present- 
ed with the privilege of citizens of Rome by Pom- 
pey, should remain in the possession of that li- 
berty. 

Gellius, a native of Agrigentum, famous for 
his munificence and his hospitality. Diod. 13. — - 
Val. Max. 4, c. 8. 

Gellias, a censor, &c. Plut. in Pomp. ■ 

A consul who defeated a party of Germans in the 
interest of Spartacus. Plut. 

Aulus Gellius, a Roman grammarian in the 
age of M. Antoninus, about 130 A. D. He pub- 
lished a work which he called Nodes Atticce, be- 
cause he composed it at Athens during the long 
nights of the winter. It is a collection of incon- 
gruous matter, which contains many fragments 
from the ancient writers, and often serves to ex- 
plain antique monuments It was originally 
composed for the improvement of his children , 
and abounds with many grammatical remarks. 
The best editions of A, Gellius are, that of Gro- 
novius, 4to. L. Bat. 1706, and that of Conrad, 
2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1762. 

Gelo and Gelon, a son of Dinomenes, who 
made himself absolute at Syracuse, 491 years 
before the Christian era. He conquered the 
Carthaginians at Himera, and made his oppres- 
sion popular by his great equity and moderation. 
He reigued seven years, and his death was uni- 
versally lamented at Syracuse. He was called 
the father of his people, and the patron of liber- 
ty, and honoured as a demi-god. His brother 
Hiero succeeded him. Paus. 8, c. 42. — Hero- 
dot. % c. 153, &c. — Diod. 11. A man who 

attempted to poison Fyrrhus. A governor of 

Boeotia. A son of Hicro the younger. Paus. 

6, c. 9. A general of Phocis, destroyed with 

his troops by the Thessalians. Puus. 10, c. 1. 

Geloi, the inhabitants of Gela. Virg. JEn. 
3, v. 701. 

Gelones and Geloni, a people of Scythia^ 
inured from their youth to labour and fatigue, 
They paint themselves to appear more terrible 
in battle. They were descended from Gelonus, 
a son of Hercules. Virg. G. 2, v. 15. — JEn. 8, 
v. 725. — Mela, 1, c. 1. — Claudianin Ruf. I, v. 
315. 

GeloSj a port of Carta. Mela, 1, c. 16, 



GE 



GrXlj 



Gemini, a sign of the zodiac which represents 
Castor and Pollux, the twin sons of Leda. 

Geminius, a Rowan, who acquainted M. An- 
tony with the situation of his affairs at Rome, 

&c An inveterate enemy of Marius. He 

seized the person of Marius, and carried him to 

Minturnse. Pint, in Mario. A friend of 

Pompey, from whom he received a favourite 
mistress, called Flora. Plut. 

Geminds, an astronomer and mathematician 
of Rhodes, B. C. 77. 

Gemonije, a place at Rome where the car- 
casses of criminals were thrown. Suet. Tib. 53 
and 61.— Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 74. 

Genabum, a town of Gaul, now Orleans, on 

the Loire. Cces. B. C. 7, c. 3. Lucan. l,v. 

440. 

Genaunj, a people of Vindelicia. Horal. 4, 
Od. 14, v. 10. 

Geneva, an ancient, populous, and well for- 
tified city, in the country of the Allobroges on 
the lake Lemanus, now of Geneva. 

GenTsus, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the Ar- 
gonauts, &c. Flacc 3, v. 45. 

Genius, a spirit or daemon, which, according 
to the ancients, presided over the birth and life 
of every man. Vid. Doetnon. 

Genseric, a famous Vandal prince, who pass- 
ed from Spain to Africa, where he took Car- 
thage. He laid the foundation of the Vandal 
kingdom in Africa, and in the course of his mi- 
litary expeditions, invaded Italy, and sacked 
Rome in July 455. 

Gentius, a king of Illyricum, who impri- 
soned the Roman ambassadors at the request 
of Perseus king of Macedonia. This offence 
was highly resented by the Romans, and Gen- 
tius was conquered by Anicius, and led in tri- 
umph with his family, B. C. 169. Liv. 43, c. 19, 
&c. 

Genua, now Genoa, a celebrated town of Li- 
guria, which Annibal destroyed. It was rebuilt 
by the Romans. Liv. 21, c. 32, 1. 28, c. 46, 1. 
30, c. 1. 

Genucius, a tribune of the people. A con- 
sul. 

Genusus, now Semno, a river of Macedonia 
failing into the Adriatic above Apollonia. Lu- 
can. 5, v. 462. 

Genctia lex, de magistratibus, by L. Genu- 
tius the tribune, A. U. C. 411. It ordained that 
no person should exercise the same magistracy 
within ten years, or be invested with two offices 
in one year. 

Georgica, a poem of Virgil in four books. 
The first treats of ploughing the ground, the se- 
cond of sowing it; the third speaks of the man- 
agement of cattle, &c. and in the fourth, the 
poet gives an account of bees, and of the man- 
mer of keeping them among the Romans. The 
word is derived from yici terra and tgyov opus, 
because it particularly treats of husbandry. The 
work is dedicated to Maecenas the great patron 
of poetry in the age of Virgil. The author was 
seven years in writing and polishing it, and in 
that composition he showed how much he excell- 
ed all other writers. He imitated Hesiod, who 
wrote a peem nearly on the same subject, called 
Opera and Dies. 



I Georgius Pisida. Vid. Pisida. 

Gephyra, one of the cities of the Seleucidae 
in Syria. Sirab. 9. 

Gephyr^i, a people of Phoenicia, who pass- 
ed with Cadmus into Boeotia, and from thenc& 
into Attica. Herodot. 5, c 57. 

Ger.«stus, a port of Eubosa. Liv. 31, c. 45. 
Gerania, a mountain between Megara and 
Corinth. 

Geranthrje, a town of Laconia. Paus, 3, c. 2. 
Geresticus, a harbour of Teios in Ioma. Liv. 
37, c. 27. 

Gergithum, a town near Cumae in iEolia. 
Plin. 5, c. 30. 

Gergobia, a town of Gaul. Cces. B. G. 7, 
c. P. 

Gerion, an ancient augur. 
Germania, an extensive country in Europe, 
at the east of Gaul. Its inhabitants were war- 
like, fierce, and uncivilized, and always prov- 
ed a watchful enemy against the Romans. Cae- 
sar first entered their country, but be rather 
checked their fury, than conquered them. His 
example was followed by his imperial succes- 
sors or their generals, who sometimes entered 
the country to chastise the insolence of the in- 
habitants. The ancient Germans were very 
superstitious, and, in many instances, their reli- 
gion was the same as that of their neighbours, 
the Gauls; whence some have concluded that 
these two nations were of the same origin. They 
paid uncommon respect to their women, who, 
as they believed, were endowed with something 
more than human. They built no temples to 
their gods, and paid great attention to the he- 
roes and warriors which their country had pro- 
duced. Their rude institutions gradually gave 
rise to the laws and manners which still prevail 
in the countries of Europe, which their arms in- 
vaded or conquered. Tacitus, in whose age 
even letters were unknown among them, ob- 
served their customs witb nicety, and has deli- 
neated them with the genius of an historian, and 
the reflection of a philosopher. Tacit, de Morib. 
Germ.— Mela, 1, c. 3, 1. 3, c. 3.— Cces. Bell. G. 
—Strab. 4. 

Germanicus Cesar, a son of Drusus and 
Antonia, the niece of Augustus. He was adopt- 
ed by his uncle Tiberius, and raised to the most 
important offices of the state. When, his grand- 
father Augustus died, he was employed in a 
war in Germany, and the affection of the sol- 
diers unanimously saluted him emperor. He 
refused the unseasonable honour, and appeased 
the tumult which his indifference occasioned. 
He continued his wars in Germany, and defeat- 
ed the celebrated Arminius, and was rewarded 
with a triumph at his return to Rome Tibe- 
rius declared him emperor of the east, and sent 
him to appease the seditions of the Armenians. 
But the success of Germanicus in the east was 
soon looked upon with an envious eye by Tibe- 
rius, and his death was meditated. He was 
secretly poisoned at Daphne, near Antioch, by 
Piso, A D. 19, in the thirty-fourth year of his 
age. The news of his death was received with 
the greatest grief, and the most bitter lamenta- 
tions, and Tiberius seemed to be the only one 
who rejoiced in the fall of Germajiicus. He 



GE 



GI 



ha'd married Agrippina, by whom he had nine 
children, one of whom, Caligula, disgraced the 
name of his illustrious father. Germanicus has 
been commended, not only for his military ac- 
cooiplishments, but also for his learning, huma- 
nity, at,d extensive benevolence. In the midst 
of war, he devoted some moments to study, and 
he favoured the world with two Greek comedies, 
some epigrams, and a translation of Aratus in 
Latin verse. Sutton. This name was com- 
mon in the age of the emperors, not only to those 
who had obtained victories over the Germans, 
but even to those who had entered the borders of 
their country at the, head of an army. Domitian 
applied the name of Germanicus, which he him 
himself had vainly assumed, to the month of 
September in honour of himself. Suet in Dom. 
13.— Martial. 9, ep. 2, v. 4. 

Germanii, a people of Persia. IJerodot. 1, 
C 125. 

GerrhjE, a people of Scythia, in whose coun- 
try the Borysthenes rises. The kings of Scythia 
were generally buried in their territories. Id. 
4, c. 71. 

Gerus and Gerrpius, a river of Scythia. 
Id. 4, c. 56. 

Geronthr-e, a town of Laconia, where a 
yearly festival, called Gerontliraza, was observ- 
ed in honour of Mars. The god had there a 
temple with a grove, into which no womau was 
permitted to enter during the time of the solem- 
nity. Paus. Lacon. 

Geryon and Geryones, a celebrated mon- 
ster, born from the union of Chrysaor with Cal- 
lirhoe, and represented by the poets as having 
three bodies and three heads. He lived in the 
island of Gades, where he kept numerous flocks, 
which were guarded by a two-headed dog, call- 
ed Orthos, and by Eurythion. Hercules, by 
order of Eurystheus, went to Gades, and de- 
stroyed Geryon, Orthos, and Eurythion, and 
carried away all his flocks and herds to Tiryn- 
thus. Hesiod. Theog. 187.— Virg. JEn, 7, v. 
661, 1. S, v. 202.—ltal. 1, v. 2n.—JSpollod. 
2.—Lucret. 5,. v. 28. 

Gessatje, a people of Gallia Togata. Plut. 
in Mar cell. 

Gessoriacuk, a town of Gaul, now Bou- 
logne, in Picardy. 

Gessus, a river of Ionia. 
Geta, a man who raised seditions at Rome 
in Nero's reign, &c. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 72. 



Septimius, a son of the emperor Severus, bro- 
ther to Caracalla. In the eighth year of his age 
he was moved with compassion at the fate of 
some of the partisans of Niger and Albinus, 
who had been ordered to be executed; and his 
father, struck with his humanity, retracted his 
sentence. After his father's death he reigned 
at Rome, conjointly with his brother, but Car- 
acalla, who envied his virtues, and was jealous 
of his popularity, ordered him to be poisoned; 
and when this could not be effected, he murder- 
ed him in the arms of his mother Julia, who, 
in the attempt of defending the fatal blows from 
his body, received a wound in her arm, from 
the hand of her son, the 28th of March, A. D. 
212. Geta had not reached the 23d year of 
his age, and the Romans had reason to lament 



the death of so virtuous a prince, while they 
groaned under the cruelties and oppression of 
Caracalla. 

Get^, (Getes, sing.) a people of European 
Scythia, near the Daci. Ovid, who was ban- 
ished in their country, describes them as a sa- 
vage and warlike nation. The Word Geticus is 
frequently used for Thracian . Ovid, de Pont. 
Trist.b, el. 7, v. III.— Strab. 7. Stat. 2.— 
Sylv. 2, y. 61, 1. 3, s. 1, v. ll.—Lwan. 2, v. 
54, 1. 3, v. 95. 

Getulia. Vid. Gaetulia. 
Gigantes, the sons of Coelus and Terra, who, t 
according to Hesiod, sprang from the blood of 
the wound which Coelus received from his son 
Saturn; whilst Hyginus calls them sons of Tar- 
tarus and Terra. They are represented as men 
of uncommon stature, with strength proportion- 
ed to their gigantic size. Some of them, as 
Cottus, Briareus, and Gyges, had 50 heads and 
100 arms, and serpents instead of legs. They 
were of a terrible aspect, their hair hung loose 
about their shoulders, and their beard was suf- 
fered to grow untouched. Palleneand its neigh- 
bourhood was the place of their residence The 
defeat of the Titans, with whom they are often 
iguorantly confounded, and to whom they were 
nearly related, incensed them against Jupiter, 
and they all conspired to dethrone him. The 
god was alarmed, and called all the deities to 
assist him against a powerful enemy, who made 
use of rocks, oaks, and burning woods for their 
weapons, and who had already heaped mount 
Ossa upon Pelioo, to scale with more facility the 
walls of heaven. At the sight of such dreadful 
adversaries, the gods fled with the greatest con- 
sternation iuto Egypt, where they assumed the 
shape of different, animals to screen themselves 
from their pursuers. Jupiter, however, remem- 
bered that they were not invincible, provided be 
called a mortal to his assistance; and by the ad- 
vice of Pallas, he armed his son Hercules in his 
cause. With the aid of this celebrated hero, 
the giants were soon put to flight and defeated. 
Some were crushed to pieces under mountains 
or buried in the sea; and others were flayed alive, 
or beaten to death with clubs. ( Vid. Encela- 
dus, Jlloides, Poi-phyrion*, Typhon, Otus, Ti- 
tanes, &c.) The existence of gisnts has been 
supported by all the writers of antiquity, and 
received as an undeniable truth. Homer tells 
us, that Tityus, when extended on the ground, 
covered nine acres; and that Polyphemus eat 
two of the companions of Ulysses at once, and 
walked along the shores of Sicily, leaning on a 
staff, which might have served for the mast of a 
ship. The Grecian, heroes, during the Trojan 
war, and Turnus in Italy, attacked their ene- 
mies by throwing stones, which four men of the 
succeeding ages would be unable to move. Plu- 
tarch also mentions, in support of the gigantic 
stature, that Sertorius opened the grave of An- 
tanis in Africa, and found a skeleton which mea- . 
sured six cubits in length. Jipollod. 1, c. 6. — 
Paws. 8, c. 2, &c.—Ovid. Met. 1, v. 151. — 
Plut. in Sertor. — Hygin. fab. 28, kc.— Horner. 
Od. 7 and 10.— Virg. G. 1, v. 280, &n. 6, v, 
580. 
Gigartcm, a town of Phoenicia. 
Rr 



™. 



GL 



GL 



Gigis, one of the female attendants of Pary- 
satis, who was privy to the poisoning of Statira. 
Plat, in Jirtax. 

Gildo, a governor of Africa, in the reign of 
Arcadius He died A. D. 398. 

Gillo, an infamous adulterer, in Juvenal's 
age. Juv. 1, v. 40 

Gindanes, a people of Libya, who fed on the 
leaves of the lotus. Herodot. 4, c. 176. 

Gindes, a river of Albania flowing into the 

Cyrus. Another of Mesopotamia. Tihul. 

4, el. 1, v. 141. 

Ginge. Vid. Gigis. 

Gingunum. a mountain of Umbria. 

Gippius, a Roman who pretended to sleep, 
that bis wife might indulge her adulterous pro- 
pensities, &c. 

Gisco, son of Hamilcon the Carthaginian 
general, was banished from his country by the 
influence of his enemies. He was afterwards 
recalled, and empowered by the Carthaginians 
to punish, in what manner he pleased, those 
who had occasioned his banishment. He was 
satisfied to see them prostrate on the ground, 
and to place his foot on their neck, showing 
thaf independence and forgiveness are two of 
the most brilliant virtues of a great mind. He 
was made a general soon after, in Sicily, against 
the Corinthians, about 309 years before the 
christian era; and by his success and intrepi- 
dity, he obliged the enemies of his country to 
sue for peace. 

Gladiatorii ludi, combats originally exhi- 
bited on the grave of deceased persons at Rome. 
They were first introduced at Rome by the 
Bruti, upon the death of their father, A. U. C. 
488 It was supposed that the ghosts of the 
dead were rendered propitious by human blood; 
therefore at funerals, it was usual to murder 
slaves in cool blood. In succeeding ages, it 
was reckoned less cruel to oblige them to kill 
one another like men, than to slaughter them 
like brutes, therefore the barbarity was covered 
by the specious show of pleasure and voluntary 
combat. Originally captives, criminals, or dis- 
obedient slaves, were trained up for combat; 
but when the diversion became more frequent, 
and was exhibited on the smallest occasion, to 
procure esteem and popularity, many of the 
Roman citizens enlisted themselves among the 
gladiators, and Nero at one show exhibited no 
less than 400 senators and 600 knights. The 
people were treated with? these combats not 
only by the great and opulent, but the very 
priests had their Ludi pontificates, and Ludi 
vacerdotales. It is supposed that there were no 
more than three pair of gladiators exhibited by 
the Bruti. Their numbers, however, increased 
with the luxury and power of the city; and the 
gladiators became so formidable, that Sparta- 
cus, one of their body, had courage to take up 
arms, and the success to defeat the Roman ar- 
mies, only with a train of his fellow sufferers. 
The more prudent of the Romans were sensible 
of the dangers which threatened the state, by 
keeping such a number of desperate men in 
arms, and therefore, many salutary laws were 
proposed to limit their number as well as to 
settle the time in which the show could be ex- 



hibited with safety and convenience. Under 
the emperors, not only senators and knights, 
but even women engaged among the gladiators, 
and seemed to forget the inferiority of their 
sex. When there were to be any shows, hand- 
bills were circulated to give notice to the peo- 
ple, and to mention the place, number, time, 
and every circumstance requisite to be known. 
When they were first brought upon the arena, 
they walked round die place with great pomp 
and solemnity, and after that they were match- 
ed in equal pairs with great nicety. They first 
had a skirmish with wooden files, called rudes 
or arma lusoiia. After this the effective wea- 
pons, such as swords, daggers, &c called arma 
decretoria were given them, and the signal for 
the engagement was given by the sound of a 
trumpet. As they had all previously sworn to 
fight till death, or suffer death in the most ex- 
cruciating torments, the fight was bloody and 
obstinate, and when one signified his submis- 
sion by surrendering his arms, the victor was 
not permitted to grant him his life without the 
leave and approbation of the multitude. This 
was done by clenching the fingers of both hands 
between each other, and holding the thumbs 
upright close together, or by bending back 
their thumbs. The first of these was called 
pollicem premere, and signified the wish of the 
people to spare the life of the conquered. The 
other sign, called pollicem vertere, signified 
their disapprobation, and ordered the victor 
to put his antagonist to death. The victor was 
generally rewarded with a palm, and other ex- 
pressive marks of the people's favour. He 
was most commonly presented with a pileus 
and rudis. When one of the combatants re 7 , 
ceived a remarkable wound, the people ex- 
claimed habet, and expressed their concern by 
shouts. The combats of gladiators were some- 
times different, either in weapons or dress, 
whence they were generally distinguished into 
the following orders: The secutores were 
armed with a sword and buckler, to keep off 
the net of their antagonists, the retiarii. These 
last endeavoured to throw their net over the 
head of their antagonist, and in that manner 
to entangle him, and prevent him from strik- 
ing. If this did not succeed, they betook 
themselves to flight. Their dress was a short 
coat with a hat tied under the chin with broad 
ribbon. They wore a trident in their left 
hand. The threces, originally Thracians, were 
armed with a faulchion, and small round shield. 
The myrmillones, called also galli, from their 
Gallic dress, were much the same as the se- 
cutores. They were, like them, armed with a 
sword, and on the top of their head-piece 
they wore the figure of a fish, embossed, called 
/ «*og ( uyg© J , whence their name. The hoplo- 
maclii, were completely armed from head to 
foot, as their name implies. The samnites 9 
armed after the manner of the Samnites, wore 
a large shield broad at the top, and growing 
more narrow at the bottom, more conveniently 
to defend the upper parts of the body. The 
essedarii, generally fought from the essedum, 
or chariot used by the ancient Gauls and 
Britons. The rmda&atce, ctvxCxrat, fought on 



GL 



GL 



horseback, with a helmet that covered and 
defended their faces and eyes. Hence anda- 
hatarum more pugnare, is to fight blind-folded. 
The meriaiani, engaged in the afternoon. 
The postulatitii, were men of great skill and 
experience, and such as were generally pro- 
duced by the emperors. The Jiscales were 
maintained out of the emperor's treasury, Jis- 
cus. The dimachoeri fought with two swords in 
their hands, whence their name. After these 
cruel exhibitions had been continued for the 
amusement of the Roman populace, they were 
abolished by Constantine the Great, near 600 
years after their first institution. They were, 
however, revived under the reign of Constantius 
and his two successors, but Honorius for ever put 
an end to these cruel barbarities. 

Glanis, a river of Cumae. Of Iberia. 

Of Italy. Ital. 8, v. 454. 

Glanum, a town of Gaul, now St. Rcmi, in 
Provence 

Glaphyre and Glaphyra, a daughter of 
Archelaus the high-priest of Bellona in Cap- 
padocia, celebrated for her beauty and intrigues. 
She obtained the kingdom of Cappadocia for 
her two sons from M. Antony, whom she cor- 
rupted by defiling the bed of her husband. This 
amour of Antony with Glaphyra, highly dis- 
pleased his wife Fulvia, who wished Augustus 
to avenge his infidelity, by receiving from her 
the same favours which Glaphyra received from 

Antony. Her grand-daughter bore the same 

name She was a daughter of Archelaus king 
of Cappadocia, and married Alexander, a son 
of Herod, by whom she had two sons. After the 
death of Alexander, she married her brother-in- 
law Archelaus. 

Glaphyrus, a famous adulterer. Juv. 6, v. 
77. 

Glacce, the wife of Actaeus, daughter of 

Cychroeus. Jipollod. A daughter of Cre- 

theus, mother of Telamon. One of the 

Nereides. A daughter of Creon, who mar- 
ried Jason. [Vid. Creusa.] One of the Da- 
naides. Jipollod 



Glaucia, a surname of the Servilian family. 
Cic Oral. 3. 

Glaucippe, one of the Danaides. Jipollod. 

Glawcippus, a Greek, who wrote a treatise 
concern iug the sacred rites observed at Athens. 

Glaucon, a writer of dialogues at Athens 
Diog. in vit. 

Glauconome, one of the Nereides. 

Glaucopis, a surname of Minerva, from the 
blueness of her eyes. Homer. — Hesiod. 

Glaccus, a son of Hippolochus, the son of 
Bellerophon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan 
war, and had the simplicity to exchange his 
golden suit of armour with Diomedes for an 
iron one, whence came the proverb of Glauci et 
Diomedes permviatio, to express a foolish pur- 
chase. He behaved with much courage, and 
was killed by Ajax. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 483. — 
Martial. 9, ep. 96 —Homer. II. 6. A fish- 
erman of Anthedon in Bceotia, son of Neptune 
and Nais, or according to others, of Polybius the 
son of Mercury. As he was fishing, he observed 
that all the fishes which he laid on the grass re- 
ceived fresh vigour as .they touched the grqund. 



and immediately escaped from him by leaphig 
into the sea. He attributed the cause of it to 
the grass, and by tasting it, he found himself 
suddenly moved with a desire of living in the 
sea. Upon this he leaped into the water, and 
was made a sea deity by Oceanus and Tethys, 
at the request of the gods. After this trans- 
formation he became enamoured of the Nereid 
Scylla, whose ingratitude was severely punished 
by jCirce. [Vid. Scylla.] He is represented 
like the other sea deities with a long beard, 
dishevelled hair, and shaggy eyebrows, and 
with the tail of a fish. He received the gift of 
prophecy from Apollo, and according to some 
accounts he was the interpreter of Nereus. He 
assisted the Argonauts in their expedition, and 
foretold them, that Hercules, and the two sons 
of Leda, would one day receive immortal ho- 
nours. The fable of his metamorphosis has been 
explained by some authors, who observe that he 
was an excellent diver, who was devoured by 
fishes as he was swimming in the sea. Gvid,. 
Met, 13, v. 905, Scc.—Hygin. fab. 199.— Jiiken. 
7. — Jljwllon. 1. — Diod. 4. — Jlristot. the Rep. 

Del. — Paus. 9, c. 22.- A son of Sisyphus 

king of Corinth, by Merope the daughter of 
Atlas, born at Potnia, a village of Bceotia. He 
prevented his mares fron> having any commerces 
with the staliions, in the expectation that they 
would become swifter in running, upon which 
Venus inspired the mares with such fury that 
Ihcy tore his body to pieces as he returned from 
the games which Adrastus had celebrated in 
honour of his father. He was buried at Potnia. 
Hygin. fab. 250.— Virg. G. 3, v. 367.— Jipol- 
lod. 1 and 2.- A son of Minos the 2d, and 

Pasiphae, who was smothered in a cask of honey. 
His father, ignoraut of his fate, consulted the 
oracle to know where he was, and received for 
answer, that the soothsayer who best described 
him an ox, which was of three different colours 
among his flocks, would best give nim intelli- 
gence of his son's situation. Polyidus was found 
superior to all the other soothsayers, and was 
commanded by the king to find the young prince. 
vVhen he had found him, Minos confined him 
with the dead body, and told him that he never 
would restore his liberty, if he did not restore 
him to life. Polyidus was struck with the king's 
severity, but while he stood in astonishment, a 
serpent suddenly came towards the body and 
touched it. Polyidus killed the serpent, and im- 
mediately a second came, who seeing the other 
without motion or signs of life, disappeared, and 
soon after returned with a certain herb in his 
mouth. This herb he laid on the body of the 
dead serpent, who was immediately restored to 
life Polyidus, who had attentively considered 
what passed, seized the herb, and with it he 
rubbed the body of the dead prince, who was 
instantly raised to life. Minos received Glaucus 
with gratitude, but he refused to restore Polyidus 
to liberty, before he taught his son the art of 
divination and prophecy. He consented with 
great reluctance, and when he was at last per- 
mitted to return to Argolis, his native country, 
he desired his pupil to spit in his mouth. Glau- 
cus willingly consented, and from that moment 
he forgot ajl the knowledge of divination and 



GO 



GO 



healing which he had received from the instruc- 
tion of Polyidus. Hyginus ascribes the recovery 
of Glaucus to iEsculapius. Apollod. 2, c. 3. — 

Hijgin. 136 and 251, &c. A son of Epytus, 

who succeeded his father on the throne of Mes- 
senia, about 10 centuries before the Augustan 
age. He introduced the worship of Jupiter 
among the Dorians, and was the first who offer- 
ed sacrifices to Machaon the son of iEsculapius. 

Paus. 4, c. 3. A son of Antenor, killed by 

Agamemnon. Diclys. Cret. 4. An Argonaut, 

the only one of the crew who was not wounded 
in the battle against the Tyrrhenians. Athen. 

\ c. 12. A son of Imbrasus, killed by Tur- 

nusu Virg. JEn. 12, v. 343. A son of Hip- 

polytus, whose descendants reigned in Ionia. 

An athlete of Eubcea, Paus. 6, c. 9.— — A son 
of Priam. Apollod. 3. A physician of Cleo- 
patra. Plut. in Anton. A warrior, in the 

age of Phocion. Id. in Phoc. A physician 

exposed on a cross, because Hephsestion died 

while under his care. Id. in Alex An artist 

of Chios. Paws. — —A Spartan. Id. A 

grove of Boeotia. Id. A bay of Caria, 

now the gulf of Maori. Id. An historian 

of Ehegium in Italy. A bay and river of 

Libya. Of Peloponnesus; Of Colchis, 

falling into the Phasis. 

Glautias, a king of Illyricum, who educated 
Pyrrhus. 

Glicon, a physician of Pansa, accused of 
"having poisoned the wound of his patron, &c. 
Suet, in Aug. 11. 

Glissas, a town of Boeotia with a small river 
in the neighbourhood. Paus. 9, c. 19. 

Glycera, a beautiful woman, celebrated by 

Horace 1, od. 19, 30. A courtezan of Sicyon, 

so skilful in making garlands, that some attribu- 
ted to her the invention of them. A famous 

courtezan, whom Harpalus brought from Athens 
to Babylon. 

GLYCERinM, a harlot of Thespis who present- 
ed her countrymen with the painting of Cupid, 
which Praxiteles had given her. The mis- 
press of Pamphilus in Terence's Andria. 

Glycon, a man remarkable for his strength. 
Horat. 1, ep. 1, v. 30. A physician who at- 
tended Pansa, and was accused of poisoning his 
patron's wound. Suet. Aug. II. 

Glympes, a town on the borders of the La- 
cedaemonians and Messenians. Polyb. 4. 

Gnatia, a town of Apulia, about thirty miles 
from Brundusium, badly supplied with water. 
Horat. 1, Sat. 5. 

Gnidus. Vid. Cnidus. 

Gnossis and Gnossia, an epithet given to 
Ariadne, because she lived, or was born at 
Gnossus. The crown which she received from 
Bacchus, and which was made a constellation, 
is called Gnossia Stella. Virg. G. 1, v. 222. 

Gnossus, a famous city of Crete, the resi- 
dence of king Minos. The name of Gnossia 
tellus, is often applied to the whole island. Virg. 
~3E«. 6, v 23— Strab. 10.— Homer. Od. 

Gobanitio, a chief of the Arvemi, uncle to 
Yercingetorix. Cozs. Bell. G. 7, c. 4. 

Gobar, a governor of Mesopotamia, who 
checked the course of the Euphrates, that it 



might not run rapidly through Babylon. Plin. 
6, c. 26. 

Gobares, a Persian governor, who surren- 
dered to Alexander, &c. Curt. 5, c 31. 

Gobryas, a Persian, one of the seven noble- 
men who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. 
Vid. Darius. Herodot. 3, c. 70. 

Golgi, (orum) a place of Cyprus, sacred to 
Venus Golgia, and to Cupid. Paus. 8, c 5. 

Gomphi, a town of Thessaly, near the springs 
of the Peneus at the foot of the Pindus. 

Gonatas, one of the Antigoni. 

Goniades, nymphs in the neighbourhood of 
the river Cytherus. Strab. 8. 

Gonippus and Panormus, two youths of An- 
dania, who disturbed the Lacedaemonians when 
celebrating the festivals of Pollux. Paus. 4, c. 
27. 

Gonni and Gonocondylos, a town of Thes- 
saly at the entrance into Tempe. Liv. 36, c. 
10, I. 42, c. 54 — Strab. 4. 

Gonoessa, a town of Troas. Senec. in Troad. 

Gonussa, a town of Sicyon. Paus. 

GoRDiiEi, mountains in, Armenia, where the 
Tigris rises, supposed to be the Ararat of scrip- 
ture. 

Gordianus, M. Antonius Africanus, a son of 
Melius Marcelius, descended from Trajan, by 
his mother's side. In the greatest affluence, he 
cultivated learning, and was an example of piety 
and virtue. He applied himself to the study of 
poetry, and composed a poem in 30 books upon 
the virtues of Titus Antoninus, and M. Aurelius. 
He was such an advocate for good-breeding and 
politeness, that he never sat down in the pre- 
sence of his father-in-law, Annius Severus, who 
paid him daily visits, before he was promoted 
to the praetorship. He was sometime after elect- 
ed consul, and went to take the government of 
Africa, in the capacity of proconsul. After he 
had attained his 80th year in the greatest splen- 
dour and domestic tranquillity, he was roused 
from his peaceful occupations by the tyrannical 
reign of the Maximini, and he was proclaimed 
emperor by the rebellious troops of his province. 
He long declined to accept the imperial purple, 
but the threats of immediate death gained his 
compliance. Maximinus marched against him 
with the greatest indignation; and Gordian sent 
his son, with whom he shared the imperial dig- 
nity, to oppose the enemy. Young Gordian was 
killed, and the father, worn out with age, and 
grown desperate on account of his misfortunes, 
strangled himself at Carthage, before he had 
been six weeks at the head of the empire, A. D. 
236. He was universally lamented by the army 

and people. M. Antonius Africanus, son of 

Gordianus, was instructed by Serenus Samnoti- 
eus, who left him his library, which consisted of 
62,000 volumes. His enlightened understand- 
ing, and his peaceful disposition, recommended 
him to the favour of the emperor Heliogabalus. 
He was made prefect of Rome, and afterwards 
consul, by the emperor Alexander Severus. He 
passed into Africa, in the character of lieutenant 
to his father, who had obtained that province, 
and seven years after he was elected emperor, 
in conjunction with him. He marched against 
the partisans of Maximinus, his antagonist, in 



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Mauritania, and was killed in a bloody battle on 
the 25th of June 5 A D 236, after a reign of 
about six weeks. He was of an amiable dis- 
position, but he has been justly blamed by his 
biographers, on account of his lascivious pro- 
pensities, which reduced him to the weakness 
and infirmities of old age, though he was but in 

his 46th year at the time of his death. M. 

Antomus Pius, grandson of the first Gordian, 
was but 12 years old when he was honoured with 
the title of Ccesar. He was proclaimed empe- 
ror, in the 16th year of his age, and his election 
was attended with universal marks of approba- 
tion. In the 18th year of his age, he married 
Furia Sabina Tranquilina, daughter of Misilhe- 
us, a man celebrated for his eloquence and pub- 
lic virtues, Misitheus was intrusted with the 
most important offices of the state by his son-in- 
law; and his administration proved how deserv- 
ing he was of the confidence and affection of his 
imperial master. He corrected the various 
abuses which prevailed in the state, and restor- 
ed the ancient discipline among the soldiers. By 
his prudence and political sagacity, all the chief 
towns in the empire were stored with provisions 
which could maintain the emperor and a large 
army during 15 days upon any emergency. Gor- 
dian was not' less active than his father-in-law; 
and when Sapor, the king of Persia, had invad- 
ed the Roman provinces in the east, he boldly 
inarched to meet him, and in his way defeated 
a large body of Goths, in Moesia. He conquer- 
ed Sapor, and took many flourishing cities in the 
east, from his adversary. In this success the 
senate decreed him a triumph, and saluted Mi- 
sitheus as the guardian of the republic. Gordi- 
an was assassinated in the east, A. D. 244, by 
the means of Philip, who had succeeded to the 
virtuous Misitheus, and who usurped the sover- 
eign power by murdering a warlike and amia- 
ble prince. The senate, sensible of his merit, 
honoured him with a most splendid funeral on 
the confines of Persia, and ordered that the de- 
scendants of the Gordians should ever be free, 
at Rome, from all the heavy taxes and burdens 
of the state. During the reign of Gordianus, 
there was an uncommon eclipse of the sun, In 
which the stars appeared in the middle of the 
day. 

Gordium, a town of Phrygia. Justin. 11, c. 
l.—Liv. 38, c. 18.— Curt. 3, c. 1. 

Gordius, a Phrygian, who though originally 
a peasant, was raised to the throne. During a 
sedition, the Phrygians consulted the oracle, and 
were told that all their troubles would cease as 
soon as they chose for their king, the first man 
they met going to the temple of Jupiter mount- 
ed on a chariot. Gordius was the object of their 
choice, and he immediately consecrated his cha- 
riot in the temple of Jupiter. The knot which 
tied the yoke to the draught tree, was made in 
such an artful manner that the ends of the cord 
could not be perceived. From this circumstance 
a report was soon spread, that the empire of 
Asia was promised by the oracle to him that 
could untie the Gordian knot. Alexander, in his 
conquest of Asia, passed by Gordium; and as he 
wished to leave nothiug undone which might in- 
spire his soldiers with courage, and make his 



enemies believe that he was born to conquer* 
Asia, he cut the knot with his sword; and from 
that circumstance asserted that the oracle was 
really fulfilled, and that his claims to universal 
empire were fully justified. Justin. 1 1, c. 7. — 
Curt. 3, c. 1. — Jirrian. 1. A tyrant of Co- 
rinth. Aristot. 

Goiigasus, a man who received divine ho- 
nours at Pherae in Messenia. Paws. 4, c. 30. 

Gorge, a daughter of (Eneus, king of Caly- 
don, by Althea, daughter of Thestius. She mar- 
ried Andremon, by whom she had Oxilus, who 
headed the Heraclidas when they made an at- 
tempt upon Peloponnesus. Her tomb was seen at 
Amphissa in Locris. Poms. 10, c. 38. — Jipol- 

lod. 1 and 2. — Ovid. Met. 8, v. 542. One 

of the Danaides. Jlpollod. 2, c. 1. 

Gorgias, a celebrated sophist and orator, son 
of Carmantides, surnamed Leontinus, because 
born at Leontium in Sicily. He was sent by his 
countrymen to solicit the assistance of the Athe- 
nians against the Syracusans, and was success- 
ful in his embassy. He lived to his 108th year, 
and died B, C. 400. Only two fragments of his 
compositions are extant. Paus. 6, c 17. — Cic, 
in Oral. 22. &c. — Sened. 15, in Brut. 15. — 

Quintil. 3 and 12. An officer of Antiocbus 

Epiphanes. An Athenian, who wrote an ac- 
count of all the prostitutes of Athens. Jlthen. 



A Macedonian, forced to war with Amyn- 
tas, &c. Curt. 7, c. 1. 

Gorgo, the wife of Leonidas king of Sparta, 

&c. The name of the ship which carried 

Perseus, after he had conquered Medusa. 

Gorgones, three celebrated sisters, daugh- 
ters of Phorcys and Ceto, whose names were 
Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, all immortal ex- 
cept Medusa. According to the mycologists, 
their hairs were entwined with serpents, their 
hands were of brass, their wings of the colour 
of gold, their body was covered with impenetra- 
ble scales, and their teeth were as long as the 
tusks of a wild boar, and they turned to stones 
all those on whom they fixed their eyes. Me- 
dusa alone had serpents in her hair, according 
to Ovid, and this proceeded from the resentment 
of Minerva, in whose temple Medusa had grati- 
fied the passion of Neptune, who was enamour- 
ed of the beautiful colour of her locks, which the 
goddess changed into serpents. iEschylus says, 
that they had only one tooth and one eye be- 
tween them, of which they had the use each in 
her turn; and accordingly it was at the tim3 that 
they were exchanging the eye, that Perseus at- 
tacked them, and cut off Medusa's head. Ac- 
cording to some authors, Perseus, when he went 
to the conquest of the Gorgons, was armed with 
an instrument like a scythe by Mercury, and pro- 
vided with a looking-glass by Minerva, besides 
winged shoes, and a helmet of Pluto, which ren- 
dered all objects clearly visible and open to the 
view, while the person who wore it remained 
totally invisible. With weapons like these, Per- 
seus obtained an easy victory; and after his con- 
quest returned his arms to the different deities 
whose favours and assistance he had so recently 
experienced. The head of Medusa remained in 
his hands, and after he had finished ail his labo- 
rious expeditions, he gave it to Minerva, who 



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placed it on her aegis, with which she turned 
inb stones all such as iixed their eyes upon it. 
It is said, that after the conquest of the Gorgons, 
Perseus took his flight in the air towards iEiuio- 
pia; and that the drops of blood which fell to the 
ground ftosxi Medusa's head were changed into 
serpents, which have ever since infested the san- 
dy deserts of Libya. The horse Pegasus also 
arose- from the blood of Medusa, as well as 
Chrysaor with his golden sword. The residence 
of the Gorgons was beyond the ocean towards 
the west, according to Hesiod. iEschyius makes 
them inhabit the eastern parts of Scythia; and 
Ovid, as the most received opinion, supports that 
they lived in the inland parts of Libya, near the 
Jake of Triton, or the gardens of the Hesperides. 
Diodorus and others explain the fable of the 
Gorgons, by supposing that they were a warlike 
uace of women near the Amazons, whom Per- 
seus, with the help of a large army, totally de- 
stroyed. Hesiod. Tkaog. &f Scut. — Jlpollon. 4. 
— Jlpollod. 2, c. 1 and 4,&c. — Homer, It. 5 and 
1 1 ,—Virg. JEn. 6, &c— Diod. I and 4.— Paws, 
2, c. 20, &jc-—JEschyl. Prom. Act. 4.— Pindar. 
Pylh. 7 and 12.— Olymp. S—Ovid. Met. 4, v. 
618, &c — Palcepkat. de Phorcyn. 

Gorgonia, a surname of Pallas, because Per- 
seus, armed with her shield, had conquered the 
Gorgon, who had polluted her temple with Nep- 
tune. 

Gorgonius, a man ridiculed by Horace for 
his ill smell. Horat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 27. 

Gorgophone, a daughter of Perseus and An- 
dromeda, who married Perieres king of Messe- 
nia, by whom she had Aphareus and Leucippus. 
After the death of Perieres, she married CEba- 
lus. who made her mother of Icarus and Tynda- 
rus. She is the first whom the mycologists men- 
lion as having had a second husband. Paus. 4, 

c. 2.— Jlpollod. 1, 2, and 2.- One of the Da- 

iiaides. Jlpollod. 2, c. 1. 

Gorgophonus, asonofElectryon and Anaxo. 
.Jlpollod. 2, c. 4. 

Gorgophora, a surname of Minerva, from 
her ssgis, on which was the head of the Gorgon 
Medusa. Cic. 

Gorgus, the son of Aristomenes the Messe- 
nian. He was married, when young, to a vir- 
gin, by his father, who had experienced the 
greatest kindnesses from her humanity, and had 
•been enabled to conquer seven Cretans who had 

attempted his life, &c. Paus. 4, c. 19. A son 

of Theron tyrant of Agrigentum. A man 

whose knowledge of metals proved very service- 
able to Alexander, &c. 

Gorgythion, a son of Priam, killed by Teu- 
eer. Homer. 11.8. 

GoRTUiE. a people of Euboea, who fought with 
the Medes at the battle of Arbela. Curt. 4, c. 
12. 

Gorton, Gortts, and Gortyna, an inland 
town of Crete. It was on the inhabitants of this 
place, that Annibal, to save his money, practis- 
ed an artifice recorded in C. JYep. in Ann. 9. 
~Plin> 4, c. 12.— Lucan. 6, v. 214, 1. 7, v. 
214.— Virg. Mil 11, v. 773. 

Gortynia, a town of Arcadia in Peloponne- 
sus. Paus. 8, c. 28. 
Gotthi, a celebrated cation of Germany, 



called also Gothones, Gutones, Gythones, and 
GulAones They were warriors by profession, as 
well as all their savage neighbours. They ex- 
tended their power over all parts of the world, 
and chiefly directed their arms against the Ro- 
man empire. Their first attempt against Rome 
was on the provinces of Greece, whence they 
were driven by Constantine. They plundered 
Rome, under Alaric, one of their most celebrat- 
ed kings, A. D 410. From becoming the ene- 
mies of the Romans, the Goths gradually be- 
.came their mercenaries: and as they were pow- 
erful and united, they soon dictated to their im- 
perial masters, and introduced disorders, anar- 
chy, and revolutions in the west of Europe. Ta- 
cit. Jinn. 2, c 2, &c. 

Gracchus, T. Sempronius, father of Tiberi- 
us and Caias Gracchus, twice consul, and once 
censor, was distinguished by his integrity, as well 
as his prudence and superior ability, either in 
the senate or at the head of the armies. He 
made war in Gaul, and met with much success 
in Spain. He married Sempronia, of the fami- 
ly of the Scipios, a woman of great virtue, pie- 
ty, and learning. Cic de Orat. 1, c. 48. Their 
children, Tiberius and Caius, who had been 
educated under the watchful eye of their mo- 
ther, rendered themselves famous for their elo- 
quence, seditions, and an obstinate attachment to 
the interests of the populace, which at last prov- 
ed fatal to them. With a winning eloquence, 
affected moderation, and uncommon popularity, 
Tiberius began to renew the Agrarian law, which 
had already caused such dissentions at Rome. 
(Vid, Agraria.) By the means of violence, his 
proposition passed into a law, and he was ap- 
pointed commissioner, with his father-in-law 
Appius Claudius, and his brother Caius, to make 
an equal division of the lands among the peo- 
ple. The riches of Attalus, which were left to 
the Roman people by will, were distributed with- 
out opposition; and Tiberius enjoyed the triumph 
of his successful enterprise, when he was assas- 
sinated in the midst of his adherents by P. Na- 
sica, while the populace were all unanimous to 
re-elect him to serve the office of tribune the 
following year. The death of Tiberius checked 
for a while the friends of the people, but Caius, 
spurred by ambition and furious zeal, attempted 
to remove every obstacle which stood in his way 
by force and violence. He supported the cause 
of the people with more vehemence, but less 
moderation, than Tiberius'; and his success serv- 
ed only to awaken his ambition, and animate his 
resentment against the nobles. With the privi- 
leges of a tribune, he soon became the arbiter of 
the republic, and treated the patricians with con- 
tempt. This behaviour hastened the ruin of 
Caius, and in the tumult he fled to the temple 
of Diana, where his friends prevented him from 
committing suicide. This increased the sedi- 
tion, and he was murdered by order of the con- 
sul Opimius, B. C. 121, about 13 years after the 
unfortunate end of Tiberius. His body was 
thrown into the Tiber, and his wife was forbid- 
den to put on mourning for his death. Caius has 
been accused of having stained his hands in the 
blood of Scipio Africanus the younger, who was 
found murdered in his bed. Plut. in yil&.'-r 



GR 



Gil 



Cic. in Cat. l.—Lucan. 6, v. 796.— Flor. 2, 
c. 17, 1. 3, c. 14, &c. Sempronius, a Ro- 
man, banished to the coast of Africa for his 
adulteries with Julia the daughter of Augustus. 
He was assassinated by order of Tiberius, after 
he had been banished 14 years. Julia also 

shared his fate. Tacit. Jinn. 1, c. 53. A 

general of the Sabines, taken by Q. Cincinna- 
ti. A Roman consul, defeated by Annibal, 

&.c. C. «Vej3. in Jinn. 

Gradivus, a surname of Mars among the Ro- 
mans, perhaps from y.£*Jxivitv, brandishing a 
spear. Though he had a temple without the walls 
of Reme, and though Nurna had established the 
Salii, yet his favourite residence was supposed 
to be among the fierce and savage Thracians 
and Getse, over whom he particularly presided. 
Virg J£n. 3, v. 35. — Homer. II. — Liv. 1, c. 20, 
I. 2, c 45. 

Grjeci, the inhabitants of Greece. Vid. 
Gtsecia. 

Grjecia, a celebrated country of Europe, 
bounded on the west by the Ionian sea, south by 
the Mediterranean sea, east by the iEgean, and 
north by Thrace and Dalmatis. It is generally 
divided into four large provinces; Macedonia, 
Epirus, Achaia or Hellas, and Peloponnesus. 
This country has been reckoned superior to eve- 
ry other part of the earth, on account of the sa- 
lubrity of the air, the temperature of the cli- 
mate, the fertility of the soil, and, above all, the 
fame, learning, and arts of its inhabitants. The 
Greeks have severally been called Acheeans, 
Argiaus, Danai, Dolopes, Hellenians, Ionians, 
Myrmidons, and Pelasgians. The most cele- 
brated of their cities were Athens, Sparta, Ar- 
gos, Corinth, Thebes, Sicyon, Mycenas, Delphi, 
Troezene, Salamis, Megara, Pylos, &c The in- 
habitants, whose history is darkened in its pri- 
mitive ages with fabulous accounts and tradi- 
tions, supported that they were the original in- 
habitants of the country, and born from the earth 
where they dwelt; and they heard with contempt 
the probable conjectures, which traced their 
origin among the first inhabitants of Asia, and 
the colonies of Egypt. In the first periods of their 
history, the Greeks were governed bymonarchs; 
and there were as many kings as there were ci- 
ties. The monarchical power gradually decreas- 
ed; the love of liberty established the republican 
government; and no part of Greece, except Ma- 
cedonia, remained in the hands of an absolute 
sovereign. The expedition of the Argonauts first 
rendered the Greeks respectable among their 
neighbours, and in the succeeding age the wars 
of Thebes and Troy gave opportunity to their 
heroes and demi-gads to display their valour in 
the field of battle. The simplicity of the ancient 
Greeks rendered them virtuous; and the esta- 
blishment of the Olympic games in particular, 
where the noble reward of the conqueror was a 
laurel crown, contributed to their aggrandize- 
ment, and made them ambitious of fame, and 
not the slaves of riches. The austerity of their 
laws, and the education of their youth, particu- 
larly at Lacedsemon, rendered them brave and 
active, insensible to bodily pain, fearless and 
intrepid in the time of danger. The celebrated 
battles of Marathon, Thermoplya?, Salamis, 



Plalsea, and Mycale, sufficiently show what su- 
periority the courage of a little army can ob- 
tain over millions of undisciplined barbarians. 
After many signal victories ever the Persians, 
they became elated with their success; and when 
they found no one able to dispute their power 
abroad, they turned their arms one against the 
other, and leagued with foreign states to destroy 
the most flourishing of their cities. The Mes- 
seniaa and Peloponnesian wars are examples of 
the dreadful calamities which arise from civil 
discord and long prosperity, and the success with 
which the gold and the sword of Philip and of 
his son corrupted and enslaved Greece, fatally 
proved that when a nation becomes indolent and 
dissipated at home, it ceases to be respectable 
in the eyes of the neighbouring states. The an- 
nals of Greece however abound with singular 
proofs of heroism and resolution. The bold re- 
treat of the ten thousand, who had assisted Cy- 
rus against his brother Artaxerxes, reminded 
their countrymen of their superiority over all 
other nations; aad taught Alexander that the 
conquest of the east might be effected with a 
handful of Grecian soldiers. While the Greeks 
rendered themselves so illustrious by their mili- 
tary exploits, the arts and sciences were assist^ 
eri by conquests, and received fresh lustre from 
the application and industry of their professors. 
The labours of the learned were received with 
admiration, and the merit of a composition was 
determined by the applause or disapprobation 
of a multitude. Their generals were orators; 
and eloquence seemed to be so nearly connect- 
ed with the military profession, that he was des- 
pised by his soldiers who coald not address them 
upoa any emergency with a spirited and well- 
delivered oration. The learning, as well as ihe 
virtues of Socrates, procured him a name; and 
the writings of Aristotle have, perhaps, gained 
him a more lasting fame than all the conquests 
and trophies of his royal pupil. Such were the 
occupations and accomplishments of the Greeks, 
their language became almost universal, and 
their country was the receptacle of the youths 
of the neighbouring states, where they imbibed 
ihe principles of liberty and moral virtue. The 
Greeks planted several colonies, and totally peo- 
pled the western coasts of Asia Minor. In the 
eastern parts of Italy, there were also many set- 
tlements made; and the country received from 
its Greek inhabitants the name of Magna Grce~ 
cia. For some time Greece submitted to the 
yoke of Alexander and his successors; and at 
last, after a spirited though ineffectual struggle 
in the Achaean league, it fell under the power of 
Rome, and became one of its dependent pro- 
vinces, governed by a proconsul. 

Grjecia magna, a part of Italy, where the 
Greeks planted colonies, whence the name. Its 
boundaries are very uncertain; some say that it 
. extended on the southern parts of Italy, and 
others suppose that Magna Graecia comprehend- 
ed only Campania and Lucania. To these 
some add Sicily, which was likewise peopled by 
Greek colonies. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 64. — Strab. 
&c. 

Gr-ecinus, a senator pnt to death by Call- 



GR 



GR 



gula, because he refused to accuse Sejanus, &c. 
Stnec de Benef. 2. 

Grjecus, a man from whom some suppose 
that Greece received its name. Jlristot. 
Graius, an inhabitant of Greece. 
Grampius mons, the Grampian mountains in 
Scotland. Tacit. Agvic. 29. 

Granicus, a river of Bithynia, famous for 
the battle fought there between the armies of 
Alexander and Darius, 22d of May, B. C. 334, 
when 600,000 Persians were defeated by 30,000 
Macedonians. Dlod. 17. — Plut. in Mex. — 
Justin. — Curt. 4, c. J. 

Granius Petronius, an officer who being 
taken by Pompey's generals, refused the life 
which was tendered to him; observing that Cae- 
sar's soldier's received not, but granted life. 

He killed himself. Plut. in Cm. A ques- 

tor whom Sylia had ordered to be strangled, 
only one day before he died a natural death, 

Plut. A son of the wife of Marius, by a 

former husband. Quintus, a man intimate 

with Crassus and other illustrious men of Home, 
whose vices he lashed with an unsparing hand. 
Ck. Brut. 43 and 46. Orat. 2, c. 60. 

Gratis, three goddesses. Vid. Charites. 

Gratianus, a native of Pannonia, father to 
the emperor Valentinian 1st. He was raised 
to the throne, though only eight years old; and 
after he had reigned for some time conjointly 
with his father, he became sole emperor in the 
16th year of his age. He soon after took, as 
his imperial colleague, Theodosius, whom he 
appointed over the eastern parts of the empire. 
His courage in the field is as remarkable as his 
love of learning, and fondness of philosophy. 
He slaughtered 30,000 Germans in a battle, 
and supported the tottering state by his prudence 
and intrepidity. His enmity to the Pagan su- 
perstition of his subjects proved his ruin; and 
Maximinus, who undertook the defence of the 
worship of Jupiter and of all the gods, was 
joined by an infinite number of discontented 
Romans, and met Gratian near Paris in Gaul. 
Gratian was forsaken by his troops in the field 
of battle, and was murdered by the rebels, A. 
D. 383, in the 24th year of his age. A Ro- 
man soldier, invested with the imperial purple 
by the rebellious army in Britain, in opposition 
to Honorious. He was assassinated four months 
after, by those very troops to whom he owed his 
elevation, A. D. 407. 

Gratidia, a woman at Neapolis, called Cani- 
dia by Horace. Efyod. 3. 

Gration, a giant killed by Diana. 

Grat!us FALiscys, a Latin poet, contempo- 
rary with G~vid, and mentioned only by him 
among the more ancient authors. He wrote a 
poem on coursing, called Cynegelicon, much 
commended for its elegance and perspicuity. It 
may be compared to the Georgics of Virgil, to 
which it is nearly equal in the number of verses. 
The latest edition is of Amst. 4to. 1728. Ovid. 
Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 34. 

Gravii, a people of Spain. Ital. 3, v. 366. 

Gravisca:, now Eremo de St. Jiugusiino, a 
maritime town of Etruria, which assisted iEneas 
against Turnus. The air was unwholesome, on 
account of the marshes and stagnant waters in 



its neighbourhood. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 184.— 
Liv. 40, c. 29, 1. 41, c. 16. 

Gravius, a Roman knight of Puteoli, killed 
at Dyrrachium, &c. Cces. Bell. Civ. 

Gregorius, Theod. Thaumaturgus, a disciple 
of Origen, afterwards bishop of Neoceesarea, 
the place 6T his birth. He died A. D. 266, 
and it is said he left only seventeen idolaters in 
his diocese, where he had found only seventeen 
Christians. Of his works are extant his gratu- 
latory oration to Origen, a canonical epistle, and 
other treatises in Greek, the best edition of 

■ which is that of Paris, fol, 1622. Nanzian- 

zen, surnamed the Divive, was bishop of Con- 
stantinople, which he resigned on its being dis- 
puted. His writings rival those of the most 
celebrated orators of Greece, in eloquence, 
sublimity, and variety. His sermons are more 
for philosophers than common hearers, but re- 
plete with seriousness and devotion. Erasmus 
said, that he was afraid to translate his works, 
from the apprehension of not transfusing into 
another language the smartness and acumen of 
his style, and the stateliness and happy diction 
of the whole. He died, A. D. 389. The best 
edition is that of the Benedictines, the first 
volume of which, in fol . was published at Paris, 

1778. r-A bishop of Nyssa, author of the 

Nicene creed. His style is represented as alle- 
gorical and affected; and he has been accused 
of mixing philosophy too much with theology. 
His writings consist of commentaries on scrip- 
| ture, moral discourses, sermons on mysteries, 
dogmatical treatises, panegyrics on saints: the 
best edition of which is that of Morell, 2 vols, 
fol. Paris, 1615. The bishop died, A. D. 396. 

Another Christian writer, whose works 

were edited by the Benedictines, in four vols, 
fol. Paris, 1705. 

Grinnes, a people among the Batavians, 
Tacit. Hist. 5, c. 10. 

Grophus, a man distinguished as much for 
his probity as his riches, to whom Horace ad- 
dressed 2 Od. 16. 

Grudii, a people tributary to the Nervii, 
supposed to have inhabited the country near 
Tournay or Bruges in Flanders. Cues. G. 5, 
c. 38. 

Grumentum, now Jlrmento, an inland town 
of Lucania on the river Aciris. Liv. 23, c. 37, 
I. 27, c. 41. 

Gryllus, a son of Xenophon, who killed 
Epaminondas, and was himself slain, at the 
battle of Mantinea, B. C. 363. His fathBrwas 
offering a sacrifice when he received tbe news 
of his death, and he threw down the garland 
which was on his head ; but he replaced it, when 
he heard that the enemy's general had fallen 
by his hands; and he observed that his death 
ought to be celebrated with every demonstration 
of joy, rather than of lamentation. Aristot. — 

Paws. 8, c. 11, &c. One of the companions 

of Ulysses, changed into a swine by Circe. It 
is said that he refused to be restored to his hu- 
man shape, and preferred the indolence and in- 
activity of this squallid animal. 

Gryneum and Grynium, a town near Cla- 
zomente, where Apollo had a temple with an 
oracle, on account of which he is called Gry- 



GY 



GY 



nous. Strab. 13. Virg. Eel. 6, v. 72. JEn. 

4, v. 345. 

Gryneus, one of the Centaurs, who fought 
against the Lapithse, &c. Ovid. Met. 12, y. 
260. 

Gyarus and Gyaros, an island in the iEgean 
sea, near Delos. Tbe Romans were wont to 
send their culprits there. Ovid. 7. — Met. v. 
407. 

Gyas, one of the companions of iEneas, who 
distinguished himself at the games exhibited 
after the death of Anchises in Sicily. Virg. 

JEn. 5, v. 118, &c. A part of the territories 

of Syracuse, in the possession of Dionysius 



A Rutulian, son of Melampus, killed by iEneas 
in Italy. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 318. 

Gygj2ds, a lake of Lydia, 40 stadia from 
Sardis. Properl. 3, el. 11, v. IS. 

Gyge, a maid of Parysafis. 

Gyges or Gyes, a son of Coelus and Terra, 
represented as having 50 heads and a hundred 
hands. He, with his brothers, made war against 
the gods, and was afterwards punished in Tar- 
tarus. Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 7, v. 18. A Ly- 

dian, to whom Candaules, king of the country, 
showed his wife naked. The queen was so in- 
censed at this instance of imprudence and infir- 
mity, in her husband, that she ordered Gyges, 
either to prepare for death himself, or to murder 
Candaules. He chose the latter, and married 
the queen and ascended the vacant throne, about 
718 years before the christian era. He was 
the first of the Mermnadae, who reigned in 
Lydia. He reigned 38 years, and distinguished 
himself by the immense presents which he made 
to the oracle of Delphi. According to Plato, 
Gyges descended into a chasm of the earth, 
where he found a brazen horse, whose sides he 
opened, and saw within the body the carcass of 
a man of uncommon size, from whose finger he 
took a famous brazen ring. This ring, when 
put on his finger, rendered him invisible; and 
by means of its virtue he introduced himself to 
the queen, murdered her husband and married 
her, and usurped the crown of Lydia. Herodot. 
1, c. 8.— Plat. dial. 10, de rep. — Val. Max. 7, 

c. 1. — Cic Offic. 3, 9. A man killed by 

Turntis, in his wars with JEneas. Virg. JEn. 

9, v. 762. A beautiful boy of Cnidus in the 

age of Horace. Horal. 2, Od. 5, v. 30. 

Gylippus, a Lacedaemonian, sent B. C. 414, 
by his countrymen to assist Syracuse, against 
the Athenians. He obtained a celebrated vic- 
tory over Nicias and Demosthenes, the enemy's 
generals, and obliged them to surrender. He 
accompanied Lysander in his expedition against 
Athens, and was present at the taking of that 
celebrated town. After the fall of Athens, he 
was intrusted by the conqueror with the money 
which had been taken in the plunder, which 
amounted to 1500 talents. As he conveyed it 
to Sparta, he had the meanness to unsew the 
bottom of the bags which contained it, and se- 
creted about three hundred talents. His theft 
was discovered; and to avoid the punishment 
which he deserved, he fled from his country, 
and by this act of meanness tarnished the glory 
of his victorious actions. TibulL 4, el. 1, v. 199. 



— Plut. in Nicid. An Arcadian in the Kit? 

tulian war. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 272. 

Gymnasia, a large city near Colchis. Diod. 
14. 

Gymnasium, aplace among the Greeks, where 
all the public exercises were performed, and 
where not only wrestlers and dancers exhibited, 
but also philosophers, poets, and rhetoricians re- 
peated their compositions. The room was high 
and- spacious, and could contain many thousands 
of spectators. The laborious exercises of the 
Gymnasium were running, leaping, throwing the 
quoit, wrestling, and boxing, which was called. 
by the Greeks {rsvraS-^ov, and by the Romans 
qulnquertia. In riding, the athlete led a horse, 
on which he sometimes was mounted, conduct- 
ing another by the bridle, and jumping from the 
one upon the other. Whoever came first to the 
goal, and jumped with the greatest agility, ob- 
tained the prize. In running a-foot the athletes 
were sometimes armed, and he who came first 
was declared victorious. Leaping was an useful 
exercise: its primary object was to teach the 
soldiers to jump over ditches, and pass over emi- 
nences during a siege, or in the field of battle. 
In throwing the quoit, the prize was adjudged to 
him who threw it farthest. The quoits were 
made either with wood, stone, or metal. The 
wrestlers employed all their dexterity to bring 
their adversary to the ground, and the boxers 
had their hands armed with gauntlets, called 
also cestus. Their blows were dangerous, and 
often eaded in the death of one of the combat- 
ants. In wrestling and boxing, the athletes were 
often naked, whence the word Gymnasium, yv/x- 
yof, nudus. They anointed themselves with oil 
to brace their limbs, and to render their bodies 
slippery, and more difficult to be grasped. Plin. 
2. Ep. 17.— C. Mp. 20, c. 5. 

Gymnesls:, two islands near the Iberus in the 
Mediterranean, called Baleares by the Greeks. 
Plut. 5, c. 8.— Strab. 2. 

Gymnetes, a people of ^Ethiopia, who lived 
almost naked. Plin. 5, c. 8. 

Gymni.£, a town of Colchis. Xenoph. Arab. 4. 

Gymnosophist\e, a certain sect of philoso- 
phers in India, who, according to some, placed 
their summum bonum in pleasure, and their 
summum malum in pain. They lived naked a's 
their name implies, and for 37 years they ex- 
posed themselves in tbe open air, to the heat of 
the sun, the inclemency of the seasons, and the 
coldness of the night. They were often seen in 
the fields fixing their eyes full upon the disc of 
the sua from the time of its rising till the hour 
of its setting. Sometimes tbey stood whole days 
upon one foot in burning sand, without moving 
or showing any concern for what surrounded 
them. Alexander was astonished at the sighl 
of a sect of men who seemed to despise bodily 
pain, and who inured themselves to suffer the 
greatest tortures without uttering a groan, or 
expressing any marks of fear. The conqueror 
condescended to visit them, and his astonishment 
was increased when be saw one of them ascend 
a burning pile with firmness and unconcern, to 
avoid the infirmities of old age, and stanJ up- 
right on one leg and unmoved, while the flames 
surrounded him on every side^ Vid. Calatius. 

s s 



GY 



GY 



The Brachmans were a branch of the sect of 
the Gymnosophistae. Vid. Brachmanes. Strab. 
15, &c. — Plin. 7, c. 2. — Cic. Tusc. 5. — Lucan. 
3, v. 240.— Curt. 8, c. 9.— Dion. 

Gynjeceas, a woman said to have been the 
wife of Faunus, and the mother of Bacchus and 
of Midas. 

Gyn^cothosn'as, a name of Mars at Tegea, 
on account of a sacrifice offered by the women 
without the assistance of the men, who were 
not permitted to appear at this religious cere- 
mony. Paws. 8, c. 48. 

Gyndes, now Zeindeh, a river of Assyria, 



falling into the Tigris. When Cyrus marched 
against Babylon, his army was stopped by this 
river, in which one of his favourite horses was 
drowned. This so irritated the monarch, that 
he ordered the river to be conveyed into 360 
different channels by his army, so that after this 
division it hardly reached the knee. Herodot. 
1, c. 189 and 202. 

Gytheum, a sea-port town of Laconia, at the 
mouth of the Eurotas, in Peloponnesus, built by 
Hercules and Apollo, who had there desisted 
from their quarrels. The inhabitants were called 
Gytheata. Cic. Offic. 3, c. 11. 



HA 



HA 



TABIS, a king ©f Spain, who first taught 

M. his subjects agriculture, &c. Justin. 44, 
C. 4. 

Hadrianopolis, a town of Thrace, on the 
Hebrus. 

Hadrianus, a Roman emperor. Vid. Adrian- 

us. C- Fabius, a praetor in Africa, who was 

burnt by the people of Utica, for conspiring 
with the slaves. Cic. Verr. 1, c. 27, 1. 5, c. 26. 

Hadriaticctm mare. Vid. Adriaticum. 

Hjedui. Vid. iEdui. 

Hjsmon, a Theban youth, son of Creon, who 
was so captivated with the beauty of Antigone, 
that be killed himself on her tomb, when he 
heard that she had been put to death by his 

father's orders. Propert. 2, el. 8, v. 21. 

A Rutulian engaged in the wars of Turnus. 

Virg. JEn. 9, v. 685. A friend of iEneas 

against Turnus. He was a native of Lycia. 
Id. 10, v. 126. 

Hjemonia. Vid. JEmonia. 

H^mus, a mountain which separates Thrace 
from Thessaly, so high that from its top are vi- 
sible the Euxine and Adriatic seas, though this, 
however, is denied by Strabo It receives its 
name from Haemus, son of Boreas and Orilhyia, 
who married Rhodope, and was changed into 
this mountain for aspiring to divine honours. 
Strab. 7, p. 313.— Plin. 4, c. 11.— Ovid. Met. 
6, v. 87. A stage-player. Juv. 3, v. 99. 

Hages, a brother of king Porus who opposed 

Alexander, &c. Curt. 8, c. 5 and 14. One 

of Alexander's flatterers A man of Cyzicus , 

killed by Pollux. Flacc. 3, v. 191. 

Hagno, a nymph. A fountain of Arcadia. 

Paws. 8, c. 38. 

Hagnagora, a sister of Aristomenes. Paws. 

Hal^sus and Halesus, a son of Agamem- 
non by Briseis or Clytemnestra. When he was 
driven from home, he came to Italy, and settled 
on mount Massicus, in Campania, where he 
built Falisci, and afterwards assisted Turnus 
against iEneas. He was killed by Pallas. Virg. 

JEn. 7, v. 724, I. 10, v. 352. A river near 

Colophon in Asia Minor. Plin. 5, c. 29. 

Halala, a village at the foot of mount Tau- 
rns. 

HalcySxe. Vid. Alcyone. 



Halentum, a town at the north of Sicily. 
Cic. Verr. 3, c. 43, 1. 4, c. 23. 

Hales a, a town of Sicily. Cic. Verr. 2, c 
l.—Fam. 13, ep 32. 

Halesius, a mountain and river near iEtna, 
where Proserpine was gathering flowers when 
she was carried away by Pluto. Colum. 

Halia, one of the Nereides. Jpollod. 

A festival at Rhodes in honour of the sun. 

Haliacmon, a river which separates Thes- 
saly from Macedonia, and falls into the Sinus 
Thermiacus. Cces+jCiv. 3, c. 36. — Pliji. 31, c. 
2.— Herodot. 7, c. 127. 

Haliartus, a town of Bceotia, founded by 
Haliartus, the son of Thersander. The monu- 
ments of Pandion king of Athens, and of Lysan- 
der the Lacedaemonian general, were seen in 
that town. Liv. 42, c. 44 and 63. — Paws. 9, c. 
32. A town of Peloponnesus. 

Halicarnassus, now Bodroun, a maritime 
city of Caria, in Asia Minor> where the mauso- 
leum, one of the seven wonders of the world, 
was erected. It was the residence of the sove- 
reigns of Caria, and was celebrated for having 
given birth to Herodotus, Dionysius, Heraclitus, 
&c. Maxim. Tyr. 35. — Vitruv. de Jircli. — 
Diod. 17.— Herodot. 2, c 178.— Strab. 14 — 
Liv. 27, c. 10 and 16, 1. 33, c. 20. 

Halicy/e, a town of Sicily, near Lilyhaeum, 
now Saleme. Plin. 3, c. 8. — Cic. Verr. 2, c. 
33.— Diod. 14. 

Halieis, a town of Argolis. 

Halimede, a Nereid. 

Haliruhotius, a son of Neptune and Euryte, 
who ravished Alcippe, daughter of Mars, be- 
cause she slighted his addresses. This violence 
offended Mars, and he killed the ravisher. Nep- 
tune cited Mars to appear before the tribunal 
cf justice to answer for the murder of his son. 
The cause was tried at Athens, in a place which 
has been called from thence Areopagus, (*/>»?, 
Mars, and tar^yoz village,) and the murderer 
was acquitted. Jtpollod. 3, c. 14. — Paus. 1, c. 
21. 

Halitiiersus, an old man, who foretold to 
Penelope's suitors the return of Ulysses, and 
their own destruction. Homer. Od. 1. 

Halius, a son of Alcinous, famous for his 
Skill in dancing. Homer. Od. S, v. 1.20 and 370, 



HA 



HA 



A Trojan, who came with iEneas into Tfaly, 

where he was killed by Turnus. Virg. *32n. 9, 
v. 767. t 

Halizones, a people of Paphlagonia. Strab. 
14. 

Halmus, a son of Sysiphus, father to Chry- 
sogone. He reigned in Orchonienos. -Paws. 9, 
c. 35. 

Halmydessus, a town of Thrace. Mela, 2, 
c. 2. 

Halocrates, a son of Hercules and Olym- 
pusa. Jlpollod. 

Halone, an island of Propontis, opposite 
Cyzicus. Plin. 5, c. 31. 

Halonnesus, an island on the coast of Mace- 
donia, at the bottom of the Sinus Thermiacus. 
It was inhabited only by women, who had slaugh- 
tered all the males, and they defended them- 
selves against an invasion. Mela, 2, c. 7. 

Halotia, a festival in Tegea. Paus. 

Halctus, an eunuch, who used to taste the 
meat of Claudius. He poisoned the emperor's 
food by order of Agrippina. Tacit. Jinn. 2, c. 
66. 

Halus, a city of Achaia of Thessaly 

of Parthia, 

Haly-sxtus, a man changed into a bird of 
the same name. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 176. 

Kalyattes. Vid. Alyattes. 

Halycus, now Platani, a river at the south 
of Sicily. 

Halys, now Kizil-ermark, a river of Asia 
Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling into 
the Euxine sea. It received its name atto tou 
axes, from salt, because its waters are of a salt 
and bitter taste, from the nature of the soil 
over which they flow. It is famous for the de- 
feat of Cicesus, king of Lydia, who was mis- 
taken by the ambiguous word of this oracle: 

If Croesus passes over the Halxjs, he shall destroy 

a great empire. 
That empire was his own. Cic. de Div. 2, c. 
56.— Curt. 4, c. II.— Strab. 12.— Lucan. 3, v. 

272. — Herodot. 1, c. 28. A man of Cvzicus 

killed by Pollux. Val. Fi 3, v> 157. 

Halyzia, a town of Epirus near the Ache- 
lous, where the Athenians obtained a naval vic- 
tory over the Lacedsemonians. 

Hamadryades, nymphs who lived in the 
country, and presided over trees, with which 
they were said to live aud die The word is de- 
rived from etfxa simul and cf^y? quercus. Virg. 
Ed. 10.— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 647. 

HAMiE, a town of Campania near Cumae. Liv. 
23, c. 25, 

Hamaxia, a city of Cilicia. 

Hamilcar, the name of some celebrated ge- 
nerals of Carthage. Vid. Amilcar. 

Hammon, the Jupiter of the Africans, Vid. 
Ammon. 

Hannibal. Vid. Annibal. 

Hanno. Vid. Anno. 

Harcai.o, a man famous for his knowledge 
of poisonous herbs, &c. He touched the most 
venomous serpents and reptiles without receiv- 
ing the smallest injury. Sil. 1, v. 406. 

Harmatelia, a town of the Brachmanes in 
India, taken by Alexander. Diod. 17. 



Harmatris, a town of iEolia. 

Kamillus, an infamous debauchee. Juv. 10, 
V. 224. 

Harmodius, a friend of Aristogiton, who de- 
livered his country from the tyranny of the Pi- 
sistratidae, B.C. 510. [Vid. Aristogiton.] The 
Athenians, to reward the patriotism of these il- 
lustrious citizens, made a law that no one should 
ever bear the name of Aristogiton and Harmo- 
dius. Herodot. 5, c. 35. — Plin. 34, c. 8.— Se- 
nec. Ir. 2. 

Harmonia, or Hermionea, [Vid. Hernri- 
one,] a daughter of Mars and Venus, who mar- 
ried Cadmus. It is said, that Vulcan, to avenge 
the infidelity of her mother, made her a present 
of a vestment dyed in all sorts of crimes, which 
in some measure inspired all the children of 
Cadmus with wickedness and impiety. Paus. 9, 
c. 16, &c. 

- Harmonides, a Trojan beloved by Minem. 
He built the ships in which Paris carried away 
Helen. Homer. II. 5. 

Harpagus, a general of Cyrus. Pie con- 
quered Asia Minor after he had revolted from 
Astyages, who had cruelly forced him to eat the 
flesh of his son, because he had disobeyed his 
orders in not putting to death the infant Cyrus. 

Herodot. 1, c 108. — Justin. 1, c. 5 and 6. 

A river near Colchis. Diod. 14. 

Harpalice. Vid. Harpalyce. 

Harpalion, a son of Pylaemenes king of 
Paphlagonia, who assisted Priam during the 
Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. Homer. 
II. 13, v. 643. 

Harpalus, a man intrusted with the trea- 
sures of Babylon by Alexander. His hopes that 
Alexander would perish in his expedition, ren- 
dered him dissipated, negligent, and vicious. 
When he heard that the conqueror was return- 
ing with great resentment, he fled to Athens, 
where, with his money, he corrupted the ora- 
tors, among whom was Demosthenes. When 
brought to justice, he escaped with impunity to 
Crete, where he was at last assassinated by 
Thimbro, B.C. 325. Plut. in Phoc.—Diod. 17. 

A robber who scorned the gods. Cic 3. de 

Nat. D. A celebrated astronomer of Greece, 

4S0 years B. C. 

Harpalyce, the daughter of Harpalycus, 
king of Thrace Her mother died when she was 
but a child, and her father fed her with the milk 
of cows and mares, and inured her early to sus- 
tain the fatigues of hunting. When her father's 
kingdom was invaded by Neoptolemus, the son 
of Achilles, she repelled and defeated the ene- 
my with manly courage. The death of her fa- 
ther, which happened soon after in a sedition, 
rendered her disconsolate; she fled the society 
of mankind, and lived in the forests upon plun- 
der and rapine. Every attempt to secure her 
proved fruitless, till her great swiftness was 
overcome by intercepting her with a net. After 
her death the people of the country disputed their 
respective right to the possessions she had 
acquired by rapine, and they soon after appeas- 
ed her manes by proper oblations on her tomb. 
Virg JEn. 1, v. 321.— Hygin. fab. 193 and 

252. A beautiful virgin, daughter of Clyme- 

nus and Epicaste, of Argos. Her fetter became 



. / 



HA 



HE 



enamoured of her, and gained her confidence, 
and enjoyed her company by means of her nurse, 
who introduced him as a stranger. Some time 
after she married Alastor; but the father's pas- 
sion became more violent and uncontrolable in 
his daughter's absence, and he murdered her 
husband to bring her back to Argos. Harpalyce 
inconsolable for the death of her husband, and 
ashamed of her father's passion, which was then 
made public, resolved to revenge her wrongs. 
She killed her younger brother, or according to 
some, the fruit of her incest, and served it be- 
fore her father. She begged the gods to remove 
her from the world, and she was changed into 
an owl, and Clymenus killed himself. Hygin. 

fab. 253, &c. — Parthen. in Erot. A mistress 

of Iphiclus, son of Thestius. She died through 
despair on seeing herself despised by her lover. 
This mournful story was composed in poetry, in 
(he form of a dialogue called Harpalyce. Jithen. 
14. 

Harfalycus, one of the companions of 
iEneas, killed by Camilla. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 

675. The father of Harpalyce, king of the 

Amymneans in Thrace. 
Harpasa, a town of Caria. 
Harpasus, a river of Caria. Liv. 39, c. 13. 
Harpocrates, a divinity supposed to be the 
same as Orus the son of Isis, among the Egyp- 
tians. He is represented as holding one of his 
fingers on his mouth, and from thence he is call- 
ed the god of silence, and intimates, that the 
mysteries of religion and philosophy ought never 
to be revealed to the people. The Romans 
placed his statues at the entrance of their tem- 
ples. Catull. 75. — Varro de L. L. 4, c^ 10. 

Harpocration, a Platonic philosopher of 
Argos, from whom Stobajus compiled his eclo- 
gues. A sophist called also JElius. Va- 
lerius, a rhetorician of Alexandria, author of a 

Lexicon on ten orators. Another, surnamed 

Caius. 

Harpyi;e, winged monsters, who had the 
face of a woman, the body of a vulture, and had 
their feet and fingers armed with sharp claws. 
They were three in number, Aello, Ocypete, 
and Celeno, daughters of Neptune and Terra. 
They were sent by Juno to plunder the tables of 
!Phineus, whence they were driven to the islands 
called Strophades by Zethes and Calais. They 
emitted an infectious smell, and spoiled what- 
ever they touched by their filth and excrements. 
They plundered iEneas during his voyage to- 
wards Italy, and predicted many of the calami- 
ties which attended him, Virg. JEn. 3, v. 212, 
1. 6, v. 239.— Hesiod. Theog. 265. 

Harudes, a people of Germany, Ctes. G. 1, 
c. 31. 

Hartjspex, a soothsayer at Rome who drew 
omens by consulting the entrails of beasts that 
were sacrificed. He received the name of Jlruf- 
pex, ab aris aaplciendis, and that of Exlispex, ab 
fxtis inspiciendis. The order of Aruspices was 
first established at Rome by Romulus, and the 
first Aruspices were Tuscans by origin, as they 
were particularly famous in that branch of di- 
vination. They had received all their know- 
ledge from a boy named Tages, who, as was 
eommonly reported^ sprung from a clod of earth. 



[Vid. Tages.] They were originally three, but 
the Roman senate yearly sent six noble youths, 
or, according to others, twelve, to Etruria, to 
be instructed in all the mysteries of the art. 
The office of the Haruspices consisted in observ- 
ing these four particulars; the beast before it was 
sacrificed; its entrails; the flames which consum- 
ed the sacrifice; and the flour, frankincense, &c. 
which was used. If the beast was led up at ther 
altar with difficulty, if it escaped from the con- 
ductor's hands, roared when it received the blow, 
or .died in agonies, the omen was unfortunate. 
But, on the contrary, if it followed without com- 
pulsion, received the blow without resistance, 
and died without groaning, and after much effu- 
sion of blood, the haruspex foretold prosperity. 
When the body of the victim was opened, each 
part was scrupulously examined. If any thing 
was wanting, if it had a double liver, or a lean 
heart, the omen was unfortunate. If the en- 
trails fell from the hands of the haruspex, or 
seemed besmeared with too much blood, or if 
no heart appeared, as for instance it happened 
in the two victims which J. Csesar offered a lit- 
tle before his death, the onien was equally un- 
lucky. When the flame was quickly kindled, 
and when it violently consumed the sacrifice, and 
arose pure and bright, and like a pyramid, with- 
out any paleness, smoke, sparkling, or crack- 
ling, the omen was favourable. But the con- 
trary augury was drawn when the fire was kin- 
dled with difficulty, and was extinguished before 
the sacrifice was totally consumed, or when it 
rolled in circles round the victim with interme- 
diate spaces between the flames. In regard to 
(he frankincense, meal, water, and wine, if there 
was any deficiency in the quantity, if the colour 
was different, or the quality was changed, or if 
any thing was done with irregularity, it was 
deemed inauspicious. This custom of consult- 
ing the entrails of victims did not originate in 
Tuscany, but it was in use among the Chal- 
deans, Greeks, Egyptians, &c. and the more 
enlightened part of mankind well knew how to 
render it subservient to their wishes or tyranny. 
Agesilaus, when in Egypt, raised the drooping 
spirits of his soldiers by a superstitious artifice. 
He secretly wrote in his hand the word vulh 
victory, in large characters, and holding the en- 
trails of a victim in his hand till the impression 
was communicated to the flesh, he showed it to 
the soldiers, and animated them by observing, 
that the gods signified their approaching victo- 
ries even by marking it in the body of the sacri- 
ficed animals. Cic. de Div. 
Hasdrudal. Vid. Asdrubal. 
Q. Haterius, a patrician and orator at Rome 
under the first emperors. He died in the 90th 

year of his age. Tacit. Jinn. 4, c. 61. 

Agrippa, a senator in the age of Tiberius, hated 
by the tyrant for his independence. Tacit. Jinn. 

6, c. 4. Antoninus, a dissipated senator, 

whose extravagance was supported by Nero. Id, 
13, c. 34. 

Haustanes, a man who conspired with Bes- 
sus against Darius, &c. Curt. 8, c. 5. 
Hebole. Vid Ebdome. 
Hebe, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. Ac- 
cording to some she was the daughter of Juno 



HE 



HE 



only, who conceived her after eating lettuces.^ 
As she was fair, and always in the bloom of 
youth, she was called the goddess of youth, and 
made by her Uiother cup-bearer to all the gods. 
She was dismissed from her office by Jupiter, 
because she fell down in an indecent posture as 
she was pouring nectar to the gods at a grand 
festival, and Ganymedes tbe favourite of Jupi- 
ter, succeeded her as cup-bearer. She was em- 
ployed by her mother to prepare her chariot, 
and to harness her peacocks whenever requisite. 
When Hercules was raised to the rank of a god, 
he was reconciled to Juno by marrying her 
daughter Hebe, by whom be had two sons, 
Alexiares and Anicetus. As Hebe had the pow- 
er of restoring gods and men to the vigour of 
youth, she, at the instance of her husband, per- 
formed that kind office to Iolas his friend. Hebe 
was worshipped at Sicyon, under the name of 
Z)ia, and at Rome under tbe name of Juventus. 
She is represented as a young virgin crowned 
with flowers, and arrayed in sl variegated gar- 
ment. Paus. 1, c 19, !. 2, c, 12.— Odd. Met. 
9, v. 400. Fast. 6, v. IG.—dpollod. 1, c. 3, 1. 
2, c 7. 

Hebesus, a Rutnlian, killed in the night by 
Euryalus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 344. 

Hebrus, now Marissa, a river of Thrace, 
which was supposed to roll its waters upon gol- 
den sands. It" falls into the Mgean sea. The 
head of Orpheus was thrown into it after it had 
been cut off by the Ciconian women. It receiv- 
ed its name from Hebrus son of Cassander, a 
king of Thrace, who was said to have drowned 
himself there. Mela, 2, c. 2.—Strab. l.— Virg. 

JEn. 4, v. 463.— Ovid. Mel. 11, v. 50. A 

youth of Lipara, beloved by Neobule. Horat. 
3 ? 0( j. 12. -A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pol- 
lux. Flacc. 3, v. 143. A friend of ^neas 

son of Dolichaon, killed by Mezentius in the 
Rutulian war. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 696. 

Hecale, a poor old woman who kindly re- 
ceived Theseus as he was going against the bull 

of Marathon, &c. Plul. in Thes. A town 

of Attica. 

Hecalesia, a festival in honour of Jupiter of 
Hecale, instituted by Theseus, or in commemo- 
ration of the kindness of Hecale, which Theseus 
had experienced when he went against the bull 
of Marathon, &c. 

Hecamede, a daughter of Arsinous, who fell 
to the lot of Nestor after the plunder of Tenedos 
by the Greeks. Homer. U. 11, v. 623. 

Hecatje fanum, a celebrated temple sacred 
to Hecate, at Stratonice in Caria. Strab- 14. 

Hecatjeus, an historian of Miletus, born 549 
years before Christ, in the reign of Darius Hys- 

taspes. Htrodot. 2, c. 143. A Macedonian, 

intimate with Alexander. Diod. 17. A Ma- 
cedonian brought to the army against his will 
by Amyntas, &c. Curt 7, c. 1. 

Hecate, a daughter of Perses and Asteria, 
the same as Proserpine, or Diana. She was 
called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and 
Hecate or Proserpine in hell, whence her name 
of Diva triformis, tergemina, triceps. She was 
supposed to preside over magic and enchant- 
ments, and was generally represented like a wo- 
. man with three heads, that of a horse, a dog, 



or a boar, and sometimes she appeared with 
three different bodies, and three different faces 
only with one neck. Dsgs, lambs, and honey, 
were generally offered to her, especially in high 
ways and cross roads, whence she obtained the 
name of Trivia. Her power was extended over 
heaven, the earth, sea, and hell; and to her kings 
and nations supposed themselves indebted for 

their prosperity. Ovid. 7, Met. v. 94. He- 

siod./Fheog. — Horat. 3, od. 22. — Paus. 2, c. 
22.— Virg, JEn. 4, v. 511. 

Hecatesia, a yearly festival observed by the 
Stratonicensians in honour of Hecate. Tbe 
Athenians paid also particular worship to this 
goddess, who was deemed the patroness of fa- 
milies and of children. From this circumstance 
the statues of the goddess were erected before 
the doors of the houses, and upon every new- 
moon a public supper was always provided at 
the expense of the richest people, and set in the 
streets where the poorest of the citizens were 
permitted to retire and feast upon it, while they 
reported that Hecate had devoured it. There 
were also expiatory offerings, to supplicate the 
goddess to remove whatever evils might impend 
on the head of the public, &c. 

Hecato, a native of Rhodes, pupil to Pana> 
tius. He wrote on the duties of man, &c. (He. 
3, Off. 15. 

Hecatomboia, a festival celebrated in ho- 
nour of Juno, by the Argians and people of 
JEgina. It receives its name from sx&tgv, & 
Bow?, a sacrifice of a hundred bulls, which were 
always offered to the goddess, and the flesh dis- 
tributed among the poorest citizens. There 
were also public games first instituted by Ar- 
chinus, a king of Argos, in which the prize was 
a shield of brass with a crown of myrtle. 

Hecatomphonia, a solemn sacrifice offered 
by the Messenians to Jupiter, when any of them 
had killed an hundred enemies. Paus. 4, c. 19. 

Hecatompolis, an epithet given to Crete, 
from the hundred cities which it once contain- 
ed. 

Hecatompylos, an epithet applied to Thebes 
in Esypt on account of its hundred gates, .flm- 

mian. 22, c. 16. Also the capital of Parthia, 

in the reign of the Arsacides. Ptol. 6, c. 5. — 
Strab. ll.—Plin. 6, c. 15 and 25. 

Hecatonnesi, small islands between Lesbos 
and Asia. Strab. 13. 

Hector, son of king Priam and Hecuba, was 
the most valiant of all the Trojan chiefs that 
fought against the Greeks. He married An- 
dromache, the daughter of Eetion, by whom he 
had Astyanax. He was appointed captain of 
all the Trojan forces, when Troy was besieged 
by the Greeks; and the valour with which he 
behaved showed how well qualified he was to 
discharge that important office. He engaged 
with the bravest of the Greeks, and according 
to Hyginus, no less than 31 of the most valiant 
of tbe enemy perished by his hand. When 
Achilles had driven back the Trojans towards 
the city, Hector, too great to fly, waited the ap- 
proach of his enemy near the Scean gates, 
though his father and mother, with tears in their 
eyes, blamed his rashness, and entreated him to 
retire. The sight of Achilles terrified him, and 



HE 



HE 



he fled before him in (he plain. The Greek 
pursued, and Hector was killed, and his body 
was dragged in cruel triumph by the conqueror 
round the tomb of Patroclus, whom Hector had 
killed. The body, after receiving the grossest 
insults, was ransomed by old Priam, and the 
Trojans obtained from the Greeks a truce of 
some days to pay the last offices to the greatest 
of their leaders. The Thebans boasted in the 
age of the geographer Pausanias that they had 
the ashes of Hector preserved in an urn, by or- 
der of an oracle; which promised them undis- 
turbed felicity if they were in possession of that 
hero's remains. The epithet of flectorens is 
applied by the poets to the Trojans, as best ex- 
pressive of valour and intrepidity. Homer. J I. 
1 5 & c ._ Viyg. JEn. },&c.—Ovid. Met. 12 and 
33. — Diclys. Cret. — Dares. Phryg. — Hygin. 
fab. 90 and 112,— Paus. 1. 3, and 9, c. 18— 

QuintiL Smym. 1 and 3. A son of Parme- 

nio drowned in the Nile. Alexander honoured 
his remains with a magnificent funeral. Curt. 
4, c. S, 1. 6, c. 9. 

Hecuba, a daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian 
prince, or according to others, of Gisseis, a 
Thracian kiug,0vas the second wife of Priam 
king of Troy, and proved the chastest of women, 
and the most tender and unfortunate of mothers. 
When she was pregnant of Paris, she dreamed 
that she had brought into the world a burning 
torch which had reduced her husband's palace 
and all Troy to ashes. So alarming a dream 
was explained by the soothsayers, who declared 
that the son she should bring into the world 
would prove the ruin of his country. When Pa- 
ris was born, she exposed him on mount Ida to 
avert the calamities which threatened her fami- 
ly; but her attempts to destroy him were fruit- 
less, and the prediction of the soothsayers was 
fulfilled. [Vid. Paris] During the Trojan war 
she saw the greatest part of her children perish 
by the hands of the enemy, and like a mother, 
she confessed her grief by her tears and lamen- 
tations, particularly at the death of Hector, her 
eldest son. When Troy was taken, Hecuba, as • 
one of the captives, fell to the lot of Ulysses, a 
man whom she hated for his perfidy and avarice, 
and she embarked with the conquerors for 
Greece. The Greeks landed in the Thracian 
Chersonesus to load with fresh honours the grave 
of Achilles. During their stay the hero's ghost 
appeared to them, and demanded, to ensure the 
safety of their return, the sacrifice of Polyxcna, 
Hecuba's daughter. They complied, and Po- 
lyxena was torn from her mother to be sacri- 
ficed. Hecuba was inconsolable, and her grief 
was still more increased at the sight of the body 
of her son Polydorus washed on the shore, who 
had been recommended by his father to the care 
and humanity of Polymnestor king of the coun- 
try. [Vid. Polydorus.] She determined to re- 
venge the death of her son, and with the great- 
est indignation went to the house of his murder- 
er, and tore his eyes and attempted to deprive 
him of his life. She was hindered from execut- 
ing her bloody purpose, by the arrival of some 
Thracians, and she fled with the female compa- 
nions of her captivity. She was pursued, and 
when she ran after the stones that were thrown 



at her, she found herself suddenly changed into 
a bitch, and when she attempted to speak, found 
that she could only bark. After this metamor- 
phosis she threw herself into the sea, according 
to Hyginus, and that place was, from that cir- 
cumstance, called Cyneum. Hecuba had a 
great number of children by Priam, among whom 
were Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, Pammon, He- 
lenus, Polytes, Aniiphon, Hipponous, Polydo- 
rus, Troilus, and among the daughters, Creusa, 
flione, Laodice, Polyxena, and Cassandra. Ovid. 
Met. 11, v. 761, 1. 13, v. 515.— Hygin. fab. 
111. — Virg. JEn. 3, v. 44.— Juv. 10, v. 271.— 
Slrub. IS.—Didys Cret. 4 and 5.—rfpollod. 3, 
c. 12. 

Hecubje, Sepulchrum, a promontory of 
Thrace. 

Hedila, a poetess of Samos. 

Hedonjeum, a village of Boeotia. Paus. 9, 
c. 31. 

Hedui, Vid. JEdui. 

Hedymeles, an admired musician in Domi- 
tian's age. The word signifies sweet music. Juv. 
6, v. 381. 

Hegelochus, a general of 6000 Athenians 
sent to Mantinea to stop the progress of Epami- 

nondas. Diod. 15. An Egyptian general 

who flourished B. C. 128. 

Hegemon, a Thracian poet in the age of 
Alcibiades. He wrote a poem called Gigan- 
tomachia, besides other works. JElian. V. II. 

4, c 11. Another poet who wrote a poem on 

the war of Leuctra, &c. .(Elian. V. H. 8. c. 11. 

Hegesianax, an historian of Alexandria, who 
wrote an account of the Trojan war 

Hegesius, a tyrant of Ephesus under the pa- 
tronage of Alexander. Poiyxn. 6. A phi- 
losopher who so eloquently convinced his audi- 
tors of their failings and follies, and persuaded 
them that there were no dangers after death, 
that many were guilty of suicide. Ptolemy for- 
bade him to continue his doctrines. Cic. Tusc. 

1, c. 34. An historian. ATamous orator 

of Magnesia, who corrupted the elegant diction 
of Attica, by the introduction of Asiatic idioms. 
Cic Orat. 67, 69. Brut. S3.—Strab. 9.— PLut. 
in Jilex. 

Hegesilochus, one of the chief magistrates 
of Rhodes in the reign of Alexander and his fa- 
ther Philip. Another native of Rhodes, 171 

years before the christian era. He engaged his 
countrymen to prepare a fleet of 40 ships to as- 
sist the Romans against Perseus king of Mace- 
donia. 

Hegesinous, a man who wrote a poem on 
Attica. Paus. 2, c. 29. 

Hegesinus, a philosopher of Pergamus, of 
the second academy. He flourished B. C. 193. 

Hegesifpus, an historian who wrote some 
things upon. Pallene, &c. 

Hegesipyle, a daughter of Olorus king of 
Thrace, who married Miltiades, and became 
mother of Cirnon. Pint. 

HegesistPiXtus, an Ephesian who consulted 
the oracle to know in what particular place he 
should fix his residence. He was directed to 
settle where he found peasants dancing with 
crowns of olives. This was in Asia, where he 
founded Elea, &c. 



HE 



HE 



Hegetorides, a Thasian, who, upon seeing 
his country besieged by the Athenians, and a 
law forbidding any one on pain of death to speak 
of peace, went to the market place with a rope 
about his neck, and boldly told his countrymen 
to treat him as they pleased, provided they sav- 
ed the city from the calamities which the con- 
tinuation of the war seemed to threaten. The 
Thasians were awakened, the law was abrogat- 
ed, and Hegetorides pardoned, &c. Polyan. 2. 

Helena, the most beautiful woman of her 
age, sprung from oue of the eggs which Leda, 
the wife of king Tyndarus, brought forth after 
her amour with Jupiter metamorphosed into a 
swan. [Vid- Leda.] According to some au- 
thors, Helen was daughter of Nemesis by Jupi- 
ter, and Leda was only her nurse; and to re- 
concile this variety of opinions, some imagine 
that Nemesis and Leda are the same persons. 
Her beauty was so universally admired, even 
in her infancy, that Theseus, with his friend Pi- 
rithous, carried her away before she had attain- 
ed her tenth year, and concealed her at Aphid- 
nze, under the care of his mother iEthra. Her 
brothers, Castor and Pollux, recovered her by 
force of arms, and she returned safe and unpol- 
luted to Sparta, her native country. There ex- 
isted, however, a tradition recorded by Pausa- 
nias, that Helen was of nubile years when car- 
ried away by Theseus, and that she had a daugh- 
ter by her ravisher, who was intrusted to the 
care of Clytemnestra. This violence offered to 
her virtue did not in the least diminish, but it 
rather augmented, her fame, and her hand was 
eagerly solicited by the young princes of Greece. 
The most celebrated of her suitors were Ulysses 
son of Laertes, Antilochus son of Nestor, Sthe- 
nelus son of Capaneus, Diomedes son of Tydeus, 
Amphilochus son of Cteatus, Meges son of Phi- 
leus, Agapenor son of Ancseus, Thalpius son of 
Eurytus, Mnesthcus son of Peteus, Schedius son 
of Epistrophus, Polyxenus son of Agasihenes, 
Amphilochus son of Ampbiaraus, Ascalaphus 
and Ialmus sons of the god Mars, Ajax son of 
Oileus, Eumelus son of Admetus, Polypcetes son 
of Pirithous, Elphenor son of Cbalcodon, Poda- 
lirius and Machaon sons of iEsculapius, Leon- 
tes son of Coronus, Pbilocteres son of Paean, 
Protesilaus son of Iphiclus, Eurypilus son of 
Evemon, Ajax and Teucer sons of Telamon, 
Patroclus son of Mnoetius, Menelaus son of Atre- 
us, Thoas, Idomeneus, and Mcrion. Tyndarus 
was rather alarmed than pleased at the sight of 
such a number of illustrious princes, who ea- 
gerly solicited each to become his son-in-law. 
He knew that he could not prefer one without 
displeasing all the rest, and from this perplexity 
he was at last drawn by the artifice of Ulysses, 
who began to be already known in Greece by 
his prudence and sagacity. This prince, who 
clearly saw that his pretensions to Helen would 
Dot probably meet with success in opposition to 
so many rivals, proposed to extricate Tyndarus 
from all his difficulties, if he would promise him 
his niece Penelope in marriage. Tyndarus con- 
sented, and Ulysses advised the king to bind, 
by a solemn oath, all the suitors, that they 
would approve of the uninfluenced choice which 
Helca should make of one among them; and 



engage to unite together to defend her person 
and character if ever any attempts were made 
to ravish her from the arms of her husband* 
The advice of Ulysses was followed, the princes 
consented, and Helen fixed her choice upon 
Menelaus, and married him. Hermjone was 
the early fruit of this union, which continued 
for three years with mutual happiness. After 
this, Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, came to 
Laceda;mon on pretence of sacrificing to Apol- 
lo. He was kindly received by Menelaus, but 
shamefully abused his favours, and in his ab- 
sence in Crete he corrupted the fidelity of his 
wife Helen, and persuaded her to follow him to 
Troy, B. C. 1198. At his return Menelaus, 
highly sensible of the injury he had received, 
assembled the Grecian princes, and reminded 
them of their solemn promises. They resolved 
to make war against the Trojans, but they pre- 
viously sent ambassadors to Priam to demand 
the restitution of Helen. The influence of Pa- 
ris at his father's court prevented the restora- 
tion, and the Greeks returned home without re- 
ceiving the satisfaction they required. Soon 
after their return their combined forces assem- 
bled and sailed for the coast of Asia. The be- 
haviour of Helen during the Trojan war is not 
clearly known. Some assert that she had wil- 
lingly followed Paris, and that she warmly sup- 
ported the cause of the Trojans; while others 
believe that she always sighed after her hus- 
band, and cursed the day in which she had proved 
faithless to his bed. Homer represents her as 
in the last instance, and some have added that 
she often betrayed the schemes and resolutions 
of the Trojans, and secretly favoured the cause 
of Greece. When Paris was killed, in the 
ninth year of the war, she voluntarily married 
Deiphobus, one of Priam's sons, and when Troy 
was taken she made no scruple to betray him, 
and to introduce the Greeks into his chamber, 
to ingratiate herself with Menelaus. She re- 
turned to Sparta, and the love of Menelaus for- 
gave the errors which she had committed. Some 
however say that she obtained her life even 
with difficulty from her husband, whose resent- 
ment she had kindled by her infidelity. After 
she had lived for some years at Sparta, Mene- 
laus died, and she was driven from Peloponne- 
sus by Magapenthes and Nicostratus, the ille- 
gitimate sons of her husband, and she retired to 
Rhodes, where at that time Polyxo, a native of 
Argos, reigned over the country. Polyxo, re- 
membered that her widowhood originated in 
Helen, and that her husband Tlepolemus had 
been killed in the Trojan war, which had been 
caused by the debaucheries of Helen; therefore 
she meditated revenge. While Helen one day 
retired to bathe in the river, Polyxo di-sguised 
her attendants in the habits of furies, and sent 
them with orders to murder her enemy. Helen 
was tied to a tree and strangled, and her mis- 
fortunes were afterwards remembered, and the 
crimes of Polyxo expiated by the temple which 
the Khodians raised to Helen Dendritis, or tied 
to a tree There is a tradition mentioned by 
Herodotus, which says that Paris was driven as 
he returned from Sparta, upon the coast of 
Egypt, where Proteus, king of the country, ex- 



HE 



HE 



pelfed him from his dominions for his ingrati- 
tude to Menelaus, and confined Helen. From 
that circumstance, therefore, Priam informed 
the Grecian ambassadors that neither Helen 
nor her possessions were in Troy, but in the 
hands of the king of Egypt. In spite of this 
assertion the Greeks besieged the town, and 
took it after ten years siege, and Menelaus by 
visiting Egypt, as he returned home, recovered 
Helen at the court of Proteus, and was con- 
vinced that the Trojan war had been underta- 
ken on very unjust and unpardonable grounds, 
Helen was honoured after death as a goddess, 
and the Spartans built her a temple at The- 
rapne, which had power of giving beauty to all 
the deformed women who entered it. Helen, 
according to some, was carried into the island 
of Leuce after death, where she married Achil- 
les, who had been one of her warmest admir- 
ers. — The age of Helen has been a matter of 
deep inquiry among the chronologisfs. If she 
was born of the same eggs as Castor and Pol- 
lux, who accompanied the Argonauts in their 
expedition against Colchis about 35 years be- 
fore the Trojan war, according to some, she 
was no less than 60 years old when Troy was 
reduced to ashes, supposing that her brothers 
were only 16 when they embarked with the 
Argonauts. Bat she is represented by Homer 
so incomparably beautiful during the siege of 
Troy, that though seen at a distance she influ- 
enced the counsellors of Priam by the bright- 
ness of her charms; therefore we must suppose 
with others, that her beauty remained long un- 
diminished, and was extinguished only at her 
death. Pans. 3, c. 19, &c. — Jlpollod. 3, c 10, 
kc— Hygin. fab. ll.—Herodot.2,cll2.— 
Flut. in This. &c. — Cic. de Offic. 3. — Horat. 
3, od. 3. — Didys. Cret. 1, &c. — Quint. Smyrn. 
10, 13, &c— Homer. II. 2. and Od. 4 and 15. 
A young woman of Sparta, often confound- 
ed with the daughter of Lecla. As she was go- 
ing to be sacrificed, because the lot had fallen 
upon her, an eagle came and carried away the 
knife of the priest, upon which she was releas- 
ed, and the barbarous custom of offering hu- 
man victims was abolished. An island on 

the coast of Attica, where Helen came after the 

siege of Troy. Plin. 4, c. 12. A daughter 

of the emperor Constantine, who married Julian. 

The mother of Constantine. She died in 

her 80th year, A. D- 328. 

Helenia, a festival in Laconia, in honour of 
Helen, who received there divine honours. It 
was celebrated by virgir.s riding upon mules, and 
in chariots made of reeds and bullrushes. 

Helenor a Lydian prince who accompanied 
iEneas to Italy, and was killed by the Rutulians. 
His mother's name was Licytnuia. Virg. JEn. 
9, v. 444, &c. 

Helenus, a celebrated soothsayer, son of 
Priam and Hecuba, greatly respected by all the 
Trojans. When Deiphobus was given in mar- 
riage to Helen in preference to himself, he re- 
solved to leave his country, and he retired to 
mount Ida, where Ulysses took him prisoner by 
the advice of Chalcas. As he was well ac- 
quainted with futurity, the Greeks made use of 
prayers, threats, and promises, to induce him to 



f reveal the secrets of the Trojans, and either thfe 
fear of death or gratification of resentment, se- 
duced him to disclose to the enemies of his 
country, that Troy could not be taken whilst it 
was in possession of the Palladium, nor before 
Polydectes came from his retreat at Lemnos, 
and assisted to support the siege. After the ruin 
j of his country, he fell to the share of Pyrrhus 
j the son of Achilles, and saved his life by warn- 
I ing him to avoid a dangerous tempest, which in 
i reality proved fatal to all those who set sail. 
j This endeared him to Pyrrhus, and he received 
! from his hand Andromache, the widow of his 
j brother Hector, by whom he had a son called 
j Cestrinus. This marriage, according to some, 
was consummated after the death of Pyrrhus, 
who lived with Andromache as his wife. He- 
lenus was the only one of Priam's sons who sur- 
vived the ruin of his country. After the death 
of Pyrrhus, he reigned over part of Epirus, 
which he called Chaonia in memory of his bro- 
ther Chaon, whom he had inadvertently killed. 
Helenus received iEneas as he voyaged towards 
Italy, and foretold him some of the calamities 
which attended his fleet. ' The manner in which 
he received the gift of prophecy is doubtful. 
Vid. Cassandra. Homer II. 6, v. 76, 1. 7, v. 
47. _ Virg. JEn. 3, v. 295, &c.— Paus. l,c. 
11, 1. 2, c 33.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 99 and 723, 

1. 15, v. 437. A Rutulian killed by Pallas. 

Virg. JEn. 10, v. 388. 

Helerni Lucus, a place near Rome. Ovid. 
Fast. 6, v. 105. 

Heles or Hales, a river of Lucania near 
Velia. Cic. ad Ml. 16, ep. 7, Fam. 7, ep. 20. 
Heliades, the daughters of the Sun and 
Clymene. They were three in number, Lam- 
petie, Phaetusa, and Lampethusa, or seven ac- 
cording to Hygin, Merope, Helie, iEgle, Lam- 
petie, Phoebe, iEtheria, and Dioxippe They 
were so afflicted at the death of their brother 
Phaeton, [Vid. Phaeton] that they were changed 
by the gods into poplars, and their tears into 
precious amber, on the banks of the river Po. 

Ovid. Met. 2, v. 340. — Hygin. fab. 154. 

The first inhabitants of Rhodes. This island 
being covered with mud when the world was 
first created, was warmed by the cherishing 
beams of the sun, and from thence sprang seven 
men, which were called Heliades, ct?ro vov 
hxicv, from the sun. The eldest of these, called 
Ochimus, married Hegetoria, one of the nymphs 
of the island, and his brothers fled from the 
country, fcr having put to death, through jeal- 
ousy, one of their number. Diod. 5. 

Heliast.®, a name given to the judges of the 
most numerous tribunal at Athens. They con- 
sisted of 1000, and sometimes of 1500; they 
were seldom assembled, and only upon matters 
of the greatest importance. Demosth contr. 
Tim. — I}'wg. in Sol. 

Helicaon, a Trojan prince, son of Autenor. 
He married Laodice, the daughter of Priam, 
whose form Iris assumed to inform Helen of the 
state of the rival armies before Troy. Helicaon 
was wounded in a night engagement, but his 
life was spared by Ulysses, who remembered 
the hospitality he had received from his father 
Antenor. Homer. II. 2, v. 123. 



HE 



HE 



HelKck, a star near the north pole, generally 
called Ursa Major. It is supposed to receive 
its name from the town of Helice, of which 
Calisto, who was changed into the Great Bear, 

was an inhabitant. Lucan. 2, v. 237. A 

town of Achaia, on the bay of Corinth, over- 
whelmed by the inundation of the sea Plin. 
2, c 92.— Ovid. Met 15, v. 293. — —A daugh- 
ter of Silenus, king of iEgiale. Paus. 7, c. 

24. A daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. 

Helicon, now Zagaro-Vouni, a mountain of 
Boeotia, on the borders of Phocis. It was sacred 
to the Muses, who had there a temple. The 
fountain Hippocrene flowed from this mountain. 
Strab 8.— Ovid. Met. 2. v. 219.— Paus. 9, c 

23, &c .— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 641. A river of 

Macedonia near Dium. Paus. 9, c. 30. * 

Keliconiades, a name given to theTVIuses, 
because they lived upon mount Helicon, which 
was sacred to them. 

Heliconis, a daughter of Thespius. Jlpol- 
tod 

Heuodortjs, one of the favourites of Seleu- 
cus Philopator, king of Syria. He attempted 
to plunder the temple of the Jews, about 176 
years before Christ, by order of his master, &c. 

A Greek mathematician of Larissa. A 

famous sophist, the best editions of whose en- 
tertaining romance, called JEtkiopica, are Com- 
melin, 8vo. 1596, and Bourdeiot, 8vo. Paris, 

1619. A learned Greek rhetorician in the 

age of Horace. A man who wrote a treatise 

on tombs. A poet. A geographer. 

A surgeon at Rome in Juvenal's age. Juv. 6, 
y. 372 

Heliogabalus, a deity among the Phoeni- 
cians. M. Aurelius Antoninus, a Roman 

emperor, son of Varius Marcellus, called He- 
liogabalus, because he had been priest of that 
divinity in Phoenicia. After the death of Ma- 
crinus he was invested with the imperial purple, 
and the senate, however unwilling to submit to 
a youth only 14 years of age, approved of his 
election, and bestowed upon him the title of 
Augustus. Heliogabalus made his grand-mother 
Moesa, and his mother Soemia9, his colleagues 
on the throne; and to bestow more dignity upon 
the sex, he chose a senate of women, over which 
his mother presided, and prescribed all the 
modes and fashions which prevailed in the em- 
pire. Rome however soon displayed a scene of 
cruelty and debauchery; the imperial palace was 
full of prostitution, and the most infamous of 
the populace became the favourites of the prince. 
He raised his horse to the honours of the con- 
sulship, and obliged his subjects to pay adoration 
to the god Heliogabalus, which was no other 
than a large black stone, whose figure resembled 
that of a cone. To this ridiculous deity temples 
were raised at Rome, and the altars of the gods 
plundered to deck those of the new divinity. In 
the midst of his extravagances, Heliogabalus 
married four wives, and not satisfied with fol- 
lowing the plain laws of nature, he professed 
himself to be a woman, and gave himself up to 
one of his officers, called Hierocles. In this 
ridiculous farce he suffered the greatest indigni- 
ties from his pretended husband without dissatis- 
faction, and Hierocles, by stooping to infamy, 



became the most powerful of the favourites, and 
enriched himplf by selling favours and offices 
to the people. Such licentiousness soon dis- 
pleased the populace, and Heliogabalus, unable 
to appease the seditions of the soldiers, whom 
his rapacity and debaucheries had irritated, hid 
himself in the filth and excrements of the camp, 
where he was found in the arms of his mother. 
His head was severed from his body the 10th 
of March, A. D. 222, in the 18th year of his 
age, after a reign of three years, nine months, 
and four days. He was succeeded by Alexander 
Severus. His cruelties were as conspicuous as 
his licentiousness. He burdened his subjects 
with the most oppressive taxes, his halls were 
covered with carpets of gold and silver tissue, 
and his mats were made with the down of hares, 
and with the soft feathers which were found 
under the wings of partridges. He was fond of 
covering his shoes with precious stones, to draw 
the admiration of the people as he walked along 
the streets, and he was the first Reman who ever 
wore a dress of silk. He often invited the most 
common of the people to share his banquets, 
and made them sit down on large bellows full of 
wind, which, by suddenly emptying themselves, 
threw the guests on the ground, and left them a 
prey to wild beasts. He often tied some of his 
favourites on a large wheel, and was particular- 
ly delighted to see them whirled round like 
Ixions, and sometimes suspended in the air, or 
sunk beneath the water. 

Heliopolis, now Matarea, a famons city of 
Lower Egypt, in which was a temple sacred to 
the suni The inhabitants worshipped a bull 
called Mnevis, with the same ceremonies as the 
Apis of Memphis. Apollo had an oracle there. 
Cic. JV. D. 3, c. 21.— Plin. 36, c. 26.— Strab. 
17. — Diod. 1. There was a small village of 
the same name without the Delta near Babylon. 

A town of Syria, now Balbeck. Plin. 5, 

c. 22. 

Heltsson, a town and river of Arcadia. 
Paws. 8, c. 29. 

Helium, a name given to the mouth of the 
Maese in Germany. Plin. 4, c. 15. 

Helius, a celebrated favourite of the em- 
peror Nero, put to deatb by order of Galba, for 

his cruelties. The Greek name of the sun, 

or Apollo. 
Helixus, a river of Cos. 
Hellanice, a sister of Clitus, who was nurse 
to Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 1. 

Hellanicus, a celebrated Greek historian, 
born at Mitylene. He wrote an history of the 
ancient kings of the earth, with an account of 
the founders of the most famous towns in every 
kingdom, and died B. C. 411, in the 85th year 
of his age, Paus. 2, c. 3. — Cic. de Oral. 2, c. 

53. — Jlul. Gel. 15, c. 23. A brave officer 

rewarded by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 2.— — An 
historian of Miletus, who wrote a description of 
the earth. 

Hellanocrates, a man of Larissa, &c. 
•flristot. Polit. 5, c. 10. 

Hellas, an ancient name of Thessaly, more 
generally applied to the territories of Acarna- 
nia, Attica, iEtolia, Doris, Locris, Boeotia, and 
Phocis, and also to all Greece. It received this 

Tt 



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HE 



isgyme from Deucalion, and now forms a part of 
Livadia. Plin. 4, c. 7. — Strab. 8. — Mela, 2, 

C. 3. — Pans. 2, c. 20. A beautiful woman, 

.mentioned by Horace as beloved by Marius; 
the lover killed ber in a fit of passion, and 
afterwards destroyed himself. Horat. 2, sat. 3, 
V. 277. 

Helle, a daughter of Athamus and Nephelc, 
sister to Phryxus. She fled from her father's 
house with her brother, to avoid the cruel op- 
pression of her mother-in-law, Ino. According 
to some accounts she was carried through the 
air on a golden ram which her mother had re- 
ceived from Neptune, and in her passage she 
became giddy, and fell from her seat into that 
part of the sea which from her received the 
name of Hellespont. Others say that she was 
carried on a cloud, or rather upon a ship, from 
which she fell into the sea and was drowned. 
Phryxus, after he had given his sister a burial 
on the neighbouring coast, pursued his journey, 
and arrived safe in Colchis. [Vid. Phryxus.] 
Ovid. Heraid. 13, &c Met. 4, fab. 14 — Pin- 
dar. A.—Pyth.—Pam. 9, c. 34. 

Hellejst, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reign- 
ed in Phthiotis about 1495 years before the 
Christian era, and gave the name of Hellcnians 
to his subjects. He had, by his wife Orseis, 
three sons; iEolius, Dorus, and Xuthus, who 
gave their names to the three different nations 
known under the name of iEolians, Dorians, 
and Ionians. These last derive their name from 
Ion, son of Xuthus, and from the difference 
cither of expression, or pronunciation, in their 
respective languages, arose the different dialects 
well known in the Greek language. Pans. 3, 
c. 20, I. 7, c l.—Diod. 5. 

Hellenes, the inhabitants of Greece. Vid. 
Hellen. 

Hellespontias, a wind blowing from the 
north east. Plin. 2, c. 47. 

Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, a nar- 
row strait between Asia and Europe, near the 
Propontis, which received its name from Helle, 
who was drowned there in her voyage to Col- 
chis, [Vid. Helle.] It is about 60 miles long, 
and, in the broadest parts, the Asiatic coast is 
about three miles distant from the European, 
and only half a mile in the narrowest, according 
to modern investigation; so that people can con- 
verse one with the other from the opposite shores. 
It is celebrated for the love and death of Lean- 
der, [ Vid. Hero,] and for the bridge of boats 
which Xerxes built over it when he invaded 
Greece. The folly of this great prince is well 
known in beating and fettering the waves of the 
sea, whose impetuosity destroyed his ships, and 
rendered all his labours ineffectual. Strab. 13. 
— Plin. 8, c. 32.— Herodot. 7, c. 34.— Polyb — 
Mela, 1, c. 1.— Ptol. 5, c. 2.— Ovid. Met. 13, 
V. 407.— Liv. 31, c 15, 1. 33, c 33. — -The 
country along the Hellespont on the Asiatic 
coast bears the same name. Cic Verr. 1, c 
24, Fam. 13, ep. 53.— Strab. 12, Plin. 5, c. 
80. 

Hellopia, a small country of Euboea. The 
people were called Hellopes. The whole island 
bore the same name according to Sirabo. Plin. 
% Cv 1.2. 



Hellotia, two festivals, one of which was 
observed in Crete, in honour of Europa, whose 
bones were then carried in solemn procession, 
with a myrtle garland no less than twenty cu- 
bits in circumference, called ewcori;. The 
other festival was celebrated at Corinth with 
games aud races, where young men entered the 
lists and generally ran with burning torches in 
their hands. It was instituted in honour of 
Minerva, surnamed Hellotis, atth tow sxov, 
from a certain pond of Marathon, where one of 
her statues was erected, or utto tcj &\uv tcv 
i7f7rov tgv Yliyaerov, because by her assistance 
Bellerophon took and managed the horse Pega- 
sus, which was the original cause of the institu- 
tion of the festival. Others derive the name 
from Hellotis, a Corinthian woman, from the 
following circumstance: when the Dorians and 
the Heraclidae invaded Peloponnesus, they took 
and burnt Corinth; the inhabitants, and parties 
larly the women, escaped by (light, except Hel- 
lotis and her sister Eurytioue, who took shelter 
in Minerva's temple, relying for safety upon the 
sanctity of the place. When this was known, 
the Dorians set fire to the temple, and the two 
sisters perished in the flames. This wanton 
cruelty was followed by a dreadful plague, and 
the Dorians, to alleviate the misfortunes which 
they suffered, were directed by the oracle to 
appease the manes of the two sisters, and 
therefore they raised a new temple to the god- 
dess Minerva, and established the festivals, 
which bore the name of one of the unfortunate 
women. 

Helnes, an ancient king of Arcadia, &c. 
Polycen. 1. 

Heloris, a general of the people of Rhe- 
gium, sent to besiege Messana, which Dionysius 
the tyrant defended. He fell in battle, and his 
troops were defeated . Diod. 14. 

Helorum and Helorus, now Muri Ucci, a 
town and river of Sicily, whose swollen water? 
generally inundate the neighbouring country. 

Virg. JEn. 3, v. 69$.— Hal. 11, v. 270. A 

river of Magna Graecia. 

Helos, a place of Arcadia. Pam. 8, c. 36. 
A town of Laconia taken and destroyed by 



the Lacedaemonians under Agis the third, of the 
race of the Heraclidae, because they refused to 
pay the tribute which was imposed upon them. 
The Lacedaemonians carried their resentment 
so far, that, not satisfied with the ruin of the 
city, they reduced the inhabitants to the lowest 
and most miserable slavery, and made a law 
which forbade their masters either to give tbem 
their liberty, or to sell them in any other coun» 
try. To complete their infamy, all the slaves 
of the state and the prisoners of war were call- 
ed by the mean appellation of Helota. Not 
only the servile offices in which they were em- 
ployed denoted their misery and slavery, but 
they were obliged to wear peculiar garments, 
which exposed them to greater contempt and 
ridicule. They never were instructed in the 
liberal arts, and their cruel masters often obliged 
tbem to drink to excess, to show the free-born 
citizens of Sparta the beastliness and disgrace 
of intoxication. They once every year received 
a number of stripes, that by this wanton flagel- 



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lation they might recollect that they were bom 
and died slaves. The Spartans even declared 
war against them; but Plutarch, who, from in- 
terested motives, endeavours to palliate the guilt 
and cruelty of the people of Lncedsemon, de- 
clares that it was because they had assisted the 
Messenians in their war against Sparta, after it 
bad been overthrown by a violent earthquake. 
Tin's earthquake was supposed by all the Greeks 
to be a punishment from heaven for tbe cruel- 
ties which the Lacedaemonians had exercised 
against the Helots. In the Peloponnesian war 
these miserable slaves behaved with uncommon 
bravery, and were rewarded with their liberty 
by the Lacedaemonians, and appeared in the 
temples and at public shows crowned with gar- 
lands, and with every mark of festivity and 
triumph This exultation did not continue long, 
and the sudden disappearance of the two thou- 
sand manumitted slaves was attributed to the 
inhumanity of the Lacedaemonians. Thucyd. 
4. — Pollux. 3, c. 8. — Strab. 8. — Pint, in Lye 
$c. — Jirist. Polit. 2 — Paus. Lacon. &c. 

Helotje and Helotes, the public slaves of 
Sparta. &c. Vid. Heios. 

Helvetia, a vestal virgin struck dead with 
lightning in Trajan's reign. 

Helvetii, an ancient nation of Gaul, con- 
quered by J. Caesar. Their country is the mo- 
dern Switzerland. Cces. Bell. G. 1, &c. — 
Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 67 and 69. 

Helvia, the mother of Cicero. Ricina, 

a town of Picenum. 

Helvidia, the name of a Roman family. 

Helvii, now Vi-oers, a people of Gaul, along 
the Rhone. Plin. 3, c 4. 

Helvillum, a town of Umbria, supposed 
to be the same as Suillum, now Sigillo. Plin. 
3, c. 14. 

HelvJna, a fountain of Aquinum, where 
Ceres had a temple. Juv. 3, v. 320. 

Helvius Cinna proposed a law, which bow- 
ever was not passed, to permit Caesar to marry 
whatever woman he chose. Suet, in Cces, c. 
62. — —A poet. Vid. Cinna. 

Helum, a tiver of Scythia. 

Helymus and Panofes, two hunfers at the 
court of Aeestts in Sicily. Vug. JEn. 5, v. 
73, &c. 

Hemathion, a son of Aurora and Ccpbalus, 
or Tithonus. jpollod. 3. 

Hemithea, a daughter of Cycnus and Pro- 
clea. She was so attached to her brother 'Pe- 
nes, that she refused to abandon him when his 
father Cycnus exposed him on the sea. They 
were carried by the wind to Tenedos, where 
Hemithea long enjoyed tranquillity, till Achil- 
les, captivated by her charms, offered her vio- 
lence. She was rescued from his embrace by 
her brother Tenes, who was instantly slaughter- 
ed by the offended hero. Hemithea could not 
have been rescued from the attempts of Achil- 
les, had not the earth opened and swallowed 
her, after she had fervently entreated the assist- 
ance of the gods. Vid. Tenes. Paus. 10, c. 
14.— Diod. 4. 

Hemon. Vid. Haemon. 

Hemus. Vid. Haetnus. A Roman. Juv. 

6, v. 197. 



Heneti, a people of Paphlagonia, who are 
said to have settled in Italy near the Adriatic, 
where they gave the name of Venelia to their 
habitations. Liv. 1, c. 1. — Eurip. 

Heniochi, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia,near 
Colchis, descended from Amphylus and Tele- 
chius, the charioteers (nvio^ci) of Castor and 
Pollux, and thence called Lacedsmonii. Mela, 
1, e. 21.— Paterc 2, c. 40.— Flacc. 3, v. 270, 
1, 6, v. 42. 

Henna. Vid. Enna. 

Heph.-estia, the capital town of Lemnos. 

A festival in honour of Vulcan (Hpai?oc) 

at Athens. There was then a race with torches 
between three young men. Each in his turn 
ran a race with a lighted torch in his hand, and 
whoever could carry it to the end of the course 
before it was extinguished, obtained the prize. 
They delivered it one to the other after they 
finished their course, and from that circumstance 
we see many ailusions in ancient authors, who 
compare the vicissitudes of human affairs to this 
delivering of the torch, particularly in these 
lines of Lucretius 2: 

Inque brevi spatio mutantur scecla animantum, 
Et quasi cursores vital lampada tradunt. 

Hephjestiades, a name applied to the Lipari 
isles as sacred to Vulcan. 

Heph^estii, mountains in Lycia which are 
set on fire by the lightest touch of a burning 
torch. Their very stones burn in the middle 
of water according to Pliny, 6, c. 106. 

Heph^stio, a Greek grammarian of Alex- 
andria in the age of the emperor Verus. There 
remains of his compositions a treatise entitled 
Enchiridion de metris &f poemate, the best edi- 
tion of which is that of Pauw, 4to. Ultraj. 1726. 

HephjEstion, a Macedonian famous for his 
intimacy with Alexander. He accompanied the 
conqueror in his Asiatic conquests, and was so 
faithful and attached to him, that Alexander 
often observed that Craterus was the friend of 
the king, but Hephaestion the friend of Alexan- 
der. He died at Ecbatana 325 years before the 
christian era, according to some from excess of 
drinking, or eating. Alexander was so incon- 
solable at the death of this faithful subject, that 
he shed tears at the intelligence, and ordered 
the sacred fire to be extinguished, which was 
never done but at the death of a Persian mo- 
narch. The physician who attended Hephzestion 
in his illness, was accused of negligence, and 
by the king's order inhumanly put to death, and 
the games were interrupted. His body was in- 
trusted to the care of Perdiccas, and honoured 
with the most magnificent funeral at Babylon. 
He was so like the king in features and stature, 
that he was often sainted by the name of Alex- 
ander. Curt. — dnian. 7, &c. — Plul. in Alex 
—.Elian. V. H.l.c.S. 

Heptapiionos, a portico, which received this'* 
name, because the voice was re-echoed seven 
times it. Plin. 36, c. 15. 

Heptapolis, a country of Egypt, which con- 
tained seven cities. 

Heptapylos, a surname of Thebesin Bceotia, 
from its seven gates. 

Hera, the name of Juno among the Greeks. 
— —A daughter of Neptune and Ceres when 



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transformed into a mare. Jlpollod. S.-.- — -A 
town of JEolia and of Arcadia. Paws. 6, c. 7. 
— i — A town of Sicily, called also Hybla. Cic. 
ad Jlttic. 2, c. 1. 

Heraclea, an ancient town of Sicily, near 
Agrigentum. Minos planted a colony there when 
he pursued Daedalus; arid the town anciently 
known by the name of Macara, was called from 
him Minoa. It was called Heraclea after Her- 
cules, when he obtained a victory overEryx. 

A town of Macedonia Another in Pontus, 

celebrated for its naval power, and its conse- 
quence among the Asiatic states. The inhabit- 
ants conveyed home in their ships the 10,000 at 

their return Another in Crete. Another 

in Parthia. Another in Bithynia. Ano- 
ther in Phthiotis, near Thermopylae, called also 

Trachinea, to distinguish it from others. 

Another in Lucania. Cic. Jlrch. 4. Another 

in Syria. Another in Chersonesus Taurica, 

Another in Thrace, and three in Egypt, &c. 

There were no less than 40 cities of that name 
in different parts of the world, all built in honour 

of Hercules, whence the name is derived . 

A daughter of Hiero, tyrant of Sicily, &c. 

Heracleia, a festival at Athens celebrated 
every fifth year, in honour of Hercules. The 
Thisbians and Thebans in Boeotia, observed a 
festival of the same name, in which they offered 
apples to the god. This custom of offering ap- 
ples arose from this: It was always usual to offer 
sheep, but the overflowing of the river Asopus 
prevented the votaries of the god from observing 
it with the ancient ceremony; and as the word 
fjLtiKov signifies both an apple and a sheep, some 
youths, acquainted with the ambiguity of the 
word, offered apples to the god, with much sport 
and festivity. To represent the sheep, they raised 
an apple upon four sticks as the legs, and two 
more were placed at the top to represent the 
horns of the victim. Hercules was delighted 
with the ingenuity of the youths, and the fes- 
tivals were ever continued with the offering of 
apples. Pollux, 8, c. 9. There was also a 
festival at Sicyon in honour of Hercules. It con- 
tinued two days, the first was called ovc/uoitcis, 

the second vg&xxucL. At a festival of the 

same name at Cos, the priest officiated with a 

mitre on his head, and in women's apparel. 

At Lindus, a solemnity of the same name was 
also observed, and at the celebration nothing 
was heard but execrations and profane words, 
and whosoever accidentally dropped any other 
words, was accused of having profaned the sa- 
cred rites. 

Heracleum, a promontory of Cappadocia. 

A town of Egypt near Canopus on the 

western mouth of the Nile, to which it gave its 
name. Diod. 1. — Tacit. Jinn. 2, c. 60. — Strab. 
2 and 17. — The port town of Gnossus in Crete. 

Heracleotes, a surname of Dionysius the 

philosopher. A philosopher of Heraclea, 

who, like his master Zeno, and all the Stoics, 
firmly believed that pain was not an evil. A 
severe illness, attended with the most acute 
pains, obliged him to renounce his principles, 
and at the same time the philosophy of the stoics, 
about 264 years before the christian era. He 
became afterwards one of the Cyrenaic sect, 



f which placed the summum bonum in pleasure. 
I He wrote some poetry, and chiefly treatises of 
philosophy. Diog. in vit. 

Heraclidje, the descendants of Hercules, 
greatly celebrated in ancient history. Hercules 
at his death left to his son Hyllus all the rights 
and claims which he had upon the Peloponnesus, 
and permitted him to marry lole, as soon as he 
came of age. The posterity of Hercules were 
not more kindly treated by Eurystheus, than 
their father had been, and they were obliged to 
retire for protection to the court of Ceyx, king 
ofTrachinia. Eurystheus pursued them thither; 
and Ceyx, afraid of his resentment, begged the 
Heraclidae to depart from his dominions. From 
Trachinia they came to Athens, where Theseus, 
the king of the country, who had accompanied 
their father in some of his expeditions, received 
them with great humanity, and assisted them 
against their common enemy^Eurystheus. Eurys- 
theus was killed by the hand of Hyllus himself, 
and his children perished with him, and all the 
cities of the Peloponnesus became the undisputed 
property of the Heraclidae. Their triumph, how- 
ever, was short, their numbers were lessened by 
a pestilence, and the oracle informed them that 
they had taken possession of the Peloponnesus 
before the gods permitted their return. Upon 
this they abandoned Peloponnesus, and came to 
settle in the territories of the Athenians, where 
Hyllus, obedient to his father's commands, mar- 
ried lole, the daughter of Eurytus. Soon after 
he consulted the oracle, anxious to recover the 
Peloponnesus, and the ambiguity of the answer 
determined him to make a second attempt. He 
challenged to single combat Atreus, the succes- 
sor of Eurystheus on the throne of Mycenae, 
and it was mutually agreed that the undisturbed 
possession of the Peloponnesus should be ceded 
to whosoever defeated his adversary. Echemus 
accepted the challenge for A.treus, and Hyllus 
was killed, and the Heraclidae a second time 
departed from Peloponnesus. Cleodaeus the son 
of Hyllus, made a third attempt, and was equally 
unsuccessful, and his son Aristomachus some 
tjme after met with the same unfavourable re- 
ception, and perished in the held of battle. Ar- 
istodemus, Temenus, and Chresphontes, the 
three sous of Aristomachus, encouraged by the 
more expressive and less ambiguous word of an 
oracle, and desirous to revenge the death of 
their progenitors, assembled a numerous force, 
and with a fleet invaded all Peloponnesus. Their 
expedition was attended with success, and after 
some decisive battles they became masters of 
all the peninsula, which they divided among 
themselves two years after. The recovery of 
the Peloponnesus by the descendants of Hercu- 
les forms an interesting epoch in ancient history, 
which is universally believed to have happened 
80 years after the Trojan war, or 1104 years 
before the christian era. This conquest was 
totally achieved about 120 years after the first 
attempt of Hyllus. Jlpollod. 2, c. 7, &c. — He- 
rodot. 9, c. 26. — Paws. 1, c. 17. — Paterc. 1, c. 
2. — Clemens. Jilex. Strom. 1. — Thucyd. 1, c. 
12, &c. — Diod. 1, &c. — Jlristot. de Rep. 7, c. 
26. 

Heraclides, a philosopher of Heraclea in 



HE 



HE 



Potitug, for some time disciple of Seusippus and 
Aristotle. He wished it to be believed that he 
was carried into heaven the very day of his 
death, and the more firmly to render it credible, 
he begged one of his friends to put a serpent in j 
his bed. The serpent disappointed him, and the | 
noise which the number of visiters occasioned, j 
frightened him from the bed before the philoso- | 
pher had expired. He lived about 335 years j 
before the christian era. Cic. Tusc. 5, ad Quint, j 

3. — Diog. in Pyth. An historian of Pontus j 

surnamed Lembus, who flourished B. C. 177. j 

A man who, after the retreat of Dionysius j 

the jounger from Sicily, raised cabals against 
Dion, in whose hands the sovereign power was 
lodged. He was put to death by Dion's order. 

C. Nep. in Dion. A youth of Syracuse in 

the battle in which Nicias was defeated. A. 

son of Agathocles. A man placed over a 

garrison at Athens by Dfemetrius. A sophist 

of Lycia, who opened a school at Smyrna in the 

age of the emperor Severus. A painter of 

Macedonia, in the reign of king Perseus. 

An architect of Tarentum, intimate with Philip 
king of Macedonia. He fled to Rhodes on pre- 
tence of a quarrel with Philip, and set fire to 
the Rhodian fleet. Pohjcen. A man of Al- 
exandria. 

Heraclitus, a celebrated Greek philosopher 
of Ephesus, who flourished about 500 years be- 
fore the christian era. His father's name was 
Hyson, or Heracion. ^Naturally of a melan- 
choly disposition, he passed his time in a solitary 
and unsocial manner, and received the appella- 
tion of the obscure philosopher, and the mour- 
ner, from his unconquerable custom of weeping 
at the follies, frailty, and vicissitude of human 
affairs. He employed his time in writing dif- 
ferent treatises, and one particularly, in which 
he supported that there was a fatal necessity, 
and that the world was created from fire, which 
he deemed a god omnipotent and omniscient. 
His opinions about the origin of things were 
adopted by the Stoics, and Hippocrates enter- 
tained the same notions of a supreme power. 
Heraclitus deserves the appellation of man-hater 
.for the rusticity with which he answered the 
polite invitations of Darius king of Persia. To 
remove himself totally from the society of man- 
kind, he retired to the mountains, where for 
some time he fed on grass in common with the 
wild inhabitants of the place. Such a diet was 
soon productive of a dropsical complaint, and 
the philosopher condescended to revisit the town. 
The enigmatical manner in which he consulted 
the physicians made his applications unintelli- 
gible, and he was left to depend for cure only 
upon himself. He fixed his residence in a dung- 
hill, in hopes that the continual warmth which 
proceeded from it might dissipate the watery 
accumulation and restore him to the enjoyment 
of his former health. Such a remedy proved 
ineffectual, and the philosopher despairing of a 
cure by the application of ox-dung, suffered him- 
self to die in the 60th year of his age. Some 
say that he was torn to pieces by dogs. Diog. 

in vita. — Clem. Alex. Str. 5. A lyric poet. 

A writer of Halicarnassus, intimate with 

Callimachus. He was remarkable for the ele- 



gance of his style. A native of Lesbos, who 

wrote an history of Macedonia. A writer of 

Sicyon, &c. Pint. 

Heraclius, a river of Greece. Pans. 10, c 

37. A brother of Constantine, &c -A 

Roman emperor, &c. 

Her^a, a town of Arcadia.- 



-Festivals at 
Argos in honour of Juno, who was the patroness 
of that city. They were also observed by the 
colsnies of the Argives which had been planted 
at Samos and iEgina. There were always two 
processions to the temple of the goddess without 
the city walls. The first was of the men in ar- 
mour, the second of the women, among whom 
the priestess, a woman of the first quality, was 
drawn in a chariot by white oxen. The Argives 
always reckoned their years fromlier priesthood, 
as the Athenians from their archons, or the Ro- 
mans from their consuls. When they came to 
the temple of the goddess, they offered a heca- 
tomb of oxen. Hence the sacrifice is often 
called instrc/uCisL and sometimes xi^tgvet, from 
\tX°* a ^> because Juno presided over mar- 
riages, births, &.c. There was a festival of the 
same name in Elis, celebrated every fifth year, 
in which sixteen matrons wove a garment for 
the goddess. There were also others insti- 
tuted by Hippodamia, who had received assist- 
ance from Juno when she married Pelops. Six- 
teen matrons, each attended by a maid, presided 
at the celebration. The contenders were young 
virgins, who being divided in classes, according 
to their age, ran races each in their order, be- 
ginning with the youngest. The habit of all 
was exactly the same, their hair was dishevelled, 
and their right shoulder bate to the breast, with 
coats reaching no lower than the knee. She 
who obtained the victory was rewarded with 
crowns of olives, and obtained a part of the ox 
that was offered in sacrifice, and was permitted 

to dedicate her picture to the goddess . There 

was also a solemn day of mourning at Corinth, 
which bore the same name, in commemoration 
of Medea's children, who were buried in Juno's 
temple. They had been slain by the Corinthi- 
ans; who, as it is reported, to avert the scandal 
which accompanied so barbarous a murder, pre- 
sented Euripides with a large sunv-of money to 
write a play, in which Medea is represented as 
the murderer of her children.- Another fes- 
tival of the same name at Pallene, with games, 
in which the victor was rewarded with a garment. 

HERiEi montes, a chain of mountains at the 
north of Sicily. I)iod. 14. 

HerjEum, a temple and grove of Juno, situ- 
ate between Argos and Mycenae. A town of 

Thrace. 

Herbessus, a town of Sicily, at the north of 
Agrigentum, built by a Phoenician or Carthagi- 
nian colony. SiL 14, v. 265. 

Herbita, an inland town of Sicily. Cic. 
Verr. 2, c. 64, 1. 3, c. 32. 

Herceius, an epithet given to Jupiter. Ovid, 
lb. 286.— Lucan. 9, v. 979. 

Her.culanea via, a mound raised between 
the Lucrine lake and the sea, called also //c?> 
culeum iter. Sil. 12, v. 118. 

Herculaneum, a town of Campania, swal- 
lowed up, with Pompeii, by an earthquake pro- 



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duccd from an eruption of mount Vesuvius, Au- 
gust 24th, A. D. 79, in the reign of Titus. Af- 
ter being buried under the lava for more than 
1600 years, these famous cities were discovered 
in the beginning of the present century; Hercu- 
JSaneum in 1713, about 24 feet under ground, by 
labourers digging for a well, and Pompeii, 40 
years after, about 12 feet below the surface, and 
from the houses and the streets, which in a great 
measure remain still perfect, have been drawn 
busts, statues, manuscripts, paintings, and uten- 
sils, which do not a little contribute tu enlarge 
our notions concerning the ancients, and devel- 
ope many classical obscurities. The valuable 
antiquities, so miraculously recovered, arc pre- 
served in the museum of Portici, a small town 
in the neighbourhood, and the engravings, &c. 
ably taken from them, have been munificently 
presented to the different learned bodies of Eu- 
rope. Seneca. Nat. Q, 6, c. 1 and 26. — Cic. Att. 
1, cp. 3.— Mela, 2, c. A.—PaUrc. 2, c. 16. 

Hercules, a celebrated hero, who, after 
death, was ranked among the gods, and receiv- 
ed divine honours. According to the ancients 
the were many persons of the same name Dio- 
•dorus mentions three, Cicero six, and some au- 
thors extend the number to no less than forty- 
three. Of all these the son of Jupiter and Alc- 
mena, generally called the Theban, is the most 
celebrated, and to him, as may easily be ima- 
gined, the actions of the others have been attri- 
buted. The birth of Hercules was attended with 
many miraculous and supernatural events; and 
it is reported that Jupiter, who introduced him- 
self to the bed of Alcmena, was employed for 
three nights in forming a child whom he intend- 
ed to be the greatest hero the wqrid ever beheld. 
[Vid. Alcmena.] Hercules was brought up at 
Tirynthus; or according to Diodorus, at Thebes, 
and before he had completed his eighth month, 
the jealousy of Juno, intent upon his destruc- 
tion, sent two snakes to devour him. The child, 
aot terrified at the sight of the serpents, boldly 
seized them in both his hands, and squeezed 
4hem to death, while his brother Iphiclus alarm- 
ed the house with his frightful shrieks. [Vid. 
Iphiclus.] He was early instructed in the libe- 
ral arts, and Castor, the son of Tyndarus, taught 
him how to fight, Eiuytus how to shoot with a 
bow and arrow, Autolycus to drive a chariot, 
Linus to play on the lyre, and Eumolpus to sing. 
He, like the rest of his illustrious contempora- 
ries, soon after became the pupil of the centaur 
Chiron, and under him he perfected and render- 
ed himself the most valiant and accomplished of 
the age. In the 18th year of his age, he resolv- 
ed to deliver the neighbourhood of mount Ci- 
t baron from a huge lion which preyed on the 
flocks of Amphitryon, his supposed father, and 
which laid waste the adjacent country. He went 
to the court of Thespms, king of Thespis, who 
shared in the general calamity, and he receiv- 
ed there a tender treatment, and was entertain- 
ed during fifty days. The fifty daughters of the 
king became all mothers by Hercules, during 
his stay at Thespis, and some say that it was 
effected in one night. After he had destroyed 
the lion of mount Cithxron, he delivered his 
country from the annual tribute of an hundred oxen 



which it paid to Erginus. [F?d. Erginus.] Such 
public services became universally known, and 
Creon, who then sat en the throne of Thebes, 
rewarded the patriotic deeds of Hercules, by giv- 
ing him his daughter in marriage, and intrusting 
him with the government of his kingdom. As 
Hercules by the will of Jupiter was subjected 
to the power of Eurystheus, [Vid. Eurystheus,] 
and obliged to obey him in every respect, Eu- 
rystheus acquainted with his successes and ris- 
ing power, ordered him to appear at Mycenae 
and perform the labours which by priority of 
birth he was empowered to impose upon him. 
Hercules refused, and Juno, to punish his diso- 
bedience, rendered him so delirious that he kill- 
ed his own children by Megara, supposing them 
to be the offspring of Eurystheus. [Vid. Mega- 
ra.] When he recovered the use of his senses, 
he was so struck with the misfortunes which had 
proceeded from his insanity, that he concealed 
himself and retired from the society of men for 
some time. He afterwards consulted the oracle 
of Apollo, and was told that he must be subser- 
vient for twelve years to the will of Eurystheus, 
in compliance with the commands of Jupiter; 
and that after he had achieved the most cele- 
brated labours, he should be reckoned in the 
number of the gods. So plain and expressive 
an answer determined him to go to Mycenae, and 
to bear with fortitude whatever gods or men im- 
posed upon him. Eurystheus seeing so great a 
man totally subjected to him, and apprehensive 
of so powerful an enemy, commanded him to 
achieve a number of enterprizes the most diffi- 
cult and arduous ever known, generally called 
the 12 labeurs of Hercules. The favours of the 
gods had completely armed, him when he under- 
took his labours. He had received a coat of 
arms and helmit from Minerva, a sword from 
Mercury, a horse from Neptune, a shield from 
Jupiter, a bow and arrows from Apollo, and from 
Vulcan a golden cuirass and brazen buskin, with 
a celebrated club of brass, according to the opi- 
nion of some writers, but more generally sup- 
posed to be of wood, and cut by the hero him- 
self in the forest of Nemaea. — The first labour 
imposed upon Hercules by Eurystheus, was to 
kill the lion of Nemaea, which ravaged the coun- 
try near Mycenae. The hero, unable to destroy 
him with bis arrows, boldly attacked him with 
his club, pursued him to his den, and after a 
close and sharp engagement he choaked him to 
death. He carried the dead beast on his shoul- 
ders to Mycente, and ever after clothed himself 
with the skin. Eurystheus was so astonished at 
the sight of the beast, and at the courage of 
Hercules, that he ordered him never to enter the 
gates of the city when he returned from bis ex- 
peditions, but to wait for his orders without the 
walls. He even made himself a brazen vessel, 
into which he retired whenever Hercules return- 
ed. — The second labour of Hercules was to de- 
stroy the Lernaean bydra, which had seven heads 
according to Apollodorus, 50 according to Si- 
monides, and 100 according to Diodorus. This 
celebrated monster he attacked with his arrows, 
and soon after he came to a close engagement, 
and by means of his heavy club he destroyed the 
heads of his enemy. But this was productive of 






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no advantage, for as soon as one bead was bea- 
ten to pieces by the club, immediately two sprang 
up, and the labour of Hercules would have re- 
mained unfinished had not he commanded his 
friend lolas to burn, with a hot iron, the root of 
the head which he bad crushed to pieces. This 
succeeded, [Vid. Hydra,] and Hercules became 
victorious, opened the belly of the monster, and 
dipped his arrows in the gall to render the wounds 
which he gave fatal and incurable. — He was 
ordered in his third labour to bring alive and 
unhurt into the presence of Eurystheus a stag, 
famous for its incredible swiftness, its golden 
horns, and brazen feet. This celebrated animal 
frequented the neighbourhood of CEnoe, and 
Hercules was employed for a whole year in con- 
tinually pursuing it, and at last he caught it in 
a trap, or when tired, or according to others by 
slightly wounding it and lessening its swiftness. 
As he returned victorious, Diana snatched the 
goat from him, and severely reprimanded him 
for molesting an animal which was sacred to 
her. Hercules pleaded necessity, and by repre- 
senting the commands of Eurystheus, he appeas- 
ed the goddess and obtained the beast The 

fourth labour was to bring alive to Eurystheus a 
wild boar which ravaged the neighbourhood of 
Erymanthus.' In this expedition he destroyed 
the centaurs, [Vid. Centauri,] and caught the 
boar by closely pursuing him through the deep 
snow. Eurystheus was so frightened at the sight 
of the boar, that, according to Diodorus, he hid 
himself in his brazen vessel for some days 



In his fifth labour Hercules was ordered to clean 
the stables of Augias, where 3000 oxen had 
been confined for many years. [Vid. Augias.] 

For his sixth labour he was ordered to kill 

the carnivorous birds which ravaged the coun- 
try near the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia. [Vid. 

Stymphalis.] lu his seventh labour he 

brought alive into Peloponnesus a prodigious 
wild bull which laid waste the island of Crete. 

In his eighth labour he was employed in 

obtaining the mares of Diomedes, which fed up- 
on human flesh. He killed Diomedes, and gave 
him to be eaten by his mares, which he brought 
to Eurystheus. They were sent to mount Olym- 
pus by the king of Mycenae, where they were 
devoured by the wild beasts; or, according to 
others, they were consecrated to Jupiter, and 
their breed still existed in the age of Alexander 
the Great. For his ninth labour he was com- 
manded to obtain the girdle of the queen of the 

Amazons. [Vid. Hippolite.] In his tenth 

labour he killed the monster Geryon, king of 
Gadcs, and brought to Argos his numerous 
flocks which fed upon human flesh. [Vid. Gery- 
on.] The eleventh labour was to obtain ap- 
ples from the garden of the Hesperides. [Vid. 

Hesperides ] The twelfth and last, and most 

dangerous of his labours, was to bring upon 
earth the three-headed dog Cerberus. This was 
cheerfully undertaken by Hercules, and he de- 
scended into hell by a cave on mount Ttenarus. 
He was permitted by Pluto to carry away his 
friends Theseus and Pirithous, who w r ere con- 
demned to punishment in hell ; and Cerberus al- 
so was granted to his prayers, provided he made 
ase of no arms .but only face, to drag him away. 



Hercules, as some report, carried him back to 
hell, after he had brought him before Eurysthe- 
us. — Besides these arduous labours, which the 
jealousy of Eurystheus imposed upon him, he al- 
so achieved others of his own accord equally 
great and celebrated. [Vid. Cacus, Antaeus, Bu- 
siris, Eryx, &c] He accompanied the Argo- 
nauts to Colchis before he delivered himself up 
to the king of Mycenae. He assisted the gods in 
their wars against tbe giants, and it was through 
him alone that Jupiter obtained a victory. [Vid« 
Gigantes.] He conquered Laomedon, and pil- 
laged Troy. [Vid. Laomedon.] When lole, the 
daughter of Eurytus, king of (Echaiia, of whom 
he was deeply enamoured, was refused to his 
entreaties, he became the prey of a second fit 
of insanity, and he murdered Iphitus, the only 
one of the sons of Eurytus who favoured his ad- 
dresses to lole. [Vid. Iphitus.] He was some 
time after purified of the murder, and his insa- 
nity ceased; but the gods persecuted him more, 
and he was visited by a disorder which obliged 
him to apply to the oracle of Delphi for relief, 
The coldness with which the Pythia received 
him, irritated him, and he resolved to plunder 
Apollo's temple, and carry away the sacred tri* 
pod. Apollo opposed him, and a severe conflict 
was begun, which nothing but the interference 
of Jupiter with his thunderbolts could have pre- 
vented. Ho was upon this told by the oracle 
that he must be sold as a slave, and remain 
three years in the most abject servitude to re- 
cover from his disorder He complied; and Mer- 
cury, by order of Jupiter, conducted him to Om- 
phale queen of Lydia, to whom he was sold as a 
slave. Here he cleared all the country from 
robbers; and Gmphale, who was astonished at 
the greatness of his exploits, restored him to li- 
berty, and married him. Hercules had Agelaus, 
and Lamon according to others, by Omphale, 
from whom Croesus king of Lydia was descend- 
ed. He became also enamoured of one of Ora- 
phale's female servants, by whom he had Alceus. 
After he had completed the years of his slave- 
ry, he returned to Peloponnesus, where he re- 
established on the throne of Sparta, Tyndarus, 
who had been expelled by Hippocoon. He be- 
came one of Dejanira's suitors, and married her 
after he had overcome all of his rivals. [Vid. 
Achelous.] He was obliged to leave Calydon, 
his father-in-law's kingdom, because he had in- 
advertently killed a man with a blow of his fist, 
and it was on account of this expulsion that he 
was not present at the hunting of the Calydoni- 
an hoar. From Calydon he retired to the court 
of Ceyx, king of Trachinia. In his way he was 
stopped by the swollen streams of the Evcnus, 
where the centaur Nessus attempted to offer 
violence to Dejanira, under the perfidious pre- 
tence of conveying her over the river. Hercu- 
les perceived the distress of Dejanira, and kill- 
ed the centaur, who as he expired gave her a 
tunic, which as he observed had the power of 
recalling a husband from unlawful love. [Vid. 
Dejanira.] Ceyx, king of Trachinia received 
him and his wife with great marks of friendship, 
and purified him of the murder which he had 
committed at Calydon. Hercules was still 
mindful that he had once beeo refused the hand 



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of Iole; he therefore made war against her fa- 
ther Eurytus, and killed hirn with three of his 
sons. Iole fell into the hands of her father's 
murderer, and found that she was loved by Her- 
cules as much as before. She accompanied him 
to mount (Eta, where he was going to raise an 
altar and offer a solemn sacrifice to Jupiter. As 
he had not then the tunic in which he arrayed 
himself to offer a sacrifice, he sent Lichas to 
Dejanira in order to provide himself a proper 
dress. Dejanira, informed of her husband's ten- 
der attachment to Iole, sent him a philter, or 
more probably the tunic which she had receiv- 
ed from Nessus, and Hercules as soon as he had 
put it on fell into a desperate distemper, and 
found the poison of the Lernaean hydra penetrate 
through his bones. He attempted to pull off the 
fatal dress, but it was too late, and in the midst 
of his pains and tortures he inveighed in the most 
bitter imprecations against the credulous Deja- 
nira, the cruelty of Eurystheus, and the jeal- 
ousy and hatred of Juno. As the distemper was 
incurable, he implored the protection of Jupi- 
ter, and gave his bow and arrows to Philocte- 
tes, and erected a large burning pile on the top 
of mount (Eta. He spread on the pile the skin 
of the Nemsean lion, and laid himself down up- 
on it as on a bed, learning his head on his club. 
Philoctetes, or according to others, Paean or 
Hyllus, was ordered to set fire to the pile, and 
the hero saw himself on a sudden surrounded 
with the flames, without betraying any marks of 
fear or astonishment. Jupiter saw him from 
heaven, and told to the surrounding gods that 
he would raise to the skies the immortal parts of 
a hero who had cleared the earth from so many 
monsters and tyrants. The gods applauded Ju- 
piter's resolution, the burning pile was sudden- 
ly surrounded with a dark smoke, and after the 
mortal parts of Hercules were consumed, he was 
carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by four 
horses. Some loud claps of thunder accompa- 
nied his elevation, and his friends, unable to find 
either his bones or ashes, showed their gratitude 
to his memory by raising an altar where the 
burning pile had stood. Menoetius the son of 
Actor, offered him a sacrifice of a bull, a wild 
boar, and a goat, and enjoined the people of 
Opus yearly to observe the same religious cere- 
monies. His worship soon became as universal 
as his fame, and Juno, who had once persecuted 
him with such inveterate fury, forgot her resent- 
ment, and gave him her daughter Hebe in mar- 
riage. Hercules has received many surnames 
and epithets, either from the place where his 
worship was established, or from the labours 
which he achieved. His temples were numer- 
ous and magnificent, and his divinity revered. 
No dogs or flies ever entered his temple at Rome, 
and that of Gades, according to Strabo, was al- 
ways forbidden to women and pigs. The Phoe- 
nicians offered quails on his altars, and as it was 
supposed that he presided over dreams, the sick 
and fnfirtn were sent to sleep in his temples, that 
they might receive in their dreams the agreea- 
ble presages of their approaching recovery. The 
white poplar was particularly dedicated to his 
service. Hercules is generally represented nak- 
ed, with strong and well proportioned limbs ; he 



is sometimes covered with the skin of the Ne- 
maean lion, and holds a knotted club in his hand, 
on which he often leans. Sometimes he appears 
crowned with the leaves of the poplar, and hold- 
ing the horn of plenty under his arm. At other 
times he is represented standing with Cupid, 
who insoiently breaks to pieces his arrows and 
his club, to intimate the passion of love in the 
hero, who suffered himself to be beaten and ri- 
diculed by Ompbale, who dressed herself in his 
armour while he was sitting to spin with her fe- 
male servants. The children of Hercules are as 
■numerous as the labours and difficulties which 
he underwent, and indeed they became so pow- 
erful soon after his death, that they alone had 
the courage to invade all Peloponnesusi [Vid. 
Herachdae.] He was father of Deicoon and 
Therimachus, by Megara; of Ctesippus by As- 
tydamia; of Palemon, by Autonoe; of Everes, 
by Partheaope; of Glycisonetes, by Gyneus; and 
Odites, by Dejanira; of Thessalus, by Chalci- 
ope; of Thestalus, by Epicaste; of Tlepolemus, 
by Astyoche: of Agathyrsus, Gelon, and Scy- 
tha, by Echidna, &c. Such are the most strik- 
ing characteristics of the fife of Hercules, who 
is said to have supported for a while the weight 
of the heavens upon his shoulders, [Vid. Atlas,] 
and to have separated by the force of his arm 
the celebrated mountains which were afterwards 
called the boundaries of his labours. [Vid. Aby- 
la.] He is held out by the ancients as a true pat- 
tern of virtue and piety, and as his whole life 
had been employed for the common benefit of 
mankind, he was deservedly, rewarded with im- 
mortality. His judicious choice of virtue in pre- 
ference to pleasure, as described by Xenophon, 
is well known. Diod. 1 and 4. — Cic. de Nat. D. 
1 , &c. — Jpollod. 1 and 2. -r- Paus. 1. 3, 5, 9, and 
10. — Hesiod. in Scut- Here. &c. — Hygin. fab, 
29, 32, &c— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 236, &c— Her. 
9, Amor. Trist. &c. — Homer. II. 8, &c. — 
Theocrit. 24. — Eurip. in Here. — Virg. JEn. 8, 
v. 294. — Lxican. 3 and 6. — JJpollon. 2. — Dio- 
nys. Hal. 1. — Sophocl. in Trachin. — Plut. in 
Jimphit. — Senccin Herc.furent. &(■ Gut. — Plin. 
4, c 6, 1. 11, kc.—Philostr. Icon, 2, c. 5.— He- 
rodot. 1, c. 7, 1. 2, c. 42, &c. — Quint. Smyrn. 
6, v. 207, &c. — Callim. Hymn, in Dian. — Pin- 
dar. Olymph. od. 3. — Ital. 1, v. 438. — Stat. 2. 
Theb. v. 564. — Mtla, 2, c. 1. — Lucian. Dial. 
— Lactant. defals. Rel.— Strab.3, &c — Horat. 

Od. Sat. &c.- A son of Alexander the Great. 

-A surname of the emperor Commodus, &c. 



Herculeum, a promontory in the country of 

the Brutii. Fretum, a name given to the 

strait which forms a communication between the 
Atlantic and Mediterranean. 

Herculeus, one of Agrippina's murderers. 
Tacit. Jinn. 14, c. Si 

Herculeus Lacus, a lake of Sicily. 

Herculis Columns, two lofty mountains, 
situate one on the most southern extremities of 
Spain, and the other on the opposite part of 
Africa. They were called by the ancients Jlby- 
la and Calpe. They are reckoned the bounda- 
ries of the labours of Hercules, and according 
to ancient tradition they were joined together 
till they were severed by the arm of the hero, 
and a communication opened between the Me- 



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diterranean and Atlantic seas. Dionys. Perieg. 
—Sil, 1, v. 142— Mela, 1, c. 5, 1. 2, c. 6.— 

Plin. 3, c. 1. Monaeci Portus, now Monaco, 

a port town of Genoa. Tacit. H. 3, c. 42. — Lu- 

can. 1, v, 405.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 830. La- 

brenis vel Liburni Portus, a sea port town, now 
Leghorn.- Promontorium, a cape at the bot- 
tom of Italy, on the Ionian sea, now Spartiven- 

te Insula, two islands near Sardinia. Plin. 

3, c. 7. Portus, a sea port of the Brutii, on 

the western coast. Lucus, a wood in Germa- 
ny sacred to Hercules. Tacit. A. 2, c. 12. 

A small island on the coast of Spain, called 
also Scombraria, from the tunny fish (Scombros,) 
caught there. Strab. 3. 

Hercyna, a nymph who accompanied Ceres 
as she travelled over the world. A river of Boeo- 
tia bore her name- Paws. 9, c. 39. 

Hercynia, a celebrated forest of Germany, 
which, according to Caesar required nine days 
journey to cross it; and which on some parts was 
found without any boundaries, though travelled 
over for sixty days successively. It contained 
the modern countries of Switzerland, Basil, 
Spires, Transylvania, and a great part of Rus- 
sia. In length of time the trees were rooted up, 
and when population increased, the greatest part 
of it was made inhabitable. Cobs. Bell. G. 6, 
C- 24.— Mela.— Liv. 5, c- 54.— Tacit. G. 30. 

Herdonia, a small town of Apulia, between 

the rivers Aufidus and Cerbalus. Ital. I, v. 568. 

Herdonius, a man put to death by Tarquin, 

because he had boldly spoken against him in an 

assembly, &c. 

Herea, a town of Arcadia on an eminence, 
the bottom of which was watered by the Alphe- 
us. It was built by Hereus the son of Lycaon, 
and was said to produce a wine possessed of such 
unusual properties, as to give fecundity to wo- 
men and cause madness in men, JElian. V. H. 
13, c. 6.— Plin, 14, c. 18.— Pans. 8, c. 24.— 
Ptol. 3, c 16. 

Herennius Senecio, a Roman historian un- 
der Domitian. Tacit. Jigric. 2, &c. An of- 
ficer of Sertorius defeated by Pompey, &c. Plut. 
A centurion sent in pursuit of Cicero by An- 
tony. He cut off the orator's head. Plut. in Cic 

Caius, a man to whom Cicero dedicates his 

book de Rhetoricd, a work attributed by some 

to Cornificius, A Samnite general, &c. 

Philo, a Phoenician, who wrote a book on Adri- 
an's reign. He also composed a treatise divid- 
ed into 12 parts, concerning the choice of books, 
&c 

Hereus, a son of Lycaon, who founded a ci- 
ty in Arcadia, called Herea. Paus. 8, c. 24. 

Herillus, a philosopher of Chalcedon disci- 
ple to Zeno. Diog. 

Herilus, a king of Praeneste, son of the 
nymph Feronia. As he had three lives, he was 
killed three times by Evander. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 
563. 

Hermachus, a native of Mitylene, successor 
and disciple of Epicurus, B. C 267. 

HerMjE,. statues of Mercury in the city of 
Athens Cic. ad Attic. 1, ep. 4 and 8. — C. JVep. 

in Alcib. Two youths who attended those 

who consulted the oracle of Trophoniu9. Paus. 
9, c. 39. 



Herm.ea, a festival in Crete, when the mas- 
ters waited upon the servants. It was also ob- 
served at Athens and Babylon. Paus. 8, c. 14. 
Herm^ium, a town of Arcadia — A promon- 
tory at the east of Carthage, the most northern 
point of all Africa, now Cape Bon. Liv. 29, c- 
27.— Strab. 17. 

Hermagoras Bolides, a famous rhetori- 
cian, who came to Rome in the age of Augus- 
tas A philosopher of Amphipolis. A fa- 
mous orator and philosopher. 

Hermandica, a town of the Vacczei in Spain. 
Liv. 21, c. 5— Polyb. 3. 

Hermanduri, a people of Germany, called 
also Hermunduri. 

Hermanni, a people of Germany. 
Hermaphrodites, a son of Venus and Mer- 
cury, educated on mount Ida by the Naiades. At 
the age of 15 he began to travel to gratify his 
curiosity. When he came to Caria, he bathed 
himself in a fountain, and Salmacis, the nymph 
who presided over it, became enamoured of him, 
and attempted to seduce him. Hermaphroditos 
continued deaf to all entreaties and offers; and 
Salmacis, endeavouring to obtain by force what 
was denied to prayers, closely embraced him, 
and entreated the gods to make them two but 
one body. Her prayers were heard, and Salma- 
cis and ermaphroditus, now two in one body, 
still preserved the characteristics of both their 
sexes. Hermaphroditus begged the gods that all 
who bathed in that fountain might become effe- 
minate Ovid. Met. 4, v. 347. — Hygin. fab. 271. 
Hermas, an ancient father of the church, in 
or near the age of the apostles. 

Hermathena, a statue which represented 
Mercury and Minerva in the same body. This 
statue was generally placed in schools where 
eloquence and philosophy were taught, because 
these two deities presided over the arts and 
sciences. 

Hermeas, a tyrant of Mysia, who revolted 
from Artaxerxes Ochus, B. C. 350. A ge- 
neral of Antiochus, &c. 

Hermeias, a native of Metbymna who wrote 
an history of Sicily. 

Hermes, the name of Mercury among the 
Greeks. [Vid. Mercurius.] A famous gla- 
diator. Martial. 5, ep. 25. An Egyptian 

philosopher. Vid. Mercurius Trismegistus. 

Hermesianax, an elegiac poet of Colophon, 
son of Agoneus. He was publicly honoured 

with a statue. Paus. 6, c. 17. A native of 

Cyprus, who wrote an history of Pbrygia. Plut. 
Hermias, a Galatian philosopher in the se- 
cond century. His irrisio pkilosopliorum gen- 
tilium, was printed with Justin Martyr's works, 
fol. Paris 1615 and 1636, and with the Oxford 
edition of Tatian, 8vo. 1700. 

Herminius, a general of the Hermanni, &c. 
A Roman who defended a bridge with Co- 
des against the army of Porsenna. Liv. 2, c 

10. A Trojan killed by Catillus in the Ru-" 

trlian war. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 642. 

Hermione, a daughter of Mars and Venus, 
who married Cadmus. The gods, except Juno, 
honoured her nuptials with their presence, and 
she received, as a present, a rich veil and a 
splendid necklace which had been made by 
tj u 



HE 



HE 



Vulcan. She was changed into a serpent with 
her husband Cadmus, and placed in the Elysian 
fields. [Vid. Harraonia.] Spollod. 3. — Ovid. 

Met. 4 fab. 13. A daughter of Menelaus 

and Helen. She was privately promised in 
marriage to Orestes the son of Agamemnon; but 
her father, ignorant of this pre-engagement, gave 
her hand to Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, whose 
services he had experienced in the Trojan war. 
Pyrrhus, at his return from Troy, carried home 
Hermione and married her. Hermione, ten- 
derly attached to her cousin Orestes, looked 
upon Pyrrhus with horror and indignation. Ac- 
cording to others, however, Hermione received 
the addresses of Pyrrhus with pleasure, and 
even reproached Andromache, his concubine, 
with stealing his affections from her. Her jea- 
lousy of Andromache, according to some, in- 
duced her to unite herself to Orestes, and to de- 
stroy Pyrrhus. She gave herself to Orestes af- 
ter this murder, and received the kingdom of 
Sparta as a dowry. Homer. Od. 4. — Eurip. 
in Jindr fy Orest. — Ovid. Heroid. 8. — Propert. 
I; A town of Argohs where Ceres had a fa- 
mous temple. The inhabitants lived by fishing. 
The descent to hell from their country was con- 
sidered so short that no money, according to the 
usual rite of burial, was put into the mouth of 
the dead to be paid to Charon for their pass- 
sage. The sea ou the neighbouring coast was 
calied Hermionicus sinus. Plin. 4, c. 5. — Virg. 
in Ciri. 412.—Strab 8.— Mela, 2, c. 3— Plol. 
3, c. 16.— Pans. 2, c. 34. 

HERMioNLa:, a city near the Riphaean moun- 
tains. Orph. in Jirg. 

Hermionicus sinus, a bay on the coast of 
Argolis near Hermione. Strab. 1 and 8. 

Hermippus, a freed man, disciple of Philo, 
in the reign of Adrian, by whom he was greatly 
esteemed. He wrote five books upon dreams. 

A man who accused Aspasia, the mistress 

of Pericles, of impiety and prostitution. He 
was son of Lysis, aud distinguished himself as a 
poet by 40 theatrical pieces, and other compo- 
sitions, some of which are quoted by Athenaeus. 

Plut. A Peripatetic philosopher of Smyrna 

who flourished B. C. 210. 

Hermocrates, a general of Syracuse, against 
Nicias the Athenian. His lenity towards the 
Athenian prisoners was looked upon as treach- 
erous. He was banished from Sicily without 
even a trial, and he was murdered as he at- 
tempted to return back to his country, B. C. 
408. — Plut. in Nic. &c- A sophist, celebrat- 
ed for his rising talents. He died in the 28th 
year of his age, in the reign of the emperor Se- 
verus. The father-in-law of Dionysius, ty- 
rant of Sicily. A Rbodian employed by Ar- 

taxerxes to corrupt the Grecian states, &c- 

A sophist, preceptor to Pausanias the murderer 
of Philip. Diod. 16. 

Hermodorus, a Sicilian, pupil to Plato. 

A philosopher of Ephesus, who is said to have 
assisted, as interpreter, the Roman decemvirs 
in the composition of the ten tables of laws 
which had been collected in Greece, Cic. Tusc. 

5, c. 36.— p/in. 34, c. 5, A native of Sala- 

mis contemporary with Philo the Athenian archi- 
tect. Cic tn Chat. 1, c. 14 A poet who J 



wrote a book called Ho/u.ifAct on the laws of dif- 
ferent nations. 

Heemo genes, an architect of Alabanda in 
Caria, employed in building the temple of Dia- 
na at Magnesia. He wrote a book upon his 
profession. A rhetorician in the second cen- 
tury, the best editions of whose rhetorica arc 
that of Sturmius, 3 vols. 12mo. Argent. 1571, 
and Laurentius Genev. 1614. He died A. D. 
161, and it is said that his body was opened, 
aud his heart found hairy and of an extraordi- 
nary size. At the age of 25, as is reported, he 

totally lost his memory. A lawyer in the 

age of Diocletian A musician. Horat. 1, 

Sat. 3, v 129. A sophist of Tarsus, of such 

brilliant talents, that at the age of 15 he ex- 
cited the attention and gained the patronage of 
the emperor M. Antoninus. 

Hermolaus, a young Macedonian among the 
attendants of Alexander. As he was one day 
hunting with the king he killed a wild boar 
which was coming towards him. Alexander, 
who followed close behind him, was so disap- 
pointed because the beast had been killed be- 
fore he could dart at him, that he ordered Her- 
molaus to be severely whipped. This treatment 
irritated Hermolaus, and he conspired to take 
away the king's life, with others who were dis- 
pleased with the cruel treatment he had receiv- 
ed. The plot was discovered by one of the con- 
spirators, and Alexander seized them, and ask- 
ed what had impelled them to conspire to take 
his life. Hermolaus answered for the rest, and 
observed that it was unworthy of Alexander to 
treat his most faithful and attached friends like 
slaves, and to shed their blood without the least 
mercy. Alexander ordered him to be put to 
death. Curt. 8, c. 6. 

Hermopolis, two towns of Egypt, now Jlshr 
munein and Demenhur. Plin. 5, c. 9. 

Hermotimus, a famous prophet of Clazome- 
nae. It is said that his soul separated itself from 
his body, and wandered in every part of the 
earth to explain futurity, after which it returned 
again and animated his frame. His wife, who 
was acquainted with the frequent absence of his 
soul, took advantage of it and burnt his body, 
as if totally dead, and deprived the soul of its 
natural receptacle. Hermotimus received di- 
vine honours in a temple at Clazomense, into 
which it was unlawful for women to enter. Plin. 
7, c. 52, &c. — Lucian. 

Hebmunduri, a people of Germany, subdued 
by Aurelius. They were at the north of the 
Danube, and were considered by Tacitus as 
a tribe of the Suevi, but called, together with 
the Suevi, Hermiones by Pliny 4, c. 14. — Ta- 
cit. Ann. 13, extra.— Fell. 2, c. 106. 

Hermus, a river of Asia Minor, whose sands, 
according to the poets, were covered with gold. 
It flows near Sardes, and receives the waters of 
the Paccolus and Hyllus, after which it falls in- 
to the iEgean sea. It is now called Kedous or 
Sarabat. Virg. G. 2, v. 37.— Lucan. 3, v. 210. 
— Martial. 8. ep. 78.— Sil. 1, v. 159.— Plin. 5, 
C. 29. 

HernIci, a people of Campania, celebrated 
for their inveterate enmity to the rising power 
of Rome. Lit. 9 ? c. 4* and 44.— Sil. 4, v. 226.. 



HE 



HE 



** Juv. 14, v. 183.-— Diom/s. Hal. 8, c. 10.— 

Virg. Ma. 7, v. 684. 

Hero, a beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestos, 
greatly enamoured of Leander, a youth of Aby- 
dos. These two lovers were so faithful to one 
another, that Leander in the night escaped from 
the vigilance of his family, and swam across the 
Hellespont, while Hero in Sestos directed his 
course by holding a burning torch on the top of 
a high tower. After many interviews of mutual 
affection and tenderness, Leander was drowned 
in a tempestuous night as he attempted his usual 
course, and Hero in despair threw herself down 
from her tower and perished in the sea. Musce- 
us de Leand. fy Hero. — Ovid. Heroid. 17 and 
18.— Virg G. 3, v. 258. 

Herodes, surnamed the Great and Jiscaloni- 
ia, followed the interest of Brutus and Cassius, 
and afterwards that of Antony. He was made 
king of Judaea by means of Antony, and after 
the battle of Actium he was continued in his 
power by his flattery and submission to Augus- 
tus. He rendered himself odious by his cruel- 
ty, and as he knew that the day of his death would 
become a day of mirth and festivity, he order- 
ed the most illustrious of his subjects to be con- 
fined and murdered the very moment that he 
expired, that every eye in the kingdom might 
seem to shed tears at the death of Herod. He 
died in the 70th year of his age, after a reign of 
40 years. Josepkus. Antipas, a son of He- 
rod the Great, governor of Galilaea, &c. 

Agrippa, a Jew, intimate with the emperor Ca- 
ligula, &c. This name was common to many of 

the Jews. Josephus. Atticus. Vid. Atticus. 

Herodiantjs, a Greek historian who flourish- 
ed A. D. 247. He was born at Alexandria, 
and he was employed among the officers of the 
Roman emperors. He wrote a Roman history 
in eight books, from the death of Marcus Aure- 
lius to Maximinus. His style is peculiarly ele- 
gant, but it wants precision, and the work too 
plainly betrays that the author was not a perfect 
master of geography. He is accused of being 
too partial to Maximinus, and too severe upon 
Alexander Severus. His book comprehends the 
history of 68 or 70 years, and he asserts that he 
has been an eye witness of whatever he has 
written. The best editions of his history are 
that of Politiau, 4to. Dovan, 1525, who after- 
wards published a very valuable Latin transla- 
tion, and that of Oxford, 8vo. 1708. 

Herodocus, a physician surnamed Gymnas- 
tic, who flourished B.C. 443. A grammari- 
an surnamed Crateleus, B C. 123. 

Herodotos, a celebrated historian of Hali- 
carnassus, whose father's name was Lyxes, and 
that of his mother Dryo. He fled to Samos 
when his country laboured under the oppressive 
tyranny of Lygdamis, and travelled over Egypt!* 
Italy, and all Greece. He afterwards returned 
to Halicarnassus, and expelled the tyraut; which 
patriotic deed, far from gaiuing the esteem and 
admiration of the populace, displeased and irri- 
tated them so that Herodotus was obliged to fly 
to Greece from the public lesentment. To pro- 
cure a lasting fame, he publicly repeated at the 
Olympic games, the history which he had com- 
posed, in his 39th year, B. C. 445. It was re- 



ceived with such universal applause that the 
names of the nine Muses were unanimously giv- 
en to the nine books into which it is divided. 
This celebrated composition, which has procur- 
ed its author the title of father of history, is 
written in the Ionic dialect. Herodotus is among 
the historians what Homer is among the poets, 
and Demosthenes among the orators'. His style 
abounds with elegance, ease,'and sweetness ; and 
if'there is any of the fabulous or incredible, the 
author candidly informs the reader that it is in- 
troduced upon the narration of others. The work 
is an history of the wars of the Persians against 
the Greeks, from the age of Cyrus to the battle 
of Mycale in the reign of Xerxes, and besides 
this it gives an account of the most celebrated 
nations in the world. Herodotus had written 
another history of Assyria and Arabia, which is 
not extant. The life of Homer, generally at- 
tributed to him, is supposed oy some not to be 
the production of his pen. Plutarch has accus- 
ed him of malevolence towards the Greeks; an 
imputation which can easily be refuted. The 
two best editions of this great historian are that 
of Wesseling, fol. Amsterdam, 1763; and that 
of Glasgow, 9 vols. 12mo. 1761. Cic- de leg. 
1 de Orat. 2 — Dionys. Hal. 1. — Quintil. 10, c- 

1. — Ptut- de mal- Herod A man who wrote 

a treatise concerning Epicurus. Diog. A 

Theban wrestler of Megara, in the age of De- 
metrius, son of Antigonus. He was six feet and 
a half in height, and be ate generally twenty 
pounds of flesh, with bread in proportion, at each 

of his meals. Jlthen. 16 Another, whose 

victories are celebrated by Pindar. 

Heroes, a name which was given by the an- 
cients to such as were born from a god, or to 
such as had signalized themselves by their ac- 
tions, and seemed to deserve immortality by the 
service they had rendered their country. The 
heroes which Homer describes, such as Ajax, 
Achilles, &c were of such a prodigious strength, 
that they could lift up ard throw stones which 
the united force of four or five men of his age 
could not have moved. The heroes were sup- 
posed to be interested in the affairs of mankind 
after death, and they were invoked with much 
solemnity. As the altars of the gods were 
crowded with sacrifices and libations, so the 
heroes were often honoured with a funeral so- 
lemnity, in which their great exploits were enu- 
merated. The origin of heroism might proceed 
from the opinions of some philosopher*, who 
taught that the souls of great men were often 
raised to the stars, and introduced among the 
immortal gods. According to the notions of the 
Stoics, the ancient heroes inhabited a pure and 
serene climate, situate above the moon. 

Herois, a festival celebrated every ninth 
year by the Delphians, in honour of a heroine. 
There was in the celebration a great number of 
mysterious rites, with a representation of some-- 
thing like Semele's resurrection. 

Heron, two mathematicians, one of whom is 
called the ancient and the other the younger. 
The former, who lived about 100 years before 
Chiist, was disciple of Ctesibius, and wrote a 
curious book translated into Latin, under the 



HE 



HE 



title of Spiritualium Liber, the only edition of 
which is that of Baldus. Aug. Vind. 1616. 

Heroopolis, a town of Egypt on the Arabic 
gulf. 

Herophila, a Sybil, who, as some suppose, 
came to Rome in the reign of Tarquin. (Vid. 
Sibylla?.) Paus. 10, c 12. 

Herophilus, an impostor in the reign of J. 
Caesar, who pretended to be the grandson of 
Marius. He was banished from Rome by Caesar 
for his seditions, and was afterwards strangled 

in prison. A Greek physician, about 570 

years before the Christian era. He was one 
^f the first who dissected bodies. Pliny, Cicero, 
and Plutarch have greatly commended him. 

Herostratos. Vid. Erostratus. 

Herpa, a town of Cappadocia. 

Herse, a daughter of Cecrops, king of 
Athens, beloved by Mercury. The god disclosed 
his love to Aglauros, Herse's sister, in hopes of 
procuring an easy admission to Herse; but 
Aglauros, through jealousy, discovered the 
amour. Mercury was so offended at her beha- 
viour, that he struck her with his caduceus and 
changed her into a stone. Herse became mother 
of Cephalus by Mercury, and after death, she 
received divine honours at Athens. Owl. Met. 
2, v. 559, &c. A wife of Danaus. Apollod. 

Hersephoria, festivals of Athens, in honour 
of Minerva, or more probably of Herse. 

Hersilia, one of the Sabines carried away 
by the Romans at the celebration of the Con- 
sualia. She was given and married to Romu- 
lus, though according to some she married Hos- 
tus, a youth of Latium, by whom she had Hos- 
tus Hostilius. After death she was presented 
with immortality by Juno, and received divine 
honours under the name of Ora. Liv. 1, c. 11. 
Ovid. Met. 14, v. 832. 

. Hertha and Herta, a goddess among the 
Germans, supposed to be the same as the earth. 
'She had a temple and a chariot dedicated to her 
service in a remote island, and was supposed to 
visit the earth at stated times, when her coming 
was celebrated with the greatest rejoicings and 
festivity. Tacit, de. Germ. 

Heruli, a savage nation in the northern parts 
of Europe who attacked the Roman power in its 
decline. 

Hesjenus, a mountain near Paeonia. 

Hesiodus* a celebrated poet born at Ascra, 
in Bceotia. His father's name was Dius, and 
bis mother's Pycimede. He lived in the age of 
Homer, and even obtained a poetical prize in 
competition with him, according to Varro and 
Plutarch. Quintilian, Philostratus, and others, 
maintain that Hesiod lived before the age of 
Homer; but Val. Paterculus, &c. support that 
he flourished about 100 years after him. He- 
siod is the first who wrote a poem on agriculture. 
This composition is called, The Works and the 
Days; and, besides the instructions which are 
given to the cultivator of the field, the reader is 
pleased to find many moral reflections worthy 
of a refined Socrates or a Plato. His Tkeogony 
is a miscellaneous narration executed without 
art, precision, choice, judgment, or connexion, 
yet it is the more valuable for the faithful ac- 
count it gives of the gods of antiquity. His 



Shield of Hercules is but a fragment of a larger 
poem, in which it is supposed be gave an ac- 
count of the most celebrated heroines among 
the ancients. Hesiod, without being master of 
the fire and sublimity of Homer, is admired for 
the elegance of his diction, and the sweetness 
of bis poetry. Besides these poems, he wrote 
others, now lost. Pausanias says, that in his 
age, Hesiod's verses were still written on tab- 
lets in the temple of the Muses, of which the 
poet was a priest. If we believe Clem. Alexand. 
6, Strom, the poet borrowed much from Mu- 
sceus. One of Lucian's dialogues bears the name 
of Hesiod, and, in it, the poet is introduced as 
speaking of himself. Virgil, in his Georgics, 
has imitated the compositions of Hesiod, and 
taken his opera and dies for a model, as he ac- 
knowledges. Cicero strongly commends him, 
and the Greeks were so partial to his poetry and 
moral instructions, that they ordered their chil- 
dren to learn all by heart. Hesiod was mur- 
dered by the sons of Ganyctor of Naupactuni, 
and his body was thrown into the sea. Some 
dolphins brought back the body to the shore, 
which was immediately known, and the mur- 
derers were discovered by the poet's dogs, and 
thrown into the sea. If Hesiod flourished in 
the age of Homer, he lived 907 B. C. The 
best editions of this poet are that of Robinson, 
4to. Oxon. 1737, that of Loesner, 8vo. Lips. 
1778, and that of Parma, 4to. 1785. Cic Fam. 
6, ep. 18. — Paws. 9, c. 3, &c. — Quintil. 10, c. 
1. — Paterc. — Varro- — Plut. de. 7 Sep. &f de 
Anim Sag. 

Hesione a daughter of Laomedon, king of 
Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of the Scaman- 
der. It fell to her lot to be exposed to a sea 
monster, to whom the Trojans yearly presented 
a marriageable virgin, to appease the resentment 
of Apollo and Neptune, whom Laomedon had 
offended, but Hercules promised to deliver her, 
provided he received as a reward six beautiful 
horses. Laomedon consented and Hercules at- 
tacked the monster just as he was going to de- 
vour Hesione, and he killed him with his club. 
Laomedon, however, refused to reward the 
hero's services; and Hercules, incensed at his 
treachery, besieged Troy, and put the king and 
all his family to the sword, except Podarces, or 
Priam, who had advised his father to give the 
promised horses to his sister's deliverer. The 
conqueror gave Hesione in marriage to his friend 
Telamon, who had assisted him during the war, 
and he established Priam upon his father's 
throne. The removal of Hesione to Greece 
proved at last fatal to the Trojans; and Priam, 
who remembered with indignation that his sister 
had been forcibly given to a foreigner, sent his 
son Paris to Greece to reclaim the possessions 
cff Hesione, or ^nore probably to revenge his 
injuries upon the Greeks, by carrying away 
Helen, which gave rise, soon after, to the Tro- 
jan war. Lycophron mentions, that Hercules 
threw himself, armed from head to foot, into the 
mouth of the monster to which Hesione was 
exposed, and that he tore his belly to pieces, 
and came out safe only with the loss of his 
hair, after a confinement of three days. Homer. 
II. 5, v. 638.— Diod. 4.—Apollod. 2, c. 5, &c. 



HE 



HI 



—Ovid. Met. 11, v. 212 The wife of Nau- 

plius. 

Hesperia, a large island of Africa, once the 

residence of the Amazons. Diod. 3. A name 

common both to Italy and Spain. It is derived 
from Hesper or Vesper, the setting sun, or the 
evening, whence the Greeks called Italy Hes- 
peria, because it was situate at the setting sun, 
or in the west. The same name, for similar 
reasons, was applied to Spain by the Latins. 
Virg. JEm,. 1, v. 634, &c—Horat. 1, od. 34, v. 
4, 1. 1. od. 27, v. £8.— Sil. 7, v. IS.— Ovid. 

Met. 11, v. 258. A daughter of the Cebre- 

nus. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 769. 

Hesperides, three celebrated nymphs, 
daughters of Hesperus. Apollodorus mentions 
four. iEgle, Erythia, Vesta, and Arethusa; and 
Diodorus confounds them with the Atlantides, 
*nd supposes that they were the same number 
The> were appointed to guard the golden apples 
which -Juno gave to Jupiter on the day of their 
nuptials; and the place of their residence, placed 
beyond the ocean by Hesiod, is more universally 
believed to be near mount Atlas in Africa, ac- 
cording to Apollodorus. This celebrated place 
or garden abounded with fruits of the most de- 
licious kind, and was carefully guarded by a 
dreadful dragon which never slept. Ic was one 
of the labours of Hercules to procui*e some of 
the golden apples of the Hesperides. The hero, 
ignorant of the situation of this celebrated gar- 
den, applied to the nymphs in the neighbour- 
hood of the Po for information, and was told 
that Nereus the god of the sea, if properly 
managed, [Vid. Nereus] would direct him in 
his pursuits. Hercules seized Nereus as he was 
asleep, and the sea-god unable to escape from 
his grasp, answered all the questions which he 
proposed. Some say that Nereus sent Hercules 
to Prometheus, and that from him he received 
all his information. When Hercules came in- 
to Africa, he repaired to Atlas, and demanded 
of him three of the golden apples. Atlas un- 
loaded himself, and placed the burden of the 
beavens on the shoulders of Hercules, while he 
went hi quest of the apples. At his return 
r Hercules expressed his wish to ease his burden 
by putting something on his head, and when 
Atlas assisted him to remove his inconvenience, 
"Hercules artfully left the burden, and seized the 
apples, which Atlas had thrown on the ground- 
According to other accounts, Hercules gathered 
the apples himself, without the assistance of 
Atlas, and he previously killed the watchful 
dragon which kept the tree. These apples were 
brought to Eurystheus, and afterwards carried 
back by Minerva into the garden of the Hespe- 
rides, as they could be preserved in no other 
place. Hercules is sometimes represented gath- 
ering the apples, and the dragon which guarded 
the tree appears bowing down his head, as hav- 
ing received a mortal wound. This monster, 
as it is supposed, was the offspring of Typbon, 
and it had a hundred heads and as many voices. 
This number, however, is reduced by some to 
only one head. Those that attempt to explain 
mythology, observe, that the Hesperides were 
certain persons who had an immense number of 
flocks, and that the ambiguous word ftykov, 



which signifies an apple, and a sheep, gave rise 
to the fable of the golden apples of the Hes- 
perides. Diod. 4— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 637, &c. 
1. 9, v. 90.— Hrjgin. fab. 30.— Jipollod. 3, c. 
5. — Hesiod. Theog. v. 215, &c. 

Hesperis. Vid. Hesperus. r A town of 

Cyrenaica, now Bernic or Bengazi, where most 
authors have placed the garden of the Hespe- 
rides. 
•.Hesperitis, a country of Africa. Diod. 4. 

Hesperus, a son of Japetus, brother to Atlas. 
He came to Italy, and the country received the 
name of Hesperia from him, according to some 
accounts. He had a daughter called Hesperis, 
who married Atlas, and become mother of seven 
daughters, called Atlantides or Hesperides. 

Diod. 4. The name of Hesperus was also 

applied to the planet Venus, when it app..;aced 
after the setting of the sun. It was called 
Phosphorus or Lucifer when it preceded the sun. 
Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 2. — Senec. de Hippol. 
749. Id. in Med. 71. 

Hestia, one of the Hesperides. Jipollod. 

Hesti^a, a town of Euboea. 

Hesus, a deity among the Gauls, the same as 
the Mars of the Romans. Lucan. 1, v. 445. 

Hesychia, a daughter of Thespius. Jipollod. 

Hesychius, the author of a Greek lexicon in 
the beginning of the 3d century, a valuable 
work, which has been learnedly edited by Al- 
bert, 2 vols. fol. L. Bat. 1746. 

Hetriculum, now Lattarico, a town in the 
country of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 19. 

Hetruria and Etruria, a celebrated coun- 
try of Italy, at the west of the Tiber. It origi- 
nally contained twelve different nations, which 
had each their respective monarch, called Lu- 
cumon. Their names were Veientes, Clusini, 
Perusini, Cortonenses, Arretini, Vetuloni, Vola- 
terrani, Rusellani, Volscinii, Tarquinii, Falis- 
ci, and Caeretani. The inhabitants were parti- 
cularly famous for their superstition, aed great 
confidence in omens, dreams, auguries, &.c- They 
all proved powerful and resolute enemies to the 
rising empire of the Romans, and were con- 
quered only after much effusion of blood. Plin. 
3, c. 5. — Strab. 5. — Plut. in Rom. — Mela, 2, 
c. 4. 

Heurippa, a surname of Diana. 

Hexapylum, a gate at Syracuse. The adjoin- 
ing place of the city, or the wall, bore the same 
name. Diod. 11 and 14. — Liv. 24, c. 21,1. 25, 
c. 24, 1. 32, c. 39. 

Hiarbas or Iarbas, a king of Gaetulia. Vid, 
Iarbas. 

Hiber, a name applied to a Spaniard, as liv- 
ing near the river Hiberus or lberus. Vid. Ibe- 
rus. 

Hibernia. and Hybernia, a large island at 
the west of Britain, now called Ireland. Some 
of the ancients have called it Ibernia, Juverna, 
Iris, Hierua, Ogygia, Ivernia. Jav. 2, v. 160. 
— Strab. 4. — Orpheus — Bristol-. 

Hibrildes, an Athenian general. Dionys. 
Hal. 7. 

Hicetaon, a son of Laomedon, brother to 
Priam, and father of Menalippus. Homer. II. 3. 
The father of Thymoetes, who came to Ita- 
ly with ^ncas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 123. 



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Hicetas, a philosopher of Syracuse, who be- 
lieved that tbe earth moved, and that all the 
heavenly bodies were stationary. Diog. in Phil. 
- — A tyrant of Syracuse. Vid. Icetas. 
Hiempsal, a king of Nuniidia, &c. Plut. 
Hiera, a woman who married Telephus, king 
of Mysia, and who was said to surpass Helen in 

beauty. The mother of Pandalus and Bitias, 

by Alcanor. Virg. JEn. 9', v. 673 One of 

the Lipari islands, called also Theresia, now 
Vulcano. Paus. 10, c. 11. . 

Hierapolis, a town of Syri«, near the Eu- 
phrates Another of Phrygia, famous for hot 

baths, now Bambukkalasi. Another of Crete. 

Hierax, a youth who awoke Argus to inform 
him that Mercury was stealing lo. Mercury kill- 
ed him, and changed him into a bird of prey. 

Jipotfod. 2, c. 1. Antiochus king of Syria, 

and brother to Seleucus, received the surname 

of Hierax. Justin. 37, c 3. An Egyptian 

philosopher in the third century. 

Hierichus, {untis) the name of Jericho in 
the holy land, called the city of Palm-trees, from 
its abounding in dates. Plin. 5, c. 14. — Tacit- 
H. 5, c. 6. 

Hiero 1st, a king of Syracuse, after his bro- 
ther Gelon, who rendered himself odious in the 
beginning of his reign by his cruelty and ava- 
rice. He made war against Theron, the tyrant 
of Agrigentum, and took Himera. He obtain- 
ed three different crowns at the Olympic games, 
two in horse races, and one at a chariot race. 
Pindar has celebraled him as being victorious at 
Olympia. In the latter part of his reign, the 
conversation of Simonides, Epicharmus, Pindar, 
&c. softened in some measure the roughness of 
his morals and the severity of his government, 
and rendered him the patron of learning, geni- 
us, and merit. He died, after a reign of 18 
years, B. C. 467, leaving the crown to his bro- 
ther Thrasybulus, who disgraced himself by his 

vices am' tyranny. Diod. 11. The second 

of that name, king of Syracuse, was descended 
from Gelon. He was unanimously elected king 
by all the states of the island of Sicily, and ap- 
pointed to carry on the war against the Cartha- 
ginians. He joined his enemies in besieging 
Messana, which had surrendered to the Romans, 
but he was beaten by Appius Claudius, the Ro- 
man consul, and obliged to retire to Syracuse, 
where he was soon blocked up. Seeing all hopes 
of victory lost, he made peace with the Romans, 
and proved so faithful to his engagements dur- 
ing the fifty-nine years of his reign, that the Ro- 
mans never had a more firm, or more attached 
ally. He died in the 94th year of his age, about 
225 years before the Christian era. He was uni- 
versally regretted, and all the Sicilians showed, 
by their lamentations, that they had lost a com- 
mon father and a friend. He liberally patron- 
ized the learned, and employed the talents of 
Archimedes for the good of his country. He 
wrote a book on agriculture, now lost. ,He was 
succeeded by Hieronymus. JEiian. V. H. 4, 8. 
— Justin. 23, c. 4 — Flor. 2, c. 2. — Liv. 16. 
An Athenian, intimate with Nicias tbe ge- 
neral. Plut. in JVic. A Parthian, &c Tacit. 

HierocjEsarea, a town of Lydia. Tacit. Jl. 
fi, c. 47, 1. 3, c. 62. 



Hierocepia, an island near Paphos in Cy- 
prus 

Hierocles, a persecutor of the Christians 
under Diocletian, who pretended to find incon- 
sistencies in Scripture, and preferred the mira- 
cles of Thyaneus to those of Christ. His writ- 
ings were refuted by Lactantius and Eusebius. 
A Platonic philosopher, who taught at Alex- 



andria, and wrote a book on providence and fate, 
fragments of which are preserved by Phonos; a 
commentary on the golden verses of Pythagoras; 
and facetious moral verses. He flourished A. 
D. 485. The best edition is that of Asheton and 

Warren, 8vo. London, 1742. A general in 

the interest of Demetrius. Polyozn. 5.- A 

governor of Bithynia and Alexandria, under 
Diocletian An officer. Vid. Heliogabalus. 

Hierodulum, a town of Libya. 

Hieronica lex, by Hiero, tyrant of Sicily, 
to settle the quantity of corn, the price and time 
of receiving it, between the farmers of Sicily, 
and the collector of the corn tax at Rome. This 
law, on account of its justice and- candour, was 
continued by the Romans when they became 
masters of Sicily. 

Hieronymus, a tyrant of Sicily who succeed- 
ed his father or grandfather Hiero, when only 
15 years old. He rendered himself odious by 
his cruelty, oppression, and debauchery. He 
abjured the alliance of Rome, which Hiero had 
observed with so much honour and advantage. 
He was assassinated, and all his family was 
overwhelmed in his fall, and totally extirpated, 

B. C. 214. An historian of Rhodes, who 

wrote an account of the actions of Demetrius 
Poliorcetes, by whom he was appointed over 

Bceotia, B. C. 254 Plut. in Dem. An 

Athenian set over the fleet, while Conon went 

tothe king of Persia. A Christian writer, 

commonly called St. Jerome, born in Pannonia, 
and distinguished for his. zeal against heretics. 
He wrote commentaries on' tbe prophets, St. 
Matthew's Gospel, &c a Latin version, known 
by the name of Vulgate, polemical treatises, and 
an account of ecclesiastical writers before him. 
Of his works, which are replete with lively ani- 
mation, sublimity, and erudition, the best edi- 
tion is that of Valarsius, fol. Veronas, 1734, to- 
1740, ten vols. Jerome died A. D. 420, in his 
91st year. 

Hierophilus, a Greek physician. He in- 
structed his daughter Agnodice in the art of mid- 
wifery, &c. Vid. Agnodice. 

Hierosoltma, a celebrated city of Palestine, 
the capital of Judasa, taken by Pompey, who, on 
that account, is surnamed Hierosolymarius. Ti- 
tus also took it and destroyed it the 8th of Sep- 
tember, A. D. 70, according to Josephus, 2177 
years after its foundation. In the siege by Titus, 
1 10,000 persons are said to have perished, and 
97,000 to have been made prisoners, and after- 
wards either sold for slaves, or wantonly expos- 
ed for the sport of their insolent victors to the 
fury of wild beasts. Joseph. Bell. J. 7, c. 16, 
&c— Cic. ad Jlttic. 2, ep. 9, Flacc. 28. 

Hignatia Via, a large road which led from 
the Ionian sea to the Hellespont, across Mace- 
donia, about 530 miles. Strab. 7. 

Hilaria, a daughter of Leucippus and Philo- 



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dice. As she and her sister Phoebe were going 
to marry their cousins Lynceus and Idas, they 
were carried away by Castor and Pollux, who 
married them. Hilaria had Anagon by Castor, 
and she, as well as her sister, obtained after 
death the honours which were generally paid to 
heroes, Apollod. 3. — Propert. 1, el. 2, v. 16. — 

Paws. 2, c. 22, 1. 3, c. 19. Festivals at Rome 

in honour of the mother of the gods. 

Hilarius, a bishop of Poictiers, in France, 
who wrote several treatises, the most famous of 
which is on the Trinity, in 12 books. The only 
edition is that of the Benedictine monks, fol. 
Paris, 1693. Hilary died A. D.372, in his 80th 
year 

Hilleviones, a people of Scandinavia. Plin. 
4, c. 13. 

Himella, now ^ia, a small river in the coun- 
try of the Sabines. Virg. J£n. 7, v. 714. 

Himera, a city of Sicily built by the people 
of Zancle, and destroyed by the Carthaginians 

240 years after. Strab 6. There were two 

livers of Sicily of the same name, the one, now 
Fiumi de Termini, falling at the east of Panor- 
mus into the Tuscan sea, with a town of the same 
name at its mouth, and also celebrated baths. 
Cic. Ver. 4, c. 33. The other, now Fiume 
Salso, running in a southern direction, and di- 
viding the island in almost two parts. Liv. 34, 

c. 6, 1. 25, c. 49 The ancient name of the 

Eurotas. Strab. 6- — Mela, 2, c. 7. — Polyb. 

Himilco, a Carthaginian sent to explore the 

western parts of Europe. Fest. Avien A 

son of Amilcar, who succeeded his father in the 
command of the Carthaginian armies in Sicily. 
He died with his army, by a plague, B. C. 398. 
Justin. 19, c. 2. 

Hippagoras, a man who wrote an account of 
the republic of Carthage. Athen. 14. 

Hippalcimus, a son of Pelops and Hippoda- 
mia, whe was among the Argonauts. 

Hippalus, the first who sailed in open sea 
from Arabia to India. Arrian. in Perip. 

Hipparchia, a woman in Alexander's age, 
who became enamoured of Crates, the Cynic 
philosopher, because she heard him discourse. 
She married him, though he at first disdained 
her addresses, and represented his poverty and 
meanness. She was so attached to him that she 
was his constant companion, and was not asham- 
ed publicly to gratify his impurest desires. She 
wrote some things, now lost. Vid. Crates. Dicg. 
6. — Suidas. 

Hipparchus, a son of Pisistratus. who suc- 
ceeded his father as tyrant of Athens, with his 
brother Hippias. He patronized some of the 
learned men of the age, and distinguished him- 
self by his fondness for literature. The seduc- 
tion of a sister of Harmodius raised him many 
enemies, and he was at last assassinated by a 
desperate band of conspirators, with Harmodius 
and Aristogiton at their head, 513 years before 
Christ. ASlian. V. H. 8, c. 2. One of An- 
tony's freed men. The first person who was 

banished by ostracism at Athens. The fa- 
ther of Asclepiades. A mathematician and 

astronomer of Nicaea. He first discovered that 
the interval between the vernal and the autum- 
nal equinox is 186 days, 7 days longer than be- 



tween the autumnal and vernal, occasioned bjr 
the eccentricity of the earth's orbit. He divid- 
ed the heavens into 49 constellations, 12 in the 
ecliptic, 21 in the northern, and 16 in the south- 
ern hemisphere, and gave names to all the stars. 
He makes no mention of comets. From view- 
ing a tree on a plain from different situations, 
which changed its apparent position, he was led 
to the discovery of the parallax of the planets, 
or the distance between their real or apparent 
position, viewed from the centre, and from the 
surface of the earth. He determined longitude 
and latitude, and fixed the first degree of longi- 
tude at the Canaries. He likewise laid the first 
foundations of trigonometry, so essential to faci- 
litate astronomical studies. He was the first who, 
after Thales and Sulpicius Gallus, found out the 
exact time of eclipses, of which he made a cal- 
culation for 600 years. After a life of labour 
in the service of science and astronomy, and af- 
ter publishing several treatises, and valuable ob- 
servations on the appearance of the heavens, he 
died 125 years before the Christian era. Plin. 

2, c. 26, &c. An Athenian who conspired 

against Heraclides, who kept Athens for Deme- 
trius, &c Polycen. 5. 

Hipparinus, a son of Dionysius, who ejected 
Callipus from Syracuse, and seized the sover- 
eign power for twenty-seven years. Polycen. 5. 
The father of Dion. 

Hipparion, one of Dion's sons. 

HippAstrs, a son of Ceyx, who assisted Her- 
cules against Eurytus. Apollod. 2, c. 7. A 

pupil of Pythagoras, born at Metapontum. He 
supposed that every thing was produced from 
fire. Diog. — — A centaur, killed at the nuptials 
of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 352, An il- 
legitimate son of Priam. Hygin. fab 90. 

Hippeus, a son of Hercules by Procris, eld- 
est of the 50 daughters of Thestius. Apollod. 2, 
c- 7. 

Hippi, four small islands near Erythe. 

Hippia, a lascivious woman, &c. Juv. 6, v. 
82. A surname of Minerva, and also of Ju- 
no. Paus. 5, c. 15. 

Hippias, a philosopher of Elis, who main- 
tained that virtue consisted in not being in want 
of the assistance of men. At the Olympic games 
he boasted that he was master of all the liberal 
and mechanical arts; and he said that the ring 
upon his finger, the tunic, cloak, and shoes, which 
he then wore, were all the work of his own 
hands. Cic. de Orat. 3, c. 32. A son of Pi- 
sistratus, who became tyrant of Athens, after the 
death of his father, with bis brother Hipparchus. 
He was willing to revenge the death of his bro- 
ther, who had been assassinated, ani for this 
violent measure he was driven from his coun- 
try. He fled to king Darius in Persia, and was 
killed at the battle of Marathon, fighting against 
the Athenians, B C. 490. He had five child- 
ren by Myrrhine, the daughter of Callias. He~ 
rodot. 6. Thucyd. 7. 

Hippis, an historian and poet of Rhegium,in 
the reign of Xerxes. JEliun 8, H. Ann. c. 33. 

Hippius, a surname of Neptune, from his hav- 
ing raised a horse (tirTros) from the earth in his 
contest with Minerva concerning the giviDg a 
name to Athens. 



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Hippo, a daughter of Scedasus, who, upon 
being ravished by the ambassadors of Sparta, 
killed herself, cursing the city that gave birth 

to such men. Paus. 9, c. 13. A celebrated 

town of Africa, on the Mediterranean. Ital 3, 

v. 252. Strabo, 17, says, that there are two 

of the same name in Africa, one of which by 
way of distinction is called Regius. Plin. 5, c. 
3, 1. 9, c. 8.— Mela, 1, c l.—Llv. 29, c. 3 and 

32 Also a town of Spain. Liv. 39, c. 30. 

-of the Brutii. 

Hippobotes, a large meadow near the Cas- 
pian sea, where 50,000 horses could graze. 

HrppoBOTus, a Greek historian, who com- 
posed a treatise on philosophers. Diog. in Pyth. 

Hippocentatjri, a race of monsters who 
dwelt in Thessaly. Vid. Centaun. 

Hippocoon, a son of (Ebalus, brother to Tyn- 
darus. He was put to death by Hercules be- 
cause he had driven his brother from the king- 
dom of Lacedaemon He was at the chase of the 
Calydonian boar. Diod. 4. — Jlpollod. 2, c. &c. 
1. 3, c. 10. — Paus. Lacon. — Ovid. Met. 8, v. 

314. A friend of iEneas, son of Hyrtachus, 

who distinguished himself in the funeral games 
of Sicily. Virg. Mi. 3, v. 492, &c. 

Hjppocorystes, a son of Egyptus- of 

Hippocoon. Jipollod. 

Hippocrate, a daughter of Thespius. Jlpol- 
lod. 

Hippocrates, a celebrated physician, of Cos, 
one of the Cyclades. He studied physic, in 
which his grandfather Nebrus was so eminently 
distinguished; and he improved himself by read- 
ing the tablets in the temples of the gods, where 
each individual had written down the diseases 
under which he had laboured, and the means by 
which he had recovered. He delivered Athens 
from a dreadful pestilence in the beginning of 
the Peloponnesian war, and he was publicly re- 
warded with a golden crown, the privileges of a 
citizen of Athens, and the initiation at the grand 
festivals, Skilful and diligent in his profession, 
he openly declared the measures which he had 
taken to cure a disease, and candidly confesses, 
that of 42 patients which were intrusted to his 
care, only 17 bad recovered, and the rest had 
fallen a prey to the distemper in spite of his me- 
dical applications. He devoted all his time for 
the service of his country; and when Artaxerx- 
es invited him, even by force of arms, to come 
to his court, Hippocrates firmly and modestly 
answered, that he was born to serve his country- 
men, and not a foreigner. He enjoyed the re- 
wards which his well-directed labours claimed, 
and whilehe lived in the greatest popularity, he 
was carefully employed in observing the symp- 
toms and the growth of every disorder, and from 
his judicious remarks, succeeding physicians 
have received the most valuable advantages. 
The experiments which he had tried upon the 
human frame increased his knowledge, and from 
his consummate observations, he knew how to 
moderate his own life as well as to prescribe to 
others. He died in the 99th year of his age, B. 
C. 361, freefrom all disorders of the mind and 
body; and after death he received with the name 
of Great, the same honours which were paid to 
Hercules. His writings, few of which remain, 



have procured him the epithet of divine, and 
show that he was the Homer of his profession. 
According to Galen, his opinion is as respecta- 
ble as the voice of an oracle. He wrote in the 
Ionic dialect, at the advice of Democritus, though 
be was a Dorian. His memory is still venera- 
ted at Cos, and the present inhabitants of the 
island show a small house, which Hippocrates, 
as they mention, once inhabited. The best edi- 
tions of his works are that of Feesius, Genev. 
fol. 1657; of Linden, 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1665; 
and that of Mackius, 2 vols. fol. Vienna?, 1743. 
His treatises, especially the Aphorisms, have 
been published separately. Plin. 7, c. 37. — 

— Cic. de Oral. 3. An Athenian general in 

the Peloponnesian war. Plut. A mathema- 
tician. An officer of Chalcedon, killed by 

Alcibiades. Plut. in Mc. A Syracusan de- 
feated by Marcellus. -The father of Pisis- 

tratus. A tyrant of Gela. 

Hippocratia, a festival in honour of Nep- 
tune in Arcadia. 

Hippocrene, a fountain of Boeotia, near 
mount Helicon, sacred to the muses. It first 
rose from the ground, when struck by the feet 
of the horse Pegasus, whence the name mint 
ni>iiv», the horse's fountain. Ovid, 5, Met. v. 
256. 

Hippodamas, a son of the Achelous of 

Priam. Jlpollod. 

Hippodame and Hippodamia, a daughter of 
CEnomaus, king of Pisa, in Elis, who married 
Pelops son of Tantalus. Her father, who was 
either enamoured of her himself, or afraid lest 
he should perish by one of his daughter's chil- 
dren, according to an oracle, refused to marry 
her, except to him who could overcome him in 
a chariot race. As the beauty of Hippodamia 
was greatly celebrated, many courted her, and 
accepted her father's conditions, though death 
attended a defeat. Thirteen had already been 
conquered, and forfeited their lives, when Pe- 
lops came from Lydia and entered the lists. Pe- 
lops previously bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer 
of (Enomaus, and ensured himself the victory. 
In the race, CEnomaus, mounted on a broken 
chariot, which the corrupted Myrtilus had pur- 
posely provided for him, was easily overcome, 
and was killed in the course; and Pelops mar- 
ried Hippodamia, and avenged the death of 
CEnomaus, by throwing into the sea the perfidi- 
ous Myrtilus, who claimed for the reward of his 
treachery, the favour which Hippodamia could 
grant only to her husband. Hippodamia be- 
came mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and it is 
said that she died of grief for the death of her 
father, which her guilty correspondence with 
Pelops and Myrtilus had occasioned. Virg. G. 
3, v. 7, — Hygin. fab. 84 and 253. — Paus. 5, c. 
14, &c. — Diod. 4. — Ovid. Heroid. 8 and 17. 

-A daughter of Adrastus, king of Argos, who 

married Pirithous, king of the Lapithae. The 
festivity which prevailed on the day of her mar- 
riage was interrupted by the attempts of Eury- 
tus to offer her violence. (Vid. Pirithous.) She 
is called Ischomache by some, and Deidamia by 

others. Ovid r Met. 12. — Plut. in Thes. A 

daughter of Danaus. Jlpollod. A mistress 

of Achilles, daughter of Brises. A daughter 



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»f Anchises, who married Alcatbous. Homer. 
II. 13, v. 429. 

riippoDAMUs, a man of Miletus, who settled 
a republic without uuy previous knowledge of 
government. Bristol. 2. Polit. A Pythago- 
rean philosopher. An Athenian who gave 

bis house to his country when he knew such a 
concession would improve the poit of the Pirae- 
us An Athenian archou. A man famous 

for Iks voracious appetite. 

Hppoeice, one of the Danaides. Jipollod. 

Hippodromus, a son of Hercules. Id. A 

Thessaiian, who succeeded in a school at Athens, 

in the age of IVI. Antony. PhUosir. A place 

where horse races were exhibited. Martial. 12, 
ep. 50. 

HippSla, a town of Peloponnesus. Paws. 3, 
c. 25. 

Hippo lochus, a son of Bellerophon, father 
to Giaucus, who commanded the Lycians dur- 
ing the Trujau war. A son of Giaucus also 

bore the same uame. Homer. 11. 6, v. 119. 

A son of Antimachus, slain in the Trojan war. 
Id. 11, v. 122. 

Hippolyte, a queen of the Amazons, given 
in marriage to Theseus by Herwiles, who had 
conquered her, and taken away her girdle by 
order of Eurystheus. (Vid. Hercules.) She had 
a son by Theseus, called Hippolytus. Piut. in 

Thes. — Propert. 4, el. 3. The wife of Acas- 

tus, who fell in love with Peleus, who was in 
exile at her husband's court. She accused him 
of incontinence, and of attempts upon her vir- 
tue, before Acastus, only becaube he refused to 
gratify her desires. She. is also called Astyo- 

chia. [Vid. Acastus. J A daughter of Cre- 

theus. Jipollod. 

Hippolytus, a son of Theseus and Hippo- 
lyte, famous for his virtues and his misfortunes. 
His step-mother Phaedra fell in love with him, 
and when he refuseo to pollute his father's bed, 
she accused him of offering violence to her per- 
son before Theseus. Her accusation was rea- 
dily believed, and Theseus entreated Neptune 
severely to punish the incontinence of his son. 
Hippolytus fled from the resentment of his fa- 
ther, and, as he pursued his way along the sea 
shore, his horses were so frightened at the noise 
of sea-calves, which Neptune had purposely sent 
there, that they ran among the rocks till his 
chariot was broken and his body torn to pieces. 
Temples were raised to his memory, particular- 
ly at Trouzene, where he received divine hon- 
ours. According to some accounts, Diana restor- 
ed him to life. Odd. Fast. 3, v. 268. Met. lb, 

v. 469.— Virg. JEn- 7, v. 761, &c. A son 

of Ropalus, king of Sicyou, greatly beloved by 

Apollo. Plut- in Num. A giant, killed by 

Mercury. A son of iEgyptus. Jipollod. 1 and 

2. A Christian writer in the third century, 

whose works have been edited by Fabricius, 
Hamb. fol. 1716. 

Hippomachus, a musician, who severely re- 
buked one of his pupils because he was praised 
by the multitude, and observed that it was the 
greatest proof of his ignorance. JElian. 2, V. 
He. 6. 

Hippomedon, a son of Nisimachus and My- 
thidice, who was one gf the seven chiefs who 



went against Thebes. He was killed by Isma^ 
rus, so^ of Acastus. Jipollod. 3, c. 6. — Pans. 2, 
c. 36. 

Hippomedusa, a daughter of Danaus. Jlpol- 
lod 

Hippomenes, an Athenian archon', who ex- 
posed his daughter Limone to be devoured by 
horses, because guilty of adultery. Ovid, in lb. 

459. A son of Macareus and Merope who 

married Atalanta [Vid. Atalanta,] with the as- 
sistance of Venus. These two fond lovers were 
changed into lions by Cybeie, whose temple 
they had profaned in their impatience to con- 
summate their nuptials. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 585, 
&c — : — The father of Megareus. 

Hippomolgi, a people of Scytnia, who, as the 
name implies, lived upon the milk of horses. 
Hippocrates has given an account of their man- 
ner of living. De aqua $* aer. 44. — Dionys. P&- 
rieg. 

Hippon and Hippo, a town of Africa. 

Hipposta, a goddess who presided over horses. 
Her statues were placed in horses 1 stables. Jitv. 
S, v. 157. 

Hipp onax, a Greek poet, born at Ephesus, 
540 years before the Christian era. He cultiva 
ted the same satirical poetry as Archilochus, and 
was hot inferior to him in the beauty or vigour 
of his lines. His satirical raillery obliged him 
to fly from Ephesus. As he was naturally de- 
formed, two brothers, Buphalus and Anthermus, 
made a statue of him, which, by the deformity 
of its features, exposed the poet to universal ri- 
dicule. Hipponax resolved to avenge the injury, 
and he wrote such bitter invectives and satiri- 
cal lampoons against them, that they hanged 
themselves in despair. Cic. adfamil. 7, ep. 24. 

Hipponiates, a bay in the country of the 
Brutii. 

H ipponium, a city in the country of the Bru- 
tii, where Agathocles built a dock. Strab. 

Hipponous, the father of Peribcea and Ca- 
paneus. He was killed by the thunderbolts of 
Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. Jipollod. l t 
c. 8, 1. 3, c 1. The first name of Bellero- 
phon.— — A son of Priam. 

Hippopodes, a people of Scythia, who have 
horses'' feet. Dionys. Perieg. 

Hippostratus, a favourite of Lais. 

HippoTADEs,thepatronyuiicofiEolus, grand- 
son of Hippotas, by Segesta, as also of Amas- 
trus, his son, who was killed in the Rutulian 
war. Virg, Mn. 11, v. 674.— Ovid. Met. 11, 
v. 431. 

Hippotas or Hippotes, a Trojan prince 

changed into a river. (Vid. Crinisus.) The 

father of JEolus, who from thence is called Hip ' 
potades. Horn. Od. 10, v. 2.— Ovid. Her. 18, 
v. 46. Met. 14, v. 224. 

Hippothoe, a daughter of Mestor and Lysi- 
dice, carried away to the islands called Echin- 
ades, by Neptune, by whom she had a son nam- 
ed Taphius. jipollod. 2, c. 4. One of the 

Nereides. Id. 1, c. 2 A daughter of Pe- 

lias. Id- 

Hippothook, a son of Neptune and Alope, 

daughter of Cercyon, exposed in the woods by 

his mother, that her amours with the god might 

be concealed from her father. Her shame was 

x x 



HI 



HO 



discovered, and her father ordered her to be put 
to death- Neptune changed her into a fountain, 
and the child was preserved by mares, whence 
his name, and when grown up, placed on his 
grandfather's throne by the friendship of The- 
seus. Hygin. fab. 187. — Pans. 1, c, 38. 

Hippothoontis, one of the 12 Athenian 
tribes, which received its name from Hippothoon. 

Hippothous, a son of Lethus, killed by Ajax 

in the Trojan war- Homer. II- 2 and 17. 

A son of Priam. Jlpollod. 3, c. 12. A son 

of JEgyptus. Id. One of the hunters of the 

Caiydonian boar. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 307. 

HifpStiont, a prince who assisted the Tro- 
jans, and was killed by Merion. Homer, II. 13 
and 14. 

Hippuris, one of the Cyclades. Mela, 2, c. 7. 

Hippus, a river falling into the Phasis. 

Hipsides, a Macedonian, &c. Curt. 7, c. 7. 

Hira, a maratime town of Peloponnesus. Ho- 
mer. II 12. 

Hirpini, a people of the Samnites. Sil. 8, 
v. 560. 

Q. Hirpinus, a Roman, to whom Horace de- 
dicated his 2 od. 11, and also 1, ep. 16. 

Hirtus, a debauched fellow, &c Juv. 10, 
v. 222. 

Hirtia lex de magistratibus, by A. Hirtius. 
It required that none of Pompey's adherents 
should be raised to any office or dignity in the 
state. 

Hirtius, Aulus, a consul with Pansa, who 
assisted Brutus when besieged at Mutina by An- 
tony. They defeated Antony, but were both 
killed in battle, B. G. 43. Suet- in Aug. 10. 
An historian, to whom the 8th book of Cae- 
sar's history of the Gallic ware, as also that of 
the Alexandrian and Spanish wars, is attribut- 
ed. The style is inferior to that of Caesar's 
Commentaries. The author, who was Caesar's 
friend, and Cicero's pupil, is supposed to be no 
other than the consul of that name. 

Hisbon, a Rutulian, killed by Pallas. V'vcg 
JEn. 10, v 384. 

Hispalis, an ancient town of Spain, now cal- 
led Seville. Plin. 3,c 3.— &es. Fain. 10, ep. 32. 

Hispania or Hispanic, called by the poets 
Iberia, Hesperia, and Hesperia Ultima, a large 
country of Europe, separated from Gaul by the 
Pyrenean mountains, and bounded on every 
other side by the sea. Spain was first known 
to the merchants of Phoenicia, and from them 
passed to the Carthaginians, to whose power it 
long continued in subjection. The Romans be- 
came sole masters of it at the end of the second 
Punic war, and divided it at first into citerior 
and ulterior, which last was afterwards separat- 
ed into Bcetica and Lusitania by Augustus. The 
Hispania citerior was also called Tarraconensis. 
The inhabitants were naturally warlike, and 
they often destroyed a life which was become 
useless, and even burdensome, by itsjnfirmities, 
Spain was famous for its rich mines of silver, 
which employed 40,000 workmen, and daily 
yielded to the Romans no less than 20,000 
drachms. These have long since failed, though 
in the flourishing times of Rome, Spain was said 
lo contain more gold, silver, brass, and iron, 
ifran the rest of the world. It gave birth to Quin- 



tilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca- 
&c. Justin. 44.— Strab. 3. — Mela, 2, c. 6. — 
Plin. 3, c. i and 20. 

Hispanus, a native of Spain; the word His- 
paniensis who also used, but generally applied 
to a person living in Spain and not born there. 
Martial. 12, prcef. 

Hispellum, a town of Umbria. 

Hispo, a noted debauchee, &c. Juv. 2, v. 50< 

Hispulla, a lascivious woman. Juv. 6, v. 74. 

Histaspes, a relation of Darius III. killed in 
a battle, &c. Curt. 4, c. 4. 

Hister, a river. Vid, Ister. 

Hister Pacuvius, a man distinguished as 
much by his vices as his immense riches. Juv~ 
2, v. 58. 

Histijea a city of Eubcea, anciently called 
Talantia. It was near the promontory called 
Ceneum. Homer. II. 2. 

Histijeotis, a country of Thessaly, situate 
below mount Olj'mpus and mount Ossa, ancient- 
ly called Doris, from Dorus the son of Deuca- 
lion, and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The Palas- 
gi were driven from the country by the Cad- 
means, and these last were also dispossessed by 
the Perrhsebeans, who gave to their newly-ac- 
quired possessions the name of Histiaeotis, or 
Estiaeotis, from Estiaea, or Histiaea, a town of 
Euboea, which they had then lately destroyed, 
and whose inhabitants they had carried to Thes- 
saly with them. Strab. — Herodot. 4. A 

small country of Euboea, of which Histiaea, or 
Estiaea, was the capital. 

Histleus, a tyrant of Miletus, who excited 
the Greeks to take up arms against Persia. He- 
rodot. 5, &c An historian of Miletus. 

Histria. Vid. Istria. 

Hodius, a herald in the Trojan war. 

Holocron, a mountain of Macedon. 

Homeromastix, a surname given to Zoilus 
the critic. 

Homerus, a celebrated Greek poet, the mo9t 
ancient of all the profane writers. The age in 
which he lived is not known, though some sup- 
pose it to be about 168 years after the Trojan 
war, or, according to others, 160 years before 
the foundation of Rome. According to Pater- 
culus, he flourished 968 years before the Chris- 
tian era, or 8S4. according to Herodotus, who 
supposed him to be contemporary with Hesiod. 
The Arundelian Marbles fix his era 907 years 
before Christ, and made him also contempora- 
ry with Hesiod. This diversity of opinions proves 
the antiquity of Homer; and the uncertainty 
prevails also concerning the place of his nativi- 
ty. No less than seven illustrious cities disputed 
the right of having given birth to the greatest of 
poets, as it is well expressed in these lines: 
Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Ar- 
' gos, Mhence, 

Orbis de patrid certat, Homere tud. 

He was called Melesigenes, because supposed 
to be born on the borders of the river Meles. 
There prevailed a report that he had established 
a school at Chios in the latter part of his life, 
and, indeed, this opinion is favoured by the pre- 
sent inhabitants of the island, who still glory in 
showing to travellers the seats where the vene- 
rable master and his pupils sat in the hollow ©f 



HO 



HO 



a rock, at the distance of about four miles from 
the modern capital of the island. These diffi- 
culties and doubts have not been removed, 
though Aristotle, Herodotus, Plutarch, and 
others, have employed their pen in writing his 
life. Iu his two celebrated poems, called the 
Iliad and Odyssey, Homer has displayed the 
most consummate knowledge of human nature, 
and rendered himself immortal by the sublimi- 
ty, the fire, sweetness and elegance of his poe> 
try. He deserves a greater share of admiration 
when we consider that he wrote without a mo- 
del, and that none of his poetical imitators have 
been able to surpass, or, perhaps, to equal their 
great master. If there are any faults found in 
his poetry, they are to be attributed to the age 
in which he lived, and not to him; and we must 
observe, that the world is indebted to Homer 
for his happy successor Virgil. In his Iliad, Ho- 
mer has described the resentment of Achilles, 
and its fatal consequences in the Grecian army 
before the walls of Troy. In the Odyssey, the 
poet has for his subject the return of Ulysses in- 
to his country, with the many misfortunes which 
attended his voyage after the fall of Troy. These 
two poems are each divided into 24 books, the 
same number as the letters of the Greek alpha- 
bet, and though the Iliad claims an uncontested 
superiority over the Od)ssey, yet the same force, 
the same sublimity and elegance, prevail, though 
divested of its more powerful fire; and Longi- 
nus, the most refined of critics, beautifully com- 
pares the Iliad to the mid-day, and the Odyssey 
to the setting sun, and observes, that the latter 
still preserves its original splendour and majes- 
ty, though deprived of its meridian heat. The 
poetry of Homer was so universally admired, 
that, in ancient times, every man of learning 
could repeat with facility any passage in the Il- 
iad or Odyssey; and, indeed, it was a sufficient 
authority to settle disputed boundaries, or to 
support any argument. The poems of Homer 
are the compositions of a man who travelled and 
examined with the most critical accuracy what- 
ever deserved notice and claimed attention. 
Modern travellers are astonished to see the dif- 
ferent scenes which the pen of Homer described 
about 3000 years ago, still existing in the same 
unvaried form, and the sailor, who steers his 
course along the iEgean, sees all the promonto- 
ries and rocks which appeared to Nestor and 
Menelaus, when they returned victorious from 
the Trojan war. The ancients had such vene- 
ration for Homer, that they not only raised tem- 
ples and altars to him, but offered sacrifices, and 
worshipped him as a god. The inhabitants of 
Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in his 
honour, and medals were struck, which repre- 
sented him sitting on a throne, holding his Iliad 
and Odyssey. In Egypt his memory was conse- 
crated by Ptolemy Philopator, who erected a 
magnificent temple, within which was placed a 
statue of the poet beautifully surrounded with a 
representation of the seven cities which contend- 
ed for the honour of his birth. The inhabitants 
of Cos, one of the Sporade3, boasted that Ho- 
mer was buried in their island; and the Cypri- 
ans claimed the same honour, and said that he 
was born of Themisto, a female native of Cy- 



prus. Alexander was so fond of Homer, that 
he generally placed his compositions under his 
pillow, with his sword; and he carefully depo- 
sited the Iliad in one of the richest and most 
valuable caskets of Darius, observing, that the 
most perfect work of human genius oHght to be 
preserved in a box the most valuable and pre- 
cious in the world. It is said, that Pisistratus, 
tyrant of Athens, was the first who collected 
and arranged the Iliad and Odyssey in the man- 
ner in which they now appear to us; and that it 
is to the well-directed pursuits of Lycurgus that 
we are indebted for their preservation. Many 
of the ancients have written the life of Homer, 
yet their inquiries and labours have not much 
contributed to prove the native place, the pa- 
rentage, and connexions, of a man whom some 
have represented as deprived of sight. Be- 
sides the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer wrote, ac- 
cording to the opinion, of some authors, a po- 
em upon Amphiai'aus's expedition against 
Thebes, besides the Phoceis, the Cercopes, the 
small Iliad, the Epicichlides, and the Batracho- 
myomachia, and many hymns to some of the 
gods. The merit of originality is taken very 
improperly, perhaps, from Homer, by those who 
suppose, with Clemens Alex. 6 Strom, that he 
borrowed from Orpheus, or that, according to 
Suidas, (voce Corinnvs) he took his plan of 
the Iliad from Corinnus, an epic poet, who 
wrote on the Trojan war, at the very time the 
Greeks besieged that famed city. Agathon, an 
ancient painter, according to iElian, represent- 
ed the merit of the poet in a manner as bold as 
it is indelicate. Nomer was represented as vo- 
miting, and all other poets as swallowing what 
he ejected. Of the numerous commentaries 
published on Homer, that of Eustathius, bishop 
of Thessalonica, is by far the most extensive 
and erudite. The best editions of Homer's Ili- 
ad ana Odyssey may, perhaps, be found to be 
Barnes, 2 vols, 4to. Cantab. 1711; that of Glas- 
gow, 2 vols. fol. 1758; that of Berglerus, 2 vols. 
12mo. Amst. 1707; that of Dr. Clarke, of the 
Iliad, 2 vols. 4to. 1729, and of the Odyssey, 1740; 
and that of Oxford, 5 vols. Svo. 1780, contain- 
ing the scholia, hymns, and an index. Herodot. 
2, c. b3,—Theocrit. lQ.—AHstot. Poet.—Sirab. 
—Dio. Chrys. 33. Orat.—Paus. 2, 9, 10.— 
Heliodor. S.—^lian. V. H. W—FuL Max. 
8, c. 8.— Quintil. 1, 8, 10, 12.— Pulerc, 1, c. 

5. — Dinnys. Hal. — Plut. in Alex. &c. One 

of the Greek poets called Pleiades, born at Hi- 
erapolis, B- C. 263. He wrote 45 tragedies, 
all lost. There were seven other poets, of in- 
ferior note, who bore the name of Homer. 

Homole, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once 
the residence of the Centaurs. Virg. JEn. 7$ 
v. 675. 

Homolea, a mountain of Magnesia. 
NoMOLtppus. a son of Hercules and Zan- 
this. Apollod. 

Homoloides, one of the seven gates of 
Thebes. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 252. 

Homonadenses, a people of Cilicia. 
Honor, a virtue worshipped at Rome. Her 
first temple was erected by Scipio African fs^ 
and another was afterwards built by Clau& 
Marcellus. Cic. de M. D. 2. c. 2S. 



HO 



HO 



Honorius, an emperor of the western env 
pire of Rome, who succeeded his father Theo- 
dosius the Great, with his brother Arcadius. He 
was neither bold nor vicious, but he was of a 
modest and timid disposition, unfit for enterprise, 
and fearful of danger. He conquered his ene- 
mies hy means of his generals, and suffered 
himself and his people to be governed by minis- 
ters, who took advantage of their imperial mas- 
ter's indolence and inactivity. He died of a 
dropsy in the 39th year of his age, 15th of Au- 
gust, A D. 423. He left no issue, though he 
married two wives. Under him and his brother 
the Roman power was divided into two different 
empires. The successors of Honorius, who fixed 
their residence at Rome, were called the empe- 
rors of the west, and the successors of Arcadius, 
who sat on the throne of Constantinople, were 
distinguished by the name of emperors of the 
eastern Roman empire. This division of power 
proved fatal to both empires, and they soon look- 
ed upon one another with indifference, contempt, 
and jealousy. 

Hora, a goddess at Rome, supposed -to be 
Hersilia, who married Romulus. She was said 
to preside over beauty Ovid, Met. 14, v. 851 

Horacit.<e, a people near Illyricum. 

Horapollo, a Greek writer, whose age is 
unknown. His Hieroglyphica, a curious and en- 
tertaining book, has been edited by Corn, de 
Pauw, 4to. Ultraj. 1727. 

HoRiE, three sisters, daughters of Jupiter and 
Themis, according to Hesiod, called Eunomia, 
Dice, and Irene. They were the same as the 
seasons who presided over the spring, summer, 
and winter, and were represented by the poets 
as opening the gates of heaven and of Olympus 
Homer. II 5, v. 749 — Paus. 5,c. 11. — Htsiod. 
Theog. v. 902. 

Horatia, the sister of the Horatii, killed by 
aer brother for mourning the death of the Cu- 
riatii. Cic de Inv. 2, c. 20. 

Horatius Cocles. Vid Cocles Q. 

Flaccus, a celebrated poet, born at Venusia. 
His father was a freedman, and, though poor 
in his circumstances, he liberally educated his 
son, and sent him to learn philosophy at Athens, 
after he had received >ke lessons of the best 
masters at Rome. Horace followed Brutus from 
Athens, and the timidity which he betrayed at 
the battle of Philippi so effectually discouraged 
him, that he for ever abandoned the profession 
of arms, and, at his return to Rome, he applied 
himself to cultivate poetry. His rising talents 
claimed the attention of Virgil and Varius, who 
recommended him to the care of Mecaenas and 
Augustus, the most celebrated patrons of litera- 
ture. Under the fostering patronage of the 
emperor and of his minister, Horace gave him- 
self up to indolence and refined pleasure. He 
was a follower of E;ticurus, and while he libe- 
rally indulged his appetites, he neglected the 
calls of ambition, and never suffered himself to 
be carried away by the tide of popularity or 
public employments. He even refused to be- 
come the secretary of Augustus, and the em- 
peror was not offended at his refusal. He lived 
at the table of his illustrious patrons as if he 
were io his own houst; and Augustus, while sit- 



ting at bis meals with Virgil at his right hand 
and Horace at his left, often ridiculed the short 
breath of the former, and the watery eyes of 
the latter, by observing that he sat between 
tears and sighs, Ego sum inter swpiria 8f lacry~ 
mas. Horace was warm in his friendship, and, 
if ever any ill-judged reflection had caused of- 
fence, the poet immediately made every conces- 
sion which could effect a reconciliation, and not 
destroy the good purposes of friendly society. 
Horace died in the 57th year of his age, B C. 
8. His gaiety wa3 suitable to 'he liveliness and 
dissipation of a court; and hisfamiliar intimacy 
with Mecaenas has induced some to believe that 
the death of Horace was violent, and that he 
hastened himself out of the world to accompany 
his friend. The 17th ode of his second book, 
which was written during the last illness of 
Mecaenas, is too serious to be considered as a 
poetical rhapsody, or upmeaning effusion, and, 
indeed, the poet survived the patron only three 
weeks, and ordered his bones to be buried near 
those of his friend. He left all his possessions 
to Augustus. The poetry, of Horace, so much 
commended for its elegance and sweetness, is 
deservedly censured for the licentious expres- 
sions and indelicate thoughts which he too fre- 
quently introduces. In his odes he has imitated 
Pindar and Anacreon; and if he has confessed 
himself to be inferior to the former, he has 
shown that he bears the palm over the latter by 
his more ingenious and refined sentiments, by 
the ease and melody of his expressions, and by 
the pleasing variety of his numbers. In his 
satires and epistles, Horace displays much wit, 
and much satirical humour, without much poet- 
ry, and his style, simple and unadorned, differs 
little from prosaical composition. In his art of 
poetry he has shown much taste and judgment, 
and has rendered in Latin hexameters, what 
Aristotle had, some ages before, delivered to his 
pupils in Greek prose; the poet gives judicious 
rules and useful precepts to the most powerful 
and opulent citizens of Rome, who, in the midst 
of peace and enjoyment, wished to cultivate 
poetry and court the muses. The best editions 
of Horace will be found to be that of Basil, fol. 
1580, illustrated by eighty commentators; that 
of Baxter's, edited by Gesner, 8vo. Lips. 1752; 
and that of Glasgow, 12mo. 1744. Suet, in 

dug.— Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 10, v. 49. Three 

brave Romans, born at the same birth, who 
fought against the three Curiatii, about 667 
years before Christ. This celebrated fight was 
fought between the hostile camps of the people 
of Alba and Rome, and on their success depend- 
ed the victory. In the first attack two of the 
Horatii were killed, and the only surviving bro- 
ther, by joining artifice to valour, obtained an 
honourable trophy, by pretending to fly from the 
field of battle, he eas-ly separated his antago- 
nists, and, in attacking them one. by one, he was 
enabled to conquer them all. As he returned 
victorious to Rome, his sister reproached him 
with the murder of one of the Curiatii, to whom 
she was promised in marriage. He was in- 
censed at the rebuke, and killed his sister. This 
violence raised the indignation of the people; 
he was tried and capitally condemned. His 



HO 



HY 



eminent services, however, pleaded in his fa- 
vour; the sentence of death was exchanged for 
ft more moderate but more ignominious punish- 
ment, and he was only compelled to pass under 
the yoke. A trophy was raised in the Roman 
forum, on which he suspended the spoils of the 
conquered Curiatii. Cic. de Invent. 2, c. 26. — 

Liv 1, c. 24, &c.— Dionys. Hal. 3. c. 3 A 

Roman consul, who defeated the Sabires.- 



A consul, who dedicated the temple of Jupiter 
Capitolinus. During the ceremony he was in- 
formed of the death of bis son, but he did not 
forget the sacred character he then bore for the 
feelings of a parent, and continued the dedi- 
cation after ordering the body to be buried. 
Liv. 2. 

Horcias, the general of 3000 Macedonians, 
who revolted from Antigonus in Cappadocia. 
Poly am. 4. 

Hormisdas, a name which some of the Per- 
sian kings bore in the reign- of the Roman em- 
perors. 

Horesti, a people of Britain, supposed to be 
the inhabitants of Eskdale now in Scotland. 
Tacit Ag. 38. 

Horratus, a Macedonian soldier, who fought 
with another private soldier in sight of the whole 
army of Alexander. Curt. 9, c. 7. 

Hortensia, a celebrated Roman lady, daugh- 
ter of the orator Hortensius, whose eloquence 
she had inherited in the most eminent degree. 
When the triumvirs had obliged 14,000 women 
to give upon oath an account of their posses- 
sions, to defray the expenses of the state, Hor- 
tensia undertook to plead their cause, and was 
so successful in her attempt, that 1000 of her 
female fellow-sufferers escaped from the avarice 
of the triumvirate. Val. Max. 8, c. 3 

Hortensia lf.x, by Q Hortensius, the dic- 
tator, A. U. C. 867. It ordered the whole body 
of the Roman people to pay implicit obedience 
to whatever was enacted by the commons. The 
nobility, before this law was enacted, had claim- 
ed an absolute exemption. 

Horta, a divinity among the Romans, who 
presided over youth, and patronized all exhorta- 
tions to virtue and honourable deeds. She is 
the same as Hersilia. 

Horta or Hortincm, a town of the Sabines, 
on the confluence of the Nar and the Tiber. 
Virg JEn. 7, t. 716. 

Q. Hortensius, a celebrated orator, who 
began to distinguish himself by his eloquence, 
in the Roman forum, at the age of nineteen. 
His friend and successor Cicero speaks with 
great eulogium of his oratorical powers, and 
mentions the uncommon extent of his memory. 
The affected actions of Hortensius at the bar, 
procured him the ridiculous surname of Diony- 
sia, a celebrated stage-dancer at that time. He 
was praetor and consul, and died 50 years before 
Christ, in his 63d year. His orations are not 
extant. Quintilian mentions them as undeserv- 
ing the great commendations which Cicero had 
so liberally bestowed upon them. Hortensius 
was very rich, and not less than 10,000 casks 
of Arvisian wine were found in his cellar after 
his death. He bad written pieces of amorous 
poetry, and annals, all lost. Cic. in Brut, ad 



Attic, de Orat. bc.—Varro. de R. R. S, c. 5, 

Corbio, a grandson of the orator of the 

same name, famous for his lasciviousness. 

A rich Roman, who asked the elder Cato for/ 
his wife, to procreate children. Cato gave his 
wife to his friend, and took her again after bis 
death. This behaviour of Cato was highly cen- 
sured at Rome, and it was observed, that Cato's 
wife had entered the house of Hortensius very 
poor, but that she returned to the bed of Cato 

in the greatest opulence. Pint, in Cat. A 

Roman, slain by Antony on his brother's tomb. 

Id A praetor who gave up Macedonia to 

Brutus. Id. One of Sylla's lieutenants. Id. 

A Roman, the first who introduced the eat- 
ing of peacocks at Rome. This was at the feast 
he gave when he was created augur. 

Hortona, a town of Italy, on the confines of 
the .Equi. Liv. 3, c 30. 

Horus, a son of Isis, one of the deities of the 
Egyptians. A king of Assyria. 

Hospitalis, a surname of Jupiter among the 
Romans, as the god of hospitality. 

Hostilia lex was enacted A. U. C. 58S. 
By it such as were among the enemies of the 
republic, or absent when the state required their 
assistance were guilty of rapine. 

Hostiua, a lara;e town on the Po. Tacit. 
Ann- 2, c. 40— Plin. 21, c. 12. 

Hostius Hostilius, a warlike Roman, pre- 
sented with a crown of boughs by Romulus, for 
his intrepid behaviour in a battle. Dionys- 

Hal A consul. A Latin poet, in the age 

of J. Caesar, who composed a poem on the wars 
of Istria. Mac^ob Sat 6, c. 3 and 5. 

Hunni, a people of Sarmatia, who invaded 
the empire of Rome in the fifth century, and 
settled in Pannonia, to which they gave the name 
of Hungary. 

Hyacinthia, an annual solemnity at Amyclae, 
in Laconia, in honour of Hyacinthus and Apollo. 
It continued for three days, during which time 
the grief of the people was so great for the death 
of Hyacinthus, that they did not adorn their hair 
with garlands during their festivals, nor eat 
bread, but fed only upon sweatments. They did 
not even sing paeans in honour of Apollo, or ob- 
serve any of the solemnities which were usual 
at other sacrifices. On the second day of the 
festival there were a number of different exhi- 
bitions. Youths, with their garments girt about 
them, entertained the spectators, by playing 
sometimes upon the flute, or upon the harp, and 
by singing anapestic songs, in loud echoing 
voices, in honour of Apollo. Others passed 
across the theatre mounted upon horses richly 
adorned, and at the same time, choirs of young 
men came upon the stage singing their uncouth 
rustic songs, and accompanied by persons who 
danced at the sound of vocal and instrumental 
music, according to the ancient custom Some 
virgins were also introduced in chariots of wood, 
covered at the top, and magnificently adorned. 
Others appeared in race chariots. The city be- 
gan then to be filled with joy, and immense 
numbers of victims were offered on the altars of 
Apollo, and the votaries liberally entertained 
their friends and slaves. During this latter part 
of the festivity, all were eager to be present at 



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the games, and the city was almost desolate, 
and without inhabitants. Athen. 4. — Ovid. Met. 
10, v. 219.— Pans. 3, c. 1 and 19. 

Hyacinthus, a son of Amyclas and Dio- 
mede, greatly beloved by Apollo and Zephyrus. 
He returned the former's iove, and Zephyrus, 
incensed at his coldness and indifference, resolv- 
ed to punish his rival. As Apollo, who was in- 
trusted with the education of Hyacinthus, once 
played at quoit with his pupil, Zephyrus blew 
the quoit, as soon as it was thrown by Apollo, 
upon the head of Hyacinthus, and he was killed 
by the blow. Apollo was so disconsolate at the 
death of Hyacinthus, that he changed his blood 
into a flower, which bore his name, and placed 
his body among the constellations. The Spar- 
tans also established yearly festivals in honour 
of the nephew of their king. [Vid Hyacinthia.] 
Pans. 3, c. 19.— Ovid. Met. 10, v. 185, &c— 
tBpoliod. 3, &c. 

Hyades, five daughters of Atlas king of Mau- 
ritania, who were so disconsolate at the death of 
their brother Hyas, who had been killed by a 
wild boar, that they pined away and died. They 
became stars after death, and were placed near 
Taurus, one of the 12 signs of the Zodiac. They 
received the name of Hyades from their brother 
Hyas. Their names are Phaola, Ambrosia, Eu- 
dora, Coronis, and Polyxo. To these some have 
added Thione and Prodice, ?nd they maintain- 
ed, that they were daughters of Hyas andiEtbra, 
one of the Oceanides. Euripides calls them 
daughters of Erechtheus. The ancients suppos- 
ed that the rising and setting of the Hyades was 
always attended with much r&in, whence the 
name (u&> pluo.) Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 165. — Hy- 
gin. fab 182. — Eurip. in Ion. 

Hyagnis, a Phrygian, father of Marsyas. He 
invented the flute Plut. dc Music. 

Hyala, a city at the mouth of the Indus, 
where the government is the same as at Spar- 
ta, One of Diana's attendant nymphs. 

Ovid 

Hyampolis, a city of Phocis, on the Cephi- 
sus, founded by the Hyanthes. Herodot. 8. 

Hyanthes, the ancient name of the inhabi- 
tants of Bceotia, from king Hyas Cadmus is 
sometimes called Hyantkius, because he is king 
of Boeotia. Ovid Met. 3, v. 147. 

Hyantis, an ancient name of Bceotia. 

Hyarbita, a man who endeavoured to imi- 
tate Tiniogenes, &c Horat. 1, ep. 19, v. 15. 

Hyas, a son of Atlas, of Mauritania, by 
JEthra. His extreme fondness for shooting prov- 
ed fatal to him, and, in his attempts to rob a lio- 
ness of her whelps, he was killed by the enrag- 
ed animal. Some say that he died by the bite of 
a serpent, and others that he was killed by a 
wild boar. His sisters mourned his death with 
such constant lamentations, that Jupiter, in com- 
passion to their sorrow, changed them into stars. 
[Vid. Hvades.] Hygin fab. 192. — Ovid. Fust. 

5, v. no. 

Hybla, a mountain in Sicily, called after- 
wards Megara, where thyme and odoriferous 
flowers of all sorts grew in abundance. It is fa- 
mous for its honey. There is, at the foot of the 
mountain, a town of the same name. There is 
also another near mount iEtna, close to Catana. 



Paws. 4, c. 23 — Strab. G.—Mela, 2, c. 7,— « 
Cic. Verr. 3, c. 43, 1. 5,c. 25.—SU. 14, v. 26. 

— Stat, 14, v. 201. A city of Attica bears 

also the name of Hybla. 

Hybreas, an orator of Caria, &c. Strab. 13, 
Hybrianes, a people near Thrace. 
Hyccaron, (plur. a,) a town of Sicily, the 
native place of Lais. 

Hyda and Hyde, a town of Lydia, under 

mount Tmolus, which some suppose to be the 

same as Sardes. 

. Hydara, a town of Armenia. Strab. 12. 

Hydarnes, one of the seven noble Persians 

who conspired to destroy the usurper Smerdis, 

&c. Herodot. 3 and 6. Strab. 11. 

Hydaspes, a river of Asia, flowing by Susa. 

— Virg. G. 4, v. 211. Another in India, now 

Behut or Chelum, the boundaries of Alexander's 
conquests in the east. It falls into the Indus. 
Curt. 5, c. 2. — Lucan. 8, v. 227. — Horat. 1, 

od, 22, v. 7. — Strab. 15. A friend of iEneas, 

killed in the ltutulian war. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 
747 

Hydra, a celebrated monster, which infest- 
ed the neighbourhood of the lake Lerna in Pe- 
loponnesus. It was the fruit of Echidna's union 
with Typhon. It had an hundred heads accord- 
ing to Diodorus; fifty, according to Simonides; 
and nine, according to the more received opi- 
nion of Apollodorus, Hyginus, &c. As soon as 
one of these heads was cut off, two immediate- 
ly grew up, if the wound was not stopped by fire. 
It was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy 
this dreadful monster, and this he easily effected 
with the assistance of Iolaus, who applied a 
burning iron to the wounds as soon as one head 
was cut off. "While Hercules was destroying the 
hydra, Juno, jealous of his glory, sent a sea crab 
to bite his foot. This new enemy was. soon dis- 
patched; and Juno, unable to succeed in her at- 
tempts to lessen the fame of Hercules, placed 
the trab among the constellations, where it i3 
now called the Cancer. The conqueror dipped 
his arrows in the gall of the hydra, and, from 
that circumstance, all the wounds which he gave 
proved incurable and mortal. Hesiod. Theog — 
Jpollod. 2, c. 5. — Paus. 5, c. 17. — Ovid. Met. 
9, v. 69. — Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 61. — Virg. JEn. 
6, v. 276, 1. 7, v. 658. 

Hydraotes, a river of India, crossed by 
Alexander. 

Hydrophoria, a festival observed at Athens, 
called a.7ro too <j>og«v vSm^from carrying wa- 
ter. It was celebrated in commemoration of 
those who perished in the deluge of Deucalion 
and Ogyges. 

Hydruntum and Hydrus, a city of Cala- 
bria, 50 miles south of Brundusium- As the dis- 
tance from thence to Greece was only 60 miles, 
Pyrrhus, and afterwards Varro, Pompey's lieu- 
tenant meditated the building here a bridge 
across the Adriatic Though so favourably situ- 
ated, Hydrus, now called Otranto, is but an in- 
significant town, scarce containing 3000 inhabi- 
tants. Plin. 3, c. 11.— Cic. 15, Att. 21, 1. 16, 
ep. 5. — Lucan. 5, v. 375. 

Hydrusa, a town of Attica. Strab. 9. 
Hyela, a town of Lucania. Strab. 6. 
Hyempsal, a son of Micipsa, brother to Ad- 



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herbal, murdered by Jugurtha, after the death 
of his father Sallust de Jug. Bell. 

Hyettus, a towD of Bceotia. Pans- 9, c, 24. 

Hygeia or Hygiea, the goddess of health, 
daughter of £2scuiapius, held in great venera- 
tion among the ancients. Her statues repre- 
sented her with a veil, and the matrons usually 
consecrated their locks to her. She was also 
represented on monuments as a young woman 
holding a serpent in one hand, and in the other 
a cup, out of which the serpent sometimes 
drank. According to some authors, Kygeia is 
the same as Minerva, who received that name 
from Pericles, who erected her a statue, be- 
cause in a dream she had told him the means 
of curing an architect, whose assistance he want- 
ed to build a temple. Plut. in Pericl. — Paus. 
1, c. 23. 

Hygiana, a town of Peloponnesus. 

C. Jul. Hyginus, a grammarian, one of the 
freedmen of Augustus. He was a native of 
Alexandria, or, according to some, he was a 
Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. He was ap- 
pointed librarian to the library of mount Pala- 
tine, and he was able to maintain himself by the 
liberality of C. Licinius He wrote a mytho- 
logical history, which he called fables, and Poe- 
ticon Jlstronomicon, besides treatises on the ci- 
ties of Italy, on such Roman families as were 
descended from the Trojans, a book on agricul- 
ture, commentaries on Virgil, the lives of great 
men, &c. now lost. The best edition of Hygi- 
nus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols. Svo. Amst. 
1681. These compositions have been greatly 
mutilated, and their incorrectness and their bad 
Latinity, have induced some to suppose that they 
are spurious. Sutton de Gram. 

Hyla and Hylas, a river of Mysia, where 
Hylas was drowned. Virg. G. 3, v. 6. A co- 
lony of Phocis. 

Hylactor, one of Actaeon's dogs, from his 
barking, {vxukrco latro.) Ovid. Met. 3. 

Hylje, a small town of Bceotia. Plin. 4, c. 7. 

Hyl.eus, a name given to some centaurs, 
one of whom was killed by Hercules on mount 

Pholoe. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 294. Another by 

' Theseus^ at the nuptials of Pirithous. Stat. Th. 
7, v. 267.— Ovid. Met. 12, v. 378. Ano- 
ther killed by Bacchus. Stat. Th. 6, v. 530.— 

Virg. G. 2, v. 457. A fourth killed by Ata- 

lanta. Jipollod. 3. One of Actseon's dogs. 

Hylas, a son of Thiodamas, king of Mysia 
and Menodice, stolen away by Hercules, and 
carried on board the ship Argo to Colchis. On 
the Asiatic coast the Argonauts landed to take 
a supply of fresh water, and Hylas, following 
the example of his companions, went to the foun- 
tain with a pitcher, and fell into the water and 
was drowned. The poets have embellished this 
tragical story, by saying, that the nymphs of the 
river, enamoured of the beautiful Hylas, carri- 
ed him away; and that Hercules, disconsolate 
at the loss of his favourite youth, filled the woods 
and mountains with bis complaints, and, at last, 
abandoned the Argonautic expedition to go and 
seek him. Apollod. 1, c. 9. — Hygin. fab. 14, 

271.— Virg. Eel. 6.—Propert. 1. el. 20. A 

river of Bithynia. Plin. 5, c. 32. 

Hylax, a dog mentioned in Virg.JZcl. 8. 



Htlias, a river of Magna Grsecia. 

Hyllaicus, a part of Peloponnesus, near 
Messenia. 

Hyllus, a son of Hercules and Dejanira, 
who, soon after his father's death, married Iole. 
He, as well as his father, was persecuted by the 
envy of Eurystheus, and obliged, to fly from the 
Peloponnesus. The Athenians gave a kind re- 
ception to Hylius and the rest of the Heraclidae, 
and marched against Eurystheus. Hylius ob- 
tained a victory over his enemies, and killed with 
his own hand Eurystheus, and sent his head to 
Alcmena, his grandmother. Sometime after he 
attempted to recover the Peloponnesus with the 
Heraclidae, and was killed in single combat by 
Echemus, king of Arcadia. [Vid. Heraclidse, 
Hercules.] Herodot. 7, c. 204, kc.—Strab. 9. 

—Diod. 4.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 279. A river 

of Lydia, flowing into the Hermus. It is called 
also Phryx. Liv. 37, c. 38. — Herodot. 1, c. 
180. 

Hylonome, the wife of Cyllaras, who killed 
herself the moment her husband was murdered 
by the Lapithse Ovid. Met. 12, v. 405. 

Hylophagi, a people of ^Ethiopia. Diod. 3. 

Hymen^cs and Hymen, the god of marriage 
among the Greeks, was son of Bacchus and Ve- 
nus, or, according to others, of Apollo and one 
of the muses. Hymenaeus, according to the more 
received opinions, was a young Athenian of ex- 
traordinary beauty, but ignoble origin. He be- 
came enamoured of the daughter of one of the 
richest and noblest of his countrymen, and, as 
the rank and elevation of his mistress removed 
him from her presence and conversation, he con- 
tented himself to follow her wherever she went. 
In a certain procession, in which all the ma- 
trons of Athens went to Eleusis, Hymenaeus, to 
accompany his mistress, disguised himself in 
woman's clothes, and joined the religious troop. 
His youth, and the fairness of his features, fa- 
voured his disguise. A great part of the pro- 
cession was seized by the sudden arrival of some 
pirates, and Hymenaeus, who shared the captivi- 
ty of his mistress, encouraged his female com- 
panions, and assassinated their ravishers while 
they were asleep. Immediately after this, Hy- 
menaeus repaired to Athens, and promised to re- 
store to liberty the matrons who bad been enslav- 
ed, provided he was allowed to marry one among 
them who was the object of his passion. THe 
Athenians consented and Hymenaeus experien- 
ced so much felicity in his marriage state, that 
the people of Athens instituted festivals in his 
honour, and solemnly invoked him at their nup- 
tials, as the Latins did their Thalassius. Hy- 
men was generally represented as crowned with 
flowers, chiefly with marjoram or roses, and 
holding a burning torch in one hand, and in the 
other a vest of a purple colour. It was suppos- 
ed that he always attended at nuptials; for, if 
not, matrimonial connexions were fatal, and 
ended in the most dreadful calamities; and hence 
people ran about, calling aloud, Hymen! Hy- 
men! &c. Ovid. Medea. Met 12, v. 215.— 
Virg. .JEn 1, &c. — Catull. ep. 62 

Hymettus, a mountain of Attica, about 22 
miles in circumference, and about two miles 
from Athens, still famous for its bees and exed- 



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lent honey. There was also a quarry of marble 
there. Jupiter had there a temple; whence he 
is called Hymettius. Strab, 9. — Ital. 2, v. 228, 
1. 14* v. 200.— Plin. 36, c Z.—Horat. 2, od. 
18, v'. 3, I. 2, Sat. 2, v. 15.— Cic. 2, fin. 34. 

Hyp.epa or Ipepje, now Btrki, a town of Ly- 
dia, sacred to Venus, between mount Tmolus 
and the Cajstrus. Strab. IS.— Ovid. Met. 11, 
v. 152. 

Hyp^sia, a country of Peloponnesus. 
Hypanis, a river of European Scythia, now 
called Bog, which falls into the Borysthenes, 
and with it into the Euxiue. Herodot. 4, c. 52, 

&c. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 285. A river Of 

India. Another of Poutus. Oic. Tusc. 2, c. 

39. A Trojan who joined himself to JEneas, 

and was killed by his own people, who took him 
for one of the enemy in tbe night that Troy was 
burned by the Greeks. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 428. 
Hyparinus, a sou of Dion, who reigned at 

Syracuse for two years after his father. The 

father of Dion. 

Hypates, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. 
Ital. 14, v. 231. 

Hypatha, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 41, c. 
25. 

Hypatia, a native of Alexandria, celebrated 
for her beauty, her virtues, and her great erudi- 
tion. She was assassinated 415, A. D. 

Hypenor, a Trojan killed by Diomedes at 
Troy. Homer. II. 5, v. 144. 

Hyperbatus, a praetor of the Acbaeans, B. 
C. 224. 

Hyperbius, a son of iEgyptus. Jlpollod. 
Hyperborei, a nation in the northern parts 
of Europe aud Asia, who were said to live to an 
incredible age, even to a thousand years, aud in 
the enjoyment of all possible felicity. The sun 
was said to rise aud set to them but once a 
year, and therefore perhaps they are placed by 
Virgil under the north pole. The word signi- 
fies people wiw inhabit beyond the wind Boreas. 
Thrace was the residence of Boreas, according 
to the ancients. Whenever the Hyperboreans 
made offerings, they always sent them towards 
the south, and the people of Dodona were the 
first of the Greeks who received them. Tbe 
word Hyperboreans is applied, in ge-"sral, to ail 
those who inhabit any cold climatt. Plin. 4, 
C 12, 1. 6, c. n.—Mcta, 3, c. 5.— Virg. G. 1, 
v. 240, 1. 3, v. 169 and 3S1. —Herodot. 4, c. 
13, kc.— Cic ^ r . D. 3, c. 23, 1. 4, c. 12. 

Hyperea and HyperIa, a fountain of Thes- 
saly, with a town of the same name. Strab. 9. 

Another in Messema, in Peloponnesus. 

Place. 1, v. 375. 

Hyperesia, a town of Achaia. Strab. 8. 
Hyperides, an Athenian orator, disciple to 
Plato and Socrates, and long the rival of De- 
mosthenes. His father's name was Glaucippus. 
He distinguished himself by his eloquence, and 
the active part he took in the management of the 
Athenian republic. After the unfortunate bat- 
tle of Cranon, he was taken alive, and, that he 
might not be compelled to betray the secrets of 
his country, he cut off his tongue. He was put 
to death by order of Antipater, B. C. 322. On- 
ly one of his numerous orations remains, admir- 
ed foe the sweetness and elegance of his style. 



It is said, that Hyperides once defended the cour- 
tezan Phryne, who was accused of impiety, and 
that, when he saw his eloquence ineffectual, he 
unveiled the bosom of his client, upon which the 
judges, influenced by the sight of her beauty, ac- 
quitted her. Plut. in Demost. — Cic. in Orat. 1, 
&c— Qjdntil. 10, &c. 

Hyperion, a son of Ccelus and Terra, who 
married Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the sun 
and moon. Hyperion is often taken by the po- 
ets for the sun itself. Hesiod. Theog. — Jlpollod. 

1, c. 1 and 2. — Homer, hymn. adJlp. A son 

of Priam. Jipullod. 1, c. 2. 

Hypermnestra, one of the fifty daughters of 
Danaus, who married Lynceus, son of ^rEgyp- 
tus. She disobeyed her father's bloody com- 
mands, who had ordered her to murder her hus- 
band the first night of her nuptials, and suffered 
Lynceus to escape unhurt from the bridal bed. 
Her father summoned her to appear before a 
tribunal for her disobedience, but the people 
acquitted her, and Danaus was reconciled to her 
and her husband, to whom he left his kingdom 
at his death. Some say, that Lynceus return- 
ed to Argos with an army, and that he conquer- 
ed and put to death his father-in-law, and usurp- 
ed his crown. Vid. Danaides. Pans. 2, c 19. 
—Jlpollod. 2, c I — Ovid. Heroid. 14.— A 
daughter of Thestius. Jlpollod. 

Hyperochus, a man who wrote a poetical his- 
tory of Cuma, Pans. 10, c. 12. 

Hyph^us, a mountain of Campania. Plut. in 
Syll. 

Hi psa, now Belici, a river of Sicily, falling 
into the Crinisus, and then into the Mediterra- 
nean near Selinus. Ital. 14, v. 228. 

Hypsea, a Roman matron, of the family of 
the Plautii. She was blind, according to Ho- 
race; or, perhaps, was partial to some lover, 
who was recommended neither by personal or 
mental excellence. Horat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 91. 

Hypsenor, a priest of the Scamander, kill- 
ed during the Trojan war Homer, II. 5. 

Hypseus, a son of the river Penens. A 

pleader at the Roman bar before the age of Ci- 
cero. Cic- de Orat 1, c 36. 

Hypsicratea, the wife of Mithridates, who 
accompanied her husband in man's clothes, when 
he fled before Pompey Plut. in Pomp. 

Hypsicrates, a Phoenician, who wrote an 
history of his country, in the Phoenician lan- 
guage. This history was saved from the flames 
of Carthage, when that city was taken by Sci- 
pio, and translated into Greek. 

Hypsipides, a Macedonian in Alexander's ar- 
my, famous for his friendship for Menedemus, 
&c. Curt. 7, c. 7. 

Hypsipyle, a queen of Lemnos, daughter of 
Thoas and Myrine. During her reign, Venus, 
whose altars had been universally slighted, pun- 
ished the Lemnian women, and rendered their 
mouths and breath so extremely offensive to the 
smell, that their husbands abandoned them, and 
gave themselves up to some female slaves, whom 
they had taken in a war against Thrace. This 
contempt was highly resented by all the women 
of Lemnos, and they resolved on revenge, and 
all unanimously put to death their male relations, 
Hypsipyle alone excepted, who spared the life 



HY 



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of her father Thoas. Soon after this cruel mur- 
der, the Argonauts landed at Lemnos, in their 
expedition to Colchis, and remained for some 
time in the island. During their stay the Argo- 
nauts rendered the Lemnian women mothers, 
and Jason, the chief of the Argonautic expedi- 
tion, left Hypsipyle pregnant at his departure, 
and promised her eternal fidelity. Hypsipyle 
brought twins, Euneus and Nebrophonus, whom 
some have called Deiphilus or Thoas. Jason 
forgot his vows and promises to Hypsipyle, and 
the unfortunate queen was soon after forced to 
leave her kingdom by the Lemnian women, who 
conspired against her life, still mindful that Tho- 
as had been preserved by means of his daugh- 
ter. Hypsipyle, in her flight, was seized by pi- 
rates, and sold to Lycurgus, king of Nemaea. 
She was intrusted with the care of Archemorus, 
the son of Lycurgus; and, when the Argives 
marched against Thebes, they met Hypsipyle, 
and obliged her to show them a fountain, where 
they might quench their thirst. To do this more 
expeditiously, she laid down the child on the 
grass, and in her absence he was killed by a ser- 
pent. Lycurgus attempted to revenge the death 
of his son, bufHypsipyle was screened from his 
resentment by Adrastus, the leader of the Ar- 
gives. Ovid. Heroid. 6. — Jipollon. 1. — Stal. 
B.— Theb—Flac. 2.—Apollod. 1, c. 9, I. 3, c 
6. — Hygin. fab. 15, 74, &,c. Vid. Archemo- 
rus. 

Hyrcania, a large country of Asia, at the 
north of Parthia, and at the west of Media, 
abounding in serpents, wild beasts, &c. It is 
very mountainous, and unfit for drawing a ca- 
valry in order of battle. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 367. 
— Cic. Tusc 1, c. 45.— Strab. 2 and 11 



A town of Lydia, destroyed by a violent earth- 
quake in the age of Tiberius. — Liv. 37, c. 38. 

Hvrcanum mare, a large sea, called also 
Caspian. Vid. Caspium mare. 

Hvrcanus, a name common to some of the 
high priests of Judea. Josephus. 

Hyria, a country of Boeotia, near Aulis, with 
a lake, river, and town of the same name. It 
is more probably situate near Tempe. It re- 
ceived its name from Hyrie, a woman, who wept 
so much for the loss of her son, that she was 
changed into a fountain. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 372. 

— Herodot. 7, c. 170. A town of Isauria, on 

the Calycadnus. 

Hyrieus and Hvreus, a peasant, or, as some 
say, a prince of Tanagra, son of Neptune and 



Alcyone, who kindly entertained Jupiter, Nep; 
tune, and Mercury, when travelling over Bceo- 
tia. Being childless, he asked of the gods to 
give him a son without his marrying, as he pro- 
mised his wife, who was lately dead, and whom 
he tenderly loved, that he never would marry 
again. The gods, to reward the hospitality of 
Hyreus, made water in the hide of a bull, which 
had been sacrificed the day before to their di- 
vifiity, and they ordered him to wrap it up and 
bury it in the ground for nine months. At the 
expiration of the nine months, Hyreus opened 
the earth, and found a beautiful child in the 
bull's hide, whom he called Orion. Vid. Orion. 

Hyrmina, a town of Elis, in Peloponnesus. 
Strab. 8. 

Hyrneto and Hyrnetho, a daughter of Te- 
menus, king of Argos, who married Deyphon, 
son of Celeus. She was the favourite of her fa- 
ther, who greatly enriched her husband. Jlpol- 
lod. 2, c 6 —Pans, 2, c 19. 

Hyrnithium. a plain of Argos, near Epidau- 
rus, fertile in olives, Strab. 6 

Hyrtacus, a Trojan of mount Ida, father to 
Nisus, one of the companions of iEneas. Virg. 
JEi\. 9, v. 177 and 406. Hence the patrony- 
mic of Hyrtacides is applied to Nisus. It is also 
applied to Hippocoon Id. 5, v 492. 

Hysia, a town of Boeotia, built by Nycteus, 

Antiope' k s father A village of Argos. A 

city of Arcadia The royal residence of the 

king of Parthia. 

Hyspa, a river of Sicily. Ital. 14, v. 228. 

Hyssus and Hyssi, a port and river of Cap- 
padocia, on the Euxine sea. 

Hystaspes, a noble Persian, of the family of 
the Achae.nenides. His father's name was Arsa- 
mes. His son Darius reigned in Persia after 
the murder of the usurper Smerdis It is said, 
by Ctesias, that he wished to be carried to see 
the royal monument which his son had built 
between two mountains. The priests who car- 
ried him, as reported, slipped the cord with 
which he was suspended in ascending the moun- 
tain, and he died of the fall. Hystaspes was the 
first who introduced the learning and mysteries 
of the Indian Brachmans into Persia, and to his 
researches in India thejsciences were greatly in- 
debted, particularly in Persia Darius is called 
Hystaspes, or son of Hystaspes, to distinguish 
him from his royal successors of the same name. 
Herodot. 1, c. 209, I 5,c 83. — Ctesias. Fragm. 

Hystieus. Vid. Histijeus. 



IA 

I A, the daughter of Midas, who married Atys, 
&c. 
Iacchus, a surname of Bacchus, ab i*%uv, 
from the noise and shouts which the bacchanals 
raised at the festivals of this deity. Virg. Eel. 

6, G. 1, v. 166.— Ooid Met. 4, 15. Some 

suppose him to be a son of Ceres; because in 
the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, the 



IA 



Hero- 



word Iacchus was frequently repeated. 
dot. 8, c. 65.— Pans- J, c. 2. 

Iader, a river of Dalmatia. 

Ialemus, a wretched singer, son of the muse 
Calliope. Jithen. 14 

Ialmenus, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who 
went to the Trojan war with .his brother Asca- 
laphus, with 30 ships, at the head of the inha- 



JA 



IA 



bitantsof Orchomenos and Aspledon, in Boeotia. 
JPaus 9, c. 37.— Homer. II. 2, v. 19. 

Ialysus, a town of Rhodes, built by lalysus, 
of whom Protogenes was making a beautiful 
painting when Demetrius Poliorcetes took 
Rhodes. The Telchines were born there. Ovid. 
Met 7, fab. Q—Plin. 35, c. 6.— Cic. 2, ad Jit- 
tic ep. 21. — Plut. in Dem. — JElian. 12, e. 5. 

Iambe, a servant maid of Metanira, wife of 
Celeus, king of Eieusis, who tried to exhilirate 
Ceres, when she travelled over Attica in quest 
of her daughter Proserpine. From the jokes 
and stories which she made use of, free and ss- 
tirical verses have been called Iambics. Apol- 
lod. 1, c. 5. 

Iamblicus, a Greek author, .who wrote the 
life of Pythagoras, and the history of his follow- 
ers, an exhortation to philosophy, a treatise 
against Porphyry's letter on the mysteries of the 
Egyptians, &c He was a great favourite of the 
emperor Julian, and died A. D. 363. 

Iamends, a Trojan killed by Leonteus. Ho- 
mer. II. 12, v. 139 and 193. 

Iamid^e, certain prophets among the Greeks, 
descended from lamus, a son of Apollo, who 
received the gift of prophecy from his father, 
which remained among his posterity. Paus. 6, 
C- 2. 

Janiculum and Janicularius mons, one of 
the seven hills at Rome, joined to the city by 
Ancus Martius, and made a kind of citadel, to 
protect the place against an invasion. This hill, 
( Vid. Janus) which was on the opposite shore 
of the Tiber, was joined to the city by the bridge 
Subiicius, the first ever built across that river, 
and perhaps in Italy. It was less inhabited than 
the other parts of the city, oq account of the 
grossness of the air, though from its top, the eye 
could have a commanding view of the whole 
city. It is famous for the burial of king Nu- 
ma and the poet Italicus. Porsenna, king of 
Etruria, pitched his camp on mount Janiculum, 
and the senators took refuge there in the civil 
wars, to avoid the resentment of Octavius. Liv. 
1, c. 33, &c— Dio. 47.— Ovid. 1, Fast, v 246. 
— Virg. 8, v. 358.— Mart. 4, ep. 64, 1. 7, ep. 
16. 
IanIra, one of the Nereides. 
Ianthe, a girl of Crete, who married Iphis. 
(Vid. Iphis.) Ovid. Met. 9, v. 714, &c. 

Ianthea, one of the Oceanides One of 

the Nereides. Paus. 4, c 30. -Homer. II. 

8, v.47. 

Janus, the most ancient king who reigned in 
Italy. He was a native of Thessaly, and son of 
Apollo, according to some. He came to Italy, 
where he planted a colony and built a small 
town on the river Tiber, which he called Jani- 
culum. Some authors make him son of Ccelus 
and Hecate; and others make him a native of 
Athens. During his reign, Saturn, driven from 
heaven by his son Jupiter, came to Italy, where 
Janus received him with much hospitality, and 
made him his colleague on the throne. Janus 
is represented with two faces, because he was 
acquainted with the past and the future; or, ac- 
cording to others, because he was taken for the 
sun, who opens the day at his rising, and shuts 
it at his setting. Some statues represented Ja- 



nus with four heads. He sometimes appeared 
with a beard, and sometimes without. In reli- 
gious ceremonies, bis name was always invoked 
the first, because he presides over all gates and 
avenues, and it is through him only that pray- 
ers can reach the immortal gods. From that 
circumstance he often appears with a key in his 
right hand, and a rod in his left. Sometimes 
he holds the number 300 in one hand, and in 
the other 65, to show that he presides over the 
year, of which the first month bears his name. 
Some suppose that he is the same as the world, 
or Ccelus; and from that circumstance, they call 
him Eanus, ab eundo, because of the revolution 
of the heavens He was called by different 
names, such as Consivius a conserendo, he- 
cause he presided over generation; Quirinus 
or Martialis, because he presided over war. 
He is also called Patulcius ty Clausius, because 
the gates of his temples were opened during the 
time of war, and shut in the time of peace. He 
was chiefly worshipped among the Romans, 
where he had many temples, some erected to 
Janus Bifrons, others to Janus Quadrifrons. The 
temples of Quadrifrons were built with four equal 
sides, with a door and three windows on each 
side. The four doors were the emblems of the 
four seasons of the year, and the three windows 
in each of the sides the three months in each 
season, and all together, the twelve months of 
the year. Janus was generally represented in 
statues as a young man. After death Janus was 
ranked among the gods, for his popularity, and 
the civilization which he had introduced among 
the wild inhabitants of Italy. His temple, which 
was always open in time of war, was shut only 
three times during above 700 years, under Nu- 
ma, 234 B C and under Augustus; and during 
that long period of time, the Romans were con- 
tinually employed in war. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 65, 
&£.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 607.— Varro de L. L. 1. 

— Macrob. Sat. 1. A street at Rome, near 

the temple of Janus. It was generally frequent- 
ed by usurers and moneybrokers, and booksel- 
lers also kept their shops there. Horat. 1, ep. 1. 
Japetides, a musician at the nuptials of Per- 
seus and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 111. 

Japetus, a son of Ccelus or Titan, by Terra, 
who married Asia, or, according to others, Cly- 
mene, by whom he had Atlas, Mencetius, Pro- 
metheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks looked 
upon him as the father of all mankind, and 
therefore from his antiquity old men were fre- 
quently called Japeti. His sons received the 
patronymic of lapetionides. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 
631— Hesiod. Theog. 136 and 508— Jpollod. 
1, C 1. 

Iapis, an iEtolian, who founded a city upon 
the banks of the Tiraavus. Virg. G. 3, v. 475. 
A Trojan, favourite of Apollo, from whom he re- 
ceived the knowledge of the power of medicinal 
herbs. Id. JEn. 12, v. 391. 

Iapypia, a district of Illyricum, now Carnio- 
la. Liv. 43, c. 5. —Tybull. 4, v. 109.— Cic. 
Balb. 14. 

Iapygia, a country on the confines of Italy in 
the form of the peninsula between Tarentum 
and Brundusium. It is called by some Messa- 



JA 



JA 



pia, Peucetia } and Salentinum. Plin. 3, c 11. 
—Strab 6. 

Iapyx, a son of Daedalus, who conquered a part 
of Itaiy, which he called Iapygia. Ovid. Met. 
14, v- 458 A wind which blows from Apu- 
lia, and is favourable to such as sailed from Ita- 
ly towards Greece. It was nearly the same as 
the Caurus of the Greeks. Horat. 1, od. 3, v. 
4, 1. 3, od. 7, v. 20. 

Iarbas, a son of Jupiter and Garamantis king 
of Gaetulia, from whom Dido bought land to 
build Carthage. He courted Dido, but the ar- 
rival of JEne&s prevented his success, and the 
queen, rather tban marry Iarbas, destroyed her- 
self. Vid. Dido. Firg. JEa%. 4, v. 36, &c. Jus- 
tin. 18, c. 6.— Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 552. 

Iarchas and Jarchas, a celebrated Indian 
philosopher. His seven rings are famous for 
their power of restoring old men to the bloom 
and vigour of youth, according to the traditions 
of Philostr. in Jlpoll. 

Iardantus, a Lydian, father of Omphale, the 

mistress of Hercules. Herodol. 1, c- 7. A 

river of Arcadia. Another in Crete. Homer. 

11. 7. 

Iasides, a patronymic given to Palinurus as 
descended from a person of the name of Jasius. 

Virg. JEn. 5, v. S43. Also of Jasus. Id. 12, 

y. 392. 

Iasion and Iasius, a sun of Jupiter and Elec- 
tra, one<pf the Atlantides, who reigned over part 
of Arcadia, where he diligently applied himself to 
agriculture. He married the goddess Cybeie, 
or Ceres, and all the gods were present at the 
celebration of his nuptials. He had by Ceres 
two sons, Philomelus and Plutus, to whom some 
have added a third, Corybas, who introduced 
the worship and mysteries of his mother in Pbry- 
gia. He had also a daughter, whom lie expos- 
ed as soon ss born, saying that he would raise 
only male children. The child, who was suc- 
kled by a she-bear and preserved, rendered her- 
self famous afterwards under the name of Ata- 
lanta. Jasion was killed with a thunderbolt of 
Jupiter, and ranked among the gods after death, 
by the inhabitants of Arcadia. Hesiod Theog. 
■910.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 168.— Hygin. Poet. 2, 
c. 4. 

Iasis, a name given to Atalanta, daughter of 
Iasius. 

Iasius, a son of Abas, king of Argos. -A 

son of Jupiter. Vid. lasion. 

Jason, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede, 
daughter of Phylacus, by JEson the son of Cre- 
theus, and Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus. 
Tyro, before her connexion with Cretheus the 
son of /Eolus, bad two sons, Pelias and Neieus, 
by Neptune. iEson was king of Iolchos and at 
his oeath the throne was usurped by Pelias, and 
iEson the lawful successor was driven to retire- 
ment and obscurity. The education of young 
Jason was intrusted to the care of the centaur 
Chiron, and he was removed from the presence 
of the usurper, who had been informed by an 
oracle that one of the descendants of .ZEolus 
would dethrone him. After he had made the 
most rapid progress in every branch of science, 
Jason left the centaur, and by his advice went 
to consult the oracle. He was ordered to so to 



Iolchos his native country, covered with the 
spoils of a leopard, and dressed in the garments 
of a Magnesian. In his journey he was stop- 
ped by the inundation of the river Evenus or 
Enipeus, over which he was carried by Juno, 
who had changed herself into an old woman. 
In crossing the streams he lost one of his sandals, 
and at his arrival at Iolchos, the singularity of 
his dress and the fairness of his complexion, at- 
tracted the notice of the people, and drew a 
crowd around him in the market place. Pelias 
came to see him with the rest, and as he had 
L>een warned i>y the oracle to beware of a man 
who should appear at iolchos with one foot bare, 
and the other shod, the appearance of Jason, 
who had lost one of Lis sandals, alarmed him. 
His terrors were soon after augmented. Jason, 
accompanied by his friends, repaired to the pa- 
lace of Pelias, and boldly demanded the king- 
dom which he had unjustly usurped. The bold- 
ness and popularity of Jason intimidated Pelias; 
he was unwilling to abdicate the crown, and yet 
he feared the resentment of his adversary. As 
Jason was young and ambitious of glory, Pelias, 
at once to remove his immediate claims to the 
crown, reminded him that iEetes king of Col- 
chis had severely treated and inhumanly mur- 
dered their common relation Phryxus. He ob- 
served that such a treatment called aloud for 
punishment, and that the undertaking would be 
accompanied with much glory and fame. He 
farther added, that his old age had prevented 
him from avenging the death of Phryxus, and 
that if Jason would undertake the expedition, 
he would resign to him the crown of Iolchos 
when he returned victorious from Colchis. Ja- 
son readily accepted a proposal which seemed 
to promise such military fame. His intended 
expedition was made known in every part of 
Greece, and the youngest and bravest of the 
Greeks assembled to accompany him, and share 
his toils and glory. iT.ey embarked on board 
a ship called Argo, and after a series of adven- 
tures, they arrived at Coldiis. {Vid- Argo- 
nautae ) iEetes promised to restore the golden 
fleece, which was the cause of the death of 
Phryxus, and of the voyage of the Argonauts, 
provided they submitted to his conditions. Ja- 
son was to tame bulls who breathed flames, and 
who had feet and horns of brass, and to plough 
with them a field sacred to Mars. After this 
he was to sow in the ground the teeth of a ser- 
pent from which armed men would arise, whose 
fury would be converted against him who plough- 
ed the field. He was also to kill a monstrous 
dragon who watched night and day at the foot 
of the tree on which the golden fleece was sus- 
pended. All were concerned for the fate of the 
Argonauts; but Juno, who watched with an anx- 
ious eye over the safety of Jason, extricated 
them from all these difficulties. Medea, the 
king's daughter, fell in love with Jason, and as 
her knowledge of herbs, enchantments, and in- 
cantation was uncommon, she pledged herself 
to deliver her lover from all his dangers if he 
promised her eternal fidelity Jason, not insen- 
sible to her charms and to her promise, vowed 
eternal fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and re- 
ceived from Medea whatever instruments ami 



JA 



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herbs could protect him against the approaching 
dangers. He appeared in the field of Mars, he 
tamed the fury of the oxen, ploughed the plain, 
and sowed the dragon's teeth. Immediately an 
army of men sprang from the field, and ran to- 
wards Jason. He threw a stone among them, 
and they fell one upon the other till all were to- 
tally destroyed. The vigilance of the dragon 
was lulled to sleep by the power of herbs, and 
Jason took from the tree the celebrated golden 
fleece, which was the sole object of his voyage. 
These actions were all performed in the pre- 
sence of iEetes and his people, who were all 
equally astonished at the boldness and success 
of Jason. After this celebrated conquest, Ja- 
son immediately set sail for Europe with Medea, 
who bad been so instrumental in his preserva- 
tion. Upon this iEetes, desirous to revenge the 
perfidy of his daughter Medea, sent his son Ab- 
syrtus to pursue the fugitives. Medea killed her 
brother, and strewed his limbs in her father's 
way, that she might more easily escape, while 
he was employed in collecting the mangled bo- 
dy of his son. (Vid. Absyrtus.) The return of 
the Argonauts in Thessaly was celebrated with 
universal festivity, but iEson, Jason's father, 
was unable to attend on account of the infirmi- 
ties of old age. This obstruction was removed, 
and Me«!ea, at the request of her husband, re- 
stored iEson to the vigour and sprightiiness of 
youth. (Vid. iEson.) Pelias the usurper of the 
crown of Iolchos wished also to see himself re- 
stored to the flower of youth, and his daughters, 
persuaded by Medea, who wished to avenge her 
husband's wrongs, cut his body to pieces, and 
placed his limbs in a cauldron of boiling water. 
Their credulity was severely punished. Medea 
suffered the flesh to be consumed to the bones, 
and Pelias was never restored to life. This in- 
human action drew the resentment of the popu- 
lace upon Medea, and she fled to Corinth with 
her husband Jason, where they lived in perfect 
union arid love during ten successive years. Ja- 
son's partiality for Glauce, the daughter of the 
king of the country, afterwards disturbed their 
matrimonial happiness, and Medea was divorced 
that Jason might more freely indulge his amo- 
rous propensities. This infidelity was severely 
revenged by Medea, ( Vid, Glauce) who destroy- 
ed her children in the presence of their father. 
(Vid. Medea.) After his separation from Me- 
dea, Jason lived an unsettled and melancholy 
life. As he was one day reposing himself by 
the side of the ship which had carried him to 
Colchis, a beam fell upon his head, and he was 
crushed to death. This tragical event had been 
predicted to him before by Medea, according to 
the relation of some authors. Some say that 
he afterwards returned to Colchis, where he 
seizeo the kingdom, and reigned in great secu- 
rity Eurip. in Med.— Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 2, 3, 
&c. — Diod 4. — Pans. 2 and 3. — Apol\od. l,c. 
9. — Cic.de Nat. 3. — Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 9. — 
Slrab 7 — Apoll. — Flacc. — Hxjgin. 5, &c. — 
Pindar. 3, Nem. — Justin. 42, c. 2, &c. — Senec 
in Med. — Tzelz. ad Lycvphr. 175, &c. — Jithen. 
13. A native of Argos, who wrote an histo- 
ry of Greece in four books, which ended at the 
death of Alexander. He lived in the age of 



Adrian. A tyrant of Thessaly who made an 

alliance with the Spartans, and cultivated 

the friendship of Timotheus. Trallianus, a 

man who wrote tragedies, and gained the es- 
teem of the kings of Parthia. Polyozn. 7. 

JasonidjE, a patronymic of Thoas and Eu- 
neus, sons of Jason and Hipsipyle. 

' Iasus, a king of Argos, who succeeded his fa- 
ther Triopas. Pans. 2, c. 16. A son of Ar- 
gus father of Agenor. A son of Argus and 

Ismena. A son of Lycurgus of Arcadia. 

An island with a town of the same name on the 
coast of Caria. The bay adjoining was called 
Iasius sinus. Plin. 5, c. 28. — Liv 32, c. 33, 1. 
37, c. 17. 

Iaxartes, now Sir or Sihon, a river of Sog- 
diana, mistaken by Alexander for the Tanais. It 
falls into the east of the Caspian sea. Curt. 6 
and 7. — Plin. 6, c. 16. — Jirrian 4, c. 15. 

Iaziges, a people on the borders of the Palus 
Maeotis. Tacit. A. 12, c. 29.— Ovid Trist. 2, v. 
191. Pont. 4, el. 7, v 9. 

Iberia, a country of Asia between Colchis oh 
the west, and Albania on the' east, governed by 
kings. Pompey invaded it, and made great 
slaughter of the inhabitants, and obliged them 
to surrender by setting fire to the woods where 
they had fled for safety. It is now called Geor- 
gia. Plut. in Luc. Anton, kc.—Dio. 36.— Flor. 
3 — Flacc 5, v. 166.— Appian. Parth.'t. — — 
An ancient name of Spain, derived from the ri- 
ver Iberus. Lucan. 6, v. 258.— HoratM, od. 
14, v. 50. 

Iberus, a river of Spain, now called Ebro, 
which after the conclusion of the Punic war, se- 
parated the Roman from the Carthaginian pos- 
sessions in that country. Lucan. 4, v. 335. — 

Plin. 3, c. 3 — Horat. 4, od. 14, v. 50. A 

river of Iberia in Asia, flowing from mount Cau- 
casus into the Cyrus. Strab. 3. A fabulous 

king of Spain 

Ibi, an Indian nation. 

Ibis, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in which 
he bitterly satirises the ingratitude of his pupil 
the poet Apollonius. Ovid has also written a 
poem which bears the same name, and which, 
in the same satirical language, seems, accord- 
ing to the opinion of some, to inveigh bitterly 
against Hyginus, the supposed hero of the com- 
position. Suidas. 

Ibycus, a lyric poet of Rhegium about 540 
years before Christ. He was murdered by rob- 
bers, and at the moment of death he implored 
the assistance of some cranes which at that mo- 
ment flew over his head. Some time after, as 
the murderers were in the market place, one of 
them observed some cranes in the air, and said 
to his companions, at iCutcov ac^iKot 7rttgiHriv, 
there are the birds that are conscious of the death 
of Ibycus. These words and the recent murder 
of Ibycus raised suspicions in the people; the 
assassins were seized and tortured, and they con- 
fessed their guilt. Cic. Tusc 4,c. 43. — AElian. 
V. H. The husband of Chloris whom Ho- 
race ridicules, 3, od. 15. 

Icadius, a robber killed by a stone, &c. Cic- 
Fat. 3. 

Icaria, a small island in the iEgean sea, be- 
tween Chio, Samos, and Myconus, where the 



IC 



ID 



body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, and bu- 
ried by Hercules Ptol. 5, c. 2.— Mela, 2,c. 7. 
—Slrab. 10 and 14. 

Icaris and Icariotis, a name given to Pene- 
lope as daughter of Icanus. 

Icarium mare, a part of the vEgean sea 
near the islands of Mycone and Gyaros. Vid. 
Icarus. 

Icarius, an Athenian, father of Erigone. He 
gave wine to some peasants, who drank it with 
the greatest avidity, ignorant of its intoxicating 
nature. They were soon deprived of their rea- 
son, and the fury and resentment of their friends 
and neighbours were immediately turned upon 
Icarius, who perished by their hands. After 
death he was honoured with public festivals, and 
his daughter was led to discover the place of his 
burial by means of his faithful dog Moera. Eri- 
gone hung herself in despair, and was changed 
into a constellation called Virgo. Icarius was 
changed into the star Bootes, and the dog Mcera 
into the star Canis. Hygin. fab. 130. — Jipollod. 

3, c. 14. A son of (Ebalus of Lacedsmon. 

He gave his daughter Penelope in marriage to 
Ulysses king of Ithaca, but he was so tenderly 
attached to her, that he wished ber husband to 
settle at Lacedsemon. Ulysses refused, and 
when he saw the earnest petitions of Icarius, he 
told Penelope, as they were going to embark, 
that she might choose freely either to follow 
him to Ithaca, or to remain with her father Pe- 
nelope blushed in the deepest silence, and co- 
vered her head with her veil. Icarius upon this 
permitted his daughter to go to Ithaca, and im- 
mediately erected a temple to the goddess of 
modesty, on the spot where Penelope had co- 
vered her blushes with her veil. Homer. Od. 
16, v. 435. 

Icarus, a son of Daedalus, who, with his fa- 
ther, fled with wings from Crete to escape the 
resentment of ?vIinos. His flight being too high 
proved fatal to him, the sun melted tiie wax 
which cemented his wings, and he fell into that 
part of the iEgean sea which was called after 
his name. [Vid. Dxdalus ] Ovid. Met. 8, v. 

178, &c. A mountain of Attica. 

•Iccius, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sicily. Ho- 
race writes to him, 1 od. 29, and ridicules him 
for abandoning the pursuits of philosophy and the 

muses, for military employments. One of the 

Rbemi in Gaul, ambassador to Caesar. Cess. B. 
G. 2, c. 3. 

Icelos, one of the sons of Somnus, who chang- 
ed himself into all sorts of animals, whence the 
name {iikikos similis.) Ovid. Met. 11, v. 640. 

Icevi, a people of Britain, who submitted to 
the Roman power. They inhabited the modern 
counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, &c. 
Tacit, rfnn. 12, c. 31— Cats. G. 5, c. 21. 

Icetas, a man who obtained the supreme 
power at Syracuse after the death of Dion. He 
attempted to assassinate Timoleon, for which 
he was conquered, &c. B. C. 340. C. Nep. in 
Tim 

Ichuje, a town of Macedonia, whence The- 
mis and Nemesis are called Ichnae. Homer in 
Jpoll. 

Ichnusa, an ancient name of Sardinia, 
which it received from its likeness to a human 



foot. Paus. 10, c. n.—Ital. 12, v. SoS.— Plin. 
3, c 7. 

Ichonuphis, a priest of Heliopolis, at whose 
house Eudoxus resided when he visited Egypt 
with Plato. Diog. 

Ichthyophagi, a people of ^Ethiopia, who 
received this name from their eating fishes. 
There was also an Indian nation of the same 
name, who made their houses with the bones of 
fishes. Diod. 3. — Strab. 2 and 15. — Plin. 6, 
c. 23,' 1. 15, c. 7. 

Ichthys, a promontory of Elis in Achaia, 
Strab. 11. 

L. Icilius, a tribune of the people who made 
a law A. U. C. 397, by which mount Aventine 
was given to the Roman people to build houses > 

upou. Liv. 3, c 54 A tribune who made 

a law A. U. C. 261, that forbade any man to 
oppose or interrupt a tribune while he was 

speaking in an assembly Liv. 2, c. 58. -A 

tribune who signalized himself by his inveterate 
enmity against the Roman senate. He took an 
active part in the management of affairs after 
the murder of Virginia, &c. 

Icius, a harbour in Gaul, on the modern 
straits of Dover, from which Caesar crossed in- 
to Britain. 

IcoNinM, the capital of Lycaonia, now Ko~ 
niech. Plin. 5, c. 27. 

Icos, a small island near Eubcea. Strab. 9. 
Ictinus, a celebrated architect, 430 before 
Chiist. He built a famous temple to Minerva 
i at Athens, &c. 

Ictumulorum vicus, a place at the foot of 
| the Alps abounding in gold mines. 

Iculisma, a town of Gaul, now Angoulesme^ 
i on the Charente. 

Ida, a nymph of Crete who went into Phry- 
! gia, where she gave her name to a mountain of 

j that country. Virg. Mn. 8, v. 177. The 

; mother of Minos 2d A celebrated moun- 

i tain, or more properly a ridge of mountains in 
Troas, chiefly iu the neighbourhood of Troy. 
The abundance of its waters became the source 
of many rivers, and particularly of the Simois, 
Scamander, iEsepus, Granicus, &c. It was on 
mount Ida that the shepherd Paris adjudged the 
prize of beauty to the goddess Venus. It was 
covered with green wood, and the elevation of 
its top opened a fine extensive view of the Hel- 
lespont and the adjacent countries, from which 
reason the poets say that it was frequented by 
the gods during the Trojan war. Strab. 13. — 
Mela, 1, c. 18.— Homer. II. 14, v. 283.— Virg. 
Mu. 3, 5, kc—Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 79.— Horat. 
3, od. 11. A mountain of Crete, the high- 
est in the island, where it is reported that Ju- 
piter was educated by the Cotybantes, who, on 
that account, were called Idaei. Strab. 10. 

Id-^a, the surname of Cybele, because she 
was worshipped on mount Ida. Lucret. 2, v. 
611. 

iDiEus, a surname of Jupiter. An arm- 
bearer and charioteer of king Priam, killed 
during the Trojan war. Virg. JEn 6, v. 487. 

One of the attendants of Ascanius. Id. 9, 

v. 500. 

Idalis, the country round mount Ida. Lucan* 
9, y. 204. 



ID 



JE 



Idalus, a mountain of Cyprus s at the foot of 
which is Idalium, a town with a grove sacred to 
Venus, who was called Idalaza. Virg. JEn. 1, 
v. 685.— Catull. 37 and 62.— Propert. 2, el. 
13. 

Idanthyrsus, a powerful king of Scyihia, 
who refused to give his daughter in marriage to 
Darius the 1st, king of Persia. This refusal was 
the cause of a war between the two nations, and 
Darius marched against Idanthyrsus, at the 
head of 700,000 men. He was defeated and 
retired to Persia, after an inglorious campaign. 
Strab. 13. 

Idarnes, an officer of Darius, by whose ne- 
gligence the Macedonians took Miletus. Curt. 
4, c. 5. 

Idas, a son of Aphareus and Arane, famous 
for his valour and military glory. He was 
among the Argonauts, and married Marpessa, 
the daughter of Eveuus king of iEtolia. Mar- 
pessa was carried away by Apollo, and Idas 
pursued his wife's ravisher with bows and ar- 
rows, and obliged him to restore her. [Vid. 
Marpessa. 3 According to Apollodorus, Idas 
with his brother Lynceus associated with Pol- 
lux and Castor to carry away some flocks; but 
when they had obtained a sufficient quantity of 
plunder, they refused to divide it into equal 
shares. This provoked the sons of Leda; Lyn- 
ceus was killed by Castor, and Idas, to revenge 
his brother's death, immediately killed Castor, 
and in his turn perished by the hand of Pollux. 
According to Ovid and Paasanias, the quarrel 
between the sons of Leda and those of Aphare- 
us arose from a more tender cause: Idas and 
Lynceus, as they say, were going to celebrate 
their nuptials with Phoebe and Hilaira, the two 
daughters of Leucippus; but Castor and Pollux, 
who had been invited to partake the common 
festivity, offered violence to the brides and car- 
ried them away. Idas and Lynceus fell in the 
attempt to recover their wives. Homer. II. 9. 
—Hygin. fab. 14, 100, &c — Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 
700— ,/ipollod. 1 and 3.— Paus. 4, c. 2, and 1. 

5, c. 18. A son of iEgyptus. A Trojan 

killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 575. 

Idea or Id.ea. a daughter of Dardanus, who 
became the second wife of Phineus king of Bi- 
thynia, and abused the confidence reposed in her 
by her husband. Vid. Phineus.— — The mother 
ofTeucerby Scamander. rfpollod. 

Idessa, a town of Iberia on the confines of 
Colchis. Strab. 11. 

Idex, a small river of Italy, now Idice, near 
Bononia. 

Idistavisus, a plain, now Hastenbach, where 
Germanicus defeated Arminius, near Olden- 
dorp on the Weser in Westphalia. Tacit. A. 2, 
c, 16. 

Idmon, son of Apollo and Asteria, or as some 
say, of Cyrene, was the prophet of the Argo- 
nauts He was killed in hunting a wild boar in 
Bithynia, where his body received a magnificent 
funeral. He had predicted the time and man- 
ner of his death- Jipollod. 1, c. 9. — Orpheus. 

A dyer of Colophon, father to Arachne. 

Ovid. Met. 6, v. 8. A man of Cyzicus, kill- 
ed by Hercules, &c. Flacc. 3. A son of 

iEgyptus, killed by his wife. Vid. Danaides. , 



Idomene, a daughter of Pheres, who marri- 
ed Amythaon. Jipotlod 1, c 9. 

Idomeneus, succeeded his father Deucalion 
on the throne of Crete, and accompanied the 
Greeks to the Trojan war, with a fleet of 90 
ships. During this celebrated war he rendered 
himself famous by his valour, and slaughtered 
many of the enemy. At his return he made a 
vow to Neptune in a dangerous tempest, that if 
he escaped from the fury of the seas and storms 
he would offer to the god whatever living crea- 
ture first presented itself to his eye on the Cretan 
shore. This was no other than his son, who came 
to congratulate his father upon his safe return. 
Idomeneus performed his promise to the god, and 
the inhumanity and rashness of his sacrifice ren- 
dered him so odious in the eyes of his subjects, 
that he left Crete, and migrated in quest of a 
settlement. He came to Italy, and founded a 
city on the coast of Calabria, which he called 
Salentum. He died in an extreme old age, af- 
ter he bad had the satisfaction of seeing his new 
kingdom flourish, and his subjects happy. Ac- 
cording to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, v. 
1217, Idomeneus, during his absence in the Tro- 
jan war, intrusted the management of his king- 
dom to Leucos, to whom he promised his daugh- 
ter Clisithere in marriage at his return. Leu- 
cos at first governed with moderation; but he was 
persuaded by Nauplius, king of Euboea, to put 
to death Meda the wife of his piaster, with her 
daughter Clisithere, and to seize the kingdom. 
After these violent measures, he strengthened 
himself on the throne of Crete; and Idomeneus, 
at his return, found it impossible to expel the 
usurper. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 358. — Hygin, 92. 
—Homer. II. 11, &c Od.. 19.— Paus 5, c 25. 

— Virg JEn. 3, v. 122. A son of Priam. 

A Greek historian of Lampsacus, in the age 

of Epicurus. He wrote an history of Samo- 
thrace, the life of Socrates; &c. 

Idothea, a daughter of Prcetus, king of Ar- 
gos. She was restored to her senses with her 
sisters, by Melampus. f Vid. Proetiues.] Homer. 

Od. 11. A daughter of Proteus, the god who 

told Menelaus how he could return to his coun- 
try in safety. Homer Od. 4, v. 363. One 

of the nymphs who educated Jupiter. 

Idrieus, the son of Euromus of Caria, bro- 
ther to Artemisia, who succeeded to Mausolus, 
and invaded Cyprus. Diod 16. — Polyan. 7. 

Idubeda, a river and mountain of Spain. 
Strab. 3. 

Idume and Idumea, a country of Syria, fa- 
mous for palm trees. Gaza is its capital, where 
Cambyses deposited his riches, as he was going 
to Egypt. Lucan. 3, v. 216.— Sil 5, v. 600.— 
Virg" G. 3,v. 12 

Idya, one of the Oceanides, who married 
iEetes king of Colchis, by whom she had Me- 
dea, &c. Hygin. — Hesiod. — Cic de Nat. D. 3. 
Jenisus, a town of Syria. Herodot. 3, c 5. 
Jera, one of the Nereides. Homer. II. !8. 
Jericho, a city of Palestine, besieged and ta- 
ken by the Romans, under Vespasian and Titus. 
Plin. 5, c. 14.— Strab. 
Jerne, a name of Ireland. Strab. 1. 
Jeromus and Jeronymus, a Greek of Car- 
dia, who wrote an history of Alexander. A 



IL 



IL 



native of Rhodes, disciple of Aristotle, of whose 
compositions some few historical fragments re- 
main. Dionys. Hal. 1. 

Jerusalem, the capital of Judea. Vid. Hie- 
rosolyma. 

Jetje, a place of Sicily. Ital. 14, v. 272. 
Igemi, a people of Britain. Tacit. 12 and *flnn. 
Igilium, now Giglio, an island of the Medi- 
terranean, on the coast of Tuscany. Mela, 2, 
c. 7.— Cces. B. C 1, c. 34. 

Ignatius, an officer of Crassus in his Parthi- 
an expedition. A bishop of Anlioch, torn to 

pieces in the amphitheatre at Rome, by lions 
during a persecution, A. D. 107. His writings 
were letters to the Ephesians, Romans, &c. and 
he supported the divinity of Christ, and the pro- 
priety of ihe episcopal order, as superior to 
priests and deacons. The hest edition of his 
works is that of Oxon, in 8vo. 170S. 

Iouvium, a town of Umbria, on the via Fla- 
minia, now Gubio. Cic. ad Jit. 7, ep. 13. — 
Sil. 8^ v. 460. 

Ilaira, a daughter of Leucippus. carried away 
with her sister Phoebe, by the sons of Leda, as 
she was going to be married, &c. 

Ilba, more properly II va, an island of the 
Tyrrhene sea, two miles from the continent. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 173. 

Ilecaones and Ilecaonenses, a people of 
Spain. Liv. 22. c. 2t. 

Ilerda, now Lerida, a town of Spain, the ca- 
pital of the Ilirgetes, on an eminence on the right 
banks of the river Sicoris in Catalonia. Liv. 21, 
c. 23, I. 22, c. 21.— Lucan. 4, v. 13. 
Ilergetes. Vid. Ilerda. 
Ilia, or Rhea, a daughter of Numitor, king 
of Alba, consecrated by her uncle Amulius to the 
service of Vesta, which required perpetual chas- 
tity, that she might not become a mother to dis- 
possess him of his crown. He was however dis- 
appointed; violence was offered to Ilia, and she 
brought forth Romulus and Remus, who drove 
the usurper from his throne, and restored the 
crown to their grandfather Numitor, its lawful 
possessor. Ilia was buried alive by Amulius for 
violating the laws of Vesta; and because her 
tomb was near the Tiber, some suppose that she 
married the god of that river. Horat. 1, od. 2. 
—Virg. JEn. 1, v. 277.— Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 598. 

A wife of Sylla. 

Iliaci LttDi, games instituted by Augustus, 
in commemoration of the victory he had obtain- 
ed over Antony and Cleopatra. They are sup- 
posed to be the same as the Tnjani hidi and the 
Jictia; and Virgil says they were celebrated by 
/Eneas, not only because they were instituted at 
the time when he wrote his poem, but because 
he wished to compliment Augustus, by making 
the founder of Lavinium solemnize games on the 
very spot which was, many ecnturies after, to be 
immortalized by the trophies of bis patron. 
During these games, were exhibited horse races 
and gymnastic exercises. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 280. 
Iliacus, an epithet applied to such as belong- 
to Troy. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 101 . 

Iliades, a surname given to Romulus, as son 

of Ilia. Ovid. A name given to the Trojan 

women. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 484. 
Ilias, a celebrated poem composed by Ho- 



mer, upon the Trojan war. It delineates the 
wrath of Achilles, and all the calamities which 
befell the Greeks, from the refusal of that hero 
to appear in the field of battle. It finishes at the 
death of Hector, whom Achilles had sacrificed 
to the shades of his friend Patroclus-. It is di- 
vided into 24 books. Vid. Homerus. A sur- 
name of Minerva, from a temple which she had 
at Daulis in Phocis. 

Ilienses, a people of Sardinia. Liv. 40, c. 
19, I. 41, c. 6 and 12. 
Ilion, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, c. 27. 

Vid. Ilium. 

Ilione, the eldest daughter of Priam, who 
married Poiymnestor, king of Thrace. Virg. 
JEn. 1, v. 657. 

Ilioneus, a Trojan, son of Phorbas. He came 
into Italy with iEneas. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 525. 
A son of Artabanus, made prisoner by Par- 
memo, near Damascus. Curt. 3, c. 13. 

One of Niobe's sons. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 6. 

Ilipa, a town of Baetica. Liv 35, c. 1. 

Ilissus, a small river of Attica, falling into 
the sea near the Piraeus. There was a temple 
on its banks, sacred to the Muses. Stat. Theb. 
4, v 52. 

Ilithyia, a goddess called also Juno Luci- 
na. Some suppose her to be the same as Diana. 
She presided over the travails of women; and 
in her temple, at Rome, it was usual to carry a 
small piece of mouey as an offering. This cus- 
tom was first established by Servius Tullius, who 
by enforcing it, was enabled to know the exact 
number of the Roman people. Hesiod. Th. 450. 
—Homer. IL 11, od. 19. — Ipollod. 1 and 2.— 
Horat. carm. scecul — Ovid. Met. 9, v. 2S3. 

Ilium or Ilion, a citadel of Troy, built by 
Uus, one of the Trojan kings, from whom it re- 
ceived its name. It is generally taken for Troy 
itself; and some have supposed that the town was 
called Ilium, and the adjacent country Troja. 
(Vid. Troja.) Liv. 35, c. 43 ; 1. 37, c. 9, and 
SI.— Virg. JEn. l,k.c—Strab. \S.—Ovid. 
Met. 13, v. 505. — Horat. 3, od. 3 — Justin. 11, 
c. 5, 1. 31. c. 8. 

Illiberis, a town of Gaul, through which An- 
nibal passed, as he marched into Italy. 

Illice, now Elche, a town of Spain with a 
harbour and bay, Sinus &f Porlus Illicitanus, 
now Jllicant- Plin. 3, c. 3. 

Iilipula, two towns of Spain, one of which 
is called Major, and the other Minor. 

Illiturgis, Iliturgis, or Ilirgia, a city of 
Spain, near the. modern Andujar on the river 
Baetis, destroyed by Scipio, for having revolted 
to the Carthaginians. Liv. 23, c. 49, 1. 24, c. 
41, I. 26, c. 17. 

Ilorcis, now Lorca, a town of Spain. Plin, 

3, c. 3. 

Illyricum, Illyris, and Illyria, a country 
bordering on the Adriatic sea, opposite Italy, 
whose boundaries have been different at differ- 
ent times. It became a Roman province, after 
Gentius its king had been conquered by the prae- 
tor Anicius; and it now forms part of Croatia, 
Bosnia, and Sclav onia. Strab. 2 and 7. — Pans. 

4, c. 35.— Mela, 2, c 2, Suc.—Flor. 1, 2, &c. 
Illyricus sinus, that part of the Adriatic, 

which is on the coast of Illyricum. 



IM 



IN 



Illyrius, a son of Cadmus and Hermione, 
from whom Iilyricum received its name. 
Jipollod. 

Ilua, now Elba, an island in the Tyrrhene 
sea, between Italy and Corsica, celebrated for 
its iron mines. The people are called Iluates. 
Liv. 30, c. 39.— Virg. JEn. 10, v. 173.— Plin. 
3, c 6, 1. 34, c 14. 

Iluro, now Oleron, a town of Gascony in 
France. 

Ilus, the 4th king of Troy, was son of Tros 
by Callirhoe He married Eurydice the daugh- 
ter of Adrastus, by whom be had Themis, who 
married Capys, and Laomedon the father of 
Priam. He built, or rather embellished, the 
city of Ilium, called also Troy from his father 
Tros. Jupiter gave him the Palladium, a cele- 
brated statue of Minerva, and promised that as 
long as it remained in Troy, so long would the 
town remain impregnable. When the temple 
of Minerva was in flames, Ilus rushed into the 
middle of the fire to save the Palladium, for 
which action he was deprived of his sight by the 
goddess, though he recovered it some time after. 
Horner. II —Strab. IS.—Jpollod. 3, c. 12,— 

Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 33, 1. 6, v, 419. A name 

of Ascanius, while he was at Troy. Virg. JEn- 

1, v . 272. A friend of Turnus, killed by 

Pallas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 400. 

Ilyrgis, a town of Hispania Beetica. now 
Ilora. Polyb. 

Imanuentius, a king of part of Britain, kill- 
ed by Cassivelaunus, &c- Cces. Bell. G. 5. 

Imaus, a large mountain of Scythia, which is 
part of mount Taurus. It divides Scythia, which 
is generally called Intra Imaum, and Extra 
Imaum. It extends, according to some, as far 
as the boundaries of the eastern ocean. Plin. 
6,c. 17.— Strab. 1. 

Imbarus, a part of mount Taurus in Armenia. 

Imbracides, a patronymic given to Asius, as 
son of Imbraeus. Virg. JEn. 10,. v. 123. 

Imbrasides, a patronymic given to Glaucus 
and Lades, as sons of Imbrasus. Virg. JEn- 
12, v. 343. 

Imbrasus, or Parthenius, a river of Samos. 
Juno, who was worshipped on the banks, receiv- 
ed the surname of Imbrasia. Pans. 7, c. 4. 

The father of Pirus, the leader of the 

Thracians during the Trojan war. Virg. JEn. 
10 and 12. — Homer. II. 4, v. 520> 

Imbreus, one of the Centaurs, killed by 
Dryas, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 
12, v. 310. 

Imbrex, C. Licinius, a poet. Vid. Licinius 

Imbrius, a Trojan killed by Teucer, son of 
Mentor. He had married Medesicaste, Priam's 
daughter. Homer: II. 13. 

Imbrivium, a place of Samniurn. 

Imbros, now Embro, an island of the iEgean 
sea, near Thrace. 32 miles from Samothrace, 
with a small river and town of the same name. 
Imbros was governed for some time by its own 
laws, but afterwards subjected to the power of 
Persia, Athens, Macedonia, and the kings of 
Pergamus. It afterwards became a Roman 
province. The divinities particularly worship- 
ped there were Ceres and Mercury. Thucyd. 



8. Plin. 4, c. 12. — Homer. II. IS. — Strab* 

2.— Mela, 2, c. 7.— Ovid. Trist. 10, v. 18, 

Inachi, a name given to the Greeks, particu- 
larly the Argives, from king Inachus. 

Inachia, a name given to Peloponnesus, from 

the river Inachus. A festival in Crete in 

honour of Inachus; or, according to others, of 

Ino's misfortunes. A courtezan in the age of 

Horace. Epod. 12. 

iNAcniDiE, the name of the eight first succes- 
sors of Inachus, on the throne of Argos. 

Inachides, a patronymic of Epaphus, as 

grandson of Inachus. Ovid. Jtiet. I, v. 704. 

And of Perseus, descended from Ioachus. Id. 
4, fab. 11. 

Inachis, a patronymic of lo, as daughter of 
Inachus. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 454. 

Inachium, a town of Peloponnesus. 

Inachus, a son of Oceanus and Tefhys, father 
of lo, and also of Phoroneus and iEgialeus. He 
founded the kingdom of Argos, and was suc- 
ceeded by Phoroneus, B. C. 1807, and gave his 
name to a river of Argos, of which he became 
the tutelar deity. He reigned 60 years. Virg. 
G. 3, v.. 151.— Jipollod. '2, c. 3.— Pans. 2, c. 

15 A river of Argos. Another in Epi- 

rus. 

Inamames, a river in the east of Asia, as 
far as which Semiramis extended her empire. 
Polycen. 8. 

Inarime, an island near Campania, with a 
mountain, under which Jupiter confined the 
giant Typhosus. It is now called Ischia, and is 
remarkable for its fertility and population. 
There was formerly a volcano in the middle of 
the island. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 716. 

Inarus, a town of Egypt, in whose neigh- 
bourhood the town of Naucratis was built by the 

Milesians. A tyrant of Egypt, who died 

B. C. 456. 

Incitatus, a horse of the emperor Caligula, 
made high priest. 

Indathyrsus. Vid. Idanthyrsus. 

India, the most celebrated and opulent of all 
the countries of Asia, bounded on one side by 
the Indus, from which it derivas its name. It is 
situate at the south of the kingdoms of Persia, 
Parthia, &c. along the maritime coasts. It has 
always been reckoned famous for the riches it 
contains; and so persuaded were the ancients of 
its wealth, that they supposed that its very sands 
were gold. It contained 9000 different nations 
and 5000 remarkable cities, according to geo- 
graphers. Bacchus was the first who conquered 
it. In more recent ages, part of it was tributary 
to the power of Persia Alexander invaded it; 
but his conquest was checked by the valour of 
Porus, one of the kings of the country, and the 
Macedonian warrior was unwilling or afraid to 
engage another. Semiramis also extended her 
empire far in India. The Romans knew little 
of the country, yet their power was so univer- 
sally dreaded, that the Indians paid homage by 
their ambassadors to the emperor Antoninus, 
Trajan, &c. India is divided into several pro- 
vinces. There is an India extra Gangem, an 
India intra Gangem, and an India propria; but 
these divisions are not particularly noticed by 
the ancients, who, even in the age of Augustus, 



IN 



10 



gave the name of Indians to the ^Ethiopian na- 
tions. Diod. 1. — Strab. 1, &c. — Mela, 3, c. 
7.— Plin. 5, c. 28.— Curl. 8, c 10.— Justin. 1, 
c. 2, 1. 12, c. 7. 

Indibilis, a princess of Spain, betrothed to 
Albutius. 

Indigetes, a name given to those deities who 
were worshipped only in some particular places, 
or who were become gods from men, as Hercu- 
les, Bacchus, &c. Some derive the word from 
hide 8f geniti, born at the same place where 
they received their worship. Virg. G. 1 , v. 
498.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 608. 
Indigeti, a people of Spain. 
Indus, now Sinde, a large river of Asia, from 
which the adjacent country has received the 
name of India. It falls into the Indian ocean 
by two mouths. According to Plato, it was 
larger than the Nile; and Pliny says that 19 
rivers discharge themselves into it, before it 
falls into the sea, Cic. JV. D. 2, c. 52.— Strab. 
15. — Curt 8, c. 9. — Diod. 2.— Ovid. Fast. 3,. 

v. 720— Plin. 6, c. 20. A river of Caria. 

Liv. 38, c 14. 

Indutiomarus, a Gaul conquered by Csesar, 
&c. Cxsar. B. G. 

Inferdm mare, the Tuscan sea. 
Ino, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, 
who nursed Bacchus. She married Athamas, 
king of Thebes, after he had divorced Nephele, 
by whom he had two children, Phryxus and 
Helle. Ino became mother of Melicerta and 
Learchus, and soon conceived an implacable 
hatred against the children of Nephele, because 
they were to ascend the throne in preference to 
her own. Phryxus and Helle were informed of 
Ino's machinations, and they escaped to Colchis 
on a golden ram. [Vid. Phryxus.] Juuo. jea- 
lous of Ino's prosperity, resolved lo disturb her 
peace; and more particularly, because she was 
of the descendants of her greatest enemy, Venus. 
Tisiphone was sent by order of the goddess to 
the house of Athamas; and she filled the whole 
palace with such fury, that Athamas, taking Ino 
to be a lioness, and her children whelps, pursu- 
ed her, and dashed her son Learchus against a 
wall. Ino escaped from the fury of her husband, 
and from a high rock she threw herself into the 
sea, with Melicerta in her arms. Tbe gods 
pitied her fate, and Neptune made her a sea 
deity, which was afterwards called Leucothoe. 
Melicerta became also a sea god, known by the 
name of Palajrnon. Homey. Od. 5. — Cic. Tvsc. 
de Nat. D. 3, c. 48.— Pint. Symp. b.—Ovid. 
Met. 4, fab. 13, &c. l 3 aus. 1, 2, &c. Spoi- 
led. 2, c, 4. — Hygin. fab. 12, 14, and 15. 

Inoa, festivals in memory of Ino, celebrated 
yearly with sports and sacrifices at Corinth. An 
anniversary sacrifice was also offered to Ino at 
Megara, where she was fit*t worshipped, under 

flie name of Leucothoe. Another in Laco- 

nia, in honour of the same. It was usual at the 
celebration to throw cakes of flour into a pond, 
which, if they sunk, were presages of prosperity; 
but if they swam on the surface of the waters, 
they were inauspicious and very unlucky. 

Inous, a patronymic given to the god Palae- 
mon, as son of Ino. Virg. JEax. 5, v. 823. 
I??oprs, a river of Delos, which the inhabi- 



tants suppose to be the Nile, coming from Egypt 
under the sea. It was near its banks that Apollo 
and Diana were born. Plin. 2. c. 103. — Flacc 
5 y v. 105.— Strab. 6.— Paws. 2, c. 4. 

Insubres, the inhabitants of Insubria, a coun- 
try near the Po, supposed to be of Gallic origil. 
They were conquered by the Romans, and their 
country became a province, where tbe modem 
towns of Milan and Pavia were built. Strab. 
5.— Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 23.— Plin. 3, c 17.— 
Liv. 5, c. 34.— Ptol. 3, c 1. 

Intaphernes, one of the seven Persian 
noblemen who conspired against Smerdis, who 
usurped the crown of Persia. He was so dis- 
appointed for not obtaining the crown, that he 
fomented seditions against Darius, who had been 
raised to the throne after the death of the usurp- 
er. When the king had ordered him, and all 
his family to be put to death, his wife, by fre- 
quently visiting the palace, excited the compas- 
sion of Darius, who pardoned her, and permit- 
ted her to redeem from death any one of her 
relations whom she pleased. She obtained her 
brother; and when the king expressed his aston- 
ishment, because she preferred him to her hus- 
band and children, she replied, that she could 
procure another husband, and children likewise; 
but that she could never have another brother, 
as her father and mother were dead. Intapher- 
nes was put to death. Herodot. 3. 

Intemelium, a town at the west of Liguria, 
on the sea-shore. Cic. Div. 8. c. 14. 

Interamna, an ancient city of Uinbria, the 
birth place of the historian Tacitus, and of the 
emperor of the same name. It is situate be- 
tween two branches of the Nar, (inter amnes} 
whence its name. Varro. L. L. 4, c. 5. — Tacit. 

Hist. 2, c. 64. A colony on the confines of 

Samnium, on the Liris. 
Intercatia, a town of Spain. 
Interrex, a supreme magistrate at Rome, 
who was intrusted with the care of the govern- 
ment after the death of a king, till the election 
of another. This office was exercised by the 
senators alone, and none continued in power 
longer than five days, or, according to Plutarch, 
only 12 hours. The first interrex mentioned in 
Roman history, is after the death of Romulus, 
when the Romans quarrelled with the Sabine* 
concerning the choice of a king. There was 
sometimes an interrex during the consular go- 
vernment; but this happened only to hold assem- 
blies in the absence of the magistrates, or when 
the election of any of the acting officers was 
disputed. Liv. 1, c. 17, — Dionys. 2, c. 15. 

Inui castrum, [Vid. Castrum Inui.] It re- 
ceived its name from Inuus, a divinity supposed 
to be the same as the Faunus of the Latins, and 
worshipped in this ciiy. 

Inycus, a city of Sicily. Herodot. 
Io, daughter of Inachus, or, according to 
others, of Jasus or Pirenes, was priestess to 
Juno at Avgos. Jupiter became enamoured of 
her; but Juno, jealous of his intrigues, discover- 
ed the object of his affection, and surprised him 
in the company of Io, though he had shrouded 
himself in all the obscurity of clouds and thick 
mists. Jupiter changed his mistress into a 
beautiful heifer: and the goddess, wbo well knew 

Z 7. 



10 



10 



the fraud, obtained from her husband the animal, 
whose beauty she had condescended to com- 
mend. Juno commanded the hundred-eyed 
Argus to watch the heifer; but Jupiter, anxious 
for the situation of Io, sent Mercury to destroy 
Argus, and to restore her to liberty. [Vid. 
Argus.] Io, freed from the vigilance of Argus, 
was now persecuted by Juno; who sent one of 
the furies, or rather a malicious insect, to tor- 
ment her. She wandered over the greatest part 
of the earth, and crossed over the sea, till at 
last she stopped on the banks of the Nile, still 
exposed to the unceasing torments of Juno's in- 
sect. Here she entreated Jupiter to restore her 
to her ancient form; and when the god had 
changed her from a heifer into a woman, she 
brought forth Epapbus. Afterwards she married 
Telagonus king of Egypt, or Osiris, according to 
others, and she treated her subjects with such 
mildness and humanity, that, after death, she 
received divine honours, and was worshipped 
under the name of Isis. According to Hero- 
dotus, Io was carried away by Phoenician mer- 
chants, who wished to make reprisals for Europa, 
who had been stolen from them by the Greeks. 
Some suppose that Io never came to Egypt. 
She is sometimes called Phoronis, from her 
brother Phoroneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 748. — 
Paws. 1, c. 25, 1.3, c. 18. — Moschus. — Jipol- 
od. 2, c. 1. — Virg. JEn. 7, v. 789. — Hygin. 
fab, 145. 

Iobates and Jobates, a king of Lycia, fa- 
ther of Stenobaea, the wife of Prcetus, king of 
Argos. He was succeeded on the throne by 
Bellerophon, to whom he had given one of his 
daughters, called Philonoe, in marriage. — [Vid. 
Bellerophon.] Jipollod. 2, c. 2. — Hrigin. fab. 
57. 

Iobes, a son of Hercules by a daughter of 
Thespius. He died in his youth. Jipollod. 2, c. 7. 
Jocasta, a daughter of Menoeceus, who mar- 
ried Laius, king of Thebes, by whom she had 
(Edipus. She afterwards married her son (Edi- 
pus, without knowing who he was, and had by 
him iEteocles, Polynices, &c. [Vid. Laius, 
(Edipus.] When she discovered that she had 
married her own son, and had been guilty of in- 
cest, she hanged herself in despair. She is cal- 
led Epicasta by some mycologists. Stat. Theb. 
8, v. 42. — Senec. and Sophocl. in (Edip. — Jipol- 
'lod. 3, c. 5. — Hygin. fab. 66, &c. — Homer. Od. 
11. 

Iolaia, a festival at Thebes, the same as that 
called Heracleia. It was instituted in honour 
of Hercules and his friend Tolas, who assisted 
him in conquering the hydra. It continued dur- 
ing several dajs, on the first of which were of- 
fered solemn sacrifices. The next day horse 
races and athletic exercises were exhibited. 
The following day was set apart for wrestling; 
the victors were crowned with garlands of myr- 
tle, generally used at funeral solemnities. They 
were sometimes rewarded with tripods of brass. 
The place where the exercises were exhibited 
was called Iolaion, where there were to be seen 
the monument of Amphitryon, and the cenotaph 
oflolas, who was buried in Sardinia. These 
monuments were strewed with garlands and 
flowers on the* day of the festival. 



Iolas or Iolaus, a son of Iphiclus, king of 
Thessaly, who assisted Hercules in conquering 
the hydra, and burnt with a hot iron the place 
where the heads had been cut off, to prevent the 
growth of others. [Vid. Hydra.] He was re- 
stored to his youth and vigour by Hebe, at the 
request of his friend Hercules. Some time af- 
terwards, Iolas assisted the Heraclidae against 
Eurystheus, and killed the tyrant with his own 
hand. According to Plutarch, Iolas had a mo- 
nument in Bceotia and Phocis, where lovers used 
to go and bind themselves by the most solemn 
oaths of fidelity, considering the place as sacred 
to love and friendship. According to Diodorus 
and Pausanias, Iolas died and was buried in 
Sardinia, where he had gone to make a settle- 
ment at the head of the sons of Hercules by the 
fifty daughters of Thespius. Ovid. Met. 9, y. 

399.— Jipollod. 2, c. A.— Pans 10, c. 17. 

A compiler of a Phoenician history. A friend 

of yEneas, killed by Catillus in the Rutulian 

wars. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 640. A son of An- 

tipater, cup-bearer to Alexander. Plul. 

Iolchos, a town of Magnesia above Deme- 
trias, where Jason was born. It was founded 
by Cretheus, son of ^Eolus and Enaretta. Mela 
mentions it as at some distance from the sea, 
though all the other ancient geographers place 
it on the sea shore. Paus. 4, c. 2. — Jipollod. 
1, c. 9. — Strab. 8. — Mela, 2, c. 3. — Lucan. 3, 
v. 192. 

Iole, a daughter of Eurytus, king of (Echa- 
lia. Her father promised her in marriage to 
Hercules, but he refused to perform his engage- 
ments, and Iole was carried away by force. 
[Vid. Eurytus.] It was to extinguish the love 
of Hercules for Iole, that Dejanira sent him the 
poisoned tunic, which caused his death. [ Vid. 
Hercules and Dejanira.] After the death of 
Hercules, Iole married his son Hyllus, by De- 
janira. Jipollod. 2, c. 7, — Ovid. Met. 9, v. 279. 

Ion, a son of Xuthus and Creusa, daughter of 
Erechtheus, who married Helice, the daughter 
of Selinus, king of iEgiale. He succeeded on 
the throne of his father-in-law, and built a city, 
which he called Helice, on account of his wife. 
His subjects from him received the name of 
lenians, and the country that of Ionia. [Vid. 
Iones and Ionia ] Jipollod. 1, c. 7. — Paus. 7. 
c. l.—Strab. 1—Herodol. 7, c. 94, 1. 8, c. 44' 
A tragic poet of Chios, whose tragedies, 



when represented at Athens, met with univer- 
sal applause. He is mentioned and greatly 
commended by Aristophanes and Athena^us, &c. 
Jilken. 10, &c. A native of Ephesus, intro- 
duced in Plato's dialogues as reasoning with So- 
crates. 

Ione, one of the Nereides. 

Iones, a name originally given to the sub- 
jects of Ion, who dwelt at Helice. In the age 
of Ion the Athenians made a war against the 
people of Eleusis, and implored his aid against 
their enemies. Ion conquered the Eleusinians 
and Eumolpus, who was at their head; and the 
Athenians, sensible of his services, invited him 
to come and settle among them; and the more 
strongly to show their affectioa, they assumed 
the name of Ionians. Some suppose that, after 
this victory, Ion passed into Asia Minor, at the 



10 



JO 



head of a colony. When the Achseans were 
driven from Peloponnesus by the Heraclidae, 
eighty years after the Trojan war, they came to 
settle among the lonians, who were then mas- 
ters of iEgialus. They were soon dispossessed of 
their territories by the Achaeans and went to Atti- 
ca, where they met with a cordial reception. 
Their migration from Greece to Asia Minor 
was about 60 years after the return of the He- 
raclidae, B. C. 1044, and 80 years after the de- 
parture of the iEoIians; and they therefore final- 
ly settled themselves, after a wandering life of 
about 30 years. 

Ionia, a country of Asia Minor, bounded on 
the north by JEoMb., on the west by the iEgean 
ane icarian seas, on the south by Caria, and on 
the east by Lydia and part of Caria. It was 
founded by colonies from Greece, and particu- 
larly Attica, by the lonians, or subjects of Ion. 
Ionia was divided into 12 small states, which 
formed a celebrated confederacy, often men- 
tioned by the ancients. These twelve states 
were, Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Clazomenae, 
Ephesus, Lebedos, Teos, Phocaea, Erythrae, 
Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos and Chios. 
The inhabitants of Ionia built a temple, which 
they called- Pan Ionium, from the concourse of 
people that flock there from every part of Ionia. 
After they had enjoyed for some time their free- 
dom and independence, they were made tribu- 
tary to the power of Lydia by Croesus. The 
Athenians assisted them to shake off the slavery 
of the Asiatic monarchs; but they soon forgot 
their duty and relation to their mother country, 
and joined Xerxes when he invaded Greece. 
They were delivered from the Persian yoke by 
Alexander, and restored to their original inde- 
pendence. They were reduced by the Ro- 
mans under the dictator Syila. Icnia has been 
always celebrated for the salubrity of the cli- 
mate, the fruitfulness of the ground, and the ge- 
nius of its inhabitants. Hcrodot. i, c. 6 and 23. 
— Strab. 14. — Mela, 1, c 2, &c. — Pans. 7, c. 

1. An ancient name given to Hellas, or 

Achaia, because it was for some time the resi- 
dence of the lonians. 

Ionium mare, a part of the Mediterranean 
sea, at the bottom of the Adriatic, lying be- 
tween Sicily and Greece. That part of the 
JEgean sea, which lies on the coasts of Ionia. 
in Asia, is called the sea of Ionia, and not the 
Ionian sea. According to some authors, the 
Ionian sea receives its name from lo, who swam 
across there, after she had been metamorphos- 
ed into a heifer. Strab. 7,&e. — Dionxjs. Perieg. 

Iopas, a king of Africa, among the suitors of 
Dido. He was an excellent musician, poet, and 
philosopher, and he exhibited his superior abi- 
lities at the entertainment which Dido gave to 
iEneas Virg. JEn. 1, v. 744. 

Iope and Joppa, now Jafa, a famous town of 
Phoenicia, more ancient than the deluge, ac- 
cording to some traditions. It was about forty 
miles from the capital of Judaea, and was re- 
markable for a sea-port much frequented, though 
very dangerous, on account of the great rocks 
that lie before it. Strab. 16, &c. — Propert. 2, 

el. 28. v. 51. A daughter of Iphicles, who 

married Theseus. Phil 



Iophon, a son of Sophocles, who accused his 
father of imprudence in the management of his 
affairs, &c. Lucian. de Macrob. A poet of 
Gnossus, in Crete. Pans. 1, c. 34. 

Jordanes, a river of Judaea, illustrious in sa- 
cred history. It rises near mount Libanus, and 
after running through the lake Samachonites, 
and that of Tiberias, it falls, after a course of 
150 miles, into the Dead sea. Strab. 16. 

Jornandes, an historian who wrote on the 
Goths. He died A. D. 552. 

Ios, now Nio, an island in the Myrtoan sea, 
at the south of Naxos, celebrated, as some say, 
for the tomb of Homer, and the birth of his mo- 
ther. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Josephus Flavius, a celebrated Jew, born 
in Jerusalem, who signalized his military abili- 
ties in supporting a siege of forty-seven days 
against Vespasian and Titus, in a small town of 
Judaea. When the city surrendered there were 
not found less than 40,000 Jews slain, and the 
number of captives amounted to 1,200. Jose- 
phus saved his life by flying into a cave, where 
40 of his countrymen had also taken refuge. 
He dissuaded them from committing suicide, 
and when they had all drawn lots to kill one an- 
other, Josephus fortunately remained the last, 
and surrendered himself to Vespasian. He gain- 
ed the conqueror's esteem by foretelling that he 
would become one day the master of the Ro- 
man empire. Josephus was present at the siege 
of Jerusalem by Titus, and received all the sa- 
cred books which it contained from the conquer- 
or's hands. He came to Rome with Titus, 
where he was honoured with the name and pri- 
vileges of a Roman citizen. Here he made 
himself esteemed by the emperors Vespasian 
and Titus, and dedicated his time to study. He 
wrote the history of the wars of the Jews, first 
in Syriac, and afterwards translated it into 
Greek. This composition so pleased Titus, that 
he authenticated it by placing his signature upon 
it, and by preserving it in one of the public li- 
braries. He finished another work, which he 
divided into twenty books, containing the histo- 
ry of the Jewish antiquities, in some places sub- 
versive of the authority and miracles mentioned 
in the scriptures. He also wrote two books to 
defend the Jews against Apion, their greatest 
enemy; besides an account of his own life, &c 
Josephus has been admired for his lively and 
animated style, the bold propriety of his expres- 
sions, the exactness of his descriptions, and the 
persuasive eloquence of his orations. He has 
been called the Livy of the Greeks. Though 
in some cases, inimical to the christians, yet he 
has commended our Saviour so warmly, that St. 
Jerome calls him a christian writer. Josephus 
died A. D. 93, h\ the 56th year of his age. The 
best editions of his works are Hudson's, 2 vols, 
fol. Oxon. 1720, and Havercamp's, 2 vols. fol. 
Amst. 1726, Sucton, in Vesp. &c. 

Jovianus Flavins Claudius, a native of Pan- 
nonia, elected emperor of Rome by the soldiers 
after death of Julian. He at first refused to be 
invested with the imperial purple, because hi* 
subjects followed the religious principles of the 
late emperor; but they removed his groundless 
apprehensions, and, when they assured him fl 



IP 



II* 



they were warm for Christianity, he accepted 
the crown . He made a disadvantageous treaty 
with the Persians, against whom Julian was 
marching with a victorious army. Jovian died 
seven months and twenty days after his ascen- 
sion, and was found in his bed suffocated by the 
vapours of charcoal, which had been lighted in 
his room, A. D. 364. Some attribute his death 
to intemperance, and say that he was the son of 
a baker. He burned a celebrated library at 
Antioch. Marcellin. 

Iphianassa, a daughter of Proetus, king of 
Argos, who, with her sisters Iphinoe and Ly- 

sippe, ridiculed Juno, &c. Vid. Prostides. 

The wife of Endymion. 

IphJclus, or Iphiclbs, a son of Amphitryon 
and Alcmena, born at the same birth with Her- 
cules. As these two children were together in 
the cradle, Juno, jealous of Hercules, sent two 
large serpents to destroy him. At the sight of 
the serpents, Iphicles alarmed the house; but 
Hercules, though not a year old, boldly seized 
them, one in each hand, and squeezed them to 

death. Jipollod 2, c. 4. — Theocrit. A king 

of Phylace, in Phthiotis, son of Phylacus aad 
Clymene. He had bulls famous for their big- 
ness, and the monster which kept them. Melam- 
pus, at the request of his brother, [Vid Melam- 
pus] attempted to steal them away, but he was 
caught in the fact, and imprisoned. Iphiclus 
soon received some advantages from the prophe- 
tical knowledge of his prisoner, and not only re- 
stored him to liberty, but also presented him 
with the oxen. Iphiclus, who was childless, 
learned from the soothsayer how to become a 
father. He had married Automedusa, and af- 
terwards a daughter of Creon, king of Thebes. 
He was father to Podarce and Protesilaus. Ho- 
mer. Od. 11, II, 13.— Jipollod. l,c 9.— Pans. 

4, c. 36 A son of Thestius, king of Pleuron. 

Jipollod 2, c. 1. 

Iphicrates, a celebrated general of Athens, 
who, though son of a shoemaker, rose from the 
lowest station to the highest offices in the state. 
He made war against the Thracians, obtained 
some victories over the Spartans, and assisted 
the Persian king against Egypt. He changed 
the dress and arms of his soldiers, and rendered 
them more alert and expeditious in using their 
weapons. He married a daughter of Cotys, king 
of Thrace, by whom he had a son called Mnes- 
theus, and died 3S0 B. C. When he was once 
reproached of the meanness of his origin, he ob- 
served, that he would be the first of his family, 
but that his detractor would be the last of his 

own- C. Ncp. in Ephic. A sculptor of 

Athens, An Athenian, sent to Darius the 

third, king of Persia, &c. Curt. 3, c. 13. 

Iphidamus, a son of Antenor and Theano, 
killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 11. 
f Iphidemia, a Thessalian woman, ravished by 
the Naxians, &c 

Iphigekia, a daughter of Agamemnon and 
Clytemnestra. When the Greeks, going to the 
Trojan war, were detained by contrary winds 
at Aulis, they were informed by one of the sooth- 
sayers, that, to appease the gods, they must sa- 
crifice Iphigenia, Agamemnon's daughter, to 
Diana. [Vid. AgamemQon.] The father, who 



had provoked the goddess by killing her favour- 
ite stag, heard this with the grestesv horror and 
indignation, and rather than to shed the blood 
of his daughter, he commanded one of his her- 
alds, as chief of the Grecian forces, to order all 
the assembly to depart each to his respective 
home. Ulysses and the other generals interfer- 
ed, and Agamemnon consented to immolate his 
daughter for the common cause of Greece. As 
Iphigenia was tenderly loved by her mother, the 
Greeks sent for her on pretence of giving her 
in marriage to Achilles. Clytemnestra gladly 
permitted her departure, and Iphigenia came 
to Aulis; here she saw the bloody preparations 
for the sacrifice; she implored the forgiveness 
and protection of her father, but tears and en- 
treaties were unavailing. Calchas took the knife 
in his hand, and, as he was going to strike the 
fatal blow, Iphigenia suddenly disappeared, and 
a goat of uncommon size and beauty was found 
in her place for the sacrifice. This supernatu- 
ral change animated the Greeks, the wind sud- 
denly became favourable, and the combined fleet 
set sail from Aulis. Jphigeula's innocence had 
raised the compassion of the goddess on whose 
altar she was going to be sacrificed, and she 
carried her to Taurica, where she intrusted her 
with the care of her temple. In this sacred of- 
fice Iphigenia was obliged, by the command of 
Diana, to sacrifice ail the strangers which came 
into that country. Many had already been of- 
fered as victims on the bloody altar, when Ores- 
tes and Pylades came to Taurica. Their mu- 
tual and unparalleled friendship, (Vid. Pylades 
and Orestes) disclosed to Iphigenia that one of 
the strangers whom $he was going to sacrifice 
was her brother; and. upon this, she conspired 
with the two friends to fly from the barbarous 
country, and carry away the statue of the god- 
dess. They successfully effected their enter- 
prise, and murdered Thoas, who enforced the 
human sacrifices. According to some authors, 
the Iphigenia who was sacrificed at Aulis was 
not a daughter of Agamemnon, but a daughter 
of Helen by Theseus. Homer does not speak 
of the sacrifice of Iphigenia. though very minute 
in the description of the Grecian forces, adven- 
tures, &c. The statue of Diana, which Iphige- 
nia brought away, was afterwards placed in th< 
grove of Aricia in Italy. Paus. 3, c. 22, 1. 3, c 
16.— Ovid. Met. 12, v. 31.— Virg. Ml. 2, v 
116. — JEsckyl. — Euripid. 

IphimedIa, a daughter of Triopas, who mar 
ried the giant Alosus. She iled from her bus 
band, and had two sons, Otus and Ephiaites, bi 
Neptune, her father's father. Homer. Od. 11 
v. 124.— Paus. 9, c 22 .—Jipollod. 1, c. 7. 

Iphimedon, a son of Eurystheus, killed ir 
a war against the Athenians and Heraclida? 
Jipollod. 

Iphimedusa, one of the daughters of Dana- 
us, who married Euchenor. Vid. Danaides. 

Iphinoe, one of the principal women of Lem- 
nos, who conspired to destroy all the males oi 
the island after their return from a Thraciar 

expedition. Flacc. 2, v. 163. -One of the 

daughters of Proetus. She died of a disease 
while under the care of Melampus. Vid. Prce- 
tides. 



IP 



IR 



Iphinous, one of the centaurs. Ovid. 

Iphis, son of Alector, succeeded his father 
en the throne of Argos. He advised Polynices, 
who wished to engage Amphiaraus in the The- 
ban war, to bribe his wife Eiiphyle, by giving 
her the golden collar of Harmonia. This suc- 
ceeded, and Eiiphyle betrayed her husband. 
•Spoiled. 3.— JFYacc. 1, 3, and 7. A beauti- 
ful youth of Salamis, of ignoble birth. He be- 
came enamoured of Anaxarete, and the cold- 
ness and contempt he met with rendered him so 
desperate that he hung himself. Anaxarete saw 
him carried to his grave without emotion, and 
was instantly changed into a stone. Ovid. Met. 

14, v. 703.- A daughter of Thespius. Jipol- 

lod. A mistress of Patroclus, given him by 

Achilles. Homer. II. 9. A daughter of Lig- 

dus and Telethusa, of Crete. When Telethu- 
sa was pregnant, Ligdus ordered her to destroy 
her child if it proved a daughter, because his po- 
verty could not afford to maintain an useless 
charge The severe orders of her husband alarm- 
ed Telethusa, and she would have obeyed, had 
not Isis commanded her in a dream to spare the 
life of her child. Telethusa brought forth a 
daughter, which was given to a nurse, and pas- 
sed for a boy under {he name of Iphis. Ligdus 
continued ignorant of the deceit, and, when 
Iphis was come to the years of puberty, her fa- 
ther resolved to give her in marriage to Ianthe, 
the beautiful daughter of Telestes. A day to ce- 
lebrate the nuptials was appointed, but Telethu- 
sa and her daughter were equally anxious to 
put off the marriage; and, when all was una- 
vailing, they implored the assistance of Isis, by 
whose advice the life of Iphis had been preserv- 
ed. The goddess was moved, she changed the 
sex of Iphis, andj on the morrow, the nuptials 
were consummated with the greatest rejoicings. 
Ovid. Met. 9, v. 666, &c. 

Iphition, an ally of the Trojans, son of Otryn- 
theus and Nais, killed by Achilles. Homer. II. 
20, v. 382. 

Iphitus, a son of Eurytus, king of (Echalia. 
When his father had premised his daughter lole 
to him who could overcome him or his sons in 
drawing the bow, Hercuies accepted the chal- 
lenge and came off victorious. Eurytus refused 
his daughter to the conqueror, observing that 
Hercules had killed one of his wives in a fury, 
and that Jole might perhaps share the same 
fate. Some time after, Autolycus stole away 
the oxen of Eurytus, and Hercuies was suspect- 
ed of the theft. Iphitus was sent in quest of the 
oxen, and, in his search, he met with Hercules, 
whose good favours he had gained by advising 
Eurytus to give lole to the conqueror. Hercules 
assisted Iphitus in seeking the lost animals; but 
when he recollected the ingratitude of Eurytus, 
he{killed Iphitus by throwing him down from the 
walls of Tirynthus. Homer. Od. 2l.—J]pollod. 

2, c. 6. A Trojan, who survived the ruin of 

his country, and fled withiEueus to Italy. Virg. 

JEn. 2, v." 340, &c. A king of Elis, son of 

Praxonides, in the age of Lycurgus. He re-es- 
tablished the Olympic games 338 years after 
their institution by Hercules, or about 8S4 years 
before the christian era. This epoch is famous 
in chronological history, as every thing previous 



to it seems involved in fabulous obscurity. Pw 
terc. I, c. 8. — Pans. 5, c. 4. 

Iphthime, a sister of Penelope, who married 
Eumelus. She appeared, by the. power of Mi- 
nerva, to her sister in a dream, to comibit her 
in "the absence of her son Telemachus. Homer. 
Od. 4, v. 795- 

Ipsea, the mother of Medea. Ovid. Heroid. 
17, v. 232 

jpsus, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for a 
battle which was fought there about 301 years 
before the Christian era, between Antigonus and 
his son, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, 
and Cassander. The former led into the field 
an army of above 70,000 foot and 10,000 horse, 
with 75 elephants. The latter's forces consisted 
of 64,000 infantry, besides 10,500 horse, 400 
elephants, and 120 armed chariots. Antigonus 
and his son were defeated. Ptut. in Demelr. 

Ira, a city of Messenia, which Agamemnon 
promised to Achilles, if he would resume his 
arms to tight against the Trojans. This place 
is famous in history as having supported a siege 
of eleven years against the Lacedaemonians, its 
capture, B. C. 671, put an end to tue second 
Messenian war, Homer. II. 9, v. 150 and 292. 
— Strab. 7. 

Iren^eus, a native of Greece, disciple of Po- 
lycarp, and bishop of Lyons in France. He 
wrote on different subjects; but, as what remains 
is in Latin, some suppose he composed in that 
language, and not in Greek. Fragments of his 
works in Greek are however preserved, which 
prove that his style was simple, though clear and 
often animated. His opinions concerning the 
soul are curious. He suffered martyrdom, A. 
D. 202. The best edition of his works is that of 
Grabe, Oxon. fol. 1702. 

Irene, a daughter of Cratinus the painter. 

Plin. 35, c. 11 One of the seasons among 

the Greeks, called by the moderns Horae. Her 
two sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all daugh» 
ters of Jupiter and Themis. *ipollod. 1, c. 3. 

Iresus, a delightful spot in Libya, near Cy 
rene, where Battus fixed his residence. The 
Egyptians were once defeated there by the in- 
habitants of Cyrene. Herodot. 4, c 158, &.c. 

Iris, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra, 
one of the Oceanidcs, messenger of the gods, 
and more particularly of Juno. Her ofiice was 
to cut the thread which seemed to detain the 
soul in the body of those that were expiring. 
She is the same as the rainbow, and, from that 
circumstance, she is represented with wings with 
all the variegated and beautiful colours of the 
rainbow, and appears sitting behind Juno, rea- 
dy to execute her commands. She is likewise 
described as supplying the clouds with water to 
deluge the world. Hesiod. Thcog. v. 266. — 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 271 and seq. 1. 4, v. 481, 1. 10, 

v. 585. — Virg. JEn. 4, v. 694. A river of 

Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling 
into the Euxine sea. Flacc. 5, v. 121. A ri- 
ver of Pontus. 

Irus, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed the 
commissions of Penelope's suitors. When Ulys- 
ses returned home, disguised in a beggar's; dress, 
Irus hindered him from entering the gates, and 
even challenged him. Ulysses brought him to 



IS 



IS 



the ground with a blow, and dragged him out 
of the house. From his poverty originates the 
proverb Iro pauperior. Homer. Od. 8, v, 1 and 
35.— Ovid. Trisi. 3, el. 7, v. 42,- A moun- 
tain of India. 

Is, a small river falling into the Euphrates. 
Its waters abound with bitumen. Herodot. 1, c. 

179. A small town on the river of the same 

name. Id. ib. 

Isadas, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the The- 
bans entering the city, stripped himself naked, 
and, with a spear and sword, engaged the ene- 
my. He was rewarded with a crown for his va- 
lour. JPlut. 
Isjea, one of the Nereides. 
Is^us, an erator of Calchis, in Euboea, who 
came to Athens, and became there the pupil of 
Lysias, and soon after the master of Demos- 
thenes. Some suppose that he reformed the 
dissipation and imprudence of his early years by 
frugality and temperance. Demosthenes imi- 
tated him in preference to Isocrates, because he 
studied force and energy of expression rather 
than floridness of style. Ten of his sixty-four 
orations are extant. Juv. 3, v. 74. — Plut. de 10 

Oral. Dem. Another Greek orator, who 

came to Rome A. D. 17. He is greatly recom- 
mended by Pliny the younger, who observes, 
that he always spoke extempore, and wrote 
with elegance, unlaboured ease, and great cor- 
rectness. 

Isamus, a river of India. 

Isanper, a son of Bellerophon, killed in the 

war which his father made against the Solymi. 

Homer. 11. 6. 

Isapis, a river of Umbria. Lucan. 2, v. 406. 

Isar and Isara, the Isore, a river of Gaul, 

where Fabius routed the Ailobroges. It rises 

at the east of Savoy, and falls into the Rhone 

near Valence. Plin. 3, c. 4. — Lucan I, v. 

399. Another, called the Oyse, which falls 



into the Seine below Paris 

Isar and Isjeus, a river of Vindelieia. Strab. 
4. 

Isarchus, an Athenian archon, B. C. 424. 
Isaura, (<e,or orum,) the chief town of Isauria. 
Plin. 5, c. 27. 

Isauria, a country of Asia Minor, near mount 
Taurus, whose inhabitants were bold and war- 
like. The Roman emperors, particularly Pro- 
bus and Gallus, made war against them and 
conquered them. Flor. 3, c. 6. — Strab. — do. 
15. Fam. 2. 

Isauricus, a surname of P. Servilius, from 
his conquests over the lsaurians. Ovid. 1. Fast. 
594.— Cic. b,Alt.2\. 

Isuarus, a river of Umbria, falling into the 
Adriatic. Another in Magna Graecia. Lu- 
can. 2, v. 406. 

Ischenia, an annual festival at Olympia, in 
honour of Ischenus, the grandson of Mercuiy 
and Hierea, who, in a time of famine, 'devoted 
himself for his country, and was honoured with 
a monument near Olympia. 

Ischolaus, a brave and prudent general of 
■Sparta, &c. Pohjosn. 

IschomXchus, a noble athlete of Crotona, 
about the consulship of M. Valerius and P. Pos- 
thumius. 



Ischopolis, a town of Pontuc. 

Iscia. Fid. (Enotrides. 

IsDEGtRDEs, a king of Persia, appointed, by 
the will of Arcadius, guardian to Theodosius 
the Second. He died in his 3 1st year, A. D. 408. 

Isia, certain festivals observed in honour of 
Isis, which continued nine days. It was usual 
to carry vessels full of wheat and barley, as the 
goddess was supposed to be the first who taught 
mankind the use of corn. These festivals were 
adopted by the Romans, among whom they soon 
degenerated into licentiousness. They were 
abolished by a decree of the senate, A. U. C. 
698. They were introduced again, about 200 
years after, by Commodus. 

Isiacorum portus, a harbour on the shore 
of the Euxiue, near Dacia. 

Isiborus, a native of Charax, in the age of 
Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote some historical trea- 
tises, besides a description of Parthia. A dis- 
ciple of Chrysostom, called Pelusiota, from his 
living in Egypt. Of his epistles 2012 remain 
written in Greek, with conciseness and elegance. 
The best edition is that of Paris, fob 1638.- 



A Christian Greek writer, who flourished in the 
7th centuiy. He is surnamed Hispalensis His 
works have been edited, fol. de Breul, Paris 
1601. 

I sis, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, 
daughter of Saturn and Rhea, according to Dio- 
dorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to Ue the 
same as Io, who was changed into a cow, and 
restored to her human form in Egypt, *vhere 
she taught agriculture, and governed the peo- 
ple with mildness and equity, for which reasons 
she received divine honours after death. Ac- 
cording to some traditions- mentioned by Plu- 
tarch, Isis married her brother Osiris, and was 
pregnant by him even before she had lefii her 
mother's womb. These two ancient deities, as 
some authors observe, comprehended all nature 
and all the gods of the heathens. Isis was the 
Venus of Cyprus, the Minerva of Athens, the 
Cybele of the Phrygians, the Ceres of Elcusis, 
the Proserpine of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, 
the Bellona of the Romans, &c. Osiris and Isis 
reigned conjointly in Egypt, but the rebellion of 
Typhon, the brother of Osiris, proved fatal to 
this sovereign. [Vid. Osiris and Typhon.] 
The ox and cow were the symbols of Osiris and 
Isis, because these deities, while on earth, had 
diligently applied themselves in cultivating the 
earth. [Vid. Apis.] As Isis was supposed to 
be the moon and Osiris the sun, she was repre- 
sented as holding a globe in her hand, with a 
vessel full of ears of corn. The Egyptians be- 
lieved that the yearly and regular inundations 
of the Nile proceeded from the abundant tears 
which Isis shed for the loss of Osiris, whom Ty- 
phon had basely murdered. The word Isis, ac- 
cording to some, signifies ancient,' and, on that 
account, the inscriptions on the statues of the 
goddess were often in these words: I am all that 
has been, that shall be, and none among mortals 
has hitherto taken off my veil. The worship of 
Isis was universal in Egypt; the priests were 
obligeu to observe perpetual chastity, their head 
was closely shaved, and they always walked 
barefooted, and clothed themselves in linen gar- 



IS 



IS 



ment3. They never eat onions, they abstained 
from salt with their meat, and were forbidden 
to eat the flesh of sheep and of hogs. During 
the night they were employed in continual de- 
votion near the statue of the goddess. Cleopa- 
tra, the beautiful queen of Egypt, was wont to 
dress herself like this goddess, and affected to 
be called a second Isis. Cic. de Div 1. — Pint. 
de Isid. 8f Osirid. — Diod, 1. — Dionys. Hal. ft. 
— Herodot. 2, c. 69. — Lucan. 1, v. 831. 

Ismarus, (Ismara, plur. ) a rugged mountain 
of Thrace, covered with vines and olives, near 
the Hebrus, with a town of the same name. Its 
wines are excellent. The word Ismarius is in- 
discriminately used for Thracian. Homer. Od. 

9.— Firg. G. 2, v. 37. JEn. 10, v. 351. A 

Theban, son oC Astacus. A son of Eumol- 

pus. Jipollod. A Lydian who accompanied 

JEneas to Italy, and fought with great vigour 
against the Rutuli. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 139. 

Ismene, a daughter of (Edipus and Jocasta, 
who, when her sister Antigone had been con- 
demned to be buried alive by Creon, for giving 
burial to her brother Polynices against the ty- 
rant's positive orders, declared herself as guilty 
as her sister, and insisted upon being equally 
punished with her. This instance of generosity 
was strongly opposed by Antigone, who wished 
not to see her sister involved in her calamities. 

Sophocl. in Jlntig. — Jipollod. 3, c. 5. A 

daughter of the river Asopus, who married the 
hundred-eyed Argus, by whom she had Jasus. 
Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

Ismenias, a celebrated musician of Thebes. 
When he was taken prisoner by the Scythians, 
Atheas, the king of the country, observed, that 
he liked the music of Ismenias better than the 
braying of an ass. Plut. in Jipoph A The- 
ban, bribed by Timocrates of Rhodes, that he 
might use his influence to prevent the Athenians 
aud some other Grecian states from assisting 
Lacedaemon, against which Xerxes was engaged 
in a war. Paus. 3, c. 9. — : — A Theban gene- 
ral, sent to Persia with an embassy by his coun- 
trymen. As none were admitted into the king's 
presence without prostrating themselves at nis 
feet, Ismenias had recourse to artifice to avoid 
doing an action which would prove disgraceful 
to bis country. When he was introduced he 
dropped his ring, and the motion he made to re- 
cover it from the ground was mistaken for the 
most submissive homage, and Ismenias had a 
satisfactory audience of the monarch. A ri- 
ver of Boeotia, falling into the Euripus, where 
Apollo had a temple, from which he was called 
kmeni-us. A youth was yearly chosen by the 
Boeotians to be the priest of the god, an office to 
which Hercules was once appointed. Paus. 9, 
c. 10.— Ovid. Met. 2.—Strab. 9. 

Ismenides, an epithet applied to the Theban 
women, as being near the Ismenus, a river of 
Boeotia. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 31. 

Ismenius, a surname of Apollo, at Thebes, 
where he bad a temple on the borders of the 
Ismenus. 

Ismenvs, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of 
the Nereides, who gave his name to the Ladon, 
a river of Boeotia, near Thebes, falling into the 
Asopus, and thence into the Eurrpus. Paws. 9. 



c. 10. A son of Asopus and Metope. Jlpot~ 

lod 3, c. 12. A son of Amphion and Niobe, 

killed by Apollo. Id. 3, c. 5. — Ovid. Met 6, 
fab. 6. 

Isocrates, a celebrated orator, son of Theo- 
dorus, a rich musical instrument' maker at 
Athens. He was taught in the schools of Gor- 
gias and Prodicus, but his oratorical abilities 
were never displayed in public, and Isocrates 
was prevented by an unconquerable timidity 
fro;n speaking in the popular assemblies. He 
opened a school of eloquence at Athens, where 
he distinguished himself by the number, char- 
acter, and fame of his pupils, and by the im- 
mense riches which he amassed He was inti- 
mate with Philip of Macedon, and regularly 
corresponded with him; and to his familiarity 
with that monarch the Athenians were indebted 
for some of the few peaceful years which they 
passed. The aspiring ambition of Philip, how- 
ever, displeased Isocrates, and the defeat of the 
Athenians at Cheronasa had such an effect upon 
his spirits, that he did not survive the disgrace 
of his country, but died, after be had been four 
days without taking any aliment, in the 99tk 
year of his age, about 338 years before Christ. 
Isocrates has always been much admired for the 
sweetness and graceful simplicity of his style, 
for the harmony of his expressions, and the dig- 
nity of his language. The remains of his ora- 
tions extant inspire the world with the highest 
veneration for his abilities, as a moralist, an 
orator, and, above all, as a man. His merit, 
however, is lessened by those who accuse him 
of plagiarism from the works of Thucydides, Ly- 
syas, and others, seen particularly in his pane- 
gyric. He was so studious of correctness that 
his lines are sometimes poetry. The severe 
conduct of the Athenians against Socrates high- 
ly displeased him, and, in spite of all the un- 
deserved unpopularity of that great philosopher, 
he put on mourning the day of his death. About 
31 of his orations are extant. Isocrates was 
honoured after death with a brazen statue by 
Timotheus, one of his pupils, and Aphareus, his 
adopted son. The best editions of Isocrates are 
that of Battie, 2 vols. 8vo. Cantab. 1729, and 
that of Augur, 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 17S2. Pint, 
de 10 Oral. &C. Cic. foat. 20 de Inv. 2, c. 126. 
to Brut. c. 15. de Orat. 2, c. 6. — Qjdntil. 2, 

&c — Pcde.ro. 1, c. 16. One of the officers 

of the Peloponnesian fleet, &c. Thucyd. 

One of the disciples of Isocrates. A rheto- 
rician of Syria, enemy to the Romans, &c. 

Issa, now Lissa, an island in the Adriatic sea, 

on the coast of Dalmatia. A town of Illyri- 

cum. Mela, 2, c. 7. — Strab. 1, &c. — Marcell. 
26, c 25. 

Isse, a daughter of Macareus, the son of Ly- 
caon. She was beloved by Apollo, who to ob- 
tain ber confidence changed himself into the 
form of a shepherd to whom she was attached. 
This metamorphosis of Apollo was represented 
on the web of Arachne. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 124. 

Issus, now Jiisse, a town of Cilicia, on the 
confines of Syria, famous for a battle fought 
there between Alexander the Great and the 
Persians under Darius their king, in October, 
B. C. 333, in consequence of wbjch it was call- 



IS 



IS 



the ground with a blow, and dragged him out 
of the house. From his poverty originates the 
proverb Iro pauperior. Homer. Od. 8, v, 1 and 
35.— Ovid. Tvist. 3, el. 7, v. 42,- A moun- 
tain of India. 

Is, a small river falling into the Euphrates. 
Its ivaters abound with bitumen. Herodot. 1, c. 

179. A small town on the river of the same 

name. Id. ib. 

Isadas, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the The- 
bans entering the city, stripped himself naked, 
and, with a spear and sword, engaged the ene- 
my. He was rewarded with a crown for his va- 
lour. Plut. 

Is,ea, one of the Nereides. 

Is^eus, an erator of Calchis. in Euboea, who 
came to Athens, and became there the pupil of 
Lysias, and soon after the master of Demos- 
thenes. Some suppose that he reformed the 
dissipation and imprudence of bis early years by 
frugality and temperance. Demosthenes imi- 
tated him in preference to Isocrates, because he 
studied force and energy of expression rather 
than floridness of style. Ten of his sixty-four 
orations are -extant. Juv. 3, v. 74. — Plut. de 10 

Oral. Bern. Another Greek orator, who 

came to Rome A. D. 17. He is greatly recom- 
mended by Piiny the younger, who observes, 
that he always spoke extempore, and wrote 



with elegance, unlaboured ease, and great cor- 
rectness. 

Isabius, a river of India. 

Isanper, a son of Bellerophon, killed in the 

war which his father made against the Solymi. 

Homer. 11. 6. 

Isapis, a river of Umbria. Lucan. 2, v. 406. 

Isar and Isara, the Isore, a river of Gaul, 

where Fabius routed the Allobroges. It rises 

at the east of Savoy, and falls into the Rhone 

near Valence. Pan. 3, c. 4 — Lucan 1, v. 

399. Another, called the Oyse, which falls 

into the Seine below Paris. 

Isar and Isjeus, a river of Vindelieia. Strab. 
4. 

Isarchds, an Athenian archon, B. C. 424. 
Isaura, (<e, or orum,) the chief town of Isauria. 
Plin. 5, c. 27. 

Isauria, a country cf Asia Minor, near mount 
Taurus, whose inhabitants were bold and war- 
like. The Roman emperors, particularly Pro- 
bus and Galius, made war against them and 
conquered them- Flor. 3, c. 6. — Strab. — Cic. 
15. Fam. 2. 

Isauricus, a surname of P. Servilius, from 
his conquests over the lsaurians. Ovid. 1. Fast. 
594.— Cic. 5, Mt. 21. 

Isuarus, a river of Umbria, falling into the 
Adriatic. Another in Magna Graecia. Lu- 
can. 2, v. 406. 

Ischenia, an annual festival at Olympia, in 
honour of Ischenus, the grandson of Mereuiy 
and Hierea, who, in a time of famine/devoted 
himself for his country, and was honoured with 
a monument near Oiympia. 

Ischolaus, a brave and prudent general of 
Sparta, &c Pohjosn. 

IschomXchus, a noble athlete of Crotona, 
about the consulship of M. Valerius and P. Pos- 
thumius. 



Ischopolis, a town of Pontus. 

Iscia. Fid. (Enotrides. 

Ishegkrdes, a king of Persia, appointed, by 
the will of Arcadius, guardian to Theodosius 
the Second. He died in his 31st year, A. D. 408. 

Isia, certain festivals observed in honour of 
Isis, which continued nine days. It was usual 
to carry vessels full of wheat and barley, as the 
goddess was supposed to be the first who taught 
mankind. the use of corn. These festivals were 
adopted by the Romans, among whom they soon 
degenerated into licentiousness. They were 
abolished by a decree of the senate, A. U. C. 
696. The) were introduced again, about 200 
years after, by Commodus. 

Isiacorum portits, a harbour on the shore 
of the Euxine, near Dacia. 

Isidorus, a native of Charax, in the age of 
Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote some historical trea- 
tises, besides a description of Parthia. A dis- 
ciple of Chrysostom, called Pelusiota, from his 
living in Egypt. Of his epistles 2012 remain 
written in Greek, with conciseness and elegance. 
The best edition is that of Paris, fob 1638.- 



A Christian Greek writer, who flourished in the 
7th century. He is surnamed Hispalensis His 
works have been edited, fol. de Breul, Paris 
1601. 

Isis, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, 
daughter of Saturn and Rhea, according to Dio- 
dorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to be the 
same as lo, who was changed into a cow, and 
restored to her human form in Egypt, where 
she taught agriculture, and governed the peo- 
ple with mildness and equity, for which reasons 
she received divine honours after death. Ac- 
cording to some traditions- mentioned by Plu- 
tarch, Isis married her brother Osiris, and was 
pregnant by him even before she had lefi her 
mother's womb- These two ancient deities, as 
some authors observe, comprehended all nature 
and all the gods of the heathens. Isis was the 
Venus of Cyprus, the Minerva of Athens, the 
Cybele of the Phrygians, the Ceres of Elcusis, 
the Proserpine of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, 
the Bellona of the Romans, &c. Osiris and Isis 
reigned conjointly in Egypt, but the rebellion of 
Typhon, the brother of Osiris, proved fatal to 
this sovereign. [Vid. Osiris and Typhon.] 
The ox and cow were the symbols of Osiris and 
Isis, because these deities, while on earth, had 
diligently applied themselves in cultivating the 
earth. [Vid. Apis.] As Isis was supposed to 
be the moon and Osiris the sun, she was repre- 
sented as holding a globe in her hand, with a 
vessel full of ears of corn. The Egyptians be- 
lieved that the yearly and regular inundations 
of the Nile proceeded from the abundant tears 
which Isis shed for the loss of Osiris, whom Ty- 
phon had basely murdered. The word Isis, ac- 
cording to some, signifies ancient, 'and, on that 
account, the inscriptions on the statues of the 
goddess were often in these words: I am all that 
has been, that shall be, and none among mortals 
has hitherto taken off my veil. The worship of 
Isis was universal in Egypt; the priests were 
obliged to observe perpetual chastity, their head 
was closely shaved, and they always walked 
barefooted, and clothed themselves in linen gar- 



IS 



IS 



ment3. They never eat onions, they abstained 
from salt with their meat, and were forbidden 
to eat the flesh of sheep and of hogs. During 
the night they were employed in continual de- 
votion near the statue of the goddess. Cleopa- 
tra, the beautiful queen of Egypt, was wont to 
dress herself like this goddess, and affected to 
be called a second Isis. Cic. de Div 1. — Plut. 
de hid. 8f Osirid. — Dwd. 1. — Dionys. Hal. ft. 
— Herodot. 2, c. 59. — Lucan. 1, v. 831. 

Ismarus, (Ismara, plur. ) a rugged mountain 
of Thrace, covered with vines and olives, near 
the Hebrus, with a town of the same name. Its 
wines are excellent. The word Ismarius is in- 
discriminately used for Thracian. Homer. Od 

9.— Rrg. G. 2, v. 37. JEn. 10, v. 351. A 

Theban, son of Astacus. -A son of Eumol- 

pus. Jipollod. A Lydian who accompanied 

iEneas to Italy, and fought with great vigour 
against the Rutuli. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 139. 

Ismene, a daughter of (Edipus and Jocasta. 
who, when her sister Antigone had been con- 
demned to be buried alive by Creon, for giving 
burial to her brother Polynices against the ty- 
rant's positive orders, declared herself as guilty 
as her sister, and insisted upon being equally 
punished with her. This instance of generositv 
was strongly opposed by Antigone, who wished 
not to see her sister involved in her calamities. 

Sophocl. in Jlntig. — ^polled. 3, c. 5. A 

daughter of the river Asopus, who married the 
hundred-eyed Argus, by whom she had Jasus. 
Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

Ismenias, a celebrated musician of Thebes. 
When he was taken prisoner by the Scythians, 
Atheas, the king of the country, observed, that 
he liked the music of Ismenias better than the 
braying of an ass. Plut. in Jlpoph A The- 
ban, bribed by Timocrates of Rhodes, that he 
might use his influence to prevent the Athenians 
and some other Grecian states from assisting 
Lacedaemon, against which Xerxes was engaged 
in a war. Paris. 3, c. 9. — — A Theban gene- 
ral, sent to Persia with an embassy by his coun- 
trymen. As none were admitted into the king's 
presence without prostrating themselves at nis 
feet, Ismenias had recourse to artifice to avoid 
doing an action which would prove disgraceful 
to his country. When he was introduced he 
dropped his ring, and the motion he made to re- 
cover it from the ground was mistaken for the 
most submissive homage, and Ismenias had a 
satisfactory audience of the monarch. A ri- 
ver of Boeotia, falling into the Euripus, where 
Apollo had a temple, from which he was called 
hmenius. A youth was yearly chosen by the 
Boeotians to be the priest of the god, an office to 
which Hercules was once appointed. Pans. 9, 
c. io.— Ond. Met. 2.—Strab. 9. 

Ismenides, an epithet applied to the Theban 
women, as being near the Ismenus, a river of 
Boeotia. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 31. 

Ismenius, a surname of Apollo, at Thebes, 
where he bad a temple on the borders of the 
Ismenus. 

Ismen¥s, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of 
the Nereides, who gave his name to the Ladon, 
a river of Boeotia, near Thebes, falling into the 
Asopus, and thence into the Euripus. Pans. 9, 



c. 10. A son of Asopus and Metope. Apol- 
lod. S, c. 12. A son of Amphion and Niobe, 

killed by Apollo. Id. 3, c. 5.— Ovid. Met 6, 
fab. 6. 

Isocrates, a celebrated orator, son of Theo- 
dorus, a rich musical instrument ' maker at 
Athens. He was taaght in the schools of Gor- 
gias and Prodicus, but his oratorical abilities 
were never displayed in public, and Isocrates 
was prevented by an unconquerable timidity 
frojn speaking in the popular assemblies. He 
opened a school of eloquence at Athens, where 
he distinguished himself by the number, char- 
acter, and fame of his pupils, and by the im- 
mense riches which he amassed He was inti- 
mate with Philip of Macedon, and regularly 
corresponded with him; and to his familiarity 
with that monarch the Athenians were indebted 
for some of the few peaceful years which they 
passed. The aspiring ambition of Philip, how- 
ever, displeased Isocrates, and the defeat of the 
Athenians at Cfaeronssa had such an effect upon 
his spirits, that he did not survive the disgrace 
of his country, but died, after he had been four 
days without taking any aliment, in the 99tk 
year of his age, about 338 years before Christ. 
Isocrates has always been much admired for the 
sweetness and graceful simplicity of his style, 
for the harmony of his expressions, and the dig- 
nity of his language. The remains of his ora- 
tions extant inspire the world with the highest 
veneration for his abilities, as a moralist, an 
orator, and, above all, as a man. His merit, 
however, is lessened by those who accuse him 
of plagiarism from the works of Thucydides, Ly- 
syas, and others, seen particularly in his pane- 
gyric. He was so studious of correctness that 
his lines are sometimes poetry. The severe 
conduct of the Athenians against Socrates high- 
ly displeased him, and, in spite of all the un- 
deserved unpopularity of that great philosopher, 
he put on mourning the day of his death. About 
31 of his orations are extant. Isocrates was 
honoured after death with a brazen statue by 
Timotheus, one of his pupils, and Aphareus, his 
adopted sod. The best editions of Isocrates are 
that of Battie, 2 vols. 8vo. Cantab. 1729, and 
that of Augur, 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1782. Plut. 
dc 10 Oral. kc. Cic. Orat. 20 de Inv. 2, c. 126. 
in- Brut. c. 15, de Orat. 2, c. 6. — Qjdntil. 2, 

&c — Paterc. 1, c. 16. One of the officers 

of the Peloponnesian fleet, &c. Thucyd. 

One of the disciples of Isocrates. A rheto- 
rician of Syria, enemy to the Romans, &c. 

Issa, now Lissa, an island in the Adriatic sea, 

on the coast of Dalmatia. A town of Illyri- 

cum. Mela, 2, c. 7. — Strab. 1, &c — JMarcell. 
26, c 25. 

Isse, a daughter of Macareus, the son of Ly- 
caon. She was beloved by Apollo, who to ob- 
tain her confidence changed himself into the 
form of a shepherd to whom she was attached. 
This metamorphosis of Apollo was represented 
on the web of Arachne. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 124. 

Issus, now Jlisse, a town of Cilicia, on the 
confines of Syria, famous for a battle fought 
there between Alexander the Great and the 
Persians under Darius their king, in October, 
B. C. 333, in consequence of which it was call- 



IS 



IT 



ed Nicopolis. In this battle the Persians lost, 
in the field of battle, 100,000 foot and 10,000 
horse, and the Macedonians only 300 foot and 
150 horse, according to Diodorus Siculus. The 
Persian army, according to Justin, consisted of 
400,000 foot and 100,000 horse, and 61,000 of 
the former and 10,000 of the latter, were left 
dead on the spot, and 40,000 were taken pri- 
soners. The loss of the Macedonians, as he 
farther adds, was no more than 130 foot and 150 
horse. According to Curtius, the Persians slain 
amounted to 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse; 
and those of Alexander to 32 foot, and 150 horse 
killed, and 504 wounded. This spot is likewise 
famous for the defeat of Niger by Severus, A D. 
194. Pint, in Mtx. — Justin. 11, c. 9. — Curt. 

3, c. l.—Jirrian.—Dicd. 17.— Cic. 5, Att. 20. 
Fam. 2, ep. 10. 

Ister and Istrus, an historian, disciple to 
Calimachus. Diog. -A large river of Eu- 
rope, falling into the Euxine sea, called also 

the Danube. [Vid. Danubius.] -A son of 

JEgyptus. Jlpollod: 

Isthmia, sacred games among the Greeks, 
which received their name from the isthmus of 
Corinth, where they were observed. They 
were celebrated in commemoration of Melicer- 
ta, who was changed into a sea deity, when his 
mother Ino had thrown herself into the sea with 
him in her arms. The body of Melicerta, ac- 
cording to some traditions, when cast upon the 
sea-shore, received an honourable burial, in me- 
mory of which the Isthmian games were insti- 
tuted, B. C. 1326. They were interrupted after 
they had been celebrated with great regularity 
during some years, and Theseus at last reinsti- 
tuted them in honour of Neptune, whom he pub- 
licly called his father. These games were ob- 
served every third, or rather fifth year, and held 
so sacred and inviolable that even a public ca- 
lamity could not prevent the celebration. When 
Corinth was destroyed by Mummius, the Ro- 
man general, they were observed with the usual 
solemnity, and the Sieyonians were entrusted 
with the superintendence, which had been before 
one of the privileges of the ruined Corinthians. 
Combats of every kind were exhibited, and the 
victors were rewarded with garlands of pine 
leaves. Some time after the custom was chang- 
ed, and the victor received a crown of dry and 
withered parsley. The years were reckoned by 
the celebration of the Isthmian games, as among 
the Romans from the consular government. Paus. 
1, e. 44, 1. 2, c. 1 and 2.—Plin. 4, c. 5 — Pint, 
in Thss. 

Isthmius, a king of Messenia, &c. Paus. 

4, c. 3. 

Isthmus, a small neck of land which joins 
one country to another, and prevents the sea 
from making them separate, such as that of Co- 
rinth, called often the Isthmus by way of emi- 
nence, which joins Peloponnesus to ( Greece. 
Nero attempted to cut it across, and make a 
communication between the two seas, but in 
vain. It is now called Hexamili. Strab. 1. — 
Mela, 2, c. 2. — Plin. 4, c. 4. — Lucan. 1, v. 
101. 

IsTiiEoxis-, a country of Greece, near Ossa. 
Vid. Histiaeotb. 



Isthia, a province at the west of Illyricum, 
at the top of the Adriatic sea, whose inhabitants 
were originally pirates, and lived on plunder. 
They were not subjected to Rome till six centu- 
ries after the foundation of that city. Strab. 
l.—Mela, 2, c. 3.— Liv. 10, &c— Plin. 3, c. 
19. — Justin. 9, c. 2. 

Istropolis, a city of Thrace, near the mouth 
of the Ister, founded by a Milesian colony-. 
Plin, 4, c. 11. 

Isus and Antipiius, sons of Priam, the latter 
by. Hecuba, and the former by a concubine. 
They were seized by Achilles, as they fed their 
father's flocks on mount Ida; they were redeem- 
ed by Priam, and fought against the Greeks. 
They were both killed by Agamemnon. Homer. 
11. ii A city of Bceotia. Strab. 9. 

Italia, a celebrated country of Europe, 
bounded by the Adriatic and Tyrrhene seas, and 
by the Alpine mountains. It has been compared 
and with some similitude, to a man's leg. It has 
borne, at different periods, the different names 
of Saturnia, (Enotria, Hesperia, Ausonia, and 
Tyrrhenia, and it received, the name of Italy 
either from Italus, a king of the country, or from 
Italos, a Greek word which signifies an ox, an 
animal very common in that part of Europe. 
The boundaries of Italy appeared to have been 
formed by nature itself, which seems to have 
been particularly careful in supplying this coun- 
try with whatever may contribute not only to the 
support, but also to the pleasures and luxuries 
of life. It has been called the garden of Eu- 
rope; and the Panegyrics ivhich Pliny bestows 
upon it seem not in any degree exaggerated. 
The_ ancient inhabitants called themselves Abo- 
rigines, offspring of the soil, and the country 
was soon after peopled by colonies from Greece. 
The Pelasgi and the Arcadians made settle- 
ments there, and the whole country was divided 
into as many different governments as there 
were towns, till the rapid increase of the Roman 
power [ Vid. Roma] changed the face of Italy, 
and united all its states in support of one com- 
mon cause. Italy has been the mother of arts 
as well, as of arms, and the immortal monuments 
which remain of the eloquence and poetical 
abilities of its inhabitants are universally known. 
It was divided into eleven small provinces or 
regions by Augustus, though sometimes known 
under the three greater divisions of Cisalpine 
Gaul, Italy properly so called, and Magna 
Grecia. The sea above was called Superum, 
and that at the south Ivferum. Ptol. 3, c. 1.— 
Dionys. Hal. — Diod. 4. — Justin. 4, &c — C. 
Nep. in Dion. Alcih. &c. — Liv. 1, c. 2, &c. — 
Varro de R. R. 2, c. 1 and 5. — Virg. JEn. 1, 
&c— Polyb. 2.—Flor. 2.—JEMan. V. H. 1, c. 
16.— Lucan. 2, v. 397, k.z.~Plin. 3, c. 5 and 8, 

Italica, a town of Italy, called also Corfi- 

nium. A town of Spain, now Sevitya la 

Vieja, built by Scipio for the accommodation of 
his wounded soldiers. Gell. 16, c. 13. — Jippian. 
Hisp. 

Italicus, a poet. Vid. Silius. 

Italus, a son of Telegonus. Hygirb' fab. 

127. -An Arcadian prince, who came to Italy, 

where he established a kingdom, called after 
him. It is supposed that be received divine 



IT 



JU 



before the \u era. Ji 

Ilhomales, from a temptc whi< 



koaours after death, as iEneas calls upon him 
among the deities to whom he paid his adoration 
when he entered Italy. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 178. 

A prince whose daughter Roma, by his 

wife Leucaria, is said to have married iEneas 

or Ascanius. Pint, in Rom. A king of the 

Gherusci, &c Tacit. Jinn. 1, c. 16. 

Itargris, a river of Germany. 

Itea, a daughter of Danaus. Hygin. fab. 

no. 

Itemales, an old man who exposed (Edipus 
on mount Cithseron, &c. Hygin. fab. 65. 

Ithaca, a celebrated island in the Ionian sea, 
on the western parts of Greece, with a city of 
the same name, famous for being part of the 
kingdom of Ulysses. It is very rocky and moun- 
tainous, measures about 25 miles in circumfer- 
ence, and is now known by the name of Isola 
del Compare, or Thiachl. Homer. II. 2, v. 139. 
Oil. 1, v. 186, 1. 4, v. 601, i. 9, v. 20.— Strab. 
1 and 8, Mela, 2, e. 7. 

Ithacesijs, three islands opposite Vino, on 

the coast of the Brutii. Baiae was called also 

Ilhaccsia, because built by Bajus the pilot of 
Ulysses. Sil. S, v. 540, 1. 12, v. 113. 

Ithobaltts, a king of Tyre, who died B. C. 
595. Josephus. 

Ithome, a town of Phthiotis. Homer. II. 

2. Another of Messenia, which surrendered, 

after ten yeju^ siege, to Lacedaetnon, 724 years 

Jupiter was called 
ich he had there, 
where games were also celebrated, and the 
conqueror rewarded with an oaken crown. Paws. 
4, c. 32.— Stat. Theb. 4, v. 179.— Strab. S. 

Ithomaia, a festival in which musicians con- 
tended, observed at Ithome, in honour of Jupiter, 
who had been nursed by the nymphs Ithome and 
Neda, the former of whom gave her name to a 
city, and the latter to a river. 

Ithtphallus, an obscene name of Priapus. 
Columell. 10.— Diod. 1. 

Itius Portus, a town of Gaul, now Wet- 
sand, or Boulogne in Picardy. Caesar set sail 
from thence on his passage into Britain. Cces. 
G. 4, c 21, 1. 5, c 2 and 5. 
, Itonia, a surname of Minerva, from a place 
ia Bceotia, where she was worshipped. 

Itonus, a king of Thessaly, son of Deucalion 
who first invented the manner of polishing me- 
tals. Lucan. 6, v. 402. 

Ituna, a river of Britain, now Eden in Cum- 
berland. 

iTuitiEA, a country of Palestine, whose in- 
habitants were very skilful in drawing the bow. 
Lucan. 7, v. 230 and 514. — Virg. G. 2, v. 448. 
—Strab. 17. 

Iturdm, a town of Umbria. 

Itylus, a son of Zetheus and iEdon, killed 
by his mothex. [Vid. iEdon.] Homer. Od. 
19, v. 462. 

IxtRiEi, a people of Palestine. Vid. Itursea. 

Itys, a son of Tereus king of Thrace, by 
Procne, daughter of Pandion, king of Athens. 
He was killed by his mother when he was about 
six years old, and served up as meat before his 
father. He was changed into a pheasant, his . 
mother into a swallow, and his father into an 
owl. [Vid. Philomela.] Ovid. Met. 6, v. 



620. Amor. 2, , el. 14, v. 29.— Horat. 4, od- 

12. A Trojan, who came to Italy with 

iEneas, and was killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 
9, v. 574. 

Juba, a king of Numidia and Mauritania, 
who succeeded his father Hiempsal,-and favour- 
ed the cause of Pompey against J. Caesar. He 
defeated Curio, whom Caesar had sent to Africa, 
and after the battle of Pharsalia he joined his 
forces to those of Scipio. He was conquered 
in a battle at Thapsus, and totally abandoned 
by his subjects. He killed himself with Pc- 
treius, who had shared his good fortune and his 
adversity. His kingdom became a Roman pro- 
vince, of which Sallust was the first governor. 
Plut. in Pomp, if Cces. — Flor. 4, c. 12. — Suet. 
in Cces. c. 35. — Dion. 41. — Mela, I, c. 6. — 
Lucan. 3, &c — Ccesar. de Bell. Civ. 2. — Pa- 

l,erc 2, c. 54. The second of that name was 

the son of Juba the First. He was led among 
the captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of 
Csesar. His captivity was the source of the 
greatest honours, and his application to study 
procured him more glory than he could have 
obtained from the inheritance of a kingdom. 
He gained the heart of the Romans by the 
courteousness of his manners, and Augustus re» 
warded his fidelity by giving him in marriage 
Cleopatra, the daughter of Antony, and confer- 
ring upon him the title of king, and making him 
master of all the territories which his father 
once possessed. His popularity was so great, 
that the Mauri tanians rewarded his benevolence 
by making him one of their gods. The Athe- 
nians raised him a statue, and the ^Ethiopians 
worshipped him as a deity. Juba wrote an his- 
tory of Rome in Greek, which is often quoted 
and commended by the ancients, but of which 
only a few fragments remain. He also wrote 
on the history of Arabia, and the antiquities of 
Assyria, chiefly collected from Berosus. Be- 
sides these, he composed some treatises upon the 
drama, Roman antiquities, the nature of ani- 
mals, painting, grammar, &c. now lost. Strab. 
11.— Suet in Cal. 26.— Plin. 5, c 25 and 32. 
Dion. 51, &e. 

Judacilius, a native of Asculum, celebrated 
for his patriotism, in the age of Pompey, &c. 

Judaea, a famous country of Syria, bounded 
by Arabia, Egypt, Phoenicia, the Mediterranean 
sea, and part of- Syria. The inhabitants, whose 
history is best collected from the Holy Scrip- 
tures, were chiefly governed, after the Babylo- 
nish captivity, by the high priests, who raised 
themselves to the rank of princes, B. C. 153, 
and continued in the enjoyment of regal power 
till the age of Augustus. Plut. de Osir. — Strab, 
16. — Dion. 36. — Tacit. Hist. 5, c. 6.— Lucan. 
2, v. 593. 

Jugalis, a surname of Juno, because she 
presided over marriage. Feslus. de V Sig. 

Jugantes, a people of Britain. Tacit. Jinn. 
12, c. 32. 
Jcgamus, a street in Rome below the capitol. 
Jugurtua, the illegitimate son of Manasta- 
bal, the brother of Micipsa. Micipsa and Mana- 
stabal were the sons of Masinissa, King of Nu- 
midia. Micipsa, who had inherited his father's 
kingdom, educated his nephew with his two sons 
3a 



JU 



JU 



Adherbai and Hicmpsal, but as he was of an 
aspiring disposition, he sent him with a body of 
troops to the assistance of Scipio, who was be- 
sieging Numantia, hoping to lose a youth whose 
ambition seemed to threaten the tranquillity of 
his children. His hopes were frustrated; Jugur- 
tha showed himself brave and active, and en- 
deared himself to the Roman general Micipsa 
appointed him successor to bis kingdom with his 
two sons, but the kindness of the father proved 
fatal to the children. Jugurtha destroyed Hiemp- 
sal, and stripped Adherbai of his possessions, and 
obliged him to fly to Rome for safety. The 
Romans listened to the well-grounded complaints 
of Adherbai, but Jugurtha's gold prevailed 
among the senators, and the suppliant monarch, 
forsaken in his distress, perished by the snares 
of his enemy. Caecilius Metellus was at last 
sent against Jugurtha, and his firmness and suc- 
cess soon reduced the crafty Numidian, and 
obliged him to fly among his savage neighbours 
for support. Marius and Sylla succeeded Me- 
lellus, and fought with equal success. Jugurtha 
was at last betrayed by his father-in-law Boc- 
<:hus, from whom he claimed assistance, and he 
was delivered into the hands of Sylla, after car- 
rying on a war of five years. He was exposed 
to the view of the Roman people, and dragged 
in chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. He 
was afterwards put in a prison, where he died 
six days after of hunger, B. C. 106. The name 
and the wars of Jugurtha have been immortal- 
ized by the pen of Sallust. Sallust. in Jug. — 
Flor. 3, c. l.—Paterc. 2, c. 10, Sic— Plut. in 
Mar. and Syll. — Eutrop. 4, c 3. 

Julia lex, prima de provinciis, by J. Caesar, 
A. U. C. 691. It confirmed the freedom of all 
Greece; it ordained that the Roman magistrates 
should act there as judges,, and that the towns 
and villages through which the Roman magis- 
trates and ambassadors passed should maintain 
them during their stay; that the governors, at 
the expiration of their office, should leave a 
scheme of their accounts in two cities of their 
province, and deliver a. copy of it at the public 
treasury; that the provincial governors should 
not accept of a golden crown unless they were 
honoured with a triumph by the senate; that no 
supreme commander should go out of his pro- 
vince, enter any dominions, lead an army, or 
engage in a war, without the previous approba- 
tion and command of the Roman senate and 

people. Another, de Sumptibus, in the age 

of Augustus. It limited the expense of provi- 
sions on the dies profesti, or days appointed for 
the transaction of business, to 200 sesterces; on 
common calendar festivals to 300; and on all 
extraordinary occasions, such as marriages, 

births, &c. to 1000. Another, de provinciis, 

by J. Caesar, Dictator. It ordained, that no 
pretorian province should be held more than 
one year, and a consular province more than two 

years. Another, called also Campana agra- 

ria, by the same, A. U. C. 691. It required 
that all the lands of Campania, formerly rented 
according to the estimation of the state, should 
be divided among the plebeians, and that ail the 
members cf the senate should bind themselves 
by an oath to establish, confirm, and protect, 



that law. Another, de civitate, by L. J. Cae- 
sar, A. U. C. 664. it rewarded with the name 
and privileges of citizens of Rome all such as, 
during the civil wars, had remained the con- 
stant friends of the republican liberty. When 
that civil war was at an end, all the Italians 
were admitted as free denizens, and composed 

eight new tribes. Another, de judicibiis, by 

J. Caesar. It confirmed the Pompeian law in a 
certain manner, requiring the judges to be cho- 
sen from the richest people in every century, al- 
lowing the senators and knights in the number, 

and excluding the tribuni oerarii. Another, 

de ambitu, by Augustus. It restrained the illi- 
cit measures used at elections, and restored to 
the comitia their ancients privileges, which had 
been destroyed by the ambition and bribery of 

J. Caesar. Another, by Augustus, de adulte- 

rio and pudicitid. It punished adultery with 
death. It was afterwards confirmed and en- 
forced by Domitian Juneval. Sat. 2, v. 30, 

alludes to it. Another, called also, Papia, or 

Papia Poppcea, which was the same as the fol- 
lowing, only enlarged by the consuls Papius and 

Poppaeus, A. U. C. 762. Another, de mari- 

tandis ordinibus, by Augustus. It proposed re- 
wards to such as engaged in matrimony, of a 
particular description. It inflicted punishment 
on celibacy, and permitted the patricians, the 
senators and sons of senators excepted, to inter- 
marry with the libertini, or children of those 
that had been liberti, or servants manumitted. 
Horace alludes to it when he speaks of lex ma- 

rita. Another, de majestate, by J. Caesar. It 

punished with aquce fy ignis interdictio all such 
as were found guilty of the crimen majestatis, or 
treason against the state. 

Julia, a daughter of J. Caesar, by Cornelia, 
famous for her personal charms and for her vir- 
tues. She married Corn. Czepio, whom her fa- 
ther obliged her to divoree to marry Pompey 
the Great. Her amiable disposition more strong- 
ly cemented the friendship of the father, and of 
the son-in-law; but her sudden death in child- 
bed, B. C. 53, broke all ties of intimacy and 
relationship, and soon produced a civil war. 
Plut. The mother of M. Antony, whose hu- 
manity is greatly celebrated in saving her bro- 
ther-in-law J. Caesar from the cruel prosecu- 
tions of her son. An aunt of J. Caesar, who 

married C. Marius. Her funeral oration was 

publicly pronounced by her nephew. The 

only daughter of the emperor Augustus, re- 
markable for her beauty, genius, and debauche- 
ries. She was tenderly loved by her father, who 
gave her in marriage to Marcellus; after whose 
death she was given to Agrippa, by whom she 
had five children. She became a second time a 
widow, and was married to Tiberius. Her las- 
civiousness and debaucheries so disgusted her 
husband, that he retired from the court of the 
emperor; and Augustus, informed of her lustful 
propensities and infamy, banished her from his 
sight, and confined her in a small island on the 
coast of Campania. She was starved to death, 
A. D. 14, by order of Tiberius, who had suc- 
ceeded to Augustus as emperor of Rome. Plut. 
A daughter of the emperor Titus, who pros- 
tituted herself to her brother Domitian. A 



JU 



JU 



daughter of Julia, tbe wife of Agrippa, who 
married Lepidus, and was banished for her li- 
centiousness. A daughter of Germanicus 

and Agrippina, born in the island of Lesbos, A. 
D. 17. She married a senator called M Vinu- 
cius, at the age of 16, and enjoyed the most un- 
bounded favours in the court of her brother Ca- 
ligula, who is accused of being her first sedu- 
cer. She was banished by Caligula, on suspi- 
cion of conspiracy. Claudius recalled her; but 
she was soon after banished by the powerful in- 
trigues of Messalina, and put to death about the 
24th year of her age. She was no stranger to 
the debaucheries of the age, and she prostitut- 
ed herself as freely to the meanest of the peo- 
ple as to the nobler companions of her brother's 
extravagance. Seneca, as some suppose, was 

banished to Corsica for having'seduced her. 

A celebrated woman, born in Phoenicia. She is 
also called Domna. She applied herself to the 
study of geometry and philosophy, &c. and ren- 
dered herself conspicuous, as much by her men- 
tal as by her personal charms. She came to 
Rome, where her learning recommended her to 
all the literati of the age. She married Septi- 
mius Severus, who, twenty years after this ma- 
trimonial connexion, was invested with the im- 
perial purple. Severus was guided by the pru- 
dence and advice of Julia, but he was blind to 
her foibles, and often punished with the great- 
est severity those vices which were enormous in 
the empress. She is even said to have conspir- 
ed against the emperor, but she resolved to blot, 
by patronizing literature, the spots which her 
debauchery and extravagance had rendered in- 
delible in the eyes of virtue. Her influence, af- 
ter the death of Severus, was for some time pro- 
ductive of tranquillity and cordial union between 
his two sons and successors, Geta at last, how- 
ever, fell a sacrifice to his brother Caracaila, 
and Julia was even wounded in tbe arm while 
she attempted to screen her favourite son from 
his brother's dagger. According to some, Julia 
committed incest with her son Caracaila, and 
publicly married him. She starved herself jjdi ::i 
her ambitious views were defeated by Macri- 
nus, who aspired to the empire in preference to 

her, after the death of Caracaila- ■& town 

of Gallia Togata. 

Jcliacum, a town of Germany, now Juliers. 

Julianus, a son of Julius Constantius, the 
brother of Constantino the Great, born at Con- 
stantinople. The massacre which attended the 
elevation of the sons of Constantine the Great 
to the throne, nearly proved fatal to Julian and 
to his brother Gal i us. The two brothers were 
privately educated together, and taught the doc- 
trines of the Christian religion, and exhorted to 
be modest, temperate, and to despise the grati- 
fication of all sensual pleasures. Gallus receiv- 
ed (he instruction of his pious teachers with de- 
ference and submission, but Julian showed bis 
dislike for Christianity by secretly cherishing a 
desire to become one of the votaries of Pagan- 
ism. He gave sufficient proofs of this propensi- 
ty when he went to Athens in the 24th year of 
his age, where he applied himself to the study 
of magic and astrology. He was some time af- 
ter appointed over Gaul, with the title of Cae- 



sar, by Constans, and there he showed himself 
worthy of the imperial dignity by his prudence, 
valour, and the numerous victories he obtained 
over the enemies of Rome in Gaul and Germa- 
ny. His mildness, as well as his condescension, 
gained him the hearts of his soldiers; and when 
Constans, to whom Julian was become suspect- 
ed, ordered him to send him part of his forces 
to go into the east, the army immediately muti- 
nied, and promised immortal fidelity to their 
leader, by refusing to obey the orders of Con- 
stans. They even compelled Julian, by threats 
and entreaties, to accept of the title of indepen- 
dent emperor and of Augustus; and the death of 
Constans, which soon after happened, left him 
sole master of the Roman empire, A. D. 361. 
Julian then disclosed his religious sentiments, 
and publicly disavowed the doctrines of Christi- 
anity, and offered solemn sacrifices to all the 
gods of ancient Rome. This change of religious 
opinion was attributed to the austerity with 
which he received the precepts of Christianity, 
or, according to others, to the literary conversa- 
tion and persuasive eloquence of some of the 
Athenian philosophers. From this circumstance 
therefore, Julian has been called Apostate. Af- 
ter he had made his public entry at Constanti- 
nople, he determined to continue the Persian 
war, and check those barbarians, who had for 
60 years derided the indolence of the Roman 
emperors. When he had crossed the Tigris, he 
burned his fleet, and advanced with boldness 
into the enemy's country. His march was that 
of a conqueror, he met with no opposition from 
a weak and indigent enemy: but the country of 
Assyria had been left desolate by the Persians, 
and Julian without corn or provisions, was obliged 
to retire. As he could not convey his army again 
over the streams of the Tigris, he took the reso- 
lution of marching up the sources of the river, 
and imitate the bold return of the ten thousand 
Greeks. As he advanced through the country 
be defeated the officers of Sapor, the king of 
Persia; but an engagement proved fatal to him, 
and he received a deadly wound as he animat- 
ed his soldiers to battle. He expired the follow- 
ing night, the 27th of June, A. D. 363, in the 
32d year of his age. His last moments were 
spent in a conversation with a philosopher about 
the immortality of the soul, and he breathed his 
last without expressing the least sorrow for his 
fate, or the suddenness of his death. Julian's 
character has been admired by some, and cen- 
sured by others, but the malevolence of his ene- 
mies arises from his apostacy. As a man and 
as a monarch he.demands our warmest commen- 
dation; but we must blame his idolatry, and 
despise bis bigotted principles. He was mo- 
derate in his successes, merciful to his enemies, 
and amiable in his character. He abolished 
the luxuries which reigned in the court of Con- 
stantinople, and dismissed with contempt the 
numerous officers which waited upon Constanti- 
us, to anoint his head or perfume his body. He 
was frugal in his meals, and slept little, repos- 
ing himself on a skin spread on the ground. He 
awoke at midnight, and spent the rest of the 
night in reading or writing, and issued early 
from his tent to pay his daily visit to the guards 



JU 



JU 



around the camp. He was not fond of public 
amusements, but rather dedicated his time to 
study and solitude. Wben he passed through 
Antioch in his Persian expedition, the inhabi- 
tants of the place, offended at his religious sen- 
timents, ridiculed his person, and lampooned 
him in satirical verses. The emperor made use 
of the same arms for his defence, and rather 
than destroy his enemies by the sword, he con- 
descended to expose them to derision, and un- 
veil then - follies and debaucheries in an humor- 
ous work, which he called Misopogon, or beard 
hater He imitated the virtuous example of 
Scipio and Alexander, and laid no temptation 
for his virtue by visiting some female captives 
that had fallen into his hands. In his matrimo- 
nial connexions, Julian rather consulted policy 
than inclination, and his marriage with the sis- 
ter of'Constantius arose from his unwillingness 
to offend his benefactor,, rather than to obey the 
laws of nature. He was buried at Tarsus, and 
afterwards his body was conveyed to Constanti- 
nople. He distinguished himself by his writ- 
ings, as well as by his military character. Be- 
sides his Misopogon, he wrote the history of 
Gaul. He also wrote two letters to the Athe- 
nians; and besides, there are now extant sixty- 
four letters on various subjects. His Caesars is 
the most famous of all his compositions, being a 
satire upon all the Roman emperors from J. Cae- 
sar to Constantine. It is written in the form of 
a dialogue, in which the author severely attacks 
the venerable character of M. Aurelius, whom 
he had proposed to himself as a pattern, and 
speaks in a scurrilous and abusive language of 
his relation Constantine. It has been observed 
of Julian, that, like Caesar, he could employ at 
the same time his hand to write, his ear to lis- 
ten, his eyes to read, and his mind to dictate. 
The best edition of his works is that of Span- 
hefm; fbl. Lips. 1696; and of the Caesars, that 
of Heusinger, 8vo. Gothte, 1741.. Julian. — 

Socrat. — Eutrop. — Aram. — Liban, &c A 

son of Constantine. A maternal uncle of the 

emperor Julian. A Roman emperor. [Via*. 

Didius.] A Roman, who proclaimed himself 

emperor in Italy during the reign of Diocletian, 
— A governor of Africa. A counsellor 



of the emperor Adrian, 
in Domitian'sreisn. 



-A general in Dacia, 



Julii, a family of Alba, brought to Rome by 
Romulus, where they soon rose to the greatest 
honours of the state. J. C?esar and Augustus 
were of this family; and it was said, perhaps 
through flattery, that they were lineally de- 
scended from iftneas, the founder of Lavinium. 

Juliomagus, a city of Gaul, now Angers in 
Anjou. 

Juuopolis, a town of Bithynia, supposed by 
some to be the same as Tarsus of Cilicia. 

Jui.is, a town of the island of Cos, which 
gave birth to Simonides. &c. The walls of this 
city were all marble, and there are now some 
pieces remaining entire, above 12 feet in height, 
as the monuments of its ancient splendour. JPlin. 
4, c. 12. 

Julids C*:sar [Vid. Caesar, j Agricola, 

a governor of Britain, A. C. 80, who first dis- 
covered that Britain was an island by sailing 



round it. His son-in-law, the historian Taci- 
tus, has written an account of his life. Tacit. 

in Agric. Obsequens, a Latin writer, who 

flourished A. B. 214. The best edition of his 
book de prodigiis is that of Oudendorp. 8vo. L. 

Bat. 1720. S. a praetor, &c. Cic ad Her. 

2, c. 13 -Agrippa. banished from Rome by 

Nero, after the discovery of the Pisonian con- 
spiracy. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 71. Solinus, a 

writer. \_Vid. Solinus.] Titianus, a writer 

in the age of Diocietian. His son became fa- 
mous for his oratorical powers, and was made 
preceptor in the family of Maximinus. Julius 
wrote a history of all the provinces of the Ro- 
man empire, greatly commended by the ancients. 
He also wrote some letters, in which he happily 
imitated the style and elegance of Cicero, for 

which he was called the ape of his age* Af- 

ricanus, a chronologer, who flourished A. D. 
220. Constantius, the father of the empe- 
ror Julian, was killed at the accession of the 
sons of Constantine to the throne, and his son 
nearly shared his fate. Pollux, a gramma- 
rian of Naupactns, in Egypt. [Vid. Pollux.] 

Canus, a celebrated Roman, put to death 

by order of Caracnlla. He bore the undeserv- 
ed punishment inflicted on him with the great- 
est resignation, and even pleasure. Proculus, 

a Roman, who solemnly declared to his country- 
men, after Romulus had disappeared, that he 
had seen him above an human shape, and that 
he had ordered him to tell the Romans to ho- 
nour him as a god. Julius was believed. Pint. 

inTloni. — Ovid. Fiorus. [Vid. Florus.] 

L. Caesar, a Roman consul, uncle to Antony, 
the triumvir, the father of Caesar the dictator. 

Lie died as he was putting on his shoes. 

Celsus, a tribune imprisoned for conspiring 

against Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 14. 

Maximinus, a Thracian, who, from a shepherd, 
became an emperor of Rome.' [Vid. Maximinus.] 

Iulus, the name of Ascanius, the son of 
iEneas. [Vid. Ascanius.] A son of Asca- 
nius, born in Lavinium. In the succession to 
the kingdom of Alba, iEneas Sylvius, the son 
of iEneas and Lavinia, was preferred to him. 
He was, however, made chief priest. Dionys. 

1. — Virg. AEn. 1, v. 271. A son of Antony 

the triumvir and Fulvia. [Vid. Antonius Julius.] 

Junia lex Sacrata, by L. Junius Brutus, the 
first tribune of the people, A. U. C. 260. It or- 
dained that the person of the tribune should be 
held sacred and inviolable; that an appeal might 
be made from the consuls to the tribune; and 
that no senator should be able to exercise the 

office of a tribune. Another, A. U. C. 627, 

which excluded all foreigners from enjoying the 
privileges or names of Roman citizens. 

Junia, a niece of Cato of Utica, who mar- 
ried Cassius, and died 64 years after her husband 

had killed himself at the battle cf-Philippi. 

Calvina, a beautiful Roman lady, accused of in- 
cest with her brother Silanus. She was de- 
scended from Augustus. She was banished by 
Claudius, and recalled by Nero. Tacit. Ann. 
2, c. 4. 

Junius Blaesus, a proconsul of Africa under 

the emperors. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 35. Lu- 

pirs. a senator who accused Vilellius of aspiring 



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JU 



to the sovereignty, &c. Tacit. Jinn. 12, c. 42. 
D. Silanus, a Roman who committed adul- 
tery with Julia, the grand-daughter of Augustus, 

&c. Tacit. Ann. 3, c 24. Brutus. "[Vid. 

Brutus.] 

Juno, a celebrated deity among the ancients, 
daughter of Saturn and Ops. She was sister 
to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, Ceres, &c. 
She was born at Argos, or, according to others, 
in Saaios, and was intrusted to the care of the 
Seasons, or, as Homer and Ovid mention, to 
Oceanus and Tethys. Some of the inhabitants 
of Argolis supposed, that she had been brought 
op by the three daughters of the river Aster ion; 
and the people of Stymphalus, in Arcadia, main- 
tained, that she had been educated under the 
care of Teaienus, the son of Pelasgus. Juno 
was devoured by Saturn, according to some my- 
cologists; and. according to Apollodorus, she 
was again restored to the world by means of a 
potion which Metis gave to Saturn, to make 
him give up the stone which his wife had given 
him to swallow instead of Jupiter. [Vid. Sa- 
turnus.] Jupiter was not insensible to the charms 
of his sister; and the mce powerfully to gain 
her confidence, he changed himself into a cuc- 
koo, and raised a great storm, and made the air 
unusually chill and cold. Under this form he 
went to the goddess, all shivering. Juno pitied 
the cuckoo, and took him into her bosom. When 
Jupiter had gained these advantages, he resu -li- 
ed his original form, and obtained the gratifica- 
tion of his desires, after he had made a solemn 
promise of marriage to his sister. The cup-1 
tials of Jupiter and Juno were celebrated with 
the greatest solemnity; the gods, all mankind, 
and all the brute creation, attended. Chelone, 
a young woman, was the only one who refused 
to come, and who derided the ceremony. For 
this impiety, Mercury changed her into a tor- 
toise, and condemned her to perpetual silence; 
from which circumstance the toitoise has al- 
ways been used as a symbol of silence among 
the ancients. By her marriage with Jupiter, 
> became the queen of all the gods, and mis- 
tress of heaven and earth. Her coujugai hap- 
'piness, however, was frequently disturbed by 
the numerous amours of her husband, and she 
showed herself jealous and inexorable in the 
highest degree. Hbsr severity to the mistresses 
and illegitimate children of her husband was 
unparalleled. She persecuted Hercules and his 
descendants with the most inveterate fury; and 
her resentment against Paris, who had given the 
golden apple to Venus in preference to herself 
was the cause of the Trojan war, and of all the 
miseries which happened to the unfortunate 
house of Priam. Her severities to Alcmcua, 
Ino. Alhamas, Semele, &c., are also well known. 
Juno had some children by Jupiter. According 
to Hesiod, she was mother of Mars, Hebe, and 
Ilithya, or Lucina; and besides these, she brought 
forth Vulcan, without having any commerce with 
the other sex, but only by smelling a certain 
plant This was in imitation of Jupiter, who 
had produced Minerva from his brain. Accord- 
ing to others, it was not Vulcan, but Mars, or 
Hebe, whom she brought forth in this manner, 
and this was after eating some lettuces at the 



table of Apollo. The daily and repeated de- 
baucheries of Jupiter at last provoked Juno to 
sueh a degree, that she retired to Euboea, and 
resolved for ever to forsake his bed. Jupiter 
produced a reconciliation, after he had applied 
to Cithseron for advice, and after he had obtain- 
ed forgiveness by fraud and artifice. [Vid. 
Dajdala.] This reconciliation, however cordial 
it might appear, was soon dissolved by new of- 
fences; and, to stop the complaints of the jeal- 
ous Juno, Jupiter had often recourse to violence 
and blows. He even punished the cruelties 
which she hud exercised upon his son Hercules, 
by suspending her from the heavens by a golden 
chain, and tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vul- 
can was punished for assisting his mother in this 
degrading situation, and was kicked down from 
heaven by his father, and broke his leg by the 
fall. This punishment rather irritated than pa- 
cified Juno. She resolved to revenge it, and 
she engaged some of the gods to conspire against 
Jupiter and to imprison him, but Thetis deliv- 
ered him from this conspiracy, by bringing to his 
assistance the famous Briareus. Apollo and 
Neptune wer^ banished from heaven for joining 
in the conspiracy, though some attribute their ex- 
ile to different causes, The worship of Juno 
was universal, and even more than that of Ju- 
pite;, according to some authors. Her sacrifi- 
ces were offered with the greatest solemnity. 
She was particularly worshipped at Argos, Sa- 
mos, Carthage, and afterwards at Rome- The 
ancients generally offered on her altars an ewe 
amb and a sow the first day of every month. 
No cows were ever immolated to her, because 
she assumed the nature of that animal when 
the gods fled into Egypt in their war with the 
giants. Among the birds, the hawk, the goose, 
and particularly the peacock, often called Jit- 
-.'.onia avis, [Vid. Argus.] were sacred to her. 
The dittany, the poppy, and the lily, were her 
favourite flowers. The latter flower was ori- 
ginally of the colour of the crocus; but, when 
Jupiter placed Hercules to the breasts of Juno 
while asleep, some of her milk fell down upon 
earth, and changed the colour of the lilies from 
purple to a beautiful white. Some of the milk 
also dropped in that part of the heavens which, 
from its whiteness, still retains the name of the 
milky way, lactea via. As Juno's power was 
extended over all the gods, she often made use 
of the goddess Minerva as her messenger, and 
even had the privilege of burling the thunder of 
Jupiter when she pleased. Her temples were 
numerous., the most famous of which were at 
Argos, Olympia, &c. At Rome no woman of 
debauched character was permitted to enter her 
temple or even to touch it. The surnames of 
Juno are various, they are derived either from 
the function or things over which she presided, 
or from the places where her worship was es- 
tablished. She was the queen of the heavens; 
she protected cleanliness, and presided over 
marriage and child-birth, and particularly pa- 
tronized the most faithful and virtuous of the 
sex, and severely punished incontinence and 
lewdness in matrons. She was the goddess of 
all power and empire, and she was also the pa- 
troness of riches. She is represented sitting on 



JU 



JU 



a throne with a diadem on her head, and a gold- 
en sceptre in her right hand. Some peacocks 
generally sat by her, and a cuckoo often perch- 
ed on her sceptre, while Iris behind her display- 
ed the thousand colours of her beautiful rain- 
bow. She is sometimes carried through the air 
in a rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Ro- 
man consuls, when they entered upon office, 
were always obliged to offer her a solemn sa- 
crifice. The Juno of the Romans was called 
Matrona or Romana. She was generally repre- 
sented as veiled from head to foot, and the Ro- 
man matrons always imitated this manner of 
dressing themselves, and deemed it indecent in 
any married woman to leave any part of her 
body but her face uncovered She has receiv- 
ed the surname of Olympia, Samia, Lacedas- 
monia, Argiva, Telchinia, Candrena, Rescin- 
thes, Prosy mna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Cithaeroneia, 
Bunea, Ammonia, Fluonia, Anthea, Migale, Ge- 
melia, Tropeia, Boopis, Parthenos, Teleia, Ze- 
ra, Egophage, Hyperchinia, Juga, Ilithyia, Lu- 
cinia, Pronuba. Caprotina, Mena, Populonia, 
Lacinia, Sospita, Moneta, Cutis, Domiduca, 
Februa, Opigenia, &c. Cic- de Nat, D. 2. — 
Paus. 2, &c. — Jipollod. 1, 2, 3 — Jlpollon. 1. 
— Jirgon. — Horn II 1, &c. — Virg. JEn. 1, &c. 
— Herodot. 1, 2, 4, &c. — Sil. 1. — Dionys. Hal. 
\.—Liv. 23, 24, 27, &c— -Ovid. Met. 1, &c 
Fast. 5. — Plut. qucest. Rom. — Tibull. 4, el. 13. 
—Jtthen. 15.— P/iw. 34. 

Junonalia and Junonia, festivals at Rome 
in honour of Juno, the same as the Heraea of 
the Greeks. [Vid. Heraea.] Liv. 27, c. 37. 

Junones, a name of the protecting genii of 
the women among the Romans. They general- 
ly swore by them, as the men by their genii. 
There were altars often erected to their honour. 
Plin. 2, c. 7. — Seneca, ep. 110. 

Junonia, two islands, supposed to be among 
the Fortunate islands. — -A name which Grac- 
chus gave to Carthage, when he went with 6000 
Romans to rebuild it. 

Junonigena, a surname of Vulcan as son of 
Juno. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 173. 
Junonis promontorium, a promontory of 

Peloponnesus. Lacinise templum, a temple 

of Juno in Italy, between Crotona and the La- 
cinian promontory. 

Jupiter, the most powerful of all the gods 
of the ancients. According to Varro, there 
tvere no less than 300 persons of that name; 
Diodorus mentions two; and Cicero three, two 
of Arcadia, and one of Crete. To that of Crete, 
who passed for the son of Saturn and Ops, the 
actions of the rest have been attributed. Ac- 
cording to the opinion of the mycologists, Ju- 
piter was saved from destruction by his mother, 
and intrusted to the care of the Corybantes. 
Saturn, who had received the kingdom of the 
world from his brother Titan on condition of not 
raising male children, devoured alb his sons as 
soon as born ; but Ops, offended at her husband's 
cruelty, secreted Jupiter and gave a stone to 
Saturn, which he devoured on the supposition 
that it was a male child. Jupiter was educated 
in a cave on mount Ida, in Crete, and fed upon 
the milk of the goat Amalthaea, or upon honey 
according to others. He received the name of 



Jupiter, quasi juvans pater. His cries were 
drowned by the noise of cymbals and drums, 
which the Corybantes beat at the express com- 
mand of Ops. [ Vid. Corybantes.] As soon as 
he was a year old, Jupiter found himself suffi- 
ciently strong to make war against the Titans, 
who had imprisoned his father because he had 
brought up male children. The Titans were 
conquered, and Saturn set at liberty by the hands 
of his son. Saturn, however, soon after, ap- 
prehensive of the power of Jupiter, conspired 
against his life, and was, for this treachery, 
driven from his kingdom and obliged to fly for 
safety into Latium. Jupiter, now become the 
sole master of the empire of the world, divided 
it with his brothers. He reserved for himself 
the kingdom of heaven, and gave the empire of 
the sea to Neptune, and that of the infernal re- 
gions to Pluto. The peaceful beginning of his 
reign was soon interrupted by the rebellion of 
the giants, who were sons of the earth, and who 
wished to revenge the death of their relations 
the Titans. They were so powerful that they 
hurled rocks, and heaped up mountains upon 
mountains, to scale heaven, so that all the gods 
to avoid their fury fled to Egypt, where they es- 
caped from the danger by assuming the form of 
different animals. Jupiter, however, animated 
them, and by the assistance of Hercules, he to- 
tally overpowered the gigantic race, which had 
proved such tremendous enemies. \_Vid. Gi- 
gantes ] Jupiter, now freed from every appre- 
hension, gave himself up to the pursuit of plea- 
sures. He married Metis, Themis, Eurynome, 
Ceres, Mnemosyne, Latona, and Juno. [Vid. 
Juno.] He became a Proteus to gratify bis pas- 
sions. He introduced himself to Dana? in a 
shower of gold; he corrupted Antiope in the 
form of a satyr, and Leda in the form of a 
swan; he became a bull to seduce Europa, and 
he enjoyed the company o'f iEgina in the form 
of a flame of fire He assumed the habit of 
Diana to corrupt Calisto, and became Amphi- 
tryon to gain the affections of Alcmena. His 
children were also numerous as well as his mis- 
tresses. According to Apollodorus, 1, c. 3, he 
was father of the Seasons, Irene, Eunomia, the 
Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, by The- 
mis; of Venus, by Dione; of the Graces, Aglaia, 
Euphrosyne, and Thalia, by Eurynome, the 
daughter of Oceanus; of Proserpine, by Styx; 
of the nine Muses, by Mnemosyne, &c. [ Vid. 
Niobe, Laodamia, Pyrrha, Protogenia, Electra, 
Maia, Semele, &c] The worship of Jupiter 
was universal; he was the Ammon of the Afri- 
cans, the Belus of Babylon, the Osiris of Egypt, 
&c His surnames were numerous, many of 
which he received from the place or function 
over which he presided. He was severally call- 
ed Jupiter Feretrius, Inventor, Elicius, Capito- 
linus, Latialis, Pistor, Sponsor, Herceus, Anxu- 
rus, Victor, Maximus, Optimus, Olympius, Flu- 
vialis, &c. The worship of Jupiter surpassed 
that of the other gods in solemnity. His altars 
were not like those of Saturn and Diana, stain- 
ed with the blood of human victims, but he was 
delighted with the sacrifice of goats, sheep, and 
white bulls. The oak was sacred to him, be- 
cause he first taught mankind to live upon acorns 



JB 



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He is generally represented as sitting upon a 
golden or ivory throne, holding, in one hand, 
thunderbolts, just ready to be hurled, and, in the 
other, a sceptre of cypress. His looks express 
majesty, his beard flows long and neglected, and 
the eagle stands with expanded wings at his 
feet. He is sometimes represented with the 
upper parts of his body naked, and those below 
the waist carefully covered, as if to show that 
he is visible to the gods above, but that he is 
concealed from the sight of the inhabitants of 
the earth. Jupiter had several oracles, the most 
celebrated of which were at Dodona, and Am- 
nion in Libya. As Jupiter was the king and 
father of gods and men , his power was extended 
over the deities, and every thing was subservient 
to his will, except the Fates, From him man- 
kind received their blessings and their miseries, 
and they looked upon him as acquainted with 
every thing past, present, and future. He was 
. represented at Olympia with a crown like olive 
branches, his mantle was variegated with dif- 
ferent flowers, particularly by the lily, and the 
eagle perched on the top of the sceptre which 
he held in his hand. The Cretans represented 
Jupiter without ears, to signify that the sover- 
eign master of the world ought not to give a 
partial ear to any particular person, but be 
equally candid and propitious to all. At Lace- 
daemon he appeared with four heads, that he 
might seem to hear with greater readiness the 
different prayers and solicitations which were 
daily poured to him from every part of the earth. 
It i% said that Minerva came all armed from his 
brains when he ordered Vulcan to ©pen his head. 
Pans. 1, 2, &c. — Liv. 1, 4, 5, &c. — Diod. 1 and 
3. — Homer. II. 1, 5, &c. Od. 1, 4, &c— 
Hymn. ad. Jov.— Orpheus. — Callimac. Jov. — 
Pindar. Olymp. 1, 3, 5. — vipollcn. 1, &c. — 
Hesiod. Theog. in Scut. — Here. Opei\ it Dies. 
— Lycophron. in Cass.—Virg. JEn. 1, 2, &c. 
G. 3.— Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 1, &c— Horat. 3, od. 
I, &c. 

Jura, a high ridge of mountains separating 
the Heivetii from the Sequani, or Switzerland 
from Burgundy. C&s. G. 1, c. 2. 

Justinus M. JuNiAtfus, a Latin historian in 
the age of Antoninus, who epitomized the his- 
tory of Trogus Pompeius. This epitome ■, ac- 
cording to some traditions, was the cause that 
the comprehensive work of Trogus was lost. It 
comprehends the history of the Assyrian, Per- 
sian, Grecian, Macedonian, and Roman em- 
pires, &c. in a neat and elegant style. It is re- 
plete with many judicious reflections and ani- 
mated harangues; but the author is often too 
credulous, and sometimes examines events too 
minutely, while others are related only in a few 
Words too often obscure. The indecency of 
many of his expressions is deservedly censured. 

The best editions of Justin are that of Ab. 

Gronovius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1719, that of Hearne, 
Svo. Oxon. 1703, and that of Barbou, 12mo. 
Paris, 1770. Martyr, a Greek father, for- 
merly a Platonic philosopher, born in Palestine. 
He died in Egypt, and wrote two apologies for 
the Christians, besides his dialogue with a Jew, 
two treatises, &c. in a plain and unadorned 
style. The best editions of Justin Martyr are 



that of Paris, foi. 1636. Of his apologies, 2. 
vols. 8v. 1700 and 1703, and Jebbs's dialogue 

with Trypho, published in London, 1722. 

An emperor of the east who reigned nine years, 

and dieu A. D. 526 Another who died 

A. D. 564, after a reign of 38 years. An- 
other, who died 577 A. D. after a reign of 13 
years. 

Juturna, a sister of Turnus, king of the 
Eutuli. She heard with contempt the addresses 
of Jupiter, or, according to others, she was not 
unfavourable to his passion, so that the god re- 
warded her love with immortality. She was 
afterwards changed into a fountain of the same 
name near the Numicus, falling into the Tiber. 
The waters of that fountain were used in sacri- 
fices, and particularly in those of Vesta. They 
had the power to heal diseases. Vairo de. L. L. 
I, c. 10.— Ovid. Fast. 1, v. .708, 1. 2, v. 585 — 
Virg. JEn. 12, v. 139— Cic. Cluent. 36. 

Juvenilis, Decius Junius, a poet born at 
Aquinum in Italy. He came early to Rome^ 
and passed some time in declaiming; after which 
he applied himself to write satires, 16 of which 
are extant. He spoke with virulence against 
the partiality of Nero for the pantomime Paris, 
and though all his satire and declamation were 
pointed against this ruling favourite of the em- 
peror, yet Juvenal lived in security during the 
reign of Nero. After the death of Nero, the 
effects of the resentment of Paris were severely 
felt, and the satirist was sent by Domitian as 
governor on the frontiers of Egypt. Juvenal 
was then in the 80th year of his age, and he 
suffered much from the trouble which attended 
his office, or rather his exile. He returned; 
however, to Rome after the death of Paris, and 
died in the reign of Trajan, A. D. 128. His 
writings are fiery and animated, and they abound 
with humour. He is particularly severe upon 
the vice and dissipation of the age he lived in; 
but the gross and indecent manner in which he 
exposes to ridicule the follies of mankind, rather 
encourages than disarms the debauched and li- 
centious. He wrote with acrimony against all 
his adversaries, and whatever displeased or of- 
fended him was exposed to his severest censure. 
It is to be acknowledged, that Juvenal is far 
more correct than his contemporaries, a circum- 
stance which some have attributed to his judg- 
ment and experience, which were uncommonly 
mature, as his satires were the productions of 
old age. He may be called, and with reason, 
perhaps, the last of the Roman poets. After 
him poetry decayed, and nothing more claims 
our attention as a perfect poetical composition. 
The best editions are those of Casaubon, 4to. 
L. Bat. 1695, with Persius, and of Hawkey, 
Dublin, 12mo. 1746, and of Grievius mmnotis 
variorum, 8vo. L. Bat. 1684. 

Juventas or Juventus, a goddess at Rome, 
who presided over youth and vigour. She is the 
same as the Hebe of the Greeks, and repre- 
sented as a beautiful nymph, arrayed in varie- 
gated garments. Liv. 5, c 54, 1. 21, c. 62, 1, 
36, c. 36.— Ovid, ex Pont. 1, ep. 9, v. 12. 

Juverna, or Hibernia, an island at the 
west of Britain, now called Ireland. — Juv. 2, 
v. 160. 



IX 



IX 



jxibat^, a People of Pontus. 

Ixion, a kj'ng of ThessaSy, son of Phlegas, 
or, according to Hyginus, of Leontes, or, ac- 
cording to Diodorus, of Antion, by Perimela 
daughter of Amythaon. He married Dia, 
daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus, and promised 
his father-in-law a valuable present for the 
choice he had made of him to be his daughter's 
husband. His unwillingness, however, to fulfil 
his promises, obliged Deioneus to have recourse 
to violence to obtain it, and he stole away some 
of his horses. Ixion concealed his resentment 
under the mask of friendship; he invited his 
father-in-law to a feast at Larissa, the capita) 
of his kingdom, and when Deioneus was come 
according to the appointment, he threw him 
into a pit which he had previously filled with 
wood and burning coals. This premeditated 
treachery so irritated the neighbouring princes 
that all of them refused to perform the usual 
ceremony, by which a man was then purified 
of murder, and Ixion was shunned and despised 
by all mankind. Jupiter had compassion upon 
him, and be carried him to heaven, and intro- 
duced him at the tables of the gods. Such a 
favour, which ought to have awakened grati- 
tude in Ixion, served only to inflame his lust; 



he became enamoured of Juno, and attempted 
to seduce her. Juno was willing to gratify the 
passioii of Ixion, though according to others she 
informed Jupiter of the attempts which had 
been made upon her virtue. Jupiter made a 
cloud in the shape of Juno, and carried it to 
the place where Ixion had appointed to meet 
Juno. Ixion was caught in the snare, and 
from his embrace with the cloud, he had the 
Centaurs, or according to others Centaurus. 
[Vid. Centauri.J Jupiter, displeased with the 
insolence of Ixion, banished him from heaven; 
but when he heard that he had seduced Juno, 
the god struck him with his thunder, and or- 
dered Mercury to tie him to a wheel in hell 
which continually whirls round. The wheel 
was perpetually in motion, therefore the punish- 
ment of Ixion was eternal. Diod. 4. — Hygin. 
fab. 62.— Pindar. 2. Pyth. 2.— Virg. G. 4, v. 
4S4.— JEn. 6, 601.— Ovid. Met. 12, v. 210 
and 33S. —Philosir. Ic 2, c. 3. Laciunt. in 

Th. 2. One of the Heraclidse who reigned 

at Corinth for 57 or 37 years. He was son of 
Alethes. 

Ixionides, the patronymic of Pirithous son of 
Ixion. Propert. 2, el. 1, v. 38. 



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LAANDER, a youth, brother to Nicocrates, 
tyrant of Cyrene, &c. Polyten. S. 

Laarchus, the guardian of Battus of Cyrene. 
He usurped the sovereign power for some time, 
and endeavoured to marry the mother of Battus, 
the better to establish his tyranny. The queen 
gave him a friendly invitation, and caused him 
to be assassinated, and restored the power to 
Battus. Polycen. 

Labaris, a king of Egypt after Sesostris. 

Labda, a daughter of Amphion, one of the 
Bacchiada?, born lame. She married Ection, 
by whom she had a son whom she called Cyp- 
selus, because she saved his life in a coffer. 
(Vid. Cypselus.) This coffer was preserved at 
Olympia. Herodot. 5, c. 92. — Bristol. Polit. 5. 

Labdacsdes, a name given to (Edipus, as de- 
scended from Labdacus. 

Laedacits, a son of Polydorus by Nycteis, the 
daughter of Nycteus, king of Thebes. His fa- 
ther and mother died during his childhood, and 
he was left to the care of Nycteus, who at his 
death left his kingdom in the hands of Lycus, 
with orders to restore it to Labdacus as soon as 
of age. He was father to Laius. It is unknown 
whether he ever sat on the throne of Thebes. 
According to Statins, his father's name was 
Phoenix. His descendants were called Labda- 
aides. Stat Theb. 6, v. 451. — Jipollod. 3, c. 5. 
— Paws. 2, c 6, 1. 9, c. 5. 

Labdalon, a promontory of Sicily, near Syr- 
acuse. Diod. 13. 

Laeealis, a lake in Dalmatia, now Scutari, 
of which the neighbouring inhabitants were cal- 
led Labeate^. JAv. 44, c. 31, 1. 45, c. 26. 



Labeo, Antistius, a celebrated lawyer in the 
age of Augustus, whose views he opposed, and 
whose offers of the consulship he refused. His 
works are lost. He was wont to enjoy the com- 
pany and conversation of the learned for six 
months, and the rest of the year was spent in 
writing and composing. His father, of the same 
name, was one of Caesar's murderers. He kill- 
ed himself at the battle of Philippi. Horace 1, 
Sat, 3, v. 82, has unjustly taxed him with in- 
sanity, because no doubt he inveighed against 
his patrons, .ftppian. Mex. 4. — Suet, in Jtug. 

45.-= A tribune of the people at Rome, who 

condemned the censor Metellus to be thrown 
down from the Tarpeian rock, because he bad- 
expelled him from the senate. This rigorous 
sentence was stopped by the interference of ano- 
ther of the tribunes. Q. Fabius, a Roman 

consul, A. U. C. 571, who obtained a naval 
victory over the fleet of the Cretans. He assist- 
ed Terence in composing his comedies, accord- 
ing to some. Actius, an obscure poet who 

recommended himself to the favour of Nero by 
an incorrect translation of Homer into Latin. 
The work is lost, and only this curious line is 
preserved by an old scholiast; Perseus, 1, v. 4. 
Crudum manducus Priamum, Priamique Pisin- 
nos. 

Laberitjs, J. Dedmus, a Roman knight fa- 
mous for his poetical talents in writing panto- 
mimes. J. Cajsar compelled him to act one of 
bis characters on the stage. The poet consent- 
ed with great reluctance, but he showed his re- 
sentment during the acting of the piece, by 
throwing severe aspersions upon J. Caesar, by 



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warning the audience againt his tyranny, and 
by drawing upon him the eyes of the whole 
theatre. Caesar, however, restored him to the 
rank of knight, which he had lost by appearing 
on the stage; but to his mortification, when he 
went to take his seat among the knights, no one 
offered to make room for him, and even his 
friend Cicero said, Recepissem te nisi anguste 
sederem. Laberius was offended at the affecta- 
tion and insolence of Cicero, and reflected upon 
his unsettled and pusillanimous behaviour dur- 
ing the civil wars of Caesar and Pompey, by the 
reply of Mirum si anguste sedes, qui soles dua- 
bussellis sedere. Laberius died ten months after 
the murder of J. Caesar. Some fragments re- 
main of his poetry. Macrob. Sat. 2, c. 3 and 
7. — Horat. 1, sat. 10. — Senec- de Controv. 18. 

■ — Suet, in Cces. Q. Durus, a tribune of the 

soldiers in Caesar's legions, killed in Britain. 
Cces. Bill. G. 

Labicum, now Colonna^a. town of Italy call- 
ed also Lavkum, between GabiiandTusculum, 
which became a Roman colony about four cen- 
turies B. C. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 796. — Liv. 2, c. 
39, 1. 4, c. 47. 

Labienus, an officer of Csesar in the wars of 
Gaul. He deserted to Pompey, and was killed 
at the battle of Munda. Cces. Bell. G. 6, &c— 

Lucan. 5, v. 346. A Roman who followed 

the interest of Brutus and Cassius, and became 
general of the Parthians against Rome. He was 
conqueredjby the officers of Augustus. Strab. 12 

and 14. — Dio. 48. Titus, an historian and 

orator at Rome in the age of Augustus, who ad- 
mired his own compositions with all the pride 
of superior genius and incomparable excellence. 
The senate ordered his papers to be burnt on 
account of their seditious contents; and Labie- 
nus, unable to survive the loss of his writings, 
destroyed himself. Suet, in Cal. 16. — Seneca. 

Labinetus or Labynetus, a king of Baby- 
lon, &c. Herodot. 1, c. 74. 

Labotas, a river near Antioch in Syria. 

Strab. 16. A son of Echestralus, who made 

war against Argos, &.c . 

Labradeus, a surname of Jupiter in Caria. 
.The word is derived from labrys, which in the 
language of the country signifies an hatchet; 
«vbich Jupiter's statue held in its hand. Plut. 

Labron, a part of Italy on the Mediterra- 
nean, supposed to be Leghorn. Cic. 2, adfra 6. 

Labyrinthus, a building whose numerous 
passages and perplexing windings render the es- 
cape from it difficult, and almost impracticable. 
There were four very famous among the an- 
cients, one near the city of Crocodiles or Arsinoe, 
another in Crete, a third at Lemnos, and a 
fourth in Italy, built by Porsenna. That of 
Egypt was the most ancient, and Herodotus, who 
saw it, declares that the beauty and the art of 
the. building were almost beyond belief. It was 
built by twelve kings who at one time reigned 
in Egypt, and it was intended for the place of 
their burial, nnd to commemorate the actions 
of their reign. It was divided into 12 halls, or 
according to Pliny, into 16, or as Strabo men- 
tions, into 27. The halls were vaulted according 
to the relation of Herodotus. They had each six 
doors, opening to the north, and the same num- 



ber to the south, all surrounded by one wall. 
The edifice contained 3000 chambers, 1500 in 
the upper part, and the same number below. 
The chambers above were seen by Herodotus, 
and astonished him beyond conception, but he 
was not permitted to see those below, where 
were buried the holy crocodiles and the mon- 
archs whose munificence had raised the edifice. 
The roofs and walls were incrusted with marble, 
a"nd adorned with sculptured figures. The halls 
were surrounded with stately and polished pil- 
lars of white stone, and according to some au- 
thors, the opening of the doors was artfully at- 
tended with a terrible noise, like peals of thun- 
der. The labyrinth of Crete was built by Dae- 
dalus, in imitation of that of Egypt, and it is the 
most famous of all in classical history. It was 
the place of confinement for Daedalus himself, 
and the prison of the Minotaur. According to 
Pliny the labyrinth of Lemnos surpassed the 
others in grandeur and magnificence. It was 
supported by forty columns of uncommon height 
and thickness, and equally admirable for their 
beauty and splendour. Modern travellers are 
still astonished at the noble and magnificent ru- 
ins which appear of the Egyptian labyrinth, at 
the south of the lake Mceris, about 30 miles from 
the ruins of Arsinoe. Mela, 1, c. 9. — Plin. 36, 
c. 13.— Strab. 10.— Diod. 1.— Herodot. 2, c. 
148.— Virg.JEn. 5, v. 588. 

Lacuna, an epithet applied to a female na- 
tive of Laconia, and, among others, to Helen. 
Virg.JEn. 6, v- 511. 

Lace'djEmon, a son of Jupiter and Taygeta 
the daughter of Atlas, who married Sparta the 
daughter of Eurotas, by whom he had Amyclas 
and Eurydice the wife of Acrisius. He was the 
first who introduced the worship of the Graces 
in Laconia, and who first built them a temple. 
From Lacedasmon and his wife, the capital of 
Laconia was called Lacedarmon "and Sparta. 
JJpollod. 3, c. 10. — flygln. fab. 155. — Paus. 

3, c. 1. A noble city of Peloponnesus, the 

capital of Laconia, called also Sparta, and now 
known by the name of Misitra. It has been se- 
verally known by the name of Lelegia, from the 
Leleges, the first inhabitants of tho country, or 
from Lelex, one of their kings; and (Ebalia, 
from (Ebalus, the sixth king from Eurotas. It 
was also called Hecalompolis, from the hundred 
cities which the whole province once contained. 
Lelex is supposed to have been the first king. 
His descendants, 13 in number, reigned succes- 
sively after him, till the reign of the sons of 
Orestes, when the Heraclida; recovered the Pe- 
loponnesus, about 80 years after the Trojan war. 
Procles and Eurysthenes, the descendants of the 
Heraelidae, enjoyed the crown together, and 
after them it was decreed that the two families 
should always sit on the throne together. [Vid. 
Eurysthenes.] These two brothers began to reign 
B.C. 1102; their successors in the family of. 
Procles were called Proclidcu, and afterwards 
Eurypontidcc, and those of Eurysthenes, Eurys- 
thenidx, and afterwards Jig id:c The succes- 
sors of Procles on the throne began to reign in 
the following order: Sous, 1060 B. C. after his 
father had reigned 42 years: Eurypon, 102S: 
Prytanis, 1021 : Eunomus, 986 : Polydcctes, 907 : 



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Lycurgus, 898: Charilaus, 873: Nicander, 809: 
Theopompus, 770: Zeuxidamus, 723: Anaxida- 
dius, G90: Archidamus, 651: Agasicles, 605: 
Ariston, 564: Demaratus, 526: Leoty chides, 
491: Archidamus, 469: Agis, 427: Agesilau9, 
397: Archidamus, 361: Agis 2d, 338: Eudami- 
das, 330: Archidamus, 295; Eudamidas 2d, 
268: Agis, 244: Archidamus, 230: Euclidas, 
225: Lycurgus, 219: — The successors of Eurys- 
thenes were Agis, 1059: Echestratus, 1058: La- 
botas, 1023: Doryssus, 986: Agesilaus, 957: 
Archelaus, 913: Teleclus, 853: Alcamenes, 813: 
Polydorus, 776: Eurycrates, 724: Anaxander, 
687: Eurycrates 2d, 644: Leon, 607: Anaxan- 
drides, 563: Cleomenes, 530: Leonidas, 491: 
Plistarchns, under guardianship of Pausanias, 
480: Piistoanax, 466: Pausanias, 408: Agesi- 
polis, 397: Cleombrotus, 380: Agesipolis 2d, 
371: Cleomenes 2d, 370: Aretus or Areus, 309: 
Acrotatus, 265: Areus 2d, 264: Leonidas, 257: 
Cleombrctus, 243: Leonidas restored, 241; 
Cleomenes, 235: Agesipolis, 219. Under the 
two last kings, Lycurgus and Agesipolis, the 
monarchical power was abolished, though Ma- 
chanidas the tyrant made himself absolute, B. 
C. 210, and Nabis, 206, for 14 years. In the 
year 191, B. C. Lacedaemon joined the Achaean 
league, and about three years after the walls 
were demolished by order of Philopcemen. The 
territories of Laconia shared the fate of the 
Achaean confederacy, and the whole was con- 
quered by Mummius, 147 B. C. and converted 
into a Roman province. The inhabitants of La- 
cedaemon have rendered themselves illustrious 
for their courage and intrepidity, for their love 
of honour and liberty, and for their aversion to 
sloth and luxury. They wereanured from their 
youth to labour, and their laws commanded them 
to make war their profession. They never ap- 
plied themselves to any trade, but their only 
employment was arms, and they left every thing 
else to the care of their slaves. \_Vid. Helotae.] 
They hardened their body by stripes and other 
manly exercises; and accustomed themselves to 
undergo hardships, and even to die without fear 
or regret. From their valour in the field, and 
their moderation and temperance at home, they 
were courted and revered by all the neighbour- 
ing princes, and their assistance was severally 
impiored to protect the Sicilians, Carthaginians, 
Thracian?, Egyptians, Cyreneans, &c. They 
were forbidden, by the laws of their country, 
(Vid. Lycurgus,) to visit foreign states, lest their 
morals should be corrupted by an intercourse 
with effeminate nations. The austere manner 
in which their children were educated, render- 
ed them undaunted in the field of battle, and 
from this circumstance, Leonidas with a small 
band was enabled to resist the millions of the 
army of Xerxes at Thermopylae. The women 
were as courageous as the men, and many a 
mother has celebrated with festivals the death 
of her son who had fallen in battle, or has coolly 
put bim to death if by a shnmeful flight or loss of 
bis arms, he brought disgrace upon his country. 
As to domestic manners, the Lacedaemonians as 
widely differed from their neighbours as in po- 
litical concenss, and their noblest women were 
not ashamed to appear on the stage hired for 



money. In the affairs of Greece, the interest ol 
the Lacedaemonians was often powerful, and ob~ 
taineii the superiority for 500 years. Their jeal- 
ousy of the power and greatness of the Atheni- 
ans is well known. The authority of their mon- 
archs was checked by the watchful eye of the 
Ephori, who had the power of imprisoning the 
kings themselves if guilty of misdemeanors. 
(Vid Ephori.) The Lacedaemonians are re- 
markable for the honour and reverence which 
they paid to old age. The names of Lacedcemon 
■ and Sparta are promiscuously applied to the ca- 
pital cf Laconia, and often confounded togeth- 
er. The latter was applied to the metropolis, 
and the former was reserved for the inhabitants 
of the suburbs, or rather of the country contigu- 
ous to the walls of the city. This propriety of 
distinction was originally observed, but in pro- 
cess of time it was totally lost, and both appel- 
tives were soon synonymous and indiscriminately 
applied to the city and country. \Vid. Sparta, 
Laconia.] The place where the city stood is now 
called Paleo Chori, (the old town,) and the new 
one erected on its ruins at some distance on the 
west is called Misatra. Liv- 34, c. 33, 1. 45, c. 
2S.—Strab. 8.—Thucyd. I.— Pans. 3.— Justin. 
2, 3, &c.—Herodot. 1, &c. — Plut. in Lye, &c. — 

Diod. — Mela, 2. There were some festivals 

celebrated at Lacedaemon, the names of which 
are not known. It was customary for the wo- 
men to drag all the old bachelors round the al- 
tars and beat them with their fists, that the shame 
and ignomy to which they were exposed might 
induce them to marry, &c. Jithen. 13. 

Laced^monh and Laced.s:mones, the in- 
habitants of Lacedaemon. \Vid Lacedaemon. j 

LacedjEMonius, a son of Cimon by Clitoria. 
He received this name from his father's regard 
for the Lacedaemonians. Plut. 

Lacerta, a soothsayer in Domitian's age, 
who acquired immense riches by his art. Juv. 
7, v. 114. 

Lacetania, a district at the north of Spain 
Liv. 21, c. 23. 

Lachares, a man who seized the supreme 
povyer at Athens when the city was in discord, 

and was banished B. C 296. Polyozn. 4. 

An Athenian three times taken prisoner. He 
deceived his keepers, and escaped, &c. Id. 3. 

A son of Mithridates king of Bosphorus. 

He was received into alliance by Lucullus.- 



A robber condemned by M. Antony. An 

Egyptian buried in the labyrinth near Arsinoe. 

Laches, an Athenian general in the age of 

Epaminondas. Diod. 12. An Athenian sent 

with Carias at the head of a fleet in the first ex- 
pedition undertaken against Sicily in the Pelo- 

ponnesian war. Justin. 4, c. 3. An artist 

who finished the Colossus of Rhodes. 

Lachesis, one of the Parcae, whose name is 
derived from ka^hv, to measure out by lot. She 
presided over futurity, and was represented as 
spinning the thread of life, or, according to 
others, holding the spindle. She^enerally ap- 
peared covered with a garment variegated with 
stars, and holding spindles in her hand. [Vid. 
Parcae.] Stat. Theb. 2, v. 249. — Martial 4, ep. 
54. 

Lacidas, a Greek philosopher of Cyrene ; 



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who flourished B. C. 241. His fathet's name 
was Alexander. He was disciple of Arcesilaus, 
whom he succeeded in the government of the 
second academy. He was greatly esteemed by 
king Attalus, who gave him a garden where he 
spent his hours in study. He taught his disciples 
to suspend their judgment, and never speak de- 
cisively He disgraced himself by the magni 
ficent funeral with which he honoured a favour- 
ite goose. He died through excess of drinking. 
Diog. 4. 

Lacides, a village near Athens, which de- 
rived its name from Lacius, an Athenian hero, 
whose exploits are unknown. Here Zephyrus 
had an altar sacred to him, and likewise Ceres 
and Proserpine a temple. Paus. 1, c. 37. 

Lacinia, a surname of Juno from her temple 
at Lacinium in Italy, which the Crotonians held 
in great veneration, and where there was a fa- 
mous statue of Helen by Zeuxis. [ Vid. Zeuxis.] 
On an altar near the door were ashes, which the 
wind could not blow away. Fulvius Flaccus 
took away a marble piece from this sacred place 
to finish a temple that he was building at Rome 
to Fortuna Equestris; and it is said, that for this 
sacrilege he afterwards led a miserable life, and 
died in the greatest agonies. Strab. 6. — Ovid. 
15. Met. v. 12 and 702.— Liv. 42, c. 3.— Val. 
Max. 1, c. 1. 

Laciniensis, a people of Liburnia. 

Lacinium, a promontory of Magna Graecia, 
now cape Colonna, the southern boundary of 
Tarentum in Italy, where Juno Lacinia had a 
temple, held in great veneration. It received 
its name from Lacinius, a famous robber killed 
there by Hercules. Liv. 24, c. 3, 1. 27, c. 5, 1. 
30, c, 20.— Virg. Mn. 3, v. 522. 

Lacmon, a part of mount Pindus where the 
luachus flows. Fhrodot- 9, c. 93. 

Laco, a favourite of Galba, mean and cow- 
ardly in his character. He was put to death. 
An inhabitant of Laconia or Lacedaemon. 

Lacobriga, a city of Spain where Sertorius 
was besieged by Melellus. 

Laconia, Laconica, and Laced^mon, a 
country on the southern parts of Peloponnesus, 
having Argos and Arcadia on the north, Messe- 
nia on the west, the Mediterranean on the south, 
and the bay of Argos at the east. Its extent 
from north to south was about 50 miles. It is 
watered by the river Eurotas The capital is 
called Sparta, or Lacedaemon. The inhabitants 
never went on an expedition or engaged an ene- 
my but at the full moon. [Vid. Lacedaemon ] 
The brevity with which they always expressed 
themselves is now become proverbial, and by 
the epithet of Laconic we understand whatever 
is concise and not loaded with unnecessary words. 
The word Laconicum is applied to some hot baths 
used among the ancients, and first invented at 
Lacedaemon. Cic. 4, Mt. 10. — Strab. 1. — Ptol. 
3, c. 16— Mela, 2, c. 3. 

Lacrates, a Thebau general of a detach- 
ment sent by Artaxerxes to the assistance of the 
Egyptians. Diod. 16. 

Lacrines, a Lacedaemonian ambassador to 
Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c 152. 

Lactantius, a celebrated Christian writer, 
whose principal works are <it ird divinfi, de Dei 



operibus, and his divine institutions, in seven 
books, in which he proves the truth of the Chris- 
tian religion, refutes the objections, ami attacks 
the illusions and absurdities of Paganism. The 
expressive purity, elegance, and -energy of his 
style have gained him the name of the Christian 
Cicero. He died A. D. 325. The best edi- 
tions of his works are that of Sparke, Svo. Oxon. 
-1684, that of Biineman, 2 vols. Svo. Lips. 1739, 
and that of Du Fresnoy, 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1748. 

Lacter, a promontory of the island of Cos^ 

Lacydes, a philosopher. [Vid. Lacidas.] 

Lacydus, an effeminate king of Argos. 

Ladas, a celebrated courier of Alexander', 
born at Sicyon. He was honoured with a bra- 
zen statue, and obtained a crown at Olympia. 
Martial. 10, ep. 10.— Juv. 13, v. 97. 

Lade, an island of the iEgean sea, on the 
coast of Asia Minor, where was a naval battle 
between the Persians and Ionians. Herodot. 6, 
c 7. — Paris. 1, c. 35.— Strab. 17. 

Lades, a son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus.- 
Virg. JEn. 12, v. 343. 

Ladocea, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 

Ladon, a river of Arcadia falling into the 
Alpheus. The metamorphosis of Daphne into 
a laurel, and of Syrinx into a reed, happened 
near its banks. Strab. 1. — Mela, 2,c. 3. — Pam. 
8, c 25. — Ovid. Met. 1, v. 659. An Arca- 
dian who followed iEneas into Italy, where he 

was killed. Virg. Mn. 10, v. 413 One of 

Action's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 216 

LjElaps, one of Actseon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 
3. The dogof Cephalus, given him by Pro- 
dis. [Vid. Lelaps, kc] Id. Met. 7. 

L^ELiA, a vestal virgin. 

L.3elianus, a general, proclaimed emperor in 
Gaul by his soldiers, A. D. 268, after the death 
of Gallienus. His triumph was short: he was 
conquered and put to death after a few months 
reign by another general called Posthumus, who 
aspired to the imperial purple as well as himself. 

C L^lius, a Roman consul, A. U. C. 614, 
surnamed Sapiens, so intimate with Africanus 
the younger, that Cieero represents him in his 
treatise De Jimicitid, as explaining the real na- 
ture of friendship, with its attendant pleasures. 
He made war with success against Viriathus. 
It is said, that he assisted Terence in the com- 
position of his comedies. His modesty, humani- 
ty, and the manner in which he patronized let- 
ters, are as celebrated as his greatness of mind 
and integrity in the character of a statesman. 
Cic de Orat. Another consul who accompa- 
nied Scipio Africanus the elder in his campaigns 

in Spain and Afriea Archelaus, a famous 

grammarian. Suet 

LiENA and Lejena, the mistress of Harmo- 
dius and Aristogiton. Being tortured because 
she refused to discover the conspirators, she bit 
off' her tongue, totally to frustrate the violent 

efforts'of her executioners. A man who was 

acquainted with die conspiracy formed against 
Csesar. 

L/enas, a surname of the Popilii at Rome. 

Ljsneus, a river of Crete, where Jupiter 
brought the ravished Europa. Stiab. 

LiEPA Magna, a town of Spain. Mela, 3', c, 
1. 



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Laertes, a king of Ithaca, son of Arcesius 
and Chalcomedusa, who married Anticlea, the 
daughter of Autolycus. Anticlea was pregnant 
by Sisyphus when she married Laertes, and eight 
months after her union with the king of Ithaca 
she brought forth a son called Ulysses. [Vid- 
Anticlea.] Ulysses was treated with paternal 
care by Laertes, though not really his son, and 
Laertes ceded to him his crown and retired into 
the country, where he spent his time iu garden- 
ing. He was found in this mean employment 
by bis son at his return from the Trojan war, 
after 20 years absence, and Ulysses, at the sight 
of his father, whose dress and old age declared 
his sorrow, long hesitated whether he should 
suddenly introduce himself as his son, or whether 
he should, as a stranger, gradually awaken the 
paternal feelings of Laertes, who bad believed 
that his son was no more. This last measure 
was preferred, and when Laertes had burst into 
tears at the mention which was made of his son, 
Ulysses threw himself on his neck, exclaiming, 
" father, Jam he whom yon weep." This wel- 
come declaration was followed by a recital of all 
the hardships which Ulysses had suffered, and 
immediately after the father and son repaired to 
the palace of Penelope the wife of Ulysses, 
whence all the suitors who daily importuned the 
princess, were forcibly removed. Laertes was 
one of the Argonauts, according to Jlpollcdorus, 
I, c. 9.— Homer. Od. 11 and 24.— Ovid. Met. 

13, v. 32.— Heroid. 1, v. 98. A city of 

Cilicia which gave birth to Diogenes, suinamed 
Laertius from the place of his birth. 

Laertius Diogenes, a writer born at Laer- 
tes. [Vid. Diogenes.] 

L;estrygones, the most ancient inhabitants 
of Sicily. Some suppose them to be the same 
as the people of Leootium, and to have been 
neighbours to the Cyclops. They fed on human 
flesh, and when Ulysses came on their coasts, 
they sunk his ships and devoured his compa- 
nions. (Vid. Antiphatcs.) They were of a 
gigantic stature, according to Homer, who how- 
ever does not mention their country, but only 
speaks of Lamus as their capital. A colony of 
them, as some suppose, passed over into Italy, 
with Lamus at their head, where they built the 
town of Formise, whence the epithet of Lcestry- 
gonia is often used for that of Formiana. Plin. 
3, c. 5.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 233, &c Fast. 4. 
ex Pont. 4, ep. 10. — Tzetz. in Lycophr. v. 662 
and 818.— Homer. Od. 10, v. 81.— Sil. 7, v. 
276. 

LasTA, the wife of the emperor Gratian, ce- 
lebrated for her humanity and generous senti- 
ments. 

L^etoria lex ordered that proper persons 
should be appointed to provide for the security 
and the possessions of such as were insane or 
squandered away their estates. It made it a 
high crime to abuse the weakness of persons un- 
der such circumstances. Cic. de Offic. 3. 

L^tus, a Roman whom Commodus condemn- 
ed to he put to death. This violence raised 
Laetus against Commodus; he conspired against 

hun, aod raised Pertinax to the throne. A 

general of the emperor Severus, put to death 



for his treachery to the emperor; or according to 
others on account of his popularity. 

Lam, the ancient inhabitants of Gallia Trans- 
padana. 

LiE>iNUS, a Roman consul sent against Pyr- 
rhus, A. U. C. 474. He informed the monarch 
that the Romans would not accept him as an 
arbitrator in the war with Tarentum, and fear- 
ed him not as an enemy. He was defeated by 

Pyrrhus. P. Val. a man despised at Rome, 

because he was distinguished by no good quality. 
Herat. 1, Sat. 6, 12. 

Lagaria, a town of Lucania. 

Lagia, a name of the island Delos. Vid. 
Delos. 

Lagides. Vid. Lagus. 

Laginia, a town of Caria. 

Lagus, a Macedonian of mean extraction. 
He received in marriage Arsinoe the daughter 
of Meleager, who was then pregnant of king 
Philip, and being willing to hide the disgrace 
of his wife, he exposed the child in the woods. 
An eagle preserved the life of the infant, fed 
him with her prey, and sheltered him with her 
wings against the inclemency of the air. This 
uncommon preservation was divulged by Lagus, 
who adopted the child as his own, and called 
him Ptolemy, conjecturing that as his life had 
been so miraculously preserved, his days would 
be spent in grandeur and affluence. This Pto- 
lemy became king of Egypt after the death of 
Alexander. According to other accounts, Ar- 
sinoe was nearly related to Philip king of Ma- 
cedonia, and her marriage with Lagus was not 
considered as dishonourable, because he was 
opulent and powerful. The first of the Ptole- 
mies is called Lagus, to distinguish him from 
his successors of the same name. Ptolemy, the 
first of the Macedonian kings of Egypt, wished 
it to be believed that he was the legitimate son 
of Lagus, and he preferred the name of Lagides 
to all other appellations. It is even said that he 
established a military order in Alexandria, 
which was called Lageion. The surname of 
Lagides was transmitted to all his descendants 
on the Egyptian throne till the reign of Cleopa- 
tra, Antony's mistress. Plutarch mentions an 
anecdote, which serves to show how far the le- 
gitimacy of Ptolemy was believed in his age. 
A. pedantic grammarian, says the historian, once 
displaying his great knowledge of antiquity in 
the presence of Ptolemy, the king suddenly in- 
terrupted him with the question of, Pray, tell 
me, sir, who icas the father of Peleus? Tell me, 
replied the grammarian, without hesitation, tell 
me, if you can, king! who the father of Lagus 
was? This reflection on the meanness of the mo- 
narch's birth did not in the least irritate his re- 
sentment, though the courtiers all glowed with 
indignation. Ptolemy praised the humour of 
the grammarian, and showed his'moderation and 
the mildness of his temper, by taking him un- 
der his patronage. Paus. Attic. — Justin. 13. 
— Curt. 4. — Plut. de ird cvhib. — Lucan. 1, v. 

6S4.—Ital. 1, v. 196. A Rutulian, killed 

by Pallas son of Evander. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 
381. 

Lagusa, an island in the Pamphylian sea. 

Another near Crete, fitrab. 10. — Plin, 5, a 31". 



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Lagyra, a city of Taurica Chersonesus. 

Laiades, a patronymic of (Edipus son of Lai- 
Ais. Ovid. Met, 6, fab. 18. 

Lai as, a king of Arcadia who succeeded his 

father Cypselus, &c. Pans. 8, c. 5. A king 

of El is, &c. 

Lais, a celebrated courtezan, daughter of 
Timandra the mistress of Alcibiades, born at 
Hyccara in Sicily. She was carried away from 
her native country into Greece, when Nicias the 
Athenian general invaded Sicily. She first be- 
gan to sell her favours at Corinth for 10,000 
drachmas, and the immense number of princes, 
noblemen, philosophers, orators, and plebeians, 
who courted her embraces, show how much 
commendation is owed to her personal charms. 
The expenses which attended her pleasures, 
gave rise to the proverb of Non cuivis homini 
eontingit adire Corinthum. Even Demosthenes 
himself visited Corinth for the sake of Lais, but 
when he was informed by the courtezan, that 
admittance to her bed was to be bought at the 
enormous sum of about 2001. English money, 
the orator departed and observed, that he would 
not buy repentance at so dear a price. The 
charms which had attracted Demosthenes to 
Corinth, had no influence upon Xenocrates. 
When Lais saw the philosopher unmoved by her 
beauty, she visited his house herself; but there 
she had no reason to boast of the licentiousness 
or easy submission of Xenocrates. Diogenes 
the cyuic was one of heV warmest admirers, and 
though filthy in his dress and manners, yet he 
gained her heart and enjoyed her most unbound- 
ed favours. The sculptor Mycon ateo solicited 
the favours of Lais, but he met with coldness; 
he, however, attributed the cause of his ill re- 
ception to the whiteness of his hair, and dyed 
it of a brown colour, but to no purpose: Fool 
that thou art, said the courtezan, to ask what I 
refused yesterday to thy father. Lais ridiculed the 
austerity of philosophers, and laughed at the weak- 
ness of those who pretend to have gained a 
superiority over their passions, by observing that 
the s?ges and philosophers of the age were not 
above the rest of mankind, for she found them 
at her door as ofien as the rest of the Atheni- 
ans. The success which her debaucheries met 
at Corinth encouraged Lais to pass into Thessa- 
ly, and more particularly to enjoy the company 
of a favourite youth called Hippostratus. She 
was however disappointed; the women of the 
place, jealous of her charms, and apprehensive 
of her corrupting the fidelity of their husbands, 
assassinated her in the temple of Venu?, about 
340 years before the Christian era. Some sup- 
pose that there were two persons of this name, 
a mother and her daughter. Cic. ad Fam. 9, 
ep. 26. — Ovid. Amor. 1, el. b.—Plut.inMcxb. 
—Paus. 2, c. 2. 

Laius, a son of Labdacus, who succeeded to 
the throne of Thebes, which his grandfather 
Nycteus had left to the care of his brother Ly- 
cus, till his grandson came of age. He was 
driven from his kingdom by Amphion and Ze- 
thus, who were incensed against Lycus for the 
indignities which Antiope had suffered. He 
Was afterwards restored, and married Jocasta 
the daughter of Creoa. An oracle informed 



him that he should perish by the hand of his son, 
and in consequence of this dreadful intelligence 
he resolved never to approach his„wife. A day 
spent in debauch and intoxication made him 
violate his vow, and Jocasta brought forth a son. 
The child as soon as born was given tt a ser- 
vant, with orders to put him to death. The ser- 
vant was moved with compassion, and only ex- 
posed him on mount Cithseron, where his life 
was preserved by a shepherd. The child called 
(Edipus was educated in the court of Foiybus, 
and an unfortunate meeting with his father in a 
narrow road proved his ruin. (Edipus ordered 
his father to make way for him without knowing 
who he was; Laius refused, and was kistantly 
murdered by his irritated son. His arm-bearer 
or charioteer shared his fate. [Fid. (Edipus.] 
Sophocl. in (Eciip. — Hygin. 9 and 66. — Diod. 
4. — Spollod. 3, c. 5.— Pans. 9, c. 5 and 26. — 
Plut- de Curios. 

Lalage, one of Horace's favourite mistress- 
es. Hvrat. 1, od. 22, &c. — Propcrt. 4, el. % 
A woman censured for her cruelty. Mar- 
tial. 2, ep. 66. 

Lalassis, a river of Isauria. 

Lamachus, a son of Xenophanes, sent into 
Sicily with Nicias. He was killed B. C. 414, 
before Syracuse, where he displayed much cour- 
age and intrepidity Plut. in Jilcib. A go- 
vernor cf Heracleo in Pontus, who betrayed his 
trust to Mithridates, after he had invited all the 
inhabitants to a sumptuous feast. 

Lamai,mon, a large mountain of .Ethiopia. 

Lambrani, a people of Italy near the Lam- 
brus. Suet, in Cozs. 

Lambrus, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling 
into the Po. 

Lamia, a town of Thessaly at the bottom of 
the Sinus Maliacus or Lamiacus, and north of 
the river Spercbius, famous for a siege it sup- 
ported afier Alexander's death. [Vid. Larnia- 

c.uiii.] Diod. 16, &c. — Paus. 1, c. 6 A 

river of Greece, opposite mount (Eta. A 

j daughter of Neptune, mother of Hierophile, an 
I an ancient Sibyl, by Jupiter. Paus. 10, c. 12. 
I — — A famous courtezan, mistress to Demetrius 
! Poliorcetes. Plut. in Dan. — Jithen. 13. — JEii- 
an. V. H. 13, c. 9. 

Lamia and Auxesia, two deities of Crete. 
whose worship was the same as at Eleusis. T1k 
Epidaurians made them two statues of an olive 
tree given them by the Athenians, provided they 
came to offer a sacrifice to Minerva at Athens, 
Paus. 2, c. 30, &c. 

Lamiacum Bellum happened after the death 
of Alexander, wben the Greeks, and particular- 
ly the Athenians, incited by their orators, re- 
solved to free Greece from the garrisons of the 
Macedonians. Leosthenes was appointed com- 
mander of a numerous force, and marched against 
Antipatcr, who then presided over Macedo- 
nia. Antipater entered Thessaly at the head 
of 13,000 foot and 600 horse, and was beaten, 
by the superior force of the Athenians and of 
their Greek confederates. Antipater after this 
blow fled to Lamia, B.C. 323, where he re- 
solved with all the courage and sagacity of a 
careful general, to maintain a siege with about 
the S or 9000 men that had escaped from the 



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field of battle. Leosthenes, unable to take the 
city by storirt, began to make a regular siege. 
His operations were delayed by the frequent 
sallies of Antipater; and Leosthenes being kill- 
ed by the blow of a stone, Antipater made his 
escape out of Lamia, and soon after, with the 
assistance of the army of Craterus brought from 
Asia, he gave the Athenians battle near Cra- 
non, and though only 500 of their men were 
slain, yet they became so dispirited, that they 
sued for peace from the conqueror. Antipater 
at last with difficulty consented, provided they 
raised taxes in the usual manner, received a 
Macedonian garrison, defrayed the expenses of 
the war, and lastly delivered into his hands De- 
mosthenes and Hyperides, the two orators whose 
prevailing eloquence had excited their country- 
men against him,. These disadvantageous terms 
were accepted by the Atheuians, yet Demos- 
thenes had time time to escape and poison him- 
self. Hyperides was carried before Antipater, 
who ordered his tongue to be cut off, and after- 
wards put him to death. Plut. in Demost. — 
Diod. 17. — Justin. 11, &c. 

Lami^e, small islands of the JEgean, opposite 
Troas. Plin. 5, c. 31. -A celebrated fami- 
ly at Rome, descended from Lamus. Cer- 
tain monsters of Africa, who had the face and 
breast of a woman, and the rest of the body like 
that of serpent. They allured strangers to come 
to them, that they might devour them, and though 
they were not endowed with the faculty of 
speech, yet their hissings were pleasing and 
agreeable. Some believe them to be witches, 
or rather evil spirits, who, under the form of a 
beautiful woman, enticed young children and 
devoured them. According to some, the fable 
of the Lamise is derived from the amours of Ju- 
piter with a certain beautiful woman called La- 
mia, whom the jealousy of Juno rendered de- 
formed, and whose children she destroyed; upon 
which Lamia became insane, and so desperate 
that she eat up all the children that came in her 
way. They are also called Lemures. J Fid. 
Lemures.] Philostr. in Jip. — Horat. Art. Poet. 
v. 340. — Plut. de Curios. — Dion. 

Lamias iELius, a governor of Syria under 
Tiberius. He was honoured with a public fu- 
neral by the senate; and as having been a res- 
pectable and useful citizen, Horace has dedi- 
cated his 26 od. lib. 1, to his praises, as also 3 

od. 17. — Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 27. -Another, 

during the reign of Domitian, put to death, &c. 

LamIrus, a son of Hercules by Iole. 

Lampedo, a woman of Lacedaemon, who was 
daughter, wife, sister, and mother of a king. 
She lived in the age of Alcibiades. Agrippina, 
the mother of Claudius, could boast the same 
honours. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 22 and 31.— Plut. 
in Age. — Plato in 1, Ale. — Plin. 7, c. 41. 

Lampetia, a daughter of Apollo and Neae- 
ra. She, with her sister Phaetusa, guarded her 
father's flocks in Sicily when Ulysses 1 arrived 
on the coasts of that island. These flocks were 
fourteen in number, seven herds of oxen and 
seven flocks of sheep, consisting each of fifty. 
They fed by night as well as by day, and it was 
deemed unlawful and sacrilegious to touch them. 
The companions of Ulysses, impelled by hunger, 



paid no regard to their sanctity, or" to the threats 
and entreaties of their chief; but they canied 
away and killed some of the oxen. The watch- 
ful keepers complained to their father, and Ju- 
piter, at the request of Apollo, punished the of- 
fence of the Greeks. The hides of the oxen 
appeared to walk, and the flesh which was roast- 
ing by the fire began to bellow, and nothing was 
heard but dreadful noises and loud lowings. 
The companions of Ulysses embarked on board 
their ships, but here the resentment of Jupiter 
followed them. A storm arose, and they all 
perished except Ulysses, who saved himself on 
the broken piece of a mast. Homer. Od. 12, 

v. 119. — Propert. 3, el. 12. According to 

Ovid. Met. 2, v. 349, Lampetia is one of the 
Heliades, who was changed into a poplar tree 
at the death of her brother Phaeton. 

Lampeto and Lampedo, a queen of the 
Amazons, who boasted herself to be the daugh- 
ter of Mars. She gained many conquests in 
Asia, where she founded several cities. She 
was surprised afterwards by a band of barba- 
rians, and destroyed with her female attendants. 
Justin. 2, c. 4. 

Lampeus and Lampia, a mountain of Arca- 
dia. Stat, 8. 

Lampon, Lampos, or Lampus, one of the 
horses of Diomedes. Of Hector. Of Au- 
rora. Homer. II. 8, Od. 23. A son of Lao- 

medon father of Dolops. A soothsayer of 

Athens in the age of Socrates. Plut. in Pericl. 

Lamponia and Lamponium, a city of Troas. 

Herodot. 5, c. 26. An island on the coast of 

Thrace. Strab. 13. 

Lamponius, an Athenian general sent by his 
countrymen to attempt the. conquest of Sicily. 
Justin, 4, c 3. 

Lampridius ^Elius, a Latin historian in the 
fourth century, who wrote the lives of some of 
the Roman emperors. His style is iuelegant, 
and his arrangement injudicious. His life of 
Commodus, Heliogabalus, Alexander Severus, 
&c. is still extant, and to be found in the works 
of the Histories Augusta Scriptores. 

Lamprus, a celebrated musician, &c. — C 
Nep. in Epam- 

Lampsacus and Lampsacum, now Lamsaki, 
a town of Asia Minor on the borders of the 
Propontis at the north of Abydos. Priapus was 
the chief deity of the place, of which he was 
reckoned by some the founder. His temple 
there was the asylum of lewdness and debauch- 
ery, and exhibited scenes of the most unnatural 
lust, ai d hence the epithet Lampsacius is used 
to express immodesty and wantonness. Alex- 
ander resolved to destroy the city on account of 
the vices of its inhabitants, or more properly 
for its firm adherence to the interest of Persia. 
It was, however, saved from ruin by the artifice 
of Anaximenes. [Vid. Anaximenes.] It was 
formerly called Pityusa, and received the name 
of Lampsacus, from Lampsace, a daughter of 
Mandron, a king of Phrygia, who gave informa- 
tion to some Phoceans who dwelt there, that the 
rest of the inhabitants had conspired against 
their lives. This timely information saved them 
from destruction. The city afterwards bore the 
name of their preserver. The wine of Lamp- 



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sacus was famous, and therefore a tribute of 
wine was granted from the city by Xerxes to 
maintain the table of Themistocles. Mela, 1, 
c. 19 — Strab. 13. — Pans 9, c. 31. — Herodot. 
5, c. 117. — C. Nep. in Themist. c. 10. — Ovid. 
I. Trist. 9, v. 26. Fast. 8, v. 345.— Liv. 33, c. 
38, I. 35, c. 42.— Martial. 11, ep. 17, 52. 

Lamptera, a town of Pbocaea in Ionia- Liv. 
37, c. 31. 

Lampteria, a festival at Pellene in Achaia, 
in honour of Bacchus, who was surnamed 
Lampter from x^/unm, to shine, because du- 
ring this solemnity, which was observed in the 
night, the worshippers went to the temple of 
Bacchus with lighted torches in their hands. It 
was also customary to place vessels full of wine 
in several parts of every street in the city. Pans. 
4, c. 21. 

Lampus, a son of iEgyptus. A man of 

Llis. A son of Prolaus. 

Lamps, a king of the La?strygones, who is 
supposed by some to have founded Formiae in 
Italy. The family of the Lamias at Rome was, 
according to the opinion of some, descended 
from him. Horal. 3, od. 17. A son of Her- 
cules and Ompbale, who succeeded his mother 
on the throne of Lydia. Ovid. Heroid. 9, v. 

54 A Latian chief killed by Nisus. Virg. 

JEn. 9, v. 334. A river of Bocotia. Pans. 

9, c. 31. A Spartan general hired by Nec- 

tanebus king of Egypt. Diod. 16. — —A city 

of Cilicia. A town near Formioe, built by 

the Laestrygones. 

Lamyrus, buffoon, a surname of one of the 

Ptolemies. One of the auxiliaries of Turnus 

killed by Nisus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 334. 

Lanassa, a daughter of Cleodaeus, who mar- 
ried Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, by whom she 
had eight children. Pint, in Pyrr. — Justin. 

17, c. 3. A daughter of Agathocles, who 

married Pyrrhus, whom she soon after forsook 
for Demetrius. Pint. 

Lancea, a fountain, &c. Puus. 

Lancia, a town of Lusitania. Flor. 4, c. 12. 

Lanei, a people of Germany conquered by 
Caesar 

Langia, a river of Peloponnesus, falling into 
the bay of Corinth. 

Langobardi, a warlike nation of Germany 
along the Sprhe, called improperly Lombards 
by some. Tacit- An. 2, c. 45, G. 40. 

Langrobriga, a town of Lusitania. 

Lanuvium, a town of Latium, about 16 miles 
from Rome on (he Appian road. Juno had there 
a celebrated temple which was frequented by 
the inhabitants of Italy, and particularly by the 
Romans, whose consuls on first entering upon 
office offered sacrifices to the goddess. The 
statue of the goddess was covered with a goat's 
skin, and armed with a buckler and spear, and 
wore shoes which were turned upwards in the 
form of a cone. Cic- pro Mur. de Nat. D. 1, 
c. 29. pro Milon. 10. — Liv. 8, c 14.— Ital. 13, 
v. 364. 

Laobotas, or Labotas, a Spartan king, of 
the family of the Agidag, who succeeded his 
father Echestratus, B. C. 1023. During his 
reign war was declared against Argos, by 
Sparta. He sat on the throne for 37 years, 



and was succeeded by Doryssus his son. Pans. 
3, c. 2. 

Laocoon, a son of Priam and Hecuba, or, 
according to others, of Antenor, or of Capys. 
As beiflg priest of Apollo, he was commission- 
ed by the Trojans to offer a bullock to Neptune 
to render him propitious. During the sacrifice 
two enormous serpents issued from the sea, and 
attacked Laocoon's two sons who stood next to 
the altar. The father immediately attempted 
to defend his sons, but the serpents failing upon 
him squeezed him in their complicated wreaths, 
so that he died in the greatest agonies. This 
punishment was inflicted upon him for his te- 
merity in dissuading the Trojans to bring into 
the city the fatal wooden horse which the Greeks 
had consecrated to Minerva, as also for his im- 
piety in hurling a javelin against the sides of 
the horse as it entered within the walls. Hy- 
ginus attributes this to his marriage against the 
consent of Apollo, or, according to others, for 
his polluting the temple, by his commerce with 
his wife Antiope, before the statue of the god. 
Virg. JEn. 2, v. 41 and 201— Hygin. fab. 135. 

Laodamas, a son of Alcinous, king of the 
Phaeacians, who offered to wrestle with Ulys- 
ses, while at his father's court. Ulysses, mind- 
ful of the hospitality of Alcinous, refused the 
challenge of Laodamas. Homer- Od. 7, v. 

170. A son of Eteocles, king of Thebes. 

Pans. 9, c. 15. 

Laodamia, a daughter of Acastus and As- 
tydamia, who married Protesilaus, the son of 
Iphiclus king of a part of Thessaly. The de- 
parture of her husband for the Trojan war was 
the source of grief to her, but when she heard 
that he had fallen by the hand of Hector her 
sorrow was increased. To keep alive the me- 
mory of a husband whom she had tenderly lov- 
ed, she ordered a wooden statue to be made and 
regularly placed in her bed. This was seen by 
one of her servants, who informed Iphiclus, that 
his daughter's bed was daily defiled by an un- 
known stranger. Iphiclus watched his daughter, 
and when he found that the intelligence was 
false, he ordered the wooden image to be burn- 
ed, in hopes of dissipating his daughter's grief. 
He did not succeed. Laodamia threw herself 
into the flames with the image, and perished. 
This circumstance has given occasion to fabu- 
lous traditions related by the poets, which men- 
tion, that Protesilaus was restored to life, and to 
Laodamia, for three hours, and that when be 
was obliged to return to the infernal regions, he 
persuaded his wife to accompany him. Virg. 
JEn. 6, v. 447. — Ovid. Her. ep. 13. — Hygin. 

fab. 104.— Prope.it. 1, el. 19. A daughter 

of Bellerophon by Achemone the daughter of 
king Iobates. She had a son by Jupiter, called 
Sarpedon. She dedicated herself to the service 
of Diana, and hunted with her, but her haugh- 
tiness proved fatal to her, and she perished by 
the arrows of the goddess. Homer. II. 6, 12 

and 16. A daughter of Alexander, king of 

Epirus, by Olympia the daughter of Pyrrhus. 
She was assassinated in the temple of Diana, 
where she had fled for safety during a sedition. 
Her murderer, called Milo, soon after turned 



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his dagger against his own breast and killed 
himself. Justin. 28, c. 3. 

Laodice, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, 
who became enamoured of Acamas, son of 
Theseus, when he came with Diomedes from 
the Greeks to Troy with an embassy to demand 
the restoration of Helen. She obtained an in- 
terview and the gratification of her desires at 
the house of Philebia, the wife of a governor of 
a small town of Troas, which the Greek am- 
bassador had visited. She had a son by Aca- 
mas, whom she called Munitus. She afterwards 
married Helicaon son of Antenor, and Telephus 
king of Mysia. Some call her Astyoche. Ac- 
cording to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, 
Laodice threw herself down from the top of a 
tower and was killed when Troy was sacked by 
the Greeks. Dictys. Cret. 1. — Paus. 13, c. 

26.— Homer. II. 3 and 6. One of the 

Oceanides, -A daughter of Cinyras, by whom 

Elatus had some children. Jipollod. 3, c. 14. 

A daughter of Agamemnon, called also 

Electra. Homer. II. 9. A sister of Mithri- 

dates who married Ariarathes king of Cappa- 
docia, and afterwards her own brother Mithri- 
dates. During the secret absence of Mithri- 
dates, she prostituted herself to her servants, in 
hopes that her husband was dead ; but when she 
saw her expectations frustrated she attempted 
to poison Mithridates, for which she was put to 

death. A queen of Cappadocia, put to death 

by her subjects for poisoning five of her chil- 
dren. A sister and wife of Antiochus 2d. 

She put to death Berenice, whom her husband 
had married. [Vid. Antiochus 2d.] She was 
murdered by order of Ptolemy Evergetes, B. C. 

246. A daughter of Demetrius shamefully 

put to death by Ammonius the tyrannical minis- 
ter of the vicious Alexander Bala, king of Syria. 

»A daughter of Seleucus. The mother of 

Seleucus. Nine months before she brought forth, 
she dreamt that Apollo had introduced himself 
into her bed, and had presented her with a pre- 
cious stone, on which was engraved the ftgure 
of an anchor, commanding her to deliver it to 
her son as soon as born. This dream appeared 
the more wonderful, .>when in the morning she 
discovered in her bed a ring answering the same 
description. Not only the son that she brought 
forth, called Seleucus, but also all his successors 
of the house of the Seleucidoe, had the mark of 
an anchor upon their thigh. Justin. — Jlppian. 
in Syr. mentions this anchor, though in a dif- 
ferent manner. 

Laodicea, now Ladik, a city of Asia, on the 
borders of Caria, Phrygia, and Lydia, celebrat- 
ed for its commerce, and the fine soft and black 
wool of its sheep. It was originally called Di- 
ospolis, and afterwards Rhoas: and received the 
name of Laodicea in honour of Laodice, the 
Wife of Antiochus. Plin. 5, c. 29.— Strab. 12. 
— Mela, 1, c 12. — Ok. 5, Mt. 15. pro Flacc. 
Another in Media destroyed by an earth- 
quake in the age of Nero. Another in Syria, 

called by way of distinction Laodicea Cabiosa, 

or ad Libamm. Another on the borders of 

Ccelesyria. Strab. 

LaSbicene, a province of Syria, which re- 
ceives its name from Laodnea, its capital. 



Laodocus, a son of Antenor, whose (bun 
Minerva borrowed to advise Pandarus to break 
the treaty which subsisted between the Greeks 

and Trojans. Homer. II. 4. An attendant 

of Antilochus. A son of Priam. Jipollod. 

3, c. 12. A son of Apollo and Phthia. Id. 

1, c. 7. 

Laogonus, a son of Bias, brother to Darda- 
nus, killed by Achilles at the siege of Troy. 

Horn. II. 20, v. 461. A priest of Jupiter, 

killed by Merion in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 
16, v. 604. 

Laocoras, a king of the Dryopes, who ac- 
customed his subjects to become robbers. He 
plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and 
was killed by Hercules. Jipollod. 2, c- 7. — Diod, 

Laogore, a daughter of Cinyras and Me- 
tharme, daughter of Pygmalion. She died in 
Egypt. Jipollod. 3, c. 14. 

Lao med on, son of II us king of Troy, mar- 
ried Strymo, called by some Placia, or Leucip- 
pe, by whom he had Podarces, afterwards known 
by the name of Priam, and Hesione. He built 
the wails of Troy, and was assisted by Apollo 
and Neptune, whom Jupiter had banished from 
heaven, and condemned to be subservient to the 
will of Laomedon for one year. When the walls 
were finished, Laomedon refused to reward the 
labours of the gods, and soon after his territo- 
ries were laid waste by the god of the sea, and 
his subjects were visited by a pestilence sent by 
Apollo. Sacrifices were offered to the offended 
divinities, but the calamities of the Trojans in- 
creased, and nothing could appease the gods ac- 
cording to the words of the oracle, but annually 
to expose to a sea monster a Trojan virgin. 
Whenever the monster appeared the marriage- 
able maidens were assembled, and the lot de- 
cided which of them was .doomed to death for 
the good of her country. When this calamity 
had continued for five or six years, the lot fell 
upon Hesione, Laomedon's daughter. The king 
was unwilling to part with a daughter whom he 
loved with uncommon tenderness, but his refu- 
sal would irritate more strongly the wrath of the 
gods. In the midst of his fears and hesitation, 
Hercules came and offered to deliver the Tro- 
jans from (his public calamity, if Laomedon 
promised to reward him with a uumber of fine 
horses. The king consented; but when the mon- 
ster was destroyed, he refused to fulfil his en- 
gagements, and Hercules was obliged to besiege 
Troy, and take it by force of arms. Laomedon 
was put to death after a reign of 29 years, his 
daughter Hesione was given in marriage to Te- 
lamon., one of the conqueror's attendants, and 
Podarces was ransomed by the Trojans, and 
placed upon his father's throne. According to 
ilygiuus, the wrath of Neptune and Apollo was 
kindled against Laomedon, because he refused 
to offer on their altars, as a sacrifice, all the first 
born of his cattle, according to a vow he had 
made. Homer. II. 21. — Virg. JEn. 2 and 9. 
—Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 6.— Jipollod. 2, c. 5.— 
Paus. 7, c. 20.— Horat. 3, od. S.—Hygin. 89. 

A demagogue of Messana in Sicily. 

A satrap of Phoenicia, &c. Qurt. 10, c. 10. 



LA 



LA 



■ — —An Athenian, &.c. Plut. An Orchome- 

nian. Id. 

Laomedonteus, an epithet applied to the 
Trojans from their king Laomedon. Virg. Mn. 

4, v. 542, 1. 7, v. 105, 1. 8, v. IS. 
Laomedontiadjs, a patronymic given to the 

Trojans from Laomedon their king. Virg. Mn. 

5, v 248. 

Laonome, the wife of Polyphemus, one of the 
Argonauts. 

Laonomene, a daughter of Thespius, by 
whom Hercules had two sons, Teles and Menip- 
pides, and two daughters, Lysidice and Stente- 
dice. Jlpollod. 2, c. 7. 

Laothge, a daughter of Altes, a king of the 
Leleges, who married Priam, and became mo- 
ther of Lycaon and Polydorus. Homer. II. 21, 

v. 85. One of the daughters of Thespius, 

mother of Antidus, by Hercules. Jlpollod. 2, 
c. 7. 

Laous, a river of Lacedsemon. 

Lapathus. a city of Cyprus. 

Laphria, a surname of Diana at Patra? in 
Achaia, where she had a temple with a statue 
of gold and ivory, which represented her in the 
habit of a huntress. The statue was made by 
Menechmus and Soidas, two artists of celebri- 
ty. This name was given to the goddess from 
Laphrius, the son of Deiphus, who consecrated 
the statue to her. There was a festival of the 
goddess there, called also Laphria, of which 
Paus. 7, c. IS, gives an account. 

Laphystium, a mountain in Boeotia, where 
Jupiter had a temple, whence he was called L«- 
phystius. It was here that Athamas prepared 
to immolate Phryxus and Helle, tvhom Jupiter 
saved by sending them a golden ram, whence the 
surname and the homage paid to the god. Paus. 
9, c. 34. 

Lapideus, a surname of Jupiter among the 
Romans. 

Lapith,e, a people of Thessaly. ( Vid. Lapi- 
thus.) 

Lapitho, a city of Cyprus. 

Lapithus, a son of Apollo, by Stilbe. He 
was brother to Centaurus, and married Orsi- 
home, daughter of Euronymus, by whom he 
had Phorbas and Periphas. The name of La- 
pithce was given to the numerous children of 
Phorbas and Periphas, or rather to the inhabi- 
tants of the country of which they had obtained 
the sovereignty. The chief of the Lapithae as- 
sembled to celebrate the nuptials of Pirithous, 
one of their number, and among them were 
Theseus, Dryas, Hopleus, Mopsus, Phalerus, 
Exadius, Prolochus, Titaresius, &c. The Cen- 
taurs were also invited to partake the common 
festivity, and the amusements would have been 
harmless and innocent, had not one of the in- 
toxicated Centaurs offered violence to Hippo- 
damia, the wife of Pirithous. The Lapithae re- 
sented the injury, and the Centaurs supported 
their companions, upon which the quarrel be- 
came universal, and ended in blows and slaugh- 
ter. Many of the Centaurs were slain, and they 
at last were obliged to retire. Theseus among 
the Lapitbae showed himself brave and intrepid 
in supporting the cause of his friends, and Nes- 
tor also was jiot less active, in the protection of 



chastity and innocence. This quarrel arose from 
the resentment of Mars, whom Pirithous forgot 
or neglected to invite among the other gods, at 
the celebration of his nuptials, and therefore the 
divinity punished the insult by sowing dissention 
among the festive assembly. [Vid. Centauri.] 
Hesiod has described the battle of the Centaurs 
and Lapithae, as also Ovid, in a more cej-ious 
manner. The invention of bits and bridles for 
horses is attributed to the Lapithaj. Virg. G- 3, 
v. 115. Mux. 6, v. 601, 1. 7, v. 305.— Ovid. 
Met. 12, v. 530, 1. 14, v. 670— Hesiod. in Scut. 
—Diod. 4.—Pind. 2—Pyth.—Strab. 9.— Stat. 
Theb- 7, v. 304. 

Lapitileum, a town of Arcadia- Paus. 3, c. 
20. 

Lara or Laranda, one of the Naiads, daugh- 
ter of the river Almon in Latium, famous for 
her beauty and her loquacity, which her parents 
long endeavoured to correct, but in vain. She 
revealed to Juno the amours of her husband Ju- 
piter with Juturna, for which the god cut off her 
tongue, and ordered Mercury to conduct her to 
the infernal regions. The messenger of the gods 
fell in love with her by the way, and gratified 
his passion. Lara became mother of two chil- 
dren, to whom the Romaas have paid divine 
honours according to the opinions of some, un- 
der the name of Lares. Ovid Fast. 2, v. 599. 

Larentia and Laurentia, a courtezan in 
the first ages of Rome. [Vid. Acca.] 

Lares, gods of inferior power at Rome, who 
presided over houses and families. They were 
two in number, sons of Mercury by Lara. [Vid. 
Lara.] In process of time their power was ex- 
tended not only over houses, but also over the 
country and the sea, and we find Lares Urbani to 
preside over the cities, FumUiares over houses, 
Rustici over the country, Compitales over cross 
roads, Marini over the sea, Viales over the 
roads, Patellarii, &c. According to the opinion 
of some, the worship of the gods Lares, who are 
supposed to be the same as the manes, arises 
from the ancient custom among the Romans and 
other nations of burying their dead in their hou- 
ses, and from their belief that their spirits con- 
tinually hovered over the houses, for the pro- 
tection of its inhabitants. The statues of the 
Lares, resembling monkies, and covered with 
the skin of a dog. were placed in a niche behind 
the doors of the houses, or around the hearths. 
At the feet of the Lares was the figure of a dog 
barking, to intimate their care and vigilance. 
Incense was burnt on their altars, and a sow was 
also offered on particular days. Their festivals 
were observed at Rome in the month of May, 
when their statues were crooned with garlands 
of flowers, and offerings of fruit presented. The 
word Lares seems to be derived from the Etrus- 
can word Lars, which signifies conductor or lea- 
der. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 129.— Juv. S, v. 3.— 
Plut. in Qji^est. Rom. — Varro de L~ L- 4, c. 10. 
—Horat. 3, od. 23.— Plaut. in Aid. 8f Cist. 

Larga, a well known pro&titute in Juvenal's: 
age. Juv. 4, c. 25, 

Largus, a Latin poet who wrote a poem o>; 
the arrival of Antenor in Italy, where he built 
the town of Padua. He composed with ease an*' 
elegance. Ovid, ex Pont. 4. ep. 16. v. 17. 
3c 



"LA 



LA 



LarId'es, a son of Daucus or Daunus who as- 
sisted Turnus against iEneas, and had his hand 
cut off with one blow, by Pallas the son of Evan- 
der. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 391. 

Larina, a virgin of Italy who accompanied 
Camilla in her war against ./Eneas. Virg. JEn. 

11, v. 655. 

Larinum or Larina, now Larino, a town of 
the Frentani on the Tifernus before it falls into 
the Adriatic. The inhabitants were called Lari- 
nates. Hal. 15, v. 565.— Cic Clu. 63, 4. Jilt. 

12, I. 7, ep. 13.— Liv. 22, c. 13, 1. 27, c. 40. 
— Cats. C. 1, c. 23. 

Larissa, a daughter of Pelasgus, who gave 
her name to some cities in Greece. Paus. 2, c. 

23. A city between Palestine and Egypt, 

where Pompey was murdered and buried ac- 
cording to some accounts. A large city on 

the banks of the Tigris. It had a small pyramid 

near it, greatly inferior to those of Egypt. 

A city of Asia Minor, on the southern eonfines 

of Troas. Strab. 13.- Another in ^olia, 70 

stadia from Cyme. It is sumamed Phriconis, 
by Strabo, by way of distinction. Strab. 13 — 

Homer. It. 2, v. 640. Another near Ephe- 

sus. Another on the borders of the Peneus 

in Thessaly, also called Cremaste, from its situ- 
ation, (Pensitis,) the most famous of all the ci- 
ties of that name. It was here that Acrisius was 
inadvertently killed by his grandson Perseus. 
Jupiter had there a famous temple, on account 
of which he is called Larissaeus. The same epi- 
thet is also applied to Achilles, who reigned 
there It is still extant, and bears the same 
name. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 542. — Virg. JEn. 2, v. 
197— Lucan. 6.— Liv. 31, c. 46, 1. 42, c. 56. 

A citadel of Argos built by Danaus. 

Lariss^eus. [Vid. Larissa.] 
Larissus, a river of Peloponnesus flowing be- 
tween Elis and Achaia. Strab. 8 — Liv. 27, c. 
31. — Paus. 8, c. 43. 

Lari'cs, a large lake of Cisalpine Gaul, 
through which the Addua runs ia its way into 
the Po, above Cremona. Virg. G. 2, v. 159. 

Larnos, a small desolate island on the coast 
of Thrace. 

Laronia, a shameless courtezan in Juvenal's 
age. Juv. 2, v. 86. 

Lars Tolumnius, a king of the Veientes, con- 
quered by the Romans, and put to death, A. U. 
C. 329. Liv. 4, c. 17 and 19. 

T. LartiuS Florus, a consul, who appeased 
a sedition raised by the poorer citizens, and was 
the first dictator ever chosen at Rome, B. C. 
498. He made Spurius Cassius his master of 

horse. Liv. 2, c. 18. Spurius, one of the 

three Romans who alone withstood the fury of 
Porsenna's army at the head of a bridge, while 
the communication was cutting down behind 
them. His companions were Codes and Her- 
minius. [Vid. Codes.] Liv. 2, c. 10 and 18. 

— Dionys. Hal. — Vol. Max. 3, c'2. The 

name of Lartius has been common to many Ro- 
mans. 

Lartol^etani, a people cff Spain. 

Larv.t;, a name given to the wicked spirits 

and apparitions which, according to the notions 

of the Romans, issued from their graves in the^ 

njght, and came to terrify the world. As the 



word larva signifies a mask, whose horrid and 
uncouth appearance often serves to frighten 
children, that name has been given to the 
ghosts or spectres which superstition believes to 
hover around the graves of the dead. Some call 
them Lemures. Servius in Virg, JEn- 5, v. 64, 
I. v. 152. 

Larymna, a town of Boeotia, where Bac- 
chus had a temple and a statue. Another in 

Caria. Strab. 9 and 16.— Mela, 1, c. 16, I. 2, 
c. 3. 

Larysium, a mountain of Laconia. Paus. 3, 
c. 22. 

Lassia, an ancient name of Andros. 
Lassus or Lasus, a dithyrambic poet born 
at Hermione in Peloponnesus, about 500 years 
before Christ, and reckoned among the wise men 
of Greece by some. He is particularly known 
by the answer he gave to a man who asked him 
what could best render life pleasant and com- 
fortable? Experience. He was acquainted with 
music. Some fragments of his poetry are to be 
found in Athenaeus. He wrote an ode upon the 
Centaurs, and an hymn to Ceres, without in- 
serting the letter S in the composition. Jilhen. 
10. 

Lasthenes, a governor of Olynthus corrupt- 
ed by Philip king of Macedonia. A Cretan 

demagogue conquered by Metellus the Roman 

general. A cruel minister at the court of the 

Seleueidse, kings of Syria. 

Lasthenia, a woman who disguised herself 
to come and hear Plato's lessons. Diog. 

Latagus, a king of Pontus who assisted Metts 
against the Argonauts, and was killed by Dara- 
pes. Flacc. 5, v. 584. One of the compa- 
nions of iEneas, killed by Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 
10, v. 697. 

Lateranus Plautus, a Roman consul elect 
A. D. 65. A conspiracy with Piso against the 
emperor Nero proved fatal to him. He was led 
to execution, where he refused to confess the 
associates of the conspiracy, and did not even 
frown at the executioner, who was as guilty as 
himself; but when a first blow could not sever 
his head from his body, he looked at the execu- 
tioner, and shaking his head, he returned it to 
the hatchet with the greatest composure, and it 
was cut off. There exists new a celebrated pa- 
lace at Rome which derives its name from its 
ancient possessors, the Laterani. 

Laterium, the villa of Q, Cicero at Arpinum, 
near the Liris. Cic. adJJttic. 10, ep. 1. el. 4, 
ep. 7, adfr. 3, ep. 1. — Plin. 15, c. 15. 

Latialis, a surname of Jupiter, who was 
worshipped by the inhabitants of Latium upon 
mount Albanus at stated times. The festivals 
which were first instituted by Tarquin the proud, 

lasted 15 days. Liv. 21. {Vid. Feriae La- 

tinae.) 

Latint, the inhabitants of Latium. [Vid. La- 
tium.] 

Latinius Latiaris, a celebrated informer, 
&c. Tacit. 

Latinus, a son of Faunus by Marica, king 
of the Aborigines, in ItaJy, who from him were 
called Latini. He married Amata, by whom he 
had a son and a daughter. The son died in his 
infancy, and the daughter, called Lavinia, was 



LA 



LA 



secretly promised in marriage by her mother to 
Turnus king of the RutuJi, one of her most pow- 
erful admirers. The gods opposed this union, 
and the oracles declared that Lavinia must be- 
come the wife of a foreign prince. The arrival 
of iEneas in Italy seemed favourable to this pre- 
diction, and Latinus, by offering his daughter to 
the foreign prince and making him his friend 
and ally, seemed to have fulfilled the commands 
of the oracle. Turnus however disapproved of 
the conduct of Latinus, he claimed Lavinia as 
bis lawful wife, and prepared to support his 
cause by arms. ./Eneas took up arms in his own 
defence, and Latium was the seat of the war. 
After mutual losses it was agreed, that the quar- 
rel should be decided by the two rivals, and La- 
tinus promised his daughter to the conqueror. 
JEneas obtained the victory, and married Lavi- 
nia. Latinus soon after died, and was succeed- 
ed by his son-in-law. Virg. AZn. 9, &c. 

Ovid. Met. 13, &c— Fast. 2, &c— Dionys. 
Hal. 1, c. 13. — Liv. 1, c. 1, &c — Justin, 43, 
c. 1. A son of Sylvius JEneas, surnamed al- 
so Sylvius. He was the 5th king of the Latins, 
and succeeded his father. He was father to Al- 
ba his successor. Dionys. 1, c. 15. — Liv. 2, c. 

3. A son of Ulysses and Circe also bore this 

name. 

Latium, a country of Ifalynear the river Ti- 
ber. It was originally very circumscribed, ex- 
tending only from the Tiber to Circeii, but af- 
terwards it comprehended the territories of the 
Volsci, iEqui, Hernici, Ausones, Umbri, and 
Rutuli. The first inhabitants were called Abo- 
rigines, and received the name of Latini from 
Latinus their king. According to others the 
word is derived from lateo, to conceal, because 
Saturn concealed himself there when flying the 
resentment of his son Jupiter. Laurentum was 
the capital of the country in the reign of Lati- 
nus, Laviuium, under iEneas, and Alba under 
Ascanius. \_Vid. Alba.] The Latins, though 
originally known only among their neighbours, 
soon rose in consequence, when Romulus had 
founded the city of Rome in their country. Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 38, 1. 8, v. 322.— Strab. 5.— Dionys. 
Hal. — Justin. 20, c. 1. — Plut. in Romul.— 
Plin. 3, c. 12.— Tacit. 4, Ann. 5. 

Latius, a surname of Jupiter at Rome. Stat. 
o.—Sylv. 2, v. 392. 

Latmus, a mountain of Carta near Miletus. 
It is famous for the residence of Endymion, 
whom the Moon regularly visited in the night, 
whence he is often called Latmius Her os. [Vid. 
Endymion.] Mela, 1, c. 17. — Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 
299. Art. Am. 3. v. 83.— PligL. 5, c. 29.— 
Strab. 14.— Cic. 1, Tus. 28. 

Latobids, the god of health among the Co- 
rinthians. 

Latobrigi, a people of Belgic Gaul. 

Latois, a name of Diana as being the daugh- 
ter of Latona. A country house near Ephe- 

sus. 

Latomls:, Vid. Latumise. 

Latona, a daughter of Cceus the Titan and 
Phoebe, or, according to Homer, of Saturn. She 
was admired for her beauty, and celebrated for 
the favours which she granted to Jupiter. Juno, 
always jealous of her husband's amours, made 



Latona the object of her vengeance, and sent 
the serpent Python to disturb her peace and per- 
secute her. Latona wandered from place to 
place in the time of her pregnancy, continually 
alarmed for fear of Python. She was driven 
from heaven, and Terra, influenced by Juno, 
refused to give her a place where she might 
find rest and bring forth. Neptune, moved with 
compassion, struck with his trident, and made 
immoveable the island of Delos, which before 
wandered in the iEgean, and appeared some- 
times above, and sometimes below, the surface 
of the sea. Latona, changed into a quail by Ju- 
piter, came to Delos, where she resumed her 
original shape, and gave birth to Apollo and 
Diana, leaning against a palm tree or an olive. 
Her repose was of short duration; Juno disco- 
vered the place of her retreat, and obliged her 
to fly from Delos. She wandered over the great- 
est part of the world, and in Caria, where her 
fatigue compelled her to stop, she was insulted 
and ridiculed by peasants of whom she asked 
for water, while they were weeding a marsh. 
Their refusal and insolence provoked her, and 
she entreated Jupiter to punish their barbarity. 
They were all changed into frogs. She was ex- 
posed to repeated insults by Niobe, who boast- 
ed herself greater than the mother of Apollo 
and Diana, and ridiculed the presents which the 
piety of her neighbours had offered to Latona. 
[Vid. Niobe] Her beauty proved fatal to the 
giant Tityus, whom Apollo and Diana put to 
death. [ Vid. Tityus.] At last Latona, though 
persecuted and exposed to the resentment of 
Juno, became a powerful deity, and saw her 
children receive divine honours. Her worship 
was generally established where her children 
received adoration, particularly at Argos, De- 
los, &c. where she had temples. She had an 
oracle in Egypt, celebrated for the true deci- 
sive answers which it gave. Died. 5. — Herodot. 
2, c. 155.— Pans. 2 and S.-—Homer. II. 2L 
Hymn in Ap. &f Dian. — Hesiod. Theog. — Apol- 
lod. 3, c. 5 and 10.— Ovid. Met. 6, v. 160.— 
Hygin. fab. 140. 

Latopolis, a city of Egypt Strab. 

Latous, a name given to Apollo as sen of 
Latona. Ovid. Met. 6. fab. 9. 

Latreus, one of the Centaurs, who, after 
killing Halesus was himself slain by Casneus. 
Ovid. Met. 12," v. 463. 

Laddamia, a daughter of Alexander king of 
Epirus and Olympias daughter of Pyrrhus, kill- 
ed in a temple of Diana, by the enraged popu- 
lace. Justin. 28, c 3. — ■ — The wife of Protesi- 
laus. Vid. Laodamia. 

Laudice. [Vid Laodice.] 

Laverva, the goddess of thieves and dishon- 
est persons at Rome. She did not only preside 
over robbers, called from her Laverniones, but 
she protected such as deceived others, or form- 
ed their secret machinations in obscurity and 
silence. Her worship was very popular, and the 
Romans raised her an altar near one of the 
gates of the city, which, from that circumstance, 
was called the gate of Laverna. She was gene- 
rally represented by a head without a body. Ho- 
rat. 1, ep. 16, v. 60.— Vairo de L. L. 4. — e- 
A place mentioned by Plut, &c. 



LA 



LE 



Laverntum, a temple of Laverna, near For- 
miae. Cic. 7, Ml. S. 

Laufella, a wanton woman, &c. Juv. 6, v. 
319. 
Laviana, a province of Armenia Minor. 
Lavinia, a daughter of king Lalinus and 
Amata. She was betrothed to her relation king 
Turnus, but because the oracle ordered her fa- 
ther to marry her to a foreign prince, she was 
given to /Eneas after the death of Turnus. [Vid. 
Latinus.] At her husband's death she was left 
pregnant, and being fearful of the tyranny of 
Ascanius her son-in-law, she fled into the woods, 
where she brought forth a son called JEneas Syl- 
vius. Dionys, Hal. 1. — Virg. JEn. 6 and 7. — 
Ovid. Met. 14, v. 507 — Liv. 1, c. 1. 

Lavinium or Lavinum, a town ol Italy, built 
by iP.neas, and called by that name in honour 
of Lavinia, the founder's wife. It was the capi- 
ta! of Latium during the reign of iEneas. Virg. 
JEn. 1, v. 2^2.— Strab. 5 —Dionys. Hal. 1.— 
Liv. L/C. 2. — Justin. 43, c. 2. 

Laura, a place near Alexandria in Egypt. 
Laureacum, a town at the confluence of the 
Ens and the Danube, now Lorch. 

Laurentalia, certain festivals celebrated at 
Rome in honour of Laurentia, on the last day 
of April and the 23d of December. They were 
in process of time, part of the Saturnalia. Ovid. 
Past. 3, v. 57. 

Latjrentes Agri, the country in the neigh- 
bourhood of Laurentum. Tibull. 2, el. 5, v. 41. 
Laurentja. [Vid. Acca.] 
Laurentini, the inhabitants of Latium. They 
received this name from the great number of 
laurels which grew in the country. King Lati- 
nus found one of uncommon largeness and beau- 
ty, when he was going to build a temple to 
Apollo, and the tree was consecrated to the god, 
and preserved with the most religious ceremo- 
nies. Virg. JEn 7, v. 59. 

Laurentius, belonging to Laurentum or La- 
tium, Virg JEn. 10, v. 709 

Laurentum, now Paterno. the capital of the 
kingdom of Latium in the reign of Latinus. It 
is on the sea coast east of the Tiber. [Vid Lau- 
rentini.] Strab 5. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Liv. 1, c. 1. 
— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 171. 

Laurion, a place of Attica, where were gold 
mines, from which the Athenians drew consi- 
derable revenues, and with which they built 
their fleets by the advice of Themistocles. These 
mines failed before the age of Strabo. Thucyd. 
2.—Paus. 1, c. 1.— Strab. 9. 

Lauron, a town of Spain, where Pompey's 
son was conquered by Cesar's army. 

Laus, now Laino, a town on a river of the 
same name, which forms the southern bounda- 
ry of Lucania. Slrab. 6. 

Laus Pompeia, a town of Italy founded by a 
colony sent thither by Pompey. 

Lalisus, a son of Numitor, and brother of Ilia. 
He was put to death by his uncle Amulius, who 
usurped his father's throne. Ovid. Fast. 4, v, 
54. A son of Mczentius, king of the Tyrr- 
henians, killed by iEneas in the war which his 
father and Turnus made against the Trojans. 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 649, 1. 10, v. 426, &c. 
Lautium. a city of Latium. 



Lautumi.% or Latomije, a prison at Syra 
cusc cut out of the solid rock by Dionysius, and 
now converted into a subterraneous garden fill- 
ed with numerous shrubs, flourishing in luxuri- 
ant variety. Cic. Ver. 5, c. 27. — Liv. 26, v. 
27, 1. 32, c. 26. 

Leades, a son of Astacus, who killed Eteo- 
clus. Jlpollod. 

Le.ei, a nation of Pceonia near Macedonia. 

Le^na, an Athenian harlot. [Ftd.Laena.] 

Leander, a youth of Abydos, famous for his 

amours with Hero. [Vid. Hero.] A Milesian 

who wrote an historical commentary upon his 
country. 

Leandre, a daughter of Amyclas, who mar- 
ried Areas. Jlpollod. 

Leandrias, a Lacedaemonian refugee of 
Thebes, who declared, according to an ancient 
oracle, that Sparta would lose the superiority 
over Greece when conquered by the Thebans 
at Leuctra. Diod. 15. 

Leanira, a daughter of Amyclas. [Vid. Le- 
andre.] 

Learchus, a son of Athamas and Ino, crush- 
ed to death against a wall by his father, in a fit 
of madness. [Vid. Athamas.] Ovid. Fast. 6, 
v. 490. 

Lebadea, now Lioadias, a town of Bceotia, 
near mount Helicon, it received this name 
from the mother of Aspledon, and became fa- 
mous for the oracle and cave of Trophonius. 
No moles could live there, according to Pliny. 
Strab. 9.— Plin. 16, c. 36.— Pans. 9, c 59. 

Lebedus or Lebedos, a town of Ionia, at the 
north of Colophon, where festivals were yearly 
observed in honour of Bacchus, and where Tro- 
phonius had a cave and a- temple. Lysimachus 
destroyed it, and carried part of the inhabitants 
to Ephesus. It had been founded by an Athenian 
colony, under one of the. sons of Codrus. Strab. 
14. — Horat. 1, ep, 11, v. 7. — Herodot. I, c. 
142.— Cic. },Div.33. 

Lebena, a commercial town of Crete, with 
a temple sacred to iEsculapius. Pews. 2, c. 26. 

Lebinthos and Lebynthos, an island in the 
iEgean sea, near Patmos. Strab. 10. — Mela, 
2, c. I.—Ovid. Met. 8, v. 222. 

Lechjsum, now Pelago, a port of Corinth in 
the bay of Corinth. Stat. Theb. 2, v. 381.— Liv. , 
32, c. 23. 

Lectum, a promontory, now cape Baba, se- 
parating Troas from iEoiia. Liv. 37, c. 37. 
Lecythus, a town of Euboea. 
Leda, a daughter of king Thespius and Eu- 
rythemis, who married Tyndarus, king of Spar- 
fa. She was ften bathing in the river Eurotas 
by Jupiter, when she was some few days ad- 
vanced in her pregnancy, and the god, struck 
with her beauty, resolved to deceive hw. He 
persuaded Venus to change herself into an ea- 
gle, while he assumed the form -of a swan, and 
after this metamorphosis, Jupiter, as if fearful 
of the tyrannical cruelty of the bird of prey, fled 
through the air into the arms of Leda, who wil- 
lingly sheltered the trembling swan from the 
assaults of his superior enemy. The caresses 
with which the naked Leda received the swan, 
enabled Jupiter to avail himself of his situa- 
tion, and nine months after this adventure. 



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the wife of Tyndarus brought forth two eggs, of 
one of which sprang Pollux and Heiena, and of 
the other Castor and Clyteranestra. The two 
former were deemed the offspring of Jupiter, and 
the others claimed Tyndarus for their father. 
Some mythologists attribute this armour to Ne- 
mesis, and cot to Leda; and they further men- 
tion, that Leda was entrusted with the educa- 
tion of the children which sprang from the eggs 
brought forth by Nemesis. [ Vid. Helena ] To 
reconcile this diversity of opinions, others main- 
tain that Leda received the name of Nemesis af- 
ter death. Homer and Hesioti make no men- 
tion of the metamorphosis of Jupiter into a swan, 
whence some have imagined that the fable was 
unknown to these two ancient poets, and proba- 
bably invented since their age. Apollod. i, c. 
8, 1. 3, c 10.— OmU Met 6, v. 109.— Hesiod. 
17, v. 55. — Hygin. fab 77. — Isocr. in Hel. — 

Homer. Od. 11. — Eurip. in Hel. A famous 

dancer in the age of Juvtnal 6, v. 63. 

Levjea, an epithet given to Hermione, &c. 
as related to Leda. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 328. 

Ledus, now Lez, a river of Gaul near the 
modern Montpelier. Mela, 2, c. 5. 

Legio, a corps of soldiers in the Roman ar- 
mies, whose numbers have been different at dif- 
ferent times. The legion under Romulus con- 
sisted of 3000 foot and 300 horse, and was soon 
after augmented to 4000, after the admission of 
the Sabines into the city. When Annibal was 
in Italy it consisted of 5000 soldiers, and after- 
wards it decreased to 4000, or 4500. Marius 
made it consist of 6200, besides 700 horse. This 
was the period of its greatness in numbers. Livy 
speaks of ten, and even eighteen, legions kept 
at Rome. During the consular government it 
was usual to levy and fit up four legions, which 
were divided between the two consuls. This 
number was however often increased, as time 
and occasion required. Augustus maintained a 
standing army of twenty-three or twenty-five le- 
gions, and this number was seldom diminished. 
In the reign of Tiberius there were 27 legions, 
and the peace establishment of Adrian main- 
tained no less than 30 of these formidable bri- 
gades. They were distributed over the Roman 
empire, and their stations were settled and per- 
manent. The peace of Britain was protected 
by three legions; sixteen were stationed on the 
banks of the Rhine and Danube, viz. two in 
Lower, and three in Upper Germany; one in 
Noricum, one in Rhstia, three in Mcesia, four 
in Pannonia, and two in Dacia. Eight were 
stationed on the Euphrates, six of which re- 
mained in Syria, and two in Cappadocia, while 
the remote provinces of Egypt, Africa, and 
Spain, were guarded each by a single legion. 
Besides these, the tranquillity of Rome was pre- 
served by 20,000 soldiers, who, under the titles 
of city cohorts and of praetorian guards, watched 
over the safety of the monarch and of the capi- 
tal. The legions were distinguished by differ- 
ent appellations, and generally borrowed their 
name from the order in which they were first 
raised, as prima, secunda, tertia, quarla, &c. 
Besides this distinction, another more expres- 
sive was generally added, as from the name of 
the emperor who embodied them, as Augus- 



ta, Claudiana, Galbiana, Flavia, Ulpia, Traja° 
na, Jlnioniana, &c. from the provinces or quar- 
ters where they were stationed, as Brilannica, 
Cyrenica, Gallica, &c, from the provinces which 
had been subdued by their valour, as Parthica, 
Seylhica,{Jlrabica, JPfrieana, &c. from the names 
of the deities whom their generals particularly 
worshipped, as Minervia, Jlpollinaris, &c, or 
from more trifling accidents, as Martia, Fulmi- 
natrix, Rapax, Jlajutrix, &c. Each legion was 
divided into ten cohorts, each cohort into three 
manipuli, and every manipulus into three cen- 
turies or ordines. The chief commander of 
the legion was called legatus, lieutenant. The 
standards borne by the legions were various. In 
the first ages of Rome a wolf was the standard, 
in honour of Romulus; after that a hog, because 
that animal was generally sacrificed at the con- 
elusion of a treaty, and therefore it indicated 
that war is undertaken for the obtaining of peace. 
A minotaur was sometimes the standard, to in- 
timate the secrecy with which the general was 
to act, in commemoration of the labyrinth. 
Sometimes a horse or a boar was used, till the 
age of Marius, who changed all these for the 
eagle, being a representation of that bird in sil- 
ver, holding sometimes a thunderbolt in its 
claws. The Roman eagle ever after remained 
in use, though Trajan made use of the dragon. 

Leitds, or Letus, a commander of the Boeo- 
tians at the siege of Troy. He was saved from 
the victorious hand of Hector and from death 

by ldomeneus. Homer. II. 2, 6, and 17.^ 

One of the Argonauts, son of Alector. Jipollod. 
2, c. 9. 

Lelaps, a dog that never failed to seize and 
conquer whatever animal he was ordered to 
pursue. It was given to Procris by Diana, and 
Procris reconciled herself to her husband by 
presenting him with that valuable present. Ac- 
cording to some, Procris had received it from 
Minos, as a reward for the dangerous wounds 
of which she had cured him. Hygin. fab. 128. 

—Ovid. Met. 7-, v. 771.— Pans. 9, c. 19. 

One of Actaeoivs clogs. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 211. 

Leleges, (a \zyu>, to gather) a wandering 
people, composed of different unconnected na- 
tions. They were originally inhabitants of Ca- 
ria, and went to the Trojan wsr with Altes their 
king. Achilles plundered their country, and 
obliged them to retire to the neighbourhood of 
Halicarnassus, where they fixed their habita- 
tion. The inhabitants of Laconia and Megara 
bore this name for some time, from Lelcx, one 
of their kings. Strab. 7 and S. — Homer. II. 21, 
v 85.— Plin. 4,.c. 7, 1. 5, c. 30.— Virg. *En. 
8, v. 725.— Pans. 3, c. 1. 

Lelegeis, a name applied to Miletus, be- 
cause once possessed by the Leleges. Plin. 5, 
C. 29. 

Lelex, an Egyptian, who came with a colo- 
ny to Megara, where he reigned about 200 years 
before the Trojan war. His subjects were call- 
ed from him Leleges, and the place Lelegeia 

mcenia. Pans 3, c. 1. A Greek, who was 

the first king of Laconia in Peloponnesus. His 
subjects were also called Leleges, and the coun- 
try where he reigned Lelegia. Id. 

Lemants, a place in Britain, where Caesar is 



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supposed to have first landed, and therefore 
placed by some at Lime in Kent. 

Lemannus, a lake in the country of the Al- 
lobroges, through which the Rhone flows by Ge- 
neva. It is now called the lake of Geneva or 
Lausanne. Lucan. 1, v. 396. — Mela, 2, c. 5. 

Lemnos, an island in the iEgean sea, be- 
tween Tenedos, lmbros, and Samothrace It 
was sacred to Vulcan, called Lemnius pater, 
who fell there when kicked down from heaven 
by Jupiter, [Via". Vulcanus.] It was cele- 
brated for two horrible massacres, that of the 
Lemnian women murdering their husbands, 
[Vid. Hipsipyle,] and that of the Lemnians, or 
Pelasgi, in killing all the children they had had 
by some Athenian women, whom they had car- 
vied away to become their wives. These two 
acts of cruelty have given rise to the proverb of 
Lemnian actions, which is applied to all barbar- 
ous and inhuman deeds. The tirst inhabitants 
of Lemnos were the Pelasgi, or rather the Thra- 
cians, who were murdered by their wives. Af- 
ter them came the children of the Lemnian wi- 
dows by the Argonauts, whose descendants were 
at last expelled by the Pelasgi, about 1100 
years before the Christian era. Lemnos is about 
112 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, 
who says, that it is often shadowed by mount 
Athos, though at the distance of 87 miles. It 
has been called Hipsipyle, from queen Hipsi- 
pyle. It is famous for a certain kind of earth 
or chalk, called terra Lemnia, or terra sigillata, 
from the seal or impression which it can bear. 
As the inhabitants were blacksmiths, the poets 
have taken occasion to fix the forges of Vulcan 
in that island, and to consecrate the whole coun- 
try to his divinity. Lemnos is also celebrated 
for a labyrinth, which, according to some tra- 
ditions, surpassed those of Crete and Egypt. 
Some remains of it were still visible in the age 
of Pliny. The island of Lemnos, now called 
Stalimene, was reduced under the power ©f 
Athens by Miltiades, and the Carians, who then 
inhabited it, obliged to emigrate. Virg. JEn. 
8, v. 454— Homer. II. 1, v. 593.— C. Mep. in 
Milt.—Strab. 1, 2, and "l.—Herodot. 6, c. 140. 
— Mela, 2, c 7. — Apollon. 1, arg — Flac. 2, v. 
78.— Ovid. Art. Am. 3, v. 672.— Stat. 3. Theb. 
274. 

Lemovices, a people of Gaul, now Limousin 
4" Limoges. Cces. G. 7, G. 4. 

Lemovii, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de 
Germ. 

Lemures, the manes of the dead. The an- 
cients supposed that the souls, after death, wan- 
dered all over the world, and disturbed the 
peace of its inhabitants. The good spirits were 
called Lares familiares, and the evil ones were 
known by the name of Larva, or Lemures- They 
terrified the good, and continually haunted the 
wicked and impious; and the Romans had the 
superstition to celebrate festivals in their ho- 
nour, called Lemuria, or Lemuralia, in the 
month of May. They were first instituted by 
Romulus to appease the manes of his brother 
Remus, from whom they were called Remuria, 
and, by corruption, Lemuria. These solemnities 
continued three nights, during which the temples 
of the gods were shut, and marriages prohibited. 



It was usual for the people to throw black beans 
on the graves of the deceased, or to burn them, 
as the smell was supposed to be insupportable 
to them. They also muttered magical words, 
and, by beating kettles and drums, they believed 
that the ghosts would depart, and no longer come 
to terrify their relations upon earth. Ovid. Fast. 
5, v. 421, &c— Horat. 2, ep. 2, v. 209.— Per- 
sius. 5, v. 185. 

Lemuria and Lemuralia. [Vid. Lemures.] 

Len^eus, a surname of Bacchus, from xavoc, 
.a wine press. There was a festival called Le- 
ncza, celebrated in his honour, in which the 
ceremonies observed at the other festivals of the 
god chiefly prevailed. There were, besides, 
poeticai contentions, &c. Faus. — Virg. G. 2, 

v. 4. Mn. 4, v. 207. — Ovid. Mel. 4, v. 14. 

A learned grammarian, ordered by Pompey to 
translate into Latin some of the physical manu- 
scripts of Mithridates, king of Pontus. 

Lentulus, a celebrated family at Rome, 
which produced many great men in the com- 
monwealth. The most illustrious were L. Corn. 
Lentulus, a consul, A. U. C. 427, who dispersed 

some robbers who infested Umbria. Batiatus 

Lentulus, a man who trained up some gladiators 

at Capua, which escaped from his school. 

Corn. Lentulus, surnamed Sura. He joined in 
Catiline's conspiracy, and assisted in corrupting 
the Allobroges. He was convicted in full senate 
by Cicero, and put in prison, and afterwards 

executed. A consul who triumphed over the 

Samuites. Cn. Lentulus, surnamed Gaztuli- 

cus, was made consul, A. D. 26, and was, some 
time after, put to death by Tiberius, who was 
jealous of his great popularity. He wrote an 
history, mentioned by Suetonius, and attempted 
also poetry. L. Lentulus, a friend of Pom- 
pey, put to death in Africa. P. Corn. Len- 

tuius, a praetor, defeated by the rebellious slaves 
in Sicily. Lentulus Spinther, a senator, kind- 
ly used by J. Caesar, &c. A tribune at the 

battle of Cannae. P. Lentulus, a friend of 

Brutus, mentioned by Cicero {de Orat. 1 , c. 48,) 
as a great and consummate statesman — Besides 
these, there are a few others, whose name is 
only mentioned in history, and whose life was 
not marked by any uncommon event. The con- 
sulship was in the family of the Lentuli in the 
years of Rome 427, 479, 517, 518, 553, 555, 
598, &c. Tacit. Ann.—Liv.—Flor.—Plin.— 
Plut. — Eutrop. 

Leo, a native of Byzantium, who flourished 
350 years before the Christian era. His philo- 
sophical and political talents endeared him to 
his countrymen, and he was always sent upon 
every important occasion as ambassador to 
Athens, or to the court of Philip king of Mace- 
donia. This monarch, well acquainted with 
the abilities of Leo, was sensible that his views 
and claims to Byzantium would never succeed 
while it was protected by the vigilance of such 
a patriotic citizen. To remove him he had re- 
course to artifice and perfidy. A letter was 
forged, in which Leo made solemn promises of 
betraying his country to the king of Macedonia 
for money. This was no sooner known than the 
people ran enraged to the house of Leo, and the 
philosopher, to avoid their fury, and without at- 



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tempting bis justification, strangled himself. He 
had written some treatises upon physic, and also 
the history of his country and the wars of Philip, 

in seven books, which have been lost. Plut. 

A Corinthian at Syracuse, &c. A king of 

Sparta. A son of Eury crates. Jithen. 12. — 

Philostr.- An emperor of the east, surnamed 

the Thracian. He reigned 17 years, and died 
A. D. 474, being succeeded by Leo the Second 
for 10 months, and afterwards by Zeno. 

Leocorion, a monument and temple erected 
by the Athenians to Pasithea, Theope, and Eu- 
bule, daughters of Leos, who immolated them- 
selves when an oracle had ordered that, to stop 
the raging pestilence, some of the blood of the 
citizens must be shed. JElian. 12, c. 28. — Cic. 
J\ r . D. 3, c. 10. 

Leocrates, an Athenian general, who flour- 
ished B C. 460, &c. Diod. 11. 

Leodamas, a son of Eteocles, one of the 
seven Theban chiefs who defended the city 
against the Argives. He killed iEgialeus, and 

was himself killed by Alcmaeon. A son of 

Hector and Andromache. Dictys. Cret 

Leodocus, one of the Argonauts. Flacc- 

Leogoras, an Athenian debauchee, who 
maintained the courtezan Myrrhina 

Leon, a king of Sparta. Herodot. 7, c. 204. 

A town of Sicily, near Syracuse. Liv. 24, 

e. 25. 

Leona, a courtezan, called also Laena. Vid. 
Laena. 

Leonatus, one of Alexander's generals. His 
father's name was Eunus. He distinguished him- 
self in Alexander's conquest of Asia, and once 
saved the king's life in a dangerous battle. After 
the death of Alexander, at the general division 
of the provinces, he received for his portion that 
part of Phrygia which borders on the Hellespont. 
He was empowered by Perdiccas to assist Eu- 
menes in making himself master of the province 
of Cappadocia, which had been allotted to him. 
Like the rest of the generals of Alexander, he 
was ambitious of power and dominion. He 
aspired to the sovereignty of Macedonia, and 
secretly communicated to Eumenes the different 
plans he meant to pursue to execute his designs. 
He passed from Asia into Europe to assist Anti- 
pater against the Athenians, and was killed in 
a battle which was fought soon after his arrival. 
Historians have mentioned as an instance of the 
luxury of Leonatus, that he employed a number 
of camels to procure some earth from Egypt to 
wrestle upon, as, in his opinion, it seemed better 
calculated for that purpose. Plut. in Mex — 
Curt. 3, c. 12, 1. 6, c. 8. — Justin. 13, c. 2.— 

Diod. 18. — C. Nep. in Eum. A Macedonian 

with Pyrrhus in Italy against the Romans. 

Leonidas, a celebrated king of Lacedaemon, 
of the family of the Euristhenidae, sent by his 
countrymen to oppose Xerxes, king of Persia, 
who had invaded Greece with about five millions 
of souls. He was offered the kingdom of Greece 
by the enemy, if he would not oppose his views; 
but Leonidas heard the proposal with indigna- 
tion, and observed, that he preferred death for 
his country, to an unjust though extensive do- 
minion'over it. Before the engagement Leonidas 
exhorted his soldiers-., and told them all to dine 



heartily, as they were to sup in the realms of 
Pluto. The battle was fought at Thermopylae, 
and the 300 Spartans, who alone had refused to 
abandon the scene of action, withstood the ene- 
my with such vigour, that they were obliged to 
rstire, wearied and conquered, during three suc- 
cessive days, till Ephialtes, a Trachinian, had 
the perfidy io conduct a detachment of Persians 
by a secret path up the mountains, whence they 
suddenly fell upon the rear of the Spartans, and 
crushed them to pieces. Only one escaped of 
the 300; he returned home, where he was treat- 
ed with insult and reproaches, for flying inglo- 
riously from a battle in which his brave compa- 
nions, with their royal leader, had perished. This 
celebrated battle, which happened 480 years 
before the Christian era, taught the Greeks to 
despise the number of the Persians, and to rely 
upon their own strenath and intrepidity. Tem- 
ples were raised to the fallen hero, and festivals, 
called Leonidea, yearly celebrated at Sparta, in 
which free-born youths contended. Leonidas, 
as he departed for the battle from Lacedaemon, 
gave no other injunction to his wife, but, after 
his death, to marry a man of virtue and honour, 
to raise from her children deserving of the name 
and greatness of her first husband. Herodot. 7, 
c 120, &c— C Mp. in Them.— Justin . 2. — 
Val. Max. 1, c. 6. — Paws. 3, c. 4. — Plut. in 

Lye. &f Cleom. A king of Sparta after Areus 

II. 257 years before Christ. He was driven from 
his kingdom by Cleombrotus, his son-in-law, and 

afterwards re-established. A preceptor to 

Alexander the Great. A friend of Parmenio, 

appointed commander, by Alexander, of the sol- 
diers who lamented the death of Parmenio, and 
who formed a separate cohort. Curt. 7, c. 2. 
A learned man of Rhodes, greatly com- 
mended by Strabo, &c. 

Leontium and Leontini, a town of Sicily, 
about five miles distant from the sea-shore. It 
was built by a colony from Chalcis, in Eubcea, 
and was, according to some accounts, once the 
habitation of the Laestrigones, for which reason 
the neighbouring fields are often called Lcestri- 
gonii campi. The country was extremely fruit- 
ful, whence Cicero calls it the grand magazine 
of Sicily. The wine which it produced was the 
best of the island. The people of Leontium im- 
plored the assistance of the Athenians against 
the Syracusans, B. C. 427. Thucyd. 6. — Polyb. 
l.—Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 467.— itaJ. 14, v. 126.— 
Cic. in Verr. 5. 

Leontium, a celebrated courtezan of Athens, 
who studied philosophy under Epicurus, and be- 
came one of his most renowned pupils. She 
prostituted herself to the philosopher's scholars, 
and even to Epicurus himself, if we believe the 
reports which were raised by some of- his ene- 
mies [Vid. Epicurus.] Melrodorus shared 
her favours in the most unbounded manner, and 
by him she had a son, to whom Epicurus was so 
partial, that he recommended him to his execu- 
tors on his dying bed. Leontium not only pro- 
fessed herself a warm admirer and follower of 
the doctrines of Epicurus, but she even wrote a 
book in support of them against Theophrastus. 
This book was valuable, if we believe the tes- 
timony and criticism of Cicero, who praised the 



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purity and elegance of its style, and the truly 
Attic turn of the expressions. Leontium had also 
a daughter called Danae, who married Sophron. 
Cic. de Nat. D. 1, c 33. 

Leontocephalus, a strongly fortified city of 
Phrygia, Plut. 

Leonton, or Leontopolis, a town of Egypt 
where lions were worshipped. JElian. H. An. 
12, c. l.—Plin. 5, c. 10. 

Leontyc hides. Via. Leotychides. 
i Leos, a son of Orpheus, who immolated his 
three daughters for the good of Athens. Vid. 
Leocorion. 

Leosthenes, an Athenian general, who, after 
Alexander's death, drove Antipater to Thessaly, 
where he besieged him in the town of Lamia. 
The success which for a while attended his arms 
was soon changed by a fatal blow which he re- 
ceived from a stone thrown by the besieged, B.C. 
323. The death of Leosthenes was followed by 
a total defeat of the Athenian forces. The fu- 
neral oration over his body was pronounced at 
Athens by Hyperides, in the absence of Demos- 
thenes, who had been lately banished for taking 
a bribe from Harpalus. (Vid. Lamiacum.) 
Diod. 17 and 18. — Strab. 9. — Another general 
of Athens, condemned on account of the bad 
success which attended his arms against Pepa- 
rethos. 

Leotychides, a king of Sparta, son of Me- 
nares, of the family of the Pcoclidse. He was 
set over the Grecian fleet, and by his courage 
and valour he put an end to the Persian war at 
the famous battle of Mycale. It is said that he 
cheered the spirits of his fellow soldiers at My- 
cale, who were anxious for their countrymen in 
Greece, by raising a report that a battle had 
been fought at Platsea, in which the barbarians 
had been defeated. This succeeded, and though 
the information was false, yet a battle was 
fought at Plataea, in which the Greeks obtained 
the victory the same day that the Persian fleet 
was destroyed at Mycale. Leotychides was ac- 
cused of a capital crime by the Ephori, and, to 
avoid the punishment which his guilt seemed to 
deserve, he fled to the temple of Minerva at 
Tegea, where he perished B. C. 469, after a 
reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by his 
grandson Archidamas. Pans. 3, c. 7 and 8. — 

Diod. 11. ^A son of Agis, king of Sparta, by 

Timaea. The legitimacy of his birth was dis- 
puted by some, and it was generally believed 
that he was the son of Alcibiades. He was pre- 
vented from ascending the throne of Sparta by 
Lysander, though Agis had declared him upon 
his death-bed his lawful son and heir, and Age- 
silaus was appointed in his place. C. JVep. in 
Ages. — Plut. — Paus. 3, c. 8. 

Lepiiyrium, a city of Cilicia. 

Lepida, a noble woman, accused of attempts 
to poison her husband, from, whom she had been 
separated for 20 years. She was condemned 

under Tiberius. Tacit. Jinn. 3, c. 22 A 

woman who married Scipio. Domitia, a 

daughter of Drusus and Antonia, great niece to 
Augustus, and aunt to the emperor Nero. She 
is described by Tacitus as a common prostitute, 
infamous in her manners, violent in her temper, 
and yet celebrated for her beauty, She was put 



to death by means of her rival Agrippina, Nero'*! 
mother. Tacit- A wife of Galba the em- 
peror. A wife of Cassius, &c. 

Lepidus M ^Emilius, a Roman, celebrated 
as being one of the triumvirs with Augustus and 
Antony- He was of an illustrious family, and, 
liiie the rest of his contemporaries, he was re- 
markable for his ambition, to which was added 
a narrowness of mind, and a great deficiency of 
military abilities. He was sent, against Caesar's 
murderers, and some time after he leagued with 
M. Antony, who had gained the heart of his 
soldiers by artifice, and that of their commander 
by his address. When his influence and power 
among the soldiers had made him one of the 
triumvirs, he showed his cruelty, like his col- 
leagues, by his proscriptions, and even suffered 
his own brother to be sacrificed to the dagger of 
the triumvirate. He received Africa as his por- 
tion in the division of the empire; but his indo- 
lence soon rendered him despicable in the eyes 
of his soldiers and of his colleagues; and Au- 
gustus, who was well acquainted with the un- 
popularity of Lepidus, went to his camp and 
obliged him to resign the power to which he was 
entitled as being a triumvir. After this degra- 
ding event, he sunk into obscurity, and retired, 
by order of Augustus, to Cerceii, a small town 
on the coast of Latiutn. where he ended Ins days 
in peace, B. C. 13, and where he was forgotten 
as soon as out of power Appian. — Plut. in 
Jlug. — Flor. 4, c. 6 and 7. A Roman con- 
sul, sent to be the guardian of young Ptolemy 
Epiphanes, whom his father had left to the care 
of the Roman people. Tacit. Jinn. 2, c 67. — 
Justin. 30, c. 3. A son of Julia, the grand- 
daughter of Augustus. He was intended by 
Caius as his successor in the Roman empire. He 
committed adultery with Agrippina when young. 

Dion. 59. An orator mentioned by Cicero in 

Brut. A censor, A. U. C 734. 

Lepinus, a mountain of Italy. Colum. 10. 

Lepontii, a people at the source of the Rhine. 
Plin. 3, c. 20. 

Lepros, a son of Pyrgeus, who built a town 
in Elis, which he called after his own name. 
He laid a wager that he would eat as much as 
Hercules; upon which he killed an ox and eat it 
up. He afterwards challenged Hercules to a 
trial of strength, and was killed. Paus- 5, c. 5. 

Lepuium or Lepreos, a town of Elis. Cic 
6. Alt. 2.—Plin. 4, c. 5. 

Leptines, a general of Demetrius, who or- 
dered Co. Octavius, one of the Roman ambas- 
sadors, to be put to death. A son of Her- 

mocrates, of Syracuse, brother to Dionysius. 
He was sent by his brother against the Cartha- 
ginians, and experienced so much success, that 
he sunk fifty of their ships. He was afterwards 
defeated by Mago, and banished by Dionysius. 
He always continued a faithful friend to the in- 
terests of his brother, though naturally an avow- 
ed enemy to tyranny and oppression. He was 
killed in a battle with the Carthaginians. Diod. 
15. A famous orator at Athens, who endea- 
voured to unload the people from oppressive 

taxes. He was opposed by Demosthenes. 

A tyrant of Apollonia, in Sicily, who surrender 
ed to Timoleon. Diod. 16. 



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Leptis, the name of (wo cities of Africa, one 
of which, called Major, now Lebida, was near 
(he SyrteSi and had been built by a Tyrian or 
Sidonian colony. The other, called Minor, now 
Lemta, was about eighteen Roman miles from 
Adrumetum. It paid every day a talent to the 
republic of Carthage, by way of tribute. Lucan. 
2, v. 251. — Piin. 5, c. 19. — Sallusf. in Jug. 
77.— Mela, 1, c. 8 —Strab. 3, v. 256.— Os. 
C. 2, c. 3S. —Cic. 5. Vtrr 59. 

Leria, an island in the iftgean sea, on the 
coast of Caria, about eighteen miles in circum- 
ference, peopled by a Milesian colony. Its in- 
habitants were very dishonest. Slrab. 10. — 
Herodot. 5, c. 125. 

LerLva or Planasia, a small island in the 
Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, at the east 
of the Rhone. Tacit. Ann. 1, c 3. 

Lerna, a country of Argolis, celebrated for 
a grove and a lake, where, according to the 
poets, the Danaides threw the heads of their 
murdered husbands- It was there also that 
Hercules killed the famous hydra. Virg. JEn. 
6, v. 803, 1. 12, v. 517— Strab. S.—Mela, 2, 
c. 3. — Ovid. Jikt. 1, v. 597. — Lucret. 5.— 

Stat- Theb. 4, v 638.— JlpoLlcrt. 2, c. 15. 

There was a festival, called Lemtea, celebrated 
there in honour of Bacchus, Proserpine, and 
Ceres. The Argives used to carry fire to this 
solemnity from a temple upon mount Crathis, 
dedicated to Diana. Paus. 

Lero, a small island on the coast of Gaul, 
called also Lerina. 

Le»os. Fid. Leria. 

Lesbos, a large island in the /Egean sea, now 
known by the name of Metelin, 168 miles in 
circumference. It has been severally called 
JEgira, Lasia, JEthicpe, and Pelasgia, from the 
Pelasgi, by whom it was first peopled: Macaria, 
from Macareus who settled in it, and Lesbos 
from the son-in-law and successor of Macareus 
who bore the same name. The chief towns of 
Lesbos were Methymna and Mitylene. Lesbos 
was originally governed by kings, but they were 
afterwards subjected to the neighbouring pow- 
ers. The wine which it produced was greatly 
'esteemed by the ancients, and still is in the 
same repute among the moderns. The Lesbians 
were celebrated among the ancients for their 
skill in music, and their women for their beauty; 
but the general character of the people was so 
debauched and dissipated, that the epithet of 
Lesbian was often used to signify debauchery 
and extravagance. Lesbos has given birth to 
many illustrious persons, such as Arion, Ter- 
pander, &c. The best vers^s were by way of 
eminence often called Lesboum carmen, from 
Alca:us and Sappho, who distinguished them- 
selves for their poetical compositions, and were 
also natives of the place. Diod. 5. — Slrab. 
13._ Virg. G. 2 r v. aO.—Horat. 1, ep. 11 — 
Herodot. 1, c. 160. 

Lesbus or Lesbos, a son of Lapithas, grand- 
son of iEolus, who married Methymna, daugh- 
ter of Macareus. He succeeded his father-in- 
law, and gave his name to the island over which 
he reigned. 

Lesches, a Greek poet of Lesbos, who flour- 
ished B. C. 600. Some suppose him to be the 



author of the little Iliad, of which only few 
verses remain quoted by Paus. 10, c. 25. 

Lestrygones. Vid. Lsestrygones. 

Letanom, a town of Propontis, built by the 
Athenians. 

LethjEus, a river of Lydia, flowing by Mag^- 

nesia into the Meander. Strab. 10, &c. 

Another of Macedonia Of Crete. 

- Lethe, one of the rivers of hell, whose wa- 
ters the souls of the dead drank after they had 
been confined for a certain space of time in Tar- 
tarus. It had the power of making them forget 
whatever they had done, seen, or heard, before, 

as the name implies, x»3-«, oblivion. Lethe 

is a river of Africa, near the Syrtes, which runs 
under the ground, and some time after rises 
again, whence the origin of the fable of the 

Lethean streams of oblivion. There is aiso 

a river of that name in Spain. Another ki 

Boeotia, whose waters were drunk by those who 
consulted the oracle of Trophonius. Lucan* 
9, v. 355.— Ovid. Trist- 4, el. 1, v. 47.— Virg. 
G. 4, v. 545. JEn. 6, v. lU.—Ital. 1, v. 235, 
1. 10, v. 555. — Paus. 9, c. 39.— Horat. 4, od. 
7, v. 27. 

Letus, a mountain of Liguria. Liv- 41, c. 
18. 

Levana, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
over the action of the person who took up from 
the ground a newly born child, after it had been 
placed there by the midwife. This was gene- 
rally done by the father, and so religiously ob- 
served was this ceremony, that the legitimacy 
of a child could be disputed without it. 

Leuca, a town of the Salentines near a cape 
of the same name in Italy. Lucan. 5, v. 376. 
A town of Ionia -of Crete — —of Ar- 
golis. Sirab. 6, &c. 

Leucas or Ledcadia, an island of the Ionian 
sea now called St. Maura, near the coast of 
Epirus, famous for a promontory called Leucate, 
Leucas, or Leucates, where desponding lovers 
threw themselves into the sea. Sappho had re- 
course to this leap to free herself from the vio- 
lent passion which she entertained for Phaon. 
The word is derived from xivkoc, wkite, on 
account of the whiteness of its rocks. Apollo 
had a temple on the promontory, whence he is 
often called Leucadius. The island was for- 
merly joined to the continent by a narrow 
isthmus, which the inhabitants dug through 
after the Peloponnesian war. Ovid Heroid. 
15, v. 171.— Strab. 6, &.c.—Ital. 15, v. 302 — 

Virg JEn. 3, v. 274, 1. 8, v. 677. A towrr 

of Phoenicia. 

Leucasion, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 
c. 25. 

Leucaspis, a Lycian, one of the companions 
of iEneas, drowned in the Tyrrhene sea. Virg. 
JEn 6, v. 334. 

Leucate. Vid. Leucas. 

Leuce, a small island in the Euxine sea, of 
a triangular form, between the mouths of the 
Danube and the Borysthenes. According to the 
poets, the souls of the ancient heroes were plac- 
ed there as in the Elysian fields, where they en- 
joyed perpetual felicity, and reaped the repose 
to which their benevolence to mankind, and 
their exploits during life, seemed to entitle. 



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them. From that circumstance it has often 
been called the island of the blessed, &c. Ac- 
cording to some accounts Achilles celebrated 
there his nuptials with Ipbigenia, or rather 
Helen, and shared the pleasures of the place 
with the manes of Ajax, &c Strab. 2. — Mela, 
2, c. l.—Ammian. 22.— Q. Calab. 3, v. 773. 

One of the Oceanides whom Pluto carried 

into his kingdom. 

Ledci. a people of Gaul, between the Moselle 
and the Maesc. Their capital is now called 

Tuul. Cces. B. G. 1, c. 40. Mountains on- 

the west of Crete, appearing at a distance like 
white clouds, whence the name. 
Leucippe, one of the Oceanides. 
Leucippides, the daughters of Leucippus 
Vid. Leucippus. 

Leucippus, a celebrated philosopher of Ab- 
dera, about 428 years before Christ, disciple to 
Zeno. He was the first who invented the fa- 
mous system of atoms and of a vacuum, which 
was afterwards more fully explained by Demo- 
critus and Epicurus. Many of his hypotheses 
have been adopted by the moderns, with advan- 
tage. Diogenes has written his life. A bro- 
ther of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who married 
Philodice daughter of Inachus, by whom he had 
two daughters, Hilaira and Phcebe, known by 
the patronymic of Leucippides. They were 
carried away by their cousins Castor and Pollux, 
as tbey were going to celebrate their nuptials 
with Lynceus and Idas — Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 
701 —Jipollod. 3, c 10, &c— Pans. 3, c. 17 

and 26. A son of Xanthus, descended from 

Bellerophon. He became deeply enamoured 
of one of his sisters, and when he was unable to 
check or restrain his unnatural passion, he re- 
solved to gratify it. He acquainted his mother 
with it, and threatened to murder himself if she 
attempted to oppose his views or remove his af- 
fection. The mother, rather than lose a son 
whom she tenderly loved, cherished his passion, 
and by her consent her daughter yielded herself 
to the arms of her brother. Some time after 
the father resolved to give his daughter in mar- 
riage to a Lycian prince The future husband 
was informed that the daughter of Xanthus se- 
cretly entertained a lover, and he communicated 
the intelligence to the father. Xanthus upon 
this secretly watched his daughter, and when 
Leucippus bad introduced himself to her bed. 
the father, in his eagerness to discover the se- 
ducer, occasioned a little noise in the room. 
The daughter was alarmed, and as she attempt- 
ed to escape she received a mortal wound from 
her father, who took her to be the lover. Leu- 
cippus came to her assistance, and stabbed his 
father in the dark, without knowing who he was. 
This accidental parricide obliged Leucippus to 
fly from his country He came to Crete, where 
the inhabitants refused to give him an asylum, 
when acquainted with the atrociousness of his 
crime, and he at last came to Ephesus, where 
he died in the greatest misery and remorse. 

Hermesiunux apud Parlhen. c. 5. A son of 

(Enomaus, who became enamoured of Daphne, 
and to obtain her confidence disguised himself 
in a female dress, and attended his mistress as 
a companion. He gained the affections of 



Daphne by his obsequiousness and attention 
bui his artifice at last proved fatal through the 
influence and jealousy of his rival Apollo; for 
when Daphne and her attendants were bathing 
in the Ladon, the sex of Leucippus was discover- 
ed, and he perished by the darts of the females. 

Parlhen. Erotic- c 15. — Paus. 8, c. 20. A 

son of Hercules by Marse, one of the daughters 
of Thespius. Jipollod. 3, c 7. 

Leucola, a part of Cyprus. 

Leucon, a tyrant of Bosphorus, who lived in 
great intimacy with the Athenians. He was a 
great patron of the useful arts, and greatly en- 
couraged commerce. Strab. — Diod. 14. A 

son of Athamas and Theuiisto. Paus. 6, c 

22. A king of Pontus killed by his brother, 

whose bed he had defiled. Ovid. in lb- 3. 

A town of Africa near Cyrene. Htrodot- 4, c. 
160. 

Leucone, a daughter of Aphidas, who gave 
her name to a fountain of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 
c. 44. 

Leucones, a son of Hercules. Jipollod. 

Leuconoe, a daughter of Lycambes. The 
Leuconoe to whom Horace addresses his 1 od. 
11, seems to be a fictitious name. 

Leucopetra, a place on the isthmus of Co- 
rinth, where the Achaeans were defeated by the 

consul Mummius. A promontory six miles 

east from Rhegium in Italy, where the Appe- 
nines terminate and sink into the sea. 

Leucophrys, a temple of Diana, with a city 
of the same name, near . the Maeander. The 
goddess was represented under the figure of a 
woman with many breasts, and crowned with 

victory. An ancient name of Tenedos. Paus, 

10, c 14.— Strab. 13 and 14. 

Leucopolis, a town of Caria. 

Leucos, a river of Macedonia near Pydna. 
A man, &c. Vid. Idomeneus. 

Leucosia, a small island in the Tyrrhene 
sea. It received its name from one of the com- 
panions of iEneas, who was drowned there, or 
from one of the Sirens, who was thrown there 
by the sea. Strab. 5. — Ovid. Met. 15, v. 708. 

Leucosyrii, a people of Asia Minor, called 
afterwards Cappadocians. Strab. 12. The 
same name is given to the inhabitants of Cilicia 
where it borders on Cappadocia. C. Nep. 14, 
c. 1. 

Leucothoe or Leucothea, the wife of Atha- 
mas, changed into a sea deity. [Vid. Ino.] She 
was called Matura by the Romans, who raised 
her a temple, where all the people, particularly 
women, offered vows for their brother's chil- 
dren. They did not entreat the deity to protect 
their own children, because lno had been un- 
fortunate in her's. No female slaves were per- 
mitted to enter the temple, or if their curiosity 
tempted them to transgress this rule, they were 
beaten away with the greatest severity. To this 
supplicating for other people's children, Ovid 
alludes in these lines: Fast. 6. 
Non tamen hanc pro slitpe sua pia mater ado- 
rat, 
Ipsa, parumfelix visafuisse parens. 

A daughter of king Orcbamus by Eury- 

nome. Apollo became enamoured of her, and 
to introduce himself to her with greater facili- 



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ty, he assumed tbe shape and features of her 
mother. Their happiness was complete, when 
Clytia, who tenderly loved Apollo, and was 
jealous of his amours with Leucothoe, discover- 
ed the whole intrigue to her father, who order- 
ed his daughter to be buried alive. The lover 
unable to save her from death, sprinkled nectar 
and ambrosia on her tomb, which penetrating 
as far as the body, changed it into a beautiful 
tree, which bears the frankincense. Ovid Met. 

4, v. 196. An island in the Tyrrhene s»a, 

near Capreae. A fountain of Samos. A 

town of Egypt. of Arabia. Mela, 2, c 7. 

A part of Asia which produces frankin- 
cense. 

Leuctra, a village of Boeotia, between Pla- 
t<ea and Thespia, famous for the victory which 
Epaminondas the Theban general obtained over 
the superior force of Cleombrotus, king of Spar- 
ta, on the 8th of July, B. C. 371. In this fa- 
mous battle 4000 Spartans were killed, with 
their king Cleombrotus, and no more than 300 
Thebans. From that time the Spartans lost the 
empire of Greece, which they had obtained for 
near 500 years. Plut. in Pelop. Sf Jiges — C. 
Nep. in Epam, — Justin. 6, c. 6. — Xenophon. 
Hist. Grcec. — Diod. 15. — Paus. Lacon. — Cic. 
de offic, 1, c. 18. Tusc. 1, c. 46. M. 6, ep. 1. 
—Strab. 9. 

Leuctrum, a town of Laconia. Strab. 8. 

Leucds, one of the companions of Ulysses, 
killed before Troy by Antiphus son of Priam. 
Homer. II. 4, v. 491. 

Leocyanias, a river of Peloponnesus, flow- 
ing into the Alpheus. Paus. 6, c. 21. 

Levinus. Vid Lxvinus. 

LeotvchTdes, a Lacedaemonian, made king 
of Sparta on the expulsion of Demaratus. He- 
rodot- 6, c. 65, &c — Vid. Leotychides. 

Lexovii, a people of Gaul, at the mouth of 
the Seine, conquered with great slaughter by 
a lieutenant of J. Caesar. Cas. Bell. G. 

Libanius, a celebrated sophist of Antiocb,in 
the age of the emperor Julian. He was edu- 
cated at Athens, and opened a school at Antioch, 
which produced some of the best and most of 
'the literary characters of the age. Libanius was 
naturally vain and arrogant, and he contemptu- 
ously refused the offers of tbe emperor Julian, 
who wished to purchase his friendship and inti- 
macy by raising him to offices of the greatest 
splendour and affluence in the empire. When 
Julian had imprisoned the senators of Antioch 
for their impertinence, Libanius undertook the 
defence of his fellow-citizens, and paid a visit 
to the emperor, in which he astonished him by 
the boldness and independence of his expres- 
sions, and the firmness and resolution of his 
mind. Some of his orations, and above 1600 of 
his letters, are extant; they discover much affec- 
tation and obscurity of style, and we cannot per- 
haps much regret the loss of writings which af- 
forded nothing but a display of pedantry, and 
quotations from Homer. Julian submitted his 
writings to the judgment of Libanius with the 
greatest confidence, and the sophist freely re- 
jected or approved, and showed that he was 
more attached to the person than the fortune 
and greatness of his prince. The time of his 



[ death is unknown. The best edition of Libanius 
; seems to be that of Paris, fol. 1606, with a se- 
cond volume published by Morel!, 1627 His 
epistles have been edited by Wolf. fol. 1738. 

Libanus, a high mountain of Syria, famous 
for its cedars. Strab. 6. 

Libentina, a surname of Venus, who had a 
temple at Rome, where the young women used 
to dedicate the toys and childish amusements 
of their youth, when arrived at nubile years. 
Varro de L. L. 5, c. 6. 

Liber, a surname of Bacchus, which signi- 
fies free. He received this name from his de- 
livering some cities of Bceotia from slavery, or 
according to others, because wine, of which he 
was the patron, delivered mankind from their 
eares, and made them speak with freedom and 
unconcern. The word is often used for wine it- 
self. Senec de tranq. anim. 

Libera, a goddess, the same as Proserpine. 
Cic. in Ver. 4, c. 48. A name given to Ari- 
adne by Bacchus, or Liber, when he had mar- 
ried her. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 513 

Liberalia, festivals yearly celebrated in hon- 
our of Bacchus the 17th of March Slaves were 
then permitted to speak with freedom, and eve* 
ry thing bore the appearance of independence. 
They are much the same as the Dionysia of the 
Greeks. Varro. 

Libertas, a goddess of Rome, who had a 
temple on mount Aventine, raised by T. Grac- 
chus, and improved and adorned by Pollio with 
many elegant statues and brazen columns, and 
a gallery in which were deposited the public acts 
of the slate. She was represented as a woman 
in a light dress, holding a rod in one hand, and 
a cap in the other, both signs of independence, 
as the former was used by the magistrates in the 
manumission of slaves, and tbe latter was worn 
by slaves who were soon to be set at liberty. 
Sometimes a cat was placed at her feet, as this 
animal is very fond of liberty, and impatient 
when confined. Liv. 24, c 16, 1. 25, c. 7, — 
Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 1, v. 12.— Plut. in Grac— 
Dio. Cas. 44. 

Libethra, a fountain of Magnesia in Thes- 
saly, or of Bceotia according to some, sucred to 
the Muses, who from thence are called Libeth- 
rides. Virg. Eel. 7, v. 21.— PUn. 4, c. 9.— 
Mela, 2, c 3 Strab. 9 and 10. 

Libethrides, a name given to the Muses from 
the fountain Libethra, or from mount Libethrus 
in Thrace. 

Libici, Libech, or Libri, a people of Gaul 
who passed into Italy, A. U. C. 364. Liv, 5, c, 
35, 1. 21, c. 38.— PUn. 3, c. 17.— Pohjb. 2. 

Libitina, a goddess at Rome who presided 
over funerals. According to some she is the same 
as Venus, or rather Proserpine. Servius Tullius 
first raised her a temple at Rome, where every 
thing necessary for funerals was exposed to 
sale, and where the registers of the dead were 
usually kept. Dionys. Hal. 4. — Liv. 40, c. 19. 
— Val. Max- 5, c. 2 — Plut. Qjuest- Rom. 

Libo, a friend of Pompey, who watched over 

tbe fleet, &c. Plut. A Roman citizen, &c. 

Horat. 1, ep. 19 A friend of the first trium- 
virate, who killed himself and was condemned 
after death. 



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Libon, a Greek architect who built the fa- 
mous temple of Jupiter Olynipius. He flourish- 
ed about 450 years before the Christian era. 

Libophcenices, the inhabitants of the coun- 
try near Carthage. 

Liburna, a town of Dalmatia. 

Libernia, now Croatia, a country of lllyri- 
cum, between Istria and Dalmatia, whence a co- 
lony came to settle in Apulia, in Italy. There 
were at Rome a number of men whom the ma- 
gistrates employed as public heralds, who were 
called Liburni, probably from being originally- 
of Liburnian extraction. Some ships of a light 
construction but with strong beaks were also 
called Liburnian. Propert. 2, el. 11, v. 44. — 
Juv. 4, v. 7 5. — Martial. 1, ep. 50, v. 33. — Ho- 
rat. 1, od. 37, v. 30. — Epod. 1, v. 1. — Lucan. 
3, v. 534.— P/in. 6, ep. 16.— Mela, 2, c. 3.— 
Strab 7 —Ptol 2, c. 17. 

Liburnides, an island on the coast of Libur- 
nia, in the Adriatic- Strab. 5. 

Liburnum mare, the sea which borders on 
the coasts of Liburnia. 

Liburnus, a mountain of Campania, 

Libya, a daughter of Epaphus and Cassio- 
pea, who became mother of Agenor and Belus 
by Neptune* Jipollod. 2, c. 1, 1. 3, c. 1. — 

Paus 1, 44. A name given to Africa, one 

of the three grand divisions of the ancient globe. 
Libya, properly speaking, is only apart of Afri- 
ca, bounded on the east by Egypt, and on the 
west by that part called by the moderns the king- 
dom of Tripoli. The ancients, according to some 
traditions mentioned by Herodotus, and others, 
sailed round Africa, by steering westward from 
the Red Sea, and entered the Mediterranean by 
the columns of Hercules, after a perilous navi- 
gation of three years. From the word Libya, 
are derived the epithets of Libys, Libyssa, Li- 
bysis, Libyslis, Lxbycus, Libysticus, Libystinus, 
Libysttfus. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 106, 1. 5, v. 37. — 
Lucan. 4. — Sallusl, &c. 

Libycum mare, that part of the Mediterra- 
nean, which lies on the coast of Gyrene. Strab. 
2. 

Libycus and Libystis. Vid. Libya. 

Libys, a sailor, &c. Ovid. Met. 3. 

Libyssa, a river of Bithynia, with a town of 
the same name, where was the tomb of Annibal, 
still extant in the age of Pliny. 

Licates, a people of Vindelicia. 

Licha, a city near Lycia. 

Lichardes, small islands near C?eneum, a 
promontory of Euboea, called from Lichas. [Vid. 
Lichas.] Ovid. Met. 9, v. 155, 218.— Strab. 9. 

Lichas, a servant of Hercules, who brought 
him the poisoned tunic from Dejanira. He was 
thrown by his master into the sea with great 
violence, and changed into a rock in the Eubce- 
an sea, by the compassion of the gods. Ovid. 
Met. 9, v. 211. 

Liches, an Arcadian, who found the bones of 
Orestes buried at Tegea, &c. Herodot. 

Licinia lex, was enacted by L. Licinius 
Crassus, and Q. Mutius, consuls, A. U. C 657. 
It ordered all (he inhabitants of Italy to be en- 
polled on the list of citizens in their respective 

cities. Another by C. Licinius Crassus the 

tribune, A. U, €. 608. It transferred the ri^ht 



of choosing priests from the college to the peo- 
ple. It was proposed but did not pass. 

Another, by C. Licinius Stolo the tribune. It 
forbade any person to possess 500 acres of land, 
or keep more than 100 head of large cattle, or 

500 of small. Another by P Licinius Varus, 

A. U. C. 545, to settle the day for the celebra- 
tion of the Ludi Jpollinares, which was before 

uncertain. Another by P. Licinius Crassus 

Dives, B. C 110. It was the same as the Fan- 
nian law, and farther required that no more 
than 30 asses should be spent at any table on 
the calends, nones, or nundinae, and only three 
pounds of fresh and one of salt meat, on ordina- 
ry days. None of the fruits of the earth were for- 
bidden. Another de sodalitiis, by M. Licini- 
us the consul, 690. It imposed a severe penal- 
ty on party clubs, or societies assembled or fre- 
quented for election purposes, as coming under 
the definition of ambitus, and of offering violence 
in some degree to the freedom and indepen- 
dence of the people. ■ Another called also 

JEbutia, by Licinius and iEbutius the tribunes, 
It enacted, that when any law was preferred 
with respect to any office or power, the person 
who proposed the bill, as well as his colleagues 
in office, his friends and relations, should be de- 
clared incapable of being invested with the said 
office or power. 

Licinia, the wife of C. Gracchus, who at- 
tempted to dissuade her husband from his sedi- 
tious measures by a pathetic speech. She was 
deprived of her dowry after the death of Caius. 

A vesta! virgin accused of incontinence, but 

acquitted, A. U. C. 636. Another vestal put 

to death for her lasciviousness under Trajan. 

The wife of Maecenas, distinguished for 

conjugal tenderness. She was sister to Proculei- 
us, and bore also the name of Terentia. Horat. 
2, od. 12, v. 13. 

C. Licinius, a tribune of the people celebrat- 
ed for the consequence of his family, for his in- 
trigues and abilities. He was a plebeian, and 
was the first of that body who was raised to the 
office of a master of horse to the dictator. He 
wa^s surnamed Stolo, or useless sprout, on ac- 
count of the law which he had enacted during 
his tribuneship. [Vid. Licinia lex by Stolo.] 
He afterwards made a law which permitted the 
plebeians to share the consular dignity with the 
patricians, A. U. C 388. He reaped the be- 
nefits of this law, and was one of the first ple- 
beian consuls. This law was proposed and 
passed by Licinrus, as it is reported, at the in- 
stigation of his ambitious wife, who was jealous 
of her sister who had married a patrician, and 
who seemed to be of a higher dignity in being 
the wife of a consul. Liv. 6, c. 34. — Pint. 

C. Calvus, a celebrated orator and poet in 

the age of Cicero. He distinguished himself 
by his eloquence #h the forum,, and his poetry, 
which some of the ancients have compared to 
Catullus. His orations are greatly commended 
by Quintilian. Some believe that he wrote an- 
nals quoted by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He 
died in the 30th year of his age. Quintil. — 

Cic in Brut. 81. Macer, a Roman accused 

by Cicero when praetor. He derided the pow- 
er of his accuser, but when lie saw himself con- 



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demned, he grew so desperate that he killed 
himself. Plut. — —P. Crassus, a Roman, sent 
against Perseus king of Macedonia. He was 
at first defeated, but afterwards repaired his 
losses, and obtained a complete victory, &c 
A consul sent against Annibal. An- 
other who defeated the robbers that infested the 

Alps. -A high priest. Caius Imbrex, a 

comic poet in the age of Africanus, preferred 
by some in merit to Ennius and Terence. His 
Naevia and Nesera are quoted by ancient au- 
thors, but of all his poetry only two verses are 

preserved. Jiul. Gel. A consul, &c. Lu- 

culltts. [Vid. Lucullus.] Crassus. [Vid. 

Crassus.] Mucianus, a Roman who wrote 

about She history and geography of the eastern 
countries, often quoted by Pliny. He lived in 

the reign of Vespasian. P. Tegula, a comic 

poet of Rome about 200 years before Christ. 
He is ranked as the fourth of the best comic 
poets which Rome produced. Few lines of his 
compositions are extant. He wrote an ode 
which was sung all over the city of Rome by 
nine virgins during the Macedonian war. Liv. 

31, c. 12. Varro Muraena, a brother of Pro- 

culeius, who conspired against Augustus with 
Fannius Caepio, and suffered for his crime. Ho- 
race addressed his 2 od. 10. to him, and recom- 
mended equanimity in every situation. Dio. 

54. C. Fiavius Valerianus, a celebrated 

Roman emperor. His father was a poor pea- 
sant of Dalmatia, and himself a common soldier 
in the Roman armies. His valour recommend- 
ed him to the notice of Galerius Maximianus, 
who bad once shared with hjm the inferior and 
subordinate offices of the army, and had lately 
been invested with the imperial purple by Dio- 
cletian. Galerius loved him for his friendly 
services, particularly during the Persian war, 
and he showed his regard for bis merit by taking 
him as a colleague in the empire, and appoint- 
ing him over the province of Pannonia and Rhos- 
tia. Constantine, who was also one of the em- 
perors, courted the favour of Licinius, and made 
his intimacy more durable by giving him his 
sister Constantia in marriage, A. D. 313. The 
- continual successes of Licinius, particularly 
against Maximums, increased his pride, and 
rendered him jealous of tbe greatness of his 
brother-in-law. The persecutions of the Chris- 
tians, whose doctrines Constantino followed, 
soon caused a rupture, and Licinius had the 
mortification to lose t\vo battles, one in Panno- 
nia, and the other near Adrianopolis. Treaties 
of peace were made between the contending 
powers, but the restless ambition of Licinius 
soon broke them: after many engagements, a 
decisive battle was fought near Chalcedonia. 
Ill fortune again attended Licinius; he was con- 
quered, and fled to Nicomedia, where soon the 
conqueror obliged him to surrender, and to re- 
sign the imperial purple. The tears of Con- 
stantia obtained forgiveness for her husband, 
yet Constantine knew what a turbulent and ac- 
tive enemy had fallen into his hands, therefore 
he ordered him to be strangled at Thessalouica, 
A. D. 324. His family was involved in his ru- 
in. The avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty of 
Lioinius. are as conspicuous as his misfortunes. 



He was an enemy to learning, and this aver- 
sion totally proceeded from his ignorance of let- 
ters and the rusticity of his education. His son 
by Constantia bore also the same name. He 
was honoured with the title of , Caesar when 
scarce 20 months old. He was involved in his 
father's ruin, and put to death by order of Con- 
stantine. 

, Licinus, a barber and freedman of Augus- 
tus, raised by his master to the rank and digni- 
ty of a senator, merely because he hated Pom- 
pey's family. Horat. Art. P. 301. 

Licymnius, a son of Electryon and brother 
of Alcmena. He was so infirm in his old age, 
that when he walked he was always supported 
by a slave. Triptolemus, son of Hercules, see- 
ing the slave inattentive to his duty, threw a 
stick at him, which unfortunately killed Licym- 
nius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. Apollod. 
2, c. 7. — Died. 5,— Homer. II. 2. — Pind. 
Olpnp. 7. 

Lide. a mountain of Caria. Eercdot. 1, c. 
105. 

Q. Ligarius, a Roman pro-consul of Africa., 
after Confidius. In the civil wars he followed 
the interests of Pompey, and was pardoned when 
Caesar had conquered his enemies. Caesar, 
however, and his adherents, were determined 
upon the ruin of Ligarius; but Cicero, by an elo- 
quent oration, still extant, defeated his accusers, 
and he was pardoned. He became afterwards 
one of Caesar's murderers. Cic. pro leg. — Plvi. 
in Cozsar. 

Ligea, one of the Nereides. Virg. G. 4. 
Liger, a Rutulian killed by iEneas. Virg. 
JEn. 10, v 576.^ 

Liger or Ligeris, now La Loire, a large ri- 
ver of Gaul falling into the ocean near Nantes. 
Strab. A.—Plin. 4, c. 18.— Cms. G. 7, c. 55 
and 75. 

Ligoras, an officer of Antiochus king of Sy- 
ria, who took the town of Sardis by stratagem, 
&c. 

Ligures, the inhabitants of Liguria. Vid. 
Liguria. 

Liguria, a country at the west of Italy, 
bounded on the east by the river Macra, on the 
south by part of the Mediterranean, called the 
Ligustic sea; on the west by the Varus, and on 
the north by the Po. The commercial town of 
Genoa was anciently and is now the capital of 
the country. The origin of the inhabitants is 
not known, though in their character they are 
represented as vain, unpolished, and addicted to 
falsehood. According to some they were de- 
scended from the aneient Gauls or Germans, 
or, as others support, they were of Greek origin, 
perhaps the posterity of the Ligyes mentioned 
by Herodotus. Liguria was subdued by the Ro- 
mans, and its chief harbour now bears the name 
of Leghorn. Lucan. 1, v. 442. — Mela, 2, c. 

1 Strab. 4, kc— Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 15.— 

Plin. 2, c 5, he— Liv. 5, c. 35, 1. 22, c. 33, 
1. 39, c. 6, &c— C. Mp. in Ann.—Flor. 2, 
c. 8. 

Ligurinus, a poet. Martial. 3, ep. 50. 

A beautiful youth in the age of Horace, 4, od. 
1, v. 33. 
Ligus, a woman who inhabited the Alps. 



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ijhe concealed her son from the pursuit of Otho's 
soldiers, &c. Tacit. Hist. 2, c- 13. 

LiGusTic.E Alpes, a part of Hie Alps which 
borders on Ligutia, sometimes called Marilimi. 
Ljgusticum Mare, the north part of the Tyr- 
rhene sea, now the gulf of Genoa. Plin. 2, c. 47. 
Ligyes, a people of Asia who inhabited (he 
country between Caucasus and the river Phasis. 
Somes uppose them to be a colony of the Ligyes 
of Europe, more commonly called Ligures. He- 
rodot. 7, c. 72 — Dionys. Hat. l,c 10. — Strab. 
A.—Diod. 4. 

Ligyrgum, a mountain of Arcadia. 
Lil-ea, a town of Achaia near the Cephisus. 
Stat. Thcb. 7. v. 348. 

LilybjEum, now Boco, a promontory of Si- 
cily, with a town of the same name, near the 
/Egates, now Marsella. The town was strong 
and very considerable, and it maintained long 
sieges against the Carthaginians, Romans, Stc, 
-particularly one of ten years against Rome in 
the first Punic war. it had a port large and 
capacious, which the Romans, in the wars with 
Carthage, endeavoured in vain to stop and till 
up with stones, on account of its convenience 
and vicinity to the coast of Africa. Nothing 
now remains of this once powerful city but the 
ruins of temples and aqueducts. Virg. JEn. 
3, v. 706.— Mela, 2, c 1.— Strab. 6.— Cic. in 
Verr. b.—C<es, de Bell. Afric—Diod. 22. 
Liiylea, a. river of Lusitania. Strab. 3. 
Limenia, a town of Cyprus. Id. 14. 
Limnjs, a fortified place on the borders of 

Laconia and Messenia. Paws. 3, c. 14. A 

town of the Thracian Chersouesus. 

Limjoeum, a temple of Diana at Limnae, 
from which the goddess was called Limnaea, and 
worshipped under that appellation at Sparta and 
in Achaia. The Spartans wished to seize the 
temple in the age of Tiberius, but the emperor 
interfered, and gave it to its lawful possessors, 
the Messenians. Pans. 3, c. 14, 1. 7, c. 20. — 
Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 43. 

Limnatidia, a festival in honour of Diana, 
surnamed Limnatis, from Limnag, a school of 
exercise at Trcezene, where she was worshipped, 
or from xtjuvat, ponds, because she presided 
over fishermen. 

Limniace, the daughter of the Ganges, mo- 
ther of Atys. Ovid Met. 5, v. 48. 

Limnonia, one of the Nereides. Homer. II. 
18. 

Limon, a place of Campania between Nea- 
polis and Puteoli. Stat. 3. Sylv. 1. 

Limonum, a town of Gaul, afterwards Pic- 
tavi, Poicliers. Cces. G. 8, c. 26. 

Limyra, a town of Lycia at the mouth of the 
Limyrus. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 645— Veil, 2, c. 102. 
Lincasii, a people of Gaul Narbonensis. 
Lindum, a colony of Britain, now Lincoln. 
Lindus, a city at the south east part of 
Rhodes, built by Cercaphus son of Spl and Cy- 
dippe. The Danaides built there a temple to 
Minerva, and one of its colonies founded Gela 
in Sicily. It gave birth to Cleobulus, one of 
the seven wis* men, and to Chares and Laches, 
who were employed in making and finishing the 
famous Colossus of Rhodes. Strab. 14. — Ho- 
mer. II. 2— Mela, 2, c. 7.— Plin. 34.— Hero- 



dot. 7, c. 153. A grandson of Apollo. Cic. 

de Nat. D. 3. 

Lingones, now Langres, a people of Gallia 
Belgica, made tributary to Rome by J. Caesar. 
They passed into Italy, where they made some 
settlement near the Alps, at the head of the 
Adriatic. Tacit. H 4, c. 55. — Martial. 11, ep. 
57, v. 9, I. 14, ep. 159. — Lucan. 1, v. 398. — 
Cas. Bell. G. 1, c. 26. 

Linterna Palus, a lake of Campania. Hal. 
7, v. 278. 

Linternum, a town of Campania at the 
mouth of the river Clanis, where Scipio Afri- 
ca nus died and was buried. Liv. 34, c 45. — 
Sil. 6, v. 654, 1. 7, v. 278.— Cic. 10. Alt. 13. 
— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 713. 

Linus. This name is common to different 
persons whose history is confused, and who are 
often taken one for the other. One was son of 
Urania and Amphimarus the son of Neptune. 
Another was son of Apollo by Psammathe daugh- 
ter of Crotopus king of Argos. Martial men- 
tions him in his 78 ep. I. ,9. The third, son of 
Ismenius, and born at Thebes in Boeotia, taught 
music to Hercules, who in a fit of anger, struck 
him on the head with his lyre and killed him. 
He was son of Mercury and Urania, according 
to Diogenes, who mentions some of his philoso- 
phical compositions, in which he asserted that 
the world had been created in an instant. He 
was killed by Apollo, for presuming to compare 
himself to him. Apollodorus, however, and Pau- 
sanias, mention that his ridicule of Hercules 
on his awkwardness in holding the lyre was fa- 
tal to him. Apollod- 2, c. 4. — Diog- 1. — Virg. 
Eel. 4.— Paws 2, c 15,1. 9,c20. A foun- 
tain in Arcadia, whose waters were said to pre- 
vent abortion. Phn. 31, c. 2. 

Liodes, one of Penelope's suitors, killed by 
Ulysses. Homer. Od. 22 r &c. 

Lipara, the largest of the iEolian islands on 
the coast of Sicily, now called the Lipati. It 
had a city of the same name, which according 
to Diodorus it received from Liparus the son of 
Auson, king of these islands, whose daughter 
Cyane was married by his successor iEolus, ac- 
cording to Pliny. The inhabitants of this island 
were powerful by sea, and from the great tri- 
butes which they paid to Dionysius, the tyrant 
of Syracuse, they may be called very opulent. 
The island was celebrated for the variety of its 
fruits, and its raisins are still in general repute. 
It had some convenient harbours, and a foun- 
tain whose waters were much frequented on ac- 
count of their medicinal powers. According to 
Diodorus, iEolus reigned at Lipara before Li- 
parus. Liv. 5, c. 28. — Plin. 3, c. 9. — Hal. 14, 
v. 57.— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 56, 1. 8, v. 4\1.—Me- 

la, 2, c. 7. — Strab. 6. A town of Etruria. 

Liparis, a river of Cilicia,. whose waters 
were like oil. Plin. 5, c. 27. — Vilruv. S, c. 3. 
Liphlum, a town of the iEqui, taken by the 
Romans. 

Lipodorus, one of the Greeks settled in Asia 
by Alexander, &c. 

Liquentia, now Livenza, a river of Cisal- 
pine Gaul, falling into the Adriatic sea. Plin. 
3, c. 18. 



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Lircjeus, a fountain near Nemxa. Stat. 
Theb. 4, v. 711. 

Liriope, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
Narcissus by the Cephisus. Ovid. Met. 3. v. 

311. A fountain of Bceotia on the borders 

of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned ac- 
cording to some accounts. 

Liris, now Garigliano, a river of Campania, 
which it separates from Latium. It falls into 
the Mediterranean sea. Mela, 2, c. 4 — Horat. 

3, od. 17. — Lucan. 2, v. 424 A warrior 

killed by Camilla, &c. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 670. 

Lisinias, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, c. 
14. 

Lissa, the name of a fury which Euripides 
introduces on the stage as conducted by Iris, at 
the command of Juno, to inspire Hercules with 
that fatal rage which ended in his death. 

Lisson, a river of Siciiy. 

Lissus, now Alesso, a town of Macedonia on 
the confines of Illyricum. " Plin. 3, c. 2. — Liv. 

44, c. 10. — Lucan. 5, v. 719. A river of 

Thrace, falling into the /Egean sea, betweeD 
Thasos and Samothracia. It was dried up by 
the Army of Xerxes, wJien he invaded Greece. 
Strab. l.—Herodot. 7, c. 109. 

Lista, a town of the Sabines, whose inhabi- 
tants are called Listini. 

Litabrum, now Buitrago, a town of Spain 
Tarraconensis. Liv. 32, c. 14, I. 35, c. 22. 

Litana, a wood in Gallia Togata. Liv. 23, 
C. 24. 

LitavJcus, one of the ^Ldui, who assisted 
Caesar with 10,000 men. Cces. Bell. G. 7, c. 
37. 

Liternum, a town of Campania. 

Lithobolia, a festival celebrated at Troe- 
zene, in honour of Lamia and Auxesia, who 
came from Crete, and were sacrificed by the 
fury of the seditious populace, and stoned to 
death. Hence the name of the solemnity, 
A/'S-oCov/a, lapidation. 

Lithrus, a town of Armenia Minor. Strab. 

Lithceium, a town of Liguria. Liv. 32, c 
29. 

Lityersas, an illegitimate son of Midas 
king of Phrygia. He made strangers prepare 
his harvest, and afterwards put them to death. 
He was at last killed by Hercules. Theocrit. 
Id. 10. 

Livia Drusilla, a celebrated Roman lady, 
daughter of L. Drusus Calidianus. She mar- 
ried Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she had 
the emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germanicus. 
The attachment of her husband to the cause of 
Antony was the beginning of her greatness. 
Augustus saw her as she fled from the danger 
which threatened her husband, and he resolved 
to marry her, though she was then pregnant. 
He divorced his wife Scribonia, and with the 
approbation of the augurs, he celebrated his 
nuptials with Livia. She now took advantage 
of the passion of Augustus, in the share that she 
enjoyed of his power and imperial dignity. Her 
children by Drusus were adopted by the com- 
plying emperor; and that she might make the 
succession of her son Tiberius more easy and 
undisputed, Livia is accused of secretly involv- 
ing in one common rain, the heirs and nearest 



relations of Augustus. Her cruelty and ingrati- 
tude are still more strongly marked, when she 
is charged with having murdered her own hus- 
ba, d, to hasten the elevation of Tiberius. If 
she was anxious for the aggrandisement of her 
son, Tiberius proved ungrateful, and hated a 
woman to whom he owed his life, his elevation, 
and his greatness. Livia died in the 86th year 
nf her age, A. D. 29. Tiberius showed him- 
self as undutiful after her death as before, for: 
he neglected her funeral, and expressly com- 
manded that no honours, either private or pub- 
lic, should be paid to her memory. Tacit. Ann. 

1, c. 3. Suet, in Aug. &f Tib. — Dion. Cass. 

Another. [Vid. Drusilla.] Another 

called Horestilla, &c. She was debauched by 
Galba, as she was going to marry Piso. Suet. 

in Gal. 25. Another called also Ocellina. 

She was Galba's step-mother, and committed 
adultery with him. Id. lb. 3. 

Livia Lex, de sociis proposed to make all the 
inhabitants of Italy free citizens of Rome. M- 
Livius Drusus, who framed it, was found mur- 
dered in his house before it passed. Another 

by M. Livius Drusus the tribune, A. U. C. 662, 
which required that the judicial power should 
be lodged in the hands of an equal number of 
knights and senators. 

Livineius, a friend of Pompey, &c. Tacit* 
Ann 3, c. 11, &c. 

Livilla, a daughter of Drusus. — : — A sister 
of Caligula, &c. Vid. Julia. 

Livius Andronicus, a dramatic poet who 
flourished at Rome about 240 years before the 
Christian era. He was the first who turned the 
personal satires and fescennine verses, so long 
the admiration of the Romans, into the form of 
a proper dialogue and regular play. Though 
the character of a player, so valued and ap- 
plauded in Greece, was reckoned vile and des- 
picable among the Romans, Andronicus acted a 
part in his dramatical compositions, and engaged 
the attention of his rudience, by repeating what 
he had laboriously formed after the manner of 
the Greeks. Andronicus was the freedman of 
M. Livius Salinator, whose children he educat- 
ed. His poetry was grown obsolete in the age 
of Cicero, whose nicety and judgment would not 
even recommend the reading of it. Some few 
of his verses are preserved in the Corpus Peeta- 

rum. M. Salinator, a Roman consul sent 

against the Illyrians. The success with which 
he finished his campaign, and the victory which 
some, years after he obtained over Asdrubal, 
who was passing into Italy with a reinforcement 
for his brother Annibal, show how deserving he 
was to be at the head of the Roman armies. 
Liv. Drusus, a tribune who joined the pa- 
tricians in opposing the ambitious views of C. 

Gracchus. Plut. in Grace. An uncle of 

Cato of Utica. Plut. — —Titus, a native of 
Padua, celebrated for his writings. He passed 
the greatest part of his life at Naples and Rome, 
but more particularly at the court of Augustus, 
who liberally patronized the learned, and en- 
couraged the progress of literature. Few par- 
ticulars of his life are known, yet his fame was 
so universally spread, even in his life time, that 
an inhabitant of Gades traversed Spain, GauJ, 



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and Italy, merely to see the man whose writings 
had given him such pleasure and satisfaction in 
the perusal. Livy died at Padua, in his 67th 
year, and according to some, on that same day 
Rome was also deprived of another of its bright- 
est ornaments by the death of the poet Ovid, 
A. 13. 17. It is said that Livia had appointed 
Livy to be the preceptor to young Claudius the 
brother of Germanicus, but death prevented the 
historian from enjoying an honour to which he 
was particularly entitled by his learning and his 
universal knowledge. The name of Livy is- 
rendered immortal by his history of the Roman 
empire. Besides this he wrote some philoso- 
phical treatises and dialogues, with a letter ad- 
dressed to his son, on the merit of authors, which 
ooght to be read by young men. This letter is 
greatly commended by Quintilian, who expa- 
tiates with great warmth on the judgment and 
candour of the author. His Roman history was 
comprehended in 140 books, of whieh only 35 
are extant. It began with the foundation of 
Rome, and was continued till the death of Dru- 
sus in Germany. The merit of this history is 
well known, and the high rank which Livy holds 
among historians will never be disputed. He 
is always great, his style is clear and intelligible, 
laboured without affectation, diffusive without 
tediousness, and argumentative without pedan- 
try. In his harangues he is bold and animated, 
and in his narrations and descriptions, he claims 
a decided superiority. He is always elegant, 
and though many have branded his provincial 
words with the name of Patavinity, yet the ex- 
pressions, or rather the orthography of words, 
which in Livy are supposed to distinguish a na- 
tive of a province of Italy from a native of 
Rome, are not loaded with obscurity, and the 
perfect classic is as familiarly acquainted with 
the one as with the other. Livy has been cen- 
sured, and perhaps with justice, for being too 
credulous, and burdening his history with vulgar 
notions and superstitious tales. He may disgust 
when he mentions that milk and blood were 
rained from heaven, or that an ox spoke, or a 
woman changed her sex, yet he candidly con- 
fesses that he recorded only what made an in- 
delible impression upon the minds of a credulous 
age. His candour has also been called in ques- 
tion, and he has sometimes shown himself too 
partial to his countrymen, but every where he 
is an indefatigable supporter of the cause of 
justice and virtue. The works of Livy have 
been divided by some of the moderns into 14 
decades, each consisting often books- The first 
decade comprehends the history of 460 years. 
The second decade is lost, and the third com- 
prehends the, history of the second Punic war, 
which includes about 18 years. In the fourth 
decade, Livy treats of the wars with Macedonia 
and Antiochus, which contain about 23 years. 
For the first five books of the fifth decade, we 
are indebted to the researches of the moderns. 
They were found at Worms, A. D. 1431 , These 
are the books that remain of Livy's history, and 
the loss which the celebrated work has sustained 
by the ravages of time, has in some measure 
been compensated by the labours of J. Frein- 
shemius, who with great attention and industry 



has made an epitome of the Roman history, 
which is now incorporated with the remaining 
books of Livy. The third decade seems to be 
superior to the others, yet the author has not 
scrupled to copy from his contemporaries and 
predecessors, and we find many passages taken 
word for word from Polybius, in which the latter 
has shown himself more informed in military 
affairs, and superior to his imitator. The best 
editions of Livy will be found to be those of 
Maittaire, 6 vols. 12mo. London, 1722; of Dra- 
chenborch, 7 vols. 4 to. Amst. 1731, and of 

Ruddiman, 4 vols. 12mo Edin. 1751. A 

governor of Tarentum, who delivered his trust 

to Annibal, &c A high priest who devoted 

Decius to the Dii manes. A commander of 

a Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the 
Hellespont. 

Lixus, a river of Mauritania, with a city of 
the same name. Anteus had a palace there, 
and according to some accounts it was in the 
neighbourhood that Hercules conquered him. 

Ital. 3, v. 258.— Mela. 3,c. 10.— Slrab. 2. 

A son of JEgyptus. Jipoilod. 

Lob on, a native of Argos, who wrote a book 
concerning poets. Diog. 

Loceus, a man who conspired against Alex- 
ander with Dymnus, &c. Curt. 6, c. 7. 

Locha, a large city of Africa, taken and 
plundered by Scipio's soldiers. 

Lochias, a promontory and citadel of Egypt 
near Alexandria. 

Locri, a town of Magna Grxcia in Italy on 
the Adriatic, not far from Rhegium. It was 
founded by a Grecian colooy about 757 years 
before the Christian era, as some suppose. The 
inhabitants were called. Locri or Locrenses. 
Virg. Mn. 3, v. 399.— Sirab;— Plm.— Lit?, 22, 
c. 6, 1. 23, c. 30..— — A town of Locris in 
Greece. 

Locris, a country of Greece, whose inhabi- 
tants are known by the name of Ozolcc, Epic- 
nemidii, and Opuntii. The country of the 
Ozola?, called also Epizephyrii, from their west- 
erly situation, was at the north of the bay of 
Corinth, and extended above 12 miles north- 
ward. On the west it was separated from 
JEtolia by the Evenus, and it had Phocis at the 
east. The chief city was called Naupactus. 
The Epicnemidii were af the north of the Ozolae, 
and had the bay of Malia at the east, and (Eta 
on the north. They received their name from 
the situation of their residence near a mountain 
called Cnemis. They alone, of all theLocrians, 
had the privilege of sending members to the 
council of the Amphictyons. The Opuntii, who 
received their name from their chief city, called 
Opus, were situated on the borders of the Euri- 
pus, and near Phocis and Eubcea. Plin. 3, c. 
5.~^-Strab. 6, k.c.—Ptcl.—Mela.—Liv. 26, c. 
26, 1. 28, c. Q.—Paus. Jich. fy Phoc. 

Locusta, a celebrated woman at Rome in 
the favour of Nero. She poisoned Claudius and 
Britannicus, and at last attempted to destroy Ne- 
ro himself, for which she was executed. Tacit 
Jinn. 12, c. 66, &c-Swl. in Mr. 33. 

Locutius. Fid- Aius. . 

Lollia Paulina, a beautiful woman, daugh- 
ter of M. Lollius, who married C. Memmius 



LO 



LU 



Regulus, and afterwards Caligula. She was di- 
vorced and put to death by means of Agrippi- 
na. Tacit Ann J 2, c. 1, &c. 

Lollianus Spurius, a general proclaimed 
emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and soon after 
murdered, &c. A consul, &c. 

M. Lollius, a companion and tutor of C. 
Caesar the son-in-law of Tiberius. He was con- 
sul, and offended Augustus by his rapacity in the 
provinces. Horace has addressed two of his 
epistles to him, &c. Tacit. Jinn 3. 

LondinUxM, the capital of Britain, founded as 
some suppose between the age of Julius Caesar 
and NerO It has been severally called Londini- 
um, Lundinum, &c Ammianus calls it vetus- 
tum oppidutn. It is represented as a considera- 
ble, opulent, and commercial town in the age of 
Nero. Tacit. Jinn. 14, c. 33. — Ammian. 

Longarenus, a man guilty of adultery with 
Fausta. Sylla's daughterT .Horat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 
67. 

LoNGiMANns, a surname of Artaxerxes, from 
his having one hand longer than the other. 
The Greeks called him J&acrochir. C. Nep. in 
Reg. 

Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, a celebrated 
Greek philosopher and critic of Athens. He 
was preceptor of the Greek language, and after- 
wards minister to Zendbia, the famous queen 
of Palmyra, and his ardent zeal and spirited ac- 
tivity in her cause proved, at last, fatal, to him. 
When the emperor Aurelian entered victorious 
the gates of Palmyra, Longinus was sacrificed 
to the fury of the Roman soldiers, A. D 273. 
At the moment of death he showed himself great 
and resolute, and with a philosophical and un- 
paralleled firmness of mind, he even repressed 
the tears and sighs of the spectators who pitied 
his miserable end Longinus rendered his name 
immortal by his critical remarks on ancient au- 
thors. His treatise on the sublime, gives the 
world reason to lament the loss of his other valu- 
able compositions. The best editions of this au- 
thor are that of Tollius, 4to. Traj. ad Ithen. 

1694, and thatofToup. 8vo. Oxen. 1778. 

Cassius, a tribune driven out of the senate for 
favouring the interest of J. Caesar. He was made 
governor of Spain by Caesar, &c. A gover- 
nor of Judaea. A proconsul. -A lawyer 

whom, though blind and respected, Nero order- 
ed to be put to death, because he had in his pos- 
session a picture of Cassius one of Caesar's mur- 
derers. Juv. 10, v. 6. 

Longobardi, a nation of Germany. Tacit, 
de Germ. 

Longula, a town of Latium on the borders 
of the Volsci. Liv. 2, c. 33 and 39, 1. 9, 
c. 39. 

Longuntica, a maritime city of Spain Tar- 
raconensis. Liv. 22, c. 20. 

Longus, a Roman consul, &c. A Greek 

author who wrote a novel called the amours of 
Daphnis and Chloe. The age in which he liv- 
ed is not precisely known. The best editions of 
this pleasing writer are that of Paris, 4to. 1754, 
and that of Villoison, 8vo. Paris, 1778. 

Lordi, a people of Illyricum. 

feoRYMA, a town of Doris, Liv. 37, c. 17. 



Lotis or Lotos, a beautiful nymph, daugl^ 
ter of Neptune. Priapus offered her violence, 
and to save herself from his importunities she 
implored the gods, who changed her into a tree 
called Lotus, consecrated to Venus, and Apollo. 
Ovid. Met. 9, v. 348. 

Lotophagi, a people on the coast of \frica 
near (he Syrtes. They received this name from 
their living upon the lotus. Ulysses visited their 
country at his return from the Trojan war He- 
rodot. 4, c. m.—Strab. 17.— Mela, 1, c. 7,— 
Plin. 5, c. 7, 1. 13, c. 17. 

Lous or Aous, a river of Macedonia near 
Apoilonia. 

Lua, a goddess at Rome, who presided over 
things which were purified by lustrations, whence 
the name (a luendo.) She is supposed to be the 
same as Ops or Rhea. 

Luca, now Lucca, a city of Etruriaon the ri- 
ver Arnus. Liv. 21, c, 6, 1. 41, c. 13. — Cic. 13, 
fam. 13. 

Lucagus, one of the friends of Turnus killed 
by iEneas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 575. 

Lucanj, a people of Italy, descended from 
the Samnites, or from the Brutii. 

Lucania, a country of Italy, between the 
Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, and bounded by 
Picenum, Pucetia, and the country of the Bru- 
tii. The country was famous for its grapes. 
Slrab. 6. — Plin. 3, c. 5. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Liv, 
8, c. 17, 1. 9, c. 20,1. 10, c. ll.—Horat. 2,ep." 
2, v. 178. 

Q. Lucanius, a centurion in Caesar's army, 
&c. Ccesar. Bell G. h. 

Luc anus, M. Ann&us, a native of Corduba 
in Spain. He was early removed to Rome, 
where his rising talents and more particularly 
his lavished praises and panegyrics, recommend- 
ed him to the emperor Nero. This intimacy was 
soon productive of honour, and Lucan was rais- 
ed to the dignity of an augur and quaestor be- 
fore he had attained the proper age. The poet 
had the imprudence to enter the lists against his 
imperial patron; he chose for his subject Or- 
pheus, and Nero took the tragical story of 
Niobe. Lucan obtained an easy victory, but 
Nero became jealous of his poetical reputation, 
and resolved upon revenge. The insults to which 
Lucan was daily exposed, provoked at last his 
resentment, and he joined Piso in a conspiracy 
against the emperor. The whole was discover- 
ed, and the poet had nothing left but to choose 
the manner of his execution. He had his veins 
opened in a warm bath, and as he expired he 
pronounced with great energy the lines, which, 
in his Pharsalia, 1. 3. v. 639 — 642, he had put 
into the mouth of a soldier, who died in the 
same manner as himself. Some have accused 
him of pusillanimity at the moment of his death, 
and say that, to free himself from the punish- 
ment which threatened him, he accused his own 
mother, and involved her in the crime of which 
he was guilty. This circumstance which throws 
an indelible blot upon the character of Lucan, 
is not mentioned by some writers, who observe 
that he expired with all the firmness of a philo- 
sopher. He died in his26!h year, A. D. 65. 
Of all his compositions none but his Pharsalia 
remains. This poem, which is an account of th'e 
3e 



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LU 



civil wars of Caesar and Pompey, is unfinished. 
Opinions arc various as to the merit of the poe- 
try. It possesses neither the fire of Homer nor 
the melodious numbers of Virgil. If Lucan had 
lived to a greater age, his judgment and genius 
would have matured, and he might have claim- 
ed a more exalted rank among the poets of the 
Augustan age. His expressions, however, a*c 
boid and animated, hi3 poetry entertaining, 
though his irregularities are numerous, and to 
use the words of Quintilian, he is more an ora- 
tor than a poet. He wrote a poem upon the 
burning of Rome, now lost. It is said that his 
wife Polla Argentaria, not only assisted him in 
the composition of his poem, but even corrected 
it after his death. Scaliger says, that Lucan 
rather barks than sings. The best editions of 
Lucan are those of Oudendorp, 4to. L. Bat. 
1728, of Bentley, 4to. printed at Strawberry- 
hill, 1160, and of Barbou, 12mo. Paris, 1767. 
QjLiintil. 10. — Suet. — Tacit. Jinn. 15, &c. — 

Martial. 7, ep. 20 Ocellus- or Ucellus, an 

ancient Pythagorean philosopher, whose 3ge is 
unknown. He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a book 
on the nature of the universe, which he deemed 
eternal, and from it were drawn the systems 
adopted by Aristotle, Plato, and Philo Judaeus. 
This work was first translated into Latin by No- 
garola. Another book of Ocellus on laws, writ- 
ten in the Doric dialect, was greatly esteemed 
by Archytas and Plato, afragment of which has 
been preserved by Stobaeus, Of which, however, 
Ocellus is disputed to be the author. There is 
an edition of Ocellus, with a learned commen- 
tary, by C. Emman. Vizzanius, Bononiae, 1646, 
in 4to. 

Lucaria or Luceria, festivals at Rome, ce- 
lebrated in a large grove between the Via Sa- 
laria and the Tiber, where the Romans hid them- 
selves when besieged by the Gauls. Taeit. Jinn. 
l,c. 77. 

L. Lucceius, a celebrated historian, asked 
by Cicero to write a history of his consulship. 
He favoured the cause of Pompey, but was af- 
terwards pardoned by J. Caesar. Cic. ad Fam. 
5, ep. 12, &c. 

Lucceius Albinus, a governor of Maurita- 
nia after Galba's death, &c. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 
58. 

Lucentum, (or ia) a town of Spain, now Jlli- 
cant. 

Luceres, a body of horse composed of Ro- 
man knights, first established by Romulus and 
Tatius. It received its name either from Lu- 
cumo, an Etrurian who assisted the Romans 
against the Sabines, or from lucus, a grove 
where Romulus had erected an asylum, or a 
place of refuge for all fugitives, slaves, homi- 
cides, &c. that he might people his city. The 
Luceres were some of these men, and they were 
incorporated with the legions. Propert. 4, el. 1, 
v. 31. 

Luceria, a town of Apulia, famous for wool. 
Liv. 9, c. 2 and 12, 1. 10, c. 35.— Horat, 3, od. 
15, v. U.—Luean. 2, v. 473. 

Lucerius, a surname of Jupiter, as the fa- 
ther of light. 

Lucetius, a Rululian, killed by Hioneus 
Virg. JEn. 9, v. 570. 



Lucianus, a celebrated writer of Samosata, 
His father was poor in his circumstances, and 
Lucian was early bound to one of his uncles, 
who was a sculptor. This employment highly 
displeased him; he made no proficiency in the 
art, and resolved to seek his livelihood by bet- 
ter means. A dream in which Learning seem- 
ed to draw him to her, and to promise fame and 
immortality, confirmed his resolutions, and he 
began to write. The artifices and unfair deal- 
ings of a lawyer, a life which he had embrac- 
ed, disgusted him, and he began to study philo- 
sophy and eloquence. He visited different piaces, 
and Antioch, Ionia, Greece, Italy, Gaul, and 
more particularly Athens, became successively 
acquainted with the depth of his learning and 
the power of his eloquence. The emperor M. 
Aurelius was sensible of his merit, and appoint- 
ed him register to the Roman governor of Egypt. 
He died A. D. 180, in his 90th year, and some 
of the moderns have asserted, that he was torn 
to pieces by dogs for his impiety, particularly 
for ridiculing the religion of Christ. The works 
of Lucian, which are numerous, and written in 
the Attic dialect, consist partly of dialogues, 
in which he introduces different characters with 
much dramatic propriety. His style is easy, sim- 
ple, elegant, and animated, and he has stored 
his compositions with many lively sentiments, 
and much of the true Attic wit. His frequent 
obscenities, and his manner of exposing to ridi- 
cule not only the religion of his country, but al- 
so that of every other nation, have deservedly 
drawn upon him the censure of every age, and 
branded him with the appellation of atheist and 
blasphemer. He also wrote the life of Sostra- 
tes, a philosopher of Boeotia, as also that of the 
philosopher Demonax. Some have also attri- 
buted to him, with great impropriety, the life of 
Apollonius Thyaneus. . The best editions of 
Lucian are that of GraeviUs, 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 
1687, and that of Reitzius, 4 vols. 4to Amst. 
1743. 

Lucifer, the name of the planet Venus, or 
morning star. It is called Lucifer, when appear- 
ing in the morning before the sun; but when it 
follows it, and appears some time after its set- 
ting, it is called Hesperus. According to some 
mycologists, Lucifer was son of Jupiter and 

Aurora. A Christian writer whose work was 

edited by the Coleti, fol. Venet. 1778. 

Luciferi fanum, a town of Spain. 

C. Lucilius, a Roman knight born at Aurun 
ca, illustrious not only for the respectability of 
his ancestois, but more deservedly for the up- 
rightness and the innocence of his own imma- 
culate character. He lived in the greatest inti- 
macy with Scipio the first Africanus, and even 
attended him in his war against Numantia. 
He is looked upon as the founder of satire, and 
as the first great satirical writer among the Ro- 
mans. He was superior to his poetical predeces- 
sors at Rome; and though he wrote with great 
roughness and inelegance, but with much fa- 
cility, he gained many admirers, whose praises 
have been often lavished with too liberal a hand. 
Horace compares him to a river which rolls 
upon its waters precious sand accompanied with 



LU 



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mire and dirt, ©f the thirty satires which he 
wrote, nothing but a few verses remain, He 
died at Naples, in the 46th year of his age, B. C. 
103. His fragments have been collected and 
published with notes by Fr. Dousa, 4to. L. Bat. 
1597, and lastly by the Vulpii, Svo. Patav. 
1735. Qjiintil. 10, c. l.—Cic de Orat. 2.— 
Horat.— — Lucinus, a famous Roman who fled 
with Brutus after the battle of Philippi. They 
were soon after overtaken by a party of horse, 
and Lucilius suffered himself to be severely 
wounded by the dart of the enemy, exclaiming 
that he was Brutus. He was taken and carried 
to the conquerors, whose clemency spared his 
life. Plut. A tribune who attempted in vain 
to elect Pompey to the dictatorship. A cen- 
turion, &c. A governor of Asia under Tibe- 
rius. A friend of Tiberius. 

Lucilla, a daughter of M. Aurelius, cele- 
brated for the virtues of her youth, her beauty, 
debaucheries, and misfortunes. At the age of 
sixteen her father sent her to Syria to marry the 
emperor Verus, who was then employed in a war 
with the Parthians and Armenians The con- 
jugal virtues of Lucilla were great at first, but 
when she saw Verus plunge himself into de- 
bauchery and dissipation, she followed his ex- 
ample, and prostituted herself. At her return 
to Rome she saw the incestuous commerce of 
her husband with her mother, &c. and at last 
poisoned him. She afterwards married an old 
but virtuous seuator, by order of her father, and 
was not ashamed soon to gratify the criminal 
sensualities of her brother Commodus. The 
coldness and indifference with which Commodus 
treated her afterwards determined her on re- 
venge, and she with many illustrious senators 
conspired against his life, A. D, 185. The plot 
was discovered, Lucilla was banished, and soon 
after put to death by her brother, in the 38th 
year of her age. 

Lucina, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter and 
Juno, or, according to others, of Latona. As 
her mother brought her into the world without 
pain, she became the goddess whom women in 
labour invoked, and she presided over the birth 
of children. She receives this name either from 
lucus, or from lux, as Ovid explains it: 
Gratia Lucin<e, dedit hozc iibi nomine lucus; 

Jlut quia principium tu, Dea, lucis habes. 
Some suppose her to be the same as Diana and 
Juno, because these two goddesses were also 
sometimes called Lucina, and presided over the 
labours of women. She is called Uythia by the 
Greeks. She had a famous temple at Rome, 
raised A. U. C, 396. Varr. de L. L. A.— Cic. 
de Nat. D. 2, c 27.— Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 449.— 
Horat. Carm. Sec. 

Lucius, a Roman soldier killed at the siege 
of Jerusalem, by saving in his arms a man who 
jumped down from one of the walls. Joseph. 

A brother of M. Antony. [Vid. L. Anto- 

nius.] A Roman general who defeated the 

Etrurians, &c. A relation of J. Caesar. 

A Roman ambassador, murdered by the Ulyr- 

ians. A consul, &c. A writer, called by 

some Saturantius Apuleius. He was born in 
Africa, on the borders of Numidia. He studied 
jioetry, music, geometry, &c. at Athens, and 



warmly embraced the tenets of the Platonics. 
He cultivated magic, and some miracles axe 
attributed to his knowledge of enchantments. 
He wrote in Greek and Latin, with great ease 
and simplicity; his style, however,- is sometimes 
affected, though his eloquence was greatly cele- 
brated in his age. Some fragments of his com- 
positions are still extant. He flourished in the 

reign of M. Aurelius. A brother of Vitelli- 

us, &c A son of Agrippa, adopted by Au- 
gustus A man put to death for his inconti- 
nence, &c. The word Lucius is a praenomen 

common to many Romans, of whom an account 
is given under their family names. 

Lucretia, a celebrated Roman lady, daugh- 
ter of Lucretius, and wife of Tarquinius Col- 
latinus. Her accomplishments proved fatal to 
her, and the praises which a number of young 
nobles at Ardea, among whom were Coliatinus 
and the sons of Tarquin, bestowed upon the do- 
mestic virtues of their wives at home, were pro- 
ductive of a revolution in the state. While every 
one was warm with the idea, it was universaliy 
agreed to leave the camp and go to Rome, to 
ascertain the veracity of their respective asser- 
tions. Coliatinus had the pleasure to see his 
expectations fulfilled in the highest degree, and^ 
while the wives of the other Romans were in- 
volved in the riot and dissipation of a feast, Lu- 
cretia was found at home, employed in the midst 
of her female servants, and easing their labour 
by sharing it herself. The beauty and innocence 
of Lucretia inflamed the passion of Sextus, the 
son of Tarquin, who was a witness of her vir- 
tues and industry. He cherished his flame, and 
he secretly retired from the camp, and came to 
the house of Lucretia, where he met with a kind 
reception. He showed himself unworthy of such 
a treatment, and, in the dead of night, he in- 
troduced himself to Lucretia, who refused to his 
entreaties what her fear of shame granted to his 
threats. She yielded to her ravisher when he 
threatened to murder her, and to slay one of her 
slaves, and put him in her bed, that this appa- 
rent adultery might seem to have met with the 
punishment it deserved. Lucretia, in the morn- 
ing, sent for her husband and her father, and, 
after she had revealed to them the indignities 
she had suffered from the son of Tarquin, and 
entreated them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed 
herself with a dagger which she had previously 
concealed under her clothes. This fatal blow 
was the sign of rebellion. The body of the vir- 
tuous Lucretia was exposed to the eyes of the 
senate, and the violence and barbarity of Sextus, 
joined with the unpoptdarity and oppression of 
his father, so irritated the Roman populace, that 
that moment they expelled the Tarquinsfor ever 
from Rome. Brutus, who was present at the 
tragical death of Lucretia, kindled the flames 
of rebellion, and the republican or consular go* 
vernment was established at Rome A. U. C. 244. 
Liv. 1, c. 57, &c. — Dionys. Hal. 4, c. 15. — 
Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 741.— Val. Max. 6, c. I.— 

Plut -—August, de Civ. D. 1, c. 19. The 

wife of Numa. Plut. 

Lucretius, now Libretti, a mountain in the 
country of the Sabines, hanging over a pleasant 
valley, near which the house and farm of Ho= 



LU 



LU 



race was situate. Homt. 1, od. 17, v. 1.— .(He. 
l,Mt. 11. 

T. Lucretius Carus, a celebrated Roman 
poet and philosopher, who was early sent to 
Athens, where he studied under Zeno and Phse- 
drns. The tenets of Epicurus and Empedocles, 
which then prevailed at Athens, were warmly 
embraced by Lucretius, and when united with 
the infinite of Anaximanrier, and the atoms of 
Democmus, they were explained and elucidated j 
in a poem, in six books, which is called Dc rerum 
naturd. In this poem the masterly genius and 
unaffected elegance of the poet are every where 
conspicuous; but the opinions of the philosopher 
are justly censured, who gives no existence of 
power to a Supreme Being, but is the devoted 
advocate of atheism and impiety, and earnestly 
endeavours to establish the mortality of the soul. 
This composition, which has little claim to be 
called a heroic poem, was written and finished 
while the poet laboured under a violent delirium, 
occasioned by a philtre, which the jealousy of 
his mistress or his wife Lucilia had administered. 
It is said that he destroyed himself in the 44th 
year of his age, about 54 years before Christ. 
Cicero, after bis death, revised and corrected 
jhis poems, which had been partly written in the 
jjftfeid intervals of reason and of sense. Lucretius, 
..» whose poem shows that he wrote Latin better 
*\* than any other man ever did, would have proved 
no mean rival of Virgil, had he lived in the 
polished age of Augustus. Tiie best editions of 
his works are that of Creech, 8vn Oxon. 1695; 
that of Havercamp, 2 vols. 4to Lug. Bat. 1725; 
and that of Glasgow, !2mo. 1759. . Patcrc- 2, 

c. 36. — Quintil. 3, c 1, I 10, c. 1. Quintus, 

a Roman who killed himself because the inha- 
bitants of Sulmo, over which he was appointed 
with a garrison, seemed to favour the cause of 
J. Ccesar Ctzs. Bell. Civ. 1, c. 18. He is 

called VespiMo. Sp. Tricipitinus, father of 

Lucretia, wife of Collatinus, was made consul 
after the death of Brutus, and soon after died 
himself. Horatius Pulvillus succeeded him. Liv. 

1, c. 58. — Pint- in Pub- An interrex at 

Rome. A consul. Osella, a Roman, put 

to death by Sylla because he had applied for the 
consulship without his permission. Plut. 

Lucrinum, a town of Apulia. 

Lucrinus, a small lake of Campania, oppo- 
site Puteoli- Some believe that it was made by 
Hercules when he passed through Italy with the 
bulls of Geryon. It abo-anded with excellent 
oysters, and was united by Augustus to the Aver- 
nus, and a communication formed with the sea, 
near the harbour called Jxdius Portus. The Lu- 
crine lake disappeared on the 30th of Septem- 
ber, 1538, in a violent earthquake, which raised 
on the spot a mountain 4 miles in circumference, 
and about 1000 feet high, with a crater in the 
middle. Cic. 4. Jtt. 10. — Strab. 5 and 6. — 
Mela, 2, c. 4. — Propert. 1, el. 1 1, v, 10. — Virg. 
G. 2, v. 161.— Hoi at. 2, od. 15. 

C. Lcctatius Catulus, a Roman consul 
with Marius. He assisted his colleague in con- 
quering the Cimbrians. [Vid. Cimbricum hel- 
ium.] He was eloquent as well as valiant, and 
his history of his consulship, which he wrote 
with great veracity, convinces us of his literary 



talents. That history is lost. Cic. de Oral. — 

Varro. de L. L.—Flor. 2, c 2. C. Catulus, 

a Roman consul, who destroyed the Carthagi- 
nian fleet. Vid. Catulus. 

Lucullea, a festival established by the 
Greeks in honour of Lucullus, who had behaved 
with great prudence and propriety in his pro- 
vince. Plut. in Luc. 

Luculli horti, gardens of Lucullus situa- 
ted near Neapolis, &c. Tacit. Jinn. 11, c. 1. 

Villa, a country seat near mount Misenus, 

where Tiberius died. Tacit. Jinn. 6, c. 50. 

Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, a Roman cele- 
brated for his fondness of luxury and for his 
military talents. He was born about 115 years 
before the Christian era, and soon distinguished 
himself by his proficiency in the liberal arts, 
particularly eloquence and philosophy. His first 
military campaign was in the Marsian war, 
where his valour and cool intrepidity recom- 
mended him to public notice. His mildness 
and constancy gained him the admiration and 
confidence of Sylla, and from this connexion he 
derived honour, and during his quaestorsbip in 
Asia, and praetorship in Africa, he rendered 
himself more conspicuous by his justice, mode- 
ration, and humanity^ He was raised to the 
consulship A U. C. 680, and intrusted with the 
care of the Mitnridatic war, and first displayed 
his military talents in rescuing his colleague 
Cotta, whom the enemy had besieged in Chai- 
ccdonia. This was soon followed by a celebra- 
ted victory over the forces of Mithridates, on the 
borders of the Granicus, and by the conquest of 
all Bithynia. His victories by sea were as great 
as those by land, and Mithridates lost a power- 
ful fleet near Lemnos. Such considerable losses 
weakened the enemy, and Mithridates retired 
with precipitation towards Armenia, to the court 
of king Tigranes, his father-in-law. His flight 
was perceived, and Lucullus crossed the Eu- 
phrates with great expedition, and gave battle 
to the numerous forces which Tigranes had al- 
ready assembled to support the cause of his son- 
in-law. According to the exaggerated account 
of Plutarch, no less than 100,000 foot and near 
55,000 horse, of the Armenians, lost their lives 
in that celebrated battle. All this carnage was 
made by a Roman army amounting to no more 
than 18,000 men, of whom only five were killed 
and 100 wounded during the combat. The tak- 
ing of Tigranocerta, (he capital of Armenia, 
was the consequence of his immortal victory, 
and Lucullus there obtained the greatest part of 
the royal treasures. This continual success, 
however, was attended with serious consequen- 
ces. The severity of Lucullus, and the haugh- 
tiness of his commands, ofFended his soldiers, 
and displeased his adherents at Rome. Pom- 
pey was soon after sent to succeed him, and to 
continue the Mithridatic war, and the inter- 
view which he had with Lucullus began with 
acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the most 
inveterate reproaches, and open enmity. Lu- 
cullus was permitted to retire to Rome, and 
only 1600 of the soldiers who had shared his 
fortune and his glories were suffered to accom- 
pany him. He was received with coldness at 
Rome, and he obtained with difficulty a triumph, 



LU 



LU 



which was deservedly claimed by his fame, his [ 
successes, and his victories. In this ended the j 
days of his glory; he retired to the enjoyment 
of ease and peaceful society, and no longer 
interested himself in the commotions which dis- 
turbed the tranquillity of Rome. He dedicated 
his time to studious pursuits, and to literary con- 
versation. His house was enriched with a valu- 
able library, which was opened for the service 
of the curious, and of the learned. Lucullus 
fell into a delirium in the last part of his life, 
and died in the 67th or 68th year of his age. 
The people showed their respect for his merit, 
by their wish to give him an honourable burial 
in the Campus Martius; but their offers were 
rejected, and he was privately buried, by his 
brother, in his estate at Tusculum. Lucullus 
has been admired for his many accomplishments, 
but he has been censured for his severity and 
extravagance. The expenses of his meals were 
immoderate, his halls were distinguished by the 
different names of the gods; and when Cicero 
and Pompey attempted to surprise him, they 
were astonished at the costliness of a supper 
which had been prepared upon the word of Lu- 
cullus, who had merely said to bis servant that 
he would sup in the hall of Apollo. In his re- 
tirement Lucullus was fond of artificial variety; 
subterraneous caves and passages were dug un- 
der the hills on the coast of Campania, and the 
sea water was conveyed round the house and 
pleasure grounds, where the fishes flocked in 
such abundance that not less than 25,000 pounds 
worth were sold at his death. In his public cha- 
racter Lucullus was humane and compassionate, 
and he showed his sense of the vicissitudes of 
human affairs by shedding tears at the sight of 
one of the cities of Armenia, which his soldiers 
reduced to ashes. He was a perfect master of 
the Greek and Latin Languages, and he em- 
ployed himself for some time to write a con- 
cise history of the Marsi in Greek hexameters. 
Such are the striking characteristics of a man 
who meditated t'ae conquest of Parthia, and for 
a while gained the admiration of all the inha- 
bitants of the east, by his justice and modera- 
tion, and who might have disputed the empire 
of the world with a Caesar or Pompey, had not, 
at last, his fondness for retirement withdrawn 
him from the reach of ambition. Cic pro Arch. 
4. — Qutesi. Ac. 2, c. 1. — Pint- in vitd. — Flor. 
3, c. 5. — Strab. — Appian. inMithr. &.c. — Oro- 

sius 6, &c. A consul who went to Spain, 

&c A Roman, put to death by Domitian. 

A brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant 

under Sylla. A praetor of Macedonia. 

Lucumo, the first name of Tarquinius Pris- 
cus, afterwards changed into Lucius. The word 
is Etrurian, and signifies prince or chief. Ptut. 
in Rom. 

Lucus, a king of ancient Gaul. A town 

of Gaul, at the foot of the Alps. 

Lugdunensis Gallia, a part of Gaul, which 
received its name from Lugdunum, the capital 
city of the province. It was anciently called 
Celtica. Vid Gallia. 

Lugdunum, a town of Gallia Celtica, built 
at the confluence of the Rhone and the Arar, 
or Saone, by Manutius Plancus, when he was 



governor of the province. This town, now call- 
ed Lyons, is the second city of France in point 

of population. Juv. 1, v. 44. — Strab. 4. 

Batavorum, a town on the Rhine, just as it falls 
into the ocean. It is now r called Leyden, and is 

famous for its university. Convenarum, a 

town at the foot of the Pyrennees, now St • Ber- 
trand. in Gascony. 

" Luna, {the moon) was daughter of Hyperion 
and Terra, and was the same, according to 
some mycologists, as Diana. She was wor- 
shipped by the ancient inhabitants of the earth 
xvith many superstitious forms and ceremonies. 
It was supposed that magicians and enchanters, 
particularly those of Thessaly, had an uncon- 
trollable power over the moon, and that they 
could draw her down from heaven at pleasure 
by the mere force of their incantations. Her 
cclipses, according to their opinion, proceeded 
from thence; and, on that account, it was usual 
to beat drums and cymbals, to ease her labours, 
and to render the power of magic less effectual. 
The Arcadians believed that they were oider 
than the moon. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 263, &e. — 
Tibuil. 1, el. 8, v. 21.— Hesiod. Theog.— Virg. 

Eel. 8, v. 69. -A maritime town of Etruria, 

famous for the white marble which it produced, 
and called also Lunensis portus. It contained 
a fine capacious harbour, and abounded in wine, 
cheese, &e. The inhabitants were naturally 
given to augury, and the observation of uncom- 
mon phaenomena. Mela, 2, c. 4. — Lucan. 1, 
v. 586.— Plin. 14, c. Q.—Liv. 34, c. S.—Sil. 
8, v. 481, 

Lupa. (« she wolf) was held in great vene- 
ration at Rome, because Romulus and Remus, 
according to an ancient tradition, were suckled 
and preserved by one of these animate. This 
fabulous story arises from the surname of Lupa, 
prostitute, which was given to the wife of the 
shepherd Faustulus, to whose care and humani- 
ty these children owed their preservation. Ovid. 
Fast. 2, v. 415. — Plut. in Romul. 

Lupercal, a place at the foot of mount Aven- 
tine, sacred to Pan, where festivals called Lu- 
percalia were yearly celebrated, and where the 
she-wolf was said to have brought up Romulus 
and Remus. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 343. 

Lupercalia, a yearly festival observed at 
Rome the 15th of February, in honour of the 
god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice two 
goats and a dog, and to touch with a bloody 
knife the foreheads of two illustrious youths, who 
always were obliged to smile while they were 
touched. The blood was wiped away with soft 
wool dipped in milk. After this the skins of 
the victims were cut in thongs, with which whips 
were made for the youths. With these whips 
the youths ran about the streets all naked ex- 
cept the middle, and whipped freely all those 
they met. Women in particular were fend of 
receiving the lashes, as they superstitiously be- 
lieved that they removed barrenness, and eased 
the pains of childbirth. This excursion in the 
streets of Rome was performed by naked youths, 
because Pan is always represented naked, and 
a goat was sacrificed, because that deity was 
supposed to have the feet of a goat. A dog was 
added, as a necessary and useful guardian of the 



LU 



LY 



sheepfold. This festival, as Plutarch mentions, 
was first instituted by the Romans in honour of 
the she-wolf which suckled Romulus and Re- 
mus. This opinion is controverted by others, 
and Livy, with Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ob- 
serves, that they were introduced into Italy by 
Evander. The name seems to be borrowed 
from the Greek name of Pan, Lycceus, from 
\vx.os, a wolf; not only because these ceremo- 
nies were like the Lycaean festivals observed in 
Arcadia, but because Pan, as god of shepherds, 
protected the sheep from the rapacity of the 
wolves. The priests who officiated at the Lu- 
percalia were called Luperci. Augustus for- 
bade any person above the age of fourteen to ap- 
pear naked, or to run about the streets during the 
Lupercalia. Cicero, in his Philippics, reproach- 
es Antony for having disgraced the dignity of 
the consulship, by running naked, and armed 
with a whip, about the streets. It was during 
the celebration of these festivals chat Antony of- 
fered a crown to J. Caesar, which the indigna- 
tion of the populace obliged him to refuse. Ovid. 
Fast. 2, v. 427. — Varro L. L. 5, c. 3. 

Luperci, a number of priests at Rome, who 
assisted at the celebration of the Lupercalia, 
in honour of the god Pau, to whose service they 
were dedicated. This order of priests was the 
most ancient and respectable of al! the sacer- 
dotal offices. It was divided into two separate 
colleges, called Fabiani and Qjainliliani, from 
Fabius and Quintilius, two of their high priests. 
The former were instituted in honour of Romu- 
lus, and the latter of Remus. To these two sa- 
cerdotal bodies, J. Caesar added a third, called, 
from himself, the Julii, and this action contri- 
buted not a little to render his cause unpopular, 
and to betray his aspiring and ambitious views. 
[Vid. Lupercalia.] P hit. in Rom. — Dio. Cas. 
45. — Virg. Md. 8, v. 663. 

Ltjpercus, a grammarian in the reign of the 
emperor Galiienus. He wrote some grammati- 
cal pieces, which some have preferred to Hero- 
dian's compositions. 

Lupias or Lufia, now Lippe, a town of Ger- 
many, with a small river of the same name, fall- 
ing into the Rhine. Tacit. Jinn. 1, &c. 

Lupus, a general of the emperor Severus. 

A governor of Britain. A quaestor in 

the reign of Tiberius, &c. A comic writer 

of Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return of 
Meuelaus and Helen to Sparta, after the de- 
struction of Troy. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, ep 16, v. 
26. P. Rut. a Roman, who contrary to the omens, 
marched against the Marsi, and was killed with 
his army, He has been taxed with impiety, and 
ivas severely censured in the Augustan age. Ho- 
rat. 2, Stat. 1, v. 68. 

Lusitania, a part of ancient Spain, whose 
extent and situation have not been accurately 
defined by the ancients. According to the bet- 
ter descriptions, it extended from the Tagus to 
the sea of Cantabria, and comprehended the 
modern kingdom of Portugal. The inhabitants 
were warlike, and were conquered by the Ro- 
man army under Dolabella, B. C. 99, with 
great difficulty. They generally lived upon 
plunder, and were rude and unpolished in their 
manners. It was usual among them to expose 



their sick in the high roads, that their diseases 
might be cured by the directions and advice of 
travellers. They were very moderate in their 
meals, and never eat but of one dish. Their 
clothes were commonly black, and they gene- 
rally warmed themselves by means of stones, 
heated in the fire. Strab. 3. — Mela, 2, c. 6, 
1. 3, c. l.—Liv. 21, c. 43, 1. 27, c. 20. 

Lusius, a river of Arcadia. Cic. At Nat. D. 

3, c. 22. — Paus. Arc 28. 

Lusones, a people of Spain near the Iberus. 

Lustricus Brutianus, a Roman poet. Mar- 
tial 4, ep. 23. 

Lutatias Catulus, a Roman who shut the 
temple of Janus after peace had been made 
with Carthage. Vid. Luctatius. 

Luterius, a general of the Gauls, defeated 
by Cajsar, &c. 

Lutetia, a town of Belgic Gaul, on the con- 
fluence of the rivers Sequana and Matrona, 
which received its name, as some suppose, from 
the quantity of Clay, lutum, which is in its 
neighbourhood. J. Csesar fortified and embel- 
lished it, from which circumstance some authors 
call it Julii Civitas. Julian the apostate re- 
sided there some time. It is now Paris, and is 
the capital of France. Cces. de Bell. G. 6 and 
7. — Strab. 4. — Jimmian. 20, 

C. Lutorius Priscas, a Roman knight, put 
to death by order of Tiberius, because he had 
written a poem in which he had bewailed the 
death of Germanicus, who then laboured under 
a severe illness. Tacit- Jinn. 3, c. 49, &c. 

Ly^eus, a'; surname of Bacchus. It is deriv- 
ed from xvav, solvere, because wine, over which 
Bacchus presides, gives freedom to the mind, 
and delivers it from all cares and melancholy. 
Horat. ep. 9. — Lucan. 1, v. 675. 

Lybas, one of the companions of Ulysses, &c. 

Lybya or Lybissa, a small village of Bithy- 
nia, where Annibal was buried. 

Lycabas, an Etrurian, who had been ban- 
ished from his country for murder. He was one 
of those who offered violence to Bacchus, and 
who were changed into dolphins. Ovid. Met. 

4, v 624. One of the Lapithae, who ran 

away from the battle which was fought at the 
nuptials of Piritbous. Id. Met. 12, v. 302. 

Lycabetas, a mountain of Attica, near 
Athens. Stat. 

Lyc^a, festivals in Arcadia in honour of Pan, 
the god of shepherds. They are the same as 

the Lupercalia of the Romans A festival at 

Argos in honour of Apollo Lycaeus, who deliver- 
ed the Argives from wolves, &c. 

Lyceum, a celebrated place near the bank? 
of the llissus, in Attica. It was in this pleasant 
and salubrious spot that Aristotle taught philo- 
sophy, and as he generally instructed his pupils 
in walking, they were called Peripatetics, a 
7rigt7r&riQ),ambulo. The philosopher continued 
his instructions for 12 years, till, terrified by the 
false accusations of Eurymedon, he was obliged 
to fly to Chaleis. 

Lyceus, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to 
Jupiter, where a temple was built in honour of 
the god by Lycaon, the son of Pelasgus. It was 
also sacred to Pan, whose festivals, called Ly- 
casa, were celebrated there. Virg. G. I, v. 16. 



LY 



LY 



JEn. 8, Vv 343.— Strab. 8.— Horat. 1, od. 17, 
v. 2.— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 698. 

Lycambes, the. father of Neobule. He pro- 
mised his daughter iu marriage to the poet Ar- 
chilocus, and afterwards refused to fulfil his en- 
gagement when she had been courted by a man 
whose opulence had more influence than the 
fortune of the poet. This irritated Archilocus; 
he wrote a bitter invective against Lycambes 
and his daughter, and rendered them both so 
desperate by the satire of his composition, that 
they hanged themselves. Horat- ep. 6, v. 13. 
—Ovid, in lb. 52—JJristot. Rhet. 3. 

Lycaon, the first kiDg of Arcadia, son of Pe- 
lasgus and Meliboea. He built a town called 
Lycosura on the top of mount Lycaeus, in hon- 
our of Jupiter. He had many wives, by whom 
he had a daughter, called Calisto, and fifty sons. 
He was succeeded on the throne by Nyctimus, 
the eldest of his sons. He -lived about 1820 
years before the Christian era. Jlpollod. 3. — 
Hygin. fab. 176. — Catul. ep. 76. — Paus. 8, c. 

2, &c. Another king of Arcadia, eelebrated 

for his cruelties. He was changed into a wolf 
by Jupiter, because he offered human victims 
on the altars, of the god Pan. Some attribute 
this metamorphosis to another cause. The sins 
of mankind, as they relate, were become so 
enormous, that Jupiter visited the earth to pun- 
ish wickedness and impiety. He came to Arca- 
dia, where he was announced as a god, and the 
people began to pay proper adoration to his di- 
vinity. Lycaon, however, who used to sacri- 
fice all strangers to his wanton cruelty, laughed 
at the pious prayers of his subjects, and to try 
the divinity of the god, he served up human flesh 
on his table. This impiety so irritated Jupiter, 
that he immediately destroyed the house of Ly- 
caon, and changed him into a wolf. Ovid. Met. 
1, v. 198, &c. These two monarchs are of- 
ten confounded together, though it appears that 
they were two different characters, and that not 
less than an age elapsed between their reigns. 

— A son of Priam and Laothoe. He was ta- 
ken by Achilles, and carried to Lemnos, whence 
he escaped. He was afterwards killed by Achil- 
les in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 21, &c, 



The father of Pandarus, killed by Diomedes be- 
fore Troy. A Gnossian artist, who made the 

sword which Ascanius gave to Euryalus. Virg. 
JEn. 9, v. 304. 

Lycaonia, a country of Asia, between Cap- 
padocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, and Phrygia, made 
a Roman province under Augustus. Iconium 
was the capital. Strab. 10. — Mela, 1, c. 2. — 

Lot. 27, c. 54, I. 38, c. 39. Arcadia bore 

also that name from Lycaon, one of its kings. 
Dionys. Hal. An island in the Tiber. 

Lycas, a priest of Apollo in the interest of 
Turnus. He was killed by iEneas. Virg. JEn. 

10, v. 315. .Another officer of Turnus. Id. 

10, c 561. 

Lycaste, an ancient town of Crete, whose 
inhabitants accompanied Idomeneus to the Tro- 
jan war. Homer. II. 2. A daughter of Pri- 
am, by a concubine. She married Polydamas, 

the son of Antenor. A famous courtezan of 

Drepanum, called Tenus on account of her great 



beauty. She had a son called Eryx by Butes, son 
of Araycus. 

Lycastum, a town of Cappadocia. 

Lycastus, a son of Minos I. He was father 
of Minos II. by Ida, the daughter of Corybas. 

Diod. 4. A son of Minos and Philonome, 

daughter of Nyctimus. He succeeded his fa- 
ther on the throne of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 3 
and 4. 

Lyce, one of the Amazons, &c. Flacc. 6, v. 
374. 

Lyces, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, c. 
33. 

Lyceum. Vid. Lycaeum. 

Lychnidus, now Jlchridna, a city with a lake 
of the same name, in Ulyricum. Liv. 27, c. 32, 
1. 44, c. 15. 

Lycia, a country of Asia Minor, bounded by 
the Mediterranean on the south, Caria on the 
west, Pamphylia on the east, and Phrygia on 
the north. It was anciently called Milyas, and 
Tremile, from the Milyas, or Solymi, a people 
of Crete, who came to settle there. The coun- 
try received the name of Lycia from Lycus, the 
son of Pandion, who established himself there. 
The inhabitants have been greatly commended 
by all the ancients, not only for their sobriety 
and justice, but their great dexterity in the 
management of the bow. They were conquer' 
ed by Croesus, king of Lydia, and afterwards by 
Cyrus. Though they were subject to the power 
of Persia, yet they were governed by their own 
kings, and only paid a yearly tribute to the Per- 
sian monarch. They became part of the Ma- 
cedonian empire when Alexander came into the 
east, and afterwards were ceded to the house of 
the Seleucidse. The country was reduced into 
a Roman province by the emperor Claudius. 
Apollo bad there his celebrated oracle at Pata- 
ra, and the epithet hijberna is applied to the 
country, because the god was said to pass the 
winter in his temple. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 143 and 
446, I. 7, v. 816.— Stat. Theb. 6, v. 686.— 
Herodot. l,c. 173.— Strab. 13.— Liv. 37, c 16, 
1. 38, c 39. 

Lycidas, a centaur killed by the Lapithae at 
the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 310. 

A shepherd's name. Virg. Eel. A 

beautiful youth, the admiration of Rome in the 
age of Horace. Horat. 1, od 4, v. 19. 

Lycimna, a town of Peloponnesus. 

Lycimnia, a slave, mother of Heleuor by a 
Lydian prince. Virg JEn. 9, v. 446. 

Lyciscus, an Athenian archon. A Mes- 

senian of the family of the iEpytidae. When his 
daughters were doomed by lot to be sacrificed 
for the good of their country, he fled with them 
to Sparta, and Aristodemus upon this cheerful- 
ly gave his own children, and soon after suc- 
ceeded to the throne. Paus. 4, c. 9.- A 

youth of whom Horace was enamoured. 

Lycius, a son of Hercules and Toxicreta. 

——A son of Lycaon. An epithet given to 

Apollo from his temple in Lycia, where he gave 
oracles, particularly at Patara, where the ap- 
pellation of Lycioe, sortes was given to his an- 
swers, and even to the will of the Fates. Virg. 
JEn. 4, v. 346. A surname of Danaus. 

LycSwe'dk:*, a king of Scyros^ an island i* 



LV 



LY 



the iEgean sea, son of Apollo and Parthenope. 
He was secretly intrusted with the care of young 
Achilles, whom his mother Thetis had disguis- 
ed in woman's clothes, to remove g him from the 
Trojan war, where she knew he must unavoid- 
ably perish. Lycomedes has rendered himself 
famous for his treachery to Theseus, who had 
implored his protection wiien driven from the 
throne of Athens by the usurper Mnestheus. 
Lycomedes, as it is reported, either envious of 
the fame of his illustrious guest, or bribed by 
the emissaries of Mnestheus, led Theseus to an 
elevated place, on pretence of showing him the 
extent of his dominions, and perfidiously threw 
him clown a precipice, where he was killed. 
Plut. in Thes. — Paus. 1, c. 17, 1. 7, c. 4. — 
Apollod. 3, c- 13. — —An Arcadian, who, with 
600 chosen men, put to flight 1000 Spartans, 
and 500 Argives, &c. Diod. 15 A sediti- 
ous person at Tegea.- A Mantinean general, 

&c. An Athenian, the first who took one 

of the enemy's ships at the battle of Salamis. 
Plut. 

Lycon, a philosopher of Troas, son of Astyo- 
nax, in the age of Aristotle. He was greatly 
esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus, &c. He died 

in the 74th year of his age. Diog. in vit. 

A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras. 

A poet. A writer of epigrams . A play- 
er, greatly esteemed by Alexander. A Syra- 

cusan who assisted in murdering Dion. A 

peripatetic philosopher. 

Lycone, a city of Thrace. A mountain of 

Argolis. Paus. 2, c. 24. 

Lycophron, a son of Periander, king of Co- 
rinth. The murder of his mother Melissa, by 
his father, had such an effect upon him, that he 
resolved never to speak to a man who had been 
so wantonly cruel against his relations. This re- 
solution was strengthened by the advice of Pro- 
cles, his maternal uncle, and Periander at last 
banished to Corcyra a son whose disobedience 
and obstinacy had rendered him odious. Cypse- 
lus, the eldest son of Periander, being incapa- 
ble of reigning, Lycophron was the only surviv- 
ing child who had any claim to the crown of 
Corinth But, when the infirmities of Perian- 
der obliged him to look for his successor, Ly- 
cophron refused to come to Corinth while his 
father was there, and he was induced to leave 
Corcyra, only on promise that Periander would 
come and dwell there while he remained mas- 
ter of Corinth. This exchange, however, was 
prevented. The Corcyreans, who were appre- 
hensive of the tyranny of Periander, murdered 
Lycophron before he left that island. Herodot. 

3. — Aristot. A brother of Thebe, the wife 

of Alexander, tyrant of Pherae. He assisted his 
sister in murdering her husband, and he after- 
wards seized the sovereignty. He was dispos- 
sessed by Philip of Macedonia. Plut. — Diod. 

16. A general of Corinth killed by Nicias. 

Pint, in JVic. A native of Cylilera, son of 

Mastor. He went to the Trojan war with Ajax, 
the son of Telamon, after the accidental murder 
of one of his citizens. He was killed, &c. Ho- 
mer. II. 15, v. 450. A famous Greek poet and 
grammarian, born at Chalcis, in Eubeea. He 
xras one of the poets who flourished under Pto- 



lemy Philadelphia, and who, from their num- 
ber, obtained the name of Pleiades. Lycophron 
died by the wound of an arrow. He wrote tra- 
gedies^the titles of twenty of which have been 
preserved. The only remaining composition 
of this poet is called Cassandra, or Alexandra. 
It contains 1474 verses, whose obscurity has 
procured the epithet of Tenebrosus to its au- 
thor. It is a mixture of prophetical effusions, 
which, as he supposes, were given by Cassan- 
dra during the Trojan war. The best editions 
of Lycophron are tbat of Basil, 1546, fol. en- 
riched with the Greek commentary of Tzetzes; 
that of Canter, 8vo. apud. Commelin, 1596; and 
that of Potter, fol. Oxon. 1702. Ovid, in lb. 
533.— Stat. 5. Sylv. 3. 

Lycopolis, now Slut, a town of Egypt. It 
received this name on account of the immense 
number of wolves, kukqi, which repelled an ar- 
my of ^Ethiopians, who had invaded Egypt. 
Diod. l.—Strab. 17. 

Lycopus, an JEtolian who assisted the Cyre- 
neans against Ptolemy. Polyan. 8. 

Lycorea, a town of Phocis at the top of Par- 
nassus, where the people of Delphi took refuge 
during Deucalion's deluge, directed by the bowl- 
ings of wolves. Paus. Phoc. 6. 

Lycoreus, the supposed founder of Lycorea. 
on mount Parnassus, was son of Apollo and Co- 
rycia. Hygin. fab. 161. 

Lycorias, one of the attendant nymphs of 
Cyrene. Virg. G. 4, v. 339. 

Lycoris, a freedwoman of the senator Vo- 
lumnius, also called Cyikeris, and Volumnia, 
from her master. She is celebrated for her beau- 
ty and intrigues. The poet Gallus was greatly 
enamoured of her, and his friend Virgil com- 
forts him in his 10th eclogue, for the loss of the 
favours of Cytheris, who followed M. AntonyV 
camp, and was become the Aspasia of Rome. 
The charms of Cleopatra, however, prevailed 
over those of Cytheris, and the unfortunate- 
courtezan lost the favours of Antony and of all 
the world at the same time. Lycoris was ori- 
ginally a comedian. Virg. Eel. 10. — Ovid. A. 
A. 3, v. 537. 

Lycop.mas, a river of iEtolia, whose sands 
were of a golden colour It was afterwards call- 
ed Evemisfvom king Evenus, who threw him- 
self into it.-' Ovid. Met- 2, v. 245. 

Lycortas, the father of Polybius, who flour- 
ished B. C. 134. He was choseu general of the 
Achagan league, and he revenged the death of 
Philopcemen, &c. Plut. 

Lycosura, a city built by Lycaon on mount 
Lycaeus in Arcadia. 

Lyctus, a town of Crete, the country of Ido- 
meneus, whence he is often called Lyctius. Virg 
Mn. 3, v. 401. 

Lycurgides, annua! days of solemnity ap- 
pointed in honour of the lawgiver of Sparta. The 
patronymic of a son of Lycurgus. Ovid, in lb. 
v. 503. 

Lycur.gus, a king of Neraasa, in Peloponne- 
sus. He was raised from the dead by iEscula- 
pius. Stat. Theb. 5, v. 638. A giant kill- 
ed by Osiris in Thrace. Diod. 1. A king 

of Thrace, son of Dryas. He has been repre- 
sented as cruel and impious, on account of the 



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violence which he offered to Bacchus. He, ac- 
cerding (o the opinion of the mythologists, drove 
Bacchus out of his kingdom, and abolished his 
worship, for which impiety he was severely pun- 
ished by the gods. He put his own son Dryas 
to death in a fury, and he cut off his own legs 
mistaking tbem for vine boughs. He Was put 
to death in the greatest torments by his subjects, 
who had been informed by the oracle that they 
should not taste wine till Lycurgus was no more. 
This fable is explained by observing, that the 
aversion of Lycurgus for wine, over which Bac- 
chus presided, arose from the filthiness and dis- 
grace of intoxication, and therefore the monarch 
wisely ordered all the vines of his dominions to 
be cut down, that himself and his subjects might 
be preserved from the extravagance and de- 
bauchery which are produced by tjo free an 
use of wine Hygin. fab. 132. — Homer. II. 6, 
v. 130. — Ipollod. 3, c. 5.— Ovid. Me t 4, v. 22. 
■Virg. Ml. 3, v. 14.— Horat. 2, od. 19 



A son of Hercules and Praxithea, daughter of 

Thespius. Jipollod. 2, c 7. AsonofPhe- 

res, the son of Cretheus. Id. 1, c. 9. An 

orator of Athens, surnamed Ibis, in the age of 
Demosthenes, famous for his justice and impar- 
tiality when at the head of the government. He 
was one of the thirty orators whom the Atheni- 
ans refused to deliver up to Alexander. Some 
•f his orations are extant. He died about 330 

years before Christ. Diod. 16. A king of 

Tegea, son of Aleus, byNeasra, the daughter of 
Pereus. He married Cleophile, called also Eu- 
rynome, by whom he had Amphidamas, &c. 
Jipollod. 3, c 9. — Honter. II. 7. A celebrat- 
ed lawgiver of Sparta, son of king Eunomus, 
and brother to Polydectes. He succeeded his 
brother on the Spartan throne; but when he saw 
that the widow of Polydectes was pregnant, he 
kept the kingdom not for himself, but till Cha- 
rilaus, his nephew, was arrived to years of ma- 
turity. He had previously refused to marry his 
brother's widow, who wished to strengthen him 
on his throne by destroying her own son Chari- 
laus and leaving him in the peaceful possession 
of the crown. The integrity with which he act- 
ed, when guardian of his nephew Charilaus, 
united with the disappointment and the resent- 
ment of the queen, raised him mnny enemies, 
and he at. last yielded to their satire and ma- 
levolence, and retired to Crete. He travelled 
like a philosopher, and visited Asia and Egypt 
without suffering himself to be corrupted by the 
licentiousness and luxury which prevailed there. 
The confusion which followed his departure 
from Sparta, now had made his presence total- 
ly necessary, and he returned home at the earn- 
est solicitations of his countrymen. The disorder 
which reigned at Sparta, induced him to reform 
the government; and the more effectually to 
execute his undertaking he had recourse to the 
oracle of Delphi. He was received by the 
priestess of the god with every mark of honour, 
his intentions were warmly approved by the di- 
vinity, and he was called the friend of gods, 
and himself rather god than man. After such 
a reception from the most celebrated oracle of 
Greece, Lycurgus found no difficulty in reform- 
ing the abuses of the state, and all were equal- 



ly anxious in promoting a revolution which had 
received the sanction of heaven. This happen- 
ed 884 years before the Christian era. Lycur- 
gus first established a senate, which was com- 
posed of 2S senators, whose authority preserved 
the tranquillity of the state, and maintained a 
due and just equilibrium between the kings and 
the people, by watching over the intrusions of 
the former and checking the seditious convul- 
sions of the latter. All distinction was destroy- 
ed and by making an equal and impartial divi- 
sion of the land among the members of the com- 
monwealth, Lycurgus banished luxury, and en- 
couraged the useful arts. The use of money, ei- 
ther of gold or silver, was totally forbidden, and 
the introduction of heavy brass and iron coin, 
brought no temptations to the dishonest, and left 
every individual in the possession of his effects 
without any fears of robbery or violence. All 
the citizens dined in common, and no one had 
greater claims to indulgence or luxury than ano- 
ther- The intercourse of Sparta with other na- 
tions was forbidden, and few were permitted to 
travel. The youths were intrusted to the pub- 
lic master as soon as they had attained their se- 
venth year, and their education was left to the 
wisdom of the laws. They were taught early to 
tuink, to answer in a short and laconic manner, 
and to excel in sharp repartee. Tbey were in- 
structed and encouraged to carry things by sur- 
prise, but if ever the theft was discovered they 
were subjected to a severe punishment. Lycur- 
gus was happy and successful in establishing and 
enforcing these laws, and by his prudence and 
administration the face of affairs in Lacedasmon 
was totally changed, and it gave rise to a set of 
men distinguished for their intrepidity, their for- 
titude, and their magnanimity. After this, Ly- 
curgus retired from Sparta to Delphi, or accord- 
ing to others to Crete, and before his departure 
he bound all the citizens of Lacedsemon by a 
solemn oath, that neither they nor their poste- 
rity, would alter, violate, or abolish the laws 
which he had established before his return. He 
soon after put himself to death, and he ordered 
his ashes to be thrown into the sea, fearful lest 
if they were carried to Sparta the citizens should 
call themselves freed from the oath which they 
had taken, and empowered to make a revolu- 
tion. The wisdom and the goou effect of the 
laws of Lycurgus have been firmly demonstrat- 
ed at Sparta, where for 700 years they remain- 
ed in full force, but the legislator has been cen- 
sured as cruel and impolitic. He has shown him- 
self inhumane in ordering mothers to destroy 
such of their children, whose feebleness or de- 
formity in their youth seemed to promise inca- 
pability of action in maturer years, and to be- 
come a burden to the state. His regulations 
about marriage must necessarily be censured, 
and no true conjugal felicity can be expected 
from the union of a man with a person whom 
he perhaps never knew before, and whom he 
was compelled to choose in a dark room, where 
all the marriageable women in the state assem- 
bled on stated occasions. The peculiar dress 
which was appointed for the females, might be 
termed improper; and the law must, for ever, 
be called injudicious, which ordered them to ap- 
i>. r 



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fp£ar naked on certain days of festivity, and 
wrestle in a public assembly, promiscuous y with 
boys of equal age with themselves. These 
things indeed contributed as much to corrupt 
the morals of the Lacedaemonians, as the other 
regulations seemed to be calculated to banish 
dissipation, riot, and debauchery. Ljcurgushas 
been compared to Solon, the celebrated legisla- 
tor of Athens, and it has been judicioasly ob- 
served that the former gave his citizens morals 
conformable to the laws which he had establish- 
ed, and that the latter had given the Athenians 
raws which coincided with their customs and 
manners. The office of Lycurgus demanded re- 
solution, and he showed himself inexorable and 
severe. In Solon artifice was requisite, and he 
showed himself mild and even voluptuous. The 
moderation of Lycurgus is greatly commended, 
particularly when we recollect that he treated 
with the greatest humanity and confidence Al- 
cander, a youth who had put out one of his eyes 
in a seditious tumult. Lycurgus had a son call- 
ed Antiorus, who left no issue. The Lacedaemo- 
nians showed their respect for their great legis- 
lator by yearly celebrating a festival in his hon- 
our, called Lycurgidse or Lycurgides. The in- 
troduction of money into Sparta in the reign oi 
Agis the son of Archidamus, was one of the prin- 
cipal causes which corrupted the innocence of 
the Lacedaemonians, and rendered them the 
prey of intrigue and of faction. The laws of 
Lycurgus were abrogated by Philopoemen, B. 
C. 188, but only for a little time, as they were 
soon after re-established by the Romans. Pint, 
in vita. — Justin. 3, c. 2, &c- — Strab.8, 10, 15, 
&c. — Dionys. Hal. 2. — Pans. 3, c 2. 

Lycus, a king of Boeotia, successor to his bro- 
Uier Nycteus, who left no male issue He was 
intrusted with the government only during the 
minority of Labdacus the son of the daughter of 
Nycteus. He was farther enjoined to make war 
against Epopeus, who had carried away by 
force Antiope the daughter of Nycteus. He was 
successful in this expedition, Epopeus was kill- 
ed, and Lycus recovered Antiope and married 
her though she was his niece. This new con- 
nexion highly displeased his first wife Dirce, 
and Antiope was delivered to the unfeeling 
queen, and tortured in the most cruel manner. 
Antiope at last escaped, and entreated her sons, 
Zethus and Amphion, to avenge her wrongs. 
The children, incensed on account of the cruel- 
ties which their mother had suffered, besieged 
Thebes, killed Lycus, and tied Dirce to the tail 
of a wild bull, who dragged her till she died. 

Puus. 9, c. 5. — Jlpollod. 3, c. 5. A king of 

Libya, who sacrificed whatever strangers came 
upon his coast. When Diomedes at his return 
from the Trojan war, had been shipwrecked 
there, the tyrant seized him and confined him. 
He, however, escaped by means of Callirhoe, 
the tyrant's daughter, who was enamoured of 
him, and who hung herself when she saw her- 
self deserted. A son of Neptune by Celaeno, 

made king of a part of Mysia by Hercules. He 
offered violence to Megara, the wife of Hercu- 
les, for which he was killed by the incensed he- 
ro. Lycus gave a kind reception to the Argo- 
nauts. Jlpolted. 3, c. 10.— Hygin. fab. 18, 31, 



32, 131. A son of ^gyptus ofMara 

of Lycaon, king of Arcadia of Pawlion, king 

of Athens. The father of Arcesilaus. 

One of the companions of iEneas. Jlpollod. 2, 
c 3 — Pans. 1, &c—Virg. Mn 1, &c— Hy- 
gin. fab. 97 and 159. An officer of Alexan- 
der in the interest of Lysimachus. He made 
himself master of Ephesus by the treachery of 
Andron, &c Polijoen. 5. One of the cen- 
taurs.— < — A son of Priam. A river of Phry- 

gia, which disappears near Colosse, and rises 
again at the distance of about four stadia, and 
at last falls into the Maeander. Ovid. Met. 15, 

v. 273. A river of Sarmatia falling into the 

Pal us Maeotis. Another in Paphlagonia, near 

Heraclea. Ovid. 4, ex Pont. el. 1, v. 47. 

Another in Assyria. Another in Armenia, 

falling into the Euxine near the Phasis. Virg. 

G. 4, v. 367. One of the friends of iEneas, 

killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 545. A 

youth beloved by Alcseus. Horat. 1, od. 32. 
— —A town of Crete. 

Lyde, the wife of the poet Antimachus, &c. 
Ovid Trist 1, el. 5. — — A woman in Domiti- 
an's reign, who pretended she could remove 
barrenness by medicines. Juv. 2, v. 141. 

Lydia, a celebrated kingdom of Asia Minor, 
whose boundaries were different at different 
times. It was first bounded by Mysia Major, 
Caria, Phrygia Major, and Ionia, but in its more 
flourishing times it contained the whole country 
which lies between the Halys and the iEgean 
sea. It was anciently called Mceonia, and re- 
ceived the name of Lydia from Lydus one of 
its kings. It was governed by monarchs who 
after the fabulous ages reigned for 249 years in 
the following order: Ardysus began to reign, 
797 B C. Alyattes, 761; Meles, 747; Candau- 
les, 735; Gyges, 718; Ardysus 2d, 680; Sady- 
attes, 631; Alyattes 2d, 619, and Croesus, 562, 
who was conquered by Cyrus, B C. 548, when 
the kingdom became a province of the Persian 
empire- There were three different races that 
reigned in Lydia, the Atyadae, Heraclidae, and 
Mermnadae. The history of the first is obscure 
and fabulous; the Heraclidae began to reign 
about the Trojan war, and the crown remained 
in their family for about 505 years, and was al- 
ways transmitted from father to son. Candau- 
les was the last of the Heraclidae; and Gyges the 
first, and Croesus the last of the Mermnadae. 
The Lydians were great warriors in the reign 
of the Mermnadae. They invented the art of 
coining gold and silver, and were the first who 
exhibited public sports, &c. Herodot. 1, c. 6, 
1. 3, c. 90, 1. 7, c. 14.—Strab. 2, 5, and 13.— 
Mela, 1, c. 2. — Plin. 3, c. 5. — Dionys. Hal. 1. 

— Diod. 4. — Justin. 13, c. 4. A mistress of 

Horace, &c. 1, Od. 8. 

Lydias, a river of Macedonia. 

Lydius, an epithet applied to the Tiber be- 
cause it passed near Etruria, whose inhabitants 
were originally a Lydian colony. Virg. JEn. 2, 
v. 781, 1. 8, v. 479. 

Lydus, a son of Atys and Callithea, king of 
Maeonia, which from him received the name of 
Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus led a colony to 
Italy, and gave the name of Tyrrhenia to the 
settlement he made on the coast of the Mcdi- 



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terranean. Herodot. 7, c. 74. An eunucb, 

&c. 

Lygdamis or Lygdamus, a man who made 
himself absolute at Naxos. Polycen. A gene- 
ral of the Cimmerians who passed into Asia Mi- 
nor, and took Sardis in the reign of Ardyesking 

of Lydia, Callim. An athlete of Syracuse, 

the father of Artemisia the celebrated queen of 

Halicarnassus. Herodot. 7, c. 99. A servant 

of the poet Propertius, or of his mistress Cynthia. 

Lygii, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de Germ. 
42. 

Lygodesma, a surname of Diana at Sparta, 
because her statue was brought by Orestes from 
Taurus, shielded round with osiers.Paws. 3, c.16. 

Lygus. Vid- Ligus. 

LymIre, a town of Lycia. Ovid. Met. fab. 12. 

Lymax, a river of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 41. 

Lyncides, a man at the court of Cepheus. 
Ovid. Met 4, fab. 12. 

Lvncest^, a noble family of Macedonia, 
connected with the royal family. Justin. 11, c. 
2,&c 

Lyncestes, a son of Amyntas, in the army 
of Alexander, &c. Curt. 7, &c. Alex- 
ander, a son-in-law of Antipater, who conspir- 
ed against Alexander, and was put to death. 
Ibid. 

Lyncestius, a river of Macedonia, whose 
waters were of an intoxicating quality. Ovid. 
Md, 17, v. 329. 

Lynceus, son of Aphareus, was among the 
hunters of the Calydonian boar, and one of the 
Argonauts. He was so sharp sighted that, as 
it is reported, he could see through the earth, 
and distinguish objects at the distance of above 
nine miles. He stole some oxen with his bro- 
ther Idas, and they were both killed by Castor 
and Pollux when they were going to celebrate 
their nuptials with the daughters of Leucippus. 
Jlpollod. 1 and 3. — Hygin. fab. — Paus. 4, c 2. 

Ovid. Met. 3, v. 303.— Apollon. Arg. 1. A 

son of JEgyptus, who married Hypermnestra, 
the daughter of Danaus. His life was spared 
by the love and humanity of his wife. [Vid. 
Danaides.] He made war against his father- 
in-law, dethroned him and seized his crown. 
Some say that Lynceus was reconciled to Da- 
naus, and that he succeeded him after his death, 
and reigned forty-one years Apollod. 2, c. 1. 
—Paus. 2, c. 16, 19, 25.— Ovid. Heroid 14. 

One of the companions of /Eneas killed by 

Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 768. 

Lyncus, Lynceus, or Lynx, a cruel king of 
Sc) thia, or according to others, of Sicily. He 
received, with feigned hospitality, Triptolemus, 
whom Ceres had sent all over the world to teach 
mankind agriculture, and as he was jealous of 
his commission he resolved to murder this fa- 
vourite of the gods in his sleep. As he was 
going to give the deadly blow to Triptolemus, 
he was suddenly changed into a lynx, an animal 
which is the emblem of perfidy and ingratitude. 
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 650. 

Lyncus, a town of Macedonia, of which the 
inhabitants were called Lyncesta?. Plin. 2, c. 
103, 1. 4, c 10. 

Lyndus. a town of Sicily. 



Lyrce, a people of Scythia, who live upoju 
hunting. 

Lyrceus, a mountain of Arcadia. Vid. Ly- 
caeus A fountain. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 711. 

Lyrcea, a town of Peloponnesus, formerly 
called Lyncea. Paus. 2, c. 35. 

Lyrcus, a king of Caunus in Caria, &<J. 
Parthen. 

' Lyrnessus, a city of Cilicia, the native coun- 
try of Briseis, called from thence Lyrnesseis. It 
was taken and plundered by Achilles and the 
Greeks, at the time of the Trojan war, and the 
booty divided among the conquerors. Homer. 
II. 2. v. 197.— Ovid. Met. 12, v. 108.— Heroid. 
3, v. 5. Trisi. 4, el. 1, v. 15. 

Lysander, a celebrated general of Sparta, 
in the last years of the Peloponnesian war. He 
drew Ephesus from the interest of Athens, and 
gained the friendship of Cyrus the younger. 
He gave battle to the Athenian fleet, consisting 
of 120 ships, at iEgospotamos, and destroyed it 
all, except three ships, with which the enemy's 
general fled to Evagoras king of Cyprus. In 
this celebrated battle, which happened 405 years 
before the Christian era, the Athenians lost 
3000 men, and with them their empire and in- 
fluence among the neighbouring states. Lysander 
well knew bow to take advantage of his victory, 
and the following year Athens, worn out by a 
long war of 27 years, and discouraged by its 
misfortunes, gave itself up to the power of the 
enemy, and consented to destroy the Piraeus, to 
deliver up all its ships, except 12, to recal all 
those who had been banished, and in short to be 
submissive in every degree to the power of 
Lacedaemon. Besides these humiliating condi- 
tions, the government of Athens was totally 
changed, and 30 tyrants were set over it by Ly- 
sander. This glorious success, and the honour 
of having put an end to the Peloponnesian war, 
increased the pride of Lysander. He had al- 
ready begun to pave his way to universal power, 
by establishing aristocracy in the Grecian cities 
of Asia, and now he attempted to make the 
crown of Sparta elective. In the pursuit of his 
ambition he used prudence and artifice; and as 
he could not easily abolish a form of govern- 
ment which ages and popularity had confirmed, 
he had recourse to the assistance of the gods. 
His attempt, however, to corrupt the oracles of 
Delphi, Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, proved 
ineffectual, and he was even accused of using 
bribes by the priests of the Libyan temple. 
The sudden declaration of war against the The* 
bans, saved him from the accusations of his ad- 
versaries, and he was sent, together with Pau- 
sanias, against the enemy. The plan of his 
military operations was discovered, and the 
Haliartians, whose ruin he secretly meditated, 
attacked him unexpectedly, and he was killed 
in a bloody battle which ended in the defeat of 
his troops, 394 years before Christ. His body 
was recovered by his colleague Pausanias, and 
honoured with a magnificent funeral. Lysander 
has been commended for his bravery, but his 
ambition deserves the severest censure, and his 
cruelty and duplicity have greatly stained his 
character. He was arrogant and vain in his. 
public as well as private conduct, and he receiv- 



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ed and heard with the greatest avidity the hymns 
which his courtiers and flatterers sung to his 
honour. Yet in the midst of all his pomp, his 
ambition, and intrigues, he died extremely poor, 
and his daughters were rejected by two opulent 
citizens of Sparta to whom they had been be- 
trothed during the life of their father. This 
behaviour of the lovers was severely punished 
by the Lacedaemonians, who protected from in- 
jury the children of a man whom they hated for 
his sacrilege, his contempt of religion, and his 
perfidy The father of Lysander, whose name 
was Aristoclites or Aristocrates, was descended 
from Hercules, though not reckoned of the race 
of the Heraclidae. Plut. 8f C. Nep. in vitd. — 
H'wd. 13. — A Trojan chief, wounded by Ajax 
son of Telamon before Troy. Homer. II. 11, 

v. 491. One of the Ephori in the reign of 

Agis, &c. Plut. — —A grandson of the great 
Lysander. Paus. 

Lysandra, a daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, 
who married Agathocles the son of Lysimachus. 
She was persecuted by Arsinoe, and fled to Se- 
leucus for protection. Paus. 1, c, 9, &c. 

Lysaniax. a man made king of Ituraea by 
Antony, &c. 

Lyse, a daughter of Thespius. Jlpollod. 

Lysiades, an Athenian, son of Phsedrus the 
philosopher, &c. Cic. Philip. 5. An Athe- 
nian archon. A tyrant of Megalopolis, who 

died B. C. 226. Plut. 

Lysianassa, one of the Nereides. Jlpollod. 

1, c. 2. A daughter of Epaphus, mother of 

Busiris. Id. 2, c, 5. 

Lysias, a celebrated orator, son of Cepha- 
lus, a native of Syracuse. His father left Sicily 
and went to Athens, where Lysias was born and 
carefully educated. In his 15th year he ac- 
companied the colony which the Athenians sent 
to Thurium, and after a long residence there he 
returned home in his 47th year. He distin- 
guished himself by his eloquence, and by the 
simplicity, correctness, and purity of his ora- 
tions, of which he wrote no less than 425 ac- 
cording to Plutarch, though the number may 
with more probability be reduced to 230. Of 
these 34 are extant, the best editions of which 
are that of Taylor, 8vo. Cantab. 1740, and that 
of Auger, 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1783. He died in 
the 81st year of his age, 378 years before the 
Christian era. Plut- de Oral. — Cic. de Brut. 

de Oral. — QuintiL 3, &c. — Diog. 2. -An 

Athenian general, Sic. A town of Phrygia. 

Strab.— — Another of Syria, now Berziech near 
Emesa. A tyrant of Tarsus, B. C. 267. 

Lysicles, an Athenian sent with Chares into 
Bceotia, to stop the conquests of Philip of Mace- 
donia. He was conquered at Chseronaea, and 
sentenced to death for his ill conduct there. 

Lysidice, a daughter of Pelops and Hippo- 
damia, who married Mastor the son of Perseus 
and Andromeda Jlpollod. 2, c. 4. — Paus. 8, 
C. 14. A daughter of Thespius. Jlpollod. 

Lysimaciie, a daughter of Abas the son of 

Melampos. Jlpollod. 1, c. 9. A daughter 

of Priam. Id. 3, c. 12. 

Lysi achia, now Hexamili, a city on the 
TJH'aeian Chersonesus. Paus. 1, c. 9. A 



town of iEtolia, built by Lysimachus. Strab. *i 
and 10. Another in iEolia Mela, 2, c. 2. 

Lysimachus, a son of Agathocles, who wae 
among the generals of Alexander. After the 
death of that monarch, he made himself master 
of part of Thrace, where he built a town which 
he called Lysimachia. He sided with Cassan- 
der and Seleucus against Antigonus and Deme- 
trius, and fought with them at the celebrated 
battle of Ipsus. He afterwards seized Mace- 
donia, after expelling Pyrrhus from the throne, 
B. C. 286; but his cruelty rendered him odious, 
and the murder of his son Agathocles so offend- 
ed his subjects, that the most opulent and pow- 
erful revolted from him, and abandoned the 
kingdom. He pursued them to Asia, and de- 
clared war against Seleucus, who had given 
them a kind reception. He was killed in a 
bloody battle, 281 years before Christ, in the 
80th year of his age, and his body was found 
in the heaps of slain only by the fidelity of a 
little dog, which had carefully watched near it. 
It is said that the love and respect of Lysimachus 
for his learned master Callisthenes proved near- 
ly fatal to him. He, as Justin mentions, was 
throivn into the den of a hungry lion, by order 
of Alexander, for having given Callisthenes poi- 
son, to save his life from ignominy and insult; 
and when the furious animal darted upon him, 
he wrapped his hand in his mantle, and boldly 
thrust it into the lion's mouth, and by twisting 
his tongue, killed an adversary ready to devour 
him. This act of courage in his self-defence 
recommended him to Alexander. He was par- 
doned, and ever after esteemed by the monarch. 
Justin. 15, c. 3, &c. — Diod. 19, &c— Paus^ 1, 
c. 10.— An Acarnaniarf, preceptor to Alexan- 
der the Great. He used to call himself Phoenix, 
his pupil Achilles, and Philip Peleus. Plut. in 
Mex. — Justin. 15, c. 3.-; — —An historian of 

Alexandria. A son of Aristides, rewarded 

by the Athenians on account of the virtue of his 

father. A chief priest among the Jews, about 

204 years before Christ, &c. Josephus A 

physician greatly attached to the notions of Hip- 
pocrates. A governor of Heraclea in Pon- 

tus, &c. 

Lysimelia, a marsh of Sicily near Syracuse. 

Lysinoe, now Jlgiasson, a city of Asia, near 
Pamphylia. Liv. 38, c. 15. 

Lysippe, a daughter of Proetus. [Vid. Prce- 
tides.] A daughter of Thespius. 

Lysippus, a famous statuary of Sicyon. He 
was originally a white-smith, and afterwards 
applied himself to painting, till his talents and 
inclination taught him that he was born to excel 
in sculpture. He flourished about 325 years 
before the Christian era, in the age of Alex- 
ander the Great, The monarch was so partial 
to the artist, that he forbade any sculptor but 
Lysippus to make his statue. Lysippus excelled 
in expressing the hair, and he was the first who 
made the head of his statues less large, and the 
body smaller than usual, that they might appear 
taller. This was observed by one of his friends, 
and the artist gave for answer, that his prede- 
cessors had represented men in their natural 
form, but that he represented them such as they 
appeared. Lysippus made no less than 600 



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statues, the most admired of which were those 
of Alexander; one of Apollo of Tarentum, 40 
cubirs high; one of a man coming out of a bath, 
with which Agrippa adorned his baths; one of 
Socrates; and those of the 25 horsemen who 
were drowned in the Granicus. These were so 
valued that in the age of Augustus, they were 
bought for their weight in gold. Pint, in Alex. 
— Gic. in Brut, c. 164. ad Her. 4, c. 148. — 
Pim. 37, c. 7. Paterc. 1, c. 11.— Horat. 2, 

ep 1, v. 240. A comic poet, some of whose 

plays are mentioned by Athenaeus. Plin. 7, c. 

37. A general of the Achgean league. 

Lysis, a Pythagorean philosopher, preceptor 
to Epaminondas. He flourished abont388 years 



before the Christian era. He is supposed by 
some to be the author of the golden verses 
which are attributed to Pythagoras. C. Mp. in 
Epatn. 2. 

Lysistratus, an Athenian parasite.— — A 
brother of Lysippus. He was the first artist 
who ever made a statue with wax. Plin. 34, 
c. 8, 1. 35, c. 12. 
* Lysithous, a son of Priam. Jlpollod. 

Lyso, a friend of Cicero, &c. Cic. 13. 
Jam. 19. 

Lystra, a town of Laconia. 

Lytjea, a daughter of Hyacinthus, put to 
death by the Athenians. JJpoltod. 

Lyzakias, a king ol Chalcis, &c. 



MA 

MACiE, a people of Arabia Felix. Mela, 
3, c. 8. They are placed in Africa near 
the larger Syrtis by Herodot. 4, v. 175. — Sil. 
3, v. 275, 1. 5, v. 194. 

Macar, a son of Criasius or Crinacus, the 
first Greek who led a colony to Lesbos. His 
four sons took possession of the four neighbour- 
ing islands, Chios, Samos, Cos, and Rhodes, 
which were called the seats of the Macares or 
the blessed (^cajtstg, beatus.) Dionys. Hal. 1. 
— Homer. II. 24.— Diod. b.—Mela, 2, c. 7. 

Macareus, an ancient historian. A son 

of iEolus, who debauched his sister Canace, 
and had a son by her. The father being in- 
formed of the incest, ordered the child to be ex- 
posed, and sent a sword to his daughter, and 
commanded her to destroy herself. Macareus 
fled to Delphi, where he became priest of Apol- 
lo. Ovid. Met. Heroid. 11. in lb. 563. 



One of the companions of Uiysses, left at Caie- 
ta in Italy, where JEneas found him. Ovid 
Met. 14, v. 159. A son of Lycaon. Jipol- 
lod. 3, c. 8.— Paws. S, c. 3. 

Macaria, a daughter of Hercules and Deja- 
nira. After the death of Hercules, Eurystheus 
made war against the Heraclidae, whom the 
Athenians supported, and the oracle declared, 
that the descendants of Hercules should obtain 
ihe victory, if any one of them devoted himself 
to death. This was cheerfully accepted by Ma- 
caria, who refused to endanger the life of the 
children of Hercules by suffering the victim to 
be drawn by lot, and the Athenians obtained a 
victory Great honours were paid to the pa- 
triotic Macaria, and a fountain of Marathon was 

called by her name. Pans. 1, c. 32. An 

ancient name of Cyprus. 

Macaris, an ancient name of Crete. 

Macednus, a son of Lycaon. Jlyollod. 

Macedo, a son of Osiris, who had a share in 
the divine honours which were paid to his fa- 
ther. He was represented clothed in a wolf's 
skin, for which reason the Egyptians held that 
animal in great veneration Diod. 1. — Plut 

in hid. et Os. A man who gave his name 

to Macedonia. Some supposed him to be the 



MA 

same as the son or general of Osiris, whilst others 
considered him as the grandson of Deucalion by 
the mother's side. Diod. 1. 

Macedonia, a celebrated country, situated 
between Thrace, Epirus, and Greece. Its 
boundaries have been different at different pe- 
riods Philip increased it by the conquest of 
Thessaly and of part of Thrace, and according 
to Pliny it contained no less than 150 different 
nations. The kingdom of Macedonia, first 
founded B. C 814, by Caranus, a descendant 
of Hercules, and a native of Argos continued 
in existence 646 years, till the battle of Pydna. 
The family of Caranus remained in possession 
of the crown until the death of Alexander the 
Great, and began to reign in the following or- 
der: Caranus, after a reign of 28 years, was 
succeeded by Ccenus, who ascended the throne 
786 B. C. Thurimus, 774, Perdiccas 729, Ar- 
gaeus 678, Philip 640, iEropas 602, Alcetas or 
Alectas 576, Amyntas 547, Alexander 497, 
Perdiccas 454, Archelaus 413, Amyntas 399, 
Pausanias 398, Amyntas 2d. 397, Argseus the 
tyrant 390, Amyntas restored 390, Alexander 
2d. 371, Ptolemy Alorites 370, Perdiccas 3d. 
366, Philip son of Amyntas 360, Alexander the 
Great 336, Philip Aridceus 323, Cassander 316, 
Antipater and Alexander 298, Demetrius kin<* 
of Asia 294, Pyrrhus 287, Lysimachus 286* 
Ptolemy Ceraunus 280, Meleagcr two months, 
Antipater the Etesian 45 days, Anligonus Go- 
natas 277, Demetrius, 243, Antigoims Doson 
232, Philip 221, Perseus 179, conquered by the 
Romans 168 B.C. at Pydna. Macedonia has 
been severally called iEmonia, Mygdonia, P;eo- 
nia, Edonia, iEmathia, &c. The inhabitants 
of Macedonia were naturally warlike, and though 
in the infancy of their empire they were little 
known beyond the borders of their country, yet 
they signalized themselves greatly in the reigil 
of Philin, and added the kingdom of Asia to 
their European dominions by the valour of Al- 
exander. The Macedonian phalanx, or body 
of soldiers, was always held in the highest re- 
pute, and it resisted and subdued the repeated 
attacks of the bravest and most courageous ene- 
mies. Liv. 41.— Just. 6, c 9, 1. 7, c. 1, &c, 



MA 



MA 



— Strab. I.—Mela, 1, c. 3, &c. — Pirn. 4, c. 
10, &c. — Curt. 3 and 4. — Paus. 8, c. 7. 

MacedonTc0m bellum, was undertaken by 
the Romans against Philip king of Macedonia, 
some few months after the second Punic war, 
B. C 200. The cause of this war originated in 
ihe hostilities which Philip had exercised against 
the Achseans, the friends and allies of Rome. 
The consul Flaminius had the care of the war, 
and ne conquered Philip on the confines of Epi- 
rus, and afterwards in Thessaly. The Mace- 
donian fleets were also defeated; Euboea was 
taken; and Philip, after continual losses, sued 
for peace, which was granted him in the fourth 
year of the war. The ambition and cruelty of 
Perseus, the son and successor of Philip, soon 
irritated the Romans. Another war was un- 
dertaken, in which the Romans suffered two de- 
feats. This, however, did not discourage them; 
Pauius iErnilius was chosen consul in the 60th 
year of his age, and intrusted with the care of 
the war. He came to a general engagement 
near the city of Pydna. The victory sided with 
the Romans, and 20,000 of the Macedonian 
soldiers were left on the field of battle. This 
decisive blow put an end to the war, which had 
already continued for three years, 168 years 
before the christian era, Perseus and his sons 
Philip and Alexander were taken prisoners, 
and carried to Rome to adorn the triumph of 
the conqueror. About fifteen years after, new 
seditions were raised in Macedonia, and the 
false pretensions of Andriseus, who called him- 
self the son of Perseus, obliged the Romans' to 
send an army to quell the commotions. An- 
driscus at first obtained many considerable ad- 
vantages over the Roman forces, till at last he 
was conquered and delivered to the consul Me- 
tellus, who carried him to Rorao. After these 
commotions, which are sometimes called the 
third Macedonian war, Macedonia was finally 
reduced into a Roman province, and governed 
by a regular proconsul, about 148 years before 
the Christian era. 

Macedonicus, a surname given to Metellus, 
from his conquests in Macedonia. It was also 
given to such as had obtained any victory in 
that province. 

Micella, a town of Sicily, taken by the con- 
sul Duilius. Liv. 26, c. 21. 

Macer JEmylius, a Latin poet of Verona, 
intimate with Tibnllus and Ovid, and com- 
mended for his genius, his learning, and the ele- 
gance of his poetry. He wrote some poems up- 
on serpents, plants, and birds, mentioned by 
Ovid. He also composed a poem upon the ruins 
of Troy, to serve as a supplement to Homer's 
Iliad. His compositions are now lost. He died 
B. C. 16. Odd. Trist. 4, el. 10, v. 44. ex Pont. 

2, ep. 10. — Quintil. 10, c. 1. L. Claudius, 

a pro-praetor of Africa in the reign of Nero. 
He assumed the title of emperor, and was put 
to death by order of Galba. 

Machjera, a river of Africa. A common 

Crier at Rome. Juv. 7, v. 9. 

Machanidas, a man who made himself ab- 
solute at Sparta. He was killed by Philopoe- 
men, after being defeated at Mantinea, B. C. 



20S. Nabis succeeded him. Phti. — Liv. 23, 
c 30, 1. 28, c 5 and 7. 

Machaon, a celebrated physician, son of SEs- 
culapius, and brother to Podahrus. He went 
to the Trojan war with the inhabitants of Trica, 
Ithoine, and ffichalia. According to some, he 
was king of Messenia. As physician to the 
Greeks, he healed the wounds which they re- 
ceived during the Trojan war, and was one of 
those concealed in the wooden horse. Some 
suppose that he was killed before Troy by Eu- 
rypylus the son of Telephus. He received di- 
vine honours after death, and had a temple in 
Messenia. Homer. II. 2, &c — Ovid, ex Pont. 
3, ep. 4 — Quint. Smyr. 6, v. 409. — Virg. Mn. 
2, v. 263 and 426. 

Macra, a river flowing from the Apennines, 
and dividing Liguna from Etruria. Lucan. 2, 
v. 426.— Liv- 39, c. 32.— Plin. 3, c. 5. 

Macri campi, a plain in Cisalpine Gaul, 
near the river Gabellus. Liv. 41, c. 18, I. 45, 

c. 12. A plain near Mutina bears the same 

name. Cot. 7, c. 2. 

Macrianus, Titus Fulvius Julius, an Egyp- 
tian of obsure birth, who, from a private sol- 
dier, rose to the highest command in the army, 
and proclaimed himself emperor when Valerian 
had been made prisoner by the Persians, A. D, 
260. His liberality supported his usurpation, 
his two sons, Macrianus and Quietus, were in- 
vested with the imperial purple, and the ene- 
mies of Rome were severally defeated either by 
the emperors or their generals. When he had 
supported his dignity for a year in the eastern 
parts of the world, Macrianus marched towards 
Rome, to crush Gallienus, who had been pro- 
claimed emperor. He was defeated in lllyri- 
cum by the lieutenant of Gallienus, and put to 
death with his son, at his own expressive request, 
A. D. 262. 

Macrinus, M. Opilius Severus, a native of 
Africa, who rose from the most ignominious 
condition to the rank of prefect of the praetorian 
guards, and at last of emperor, after the death 
of Caracalla whom he inhumanly sacrificed to 
his ambition, A. D. 217. The beginning of 
his reign was popular; the abolition of the taxes, 
and an affable and complaisant behaviour, en- 
deared him to his subjects. These promising 
appearances did not long continue, and the ti- 
midity which Macrinus betrayed in buying the 
peace of the Persians by a large sum of money, 
soon rendeved him odious; and while he affected 
to imitate the virtuous Aurelius, without pos- 
sessing the good qualities of his heart, he be- 
came contemptible and insignificant. This af- 
fectation irritated the minds of the populace, 
and when severe punishments had been inflict- 
ed on some of the disorderly soldiers, the whole 
army mutinied; and their tumult was increased 
by their consciousness of their power and num- 
bers, which Macrinus had the imprudence to 
betray, by keeping almost all the military force 
of Rome encamped together in the plains of Sy- 
ria Heliogabalus was proclaimed emperor, 
and Macrinus attempted to save his life by flight. 
He was, however, seized in Cappadocia, and 
his head was cut off and sent to his successor: 
June seventh, A. D. 218. Macrinus reigned 



MA 



MM 



about two months and three days. His son, 
called Diaduinenianus, shared his father's fate. 

A friend of the poet Persius, to whom his 

second satire is inscribed. 

Macro, a favourite of the emperor Tiberius, 
celebrated for his intrigues, perfidy, and cruelty. 
He destroyed Sejanus, and raised himself upon 
the ruins of that unfortunate favourite. He was 
accessary to the murder of Tiberius, and con- 
ciliated the good opinion of Caligula, by pros- 
tituting to him his own wife called Ennia. He 
soon after became unpopular, and was obliged 
by Caligula to kill himself together with his 
wife, A. D- 38. 

Macrobii, a people of Ethiopia, celebrated 
for their justice and the innocence of their niaix- 
ners. They generally lived to their 120th year, 
some say to a thousand; and, indeed, from that 
longevity they have obtained their name (^aatxgo? 
fiios, long life) to distinguish them more parti- 
cularly from the other inhabitants of ^Ethiopia. 
After so long a period spent in virtuous actions, 
and freed from the indulgences of vice, and from 
maladies, they dropped into the grave as to sleep, 
without pain and without terror. Orph. Argon. 
1105.— Herodot. 3, c. 17— Mela, 3, c. 9— 
Plin. 7, c. 48.— Val. Max. 8, c. 3. 

Macrobius, a Latin writer who died A. D» 
415. Some suppose that he was chamberlain 
to the emperor Theodosius 11. but tbis appears 
groundless, when we observe that Macrobius 
was a follower of paganism, and that none were 
admitted to the confidence of the emperor, or to 
the enjoyment of high stations, except such as 
were of the Christian religion. Macrobius has 
rendered himself famous for a composition call- 
ed Saturnalia, a miscellaneous collection of an- 
tiquities and criticisms, supposed to have been 
the result of a conversation of some of the learn- 
ed Romans, during the celebration of the Sa- 
turnalia. Tbis was written for the use of his 
.son, and the bad latinity which the author has 
often introduced, proves that he was not born in 
a part of the Roman empire where, the Latin 
tongue was spoken, as he himself candidly con- 
fesses. The Saturnalia are useful for the learn- 
ed reflections they contain, and particularly for 
some curious observations on the two greatest 
epic poets of antiquity. Besides this, Macro- 
bius wrote a commentary on Cicero's scmnium 
Scipionis, which is likewise composed for the 
improvement of the author's son, and dedicated 
to bim. The best editions are that of Grono- 
vius, Svo. L. Bat. 1670, and that of Lips. Svo. 
1777. 

Macrochir, a Greek name of Artaxerxes, 
the same as Longimanus. This surname arises 
from his having one hand longer than the other. 
C. Nep. in Reg. 

Macr.ones, a nation of Pontus, on the con- 
fines of Colchis and Armenia. Flacc. 5, v. 153. 
— Herodot. 

Mactorium, a town of Sicily at the south 
near Gela. 

Maculonus, a rich and penurious Roman, 
&C* Juv. 7, v. 40. 

Madaura, a town on the borders of Numidia 
and Gselulia, of which the inhabitants were call- 



ed Madaurenses. It was the native place of 
Apuleius. Jipul. Met. 11. 

Macestes, a town of Thrace. 

Madetes, a general of Darius, who bravely 
defended a place against Alexander. The con- 
queror resolved to put him to death, though thir- 
ty orators pleaded for his life. Sisygambis pre- 
vailed over the almost inexorable Alexander, 
and Madetes was pardoned. Curt. 5, c. 3. 

Maduateni, a people of Thrace. Liv. 38, 
c. 40. 

Madyes, a Scythian prince who pursued the 
Cimmerians in Asia, and conquered Cyaxares, 
B. C. 623. He held for some time the supreme 
power of Asia Minor. Herodot. 8, c. 103. 

Mjeander, a son of Oceanus and fethys. 
A celebrated river of Asia Minor, rising 



near Celasnse, and flowing through Caria and 
Ionia into the iEgean sea between Miletus and, 
Priene, after it has been increased by the wa- 
ters of the Marsyas, Lycus, Euilon, Leihxus, 
&c. It is celebrated among the poets for its 
windings, which amount to no less than 600, 
and from which all obliquities have received 
the name of Mazanders. It forms in its course, 
according to the observations of some travellers, 
the Greek letters s <^| g & &>, and from its wind- 
ings Daedalus had the first idea of his famous 
labyrinth. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 145, &c. — Virg.JEn. 
5, v. 254.— Lucan. 5, v. 20S, I. 6, v. 471. — 
Homer. 11. 2.— Herodot. 2, c. 29.— Ck. Pis. 
22.—Strab. 12, &c— Mela, 1, c. 17. 
M^andria, a city of Epirus. - x 

Mjeat-e, a people at the south of Scotland. 
Dio 76, c. 12. 
Maecenas. Vid. Mecaenas. 
M^edi, a people of Masdica, a district of 
Thrace near Rhodope. Liv. 26, c. 25, 1. 40, 
c 21. 

Melius, a Roman, thrown down from the 
Tarpeian rock, for aspiring to tyranny at Rome, 
in the early ages of the republic. 

M-^macteria, sacrifices offered to Jupiter 
at Athens in ttie winter month Maemacterion. 
The god surnamed Mcemacles was entreated to 
send mild and temperate weather, as he pre- 
sided over the seasons, and was the god of the 
air. 

M.£nades, a name of the Bacchantes, or 
priestesses of Bacchus. The word is derived 
from fA&ivGfA&i, to be furious, because in the 
celebration of the festivals their gestures and 
actions were those of mad women. Ovid. Fast. 
4, v. 458. 

MiENALA, a town of Spain. 
M^nalus, (plur. Maenala,) a mountain of 
Arcadia sacred to the god Pan, and greatly fre- 
quented by shepherds. It received its name from 
Maenalus, a son of Lycaon. It was covered with 
pine trees, whose echo and shade have been 
greatly celebrated by all the ancient poets. Ovid. 
Met. 1, v. 216— Virg. G. 1, v. 17. Eel. 8, v. 
24.— Paws. 8, c. 3.— Strab. 8.— Mela, 2, c. 3. 

A town of Arcadia. A son of Lycaon. 

The father of Atalanta. 

M.ENius, a Roman consul. A dictator ac- 
cused and honourably acquitted, &c. A 

spendthrift at Rome. Horat. 1, ep. 15, v. 26. 
M*enon, a tyrant of Sicily, B. C. 285. 



MA 



MA 



fylAKrus, a river of Germany, now called the 
Jifaime, falling into the Rhine at Mayencc. 

Meonia, a country of Asia Minor, the same 
as Lydia. It is to be observed, that only part 
of Lydia was known by the name of Maeonia, 
that is, the neighbourhood of mount Tmolas, 
and the country watered by the Pactolus. The 
rest on the sea coast was called Lydia. Strab. 

12. — Ovid. Met. The Etrurians, as being 

descended from a Lydian colony, are often called 
Mceonidit. (Virg. JEn. 11, v. 759.) and even 
the lake Thrasymenus in their country is called 
Mceonius lacus. Sil. Ital. 15, v. 35. 

MjEonidje, a name given to the Muses, be- 
cause Homer, their greatest and worthiest fa- 
vourite was supposed to be a native of Maeonia. 

Mjeonides, a surname of Homer, because, 
according to the opinion of some writers, he 
was born in Maeonia, or because his father's 
name was Maeon. Ovid. — —The surname is 
also applied to Bacchus, as he was worshipped 
in Maeonia. 

Mjlonis, an epithet applied to Ompbale as 
queen of Lydia or Maeonia. Ovid. The epi- 
thet is also applied to Arachne as a native of 
Lydia. Id. Met. 6. 

Mjeot^se, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. 
M^eotis Palus, a large lake, or part of the 
sea between Europe and Asia, at the north of j highly resented by Constantius; and the assassin 
the Euxine, to which it communicates by the ' unable to escape from the fury of his antagonist, 
Cimmerian Bosphorus, now called the sea of 
Azonh or Zaback. It was worshipped as a deity 



and from their knowledge of the phenomena of 
the heavens, the word Magi was applied to all 
learned men; and in process of time, the Magi, 
from their experience and profession, were con- 
founded with the magicians who impose upon 
the superstitious and credulous. Hence the word 
Magi and magicians became synonymous among 
the vulgar Sanerdis, one of the Magi, usurped 
the crown of Persia, after the death of Carnby- 
ses, and the fraud was not discovered till the 
seven noble Persians conspired against the 
usurper, and elected Darius king. From this 
circumstance there was a certain day on which 
none of the Magi were permitted to appear in 
public, as the populace had the privilege of 
murdering whomsoever of them they met. Strab. 
— Cic. de Div. I. — Herodot. 3, c. 62, &c. 

Magitjs, a lieutenant of Piso, &c. A man 

in the interest of Pompey, grandfather to the 
historian Velleius Paterculus, &c. Palerc 2, c. 
115. 

Magna Gr^ecia, a part of Italy. Vid. Graecia 
Magna. 

Magna Mater, a name given to Cybele. 

Magnentios, an ambitious Roman who dis- 
tinguished himself by his cruelty and perfidy. 
He conspired against the life of Constans, and 
murdered him in his bed. This cruelty was 



by the Massagetae. It extends about 390 miles 

from south-west to north-east, and is about 600 

miles in circumference. The Amazons are 

called Mazoiides, as living in the neighbourhood. 

Strab. — Mela, 1, c. 1, &c. — Justin- 2, c. 1 — 

Curt. 5, c. 4. — Lucan. 2, &.c. — Ovid. Fast. 3, 

el. 12. ep. Sab. 2, v. 9.— Virg JEn. 6, v. 739. 
M.3ESIA Sylva, a wood in Etruria, near the 

mouth of the Tiber. Liv. 1, c 33. 

Ma: via, an immodest woman. Juv. 1, v. 22. 
M^vius, a poet of inferior note in the Au- 
gustan age, who made himself known by his 

illiberal attacks on the character of the first 

writers of his time, as well as by his affected 

compositions. His name would have sunk in ob- 
livion if Virgil had not ridiculed him in his third 

eclogue, and Horace in his 10th epode. 

Magas, a king of Cyrene in the age of 

Ptolemy Philadelphus. He reigned 50 years, 

and died B. C. 257. Polycen. 2. 

Magella, a town of Sicily about the middle 

of the island. 

MAGETiE, a people of Africa. 
Magi, a religious sect among the eastern na- 
tions of the world, and particularly in Persia. 

They had great influence in the political as well 
as religious affairs of the state, and a monarch 
seldom ascended the throne without their pre- 
vious approbation. Zoroaster was founder of 
their sect. They paid particular honiage to fire, 
which they deemed a deity, as pure in itself, and 
the purifier of all things. In their religious 
tenets they had two principles, one good, the 
source of every thing good; and the other evil, 
from whence sprung all manner of ills. Their 

professional skill in the mathematics and phi- I was destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of 
l^ophy rendered ejery thing familial' to them, J Tiberius. A country on the eastern parts <tf 



murdered his own mother and the rest of his 
relations, and afterwards killed himself by fall- 
ing upon a sword, which he had thrust against 
a wall. He was the first of the followers of 
Christianity who ever murdered his lawful sove- 
reign, A. D. 353. 

Magnes, a young man who found himself 
detained by the iron nails which were under his 
shoes as be walked over a stone mine. This was 
no other than the magnet, which received its 
name from the person who had been first sensi- 
ble of its power- Some say that Magnes was 
a slave of Medea, whom that enchantress chang- 
ed into a magnet. Orph. de lapid. 10. v. 7 

A son of iEolus and Anaretta, who married 
Nais, by whom he had Pierus, &c. Jlpollod. 1, 

c. 7. A poet and musician of Smyrna, in 

the age of Gyges king of Lydia. 

Magnesia, a town of Asia Minor on the 
Maeander, about 15 miles from Ephesus, now 
called Gazelhizar. It is celebrated for the death 
of Themistocles, and for a battle which was 
fought there 187 years before the Christian era, 
between the Romans and Antiochus king of 
Syria. The forces of Antiochus amounted to 
70,000 men, according to Appian, or 70,000 
foot and 12,000 horse, according toLivy, which 
have been exaggerated by Florus to 300,000 
men; the Roman army consisted of about 28, 
or 30,000 men, 2000 of which were employed 
in guarding the camp, The Syrians lost 50,000 
foot and 4000 horse, and the Romans only 300 
killed with 25 horse. It was founded by a colony 
from Magnesia in Thessaly, and was commonly 
called Magnesia ad M&andrum, to distinguish 
it from another called Magnesia ad Sipylum, in 
Lydia, at the foot of mount Sipylus. This last 



MA 



MA 



Thessaly, at the south of Ossa. It was some- 
times called JEmonia and Magnes Campus. 

The capital was also called Magnesia. A 

promontory of Magnesia in Thessaly. Liv. 37. 
■ — Flor. 2. — Appian. 

Mago,, a Carthaginian general sent agaiust 
Dionysius tyrant of Sicily. He obtained a vic- 
tory, and granted peace to the conquered. In 
a battle, which soon after followed this treaty 
of peace, Mago was killed. His son of the same 
name succeeded to the command of the Cartha- 
ginian army, bat he disgraced himself by flying 
at the approach of Timdeon, who had come to 
assist the Syracusans. He was accused in the 
Carthaginian senate, and he prevented by sui- 
cide the execution of the sentence justly pro- 
nounced against him. His body was huug on a 

gibbet, and exposed to public ignominy. A 

brother of Annibal the Great. He was present 
at the battle of Cannae, and was deputed by his 
brother to carry to Carthage the news of the 
celebrated victory which had been obtained over 
the Roman armies. His arrival at Carthage 
was unexpected, and more powerfully to astonish 
his countrymen on account of the victory at 
Cannse, he emptied in the senate house the 
three bushels of golden rings which had been 
taken from the Roman knights slain in battle. 
He was afterwards sent to Spain, where he de- 
feated the two Scipios, and was himself, in an- 
other engagement, totally ruined. He retired 
to the Baleares, which he conquered ; and one 
of tbe cities there still bears his name, and is 
called Portus Magonis, Port Mahon. After this 
he landed in Italy with an army, and took pos- 
session of part of Insubria. He was defeated 
in a battle by Quintilius Varus, and died of a 
mortal wound 203 years before the Christian 
era. Liv. 30, &c — C Nep. in Ann. 8, gives 
a very different account of his death, and says, 
he either perished in a shipwreck, or was mur- 
dered by his servants. Perhaps Annibal had 

two brothers of that name. A Carthaginian 

more known by the excellence of his writings 
than by his military exploits. He wrote 28 vo- 
lumes upon husbandry; these were preserved by 
'Scipio at the taking of Carthage, and presented 
to the Roman senate. They were translated 
into Greek by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and 
into Latin by order of the Roman senate, though 
Cato had already written so copiously upon the 
subject; and the Romans, as it has been ob- 
served, consulted the writings of Mago with 
greater earnestness than the books of the Sibyl- 
line verses. Columella. A Carthaginian sent 

by his countrymen to assist the Romans against 
Pyrrhus and the Tareutines, with a fleet of 120 
sail. This offer was politely refused by the Ro- 
man senate. This Mago was father of Asdrubal 
and Hamilcar. Val. Max. 

Magon, a river of India falling into the Gan- 
ges. Jirrian. 

Magontiacum or Magontea, a large city of 
Germany, now called Mentz. Tatit. 4. Hist. 15 
and 23. 

Magus, an officer of Turnus, killed by^neas. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 522. 

Maherbal, a Carthaginian who was at the 
siege of Saguntum, and who commanded the ca- 



i valry of Annibal at the battle of Cannx. He 
' advised the conqueror immediately to march to 
Rome, but Annibal required time to consider on 
so bold a measure; upon which Maherbal ob- 
served, that Annibal knew how to conquer, but 
not how to make a proper use of victory. 
Maia, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, mo- 
j ther of Mercury by Jupiter. She was one of the 
Pleiades, the most luminous of the seven sisters. 
\Vid. Pleiades.] Apollod. 3,c. 10.— Virg. JEn. 
1, v. 301. A surname of Cybele. 

Majestas, a goddess among the Romans, 
daughter of Honour and Reverence. Ovid. 5 , 
Fast. 5, v. 25. 

Majorianus, Jul. Valerius, an emperor of 
the western Roman empire, raised to the impe- 
rial throne A. D. 457. He signalized himself 
by his private as well as public virtues. He 
was massacred after a reign of 37 years by one 
of his generals, who envied in his master the 
character of an active, virtuous, and humane 
emperor. 

Majorca, the greatest of the islands called 
Baleares, on the coast of Spain, in the Mediter- 
ranean. Strab. 

Mala Fortuxa, the goddess of evil fortune, 
was worshipped among the Romans. Cic. de 
Xat. D. 3. 

Male a, a promontory of Lesbos. Ano- 
ther in Peloponnesus, at the south of Laconia. 
The sea is so rough and boisterous there, that 
the clangers which attended a voyage round it 
gave rise to the proverb of Cum ad Maleam de- 
flexeris ouliviscere quce sunt domi. Strab. 8 and 
9 — Lucan. 6, v. 58. — Plut.in Arat. — Virg. 
JEn. 5, v. 193. — Mela, 2, c. 3.— Liv. 21, c. 44. 
— Ovid. Am. 2, el. 16, v. 24, el. 11, v. 20.— 
Pans. 3, c. 23. 

Maleventum, the ancient name of Beneven- 
tum Liv. 9, c. 27. 

Malho or Matho, a general of an army of 
Carthaginian mercenaries, 258 B. C 

Malia, a city of Phthiotis near mount (Eta 
and Thermopylae. There were in its neigh- 
bourhood some hot mineral waters which the 
poet Catullus has mentioned. From Malia, a 
gulf or small bay in the neighbourhood, at the 
western extremities of the island of Luboea, has 
received the name of the gulf of Malia, Malia- 
cum Fretum or Maliacus Sinus. Some call it the 
gulf of Lamia from its vicinity to Lamia. It is 
often taken for the Sinus Pclasgicus of the an- 
cients. Paus. 1, c. 4. — Htrodot- 

Malii, a people of Mesopotamia. 

Malis, a servant maid of Omphale, beloved 
by Hercules. 

Mallea or Mallia aqua. Vid. Malia. 

Malleolus, a man who murdered his mo- 
ther, &c. Cic. ad Her en. 1, c. 13. 

Mallius, a Roman consul defeated by the 
Gauls, &c. 

Mallophora, (Icenamf evens,) a surname un- 
der which Ceres had a temple at Megara, be- 
cause she had taught the inhabitants the utility 
of wool, and the means of tending sheep to ad- 
vantage. This temple is represented a3 so old 
in the age of Pausanias, (hat it was falling to 
decay. Paus. 1, c. 44. 
3g 



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MA 



Mallos, a town of Cilicia. Lucan. 3, v. 

227. 

Malthinus, a name under which Horace has 
lashed some of his friends or enemies. 1, Sat. 
2, v, 27. 
Mamaus, a river of Peloponnesus. 
Mamercus, a tyrant of Catana, who surren- 
dered to Timoleon. His attempts to speak in a 
public assembly at Syracuse were received with 
groans and hisses, upon which he dashed his 
head against a wall, and endeavoured lo destroy 
himself The blows were not fatal and Mamer- 
cus was soon after put to death as a robber, B. 

C 340. Pohjcen. 5,— C Mp. in Tim. A 

dictator at Rome, B. C. 437. A consul with 

D. Brutus. 

Mamerthes, a Corinthian, who killed his 
brother's son in hopes of reigning; upon which 
he was torn to pieces by his brother. Ovid, in 
lb. 

Mamertina, a town of Campania, famous 

for its wines. A name of Messana in Sicily. 

Martial. 13, ep. 117.— Strab. 7. 

Mamertini, a mercenary band of soldiers 
which passed from Campania into Sicily, at the 
request of Agathocles. When they were in the 
service of Agathocles, they claimed the privilege 
of voting at the election of magistrates at Syra- 
cuse, and had recourse to arms to support their 
unlawful demands. The sedition was appeased 
by the authority of some leading men, and the 
Campanians were ordered to leave Sicily. In 
their way to the coast they were received with 
great kindness by the people of Messana, and 
soon returned perfidy for hospitality. They con- 
spired against the inhabitants, murdered all the 
males in the city, and married their wives and 
daughters, and rendered themselves masters of 
the place. After this violence they assumed the 
name of Mamertini, and called their city Ma- 
mertina, from a provincial word, which in their 
language signified martial, or warlike. The Ma- 
mertines were afterwards defeated by Hiero, 
and totally disabled to repair their ruined af- 
fairs. Plui in Pyrrh. &c 

Mamilia Lex, de limitibus, by the tribune 
Mamilius. It ordained that in the boundaries 
of the lands five or six feet of land should be 
left uncultivated, which no person could convert 
into private property. It also appointed commis- 
sioners to see it carried into execution. 

Mamilii, a plebeian family at Rome, de- 
scended from the Aborigines. They first lived 
at Tusculum, from whence they came to Rome. 
Liv. 3, c. 29. 

Mamilius Octavius, a son-in-law of Tar- 
quin, who behaved with uncommon bravery at 
the battle of Regillae. He is also called Manili- 
us. Vid. Manilius. 

Mammea, the mother of the emperor Seve- 
rus, who died A. D. 235. 

Mamurius Vetorius, a worker in brass in 
Numa's reign. He was ordered by the mo- 
narch to make a number of ancylia or shields, 
like that one which had fallen from heaven, that 
it might be difficult to distinguish the true one 
from the others. He was very successful in his 
undertaking, and he asked for no other reward 
bat that his name might be frequently mention- 



ed in the hymns which were sung by the Salii in 
the feast of the Anyclia. This request was grant- 
ed. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. S92.— Varro L. L. 5, c 
6. 

Mamurra, a Roman knight born at Formise. 
He followed the fortune of J. Caesar in Gaul, 
where he greatly enriched himself. He built a 
magnificent palace on mount Ccelius, and was 
the first who incrusted his walls with marble. 
Catullus has attacked him in his epigrams. For- 
miae is sometimes called Mamurrarum urbs. 
.Plin. 36, c. 6. 

Manastabal, son of Masinissa, who was fa- 
ther to the celebrated Jugurtha. Sallust. Jug. 
bell. 

C. MANciNus,aRoman general, who, though 
at the head of an army of 30,000 men, was de- 
feated by 4000 Numantians B. C. 138. He was 
dragged from the senate, &c. Cic. in Orat. 1, 
c. 40. 

Mandane, a daughter of king Astyages, mar- 
ried by her father to Cambyses, an ignoble per- 
son of Persia. The monarch had dreamed that 
his daughter's urine had drowned all his city, 
which had been interpreted in an unfavourable 
manner by the soothsayers, who assured him that 
his daughter's son would dethrone him. The 
marriage of Mandane with Cambyses would, in 
the monarch's opinion, prevent the effects of the 
dream, and the children of this connexion, 
would, like their father, be poor and unnoticed. 
The expectations of Astyages were frustrated. 
He was dethroned by his grandson. [Vid. Cy- 
rus.] Herodot. 1, e. 107. 

Mandanes, an Indian prince and philoso- 
pher, whom Alexander invited by his ambassa- 
dors, on pain of death, to come to his banquet, 
as being the son of Jupiter. The philosopher ri- 
diculed the threats and promises of Alexander, 
&c. Strab. 15. 

Mandela, a village in the country of the Sa- 
bines, near Horace's country seat. Horat. 1, ep. 
18, v. 105 

Mandonius, a prince in Spain, who for some 
time favoured the cause of the Romans. When 
he heard that Scipio the Roman commander 
was ill, he raised commotions in the provinces, 
fur which he was severely reprimanded and pun- 
ished. Liv. 29. 

Mandrocles, a general of Artaxerxes, &c. 
C Nep in Dat. 

Mandron, a king of the Bebryces, &c. Po- 
ly<zn. 8 

Mandubii, a people of Gaul, (now Burgun- 
dy) in Caesar's army, &c. Caes. Bell. G. 7, c. 
78. 

Mandubratius, a young Briton who came 
over to Caesar in Gaul. His father, Immanuen- 
tius, was king in Britain, and had been put to 
death by order of Cassivelaunus. Cazs. Bell. G. 
5, c s 20. 

Manduria, a city of Calabria, near Taren- 
tum, whose inhabitants were famous for eating 
dog's flesh. Plin 2, c. 103.— Liu. 27, c. 15. 

Manes, a son of Jupiter and Tellus, who 
reigned in Maeonia. He was father of Cotys by 
Callirhoe, the daughter of Oceanus. 

Manes, a name generally applied by the an- 
cients to the souls when separated from the bo. 



MA 



MA 



dy. They were reckoned among the infernal 
deities, and generally supposed to preside over 
the burying places, and the monuments of the 
dead. They were worshipped with great solem- 
nity, particularly by the Romans. The augurs 
always invoked them when they proceeded to 
exercise their sacerdotal offices. Virgil introdu- 
ces bis hero as sacrificing to the infernal dei- 
ties, and to the Manes, a victim whose blood 
was received in a ditch. The word Manes is 
supposed to be derived from Mania, who was by 
some reckoned the mother of those tremendous 
deities. Others derive it from manure, quod per 
omnia xtherea - terrenaque manabant, because 
they filled the air particularly in the night, and 
were intent to molest and disturb the peace of 
mankind. Some say, that manes come from ma- 
nis, an old Latin word which signified good or 
propilioitf. The word manes is differently used 
by ancient authors; sometimes it is taken for 
the infernal regions, and sometimes it is applied 
to the deities of Pluto's kingdom, whence the 
epitaphs of the Romans were always superscrib- 
ed with DM. Dis. Manibus, to remind the sa- 
crilegious and profane, not to molest the monu- 
ments of the dead, which were guarded with 
such sanctity. Propert. 1, el. 19. — Virg. 4, G. 
v. 469, JEn. 3, &.c.—Horat. 1, Sat. 8, v. 28. 
A river of Locris. 

Manetho, a celebrated priest of Heiiopolis 
in Egypt, surnamed the Mendesian, B. C. 261. 
He wrote in Greek an history of Egypt, which 
has been often quoted and commended by the 
ancients, particularly by Josephus. It was chief- 
ly collected from the writings of Mercury, and 
from the journals and annals which were pre- 
served in the Egyptian temples. This history 
has been greatly corrupted by the Greeks. The 
author supported, that all the gods of the Egyp- 
tians had been mere mortals, and had all lived 
upon earth. This history, which is now lost, 
had been epitomized, and some fragments of it 
are still extant. There is extant a Greek poem 
ascribed to Manetho, in which the power of the 
stars, which preside over the birth and fate of 
mankind, is explained. The Apotelesmata of 
this author were edited in 4to. by Gronovius, 
L. Bat. 1698. 

Mania, a goddess supposed to be the mother 
of the Lares and Manes. A female servant of 

queen Berenice the daughter of Ptolemy. 

A mistress of Demetrius Poliorcetes, called 
also Demo and Mania from her folly. Pint- in 
Dtm. 

Mantua lex, by Manilius the tribune, A. 
U. C. 678. It required that all the forces of 
Lucullus and his province, together with Bi- 
tbynia, which was then under the command of 
Glabrio, should be delivered to Pompey, and 
that this general should, without any delay, de- 
clare war against Mithridates, and still retain 
the command of the Roman fleet, and the em- 
pire of the Mediterranean, as before. An- 
other which permitted all those whose fathers 
had not been invested with public offices, to be 

employed in the management of affairs. A 

woman famous for her debaucheries. Juv. 6, 
T. 242. 

Makuitjs, a Roman who married the daugh- 



ter of Tarquin. He lived at Tusculum, and 
received his father-in-law in his house, when 

banished from Rome, &c Liv. 2, c. 15. 

Caius, a celebrated mathematician and poet of 
Antioch, who wrote a poetical treatise on as- 
tronomy, of which five books are extant treating 
of the fixed stars. The style is not elegant. 
The age in which he lived is not known, though 
'some suppose that he flourished in the Augustan 
age. No author, however, in the age of Au- 
gustus, has made mention of Manilius. The 
best editions of Manilius are those of Bentley, 
4to. London, 1739, and Stoeberus, 8vo. Argen- 

tor, 1767. Titus, a learned historian, in the 

age of Sylla and Marius. He is greatly com- 
mended by Cicero, pro Roscio. — — Marcus, an- 
other mentioned by Cicero de Orat. 1, c. 48, as 
supporting the character of a great lawyer, and 
of an eloquent and powerful orator. 

Manimi, a people in Germany. Tacit. G. 
43. 

Manlia lex, by the tribune P Manlius, A. 
U. C. 557. It revived the office of treviri epi+ 
lones, first instituted by Numa. The epulones 
were priests, who prepared banquets for Jupiter 
and the gods at public festivals, &c. 

Manlius Torquatus, a celebrated Roman , 
whose youth was distinguished by a lively and 
cheerful disposition. These promising talents 
were, however, impeded by a difficulty of speak- 
ing; and the father, unwilling to expose his son's 
rusticity at Rome, detained him in the country. 
The behaviour of the father was publicly cen- 
sured, and Marius Pomponius the tribune cited 
him to answer for his unfatherly behaviour to 
his son. Young Manlius was informed of this, 
and with a dagger in his hand he entered the 
house of the tribune, and made him solemnly 
promise that he would drop the accusation. 
This action of Manlius endeared him to the 
people, and soon after he was chosen military 
tribune. In a war against the Gauls, he accept- 
ed the challenge of one of the enemy, whose 
gigantic stature and ponderous arms had ren- 
dered him terrible and almost invincible in the 
eyes of the Romans. The Gaul was conquered, 
and Manlius stripped him of his arms, and 
from the collar (torquis) which he took from the 
enemy's neck, he was ever after surnamed Tor- 
quatus. Manlius was the first Roman who was 
raised to the dictatorship, without having been 
previously consul. The severity of Torquatus 
to his son, has been deservedly censured. This 
father had the courage and heart to put to death 
his son, because he had engaged one of the ene- 
my, and obtained an honourable victory, without 
his previous permission. This uncommon rigour 
displeased many of the Romans; and though 
Torquatus was honoured with a triumph, and 
commended by the senate for his services, yet 
the Roman youth showed their disapprobation of 
the consul's severity, by refusing him at his re- 
turn the homage which every other conqueror 
received. Some time after the censorship was 
offered to him, but he refused it, observing, that 
the people could not bear bis severity, nor he 
the vices of the people. From the rigour of 
Torquatus, all edicts, and actions of severity 
and justice have been called Manliana edida. 



MA 



MA 



Liv. 3f, c. 10. — Val. Max. 6, c. 9 Marcus, 

a celebrated Roman, whose valour was display- 
ed in the field of battle, even at the early age of 
sixteen. When Rome was taken by the Gauls, 
Manlius with a body of his countrymen fled in- 
to the capitol, which he defended when it was 
suddenly surprised in the night by the enemy. 
This action gained him the surname of Capi- 
tolinus, and the geese, which by their clamour 
had awakened him to arm himself in his own 
defence, were ever after held sacred among the 
Romans. A law which Manlius proposed to 
abolish the taxes on the common people, raised 
the senators against him. The dictator, Corn. 
Cossus, seized him as a rebel, but the people 
put on mourning, and delivered from prison their 
common father. This did not, in the least, check 
his ambition; he continued to raise factions, and 
even secretly to attempt to make himself abso- 
lute, till at last the tribunes of the people them- 
selves became his accusers. He was tried in 
the Campus Martius; but when the distant view 
of the capitol which Manlius had saved, seemed 
to influence the people in his favour, the court 
of justice was removed, and Manlius was con- 
demned. He was thrown down from the Tar- 
peian rock, A. U. C. 371, and to render his 
ignominy still greater, none of his family were 
afterwards permitted to bear the surname of 
Marcus, and the place where his house had stood 
was deemed unworthy to be inhabited. Liv. 
5, c. 31, 1. 6, c. 5. — Flor. 1, ic. 13 and 26.— 

Val. Max. 6, c. 3 —Virg. Mi. 6, v. 825. 

Imperiosus, father of Manlius Torquatus. He 
was made dictator. He was accused for de- 
taining his son at home. [Vid. Maniius Torqua- 
tus.] Volso, a Roman consul who received 

an army of Scipio in Asia, and made war against 
the Gallo-grecians, whom he conquered. He 
was honoured with a triumph at his return, 
though it was at first strongly opposed. Flor. 3, 

c. 11.— Liv. 38, c. 12, &c. Caius, or Aulus, 

a senator sent to Athens to collect the best and 
wisest laws of Solon, A. U. C. 300. — Liv. 2, c. 
54, I. 3, c. 31.— — Another, called also Cincin- 
natus. He made war against the Etrurians and 
Veientes with great success. He died of a wound 

he had received in a battle. Another, who 

in his praetorship reduced Sardinia. He was af- 
terwards made dictator. -Another, who was 

defeated by a rebel army of slaves in Sicily. 

• A praetor in Gaul, who fought against the 

Boii, with very little success. Another, call- 
ed Attilius, who defeated a Carthaginian fleet, 

&c. Another, who conspired with Cataline 

against the Roman republic. Another, in 

whose consulship the temple of Janus was shut. 
• Another, who was banished under Tiberi- 
us for his adultery. A Roman appointed 

judge between his son Silanus and the province 
of Macedonia When all the parties had been 
heard, the father said, " It is evident 1 that my 
son has suffered himself to be bribed, therefore 
I deem him unworthy of the republic and of my 
house, and 1 order him to depart from my pre- 
sence." Silanus was so struck at the rigour of 
his father, that he hanged himself. Val. Max. 
5, c. 5. A learned man in the age of Ci- 
cero. 



Mannus, the son of Tbiasto, both famous di- 
vinities among the Germans. Tacit, de Germ. 
c. 2. 

J. Mansuetcs, a friend of Vitellius, who en- 
tered the Roman armies, and left his son, then 
very young, at home. The son was promoted 
by Galba, and soon after met a detachment of 
the partisans of Vitellius in which his father 
was. A battle was fought, and Mansuetus was 
wounded by the hand of his son, &c. Tacit. Hist. 
3, c. 25. 

Mantinea, a town of Arcadia in Peloponne- 
sus. It was taken by Aratus and Antigonus, and 
on account of the latter it was afterwards call- 
ed Jinligonia. The emperor Adrian built there 
a temple in honour of his favourite Alcinous. It 
is famous for the battle which was fought there 
between Epaminondas at the head of the The- 
bans, and the conbined force of Lacedaemon, 
Achaia, Elis, Athens, and Arcadia, about 363 
years before Christ. The Theban general was 
killed in the engagement, and from that time 
Thebes lost its power and consequence among 
the Grecian states. Strab. 8 — C. Nep. in 
Epam.—Diod. 15—Ptol. 3, c. 16. 

Mantineus, the father of Ocalea, who mar- 
ried Abas the son of Lynceus and Hypermnes- 
tra. Spollod. 2, c. 9. 

Mantinorum oppidum, a town of Corsica, 
now supposed to be Bastia. 

Mantius, a son of Melampus. 

Manto, a daughter of the prophet Tiresias, 
endowed with the gift of prophecy. She was 
made prisoner by the Argives when the city of 
Thebes fell into their hands, and as she was the 
worthiest part of the booty, the conquerors sent 
her to Apollo, the god of Delphi, as the most 
valuable present they could maKe. Manto, often 
called Daphne, remained for some time at Del- 
phi, where she ofliciated as priestess, and where 
she gave oracles. From Delphi she came to 
Claros in Ionia, where she established an oracle 
of Apollo. Here she married Rhadius the so- 
vereign of the country, by whom she had a son 
called Mopsus. Manto afterwards visited Italy, 
where she married Tiberinus the king of Alba, 
or, as the poets mention, the god of the river 
Tiber. From this marriage sprang Ocnus, who 
built a town in the neighbourhood, which, in 
honour of his mother, he called Mantua. Manto, 
according to a certain tradition, was so struck 
at the misfortunes which afflicted Thebes, her 
native country, that she gave way to her sorrow, 
and was turned into a fountain. Some suppose 
her to be the same who conducted yEneas into 
hell, and who sold the Sibylline books to Tar- 
quin the Proud. She received divine honours 
after death. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 199, 1. 10, v. 199. 
—Ovid. Met. 6, v. 157.— Diod. 4,—^pollod 3, 
c. 7. — Strab. 14 and 16 — Pa%is. 9, c. 10 and 
33, I. 7, c. 3. 

Mantua, a town of Italy beyond the Po, 
founded about 300 years before Rome, by Bia- 
nor or Ocnus, the son of Manto. It was the an- 
cient capital of Etruria. When Cremona, which 
had followed the interest of Brutus, was given 
to the soldiers of Octavius, Mantua also, which 
was in the neighbourhood, shared the common 
calamity, though it had favoured the party of 



MA 



MA 



Augustus, and many of the inhabitants were ty- 
rannically deprived of their possessions. Virgil, 
who was among them, and a native of the town, 
and from thence often called Mantuanus, appli- 
ed for redress to Augustus, and obtained it by 
means of his poetical talents. Strab. 5. — Virg. 
Eel. 1, &c, G. 3, v. 12. JEn. 10, v. 180.— 
Ovid. Jimor. 3, el. 15. 

Maracanda, a town of Sogdiana. 

Maratha, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 
28. 

Marathon, a village of Attica, 10 miles from 
Athens, celebrated for the victory which the 
10,000 Athenians and 1000 Plataeans,*under the 
command of Miltiades, gained over the Persian 
army, consisting of 100,000 foot and 10,000 
horse, or, according toVal. Maximus, of 300,000, 
or, as Justin says, of 600,000, under the com- 
mand of Datis and Artaphernes, on the 28th of 
Sept 490, B. C. In this battle, according to 
Herodotus, the Athenians lost only 192 men, 
and the Persians 6,300. Justin has raised the 
loss of the Persians in this expedition, and in 
the battle, to 200,000 men. To commemorate 
this immortal victory of their countrymen, the 
Greeks raised small columns, with the names 
inscribed on the tombs of the fallen heroes. It 
was also in the plains of Marathon. that These- 
us overcame a celebrated bull, which plundered 
the neighbouring country. Erigone is called 
Marathonia virgo, as being born at Marathon. 
Stat. 5, Sylv. 3, v. 74.— C. Nep. in Milt.— 
Herodot- 6, &c. — Justin. 2, c. 9. — VaL Max. 
5, c. 3. — Plut. in Parol. — A king of Attica, 
son of Epopeus, who gave his name to a small 

village there. Paus. 2, c. 1. A king of Si- 

eyon. 

Marathos, a town of Phoenicia. Mela, 1, 
c. 12. 

Marcella, a daughter of Octavia the sister 
of Augustus by Marcellus. She married Agnp- 
pa. 

Marcellinus Ammianus, a celebrated his- 
torian, who carried arms under Constantius, Ju- 
lian, and Valens. and wrote an history of Rome 
from the reign of Domitian, where Suetonius 
stops, to the emperor Valens. His style is nei- 
ther elegant nor laboured, but it is greatly valu- 
ed for its veracity, and in many of the actions 
he mentions, the author was nearly concerned. 
This history was composed at Rome, where Am- 
mianus retired from the noise and troubles of 
the camp, and does not betray that severity 
against the Christians which other writers have 
manifested, though the author was warm in fa- 
vour of Paganism, the religion which for a while 
was seated on the throne. It was divided into 
thirty-one books, of which only the eighteen last 
remain, beginning at the death of Magnentius. 
Ammianus has been liberal in his encomiums 
upon Julian, whose favours he enjoyed, and who 
so eminently patronized his religion. The negli- 
gence with which some facts are sometimes 
mentioned, has induced many to believe that the 
history of Ammianus has suffered much from the 
ravages of time, and that it is descended to us 
mutilated and imperfect. The best editions of 
Ammianus, are those of Gronoyius, fol. and 4(o. 



L. Bat. 1693, and of Ernesti, 8vo. Lips, 111$, 
An officer under Julian. 



Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, a famous Ro- 
man general, who after the first Punic war, had 
the management of an expedition against the 
Gauls, where he obtained the Spolia opima, by 
killing with his own hand Viridomarus the king 
of the enemy. Such success rendered him po- 
pular, and soon after he was intrusted to oppose 
Annibal in Italy. He was the first Roman who 
obtained some advantage over this celebrated 
Carthaginian, and showed his countrymen thai 
Annibal was not invincible. The troubles which 
were raised in Sicily by the Carthaginians at 
the death of Hieronymus, alarmed the Romans, 
and Marcellus, in his third consulship, was sent 
with a powerful force against Syracuse. He 
attacked it by sea and land, but his operations 
proved ineffectual, and the invention and indus- 
try of a philosopher [ Vid. Archimedes] were 
able to baffle all the efforts, and to destroy all 
the great and stupendous machines and milita- 
ry engines of the Romans during three succes- 
sive years. The perseverance of Marcellus at 
last obtained the victory. The inattention of the 
inhabitants during their nocturnal celebration of 
the festivals of Diana, favoured his operations; 
he forcibly entered the town, and made himself 
master of it. The conqueror enriched the capi- 
tal of Italy with the spoils of Syracuse, and 
when he was accused of rapaciousness, for strip- 
ping the conquered city of all its paintings and 
ornaments, he confessed, that he had done it to 
adorn tire public buildings of Rome, and to in- 
troduce a taste for the fine arts and elegance of 
the Greeks among his countrymen. After the 
conquest of Syracuse, Marcellus was called up- 
on by his country to oppose a second time An- 
nibal. In this campaign he behaved with grea- 
ter vigour than before; the greatest part of the 
towns of the Samnites, which had revolted, 
were recovered by force of arms, and 3000 of 
the soldiers of Annibal made prisoners. Some 
time after an engagement with the Carthaginian 
general proved unfavourable; Marcellus had the 
disadvantage; but on the morrow a more suc- 
cessful skirmish vindicated his military charac- 
ter, and the honour of the Roman soldiers. Mar- 
cellus, however,, was not sufficiently vigilant 
against the snares of his adversary. He impru- 
dently separated himself from his camp, and 
was killed in an ambuscade in the 60th year of 
his age, in his fifth consulship, A. U. C. 546. 
His body was honoured with a magnificent fu- 
neral by the conqueror, and his ashes were con- 
veyed in a silver urn to his son. Marcellus claims 
our commendation for his private as well as 
public virtues; and the humanity of a general 
will ever be remembered, who, at the surrender 
of Syracuse, wept at the thought that many were 
going to be exposed to the avarice and rapa- 
ciousness of an incensed soldiery, which the po- 
licy of Rome and the laws of war rendered in- 
evitable. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 855. — Paterc 2, c 
38. — Plut. in vitd, &c. One of his descen- 
dants, who bore the same name, signalized him- 
self in the civil wars of Caesar and Pompey, by 
his firm attachment to the latter. He was ban- 
ished by Caesar, but afterwards recalled at the 



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request of the senate. Cicero undertook his de- 
fence in an oration which is still extant.- 

The grandson of Pompey's friend, rendered 
himself popular by his universal benevolence 
and affability. He was son of Marcellus by Oc- 
tavia the sister of Augustus He married Julia, 
that emperor's daughter, and was publicly in- 
tended as his successor. The suddenness of his 
death, at the early age of eighteen, was the cause 
of much lamentation at Rome, particularly in 
the family of Augustus, and Virgil procured 
himself great favours by celebrating the virtues 
of this amiable prince. \_ Vid. Octavia. ~\ Mar- 
cellus was buried at the public expense. Virg. 
JEn. 6, v. 883. — Suet. inJlug.—Plut. in Mar- 
cell. — Senec. Consol. ad Marc. — Paterc- 2, c. 

93. The son of the great Marcellus who 

took Syracuse, was caught in the ambuscade 
which proved fatal to his father, but he forced 
his way from the enemy and escaped. He re- 
ceived the ashes of his father from the conquer- 
or. Plut in Marcell. A man who conspired 

against Vespasian. The husband of Octavia 

the sister of Augustus. A conqueror of Bri- 
tain. An officer under the emperor Julian. 

A man put to death by Galba. A man 

who gave Cicero information of Cataline's con- 
spiracy. A colleague of Cato in the quaestor- 
ship. A native of Pamphylia, who wrote an 

heroic poem on physic, divided into 42 books. 

He lived in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. 

A Roman drowned in a storm, &c. 

Marcia lex, by Marcius Censorinus. It for- 
bade any man to be invested with the office of 
censor more than once. 

Marcia, the wife of Regulus. When she 
heard that her husband had been put to death 
at Carthage in the most excruciating manner, 
retorted the punishment, and shut up some Car- 
thaginian prisoners in a barrel, which she had 
previously filled with sharp nails. The senate 
was obliged to stop her wantonness and cruelty. 
Diod. 24. A favourite of the emperor Corn- 
modus, whom he poisoned.^ A vestal virgin, 

punished for her incontinence. A daughter 

of Philip, who married Cato the censor. Her 
husband save her to his friend Hortensius for 
the sake of procreating children, and after his 

death he took her again to his own house. 

An ancient name of the island of Rhodes. 

A daughter of Cato of Utica. — —A stream of 
water. Vid. Martia aqua. 

Marciana, a sister of the emperor Trajan, 
who, on account of her public and private vir- 
tues and her amiable disposition, was declared 
Augusta and empress by her brother. She died 
A. D. 113. 

Marcianopolis, the capital of Lower Mce- 
sia in Greece. It receives its name in honour of 
the empress Marciana. 

Marcianus, a native of Thrace, born of an 
obsure family. After he had for some time serv- 
ed in the army as a common soldier, he was 
made private secretary to one of the officers of 
Theodosius. His winning address and uncom- 
mon talents raised him to higher stations; and 
on the death of Theodosius the 2d, A. D. 450, 
he was invested with the imperial purple in the 
east. The subjects of the Roman empire had 



reason to be< satisfied with their choice. Marcia- 
nus showed himself active and resolute, and 
when Attila, the barbarous king of the Huns, 
asked of the emperor the annual tribute which 
the indolence and cowardice of his predecessors 
had regularly paid, the successor of Theodosius 
firmly said, that he kept his gold for his friends, 
but that iron was the metal which he had prepared 
for his enemies. In the midst of universal popu- 
larity Marcianus died, after a reign of six years, 
in the 69th year of his age, as he was making 
warlike preparations against the barbarians that 
had invaded Africa. His death was lamented, 
and indeed his merit was great, since his reign 
has been distinguished by the appellation of the 
golden age. Marcianus married Puluheria, the 
sister of his predecessor. It is said, that in the 
years of his obscurity he found a man who had 
been murdered, and that he had the humanity 
to give him a private burial, for which cir- 
cumstance he was accused of the homicide and 
imprisoned. He was condemned to lose his life, 
and the sentence would have been executed, had 
not the real murderer been discovered, and con- 
vinced the world of the innocence of Marcianus. 
Capella, a writer. Vid. Capella. 



M. Marcius Sabinus, was the progenitor of 
the Marcian family at Rome- He came to Rome 
with Numa, and it was he who advised Numa 
to accept of the crown which the Romans offer- 
ed to him. He attempted to make himself king 
of Rome in opposition to Tullus Hostilius, and 
when his efforts proved unsuccessful, he killed 
himself. His son, who married a daughter of 
Numa, was made high priest by his father-in- 
law. He was father of Ancus Martius. Plut in 

Numa A Roman who accused Ptolemy Au- 

letes, king of Egypt, of misdemeanor, in the Ro- 
man senate. A Roman consui, defeated by 

the Samnites. He was more successful against 
the Carthaginians, and obtained a victory, &c 

Another consul, who obtained a victory 

over the Etrurians. Another, who defeated 

the Hernici. 
Asdrubal. — 



— A Roman who fought against 
-A man whom Catiline hired to 



assassinate Cicero. 

Marcius Saltus, a place in Liguria, &c. 

Marcomanni, a people of Germany, who ori- 
ginally dwelt on the banks of the Rhine and the 
Danube. They proved powerful enemies to the 
Roman emperors. Augustus granted them peace, 
but they were afterwards subdued by Antoninus 
and Trajan, &c. Paterc. 2, c 109. — Tacit. 
Jinn. 2, c. 46 and 62, G. 42. 

Marcus, a praenomen common to many of 

the Romans. Vid. iEmilius, Lepidus, &c. 

A son of Cato, killed at Philippi, &c. Ca- 

rynensis, a general of the Achaean league, 255 
B. C. 

Mardi, a people of Persia, on the confines of 
Media. They were very poor, and generally liv- 
ed upon the flesh of wild beasts. Their country, 
in later times, became the residence of the fa- 
mous assassins destroyed by Hulakou the grand- 
son of Zingis Khan. Herodot. 1 and 3. — Plin. 
6, c. 16. 

Mardia, a place of Thrace, famous' for a 
battle between Constantine and Licmitfs, A. D- 
315. 



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Mardonius, a general of Xerxes, who, after 
the defeat of his master at Thermopylae: and Sa- 
lamis, was left in Greece with an army of 
300,000 chosen men, to subdue the country, and 
reduce it under the power of Persia. His ope- 
rations were rendered useless by the courage and 
vigilance of the Greeks; and, in a battle at Pla- 
txa, Mardonius was defeated and left among 
the slain, B. C. 479, He had been commander 
of the armies of Darius in Europe, and it was 
chiefly by his advice that Xerxes invaded Greece. 
He was son-in-law of Darius. Pint- inJlrist. — 
Herodol. 6, 7 and 8. — Diod. 11, — Justin. 2, c. 
13, &c. 

Mardus, a river of Media, falling into the 
Caspian sea. 

Mare Mortuum, called also, from the bitu- 
men it throws up, the lake Jisphaltites, is situate 
in Judaea, and near 100 miles long and 25 broad. 
Its waters are salter than those of the sea, but 
the vapours exhaled from them are not so pesti- 
lential as have been generally represented. It 
is supposed that the 13 cities, of which Sodom 
and Gomorrah, as mentioned in the Scriptures, 
were the capital, were destroyed by a volcano, 
and on the site a lake formed. Volcanic appear- 
ances now mark the face of the country, and 
earthquakes are frequent. Plin. 5, c. 6. — Jo- 
seph. J. Bell. 4, c. 21.Strab. 16, p. 764.— 
Justin. 36, c. 3. 

Mareotis, now Shvah, a lake in Egypt, near 
Alexandria. Its neighbourhood is famous for 
wine, though some make the Mareoticwn vinum 
grow in Epirus, or in a certain part of Libya, 
called also Mareotis, near Egypt. Virg. G. 2, 
v. 91. — Horat. 1, od. 38, v. 14. — Lucan. 3 and 
10.— Strab. 17. 

Marginia and Margiania, a town and 
country near the river Oxus, at the east of Hyr- 
cania, celebrated for its wines. The vines are 
so uncommonly large that two men can scarcely 
grasp the trunk of one of them. Curt. 7, c. 10. 
—Ptol 5. 

Margites, a man against whom, as some 
suppose, Homer wrote a poem, to ridicule his 
superficial knowledge, and to expose his affecta- 
tion. When Demosthenes wished to prove Alex- 
ander an inveterate enemy to Athens, he called 
him another Margites. 

Margus, a river of Moesia falling into the 
Danube, with a town of the same name, now 
Kastolatz. 

Mariaba, a city in Arabia near the Red Sea. 
" Maria lex, by C. Marius, the tribune, A. 
U. C. 634. It ordered the planks called pontes, on 
which the people stood up to give their votes in 
the comitia, to be narrower, that no other might 
stand there to hinder the proceedings of the as- 
sembly by appeal, or other disturbances. 

Another, called also Portia, by L. Marius and 
Porcius, tribunes, A. U. C. 691. It fined a cer- 
tain sum of money such commanders as gave a 
false account to the Roman senate of the num- 
ber of slain in a battle. It obliged them to 
swear to the truth of their return when they en- 
tered the city, according to the best computa- 
tion. 

Mariamna, a Jewish woman, who married 
Hercdes, &c. 



Marianne fosses, a town of Gaul Narbonen- 
sis, which received its name from the dyke (fos~ 
sa,) which Marius opened from thence to the 
sea. Plin. 3, c. 4.—Slrab. 4. 

Mariandynum, a place near Bithynia, where 
the poets feigned that Hercules dragged Cerbe- 
rus out of hell. Dionys. — Ptol. 5, c. 1. — Mela, 
1, c 2 and 19, 1. 2, c 7. 

Marianus, a surname given to Jupiter, from 
a temple built to his honour by Marius. It was 
in this temple that the Roman senate assembled 
to recall Cicero, a circumstance communicated 
to him in a dream. Vol. Max. 1, c. 7. 

Marica, a nymph of the river Liris, neat 
Minturnae. She married king Faunus, by whom 
she had king Latinus, and she was afterwards 
called Fauna and Fatua, and honoured as a god- 
dess. A city of Campania bore her name. Some 
suppose her to be the same as Circe. Virg. JEn. 
7, v. 47. — Liv. 27, c. 37. — A wood on the bor- 
ders of Campania bore also the name of Mari~ 
ca, as being sacred to the nymph. Liv. 27, c. 
37.— Horat. 3, od. 17, v. 7. 

Maricus, a Gaul thrown to lions, in the reign 
of Vitellius, who refused to devour him, &c Ta- 
cit. Jinn. 2, c. 61. 

Marina, a daughter of Arcadius, &c. 
Marintus, a friend of Tiberius, put to death, 
&c. 

Marion, a king of Tyre, in the age of Alex- 
ander the Great. 

Marissa, an opulent town of Judaea. 
Marita lex. Vid. Julia de Maritandis. 

Maris, a river of Scythia. A son of Ar~ 

misodares, who assisted Priam against the 
Greeks, and was killed by Antilochus. Homer, 
11.6, v. 317. 

Marisus, a river of Dacia. 
C. Marius, a celebrated Roman, who, from 
a peasant, became one of the most powerful aud 
cruel tyrants that Rome ever beheld during her 
consular government. He was born at Arpinum, 
of obscure and illiterate parents. His father 
bore the same name as himself, and his mother 
was called Fulcinia. He forsook the meaner 
occupations of the country for the camp, and 
signalized himself under Scipio at the siege of 
Numantia. The Roman general saw the cour- 
, age and intrepidity of young Marius, and fore- 
told the era of his future greatness. By his se- 
ditions and intrigues at Rome, while he exercis- 
ed the inferior offices of the state, he rendered 
himself known; and his marriage with Julia, 
who was of the family of the Caesars, contribut- 
ed in some measure to raise him to consequence. 
He passed into Africa as lieutenant to the con- 
sul Metellus against Jugurtba, and, after he had 
there ingratiated himself with the soldiers, and 
raised enemies to his friend and benefactor, he 
returned to Rome, and canvassed for the con- 
sulship. The extravagant promises he made to 
the people, and his malevolent insinuations about 
the conduct of Metellus, proved successful. He 
was elected, and appointed to finish the war 
against Jugurtba. He showed himself capable 
in every degree to succeed to Metellus. Jugur- 
tba was defeated, and afterwards betrayed into 
the hands of the Romans by the perfidy of Boc- 
chus. No sooner was Jugurtba conquered than 



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aew honours and fresh trophies awaited Marius. 
The provinces of Rome were suddenly invaded 
by an army of 300,000 barbarians, and Marius 
was the only man whose activity and boldness 
could resist so powerful an enemy. He was elect- 
ed consul, and sent against the Teutones. The 
war was prolonged, and Marius was a third and 
fourth time invested with the consulship. At 
last two engagements were fought, and not less 
than 200,006 of the barbarian forces of the Am- 
brones and Teutones were slain in the field of 
battle, and 90,000 made prisoners. The follow-' 
ing year was also marked by a total overthrow 
of the Cimbri, another horde of barbarians, in 
which 140,000 were slaughtered by the Romans, 
and 60,000 taken prisoners. After such hon- 
ourable victories, Marius, with his colleague 
Catulus, entered Rome in triumph, and, for his 
eminent services, he deserved the appellation of 
the third founder of Rome. He was elected 
consul a sixth time; and, as his intrepidity had 
delivered his country from its foreign enemies, 
he sought employment at home, and his restless 
ambition began to raise seditions, and to oppose 
the power of Sylla. This was the cause and the 
foundation of a civil war. Sylla refused to de- 
liver up the command of the forces with which 
he was empowered to prosecute the Mithridatic 
war, and he resolved to oppose the authors of a 
demand which he considered as arbitrary and 
improper. He advanced to Rome, and Marius 
was obliged to save his life by flight. The un- 
favourable winds prevented him from seeking a 
safer retreat in Africa, and he was left on the 
coast of Campania, where the emissaries of his 
enemy soon discovered him in a marsh, where 
he had plunged himself in the mud, and left on- 
ly his mouth above the surface for respiration. 
He was violently dragged to the neighbouring 
town of Minturnae, and the magistrates, all de- 
voted to the interest of Sylla, passed sentence of 
immediate death on their magnanimous prison- 
er. A Gaul was commanded to cut off his head 
in the dungeon, but the stern countenance of 
Marius disarmed the courage of the execution- 
er, and, when he heard the exclamation of Tune 
homo, audes occidere Caium Marium, the dag- 
ger dropped from his hand. Such an uncommon 
adventure awakened the compassion of the in- 
habitants of Minturnae. They released Marius 
from prison, and favoured his escape to Africa, 
where he joined his son Marius, who had been 
arming the princes of the country in his cause. 
Marius landed near the walls of Carthage, and 
he received no small consolation at the sight of 
the venerable ruins of a once powerful city, 
which like himself had been exposed to calami- 
ty, and felt the cruel vicissitude of fortune. This 
place of his retreat was soon known, and the 
governor of Africa, to conciliate the favours of 
Sylla, compelled Marius to fly to a neighbour- 
ing isfand. He soon after learned^ that Cinna 
had embraced his cause at Rome, when the Ro- 
man senate had stripped him of his con'sular 
dignity, and bestowed it upon one of his ene- 
mies. This intelligence animated Marius; he set 
sail to assist his friend, only at the head of a 
thousand men. His army, however, gradually 
increased, and he entered Rome like a con- 



queror. His enemies were inhumanly sacrificed 
to his fury, Rome was filled with blood, and he 
who had once been called the father of his coun- 
try, marched through the streets of the city, at- 
tended by a number of assassins, who immedi- 
ately slaughtered all those whose salutations 
were not answered by their leader. Such were 
the signals for bloodshed. When Marius and 
Cinna had sufficiently gratified their resentment, 
they made themselves consuls; but Marius, al- 
ready worn out with old age and infirmities, 
died sixteen days after he had been honoured 
with the consular dignity for the seventh time, 
B. C. 86. His end was probably hastened by 
the uncommon quantities of wine which he 
drank when labouring under a dangerous dis- 
ease, to remove, by intoxication, the stings of a 
guilty conscience. Such was the end of Marius, 
who rendered himself conspicuous by his victo- 
ries, and by his cruelty. As he was brought up 
in the midst of poverty and among peasants, it 
will not appear wonderful that he always be- 
trayed rusticity in his behaviour, and despised 
in others those polished, manners and that studi- 
ed address which education had denied him. He 
hated the conversation of the learned only be- 
cause he was illiterate, and if he appeared an 
example of sobriety and temperance, he owed 
these advantages to the years of obscurity which 
he had passed at Arpinum. His countenance was 
stern, his voice firm and imperious, and his dis- 
position untractable. He always betrayed the 
greatest timidity in the public assemblies, as he 
had not been early taught to make eloquence 
and oratory his pursuit. He was in the 70th 
year of his age when he died, and Rome seem- 
ed to rejoice at the fall of a man whose ambi- 
tion had proved fatal to so many of her citizens. 
His only qualifications were those of a great ge- 
neral, and with these he rendered himself the 
most illustrious and powerful of the Romans, 
because he was the only one whose ferocity 
seemed capable to oppose the barbarians of the 
north. The manner of his death, according to 
some opinions, remains doubtful, though some 
have charged him. with the crime of suicide. 
Among the instances which are mentioned of his 
firmness this may be recorded: a swelling in the 
leg obliged him to apply to a physician, who 
urged the necessity of cutting it off. Marius 
gave it, and saw the operation performed with- 
out a distortion of the face, and without a groan. 
The physician asked the other, and Marius gave 
it with equal composure. Pint, in vitd. — Pa- 
terc 2, c. 9.— Flor. 3, c. 3.— Juv. 8, v. 245, 

&c. — Lucan. 2, v. 69. Caius, the son of the 

great Marius, was as cruel as his father, and 
shared his good and his adverse fortune. He 
made himself consul in the 25th year of his age, 
and murdered all the senators who opposed his 
ambitious views. He was defeated by Sylla, and 
fled to Praeneste, where he killed himself. Plut. 
in Mario. Priscus, a governor of Africa, ac- 
cused of extortion in his province by Pliny the 
younger, and banished from Italy. Plin. 2, ep. 
11. — hiv. 1, v. 48. A lover, &c. Vid. Hel- 
las. One of the Greek fathers of the 5th cen- 
tury, whose works were edited by Garner, 2 
vols. fol. Paris, 1673; and Baluzius, ib. 1684 



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-— M. Aurelius, a native of Gaul, who, from 
the mean employment of a blacksmith, became 
one of the generals of Gallienus, and at last 
caused himself to be saluted emperor. Three 
days after this elevation, a man who had shared 
his poverty without partaking of his more pros- 
perous fortune, publicly assassinated him, and 
he was killed by a sword which he himself had 
made in the time of his obscurity. Marius has 
been often' celebrated for his great strength, and 
it is confidently reported that he could stop with 
one of his fingers only the wheel of a chariot in 

its most rapid course. Maximus, a Latin 

writer, who published an account of the Roman 
emperors from Trajan to Alexander, now lost. 
His compositions were entertaining, and execu- 
ted with great exactness and fidelity. Some 
have accused him of inattention, and complain 
that his writings abounded with many fabulous 

and insignificant stories. Celsus, a friend of 

Guba, saved from death by Otho, &c. Tacit. 

Hist 1, c. 45 Sextus, a rich Spaniard, 

thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, on ac- 
count of his riches, &c. Tacit. Ami. 6, c. 19. 

Marmacus, the fattier of Pythagoras. Diog. 

Marmarenses, a people ofLycia. 

Marmarica. Vid. Marmarida?. 

Marmaridje, the inhabitants of that part of 
Libya called Marmarica, between Cyreue and 
Egypt. They were swift in running, and pre- 
tended to possess some drugs or secret power to 
destroy the poisonous effects of the bite of ser- 
pents. Sil. It. 3, v. 300, 1. 11, v. 182— Lucan. 
4, v. 680, 1. 9, v. 894. 

Marmarion, a town of Eubcea, whence Apol- 
lo is called Marmarinus. Strab. 10. 

Maro. Vid. Virgihus. 

Marobodui, a nation of Germany. Tacit. 
de Germ. 42, 

Maron, a son of Evanthes, high priest of Apol- 
lo, in Africa, when Ulysses touched upon the 

coast Homer. Od. 9, v, 179. An Egyptian 

who accompanied Osiris in his conquests, and 
built a city in Thrace, called from him Maro- 
nea. Mela, 2, c. 2.—Diod. 1. 

Maronea, a city of the Cicones, in Thrace, 
near the Hebrus, of which Bacchus is the chief 
deity. The wine has always been reckoned ex- 
cellent, and with it, it was supposed, Ulysses in- 
toxicated the Cyclops Polyphemus. Plin. 14, c. 
4—Herodot.—Mda, 2, c. 2.—Tibull. 4, ej, 1, 
v. 57. 

Marpesia, a celebrated queen of the Ama- 
zons, who waged a successful war against the 
inhabitants of mount Caucasus. The mountain 
was called .Marpesius Mons, from its female con- 
queror. Justin. 2, c. 4. — Virg. JEn. 8. 

Marpessa, a daughter of the Evenus, who 
married Idas, by whom she had Cleopatra, the 
wife of Meleager. Marpessa was tenderly loved 
by her husband, and when Apollo endeavoured 
to carry her away, Idas followed the ravisher 
with a bow and arrows, resolved on revenge. 
Apollo and Idas were separated hy Jupiter, who 
permitted Marpessa to go with that of the two 
lovers whom she most approved of. She return- 
ed to her husbaud. Homer. II. 9, v. 549. — 
Ovid. Met. 8, v. 305.— JpoUod. 1, c. 7.— 
Pans. 4, c. 2, 1. 5, c. 18. 



Marpesus, a town of Mysia. A moun«» 

tain of Paros, abounding in white marble, 
whence Marpesia cautes. The quarries are 
still seen by modern travellers. Virg. JEn. 6, 
v. 471. — Plin. 4, c. 12, 1. 36, c. 5. 

Marres, a king of Egypt, who had a crow 
which conveyed his letters wherever he pleased. 
He raised a celebrated monument to this faith- 
ful bird near the city of Crocodiles. JElian. An. 
6, c. 7. 

Marrucini, a people of Picenum. Sil. It. 
15, v. 564. 

Marruvium or Marrubium, now San Bene 
detto, a place near the Liris, in Italy. Virg. JEn> 
7 ? v. 750.— Sil It. 8, v. 497. 

Mars, the god of war among the ancients, 
was the son of Jupiter and Juno, aceoruing to 
Hesiod, Homer, and all the Greek poets, or of 
Juno alone, according to Ovid. This goddess, 
as the poet mentions, wished to become a mother 
without the assistance of the other sex, like Ju- 
piter, who had produced Minerva all armed from 
his head, and she was shown a flower by Flora 
in the plains near Olenus, whose very touch made 
women pregnant. [Vid. Juno ] The education 
of Mars was intrusted by Juno to the god Pria- 
pus, who instructed him in dancing and every 
manly exercise. His trial before the celebrated 
court of the Areopagus, according to the au- 
thority of some authors, for the murder of Hallir- 
hotius, forms an interesting epoch in history. 
[Vid. Areopagitae.] The amours of Mars and 
Venus are greatly celebrated. The god of war 
gained the affections of Venus, and obtained the 
gratification of his desires; but Apollo, who was 
conscious of their familiarities, informed Vulcan 
of his wife's debaucheries, and awakened his 
suspicions. Vulcan secretly laid a net around 
the bed, and the two lovers were exposed, in 
each others arms, to the ridicule and satire of 
all the gods, till Neptune prevailed upon the 
husband to set them at liberty. This unfortu- 
nate discovery so provoked Mars that he changed 
into a cock his favourite Alectryon, whom he 
had stationed at the door to watch against the 
approach of the sun, [Vid. A'ectryon,] and Ve- 
nus also showed her resentment ijy persecuting 
with the most invetera-.e fury the children of 
Apollo. In the wars of Jupiter and the Titans, 
Mars was seized by Otus and Ephialtes, and 
confined for fifteen months, till Mercury pro- 
cured him his liberty. During the Trojan war 
Mars interested himself on the side of the Tro- 
janSj but whilst he defended these favourites of 
Venus with uncommon activity, he was wounded 
by Diomedes, and hastily retreated to heaven to 
conceal his confusion and his resentment, and 
to complain to Jupiter that Minerva had direct- 
ed the unerring weapon of his antagonist. The 
worship of Mars was not very universal among 
the ancients; his temples were not numerous i>; 
Greece, but in Rome he received the most un- 
bounded honours, and the warlike Romans were 
proud of paying homage to a deity whom they 
esteemed as the patron of their city, and the 
father of the first of their monarchs. His most 
celebrated temple at Rome was built by Augus- 
tus after the battle of Philippi. It was dedicated 
to Mars ultoi\ or the avenger. His priests among 

3 H 



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the Romans were called Salii; they were first 
instituted by Numa, and their chief office was 
to guard the sacred Ancylia, one of which, as 
was supposed, had fhllen down from heaven. 
Mars was generally represented in the naked 
figure of an old man, armed with a helmet, a 
pike, and a shield. Sometimes he appeared in 
a military dress, and with a long flowing beard, 
and sometimes without. He generally rode in 
a chariot drawn by furious horses, which the 
poets call Flight and Terror. His altars were 
stained with the blood of the horse, on account i 
of his warlike spirit, and of the wolf, on account j 
of his ferocity. Magpies and vultures were also j 
offered to him, on account of their greediness 
and voracity. The Scythians generally offered 
him asses, and the people of Caria dogs. The 
weed called dog grass was sacred to him, be- 
cause it grows, as it is commonly reported, in 
places which are fit for fields of battle, or where 
the ground has been stained w f ith the effusion of 
human blood. The surnames of Mars are not 
numerous. He was called Gradivus, Mayors, 
Quirinus, Salisubsulus, among the Romans. The 
Greeks called him Ares, and he was the Enyalus 
of the Sabines, the Camulus of the Gauls, and 
the Mamers of Carthage. Mars was father of 
Cupid, Anteros, and Harmonia, by the goddess 
Venus. He had Ascalaphus and lalmenus by 
Astyocbe; Alcippe by Agraulos; Molus, Pylus, 
Eyenus, and Thestius, by Demonice, the daugh- 
ter of Agenor. Besides these, he was the re- 
puted father of Romulus, GEnomaus, By this, 
Thrax, Diomedes of Thrace, &c. He presided 
over gladiators, and was the god of hunting, and 
of whatever exercises or amusements have some- 
thing manly and warlike. Among the Romans 
it was usual for the consul, before he went on 
an expedition, to visit the temple of Mars, where 
he offered his prayers, and in a solemn manner 
shook the spear which was in the hand of the 
statue of the god, at the same time exclaiming, 
" Mars viliga! god of war, watch over the safe- 
ty of this city." Ovid, Fast 5, v. 231. Trist. 
2, v. 92h.—Hygin. fab. 148. — Virg. G. 4, v. 
346. JErt. 8, v 701. — Lvcian. in Eltctr. — 
Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 10 — Homer. Od. 1. II 
5. — Flacc 6. — Apollod. l,&c. — Hesiod. Theog. 
— Pindar, od. 4, Pyth. — Quint Smyr. 14. — 
Pans. 1, c 21 and 28 — Juv. 9, v. 102. 

Marsala, a town of Sicily. 

Mars-eus, a Roman, ridiculed by Horace, 
1 Sat. 2, v. 55, for his prodigality to courtezans. 

Marse, a daughter of Thespius. rfpdlod. 

Marsi, a nation of Germany who afterwards 
came to settle near the lake Fucinus, in italy, 
in a country chequered with forests, abounding 
with wild boars, and other ferocious animals. 
They at first proved very inimical to the Romans, 
but, in process of time, they became their firm- 
est supporters. They are particularly celebra- 
ted for the civil war in which they were engaged, 
and which from them has received the name of 
the Marsian war. The large contributions they 
made to support the interest of Rome, and the 
number of men which tbey continually supplied 
to the republic, rendered them bold and aspi- 
ring, and they claimed, with the rest of the 
Italian states, a share of the honour and privi- 



leges which were enjoyed by the citizens of 
Rome, B C. 91. This petition, though support- 
ed by the interest, the eloquence, and the in- 
tegrity of the tribune Drusus, was received with 
contempt by the Roman senate; and the Marsi, 
with their allies, showed their dissatisfaction ny 
taking up arms. Their resentment was increas- 
ed when Drusus, their friend at Rome, had been 
basely murdered by the means of the nobles; 
and they erected themselves into a republic, and 
Corfinium was made the capital of their new 
empire. A regular war was now begun, and 
the Romans led into the field an army of 100,000 
men, and were opposed by a superior force. 
Some battles were fought, in which the Roman 
generals were defeated, and the allies reaped 
no inconsiderable advantages from their victo- 
ries. A battle, however, near Asculum proved 
fatal to their cause; 4000 of them were left 
dead on the spot; their general, Francus, a man 
of uncommon experience and abilities, was slain, 
and such as escaped from the field perished by 
hunger in the Apennines, where they had sought 
a shelter. After many -defeats and the loss of 
Asculum, one of their principal cities, the allies, 
grown dejected and tired of hostilities which 
had already continued for three years, sued for 
peace one by one, and tranquillity was at last 
re-established in the republic, and all th« states 
of Italy were made citizens of Rome. The ar- 
mies of the allies consisted of the Marsi, the 
Peligni, the Vestini, the Herpini, Pompeiani, 
Marcini, Picentes, Venusini, Ferentanae, Apuli, 
Lucani, and Samnites. The Marsi were greatly 
addicted to magic. Horat. ep. 5, v. 76, ep. 27, 
v. 29. — Jippian. — Vol. -Max. 8. — Paterc. 2. — 
Plut. in Sert. Mario, &c, — Cic. pro Balb. — 
Strab.— Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 50 and 56. G. 2. 

Marsigni, a people of Germany. Tacit. G. 
43. 

Marsus Domitius, a Latin poet. 

Marsyaba, a town of Arabia. 

Marsyas, a celebrated piper of Celaenae, in 
Phrygia, son of Olympus, or of Hyagnis, or 
(Eagrus. He was so skilful in playing on the 
flute, that he is generally deemed the inventor 
of it. According to the opinion of some he found 
it when Minerva had thrown it aside on account 
of the distortion of her face when she played 
upon it. Marsyas was enamoured of Cybele, 
and he travelled with her as far as Nysa, where 
he had the imprudence to challenge Apollo to a 
trial of his skill as a musician. The god accept- 
ed the challenge, and it was mutually agreed 
that he who was defeated should be flayed alive 
by the conqueror. The Muses, or according to 
Diodorus, the inhabitants of Nysa, were appoint- 
ed umpires. Each exerted his utmost skill, and 
the victorj r , with much difficulty, was adjudged 
to Apollo. The god, upon this, tied his antago- 
nist to a tree and flayed him alive- The death 
of Marsyas was universally lamented ; the Fauns, 
Satyrs, and Dryads, wept at his fate, and from 
their abundant tears, arose a river of Phrygia, 
well known by the name of Marsyas. The un- 
fortunate Marsyas is often represented on monu- 
ments as tied, his hands behind his back to a tree, 
while Apollo stands before him with his lyre in 
his hands. In independent cities among the an- 



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cients the statue of Marsyas was generally erect- 
ed in the forum, to represent the intimacy which 
subsisted between Bacchus and Marsyas, as the 
emblems of liberty. It was also erected at the 
entrance of the Roman forum, as a spot where 
usurers and merchants resorted to transact busi- 
ness, being principally intended in terror em Mi" 
gatorum; a circumstance to which Horace seems 
to allude, 1 Sat. 6, v. 120. At Celaenae, the 
skin of Marsyas was shown to travellers for some 
time; it was suspended in the public place in 
the form of a bladder or a foot-ball. Hygin. 
fab. 165.— Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 707. Met. 6, fab. 
I.—Diod. 3.—Ital. 8, v. 503.— Plin. 5, c. 29, 
1. 7, c 56.— Paus. 10, c 30 .—Apollod. 1, c. 4. 

The sources of the Marsyas were near those 

of the Maunder, and those two rivers had their 
confluence a little below the town of Celaenae. 
Liv. 3S, c. 13 — Ovid. Met. 2, v. 265.— Lucan. 
3, v. 208, A writer, who published a histo- 
ry of Macedonia, from the first origin and foun- 
dation of that empire till the reign of Alexan- 
der, in which he lived. An Egyptian who 

commanded the armies of Cleopatra against her 
brother Ptolemy Physcon, whom she attempted 

to dethrone. A man put to death by Diony- 

sius, the tyrant of Sicily. 

Martha, a celebrated prophetess of Syria, 
whose artifice and fraud proved of the greatest 
service to C. Marius in the numerous expedi- 
tions he undertook. Plut in Mario. 

Martia, a vestal virgin, put to death for her 

incontinence. A daughter of Cato. Fid. 

Marcia. 

Martia aqua, water at Rome, celebrated for 
its clearness and salubrity. It was conveyed to 
Rome, at the distance of above 30 miles, from 
the lake Fucinus, by Ancus Martius, whence it 
received its name. Tibull. 3, cl. 7, v. 26. — 
Plin. 31, c. 3, 1 36, c. 15. 

Martial es ludi, games celebrated at Rome 
in honour of Mars. 

Martialis, Marcus Valerius, a native of Bil- 
bilis in Spain, who came to Rome about the 20th 
year of his age, where he recommended him- 
self to notice by his poetical genius. As he was 
'the panegyrist of the emperors, he gained the 
greatest honours, and was rewarded in the most 
liberal manner. Domitian gave him the tri- 
buneship; but the poet, unmindful of the fa- 
vours he received, after the death of his bene- 
factor, exposed to ridicule the vices and cruelties 
of a monster whom, in his life time, he had 
extolled as the pattern of virtue, goodness, and 
excellence. Trajan treated the poet with cold- 
ness: and Martial, after he had passed thirty- 
five years in the capital of the world, in the 
greatest splendour and affluence, retired to his 
native country, where he bad the mortification 
to be the ohject of malevolence, satire, and ridi- 
cule. He received some favours from his friends, 
and his poverty was alleviated by the liberality 
of Pliny the younger, whom he had panegyrized 
in bis poems. Martial died about the' 104th 
year of the Christian era, in the 75 th year of 
his age. He is now well known by the fourteen 
books of epigrams which he wrote, and whose 
merit is now best described by the candid con- 
fession of the author in this line, 



Sunt bona, sunt quazdam mediocria, sunt mala 

plura. 
But the genius which he displays in some of his 
epigrams deserves commendation, though many- 
critics are liberal in their censure upon his style, 
his thoughts, and particularly upon his puns, 
which are often low and despicable. In many 
of his epigrams the poet has shown himself a 
declared enemy to decency, and the book is to 
be read with caution which can corrupt the pu- 
rity of morals, and initiate the votaries of vir- 
tue in the mysteries of vice. It has been ob- 
served of Martial, that his talent was epigrams. 
Every thing he did was the subject of an epi- 
gram. He wrote inscriptions upon monuments 
in the epigrammatic style, and even a new-year's 
gift was accompanied with a distich, and his 
poetical pen was employed in begging a favour 
as weil as satirizing a fault. The best editions 
of Martial are those of Rader, fol. Mogunt, 
1627, of Schriverius, 12mo. L. Bat. 1619, and 

of Smids, Svo Amst. 170-Jf A friend of 

Otho. A man who conspired against Cara- 

caila. 

Martianus. Vid. Marcianus. 

Martina, a woman skilled in the knowledge 
of poisonous herbs, &c. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 79, 
&c. 

Martiniajjus, an officer, made Caesar, by Li- 
cinius. to oppose Constantine. He was put to 
death by order of Constantine. 

Martius, a surname of Jupiter in Attica, ex- 
pressive of his power and valour. Paus. 5, c. 

14.- -A Roman consul sent against Perseus, 

&c A consul against the Dalmatians, &C; 

Another, who defeated the Carthaginians 

in Spain. Another who defeated the Priver- 

nates, &c. 

Marullus, a tribune of the people, who tore 
the garlands which had been placed upon Cae- 
sar's statues, and who ordered those that had 
saluted him king to be imprisoned. He was de« 
prived of his consulship by J. Caesar. Plut. 

A governor of Judaea. A Latin poet in 

the reign of M Aurelius. He satirized the em<- 
peror with great licentiousness, but his invec- 
tives were disregarded, and himself despised. 

Marus, {the Morava) a river of Germany, 
which separates modern Hungary and Moravia. 
Tacit. Ann. 2, c- 63. 

Massa BjiB, an informer at the court of Do- 
mitian. Juv. 1, v. 35. 

Mas.esylii, apeople of Libya, where Syphax 
reigned Vid. Massyla. 

Masinissa, son of Gala, was king of a small 
part of Africa, and assisted the Carthaginians 
in their wars against Rome. He proved a most 
indefatigable and courageous ally, but an act of 
generosity rendered him amicable to the inter- 
ests of Rome. After the defeat of Asdrubal ; 
Scipio, the first Africanus who had obtained the 
victory, found, among the prisoners of war, one 
of the nephews of Masinissa. He sent him back 
to his uncle loaded with presents, and conduct- 
ed him with a detachment for the safely and pro- 
lection of his person. Masinissa was struck 
with the generous action of the Roman general, 
he forgot all former hostilities, and joined his 
troops to those of Scipio. This change of sentj- 



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MA 



tnents was not the effect of a wavering or unset- 
tled mind, but Masinissa showed himself the 
most attached and the firmest ally the Romans 
ever had. It was to his exertions they owed many 
of their victories in Africa, and particularly in 
that battle which proved fatal to Asdrubal and 
Syphax. The Numidian conqueror, charmed 
with the beauty of Sophonisba, the captive wife 
of Syphax, carried her to his camp, and marri- 
ed her; but when he perceived that this new 
connexion displeased Scipio, he sent poison to 
his wife, and recommended her to destroy her- 
self, since be could not preserve her life in a 
manner which became her rank, her dignity, 
and fortune, without offending his Roman allies. 
In the battle of Zama, Masinissa greatly contri- 
buted to the defeat of the great Annibal, and 
the Romans, who had so often been spectators 
of his courage and valour, rewarded his fidelity 
with the kingdom of Syphax, and some of the 
Carthaginian territories. At his death Masinis- 
sa showed the confidence he bad in the Romans, 
and the esteem he entertained for the rising ta- 
lents of Scipio iEmilianus, by intrusting him with 
the care of his kingdom, and empowering him to 
divide it among his sons Masinissa died in the 
97th year of his age, after a reign of above six- 
ty years, 149 years before the Christian era. 
He experienced adversity as well as prosperity, 
and, in the first years of his reign, he was expos- 
ed to the greatest danger, and obliged often to 
save his life by seeking a retreat among his sa- 
vage neighbours. But his alliance with the Ro- 
mans was the beginning of bis greatness, and be 
ever after lived in the greatest affluence. He 
is remarkable for the health he long enjoyed. 
In the last years of his life he was seen at the 
head of his armies, behaving with the most in- 
defatigable activity, and he often remained for 
many successive days on horseback, without a 
saddle under him, or a covering upon bis head, 
and without showing the least marks of fatigue. 
This strength of mind and body he chiefly owed 
to the temperance which he observed. He was 
seen eating brown bread at the door of his tent, 
like a private soldier, the day after he had ob- 
tained an immortal victory over the armies of 
Catthage. He left fifty-four sons, three of whom 
were legitimate, Micipsa, Gulussa, and Manas- 
tabal. The kingdom was fairly divided among 
them by Scipio, and the illegitimate children 
received, as their portions, very valuable pre- 
sents. The death of Guiussa and Manastabal 
soon after left Micipsa sole master of the large 
possessions of Masinissa. Strab. 17. — Pclyb. — 
Jlppian. Lybic. — Cic. de Senec. — Val. Max. S. 
■ — Sallust. in Jug- — Liv. 25, &c. — Ovid. Fast. 
6, v, 769. — Justin. 33, c. 1, 1. 38, c. 6. 

Maso, a name common to several persons 
mentioned by Cicero. 

Massaga, a town of India, taken by Alexan- 
der the Great. 

Massagetje, a people of Scythia, who had 
their wives in common, and dwelt in tents. They 
bad no temples, but worshipped the sun, to whom 
ihey offered horses, on account of their swift- 
ness. When their parents had come to a cer- 
tain age, they generally put them to death, and 
eat their flesh mixed with that of cattle. Au- 



thors are divided with respect to the place of 
their residence. Some place them near the Cas- 
pian sea, others at the north of the Danube, and 
some confound them with the Getie and the Scy- 
thians. Horat. 1, od. 35, v. 40.— Dionys. Per. 
138.— Herodot. 1, c. 204.— Strab. 1. — Mela, 1, 
c. 2. — Lucan. 2, v. 50. — Justin. 1, c. 8. 

Mass ana. Vid. Messana. 

Massani, a nation at the mouth of the Indus. 

Massicus, a mountain of Campania, near 
Minturnse, famous for its wine, which even now 
preserves its ancient character. Plin. 14, c. 6. 
—Horat. 1, od. 1, v. 19 — Virg. G. 2, v. 143. 

An Etrurian prince, who assisted ^neas 

against Turnus with 1000 men. Virg. JEn 10, 
v. 166, &c. 

Massilia, a maritime town of Gaul Narbo- 
nensis, now called Marseilles, founded B. C. 
539, by the people of Phocaea, in Asia, who 
quitted their country to avoid the tyranny of the 
Persians. It is celebrated for its laws, its fideli- 
ty for the Romans, and for its being long the 
seat of literature. It acquired great consequence 
by its commercial pursuits during its infancy, 
and even waged war against Carthage. By be- 
coming the ally of Rome, its power was esta- 
blished; but in warmly espousing the cause of 
Pompey against Caesar, its views were frustrat- 
ed, and it was so much reduced by the insolence 
and resentment of the conqueror, that it never 
after recovered its independence and warlike 
spirit. Herodot 1, c. 164. — Plin. 3, c. 4.— 
Justin. 37, &c. — Strab. I —Liv. 5, c. 3 — Ho- 
rat. ep. 16.— Flor. 4, c 2 —Cic. Flac- 26. Off. 
2, 8.— Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 44. Agr. 4. 

Massyla, an inland part of Mauritania, near 
mount Atlas. When the inhabitants, called 
Massyli, went on horseback, they never used 
saddles or bridles, but only sticks. Their cha- 
racter was warlike, their manners simple, and 
their love of liberty unconquerable. Some sup- 
pose them to be the same as the Masaesylii, 
though others say half the country belonged on- 
ly to this last mentioned people. Liv. 24, c.48, 
1. 28, c. 17, 1. 29, c. S2.—SU. 3, v. 282, 1. 16, 
v. 111.— Lucan. 4, v. 682.— Virg. Mn. 4, v. 
132. 

Mastramela, a lake near Marseilles, mer de 
Martegues. Plin. 3, c. 4. 

Masurius, a Roman knight under Tiberius, 
learned, but poor. Pers. 5, v. 90. 

Masus Domitius, a Latin poet. Vid. Domi- 
tius. 

Matho, an infamous informer, patronized by 
Domitian. Juv. 1, v. 32. 

Matieni, a people in the neighbourhood of 
Armenia. 

Matinus, a mountain of Apulia, abounding 
in yew-trees and bees. Lucan. 9, v. 1S4. — Ho- 
rat. 4, od. 2, v. 27, ep. 16, v. 2S. 

Matisco, a town of the iEdui, in Gaul, now 
called Macon. 

Matralia, a festival at Rome in honour of 
Matuta or Ino. Only matrons and free-born wo- 
men were admitted. They made offerings of 
flowers, and carried their relations 1 children in 
their arms, recommending them to the cai< and 
patronage of the goddess whom they worshipped. 



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MA 



Varro de L. L. 5, c. 22. — Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 47. 
—Plut in Cam. 

Matrona, a river of Gaul, now called the 
Marne, falling into the Seine. Jiuson- Mos. 462. 

One of the surnames of Juno, because she 

presijed over marriage and over child-birth. 

Matronalia, festivals at Rome in honour of 
Mars, celebrated by married women, in comme- 
moration of the rape of the Sabines, and of the 
peace which their entreaties had obtained be- 
tween their fathers and husbands. Flowers were 
then offered in the temples of Juno. Ovid. Fast 
3, c. 229. — Plut. in Rom. 

Mattiaci, a nation of Germany, now Mar- 
purg in Hesse. The Multiacce aquie, was a small 
town, now Vrisbuden opposite Mentz. Tacit, de 
Germ. 29. Jin. 1, c. 56 

MItuta, a deity among the Romans, the same 
as the Leucothoe of the Greeks. She was origi- 
nally Ino, who was changed into a sea deity, 
[Fid. Ino and Leucothoe,] and she was worship- 
ped by sailors as such, at Corinth in a temple 
sacred to Neptu.ic. Only married women and 
freeborn matrons were permitted to enter her 
temples at Rome, where they generally brought 
the children of their relations in their arms. Liv. 
5, kc.—Cic. de JYat D. 3, T. 19. 

Mavors, a name of Mars. Fid. Mars. 

Mavortia, an epithet applied to every coun- 
try whose inhabitants were warlike, but especi- 
ally to Rome, founded by the reputed son of 
Mavors. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 280, and to Thrace. 
Id. 3, v. 13. 

Mauri, the inhabitants of Mauritania. This 
name is derived from their black complexion 
(fxAu^at.) Every thing among them grew in 
greater abundance and greater perfection than 
in other countries Strab 17. — Martial. 5, 
ep. 29, 1: 12, ep. 67.— Sil. Ital. 4, v 569, 1. 
10, v. 402.— Mela, 1, c 5, 1. 3, c. 10 —Jus- 
tin. 19, c. 2. — Sallust. Jug. — Virg. JEn. 4, v. 
206. 

Mauritania, a country on the western part 
of Africa, which forms the modern kingdom of 
Fez and Morocco. It was bounded on the west 
by the Atlantic, south by Gaetulia, and north by 
the Mediterranean, and is sometimes called 
Maurusia. It became a Roman province in the 
reign of the emperor Claudius. Vid. Mauri. 

Maurus, a man who nourished in the reign 
of Trajan, or according to others, of the Anto- 
nini. He was governor of Syene, in Upper 
Egypt. He wrote a Latin poem upon the rules 
of poetry and versification. * 

Maurusii, the people of Maurusia, a country 
near the columns of Hercules. It is also called 
Mauritania. Vid. Mauritania. Virg. JF.n. 4, v. 
206. 

Mausolus, a king of Caria. His wife Arte- 
misia uas so disconsolate at his death, which 
happened B.C. 353, that she drank up his ashes, 
and resolved to erect one of the grandest and 
noblest monuments of antiquity, to celebrate the 
memory of a husband whom she tenderly loved. 
This famous monument, which passed for one of 
the seven wonders of the world, was called Mau- 
soleum, and from it all other magnificent sepul- 
chres and tombs have received the same name. 
It was was built by four different architects. 



Scopas erected the side which faced the cast, 
Timotheus had the south, Leochares had the 
west, and Bruxis the north. Pithis was also em- 
ployed in raising a pyramid over this stately 
monument, and the top was adorned by a chariot 
drawn by four horses. The expenses of this edi- 
fice were immense, and this gave an occasion 
to the philosopher Anaxagoras to exclaim, when 
he saw it, how much money changed into stwies! 
[Vid. Artemisia.] Herodot. 7, v. 99. — Strab. 
\A.—Diod. 16.— Paus. S, c. 16.— Flor. 4, c 
11. Gell. 10, c. 18.— Propert. 3, el. 2, v. 21.— 
Suet. Jiug. 100. 

Maxentius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, a 
son of the emperor Maximianus Hercules. 
Some suppose him to have been a suppositi- 
tious child. The voluntary abdication of Dio- 
cletian, and of his father, raised him in the 
state, and he declared himself independent 
emperor, or Augustus, A. D. 306. He after- 
wards incited his father to re-assume his Impe- 
rial authority, and in a perfidious manner de- 
stroyed Severus, who had delivered himself in- 
to his hands, and relied upon his honour for the 
safety of his life. His victories and successes 
were impeded by Galerius Maximianus, who 
opposed him with a powerful force. The de- 
feat and voluntary death of Galerius soon re- 
stored peace to Italy, and Maxentius passed in- 
to Africa, where he rendered himself odious by 
his cruelty and oppression. He soon after re- 
turned to Rome, and was informed that Con- 
stantine was come to dethrone him. He gave 
his adversary battle near Rome, and, after he 
had lost the victory, he fled back to the city. 
The bridge over which he crossed the Tiber 
was in a decayed situation, and he fell into the 
river and was drowned, en the 24th of Septem- 
ber, A. D. 312. The cowardice and luxuries 
of Maxentius are as conspicuous as his cruelties. 
He oppressed his subjects with heavy taxes to 
gratify the cravings of his pleasures, or the 
avarice of his favourites. He was debauched 
in his manners, and neither virtue nor inno- 
cence were safe whenever he was inclined to 
voluptuous pursuits. He was naturally deform- 
ed, and of cm unwieldy body. To visit a plea- 
sure ground, or to exercise himself under a 
marble portico, or to walk under a shady ter- 
race, was to him a Herculean labour, which re- 
quired the greatest exertions of strength and re- 
solution. 

Corn. Maximiliana, a vestal virgin buried 
alive for incontinency, A. D. 92. 

Maximianus, Herculius Marcus Aurelius 
Valerius, a native' of Sirmium, in Panm 
who served as a common soldier in the Roman 
armies. When Diocletian had been raised t<? 
the imperial throne, he remembered the valour 
and courage of his fellow soldier Maximianus. 
and rewarded his fidelity by making him bis 
colleague in the empire, and by ceding to him 
the command of the provinces of Italy, Africa, 
and Spain, aud the rest of the western territo- 
ries of Rome. Maximianus showed the just- 
ncss of the choice of Diocletian by his-vict-ries 
over the barbarians. In Britain success did not 
attend his arms; but in Africa he defeated and 
put to death Aurelius Julianus, who had pre- 



MA 



MA 



claimed himself emperor. Soon after Diocle- 
tian abdicated the imperial purple, and obliged 
Maximianus to follow his example, on the 1st 
of April, A. D. 304. Maximianus reluctantly 
complied with the command of a man to whom 
he owed his greatness; but, before the first year 
of his resignation had elapsed, he was roused 
from his indolence and retreat by the ambition 
of his son Maxentius. He re-assumed the im- 
perial dignity, and showed his ingratitude to his 
son by wishing him to resign the sovereignty, 
and to sink into a private person. This pro- 
posal was not only rejected with the contempt 
it deserved, but the troops mutinied against 
Maximianus, and he fled for safety to Gaul, to 
the court of Constantine, to whom he gave his 
daughter Faustina in marriage. Here he again 
acted a conspicuous character, and re-assumed 
the imperial power, which his misfortunes had 
obliged him to relinquish. This offended Con- 
stantine. But, when open violence seemed to 
frustrate the ambitious views of Maximianus., 
he had recourse to artifice. He prevailed upon 
his daughter Faustina, to leave the doors of her 
chamber open in the dead of night; and, when 
she promised faithfully to execute his com- 
mands, he secretly introduced himself to her 
bed, where he stabbed to the heart the man 
who slept by the side of his daughter. This 
W3s not Constantine; Faustina, faithful to her 
husband, had apprized him of her father's ma- 
chinations, and an eunuch had been placed in 
his bed. Constantine watched the motions of 
his father-in-law, and, when he heard the fatal 
blow given to the eunuch, he rushed, in with a 
band of soldiers, and secured the assassin. Con- 
stantine resolved to destroy a man who was so 
inimical to his nearest relations, and nothing 
was left to Maximianus but to choose his own 
death. He strangled himself at Marseilles, A. 
D- 310, in the 60th year of his age. His body 
was found fresh and entire in a leaden coffin 

about the middle of the eleventh century. 

Galerius Valerius, a native of Dacia, who in 
the first years of his life, was employed in keep- 
ing his father's flocks. He entered the army, 
where his valour and bodily strength recom- 
mended him to the notice of his superiors, and 
particularly to Diocletian, who invested him 
with the imperial purple in the east, and gave 
him his daughter Valeria in marriage.. Caicrius 
deserved the confidence of his iienefactor. He 
conquered the Goths, and Dalmatians, and 
checked the insolence of the Persians. In a 
battle, however, with the king of Persia, Gale- 
rius was defeated; and, to complete his ignomi- 
ny, and render him more sensible of his dis- 
grace, Diocletian obliged him to walk behind 
liis chariot arrayed in his imperial robes. This 
humiliation stung Galerius to the quick; he as- 
sembled another army, and gave battle to the 
Persians. He gained a complete victory, and 
took the wives and children of his enemy. 
This success elated Galerius to such a degree, 
that he claimed the most dignified appellations, 
and ordered himself to be called the son of 
Mars. Diocletian himself dreaded his power, 
and even, it is said, abdicated the imperial dig- 
nity by means of his threats. This resignation, 



however, is attributed by some to a voluntary 
act of the mind, and to a desire of enjoying so- 
litude and retirement. As soon as Diocletian 
had abdicated, Galerius was proclaimed Au- 
gustus, A. D. 304, but his cruelty soon render- 
ed him odious, and the Roman people, offended 
at his oppression, raised Maxentius to the im- 
perial dignity the following year, and Galerius 
was obliged to yield to the torrent of his unpo- 
pularity, and to fly before his more fortunate ad- 
versary. He died in the greatest agonies, A. 
D. 31 1. The bodily pains and sufferings which 
preceded his death, were, according to the 
christian writers, the effects of the vengeance of 
an offended providence for tbe cruelty which he 
had exercised against the followers of Christ. 
In his character, Galerius was wanton and ty- 
rannical, and he often feasted his eyes with the 
sight of dying wretches, whom his barbarity 
had delivered to bears and wild beasts. His 
aversion to learned men arose from his igno- 
rance of letters; and, if he was deprived of the 
benefits of education, he proved the more cruel 
and the more inexorable; Lactant- de M. P. 
33. — Eusebius 8, c. 16. 

Maximinus, Caius Julius Verus, the son of 
a peasant in Thrace. He was originally a shep- 
herd, and, by heading his countrymen against 
the frequent attacks of the neighbouring bar- 
barians and robbers, he inured himself to the 
labours and to the fatigues of a camp. He en- 
tered the Roman armies, where he gradually 
rose to the first offices; and on the death of 
Alexander Severushe caused himself to be pro- 
claimed emperor, A. D. 235. The popularity 
which he had gained when general of the ar- 
mies, was at an end when he ascended the 
throne. He was delighted with acts of the 
greatest barbarity, and no less than 400 persons 
lost their lives on the false suspicion of having 
conspired against the emperor's life. They died 
in the greatest torments, and, that the tyrant 
might the better entertain himself from their 
sufferings, some were exposed to wild beasts, 
others expired by blows, some were nailed on 
crosses, while others were shut up in (be bellies 
of animals just killed. The noblest of the Ro- 
man citizens were the objects of bis cruelty; 
and, as if they were more conscious than others 
of his mean origin, he resolved to spare no 
means to remove from his presence a number 
of men whom he looked upon with an eye of 
envy, and who, as he imagined, hated him for 
his oppression, and despised him for the pover- 
ty and obscurity of his early years Such is the 
character of the suspicious and tyrannical Max- 
imums. In his military capacity he acted with 
the same ferocity; and in an expedition in Ger- 
many, he not only cut down the corn, but he 
totally ruined and set fire to the whole country, 
to the extent of 450 miles. Such a monster of 
tyranny at last provoked the people of Rome. 
The Gordians were proclaimed emperors, but 
their innocence and pacific virtues were unable 
to resist the fury of Maximinus. After their 
fall, the Roman senate invested twenty men of 
their number with the imperial dignity, and in- 
trusted into their hands the care of the repub- 
lic. These measures so highly irritated Maxi- 



MA 



MA 



minus, that, at the first intelligence, he howled 
like a wild beast, and almost destroyed himself 
by knocking his head against the walls of his 
palace. When his fury was abated, he marched 
to Rome, resolved on slaughter. His bloody 
machinations were stopped, and his soldiers, 
ashamed of accompanying a tyrant whose cru- 
elties had procured him the name of Busiris, 
Cyclops, and Phalaris, assassinated him in his 
tent before the walls of Aquileia, A. D. 236, 
in the 65th year of his age. The news of his 
death was received with the greatest rejoicings 
at Rome, public thanksgivings were offered, 
and whole hecatombs flamed on the altars. 
Maximinus has been represented by historians 
as of a gigantic stature; he was eight feet high, 
and the bracelets of his wife served as rings to 
adorn the fingers of his hand. His voracity was 
as remarkable as his corpulence; he generally 
eat forty pounds of flesh every day, and drank 
18 bottles of wine. His strength was propor- 
tionable to his gigantic shape; he could alone 
draw a loaded waggon, and, with a blow of his 
fist, he often broke the teeth in a horse's mouth; 
he broke the hardest stones between his fingers, 
and cleft trees with' his hand. Herodianus. — 
Jornand. de 'reb. Get. — Capitol. Maximinus. 
made his son, of the same name, emperor, as 
soon as he was invested with the purple, and 
his choice was unanimously approved by the 

senate, by the people, and by the army 

Galerius Valerius, a shepherd of Thrace, who 
was raised to the imperial dignity by Diocle- 
tian, A D. 305. He was nephew to Galerius 
Maximianus, by his mother's side, aud to him 
he was indebted for his rise and consequence in 
the Roman armies. As Maximinus; was am- 
bitious aud fond of power, he looked with an 
eye of jealousy upon those who shared the dig- 
nity of emperor with himself. He declared 
war against Licinius, his colleague on the 
throne, but a defeat, which soon after followed, 
on the 30th of April, A. D. 313, between He- 
raclea and Adrianopolis, left him without re- 
sources and without friends. His victorious 
enemy pursued him, and he fled beyond mount 
Taurus, forsaken and almost unknown. He at- 
tempted to put an end to his miserable exis- 
tence, but his efforts were ineffectual, and 
though his death is attributed by some to de- 
spair, it is more universally believed that he ex- 
pired in the greatest agonies, of a dreadful dis- 
temper, which consumed him day and night 
with inexpressible pains, and reduced him to a 
mere skeleton. This miserable end, according 
to the ecclesiastical writers, was the visible pu- 
nishment of hearen, for the barbarities which 
Maximinus had exercised against the followers 
of Christianity, and for the many blasphemies 

which he had uttered. Lactant. — Euseb. 

A minister of the emperor Valerian. One of 

the ambassadors of young Theodosius to Attila 
king of the Huns. 

Maximus, Magnus, a native of Spain, who 
proclaimed himself emperor, A. D. 383. The 
unpopularity of Gratian favoured his usurpation, 
and he was acknowledged by his troops. Gra- 
tian marched against him, but he was defeated, 
and soon after assassinated. Maximus refused 



the honours of a burial to the remains of Gra- 
tian; and, when he had made himself master of 
Britain, Gaul, and Spain, he sent ambassadors 
into the east, and demanded of the emperor 
Theodosius to acknowledge him as his associate 
on the throne. Theodosius endeavoured to 
amuse and delay him, but Maximus resolved to 
support his claim by arms, and crossed the 
Alps. Italy was laid desolate, and Rome open- 
ed her gates to the conqueror. Theodosius now 
determined to revenge the audaciousness of 
Maximus, and had recourse to artifice. He be- 
gan to make a naval armament, and Maximus, 
not to appear inferior to his adversary, had al- 
ready embarked his troops, when Theodosius, 
by secret and hastened marches, fell upon him, 
and besieged him at Aquileia. Maximus was 
betrayed by his soldiers, and the conqueror, 
moved with compassion at the sight of his fallen 
and dejected enemy, granted him life, but the 
multitude refused him mercy, and instantly 
struck off his head, A. D. 38S. His son Victor, 
who shared the imperial dignity with him, was 
soon after sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers. 
Petronius, a Roman, descended of an il- 
lustrious family. He caused Valentinian III. 
to be assassinated, and ascended the throne, and, 
to strengthen his usurpation, he married the 
empress, to whom he had the weakness and im- 
prudence to betray that he had sacrificed her 
husband to his love for her person. This de- 
claration irritated the empress; she had recourse 
to the barbarians to avenge the death of Valen- 
tinian, and Maximus was stoned to death by his 
soldiers, and his body thrown into the Tiber, 

A. D. 455. He reigned only 77 days. Pu- 

pianus. Vid. Pupianus, A celebrated cynic 

philosopher and magician of Ephesus. He in- 
structed the emperor Julian in magic, and, ac- 
cording to the opinion of some historians, it was 
in the conversation and company of Maximus 
that the apostacy of Julian originated. The 
emperor not only visited the philosopher, but he 
even submitted his writings to his inspection 
and censure. Maximus refused to live in the 
court of Julian, and the emperor, not dissatis- 
;■ fied with the refusal, appointed him high pon- 
; tiff' in the province of Lydia, an office which he 
i discharged with the greatest moderation and 
: justice. When Julian went into the east, the 
j philosopher promised him success, and even 
! said that his conquests would be more numer- 
i ous and extensive than those of the son of 
Philip. He persuaded his imperial pupil that, 
according to the doctrine of metempsychosis, 
his body was animated by the soul which once 
animated the hero whose greatness and victo- 
ries he was going to eclipse. After the death 
of Julian, Maximus was almost sacrificed to 
the fury of the soldiers, but the interposition of 
his friends saved his life, and he retired to 
Constantinople. He was soon after accused of 
magical practices before the emperor Valens, 
and beheaded at Ephesus, A. D. 366. He 
wrote some philosophical and rhetorical trea- 
tises, some of which were dedicated to Julian. 

They are all now lost. *flmmian. Tyrius, 

a Platonic philosopher, in the reign of M. Au- 
rclius. This emperor, who was naturally fond 



ME 



ME 



cf study, became one of the pupils of Maximus, 
and paid great deference to his instructions. 
There are extant of Maximus forty-one dis- 
sertations on moral and philosophical subjects, 
written in Greek. The best editions of which 
are that of Davis, 8vo. Cantab. 1703; and that 

of Reiske, 2 vols 8vo. Lisp. 1774. One of 

the Greek fathers of the seventh century, whose 
works were edited by Combesis, 2 vols. fol. 

Paris, 1675. Paulus Fabius, a consul with 

M. Antony's son. Horace speaks of him, 4 od. 
1, v. 10, as of a gay handsome youth, fond of 

pleasure, yet industrious and indefatigable. 

An epithet applied to Jupiter, as being the 

greatest and most powerful of all the gods. 

A native of Sirmium, in Pannonia. He was 
originally a gardener, but, by enlisting in the 
Roman army, he became one of the military 
tribunes, and his marriage with a woman of 
rank and opulence, soon rendered him inde- 
pendent. He was father to the emperor Pro- 
bus. A general of Trajan, killed in the 

eastern provinces. Ojie of the murderers of 

Domitian, &c A philosopher, a native of 

Byzantium, in the age of Julian the emperor. 

Mazaca, a large city of Cappadocia, the ca- 
pital of the province. It was called Caesarea by 
Tiberius in honour of Augustus. 

Mazaces, a Persian governor of Memphis 
He made a sally against the Grecian soldiers of 
Alexander, and killed great numbers of them. 
Curt. 4, c. I. 

Mazjeus, a satrap of Cilicia, under Artaxerx- 
es Ochus. -A governor of Babylon, son-in- 
law to Darius. He surrendered to Alexander, 
&c. Curt. 5, c. 1. A 

Mazares, a satrap of Media, who reduced 
Priene under the power of Cyrus. Herodot. 1, 
c. 161 

Mazaxes, (sing. Mazax,) a people of Afri- 
ca, famous fou shooting arrows. Lucan. 4, v. 
681. 

Mazeras, a river of Hyrcania, falling into 
the Caspian sea. Plut. 

Mazices and Mazyges, a people of Libya, 
very expert in the use of missile weapons. The 
Romans made use of them as couriers, on ac- 
count of their great swiftness. Suet, in Ner. 30. 
— Lucan. 4, v 684. 

Mec/enas or Meccenas, C. Cilnius, a cele- 
brated Roman knight, descended from the kings 
of Etruria. He has rendered himself immortal 
by his liberal patronage of learned men and of 
letters; and to his prudence and advice Augustus 
acknowledged himself indebted for the security 
he enjoyed. His fondness for pleasure remov- 
ed him from the reach of ambition, and he pre- 
ferred to die, as he was born, a Roman knight, 
to all the honours and dignities which either the 
friendship of Augustus or his own popularity 
could heap upon him. It was from the result of 
his advice, against the opinion of, Agrippa, that 
Augustus resolved to keep the supreme power 
in his hand/, and not by a voluntary resignation 
to plunge Rome into civil commotions. The 
emperor received the private admonitions of 
Mecoenas in the same friendly manner as they 
were given, and he was not displeased with the 
liberty of his triend, who threw a paper to him 



with these words, Descend from the tribunal; 
thou butcher! while he sat in the judgment-seat, 
and betrayed revenge and impatience in his 
countenance. He was struck with the admoni- 
tion, and left the tribunal without passing sen- 
tence of death on the criminals. To the inter- 
ference of Mecoenas, Virgil owed the restitution 
of his lands, and Horace was proud to boast that 
his learned friend had obtained his forgiveness 
from the emperor, for joining the cause of Bru- 
tus at the battle of Philippi. Mecoeuas was 
himself fond of literature, and according to the 
most received opinion, he wrote an history of 
animals, a journal of the life of Augustus, a 
treatise on the different natures and kinds of 
precious stones, besides the two tragedies of Oc- 
tavia and Prometheus, and other things, all now 
lost. He died eight years before Christ; and, 
on his death-bed, he particularly recommended 
his poetical friend Horace to the care and con- 
fidence of Augustus. Seneca, who has liberally 
commended the genius and abilities of Mecoe- 
nas, has not withheld his censure from his dis- 
sipation, indolence, and'effeminate luxury. From 
the patronage and encouragement which the 
princes of heroic and lyric poetry, among the 
Latins, received from the favourite of Augus- 
tus, all patrons of literature have ever since been 
called Meccenates. Virgil dedicated to him his 
Georgics, and Horace his Odes. Suet, in Jlug. 
66, &c. — Plut. in Aug. — Herodian. 7. — Stnac- 
ep. 19 and 92. 

Mechaneus, a surname of Jupiter, from his 
patronizing undertakings. He had a statue near 
the temple of Ceres at Argos, and there the 
people swore, before they went to the Trojan 
war, either to conquer. or to perish. Paus. 2, 
c. 22. 

Mecisteus, a son of Echius-or Talaus. was 
one of the companions of Ajax. He was killed 

by Polydamas Homer.' II. 6, v. 28, &c »A 

son of Lycaon. Jlpollod. 

Mecrida, the wife of Lysimachus. Polycm. 
6. 

Medea, a celebrated magician, daughter of 
iEetes, king of Colchis. Her mother's name, 
according to the more received opinion of He- 
siod and Hyginus, was Idyia, or according to 
others, Ephyre, Hecate, Asterodia, Antiope, and 
Nersea. She was the niece of Circe. When 
Jason came to Colchis in quest of the golden 
fleece, Medea became enamoured of him, and 
it was to her well-directed labours that the Ar- 
gonauts owed their preservation [Vid. Jason 
and Argonautae.J Medea had an interview with 
her lover in the temple of Hecate, where they 
bound themselves by the most solemn oaths, and 
mutually promised eternal fidelity. No sooner 
had Jason overcome all the difficulties which 
JEetes had placed in his way, than Medea em- 
barked with the conquerors, for Greece. To 
stop the pursuit of her father, she tore to pieces 
her brother Absyrtus, and left his mangled limbs 
in the way, through which iEetes was to pass. 
This act of barbarity some have attributed to 
Jason, and not to her. When Jason reached 
folchos, his native country, the return and victo- 
ries of the Argonauts were celebrated with uni- 
versal rejoicings; but iEson, the father of Jason, 



ME 



ME 



was unable to assist at the solemnity, on account 
of the infirmities of his age. Medea, at her hus- 
band's request, removed the weakness of iEson, 
and by drawing away the blood from his veins 
and filling them again with the juice of certain 
herbs, she restored to him the vigour and spright- 
liness of youth. This sudden change in iEson 
astonished the inhabitants of Ioichos, and the 
daughters of Pelias were also desirous to see 
their father restored, by the same power, to the 
vigour of youth. Medea, willing to revenge the 
injuries which her husbands's family had suffer- 
ed from Pelias, increased their curiosity, and 
by cutting to pieces an old ram and making it 
again, in their presence, a young lamb, she to- 
tally determined them to try the same experi- 
ment upon their father's body. 1 They accord- 
ingly killed him of their own accord, and boiled 
his flesh in a caldron, but Medea refused toper- 
form the same friendly offices to Pelias which 
she had done to iEson, and he was consumed by 
the heat of the fire, and even deprived of a bu- 
rial. This action greatly irritated the people 
of ioichos, and Medea, with her husband, fled to 
Corinth to avoid the resentment of an offended 
populace. Here they lived for ten years with 
much conjugal tenderness; but the love of Jason 
for Glauce the king's daughter, soon interrupt- 
ed their mutual harmony, and Medea was divorc- 
ed. Medea revenged the infidelity of Jason by 
causing the death of Glauce, and the destruc- 
tion of her family. [Vid. Glauce.] This action 
was followed by another still more atrocious. 
Medea killed two of her children in their fa- 
thers presence, and, when Jason attempted to 
punish the barbarity of the mother, she fled 
through the air upon a chariot drawn by wing- 
ed dragons. From Corinth Medea came to 
Athens, where, after she had undergone the ne- 
cessary purification of her murder, she married 
king iEgeus, or according to others, lived in an 
adulterous manner with him. From her connex- 
ion with iEgeus Medea had a son, who was call- 
ed Medus. Soon after, when Theseus wished 
to make himself known to his father, [Vid. iEge- 
us,] Medea, jealous of his fame and fearful of 
his power, attempted to poison him at a feast 
which had been prepared for his entertainment. 
Her attempts, however, failed of success, and 
the sight of the sword which Theseus wore by 
his side convinced iEgeus that the stranger 
against whose life he had so basely conspired 
was no less than bis own son. The father and 
the son were reconciled, and Medea to avoid 
the punishment which her wickedness deserved, 
mounted her fiery chariot, and disappeared 
through the air. She came to Colchis, where, 
according to some, she was reconciled to Jason, 
who had sought her in her native country after 
her sudden departure from Corinth. She died 
at Colchis, as Justin mentions, when she had 
been restored to the confluence of her family. 
After death, she married Achilles in the Elysian 
fields, according to the traditions mentioned by 
Simonides. The murder of Mermerus^and Phe- 
res, the youngest of Jason's children by Medea, 
is not attributed to their mother, according to 
iElian, but the Corinthians themselves assassi- 
nated them in the temple of Juno Acraea. To 



avoid the resentment of the gods, and to deliver 
themselves from the pestilence which visited 
their country after so horrid a massacre, they 
engaged the poet Euripides, for five talents, to 
write a tragedy, which cleared them of the mur- 
der, and represented Medea as the cruel assas- 
sin of her own children. And besides, that this 
opinion might be the better credited, festivals 
were appointed, in which the mother was repre- 
sented with all the barbarity of a fury murder- 
ing her own sons [Vid. Hersea.] rfpollod. 
1, c. 9.—Hygin. fab. 21, 22, 23, &c— Plut. 
in Thes. — Dionys. Perieg. — JElian. V. H. 5, c. 
21. — Pans. 2, c. 3, 1. 8, c. 11. — Euripid. in 
Med. — Diod. 4.— Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 1, in Med. 
—Strab. "i.—Cic de Nat. D. 3, c. 19.— Jipol- 
lon. Jlrg, 3, &c. — Orpheus. — Flacc. — Lucan- 
4, v. 656 

Medesicaste, a daughter of Priam, who mar- 
ried Inibrius son of Mentor, who was killed by 
Teucer during the Trojan war. Homer. II. 13, 
v. li2.—Jpollod. 3. 

Media, a celebrated country of Asia, bound- 
ed on the north by the Caspian sea, west by Ar- 
menia, south by Persia, and east by Parthiaand 
Hyrcauia. It was originally called Jlria till the 
age of Medus, the son of Medea, who gave it the 
name of Media. The province of Media was 
first raised into a kingdom by its revolt from the 
Assyrian monarchy, B. C. 820; and, after it had 
for some time enjoyed a kind of republican go- 
vernment, Deioces, by his artifice, procured 
himself to be called king, 700 B. C. After a 
reign of 53 years he was succeeded by Phraor- 
tes, B C. 647 ; who was succeeded by Cyaxares, 
B. C. 625. His successor was Astyages, B. C. 
585, in whose reign Cyrus became master of 
Media, B. C. 551; and ever after the empire 
was transferred to the Persians. The Medes 
were warlike in the primitive ages of their pow- 
er, they encouraged polygamy, and were remark- 
able for the homage which they paid to their 
sovereigns, who were styled kings of kings. This 
title was afterwards adopted by their conquer- 
ors, the Persians, and it was still in use in the 
age of the Roman emperors. Justin. I, c. 5. — 
Herodot. 1, &c. — Polyb. 5 and 10. — Curt. 5, 
&c — Diod. Sic. 13. — Ctesias. 

Medias, a tyrant of Mysia, &c. 

Medicus, a prince of Larissa, in Thessaly, 
who made war against Lycophron, tyrant of 
Pheroe. Diod. 14. 

Mediolanum, now Milan, the capital of In- 
subria at the mouth of the Po. Liv 5, c. 34, 

1. 34. c. 46. Aulercorum, a town of Gaul, 

now Evcreux, in ' Normandy. Santonum, 

another, now Sainles, in Guienne. 

Mediomatrices, a nation that lived on the 
borders of the Rhine, now Melz. Strab. 4.— • 
Cm. Bell. G. 4, c 10. 

Meuiterraneum mare, a sea which divides 
Europe and Asia Minor from Africa. It re- 
ceives its name from its situation, medio terrre, 
situate in the. middle of the land. It has a com- 
munication with the Atlantic by the columns of 
Hercules, and with the Euxinc through the 
iEgcan. The word Meditcrraneum does not 
occur in the classics; but it is sometimes called 
internum, nostrum, or medios liquor, and is 

3i 



ME 



ME 



frequently denominated in Scripture the Great 
Sea. The first naval power that ever obtained 
the command of it, as recorded in the fabulous 
epochs of the writer Castor, is Crete under Mi- 
nos. Afterwards it passed into the hands of 
the Lydians, B. C. 1179; of the Pelasgi, 1058; 
of the Thracians, 1000; of the Rhodians, 916; 
of the Phrygians, 893; of the Cyprians, 868; of 
the Phoenicians, 826; of the Egyptians, 787, of 
the Milesians, 753; of the Carians, 734; and of 
the Lesbians, 676, which they retained for 69 
years. Horat 3, od. 3, v. 46. — Plin. 2, c 
es.—Sallust. Jug. W.—Cccs. B. G. 5, c. 1.— 
Liv. 26, c. 42. 

Meditrina, the goddess of medicines, whose 
festivals, called Meditrinalia, were celebrated 
at Rome the last day of September, when they 
made offerings of fruits. Varro de L. L. 5, 
c. 3. 

Medoacus or Meduactjs, a river in the 
country of the Veneti, falling into the Adriatic 
Sea. Liv. 10, c. 2. 

Medobithyni, a people of Thrace. 

Medobriga, a town of Lusitania, now de- 
stroyed. Hirtius, 48, 

Medon, son of Codrus the 17th and last king 
of Athens, was the first archon that was appoint- 
ed with regal authority, B. C. 1070. In the 
election Medon was preferred to his brother 
Neleus, by the oracle of Delphi, and he ren- 
dered himself popular by the justice and mo- 
deration of his administration. His successors 
were called from him Medontidce, and the of- 
fice of archon remained for above 200 years in 
the family of Codrus under 12 perpetual ar- 

chons. Pans. 7, c. 2. — Paterc 2, c. 2. A 

man killed in the Trojan war. iEneas saw 
him in the infernal regions. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 

483. A statuary of Lacedaemon, who made 

a famous statue of Minerva, seen in the temple 

of Juno at Olympia. Paus. 7, c. 17. One 

of the Centaurs, &c. Ovid. Met. 12, V. 303. 

: One of the Tyrrhene sailors changed into 

dolphins by Bacchus. Id. Met. 3, v. 671. 

A river of Peloponnesus.—; — An illegitimate 



son of Ajax Oileus. Homer - 
lope's suitors. Ovid. Heroid. 



— One of Pene- 

1 . -A man of 

Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts. A kins: 



of Argos, who died about 990 years B. C. 

A son of Py lades by Electra. Pans 2, c. 16. 

Medontias, a woman of Abydos, with whom 
Alcibiades cohabited as with a wife. She had 
a daughter, &c Lysias. 

Meduacus, two rivers, (Major, now Brenta, 
and Minor, now Bachilione) falling near Ve- 
nice into the Adriatic sea. Plin. 3, c. 16. — 
Liv. 10, c. 2. 

Meduana, a river of Gaul, flowing into the 
Ligeris, now the Mayne. Lucan 1, v. 438. 

Medullina, a Roman virgin ravished by 
her father, &e. Plut. in Paral. An infa- 
mous courtezan in Juvenal's age. 6, v. 321. 

Medus, now Kur, a river of Media, falling 
into the Araxes. Some take Medus adjective- 
ly, as applying to any of the great rivers of 
Media. Strab. 15. — Horat. 2, od. 9, v. 21. 

A son of iEgens and Medea, who gave his 

name to a country of Asia. Medus, when ar- 
rived to years of maturity, went to seek bis 



mother, whom the arrival of Theseus in Athens 
had driven away. [Fid. Medea.] He come to 
Colchis, where he was seized by his uncle 
Perses, who usurped the throne of ./Eetes, his 
mother's father, because the oracle had declar- 
ed that Perses should be murdered by one of 
the grandsons of iEctes. Medus assumed ano- 
ther name, and called himself Hippotes, son of 
Creon. Meanwhile Medea arrived in Cokhis 
disguised in the habit of a priestess of Diana, 
and when she heard that one of Creon's chil- 
dren was imprisoned, she resolved to hasten the 
destruction of a person whose family she de- 
tested. To effect this with more certainty she 
told the usurper, that Hippotes was really a son 
of Medea, sent by his mother to murder him. 
She begged Perses to give her Hippotes, that 
she might sacrifice him to her resentment. 
Perses consented. Medea discovered that it 
was her own son, and she instantly armed him 
with the dagger which she had prepared against 
his life, and ordered him to stab the usurper. 
He obeyed, and Medea discovered who he was, 
and made her son Medus sit on his grandfa- 
ther's throne. Hesiod. Thtog. — Pans. 2. — 
Jlpollod. 1. — Justin. 42. — Senec. in Med. — 
Diod. 

Medusa, one of the three Gorgons, daughter 
of Phorcys and Ceto. She was the only one of 
the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. She 
is celebrated for her personal charms and the 
beauty of her locks Neptune became ena- 
moured of her, and obtained her favours in the 
temple of Minerva. This violation of the sanc- 
tity of the temple provoked Minerva, and she 
changed the beautiful locks of Medusa, which 
had inspired Neptune's love, inio serpents. 
According to Apollodorus and others, Medusa 
and her sisters came into the world with snakes 
on their heads, instead of hair, with yellow 
wings and brazen hands. . Their body was also 
covered with impenetrable scales, and their 
very looks had the power of killing or turning 
to stones. Perseus rendered his name immor- 
tal by the conquest of Medusa. He cut off 
her head, and the blood that dropped from the 
wound produced the innumerable serpents that 
infest Africa. The conqueror placed Medusa's 
head on the segis of Minerva, which he had 
used in his expedition. The head still retain- 
ed the same petrifying power as before, as it 
was fatally known in the court of Cepheus. 
[Vid. Andromeda.] Some suppose, that the 
Gorgons were a nation of women, whom Per- 
seus conquered. [Vid. Gorgones. ] Jlpollod 2, 
c. 4—Htsiod. Theog — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 618. 
— Lucan. 9, v. 624.— -Jlpollon. 4. — Hygm fab. 

151. A daughter of Priam. A daughter 

of Sthenelus. vipollod. 

Megabizi, certain priests in Diana's temple 
at Ephesus. They were all eunuchs. Quintil. 
5, c. 12. 

Megabtzus, one of the noble Persians who 
conspired against the usurper Smerdis. He 
was set over an army in Europe by king Darius, 
where he took Perynthus and conquered all 
Thrace. He was greatly esteemed by bis so- 
vereign. Herodot. 3, &c. A son of Zopy- 

lus, satrap to Darius. He conquered Egypt* 



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&c. Herodot. 3, c. 160. A satrap of Ar- 

taxerxes. He revolted from his king, and de- 
feared two large armies that had been sent 
against him. The interference of his friends 
restored him to the king's favour, and he show- 
ed his attachment to Artaxerxes by killing a 
lion which threatened his life in hunting. This 
act of affection in Megabyzus was looked upon 
with envy by the king. He was discarded and 
'afterwards reconciled to the monarch by means 
of his mother. He died in the 76th year of 
his age B. C. 447, greatly regretted. Ctesias. 

Megacles, an Athenian archon who involv- 
ed the greatest part of the Athenians in the 
sacrilege which was committed in the conspira- 
cy of Cylon. Pint, in Sol. A brother of 

of Dion, who assisted his brother against Dio- 

nysius, &c. A son of Alcmscon, who revolted 

with some Athenians after the departure of Solon 
from Athens. He was ejected by Pisistratus. 

A man who exchanged dress with Pyrrhus 

when assisting the Tareutines in Italy. He 

was killed in that disguise. A native of 

Messana in Sicily, famous for his inveterate 

enmity to Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse. 

A man who destroyed the leading men of 

Mityiene, because he had been punished 

A man who wrote an account of the lives of 
illustrious persons. The maternal grandfa- 
ther of Alcibiades. 

Megaclides, a peripatetic philosopher in 
the age of Protagoras. 

Meg-3era, one of the furies, daughter of 
Nox and Acheron. The word is derived from 
fAzyat£etv invidere, odisse, and she is represent- 
ed as employed by the gods like her sisters to 
punish the crimes of mankind, by visiting them 
with diseases, with inward torments, and with 
death. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 846. [Vid. Eume- 
nides.] 

Megale, the Greek name of Cybele, the 
mother of the gods, whose festivals were called 
Megalesia. 

Megaleas, a seditious person of Corinth. 
He was seized for his treachery to king Philip 
of Macedonia, upon which he destroyed himself 
to avoid punishment. 

Megalesia, games in honour of Cybele in- 
stituted by the Phrygians, and introduced at 
Rome in the second Punic war, when the sta- 
tue of the goddess was brought from Pessinus. 
Liv. 29, c. 14. — Ovid. Fast. 4, v 337. 

Megalia, a small island of Campania, near 
Neapolis. Stat. 2, Sylv. v. SO. 

Megalopolis, a town of Arcadia in Pelo- 
ponnesus, built by Epaminondas. It joined the 
Achaean league B. C. 232, and was taken and 
ruined by Cleomenes, king of Sparta. The inha- 
bitants were called Megalopolitce, or Megalopo- 
Htani Strab. S. — Paws. 9,c. 14.— Liv. 28, c. 8. 

Megamede, the wife of Thestius, mother by 
him of 50 daughters. JJpollod. 2. 

Meganira, the wife of Celeus, king of 
Eleusis in Attica. She was mother to Tripto- 
lemus, to whom Ceres, as she travelled over 
Attica, taught agriculture. She received di- 
vine honours after death, and she had an altar 
rai ed to her, near the fountain where Ceres 
had first been seen when she arrived in Attica. 



Pans. 1, c. 39. .The wife of Areas. Jlpollod. 

Megafenthes, an illegitimate son of Me- 
nelaus, who, lifter his father's return from the 
Trojan war, was married to a daughter of 
Alector, a native of Sparta. His mother's 
name was Teridae, a slave of Menelaus. Ho- 
mer. Od. 4. — Jlpollod. 3. 

Megara, a daughter of Creon, king of 
Thebes, given in marriage to Hercules, because 
he had delivered the Thebans from the tyranny 
of the Orchomenians. [ Vid. Erginus. ] When 
Hercules went to hell by order of Eurystheus, 
violence was offered to Megara by Lycus, a 
Theban exile, and she would have yielded to 
her ravisher, had not Hercules returned that 
moment and punished him with death. This 
murder displeased Juno, and she rendered Her- 
cules so delirious, that he killed Megara avid 
the three children he had by her in a fit of 
madness, thinking them to be wild beasts. 
Some say that Megara did not perish by the 
hand of her husband, but that he afterwards 
married her to his friend Iolas. The names of 
Megara's children by Hercules were Creonti- 
ades, Therimachus, and Deicoon. Hygin. fab. 

82. — Senec- in Here — Jipollod. 2, c. 6. ■ 

Diod. 4. 

Megara, (se, and pL orum,) a city of 
Achaia, the capital of a country called Mega- 
ris, founded about 1131 B. C. It is situate 
nearly at an equal distance from Corinth and 
Athens, on the Sinus Saronicus. It was built 
upon two rocks, and is still in being, and pre- 
serves its ancient name. It was called after 
Megareus the son of Neptune, who was buried 
there, or from Megareus a son of Apollo. It 
was originally governed by twelve kings, but 
became afterwards a republic, and fell into the 
hands of the Athenians, from whom it was res- 
cued by the Heraclidae. At the battle of Sala- 
mis the people of Megara furnished 20 ships 
for the defence of Greece, and at Plataea they 
had 300 men in the army of Pausanias. There 
was here a sect of philosophers called the JHe- 
garic, who held the world to be eternal. Cic 
Jlcad.4,c. 42- Orat. 3, c. 17.— Alt. 1, ep. 
8.— Pans. 1, c. 39.— Strab. 6.— Mela, 2, c. 3. 

A town of Sicily founded by a colony from 

Megara in Attica, about 728 years before the 
Christian era. It was destroyed by Gelon, 
king of Syracuse; and before the arrival of the 
Megarean colony it w r as called Hybla. Strab. 
26, &c— Virg. JEn. 3, v, 689. 

Megareus, the father of Hinpomenes, was 

son of Onchestus. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 605 

A son of Apollo. 

Megaris, a small country of Achaia, be- 
tween Phocis on the west and Attica on the 
east. Its capital city was called Megara. [Vid, 
Megara.] Strab. S.—Plin. 3, c. 8.— Mela, 2, 
c. 3 and 7. 

Megarsus, a town of Sicily. of Cilicia. 

A river of India. 



Megasthenes, a Greek historian in the age 
of Seleucus Nicanor, about 300 years before 
Christ. He wrote about the Oriental nations, 
and particularly the Indians. His history is 
often quoted by the ancients. What now passes 
as his composition is spurious. 



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Meges, one of Helen's suitors, governor of 
Dulichium and of the Echinades. He went with 
forty ships to the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. 

Megilla, a native of Locris, remarkable for 
beauty, and mentioned by Horat. 1, od. 27, v. 
11. 

Megista, an island of Lycia, with an har- 
bour of the same name. Liv. 37, c. 22. 

Megistias, a soothsayer who told the Spar- 
tans that defended Thermopylae, that they all 

should perish, &c. Herodot. 7, c. 219, &c. 

A river. [Vid. Mdla.] 

Mela Pomponius, a Spaniard who flourished 
about the 45th year of the Christian era, and 
distinguished himself by his geography divided 
into three books, and written with elegance, 
with great perspicuity and brevity. The best 
editions of this book, called de situ orbis, are 
those of Gronovius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1722, and Rein- 
hold, 4to Eton. 1761. 

MELiENiE, a village of Attica. Stat. Theb. 
12, v. 619. 

Melamfus, a celebrated soothsayer and phy- 
sician of Argos, son of Amythaon and Idomenea, 
or Dorippe. He lived at Pylo<? in Peloponnesus. 
His servants once killed two large serpents who 
had made their nests at the bottom of a large 
oak, and Melampus paid so much regard to 
these two reptiles, that he raised a burning pile 
and burned them upon it. He also took par- 
ticular care of their young ones, and fed them 
with milk. Some time after this the young ser- 
pents crept to Melampus as he slept on the grass 
near the oak, and as if sensible of the favours 
of their benefactor, tbey wantonly played around 
him, and softly licked his ears. This awoke 
Melampus, who was astonished at the sudden ' 
change which his senses had undergone. He i 
Tound himself acquainted with the chirping of | 
the birds, and with all their rude notes, as they 
flew around him. He took advantage of this 
supernatural gift, and soon made himself per- 
fect in the knowledge of futurity, and Apollo 
also instructed him in the art of medicine. He 
had soon after the happiness of curing the daugh- 
ters of Proetus, by giving them hellebore, which 
from this circumstance has been called melam- 
podium, and as a reward for his trouble he mar- 
ried the eldest of these princesses [Vid. Proe- 
tides ] The tyranny of his uncle Neleus, king 
of Pylos, obliged him to leave his native coun- 
try, and Proetus, to show himself more sensible 
of his services, gave him part of his kingdom, 
over which he established himself. About this 
time the personal charms of Pero, the daughter 
of Neleus, had gained many admirers, but the 
father promised his daughter only to him who 
brought into his hands the oxen of Iphiclus. 
This condition displeased many; but Bias, who 
was also one of her admirers, engaged his bro- 
ther Melampus to -6teal the oxen, and deliver 
them to him. Melampus was caught in the at- 
tempt, and imprisoned, and nothing but his ser- 
vices as a soothsayer and physician to Iphiclus 
would have saved him from death. All this 
pleaded in favour of Melampus, but when he 
had taught the childless Iphiclus how to become 
a father, he not only obtained his liberty, but 
also the oxen, and with them he compelled Jtfc- 



leus to give Pero in marriage to Bias. A severe 
distemper, which had rendered the women of 
Argos insane, was totally removed by Melam- 
pus, and Anaxagoras, who then sat on the throne, 
rewarded his merit by giving ^im a part of his 
kingdom, where he established himself, and 
where his posterity reigned during six succes- 
sive generations. He received divine honours 
after death, and temples were raised to his me- 
mory. Homer. Od. 11, v. 287 v 1. 15, v. 225.— 
Herodot. 2 and 9.—Jlpollod. 2, c 2 — Pans. 2, 

c 18, 1. 4, c. S.— Virg. G. 3, v. 550 The 

father of Cisseus and Gyas. Virg JEn. 10. 

A son of Priam. Jlpollod. 3, One of Actaeon's 

dogs. Ovid- Met. 3. 

Melampyges, a surname of Hercules, from 
the black and hairy appearance of his back, &c. 

MELANCHiETEs, one of Actaeon's dogs, so 
called from his black hair. Ovid. Met. 3. 

Melanchl^ni, a people near the Cimme- 
rian Bosphorus. 

Melanchrus, a tyrant of Lesbos who died 
about 612 B C. 

Melane, the same as.Samothrace. 

Melaneus, a son of Eurytas, from whom 
Eretria has been called Melaneis. A cen- 
taur. Ovid. Met. 12. One of Actaeon's dogs. 

Id. 3. An Ethiopian killed at the nuptials of 

Perseus. Id. 5. 

Melanida, a surname of Venus. 

Melanion, the same as Hippomenes, who 
married Atalanta according to some mytholo- 
gists. Jlpollod. 3. 

Melanippe, a daughter of iEolus, who had 
two children by Neptune, for which her father 
put out both her eyes, and confined her in a pri- 
son. Her children, who had been exposed and 
preserved, delivered her from confinement, and 
Neptune restored her to her eyesight She 
afterwards married Metapontus. Hygin. fab. 

186. A nymph who married Itonus, son of 

Amphictyon, by whom she had Boeotus, who 
gave his name to Boeotia. Paus. 9, c. 1. 

Melanippides, a Greek poet about 520years 
before Christ. His grandson, of the same name, 
flourished about 60 years after at the court of 
Perdiccas the second, of Macedonia. Some 
fragments of their poetry are extant. 

Melanippus, a priest of Apollo, at Cyrene, 

killed by the tyrant Nicocrates. Pohjozn. 8 

A son of Astacus, one of the Theban chiefs who 
defended the gates of Thebes against the army 
of Adrastus king of Argos. He was opposed by 
Tydeus, whom he slightly wounded, and at last 
was killed by Amphiaraus, who carried his head 
to Tydeus. Tydeus, to take revenge of the 
wound he had received, bit the head with such 
barbarity, that he swallowed the brains, and 
Minerva, offended with his conduct, took away 
the herb which she had given him to cure his 
wound, and he died. Jipollod. 1, c. 8. — JEschyl. 

ante Theb. — Paus- 9, c. 18. A son of Mars, 

who became enamoured of Cometho, a priestess 
of Diana Triclaria. He concealed himself in 
the temple, and ravished his mistress, for which 
violation of the sanctity of the place, the two 
lovers soon after perished by a sudden death, 
and the country was visited by a pestilence, 
which was stopped only after the offering of a 



>M I 



ME 



ME 



Siuman sacrifice by the direction of the oracle. 
Paus. 7, c. 19.- — -A Trojan killed by Antilo- 

ehus in the Trojan war. Homer- II. 15. 

Another killed by Patroclus. Another killed 

by Teucer.- A son of Agrius. Another 

of Priam. A son of Theseus. 

Melanosyri, a people of Syria. 

Melanthii, rocks near the island of Samos. 

Melanthius, a man who wrote an history of 
Attica. — — A famous painter of Sicyon. Plin. 
35. A tragic poet of a very malevolent dis- 
position, in the age of Phocion. Plut. A 

Trojan killed by Eurypylus in the Trojan war. 

Homer. Od, A shepherd in Theocrit. Idyll. 

A goat-herd killed by Telemachus after 

the return of Ulysses. Ovid. 1, Heroid. 

An elegiac poet. Plut. 

Melantho, a daughter of Proteus, ravished 
by Neptune under the form of a dolphin. Ovid. 

Met. 6, v. 12. One of Penelope's women, 

sister to Melantbius. Homer. II. 18, &c. and 
Od. 18. 

Malanthus, Melanthes, or Melanthius, a 
son of Andropompus, whose ancestors were kings 
of Pylos. He was driven from his paternal king- 
dom by the Heraclidse, and came to Athens, 
where king Thymoetes resigned the crown to 
him, provided he fought a battle against Xanthus, 
a general of the Boeotians, who made war 
against him. He fought and conquered, [Vid. 
Apaturia,] and his family, surnamed the Ne- 
leidce, sat on the throne of Athens, till the age 
of Codrus. He succeeded to the crown 1128 
years B. C. and reigned 37 years. Paus. 2, c 

18. A man of Cyzicus. Flacc A river 

of European Sarmatia falling into the Borys- 
thenes. Ovid. Pont. 4, ep. 10, v. 55. 

Melas, (a?), a river of Peloponnesus. 

Of Thrace, at the west of the Thracian Cher- 

sonesus. Another in Thessaly, in Achaia, 

in Boeotia, in Sicily, in Ionia, 

in Cappadocia. A son of Neptune. An- 
other, son of Proteus. — — A son of Phryxus who 
was among the Argonauts, and was drowned 
in that part of the sea which bore his name. 
Jipollod. 1. 

' Meld^;, or Meldorum urbs, a city of Gaul, 
now Jtfeavx in Champagne. 

Meleager, a celebrated hero of antiquity, 
son of (Eneus, king of iEtolia by Althaea, daugh- 
ter of Thestius. The Parcaj' were present at 
the moment of his birth, and predicted his fu- 
ture greatness. Clotho said, that he would be 
brave and courageous; Lachesis foretold his un- 
common strength, and Atropos declared that he 
should live as long as that fire-brand, which was 
on the fire, remained entire and unconsumed. 
Althaea no sooner heard this, than she snatched 
the stick from the fire, and kept it with the most 
jealous care, as the life of her son was destined 
to depend upon its preservation. The fame of 
Meleager increased with his years; he signalized 
himself in the Argonautic expedition, and after- 
wards delivered his country from the neighbour- 
ing inhabitants, who made war against his fa- 
ther, at the instigation of Diana, whese altars 
(Eneus had neglected. [Vid (Eneus.] No 
sooner were they destroyed, than Diana punish- 
ed the negligence of (Eneus by a greater ca- 



lamity. She sent a huge wild boar, which lam 
waste all the country, and seemed invincible on 
account of its immense size. It became soon a 
public concern, all the neighbouring princes as- 
sembled to destroy this terrible animal, and 
nothing became more famous in mythological 
history, than the hunting of the Calydonian boar. 
The princes and chiefs who assembled, aud who 
are mentioned by mycologists, are Meleager, 
son of (Eneus, Idas and Lynceus, sons of Apha- 
reus, Dryas son of Mars, Castor and Pollux 
sons of Jupiter and Leda, Pinthous son of Ixion, 
Theseus son of iEgeus, Anceus and Cepheus 
sons of Lycurgus, Admetu* son of Pheres, Jason 
son of iEson, Peleus and Talemon sons of iEacus, 
Iphicles son of Amphitryon, Eurytrion son of 
Actor, Atalanta daughter of Schoeneus, Tolas 
the friend of Hercules, the sons of Thestius, 
Amphiaraus son of Oileus, Protheus, Conietes, 
the brothers of Althaea, Hippothous son oi Cer- 
cyon, Leucippus, Adrastus, Ceneus, Pbileus, 
Echeon, Lelex, Phoenix son of Amyntor, Pano- 
peus, Hyleus, Kippasus, Nestor, Menoetius, the 
father of Patroclus, Amphicides, Laertes the 
father of Ulysses, and the four sons of Hippo- 
coon. This troop of armed men attacked the 
boar with unusual fury, and it was at last killed 
by Meleager. The conqueror gave the skin and 
the head to Atalanta, who had first wounded the 
animal. This partiality to a woman irritated 
the others, and particularly Toxeus and Plexip- 
pus, the brothers of Althxa, and they endea- 
voured to rob Atalanta of the honourable pre- 
sent. Meleager defended a woman, of whom 
he was enamoured, and killed his uncles in the 
attempt. Mean time the news of this celebra- 
ted conquest had already reached Calytion, and 
Althaea went to the temple of the gods to return 
thanks for the victoiy which her son had gained. 
As she went she met the corpses of her brothers 
that were brought from the chase, and at this 
mournful spectacle she tilled the whole city with 
her lamentations. She was upon this informed 
that they had been killed by Meleager, and in 
the moment of resentment, to revenge the death 
of her brothers, she threw into the fire the fatal 
stick on which her son's life depended, and Me- 
leager died as soon as it was consumed. Homer 
does not mention the fire-brand, whence some 
have imagined that this fable is posterior to that 
poet's age. But he says that the death of Toxeus 
and Plexippus so irritated Althaea, that she ut- 
tered the most horrible curses and imprecations 
upon the head of her son. Meleager married 
Cleopatra, the daughter of Idas and Marpessa, 
as also Atalanta, according to some accounts. 
Jlpollod. 1, c. S.—JIpollon. 1, urg. l,v. 997, 1. 
3, v. 518.— Flacc. 1 and 6— Paus. 10, c. 31.— 

Hygin 14. — Ovid. Met. 8. — Homer. II. 9. 

A general, who supported Aridaeus when he had 
been made king after the death of his brother 

Alexander the Great. A brother of Ptolemy, 

made king of Macedonia B. C. 280 years He 
was but two months invested with the regal au- 
thority. A Greek poet in the reign of Se- 

leucus the last of the Seleucidae. He was born 
at Tyre and died at Cos. It is to his well-di- 
rected labours that we are indebted for the an- 
thologia, or collection of Greek epigrams, which 



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he selected from 46 of the best and most esteem- 
ed poets. The original collection of Meleager 
has been greatly altered by succeeding editors. 
The best edition of the antkologia, is that of 
Brunck, in 3 vols. 4to. and 8vo. Agentor, 1772. 

Meleagrides, the sisters of Meieager, daugh- 
ters of (Eneus and Althaea. They were so dis- 
consolate at the death of their brother Melea- 
ger, that they refused all aliments, and were, at 
the point of death, changed into birds called 
Meleagrides, whose feathers and eggs, as it is 
supposed, are of a different colour. The young- 
est of the sisters, Gorge and Dejanira, who had 
been married, escaped this metamorphosis. 
Jlpollod. 1, c. 8.— Ovid, Met. 8, v. 540.— P/in. 
10, c. 26. 

Melesander, an Athenian general who died 
B. C. 414. 

Meles (etis,) a river of Asia Minor, in Io- 
nia near Smyrna. Some of the ancients suppos- 
ed that Homer was born on the banks of that 
river, from which circumstance they call him 
Melesigenes, and his compositions Meletcece char- 
tee. It is even supported that he composed his 
poems in a cave near the source of that river. 
Strab. U.—Stat. 2.—Sylv. 1, v. 34.— Tibull. 
4, el. 1, v. 201. — Pans. 7, c. 5. A beauti- 
ful Athenian youth, greatly beloved by Timago- 
ras, whose affections he repaid with the greatest 
coldness and indifference. He even ordered Ti- 
na agoras to leap down a precipice, from the top 
of the citadel of Athens, and Timagoras, not to 
disoblige him, obeyed, and was killed in the fall. 
This token of true friendship and affection had 
such an effect upon Meles, that he threw him- 
self down from the place, to atone by his death 
for the ingratitude which he had shown to Ti- 
magoras Paus. 1, c. 30. A king of Lydia, 

who succeeded his father Alyattes, about 747 
years before Christ. He was father to Candau- 
les. 

Melesigenes, or Melesigena, a name gi- 
ven to Homer. Vid. Meles. 

Melia, a daughter of Oceanus, who married 

Inachus. A nymph, &c. Jlpollod. A 

daughter of Oceanus, sister to Caanthus. She 
became mother of Ismarus and Tenerus by 
Apollo. Tenerus was endowed with the gift of 
prophecy, and the river Ladon in Bceotia as- 
sumed the name of Ismarus. Paus. 9, c. 10. 

One of the Nereides. A daughter of 

Agenor. 

Melibosa, a daughter of Oceanus, who mar- 
ried Pelasgus. A daughter of Amphion and 

Niobe. Jlpollod. A maritime town of Mag- 
nesia in Thessaly, at the foot of mount Ossa, fa- 
mous for dying wool. The epithet of Melibteus 
is applied to Philoctetes because he reigned 
there. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 401, 1. 5 v. 251.— 

Herodot. 7, c. 188. Also an island at the 

mouth of the Orontes in Syria, whence Melibxa 
■purpura. Mel. 2, c. 3. 

Melibceus, a shepherd introduced in Virgil's 
eclogues. 

Melicerta, Melicertes, or Melicertus, 
a son of Athamas and Ino. He was saved by 
his mother, from the fury of his father, who pre- 
pared to dash him against a wall as he had done 
his brother Learchus. The mother was so ter- 



rified that she threw herself into the sea, with 
Melicerta in her arms. Neptune had compas- 
sion on the misfortunes of Ino and her son, and 
changed them both into sea deities Ino was 
called Leucothoe or Matuta, and Melicerta was 
known among the Greeks by the name of Palae- 
mon, and among the Latins by that of Porlum- 
nus. Some suppose that the Isthmian games 
were in honour of Melicerta. Vid. Isthmia. 
Jlpollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 4.— Paws. 1, c. 44 — 
Hygin. fab. 1 and 2. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 529, 
Sfc. — Pint de Symp. 

Meligunis, one of the iEolian islands near 
Sicily. 

Melina, a daughter of Thespius, mother of 
Laomedon, by Hercules. 

Melisa, a town of Magna Graecia. 

Melissa, a daughter of Melissus king of 
Crete, who with her sister Amalthaea, fed Ju- 
piter with the milk of goats. She first found out 
the means of collecting honey; whence some 
have imagined that she was changed into a bee, 
as her name is the Greek word for that insect. 
Columell. One of the Oceanides, who mar- 
ried Inachus, by whom she had Phoroneus and 
iEgialus. A daughter of Procles, who mar- 
ried Periander, the son of Cypselus, by whom 
in her pregnancy she was killed with a blow of 
his foot, by the false accusation of his concu- 
bines. Diog. Laert. — Paus. 1, c. 28. A 

woman of Corinth, who refused to initiate others 
in the festivals of Ceres, after she had received 
admission. She was torn to pieces upon this 
disobedience, and the goddess made a swarm of 
bees rise from her body. 

Melissus, a king of Crete, father to Melis- 
sa and Amalthaea. Hygin- P. Jl. 2, c. 13. — 

Lactant. 1, c. 22. An admiral of the Sami- 

an fleet B. C. 441. He was defeated by Peri- 
cles, &c. Pint in Per. : A philosopher of 

Samos, who maintained that the world was infi- 
nite, immoveable, and without a vacuum. Ac- 
cording to his doctrines, no one could advance 
any argument upon the power or attributes of 
providence, as all human knowledge was weak 
and imperfect. Themistocles was among his 
pupils. He flourished about 440 years before 

the Christian era. Diog A freedman of 

Mecsenas, appointed librarian to Augustus. He 
wrote some comedies. Ovid. Pont. 4, ep. 16, 
v. 30. — Sueton. de Gram. 

Melita, an island in the Libyan sea, between 
Sicily and Africa, now called Malta. The soil 
was fertile, and the country famous for its wool. 
It was first peopled by the Phoenicians. St. Paul 
was shipwrecked there, and cursed all venomous 
creatures, which now are not to be found in the 
whole island. Some, however, suppose that the 
island ou which the Apostle was shipwrecked, 
was another island of the same name in the 
Adriatic on the coast of Illyric'um, now called 
Melede Malta is now remarkable as being the 
residence of the knights of Malta, formerly of 
St. John of Jerusalem, settled there A. D. 
1530, by the concession of Charles V. after 
their expulsion from Rhodes by the Turks. Strab. 

6. — Mela, 2, c. 7 — Cic in Verr. 4, c. 46. ■ 

Another on the coast of Ulyricum in the Adri- 
atic, now Mekdc Plin, 3, c. 26. An an- 



ME 



ME 



cient name of Samothrace. Strab. 10.—= — One 
of tbe Nereides. Virg. Mn. 5, v. 825. 

Melitene, a province of Armenia. 

Melitus, a poet and orator of Athens, who 
became one of the principal accusers of So- 
crates. After his eloquence had prevailed, and 
Socrates had been put ignominiously to death, 
the Athenians repented of their severity to the 
philosopher, and condemned his accusers. Me- 
litus perished among them His character was 
mean and insidious, and his peoms had nothing 
great or sublime Diog. 

Sp. Melius, a Roman knight accused of as- 
piring to tyranny, on account of his uncommon 
liberality to the populace. He was summoned 
to appear by the dictator L. Q,. Cincinnatus, 
and when he refused to obey, he was put to 
death by Ahala, the master of horse, A. U. C. 
314. Varro de L< L. 4 — Val. Max-. 6, c 3. 

Melixandrus, a Milesian who wrote an ac- 
count of the wars of the Lapithae and Centaurs. 
JElian. V. H. 11, c. 2. 

Mella or Mela, a small river of Cisalpine 
Gaul falling into the Allius and with it into the 
Po. Catull. 68, v. 33.— Virg. G. 4, v. 278. 

Mella Ann^us, the father of Lucan. He was 
accused of being privy to Piso's conspiracy 
against Nero, upon which he opened his veins. 
Tacit. 16, Ann. c. 17. 

Melobosis, one of the Oceanides. 

Melon, an astrologer who feigned madness 
and burnt his house that he might not go to an 
expedition, which he knew would be attended 

with great calamities. An interpreter of king 

Darius Curt. 5, c. 13. 

Melos, now Milo, an island between Crete 
and Peloponnesus, about 24 miles from Schyl- 
lasum, about 60 miles in circumference, and of 
an oblong figure. It enjoyed its independence 
for above 700 years before the time of the Pe- 
loponnesian war This island was originally 
peopled by a Lacedaemonian colony, 11 16 years 
before the Christian era. From this reason the 
inhabitants refused to join the rest of the islands 
and the Athenians against the Peloponnesians. 
This refusal was severely punished. The Athe- 
nians took Melos, and put to the sword all such 
as were able to bear arms. The women and 
children were made slaves and the island left 
desolate. An Athenian colony re-peopled it, till 
Lysander re-conquered it and re-established tbe 
original inhabitants in their possessions. The 
island produced a kind of earth successfully em- 
ployed in painting and medicine. Strab. 7. — 
Mela, 2, c. l.—Plin. 4, c. 12, 1. 35, c. 9.— 
Thucyd. 2. &c. 

Melpes, now Melpa, ariverof Lucania, fail- 
ing into the Tyrrhene sea. Plin. 3, c. 5. 

Melpia, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c, 
38. 

Melpomene, one of the muses, daughter of 
Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over 
tragedy. Horace has addressed the finest of his 
odes to her, as to the patroness of lyric poetry. 
She was generally represented as a young wo- 
man with a serious countenance. Her garments 
were splendid; she wore a buskin, and held a 
dagger in one hand, and in the other a sceptre 
and crowns. Horat. 3, od. 4. — Hesiod. Theog. 



Memaceni, a powerful nation of Asia, &c. 
Curt. 

Memmia Sulpitia, a woman who married 
the emperor Alexander Severus. She died when 
young. 

Memmia lex, ordained that no one should be 
entered on tbe calendar of criminals who was 
absent on the public accounts. 

Memmius, a Roman citizen accused of ambi- 
tus. Cic. ad fralrem, 3. A Roman knight 

who rendered himself illustrious for his eloquence 
and poetical talents. He was made tribune 
praetor, and afterwards governor of Bithynia. He 
was accused of extortion in his province and 
banished by J. Caesar, though Cicero undertook 
his defence. Lucretius dedicated his poem to 

him. Cic. in Brut. Regulus, a Roman of 

whom Nero observed that he deserved to be in- 
vested with the imperial purple. Tacit. Ann. 

14, c. 47. A Roman who accused Jugurtha 

before the Roman people. A lieutenant of 

Pompey, &c. The family of the Memmii 

were plebeians. They were descended accord- 
ing to some accounts from Mnestheus, the friend 
of iEneas. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 117. 

Memnon, a king of ./Ethiopia, son of Titho- 
nus and Aurora. He came with a body of 10,000 
men to assist his uncle Priam, during the Tro- 
jan war, where he behaved with great courage, 
and killed Antilochus, Nestor's son. The aged 
father challenged the iEthiopian monarch, but 
Memnon refused it on account of the venerable 
age of Nestor, and accepted that of Achilles. He 
was killed in the combat in the sight of the Gre- 
cian and Trojan armies. Aurora was so discon- 
solate at the death of her son, that she flew to 
Jupiter all bathed in tears, and begged the god 
to grant her son such honours as might distin- 
guish him from other mortals. Jupiter consent- 
ed, and immediately a numerous flight of birds 
issued from the burning pile on which the body 
was laid, and after they had flown three times 
round the flames, they divided themselves into 
two separate bodies, and fought with such acri- 
mony that above half of them fell down into the 
fire, as victims to appease the manes of Mem- 
non. These birds were called Memnonides; and 
it has been observed by some of the ancients, 
that they never failed to ieturn yearly to the 
tomb of Memnon, in Troas, and repeat the same 
bloody engagement, in honour of the hero, from 
whom they received their name. The Ethiopi- 
ans or Egyptians, over whom Memnon reigned, 
erected a celebrated statue to the honour of their 
monarch. This statue had the wonderful proper- 
ty of uttering a melodious sound every day, at 
sun-rising, like that which is heard at the break- 
ing of the string of a harp when it is wound up. 
This was effected by the rays of the sun wheu 
they fell upon it. At the setting of the sun, and 
in the night, the sound was lugubrious. This is 
supported by the testimony of the geographer 
Strabo, who confesses himself ignorant whether 
it proceeded from the basis of the statue, or the 
people that were then around it. This celebrat- 
ed statue was dismantled by order of Cambyses, 
when he conquered Egypt, and its ruins still as- 
tonish modern travellers by their grandeur and 
beauty. Memnon was the inventor of the alpha- 



ME 



ME 



feet, according to Anticlides, a writer mentioned 
by Pliny, 7, c. 56. Mosch. in Bion. — Ovid 
Met. 13, v. 578, &c— Mlian. 5, c. 1. — Paws. 

1, c. 42, 1. 10, c. 31.— iStrab. 13 and 17.— Juv. 
15, v 5. — Philostra. in Apollod. — Plin. 36, c. 
7. — Homer. Od. 9. — Quint. Calab. A ge- 
neral of the Persian forces when Alexander in- 
vaded Asia. He distinguished himself for his 
attachment to the interest of Darius, his valour 
in the field, the soundness of his counsels, and 
his great sngacity He defended Miletus against 
Alexander, and died in the midst of his success- 
ful enterprises, B. C. 333. His wife Barsine 
was taken prisoner with the wife of Darius. 

Diod. 16. A governor of Coelosyria. A 

man appointed governor of Thrace by Alexan- 
der. A man who wrote an history of Hera- 

elea in Pontus, in the age of Augustus. 

Memphis, a celebrated town of Egypt, on the 
western banks of the Nile, above the Delta. It 
once contained many beautiful temples, parti- 
cularly those of the god Apis, (bos Memphites,) 
whose worship was observed with the greatest 
ceremonies. [Vid. Apis.] It was in the neigh- 
bourhood of Memphis that those famous pyra- 
mids were built, whose grandeur and beauty 
still astonish the modern traveller. These noble 
monuments of Egyptian vanity, which pass for 
one of the wonders of the world, are about 20 in 
number, three of which by their superior size 
particularly claim attention. The largest of 
these is 481 feet in height, measured perpendi- 
cularly, and the area of its basis is on 480,249 
square feet, or something more than 11 English 
acres of ground. It has steps all around with 
massy and polished stones, so large that the 
breadth and depth of every step is one single 
stone. The smallest stone, according to an an- 
cient historian, is not less than 30 feet. The 
number of steps, according to modern observa- 
tion, amounts to 208, a number which is not 
always adhered to by travellers. The place 
where Memphis formerly stood is not now 
known; the ruins of its fallen grandeur were 
conveyed to Alexandria to beautify its palaces 
or to adorn the neighbouring cities. Tibull. 1, 
el. 7. v. 28.— Sil. It. 14, v. 660.— Strab. 17.— 
Mela, l,c. 9. — Diod. 1. — Plut.inlsid. — Hero- 
dot. 2, c. 10, &c. — Joseph, ant. Jud. 8. A 

nymph, daughter of the Nile, who married 
Ephesus, by whom she had Libya. She gave her 
name to the celebrated city of Memphis. Jipol- 
lod. 2, c 1. The wife of Danaus. Jlpollod. 

2, c 1. 

Memphitis, a son of Ptolemy Pbyscon king 
of Egypt. He was put to death by his father. 

Mena, a goddess worshipped at Rome, and 
supposed to preside over the monthly infirmities 
of women. She was the same as Juno. Accord- 
ing to some, the sacrifices offered to her were 
young puppies that still sucked their mother. 
Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 2— Plin. 29^ c. 4. 

Mena or Menes, the first king of Egypt, ac- 
cording to some accounts. 

Menalcas, a shepherd in Virgil's eclogues. 

MENALCiDAs,an intriguing Lacedaemonian in 
the time of the famous Achaean league. He was 
accused before the Romans, and he killed him- 
self. 



Menalippe, a sister of Antiope, queen of the 
Amazons, taken by Hercules when that hero 
made war against this celebrated nation. She 
was ransomed, and Hercules received in ex- 
change the arms and belt of the queen. Juv. 8, 

v. 229. A daughter of the centaur Chiron, 

beloved and ravished by iEolus, son of Hellcn. 
She retired into the woods to bide her disgrace 
from the eyes of her father, and when she had 
brought forth, she entreated the gods to remove 
her totally from the pursuits of Chiron. She was 
changed into a mare, and called Ocyroe. Some 
suppose that she assumed the name of Menalip- 
pe, and lost that of Ocyroe. She became a con- 
stellation after death, called the horse. Some 
authors call her Hippe or Evippe. Hygin. P. 

A. 2, c. 18. — Pollux 4. Menalippe is a 

name common to other persons, but it is gene- 
rally spelt Melanippe, by the best authors. Vid. 
Melanippe. 

Menalippus. Vid. Melanippius. 

Menander, a celebrated comic poet of 
Athens, educated under Theophrastus. * He was 
universally esteemed bythe Greeks, and receiv- 
ed the appellation of Prince of the New Come- 
dy. He did not disgrace his compositions like 
Aristophanes, by mean and indecent reflections 
and illiberal satire, but his writings were replete 
with elegance, refined wit, and judicious obser- 
vations. Of 108 comedies whicbhe wrote, noth- 
ing remains but a few fragments. It is said, that 
Terence translated all these, and indeed we have 
cause to lament the loss of. such valuable writ- 
ings when we are told by the ancients that the 
elegant Terence, so much admired, was in the 
opinion of his countrymen reckoned inferior to 
Menander. It is said that Menander drowned 
himself in the 52d year of his age, B. C 293, 
because the compositions of his rival Philemon 
obtained more applause than his own. Only 
eight of his numerous comedies were rewarded 
with a poetical prize. The name of his father 
was Diopythus, and that of his mother Hegis- 
trata. His fragments, with those of Philemon, 
were published by Clericus, 8vo. 1709. Quintil. 

10, c. 1. — Pater c 1, c. 16. A man who 

wrote an account of embassies, &c A king 

of Bactria, whose ashes were divided among his 

subjects, &c< An historian of Ephesus. 

Another of Pergamus.— — An Athenian gene- 
ral defeated at iEgospotamos by Lysander. 

An Athenian sent to Sicily with Nicias.- 



man put to death by Alexander for deserting 

a fortress of which he had the command. 

An officer under Mithridates sent against Lu- 
cullus 

Menapii, a people of Belgic Gaul, near the 
Mosa. Cms. B Gall. 

Menapis, a Persian exile made satrap of 
Hyrcania, by Alexander. Curt. 6, c 4. 

Menas, a freed man of Ponvpey the Great, 
who distinguished himself by the active and per* 
fmious part he tuok in the civil wars which were 
kindled between the younger Pompey and Au- 
gustus. When Pompey invited Augustus to his 
galley, Menas advised his master to seize the 
person of his enemy, and at the same time the 
Roman empire, by cutting the cables of his ship. 
No, replied Pompey, I would have approved of 



ME 



ME 



the measure if you had done it without consult- 
ing me, but I scorn to break my word. Suet, in 

Oct. Horace ep. epod. 4, has ridiculed the 

pride of Menas, and recalled to his mind his for- 
mer meanness and obscurity. 

Mencheres, the 12th king of Memphis. 

Mentdes, a city of Egypt near Lycopolis, on 
one of the mouths of the Nile, called the Men- 
desian mouth Pan under the form of a goat wa» 
worshipped there with the greatest solemnity. 
It was unlawful to kill one of these animals, with 
which the Egyptians were not ashamed to have 
public commerce, to the disgrace of human na- 
ture, from the superstitious notion that such em- 
braces had given birth to the greatest heroes 
of antiquity, as Alexander, Scipio,&c. Herodot. 
2,c 42 and 46.— Strab. ll.—Diod, 1. 

Menecles, an orator of Alabanda in Caria, 
who settled at Rhodes. Cic- de. Oral. 2, c. 53. — 
Strab. 14. 

Meneclides, a detractor x>£ the character of 
Epaminondas. C. Nep. in Epam. 

Menecrates, a physician of Syracuse, fa- 
mous for his vanity and arrogance. He was ge- 
nerally accompanied by some of his patients 
whose disorders he had cured. He disguised 
one in the habit of Apollo, and the other in that 
of iEsculapius, while he reserved for himself 
the title and name of Jupiter, whose power was 
extended over those inferior deities. He crown- 
ed himself like the master of the gods, and in a 
letter which he wrote to Philip king of Mace- 
don, he styled himself, in these words, Mene- 
crates Jupiter to king Philip, greeting. The Ma- 
cedonian monarch answered, Philip to Mene- 
crates., greeting, and better sense. Philip also 
invited him to one of his feasts, but when the 
meats were served up, a table was put separate 
for the physician, on which he was served only 
with perfumes and frankincense, like the father 
of the gods. This entertainment displeased 
Menecrates; he remembered that he was a mor- 
tal, and hurried away from the company. He 
lived about 360 years before the Christian era. 
The book which he wrote on cures is lost. JEli- 

an. V. H. 10, c h\.—Alhen. 1, c 13 One 

of the generals of Seleucus. A physician un- 
der Tiberius. A Greek historian of Nysa, 

disciple to Aristarchus, B. C. 119. Strab. 16. 
An Ephesian architect who wrote on agri- 
culture. Varro dc R. R. — An historian. 



A man appointed to settle the disputes of the 
Athenians and Lacedaemonians in the 8th year 
of the Peloponnesian war. His father's name 

was Amphidorus. An officer in the fleet of 

Pompey the son of Pompey the Great. 

Menedemus, an officer of Alexander killed 

by the Dabse. Curt. 7, c. 6. A Socratic 

philosopher of Eretiia, who was originally a tent 
maker, an employment which he left for the pro- 
fession of arms. The persuasive eloquence and 
philosophical lectures of Plato had such an in- 
fluence over him that he gave up his offices in 
the state to cultivate literature. It is said that 
he died through melancholy when Antigonus, 
one of Alexander's generals, had made himself 
master of his country, B. C. 301, in the 74th 
year of his age. Some attribute his death to a 
different cause, and say, that he was falsely ac- 



cused of treason, for which he became so desr 
perate that he died after he had passed seven 
days without taking any aliments. He was call- 
ed the Eretrian Bull, on account of his gravity. 

Strab. 9. — Diog A Cynic philosopher of 

Lampsacus, who said that he was 'come from 
hell to observe the sins and wickedness of man- 
kind. His habit was that of the furies, and his 
behaviour was a proof of his insanity. He was 

disciple of Colotes of Lampsacus. Diog. Ail 

officer of Lucullus. A philosopher of Athens. 

Cic. de Orat. 1, c 19. 

Menegetas, a boxer or wrestler in Philip of 
Macedon's army, &c. Polycen. 

Menelai portus, an harbour on the coast of 
Africa, between Gyrene and Egypt. C Nep. in 
Ages. 8. — Strab. 1. Mons, a hill near Spar- 
ta, with a fortification, called Menelaium. Liv> 
34, c. 28. 

Menelaia, a festival celebrated at Therap- 
nse in Laconia, in honour of Menelaus. He had 
there a temple, where he was worshipped with 
his wife Helen as one of the supreme gods. 

Menelaus, a king of Sparta, brother to Aga- 
memnon. His father's name was Atreus, ac- 
cording to Homer, or according to the more pro- 
bable opinion of Hesiod, Apollodorus, &c. be 
was the son of Plisthenes and iErope. [ Vid. 
Plisthenes.] He was educated with his brother 
Agamemnon in the house of Atreus, but soon 
after the death of this monarch, Thyestes his 
brother usurped the kingdom and banished the 
two children of Plisthenes. Menelaus and Aga- 
memnon came to the court of (Eneus king of 
Calydonia, who treated them with tenderness 
and paternal care. From Calydonia they went 
to Sparta, where, like the rest of the Grecian 
princes, they solicited the marriage of Helen' 
the daughter of king Tyndarus. By the artifice 
and advice of Ulysses, Helen was permitted to 
choose a husband, and she fixed her eyes ujjon 
Menelaus and married him, after her numerous 
suitors had solemnly bound themselves by an 
oath to defend her, and protect her person against 
the violence or assault of every intruder. [Vid. 
Helena] As soon as the nuptials were celebrat- 
ed. Tyndarus resigned the crown to his son-in- 
law, and their happiness was complete. This 
was, however, of short duration; Helen was the 
fairest woman of the age, and Venus had promis- 
ed Paris the son of Priam to reward him with 
such a beauty. [Vid. Paris ] The arrival of Paris 
in Sparta was the cause of great revolutions. The 
absence of Menelaus in Crete gave opportuni- 
ties to the Trojan prince to corrupt the fidelity 
of Helen, and to carry away home what the god- 
dess of beauty had promised to him as his due. 
This action was highly resented by Menelaus; 
he reminded the Greek princes of their oath and 
solemn engagements when they courted the 
daughter of Tyndarus, and immediately all 
Greece took up arms to defend his cause. The • 
combined forces assembled at Aulis in Bceotia* 
where they chose Agamemnon for their general, 
and Calchas for their high priest; and after their 
applications to the court of Priam for the reco- 
very of Helen had pt;oved fruitless, they march- 
ed to meet their enemies in the field. During 
the Trojan war Menelaus behaved with great 
3 K 



ME 



ME 



spirit and courage, and Paris must have fallen 
by his hand, had not Venus interposed and re- 
deemed bim from certain death. He also ex- 
pressed his wish to engage Hector, but Aga- 
memnon hindered him from fighting with so 
powerful an adversary. In the tenth 5 ear of tbe 
Trojan war, Helen, as it is reported, obtained 
the forgiveness and the good graces of Menelaus 
by introducing him, with Ulysses, the night that 
Troy was reduced to ashes, into the chamber of 
Deiphobus, whom she had married after the dea th 
of Paris. This perfidious conduct totally recon- 
ciled her to her first husband; and she returned 
with feim to Sparta, during a voyage of eight 
years. He died some time after his return. He 
had a daughter called Hermione, and Nicostra- 
tus according to some, by Helen, and a son call- 
ed Megapenthes by a concubine. Some say that 
Menelaus wtut to Egypt on his return from the 
Trojan war to obtain Helen, who had been de- 
tained there by the king of the country. [Vid. 
Helena.] The palace which Meneaus once in- 
habited was still entire in the days of Pausanias, 
as well as the temple which had been raised to 
his memory by the people of Sparta. Homer. 
Od. 4, &c. //. 1, kc.—^pollod. 3, c. 10.— 
Pans. 3, c. 14 and 19.—Dietys. Cret 2, &c— 
Virg. JEn. 2, &c. — Qjuinlil. Smyrn. 14, — 
Ovid Heroid. 5 and 13. — Hygin. fab. 79. — 
Eurip. in Iphig. — Propert. 2. — Sophocles. 



A lieutenant of Ptolemy set over Salamis. Po- 

lycen. — Paus. A city of Egypt. Strab 14. 

■ — ' — A mathematician* inj the age of the empe- 
ror Trajan. 

Menenius Agrippa, a celebrated Roman 
who appeased the Roman populace in the in- 
fancy of the consular government by repeating 
the well known fable of the 'belly and limbs. 
He flourished 495 B. C. Liv. 2, c. 16, 32, 

33. A Roman consul.— — An insane person 

in the age of Horace. 

Menephron, a man who attempted to offer 
violence to his own mother. He was changed 
into a wild beast. Ovid Met. 7, v. 387. 

Menes, the first king of Egypt. He built 
the town of Memphis as it is generally suppo- 
sed, and deserved, by his abilities and popula- 
rity, to be called a god after death. Herodot. 
2, c. 1 and 90.— Diod. 1. 

Menesthei Portus, a town of Hispania 
Baetica. 

Menesteus, or Menestheus, or Mnes- 
theus, a son of Pereus, who so insinuated him- 
self into the favour of the people of Athens, 
that, during the long absence of Theseus, he 
was elected king. The lawful monarch at his 
return home was expelled, and Mnestheus es- 
tablished his usurpation by his popularity and 
great moderation. As he had been one of 
Helen's suitors, he went to the Trojan war at 
the head of the people of Athens, and died in 
his return in the island of Melos. He reigned 
23 years, 1205, and was succeeded by De- 
mophoon, the son of Theseus. Pint, in Thes. 
A son of Iphicrates who distinguished him- 
self in the Athenian armies. C. Nep. in Tim. 

Menesthius, a Greek killed by Paris in the 
Trojan war. 



Menetas, a man set governor over Babylon 
by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 1. 

Meninx, or Lotophagitis Insula, now 
Zerbi, an island on the coast of Africa, near 
the Syrtis Minor. It was peopled by the people 
of Neritos, and thence called Neritia. Pliri. 
5, c. 7— Strab. \1.—Sil. It. 3, v. 318. 

Menippa, one of the Amazons who assisted 
iEetes, &c. 

Menippides, a son of Hercules. Jlpollod, 

Menippus, a Cynic philosopher of Phoeni- 
cia He was originally a slave, and obtained his 
liberty with a sum of money, and became one 
of the greatest usurers at Thebes. He grew 
so desperate from the continual reproaches and 
insults to which he was daily exposed on ac- 
count of his meanness, that he destroyed him- 
self. He wrote 13 books of satires which 
have been lost. M. Varro composed satires 
in imitation of his style, and called them Me- 

nippean A native of Stratonice who was 

preceptor to Cicero for some time. Cic Br. 91 . 

Menius, a plebeian consul at Rome He 
was tbe first who made the rostrum at Rome 
with the beaks (rostra) of the enemy's ships. 
A son of Lycaon, killed by the same thun- 



derbolt which destroyed his father. Ovid. lb. 472. 

Mennis, a town of Assyria abounding in 
bitumen. Curt. 5, c. 1. 

Menodotds, a physician. A Samian his- 
torian. 

Menozceus, a Theban, father of Hipponome, 
Jocasta, and Creon. — A young Theban, son of 
Creon. He offered himself to death, when 
Tiresias, to ensure victory on the side of 
Thebes against the Argive forces, ordered the 
Thebans to sacrifice one of the descendants of 
those who sprang from the dragon's teeth, and 
he killed himself near the cave where the 
dragon of Mars had formerly resided. The 
gods required this sacrifice because the dra- 
gon had been killed by Cadmus, and no sooner 
was Creon dead than his countrymen obtained 
the victory. Stat. Theb. 10, v. 614 — Eurip. 
Phcen.— Spoiled. 3, c. 6.— Cic. Tusc. I, c. 9S. 
Sophocl. in Jlntig. 

Menostes, the pilot of the ship of Gyas, at 
the naval games exhibited by iEneas at the 
anniversary of his father's death. He was 
thrown into the sea by Gyas for his inattention, 
and saved himself by swimming to a rock. 

Virg. JEn. 5, v. 161, &c. An Arcadian 

killed by Turnus in the war of JEneas. Id. 12. 
v, 517. 

Mencetiades. Vid. Menoetius. 

Menobtius, a son of Actor and iEgina after 
her amours with Jupiter. He left his mother 
and went to Opus, where he had, by Sthenele, 
or according to others, by Philomela or Poly- 
mela, Pafroclus, often called from him Mence- 
tiades. Menoetius was one of the Argonauts. 
Jlpollod. 3, c. 24.— Homer. II. 1, v.^307.— 
Htjgin. fab. 97. 

Menon, a Thessalian commander in the ex- 
pedition of Cyrus the younger against his bro- 
ther Artaxerxes. He was dismissed on the 
suspicion that he bad betrayed his fellow sol- 
diers. Diod. 14. A Thessalian refused the 

freedom of Athens, though be furnished a 



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Bumber of auxiliaries to the people. — — The 

feusband of Semiramis. A sophist in the 

age of Socrates. One of the first kings of 

Phrygia. Dionys Hal. A scholar of Phi- 
dias, &c. 

Mentqphilus, an eunuch to whom Mithri- 
dates, when conquered by Pompey, entrusted 
the care of his daughter. Menophilus mur- 
dered the princess for fear of her falling into 
the enemy's hands. Jlmmian. 16. 

Menta or Minthe. Vide. Minthe. 
t Menttes, a king of the Taphians in iEto- 
Ha, son of Anchialus, in the time of the Tro- 
jan war. 

Mentissa, a town of Spain. Liv. 26, c. 17. 

Mento, a Roman consul, &c. 

Mentor, a faitbful friend of Ulysses. 

A son of Hercules. A king of Sidonia who 

revolted against Artaxerxes Ochus, and after- 
wards was restored to favour by his treachery 

to his allies, &c. Diod. 16. An excellent 

artist in polishing cups and engraving flowers 
on them. Plin. 33, c. 11 — Mart. 9, ep. 63, 
v. 16. 

Menyllus, a Macedonian set over the gar- 
rison which Antipater had stationed at Athens. 
He attempted in vain to corrupt the innocence 
ofPhocion Pint. 

Mera, a priest of Venus. Stat. Theb- 8, v. 

478. -A dog of karius, who by his cries 

showed Erigone where her murdered father 
had been thrown. Immediately after this dis- 
covery, the daughter hung herself in despair, 
and the dog pined away, and was made a con- 
stellation in the heavens, known by the name 
ofCanis. Ovid. Met. 7. v 363.— Hygin. fab. 
130.— Milan. Hist. An. 7, c. 28. 

Mera, or Mcera, one of the Atlantides who 
married Tegeates son of Lycaon. Paus. 8, 
c. 48. 

Mercurh Promontorium, a cape of Africa 
near Clypea. Liv. 26, c. 44, 1. 29, c. 27. — 
Plin. 5, c. 4. 

Mercurios, a celebrated god of antiquity, 
called Hermes by the Greeks. There were 
no less than five of this name according to Ci- 
cero, a son of Coelus and Lux; a son of Va- 
lens and Coronis; a son of the Nile; a son o 
Jupiter and Maia; and another called by the 
Egyptians Thaut Some add a sixth, a son 
of Bacchus and Proserpine. To the son of Ju- 
piter and Maia, the actions of all the others 
have been probably attributed, as he is the 
most famous, and the best known Mercury was 
the messenger of the gods, and of Jupiter in 
particular; he was the patron of travellers and 
of shepherds; he conducted the souls of the 
dead into the infernal regions, and not only 
presided over orators, merchants, declaimers, 
but he was also the god of thieves, pickpockets, 
and all dishonest persons. His name is de- 
rived a mercibus, because he was the god of 
merchandise among the Latins. He was born, 
according to the more received opinion, in Ar- 
cadia, on mount Cyllene, and in his infancy he 
was intrusted to the care of the Seasons. The 
da\ that he was borii. or more prbperiy tne fol- 
lowing day, he gave an early proof of his 
craftiness and dishonesty, in stealing away the 



oxen of Admetus which Apollo tended. He 
gave another proof of his thievish propensity, 
by taking also tbe quiver and arrows of the 
divine shepherd, and he increased his fame by 
robbing Neptune of his trident, Venus of her 
girdle, Mars of his sword, Jupiter of his sceptre, 
and Vulcan of many of his mechanical instru- 
ments. Those specimens of his art recom- 
mended him to the notice of the gods, and Ju- 
piter took him as his messenger, interpreter, 
and cup-bearer in the assembly of the gods. 
This last office he discharged till the promo- 
tion of Ganymede. He was presented by the 
king of heaven with a winged cap called petasus, 
and with wings for his feet called talaria. He 
had also a short sword called herpe, which he 
lent to Perseus. With these he was enabled 
to go into whatever part of the universe he 
pleased with the greatest celerity, and besides 
he was permitted to make himself invisible, and 
to assume whatever shape he pleased. As 
messenger of Jupiter he was entrusted with all 
his secrets. He was the ambassador and plenipo* 
tentiary of the gods, and he was concerned in 
all alliances and treaties. He was the confi- 
dent of Jupiter's amours, and he of f en was set to 
watch over the jealousy and intrigues of Juno. 
The invention of the lyre and its seven strings 
is ascribed to him. This he gave to Apollo, 
and received in exchange the celebrated ca- 
duceus with which the god of poetry used to 
drive the flocks of king Admetus. [Vid. Ca- 
duceus.] In the wars of the giants against the. 
gods, Mercury showed himself brave, spirited, 
and active. He delivered Mars from the long 
confinement which he suffered from the su- 
perior power of the Aloides. He purified the 
Danaides of the murder of their husbands, he 
tied Ixion to his wheel in the infernal regions, 
he destroyed the hundred-eyed Argus, he sold 
Hercules to Omphale the queen oi Lydia, he 
conducted Priam to the tent of Achilles, to re- 
deem the body of his son Hector, and he car- 
ried the infant Bacchus to tbe nymphs of Fysa. 
Mercury had many surnames and epithets. He 
was called Cyllenius, Caduceator, Acacetos, 
from Acacus, an Arcadian ; Acacesius, Tri- 
cephalos, Triplex, Chthonius, Camillus, Ago- 
neus, Delius, Areas, &c. His children are 
also numerous as well as his amours. He was 
father of Autolycus, by Chione; Myrtillus, by 
Cleobula; Libys, by Libya; Echion and Eury- 
tus, by Antianira; Cephalus, by Creusa; Pry lis, 
by Issa; and of Priapus, according to some. 
He was also father of Hermaphroditus, by 
Venus; of Eudorus; by Polimela; of Pan, by 
Dryope, or Penelope. His worship was well 
established, particularly in Greece, Egypt, and 
Italy. He was worshipped at Tanagra in 
Boeotia, under the name of Criophoru3, and 
represented as carrying a ram on his shoulders, 
because he delivered the inhabitants from the 
pestilence by telling them to carry a ram in 
that manner round the wails of their city. The 
Roman merchants yearly celebrated a festival 
on the 15th of May, in honour of Mercury, in 
a temple near the Circus Maximus. A preg- 
nant sow was then sacrificed and sometimes a 
calf, aad particularly the tongues of animaTs* 



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were offered. After the votaries had sprinkled 
themselves with water with laurel leaves, they 
offered prayers to the divinity, and entreated 
him to be favourable to tbem, and to forgive 
whatever artful measures, false oaths or false- 
hoods they had used or uttered in the pursuit of 
gain. Sometimes Mercury appears on monuments 
with a large cloak round his arm, or tied under 
his chin. The chief ensigns of his power and 
offices are his caduceus, his petasus, and his 
talaria Sometimes he is represented sitting 
upon a cray fish, holding in one band his ca- 
duceus, and in the other tbe claws of the fish. 
At other times he is like a young man without 
a beard, holding in one hand a purse, as being 
a tutelary god of merchants, with a cock on 
his wrists as an emblem of vigilance, and at 
his feet a goat, a scorpion, and a fly. Some of his 
statues represented him as a youth facino ereeto. 
Sometimes he rests his foot upon a tortoise. In 
Egypt his statues represented him with the 
head of a dog, whence he was often confound- 
ed with Anubis, and received the sacrifice of a 
stork. Offerings of milk and honey were made 
because he was the god of eloquence, whose 
powers were sweet and persuasive. The Greeks 
and Romans offered tongues to him by throw- 
ing them into the fire, as he was the patron of 
speaking, of which the tongue is the organ. 
Sometimes his statues represent him as without 
arms, because, according to some, the power of 
speech can prevail over every thing even without 
the assistance of arms. Homer. Od. I, &c II. 
1, &c. Hymn, in Merc. — Lucian. in Mort. 
Dial— Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 667. Met 1, 4, 11, 
14.— Martial. 9, ep. 35.— Stat. Theb 4.— 
Paw, 1, 7, 8 and 9. — Orpheus. — -Plut. in 
Num. — Varro de L L. 6. — Plato in^Phced. — 
Liv. SG.-r-Virg. G. 1. Mn\ 1, v. 48.— Diod. 4 
and 5. — Apollod. 1, 2 and 3 — Apollon. Arg. 
l.—Horat. 1, od. 10.— Hygin. fab. P. A. 2.— 
Tzetz. in Lye. 219. — Cic. de Nat D. — Lactan- 
tius — Philostr. 1. Icon. c. 27. — -Manil — 
Macrob. 1, Sat. c. 19.— — Trismegistus, a 
priest and philosopher of Egypt, who taught his 
countrymen how to cultivate the olive, and 
measure their lands, and to understand hiero- 
glyphics. He lived in the age of Osiris, and 
wrote 40 books on theology, medicine, and 
geography, from which Sanchoniathon the Phoe- . 
nician historian has taken his tbeogonia, Diod. 
1 and 5. — Plut. de lsid. fy Os. — Cic. 3, de 
Nat. D. 

Meretrix, a name under which Venus was 
worshipped at Abydos and at Samos, because 
both those places had been benefited by the in- 
trigues or the influence of courtezans. Athen. 
13. 

Meriones, a charioteer of Idomencus king 
of Crete during the Trojan war, son of Molus, 
a Cretan prince, and Melphidis. He signalized 
himself before Troy, and fought withDeiphobns 
the son of Priam, whom he wounded. He was 
greatly admired by the Cretan*, who even paid 
him divine honours after death. Horat. 1, od. 
6, v. 15.— Homer. II. 2, &c.—Dietys. Cret. 1, 

&c— Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 1. A brother of 

Jason son of j?Eson, famous for his great opu- 
fence and for his avarice. Polyain. 6, c. 1. 



Mermeros, a centaur. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 

305. A Trojan killed by Antilochus; A 

son of Jason and Medea, who was father to Uus 
of Corinth. Pans. 2, c. 3. 

Mermnad;e, a race of kings in Lydia of 
which Gyges was the first. They sat on the 
Lydian throne till the reign of Croesus, who 
was conquered by Cyrus king of Persia. They 
were descendants of the Heraclidae, and pro- 
bably received the name of Mermnadae from 
Mermnas, one of their own family. They were 
descended from Lemnos, or according to others, 
from Agelaus the son of Omphale by Hercules. 
Herodot. 1, c. 7 and 14. 

Meroe, now Nuabia, an island of Ethiopia 
with a town of the same name, celebrated for 
its wines. Its original name was Saba, and 
Cambyses gave it that ©f Meroe from his sister. 
Strab. 17.— Herodot. 2, c. 31.— Plin. 2, c. 173. 
—Mela, 1. — Lucan. 4, v. 333, 1. 10, v. 163 and 
303. 

Merope, one of the Atlantides. She mar- 
ried Sisyphus son of -ZEoliis, and, like her sis- 
ters, was changed into a constellation after death. 
[Vid. Pleiades.] It is said, that in the constel- 
lation of the Pleiades the star of Merope ap- 
pears more dim and obscure than the rest, be- 
cause she, as the poets observe, married a 
mortal, while her sisters married some of the 
gods, or their descendants. Ovid Fast. 4, v. 
175.— Diod. 4— Hygin. fab. ]92.—Apollod. 
1, c. 9 A daughter of Cypselus who mar- 
ried Cresphontes king of Messenia, by whom 
she had three children. Her husband and two 
of her children were murdered by Polyphontes. 
The murderer obliged her to many him, and 
she would have been forced to comply had not 
Egyptus or Telephonies, her 3d son, revenged 
his father's death by assassinating Polyphontes. 
Apollod. 2, c. 6 — Pans. 4, C- 3. A daugh- 
ter of OZuopion beloved by Orion. Apollod. 1, 
c. 4. A daughter of the Cebrenus who mar- 
ried iEsacus the son of Priam. A daughter 

of Erechtheus mother of Daedalus. Pkit- in 
Thes. A daughter of Pandarus. A daugh- 
ter of the river Sangarius who married king 
Priam. 

Merops, a king of the island of Cos, who 
married Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He 
was changed into an eagle, and placed among 
the constellations. Ovid. Met. I, v. 763. — 
Jipollod. 3.— Hygin. P. A. 2, c. 16. A cele- 
brated soothsayer of Percosus in Troas, who 
foretold the death of his sons Adrastus and 
Amphius, who were engaged in the Trojan war. 
Tbey slighted their father's advice, and were 

killed by Diomedes. Homer. II. 2. One of 

the companions of iEneas, killed by Turnus. 
Virg JEn. 9, v. 702. 

Meros, a mountain of India sacred to Jupi- 
ter. It is called by Pliny, 6, c. 21, Nysa. Bac- 
chus was educated upon it, whence arose the 
fable that Bacchus was confined in the thigh 
Gt*»g®') of his father. Mela, 2, c. 7.— Plin. 
S, c 13.— Curt. 8, c. 10.— Diod. 1. 

Merula Corn, a Roman who fought against 
tbe Gauls, and was made consul by Octavius in 
the place of China. He sometime after killed 
himself in despair, &c Pint. 



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Mes abates, an eunuch in Persia, flayed alive 

by order of Parysatis, because lie had cut oft' the 
head and right Hand of Cyrus. Plut. in Jirtax. 
Mesabius, a mountain of Boeotia, hanging 
over the Euripus. J J aus. 9, c. 22. 
Mesapia, an ancient name of Boeotia. 
Mesaubius, a servant of Eumaeus, the stew- 
ard of Ulysses. Homer. Od. 14, v. 449. 

Mesembria, now Meseuria, a maritime city 
of Thrace. Hence Mesetnbriacus. Ovid. 1, 

Trist. 6, v. 37. Another at the mouth of the 

Lissus. 

Mesene, an island in the Tigris, where Apa- 
mea was built, now Disel. Plin. 6, c 21. 

Mesomedes, a lyric poet in the age of the 
emperor Antoninus. 

Mesopotamia, a country of Asia which re- 
ceives its name from its situation {fA.i<r(& wo- 
TAfx^r) between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. 
It is yearly inundated by the Euphrates, and the 
water properly conveyed over the country by 
canals. It is now called Diarbcc, Strab, 2. — 
Mela, 1, c. 11.— Cic. deNat. D. 2, c. 52. 

Messala, a name of Valerius Corvinus, from 
his having conquered Messana in Sicily. This 
family was very ancient; the most celebrated 
was a friend of Brutus, who seized the camp of 
Augustus at Philippi. He was afterwards re- 
conciled to Augustus, and died A. D. 9, in his 

77th year. Plat. Another consul, &c- 

The father of Valeria who married the dictator 

Sylla. Id. -A great flatterer at the court of 

Tiberius. A governor of Syria. A tri- 
bune in one of the Roman legions during the 
civil war between Vespasian and Vitellius, of 
which he wrote an hisiorical account mentioned 

by Tacitus. Oral. 14. A consul with Do- 

mitius, &c. A painter at Rome, who flou- 
rished B. C 235. A writer whose book, de 

Jtugustiprogtnie was edited 12mo. L. Bat. 1648. 
Messalina Valeria, a daughter of Messala 
Barbatus. She married the emperor Claudius, 
and disgraced herself by her cruelties and in- 
continence. Her husband's palace was not the 
only seat of her lasciviousness, but she prosti- 
tuted herself in the public streets, and few men 
there were at Rome who could not boast of 
having enjoyed the favours of the impure Mes- 
salina. Her extravagancies at last irritated her 
husband; he commanded her to appear before 
him to answer to all the accusations which were 
brought against her, upon which she attempted 
to destroy herself, and when her courage failed, 
one of the tribunes, who had been sent to her, 
despatched her with his sword, A. D. 48. It is 
in speaking of her debaucheries and lewdness 
that a celebrated satirist says, 

Et lassata viris, necdum satiata, recessit. 
Juv. — Tacit Jinn. 11, c. 37. — Suet, in Claud. 

— Dio. ' mother called also Statilia. She 

was descended of a consular family, and mar- 
vied the consul Alticus Vistinus whom Nero 
murdered. She received with great marks of 
tenderness her husband's murderer, and mar- 
ried him. She had married four husbands be- 
fore she came to the imperial throne; and after 
the death of Nero she retired to literary pur- 
suits, and peaceful occupations. Olho courted 
her, and would have married hef had he not 



destroyed himself. In his last moments he wrote 
her a very pathetic and consolatory letter, &c. 
Tacit. Jinn. 

Messalinus M. Valer, a Roman officer i» 
the reign of Tiberius. He was appointed go- 
vernor of Dalmatia, and rendered himself known 
by his opposition to Piso, and by his attempts 
to persuade the Romans of the necessity of suf- 
fering women to accompany the camps on their 
different expeditions. Tacit. Jinn. 3. — — One 

of Domitian's informers. A flatterer of the 

emperor Tiberius. 

Messana, an ancient and celebrated town of 
Sicily on the straits which separate Italy from 
Sicily. It was anciently called Zancle, and was 
founded 1600 years before the Christian era. 
The inhabitants, being continually exposed to 
the depredations of the people of Cuma, im- 
plored the assistance of the Messenians of Pe- 
loponnesus, and with them repelled the enemy. 
After this victorious campaign, the Messenians 
entered Zancle, and lived in such intimacy with 
the inhabitants that they changed their name, 
and assumed that of the Messenians, and called 
their city Messana, Another account says, that 
Anaxilaus, tyrant of Rhegium, made war against 
the Zanc leans with the assistance of the Mes- 
senians of Peloponnesus, and that after he had 
obtained a decisive victory, he called the con- 
quered city Messana in compliment to his allies, 
about 494 years before the Christian era. After 
this revolution at Zancle, the Mamertmi took 
possession of it and made it the capital of the 
neighbouring country. [Vid. Mamertini.] It. 
afterwards fell into the hands of the Romans, 
and was for some time the chief of their pos- 
sessions in Sicily. The inhabitants were called 
Messenii, Messanienses, and Mamertini. The 
straits of Messana have always been looked upon 
as very dangerous, especially by the ancients, 
on account of the rapidity of the currents, and 
the irregular and violent flowing and ebbing of 
the sea. Strab. 6. — Mela, 2, c. 7. — Paus. 4, c. 
23.— Diod. A.—Thucyd. 1, &c.—Herodot. 6, c, 
23, 1. 7, c. 28. 

Messapia, a country of Italy, between' Ta- 
rentum and Brundusium. It is the same as Ca- 
labria. It received its name from Messapus, 
the son of Neptune, who left a part of Boeotia 
called Messapia, and came to Italy, where he 
assisted the Rutulians against iEneas. Ovid. 
Met. 14, v. 513.— Virg. Mn. 7, v. 691, I. 8, v. 
6, 1. 9, v. 27. 

Messatis, a town of Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 18. 

Messe, a town in the island of Cithera. Stat. 
1. Theb. 4, v. 226; 

Messeis, a fountain of Thessaly. Strab. 9. 

Messene, a daughter of Triopas, king of Ar- 
gos, who married Poiycaon son of Lelex, king 
of Laconia. She encouraged her husband to 
levy troops, and to seize a part of Peloponnesus, 
which, after it had been conquered, received 
her name. She received divine honours after 
her death, and had a magnificent temple at 
llhomc, where her statue was made half of gold 
and half of Parian marble. — Patis. 4, c. 1 and 
13. 

Messene or Messena, now Maura-Matra, a 
city in the Peloponnesus, the capital of (he coun- 



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try called Messenia. The inhabitants have ren- 
dered themselves famous for the war which they 
carried on against the Spartans, and which re- 
ceived the appellation of the Messenian war. 
The first Messenian war arose from the follow- 
ing circumstances: The Messenians offered vio- 
lence to some Spartan women who had assem- 
bled to offer sacrifices in a temple, which was 
common to both nations, and which stood on the 
borders of their respective territories, and be- 
sides they killed Teleclus, the Spartan king, 
who attempted to defend the innocence of the 
females. This account, according to the Spar- 
tan traditions, is contradicted by the Messe- 
nians, who observe that Teleclus with a chosen 
body of. Spartans assembled at the temple, be- 
fore mentioned, disguised in women's clothes, 
and all secretly armed with daggers This hos- 
tile preparation was to surprise some of the 
neighbouring inhabitants; and in a quarrel which 
soon after arose, Teleclus and his associates 
were a!} killed. These quarrels were the cause 
of the first Messenian war, which began B. C. 
743 years. It was carried on with vigour and 
spirit on both sides, and after many obstinate 
and bloody battles had been fought and continu- 
ed for 19 years, it was at last finished by the 
taking of Ithome by the Spartans, a place which 
had stood a siege of ten years, and been defend- 
ed with all the power of the Messenians. The 
insults to which the conquered Messenians were 
continually exposed, at last excited their resent- 
ment, and they resolved to shake off the yoke. 
They suddenly revolted, and the second Messe- 
nian war was begun 685 B. C. and continued 
14 years. The Messenians at first gained some 
advantages, but a fatal battle in the third year 
of the war so totally disheartened them that they 
fled to Ira, where they resolved to maintain an 
obstinate siege against their victorious pursuers. 
The Spartans were assisted by the Samians in 
besieging Ira, and the Messenians were at last 
obliged to submit to the superior power of their 
. adversaries. The taking of Ira, by the Lace- 
daemonians, after a siege of 11 years, put an end 
to the second Messenian war. Peace was re-es- 
tablished for some time in Peloponnesus, but 
after the expiration of 200 years, the Messe- 
nians attempted a third time to free themselves 
from the power of Lacedaemon, B. C. 465. At 
that time the Helots had revolted from the Spar- 
tans, and the Messenians, by joining their forces 
to these wretched slaves, looked upon their res- 
pective calamities as common, and thought them- 
selves closely interested in each other's welfare. 
The Lacedaemonians were assisted by the Athe- 
nians, but they soon grew jealous of one ano- 
ther's power, and their political connexion end- 
ed in the most inveterate enmity, and at last in 
open war. Ithome was the place in which the 
Messenians had a second time gathered all their 
forces, and though ten years had already elaps- 
ed, both parties seemed equally confident of vic- 
tory. The Spartans were afraid of storming 
Ithome, as the oracle of Delphi had threatened 
them with the greatest calamities, if they offer- 
ed any violence to a place which was dedicated 
to the service of Apollo. The Messenians, how- 
ever, were soon obliged to submit to their vic- 



torious adversaries, B. C. 453, and they con* 
senteel to leave their native country, and totally 
to depart from the Peloponnesus, solemnly pro- 
mising that if they ever returned into Messenia, 
they would suffer themselves to be sold as slaves. 
The Messenians upon this, misei ably exiled, ap- 
plied to the Athenians for protection, and were 
permitted to inhabit Naupactus, whence some 
of them were afterwards removed to take pos- 
session of their ancient territories in Messenia, 
during the Peioponnesian war. The third Mes- 
senian war was productive of great revolutions 
in Greece, and though almost a private quarrel- 
it soon engaged the attention of all the neigh- 
bouring states, and kindled the flames of dissen- 
tion every where. Every state took up arms as 
if in its own defence, or to prevent additional 
power and dominion to be lodged in the hands 
of its rivals. The descendants of the Messe- 
nians at last returned to Peloponnesus, B. C. 
370, after a long banishment of 300 years. 
Paus. Mess. &c. — Justin. 3, c. 4, &c. — Strab. 
6, &c.~-Thucyd. 1, &c.—Diod. U,&c.—Plut. 
in Cym. &c. — Polycen. 3.' — Polyb. 4, &c. 

Messenia, a province of Peloponnesus, situ- 
ate between Laconia, E!is, Arcadia, and the 
sea. Its chief city is Messena. [ Vid. Mes- 
sene.] 

Mestor, a son of Perseus and Andromeda, 
who married Lysidice, daughter of Pelops, by 

whom he had Hippothoe. A sonofPterilaus. 

Of Priam. Jipollod. 



Mesula, a town of Italy, in the country of the 
Sabines. 

Metabus, a tyrant of the Privernates. He 
was father of Camilla, whom he consecrated to 
the service of Diana, when he had been banish- 
ed from his kingdom by his subjects. Virg. JEn. 
11, v. 540. 

Metagitnia, a festival in honour of Apollo, 
celebrated by the inhabitants of Melite, who 
migrated to Attica. It receives its name from 
its being observed in the month called Metagit- 
nion. 

Metanira, the wife of Celeus, king ofEleu- 
sis, who first taught mankind agriculture. She 
is also called Meganira. Jlpollod. 1, c. 5. 

Metapontum, a town of Lucania in Italy, 
founded about 1269 years B. C. by Metabus, 
the father of Camilla, or Epeus, one of the com- 
panions of Nestor. Pythagoras retired there for 
some time, and perished in a sedition. Annibal 
made it his head quarters when in that part of 
Italy, and its attachment to Carthage was af- 
terwards severely punished by the Roman con- 
querors, who destroyed its liberties and inde- 
pendence. A few broken pillars of marble are 
now the only vestiges of Metapontum. Strab. 5. 
— Mela, 2, c. 4.— Justin. 12, c. 2. — Liv. 1, 8, 
25, 27, &c. 

Metapontus, a son of Sisyphus, who marri- 
ed Theana. [Vid. Theana.] Hygin. fab. 1S6. 

Metaurus, now Metro, a town with a small 
river of the same name in the country of the 
Brutii. The river Metaurus falls into the Tyrr- 
hene sea above Sicily and is famous for the de- 
feat of Asdrubal by the consuls Livy and Nero. 
Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 3S. — Mela, 2, c. 4 — Lucan. 
2, v. 4Sj. 



ME 



ME 



Metella, the wife of Sylla. 

Metelli, the surname of the family of the 
Caecilii at Rome, the most known of whom 
were — A general who defeated the Achaeans, 

tooK Thebes, and invaded Macedonia, &c 

Q. Caecilius, who rendered himself illustrious by 
his successes against Jugurtha the Numidian 
king, from which he was surnamed Numidicus. 
He took, in this expedition, the celebrated Ma- 
rius, as his lieutenant, and he had soon cause to 
repent of the confidence he had placed in him. 
Marius raised himself to power by defaming the 
character of his benefactor, and Metellus was 
recalled to Rome and accused of extortion and 
ill-management. Marius was appointed succes- 
sor to finish the Numidian war, and Metellus 
was acquitted of the crimes laid to his charge 
before the tribunal of the Roman knights, who 
observed that the probity of his whole life and 
the greatness of his exploits were greater proofs 
of his innocence, than the most powerful argu- 
ments. Cic de Orat. 1, c 48. — Sallust, de Bell. 

Jug L. Caecilius, another, who saved from 

the flames the palladium, when Vesta's temple 
was on fire. He was then high priest. He lost 
his sight and one of his arms in doing it, and 
the senate, to reward his zeal and piety, per-, 
mitted him always to be drawn to the senate 
house in a chariot, an honour which no one had 
ever before enjoyed. He also gained a great 
victory over the Carthaginians in the first Punic 
war, and led in his triumph 13 generals, and 120 
elephants taken from the enemy. He was hon- 
oured with the dictatorship, and the office of 

master of horse, &c. Q. Caecilius Celer, 

another who distinguished himself by his spirit- 
ed exertions against Catiline. He married Clo- 
dia the sister of Clodius, who disgraced him by 
her incontinence and lasciviousness. He died 
57 years before Christ. He was greatly lament- 
ed by Cicero, who shed tears at the loss of one 
of bis most faithful and valuable friends. Cic. 

d& Ccel. L. Caecilius, a tribune in the civil 

wars of J. Caesar and Pompey. He favoured 
the cause of Pompey, and opposed Caesar when 
he entered Rome with a victorious army. He 
re'fused to open the gates of Saturn's temple, in 
which were deposited great treasures, upon 
which they were broke open by Caesar, and Me- 
tellus retired, when threatened with death. 

Q. Caecilius, the grandson of the high priest, 
who saved the palladium from the flames, was 
a warlike general, who, from his conquest of 
Crete and Macedonia, was surnamed Macedoni- 
cus. He had six sons, of which four are parti- 
cularly mentioned by Plutarch Q. Caecili- 
us, surnamed Belearicus, from his conquest of 

the Beleares. L- Ccecilius, surnamed Diet- 

dematus, but supposed the same as that called 
Lucius with tne surname of Dahnaticus, from 
a victory obtained over the Dalmatians during 

hi? consulship with Mutius Scaevola. Caius 

Cajcilius, surnamed Caprarius, who was con- 
sul with Carbo, A. U. C 641. The fourth 

was Marcus, and of these four brothers it is 
remarkable, that two of them triumphed in one 
day, but over what nations is not mentioned by 
Eatrop. 4. Nepos, a consul, &c. Ano- 
ther, who accused C. -Curio, his faiher's de- 



tractor, and who also vented his resentment 

against Cicero when going to banishment. 

Another, who, as tribune, opposed the ambition 

of Julius Caesar. A general of the Roman 

armies against the Sicilians and Carthaginians. 
Before he marched he offered sacrifices to al! 
the gods, except Vesta, for which neglect the 
goddess was so incensed, that she demanded 
the blood of his daughter Metella. When Me- 
tella was going to be immolated, the goddess 
placed a heifer in her place, and carried her 
to a temple at Lanuvium, of which she became 

the priestess. Lucius Caecilius, or Quintus, 

surnamed Creticus, from his conquest in Crete, 
B. C. 66, is supposed by some to be the son of 

Metellus Macedonicus. Cimber, one of the 

conspirators against J. Caesar. It was he who 
gave the signal to attack and murder the dicta- 
tor in the senate-house.-- — Pius, a general in 
Spain, against Sertorius, on whose head he set 
a price oi 100 talents, and 20,000 acres of iand. 
He distinguished himself also in the Marsian 
war, and was high priest. He obtained the 
name Of Pius from the sorrow he showed dur- 
ing the banishment of his father Metellus JVit- 
midicus, whom he caused to be recalled, la- 
tere 2, c. 5. — Sallust. Jug. 44. A consul 

who commanded in Africa, &c. Vol. Max. — 
Plin.—Plut.—Liv.—Paterc. 2.—Flor. 3, c. 8. 
— Paus. 7, c. 8 and 13. — Cic. in TuscJkc. — 
Juv. 3, v. 138. — Jlppian. Civ. — Ccesar. bell. 
Civ. — Sallust. in Jug. 

Metharma, a daughter of Pygmalion king of 
Cyprus, and mother of Adonis by Cinyras, &c. 
Jlpollod. 3, c. 14. 

Methion, the father of Phorbas, &c. Ovid. 
Met. 5, fab, 3. 

Methodius, a bishop of Tyre, who maintain- 
ed a controversy against Porphyry. The best 
edition is that of Paris, fol. 1657. 

Methone, a town of Peloponnesus, where 
king Philip gained his first battle over the 
Athenians, B. C. 360. A town of Mace- 
donia, south of Pella, in the siege of which, ac- 
cording to Justin. 7, c. 6, Philip lost his right 
eye. — —Another in Magnesia. Homer. II. 2, 
v. 71. 

Methtdrium, a town of Peloponnesus, near 
Megalopolis. Val. Flacc. 

Methymna, (now Porto Petero), a town of 
the island of Lesbos, which receives its name 
from a daughter of Macareus. It is the second 
city of the island in greatness, population, and 
opulence, and its territory is fruitful, and the 
wines it produces, excellent. It was the native 
place of Arion. When the whole island of Les- 
bos revolted from the power of the Athenians, 
Methymna alone remained firm to its ancient 
allies. Diod. 5. — Tkuctid. 3. — Horat. 2, sat, 
8, c. 50.— Virg. G. 3, v. 90. 

Metiadusa, a daughter of Eupalamus, who 
married Cecrops, bv whom she had Pandion, 
Jlpollod. 3, c. 15. 

Metilia Lex, was enacted A. U. C. 536, to 
settle the power of the dictator and of his mas- 
ter of horse, within certain bouuds. 

Metilii, a patrician family brought from 
Alba to Rome, by Tullus Hostilius. Dionp 
Hal. 



ME 



ME 



Metilius, a man who accused Fabius Maxi- 
mus before the senate, &c. 

Metiochus, a son of Miltiades, who was 
taken by the Phoenicians, and given to Darius 
king of Persia. He was tenderly treated by 
the monarch, though his father had conquered 
the Persian armies in the plains of Marathon. 
Plut. — Herodot. 6,c. 41. An Athenian en- 
trusted with the care of the roads, &c. Plut. 

Metion, a son of Erechtheus, king ot 
Athens, and Praxithea. He married Alcippe, 
daughter of Mars and Agraulos. His sons 
drove Pandion from the throne of Athens, and 
were afterwards expelled by Pandion's chil- 
dren. Apollod. 3, c. 15. — Paus. 2, c. 6. 

Metis, one of the Oceamdes. She was 
Jupiter's first wife, celebrated for her great 
prudence and sagacity above the rest of the 
gods. Jupiter, who was afraid lest she should 
bring forth into the world a child more cun- 
ning and greater than himself, devoured her in 
the first month of her pregnancy. Some time 
after this adventure the god had his head 
opened, from which issued Minerva armed 
from head to foot. According to Apollodorus, 
1, c. 2, Metis gave a potion to Saturn, and 
obliged him to throw up the children he had 
devoured. Hesiod. Theog. v. 890. — Jlpollod. 
1, c. 3. — Hygin. 

Metiscus, a charioteer to Turnus. Virg. 
JEn- 12, v. 469. 

Metius Curtius, one of the Sabines who 
fought against the Romans on account of the 

stolen virgins Suffetius, a dictator of Alba, 

in the reign of Turlius Hostilius. He fought 
against the Romans, and at last, finally to set- 
tle their disputes, he proposed a single combat 
between the Horatii and Curiatii. The Albans 
were conquered, and Metius promised to assist 
the Romans against their enemies. In a battle 
against the Veientes and Fidenates, Metius 
showed his infidelity by forsaking the Romans 
at the first onset, and retired to a neighbouring 
eminence, to wait for the event of the battle, 
and to fall upon whatever side proved victorious. 
The Romans obtained the victory, and Tullus 
ordered Metius to be tied between two chariots, 
which were drawn by four horses two different 
ways, and his limbs were torn away from his 
body, about 669 years before the Christian 
era. Liv. 1, c. 23, &c. — Flor. 1, c. 3. — Virg. 

JEn. 8, v. 642. A critic. Vid. Tarpa. 

Carus, a celebrated informer under Domitian, 
who enriched himself with the plunder of those 
who were sacrificed to the emperor's suspicion. 

METceciA, festivals instituted by Theseus in 
commemoration of the people of Attica having 
temoved to Athens. 

Meton, an astrologer and mathematician of 
Athens. His father's name was Pausanias 
He refused to go to Sicily with his country- 
men, and pretended to be insane,, because he 
foresaw the calamities that attended that ex- 
pedition. In a book called Enneadecalerides, 
or the cycle of 19 years, he endeavoured to ad- 
just the course of the sun, and of the moon, 
and supported, that the solar and lunar years 
could regularly begin from the same point in 
the heavens. This is called by the moderns 



the golden numbers. He flourished B. C. 43JL': 
Vilruv. 1. — Plut. in Nicia. — A native of Ta- 
rentum, who pretended to be intoxicated that 
he might draw the attention of his countrymen, 
when he wished to dissuade them from ma- 
king an alliance with king Pyrrhus. Plut. in 
Pyrr. 

Metope, the wife of the river Sangarius. 

She was mother of. Hecuba. The daughter 

of Ladon, who married the Asopus. A river 

of Arcadia. 

Metra, a daughter of Eresichthon, a Thes- 
salian prince, beloved by Neptune. When her 
father had spent all his fortune to gratify the 
canine hunger under which he laboured, she 
prostituted herself to her neighbours, and re- 
ceived for reward oxen, goats, and sheep, 
which she presented to Eresichthon. Some say 
that she had received from Neptune the power 
of changing herself into whatever animal she 
pleased, and that her father sold her continu- 
ally to gratify his hunger, and that she instantly 
assumed a different shape, and became again 
his property. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 21. 

Metragyrte, one of the names of Tellus 
or Cybele. 

Metrobius, a player greatly favoured by 
Sylla. Plut. 

Metrocles, a pupil of Theophrastus, who 
had the care of the education of Cleombrotus 
and Cleomenes. He suffocated himself when 
old and infirm. Diog. 

Metrodorus, a physician of Chios, B. C. 
444. He was a disciple of Democritus, and 
had Hippocrates among his pupils. His com- 
positions on medicine, &c. are lost. He sup- 
ported that the world was eternal and infinite, 

and denied the existence of motion. Diog 

A painter and philosopher of Stratoniee, B. C. 
171. He was sent to Paulus iEmylius, who, 
after the conquest of Perseus, demanded of the 
Athenians a philosopher and a painter, the 
former to instruct his children, and the latter 
to make a painting of his triumphs. Metro- 
dorus was sent, as in him alone were united 
the philosopher and painter. Plin. 35, c. 11. 
— Cic. 5, de Finib. 1. de Orat 4. Acad.— 

Diog. in Epic- A friend of Mithridates, sent 

as ambassador to Tigranes, king of Armenia. 
He was remarkable for his learning, modera- 
tion, humanity, and justice. He was put to 
death by his royal master for his infidelity, B. 

C. 72. Slrab. — Plut. Another, of a very 

retentive memory. 

Metrophanes, an officer of Mithridates, 
who invaded Euboea, &e. 

Metropolis, a town of Phrygia on the 

Maeander. Another of Thessaly near Phar- 

salia. 

Mettius, a chief of the Gauls, imprisoned 
by J. Caesar. Cces. Bell. G. • 

Mettus. Vid. Metius. 

Metulum, a town of Liburnia, in besieg- 
ing of which Augustus was wounded. Diog. 49. 

Mevania, now Bevagna, a town of Umbria, 
on the Clitumnus, the birth-place of the poet 
Propertius. Lucan. 1, v. 473. — Property 4, 
el. 1, v, 124. 

Mevius, a wretohed poet. Vid. Mzevius. 



MI 



MI 



Meeentids, a king of the Tyrrhenians when 
.SSneas came into Italy. He was remarkable 
for his cruelties, and put his subjects to death 
by slow tortures, or sometimes tied a man to a 
dead corpse face to face, aud suffered him to 
die in this condition. He was expelled by his 
subjects, and fled to Turnus, who employed him 
in liis war against the Trojans. He was killed 
by iEneas, with his son Lapsus. Dionys. Hal. 
1, c 15 — Justin. 43, c. 1. — Liv. 1, c. 2. — 
Virg. AZn 7, v. 648, I. 8, v. 482— Odd. 
Fast. 4, v. 881. 

Micea, a yirgin of Elis, daughter of Philo- 
demus, murdered by a soldier called Lucius, 
&c. Pint, de cl. Mul. 

Micipsa, a king of Numidia, son of Masi- 
nissa, Who, at his death, B. C. 119, left his 
kingdom between his sons Adberbal and Hy- 
empsal, and his nephew Jugurtha. Jugurtha 
abused his uncle's favours by murdering bis 
two sons. Sallust. de Jug. — Flor. 3, c. 1. — 
Plut. in Gr. 

Micythus, a youth, through whom Diome- 
don, by order of the Persian king, made an 
attempt to bribe Epaminondas. C. JVep. in 

Epa. 4 A slave of Anaxilaus of Rhegium. 

Herodot. 7, c. 170. 

Midas, a king of Phrygia, son of Gordius or 
€forgias. In (he early part of his life, accord- 
ing to some traditions, he found a large trea- 
sure, to which he owed bis greatness and opu- 
lence. The hospitality he sbowed to Silenus, 
the preceptor of Bacchus, who had been brought 
to him by some peasants, was liberally reward- 
ed; and Midas, when he conducted the old man 
back to the god, was permitted to choose what- 
ever recompense he pleased. He bad the im- 
prudence aud the avarice to demand of the god 
that whatever he touched might be turned into 
gold. His prayer was granted, but he was 
soon convinced of his injudicious choice; and 
when the very meats which he attempted to eat 
became gold in his mouth, he begged Bacchus 
to take away a present, which must prove so 
fatal to the receiver. He was ordered to wash 
himself in the river Pactolus, wbose sands were 
turned into gold by the touch of Midas. Some 
time after this adventure, Midas had the im- 
prudence to support that Pan was superior to 
Apollo in singing and playing upon the flute, 
for which rash opinion the offended god changed 
his ears into those of an ass, to show his igno- 
rance and stupidity. This Midas attempted to 
conceal from the knowledge of his subjects, but i 
one of his servants saw the length of bis ears, 
and being unable to keep the secret, and afraid 
to reveal it, apprehensive of the king's resent- 
ment, he opened a hole in the earth, and after 
he had whispered there that Midas had the 
ears of an ass, he covered the place as be- 
fore, as if he had buried his words in the 
ground. On that place, as the poets mention, 
grew a number of reeds, which, when agitated 
by the wind, uttered the same sound that had 
been buried beneath, and published to the 
world that Midas had the ears of an ass. Some 
explain the fa')Ie of the ears of Midas, by the 
supposition that he kept a number of informers 
and spies, who were continually employed in 



gathering every seditious word that might dreg 
from the mouths vl' his subjects. Midas, ac- 
cording to Strabo, died of drinking bull's not 
blood. This he did, as Plutarch mentions, to 
free himself from the numerous ill dreams 
which continually tormenteo him. Midas, ac- 
cording to some, was son of Cybele. He built 
a town which he called Ancyrae Ovid. Met. 
11," fab. 5. — Plut. de Suptist. — Strab. 1. — 
Hygin. fab. 191, 274— Jjox. Tyr. 30.— Pans. 
1, c. 4. — Val. Max. 1, c. 6. — Heruaol 1, c. 
14.— JElxan. V. H. 4 and 12.— Cic de Div. 
1, c 36, I. 2, c. 31. 

Midea, a town of Argolis. Parts. 6, c. 20. 

Of Lycia. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 45. Of 

Bceotia, drowned by the inundations of the 

lake Copais- Strab. 8. A nymph who had 

Aspledon by Neptune. Paus. 9, c. 38. A 

mistress of Electryon. Apollod. 

MilInian, a youth who became enamoured 
of Ataianta. He is supposed bv some to be the 
same as Meleager or Hippomanes. Ovid Art. 
Am. 2, v. 188. A son of Ampbidamas. 

Milesii, the inhabitants of Miletus. Vid- 
Miletus. 

Milesiorum murus, a place of Egypt at the 
entrance oi one of the mouths of the Nile. 

Milesius, a surname of Apollo. A na- 
tive of Miletus. 

Miletia, one of the daughters of Scedasus, 
ravished with her sister by some young The- 
bans. Plut. and Paus. 

Miletium, a town of Calabria, built by the 
people of Miletus of Asia. — A town of Crete. 
Homer II. 2, v. 154. 

Miletus, a son of Apollo, who fled from 
Crete to avoid the wrath of Minos, whom he 
meditated to dethrone. He came to Caria, 
where he built a city which he called by his 
own name. Some suppose that he only con- 
quered a city there called Anactoria. which 
assumed his name They farther say, that he 
put the inhabitants to the sword, and divided 
the women among his soldiers. Cyanea, a 
daughter of the Mseander, fell to his share. 
Strab. \4.—0vid. Met 9. v. 446.— Paus. ">, 

c. 2. — Apollod. 3, c 1. A celebrated town 

of Asia Minor* the capital of all Ionia, situate 
about ten stadia south of the mouth of the river 
Mseander, near the sea coast on tke confines 
of Ionia aud Caria. It was founded by a Cre- 
tan colony under Miletus, or, according to 
others, by Neleus, the son of Codrus, or by 
Sarpedon, Jupiter's son. It ha? successively 
been called Lelegeis, Pitkyusa, and Anactoria. 
The inhabitants, called Milesii, were very pow- 
erful, and long maintained an obstinate war 
against the kings of Lydia. They early ap- 
plied themselves to navigation, and planted no 
less than 80 colonies, or, according to Seneca, 
380, in different parts of the world. Miletus 
gave birth to Thales, Anaximenes, Anaximan- 
der, Ilecataeus, Timotheus the musician, Pit- 
tacus one of the seven wise men, &c. Miletus 
was also famous for a temple and nn oracle of 
Apollo Pidymseus, and for its excellent wool, 
with which were made stuffs and garments, 
held in the highest reputation, both for softness, 
elegance, and beauty. The words MUesite 

3l 



MI 



MI 



fabulct, or Milesiaca, were used to express wan- 
ton and ludicrous plays. Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 413 
— Capitolin. in Mb- W.— Virg. G. 3 : v. 306. 
— Strao. 15. — Paw. 7, c. 2.— Mela, 1, c 17. 
— PLin. 5, c. 29. — Herodot. 1, &c. — Senec. de 
ConsoL ad Jilh. 

Mtlias, a part of Lycia. 

Miliohus. a freedman who discovered Piso's 
Conspiracy against Nero. Tacit. 15, Ann. 
C. 54. 

Miltnus, a Cretan king, &c. 

Milionia, a town of the Samnites taken by 
the Romans. 

Milo, a celebrated athlete of Crotona in Ita- 
ly. His father's name was Diotimus. He ear- 
ly accustomed himself to carry the greatest bur- 
dens, and by degrees became a monster in 
strength. It is said that he carried on his 
shoulders a young builock four years old, for 
above forty yards, and aftenvards killed it with 
one blow of his fist, and eat it up in one day. He 
was seven times crowned at the Pythian games, 
and six at Oiympia. He presented himself a 
seventh time, but no one had the courage or 
boldness to enter the lists against him. He was 
one of the disciples of Pythagoras, and to his 
uncommon strength the learned preceptor and 
his pupils owed their life. The pillar which 
supported the rcof of the school suddenly gave 
way, but Milo supported the whole weight of the 
building, and gave the philosopher and his au- 
ditors time to escape. In his old age Milo at- 
tempted to pull up a tree by the roots and break 
it. He partly effected it, but bis strength being 
gradually exhausted, the tree when half cleft 
reunited, and bis hands remained pinched in the 
body of the tree. He was then alone, and be- 
ing unable to disentangle himself, he was eaten 
up by the wild beasts of the place, about 500 
years before the christian era. Ovid. Met. 15. 
■ — Cic de Sened. — Val. Max. 9, c. 12. — Slrab. 

IS— Pans. 6, c. 11. T. Annirs, a native of 

Lanuvium, who attempted to obtain the consul- 
ship at Rome by intrigue and seditious tumults. 
Ciodius the tribune opposed his views, yet Milo 
would have succeeded had not an unfortunate 
event totally frustrated bis hopes. As he was 
going into the country, attended by his wife and 
a numerous retinue of gladiators and servants, 
he met on the Appian road his enemy Ciodius, 
who was returning to Rome with three of his 
friends and some domestics completely armed. 
A quarrel arose between the servants. Milo 
supported his attendants, and the dispute be- 
came general. Ciodius received many severe 
wounds, and was obliged to retire to a neigh- 
bouring cottage. Milo pursued his enemy in his 
retreat, and ordered his servants to despatch 
bim. Eleven of the servants of Ciodius shared 
bis fate, as also the owner of the house who had 
given them reception. The body of the murder- 
ed tribune was carried to Rome, and exposed 
to public view. The enemies of Milo inveigh- 
ed bitterly against the violence and barbarity 
with which the sacred person of a tribune had 
been treated. Cicero undertook the defence of 
Milo, but the continual clamours of the friends 
of Ciodius, and the sight of an armed soldiery, 
which surrounded the seat of judgment, so ter- 



rified the orator, that he forgot the greatest par? 
of his arguments, and the defence he made was 
weak and injudicious Milo was condemned, 
and banished to Massilia. Cicero soon after 
!»ent his exiied friend a copy of the oration which 
he had delivered in his defence, in the form in 
which we have it now; and Milo, after he had 
read it, exclaimed, Cicero, hadst thou spoken 
before my accusers v» these terms, Milo would not 
be now eating figs at Marseilles. The friendship 
and cordiality of Cicero and Milo were the fruits 
of long intimacy and familiar intercourse. It 
was by the successful labours of Milo thai the 
orator was recalled from banishment and restor- 
ed to his friends. Oic. pro Milon. — Paterc. 2, 

c. 47 and 68. — Dio. 40. A general of the 

forces of Pyrrhus. He was made governor of 
Tarentum, and that he might be reminded of 
his duty to his sovereign, Pyrrhus sent him as a 
present a chain, which was covered with the skin 
of Nicias the physician, who had perfidiously of- 
fered the Romans to poison his royal master for 

'a sum of money. Polycen, 8, &c. A tyrant 

of Pisa in Elis, thrown' into the river Alpheus 
by his subjects for his oppression. Ovid, in lb, 
v. 325. 

Milonius, a drunken buffoon at Rome, ac- 
customed to dance when intoxicated. Horat. 2, 
Sat. 1, v. 24. 

Mijlt\s, a soothsayer, who assisted Dion in 
explaining prodigies, &c. 

Miltiades, an Athenian, son of Cypselus, 
who obtained a victory in' a chariot race at the 
Olympic games, and led a colony of his coun- 
trymen to the Chersoncsus. The causes of this 
appointment are striking and singular. The 
Thracian Dolonci, harassed by a long war with 
the Absynthians, were directed by the oracle of 
Delphi to take for their king the first man they 
met in their return home,, who invited them to 
come under his roof and partake of his enter- 
tainments. This was Miltiades, whom the ap- 
pearance of the Dolonci, their strange arms and 
garments, had struck. He invited them to his 
house, and was made acquainted with the com- 
mands of the oracle. He obeyed, and when the 
oracle of Delphi had approved a second time 
the choice of the Dolonci, he departed for the 
Chersonesus, and was invested by the inhabi- 
tants with sovereign power. The first measure 
he took was to stop the further incursions of the 
Absynthians, by building a strong wall across 
the Isthmus. When he had established himself 
at home, and fortified his dominions against for- 
eign invasion, he turned his arms against Lamp- 
sacus. His expedition was unsuccessful; he '.vas 
taken in an ambuscade and made prisoner. 
His friend Crcesus, king of Lydia, was inform- 
ed of his captivity, and he procured his release 
by threatening the people of Lampsacus with 
his severest displeasure. He fived a few years 
after he had recovered his liberty. As he had 
no issue, he left his kingdom and possessions to 
Stesagoras the son of Cimon, who was his bro- 
ther by the same mother. The memory of 
Miltiades was greatly honoured by the Dolon- 
ci, and they regularly celebrated festivals and 
exhibited shows in commemoration of a man 
to whom they owed their greatness and preset- 



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vation. Some time after Stesagoras died with- 
out issue, and Miltiades the son of Cimon, and 
the brother of the deceased, was sent by the 
Athenians with one ship to take possession of 
the Chersonesus. At his arrival Miltiades ap- 
peared mournful, as it lamenting the recent 
death of his brother- The principal inhabitants 
of tbe country visited the new governor to con- 
dole with him; but their confidence in his sin- 
cerity proved fatal to them. Miltiades seized 
their persons, and made himself absolute in 
Chersonesus; and to strengthen himself he mar- 
ried Hegesipyla, the daughter of Olorus the 
king of the Thracians. His prosperity however 
was of short duration. In the third year of his 
government his dominions were threatened by 
an invasion of the Scythian Nomades, whom 
Darius had some time before irritated by enter- 
ing their country. He fled before them, but as 
their hostilities were but momentary, he was 
soon restored to his kingdom. Three years after 
he left Chersonesus and set sail for Athens, 
where he was received with great applause- He 
Was present at the celebrated battle of Mara- 
thon', in which all ihe chief officers ceded their 
power to bini, and left tbe event of the battle to 
depend upon his superior abilities. He obtain- 
ed an important victory [Vid. Marathon] over 
the more numerous forces of his adversaries; 
and when he demanded of his fellow-citizens an 
olive crown as the reward of his valour in the 
field of battle, he was not only refused, but se- 
verely reprimanded for presumption. The only 
reward, therefore, that he received for a victo- 
ry which proved so beneficial to the interests of 
universal Greece, was in itself simple and incon- 
siderable, though truly great in the opinion of 
that age. He was represented in the front of a 
picture among the rest of the commanders who 
fought at the battle of Marathon, and he seem- 
ed to exhort and animate his soldiers to fight 
with courage and intrepidity. Some time after 
Miltiades was entrusted with a fleet of 70 ships, 
and ordered to punish those islands which had 
revolted to the Persians. He was successful at 
first, but a sudden report that the Persian fleet 
was coming to attack him, changed bis opera- 
tions as he was besieging Pares. He raised the 
siege and returned to Athens, where he was ac- 
cused of treason, and particularly of holding cor- 
respondence with the enemy. The falsity of 
these accusations might have appeared, if Mil- 
tiades had been able to come into the assembly. 
A wound which he had received before Paros 
detained him at home, and his enemiesMaking 
advantage of his absence, became more eager 
in their accusations and louder in their clamours. 
He was condemned to death, but the rigour of 
the sentence was retracted on the recollection of 
his great services to the Athenians, and he was 
put into prison till he had paid a fine of 50 ta- 
lents to the state. His inability to discharge so 
great a sum detained him in confinement, and 
soon after his wounds became incurable, and he 
died about 489 years before the Christian era. 
His body was ransomed by his son Cimon, who 
was obliged to borrow and pay the 50 talents to 
give his father a decent burial. The crimes of 
Miltiades were probably aggravated in the eyes 



j of his countrymen, when they remembered how 
, he made himself absolute in Chersonesus; and 
in condemning the barbarity of the Athenians 
towards a general, who was the source of their 
j military prosperity, we must remember the jeal- 
! ousy which ever reigns among a free and inde- 
1 pendent people, and how watchful they are in 
; defence of the natural rights which they see 
wrested from others by violence ana oppression. 
Cornelius Nepos has written the life of Milti- 
ades the son of Cimon, but his history is incon- 
gruous and not authentic; and the author, by 
confounding the actions of the son of Cimon 
with those of the son of Cypselus, has made the 
whole dark and unintelligible. Greater reliance 
in reading the actions of both the Miltiades is 
to be placed on the narration of Herodotus, 
whose veracity is confirmed, and who was indis- 
putably more informed and more capable of giv- 
ing an account of the life and exploits of men 
who flourished in his age, and of which he could 
see the living monuments. Herodotus was born 
about six years after the famous battle of Mara- 
thon, and C. Nepos, as a writer of the Augus- 
tan age, flourished about 450 years after the age 
of the father of history. C. Nep. in vitd. — He- 
rodot. 4, c 137, 1. 6, c. 34, &c<— Plut-in Vim. 

— Vat. Max. 5, c. 3. — Justin. 2. Patts. 

An archon at Athens. 

Milto, a favourite mistress of Cyrus the 
younger. Vid. Aspasia. 

Milvius, a parasite at Rome, &c. Horat. 2, 

Sat. 7. A bridge at Rome over the Tiber, 

now called Pont de Molle. Cic. ad Jltt 13, ep. 
S3.Sal. Oat Ab —Tacit. Ji 13, c. 47. 

Milyas, a country cf Asia Minor, better 
known by the name of Lycia. Its inhabitants, call- 
ed Mityddes, and afterwards Solymi, were of 
the numerous nations which formed the army of 
Xerxes' in his invasion of Greece. Herodot. — 
Cic. Vet-. 1, c. 38. 

Mimallones, the Bacchanals, who when they 
celebrated the orgies of Bacchus put horns on 
their heads. They are also called Mhnallonides, 
and some derive their name from the mountain 
Mimas. Pers. 1, v. 99.— Ovid. A. Ji. v. 541. 
— Stat. Thcb. 4, v. 660. 

Mimas, a giant whom Jupiter destroyed with 

thunder. Uorai. 3, od. 4. A high mountain 

cf Asia Minor, hear Colophon. Ovid. Met. 2, 

fab. 5. A Trojan, son of Theano and Amy- 

cas, born on the same night as Paris, with whom 
he lived in great intimacy. He followed the 
fortune of JEneas, and was killed by Mezentius. 
Virg.JEn. 10, v.' 702. 

Mimnermus, a Greek poet and musician of 
Coiopbon in the age of Solon. He chiefly ex- 
celled in elegiac poetry, whence some have at- 
tributed the invention of it to him, and, indeed, 
he was the poet who made elegy an amorous 
poem, instead of a mournful and melancholy 
tale. In the expression of love, Propertius pre- 
fers him to Homer, as this verse shows: 
Plus in amove valet Mimnenni versus Hcmero. 

In his old age Mimncrmfts became enamour- 
ed of a ycung girl called Nanno. Some few 
fragments of his poetry remain collected by Sto- 
bseus. He is supposed by some to be the inven- 
tor of the pentameter verse, which ethers how- 



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ever attribute to Calliuus or Archilochus. The 

surname of Ligustiades, \iyvs {shrill voiced), 
has been applied to him, though some imagine 
the word to be the name of his father, ittrab. 
1 and 14. — P'.ius 9, c. 29,—Diog. I. — Propert. 
1, el. 9, v. 11.— Hot at 1, ep. 6, v. 66. 

Mincius, now Mincio, a river of Venetia, 
flowing from the lake Benacus, and falling into 
the Po. Virgrl was boro on its banks. Virg. Ed 
7, v. 13. G. 3, v. 15 .En; 10, v. 206 

Mindards, a commander of the Spartan fleet 
during the Peloponuesian war. He was defeated 
by the Athenians, and died 410 B. C. Plut. 

Mineides, the daughters of Minyas or Mi- 
lieus, king of Orchomenos, in Boeotia. They 
were three in number, Leuconoe, Leucippe, 
and Aicitboe. Ovid calls the two first Cly- 
jmene and Iris. They derided the orgies of 
Bacchus, for which impiety the god inspired 
them with an unconquerable desire of enting 
human flesh. They drew lots which of them 
should give up her son as food to the rest. 
The lot fell upon Leucippe, and she gave up 
her son Hippasus, who was instantly devoured 
by the three sisters. They were changed into 
bats. In commemoration of this bloody crime, 
it was usual among the Orchomeniaus for the 
high priest, as soon as the sacrifice was finished, 
to pursue, with a drawn sword, all the women 
who had entered the temple, and even to kill 
the first he came up to. Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 12. 
■—Plut Qucest. Gr. 38. 

Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, war, and 
all the liberal arts, was produced from Jupi- 
ter's brain without a mother. The god, as it 
is reported, married Metis, whose superior pru- 
dence and sagacity above ths rest of the gods, 
made him apprehend that the children of such 
an union would be of a more exalted nature, 
and more intelligent than their father. To 
prevent this, Jupiter devoured Metis in her 
pregnancy, and some time after, to relieve the 
pains which he suffered in his head, he ordered 
Vulcan to cleave it open. Minerva came all 
armed and grown up from her father's brain, 
and immediately was admitted into the assembly 
of the gods, and made one of the most faithful 
counsellors of her father. The power of Mi- 
nerva was great in heaven; she could hurl the 
thunders of Jupiter, prolong the life of men, 
bestow the gift of prophecy, and, indeed, she 
was the only one of all the divinities, whose 
authority and consequence were equal to those 
of Jupiter. The actions of Minerva are nume- 
rous, as well as the kindnesses by which she en- 
deared herself to mankind. Her quarrel with 
Neptune concerning the right of giving a name 
to the capital of Cecropia deserves attention. 
The assembly of the gods settled the dispute by 
promising the preference to which ever of the 
two gave the most useful and necessary present 
to the inhabitants of the earth, Neptune, upon 
this, struck the ground with his trident, and im- 
mediately a horse issued from the earth. Mi- 
nerva produced the olive, and obtained the 
victory by the unanimous voice of the gods, 
who observed that the olive, as the emblem of 
|ieace, is far preferable to the horse, the sym- 
bol of war and bloodshed. The victorious 



I deity called the capital Jlthence, and becasi-r- 
the tutelar goddess of the place. Minerva was 
always very jealous of her power, and the man- 
ner in which she punisned the presumption of 
Anchne is well known. [Vid. Arachne "I The 
attempts of Vulcan to offer her violence, are 
strong inarKs of her virtue. Jupiter had sworn 
by the Styx to give to Vulcan, who made him 
a complete suit of armour, whatever he desired. 
Vulcan demanded Minerva, and the father of 
the gods, who had permitted Minerva to live in 
perpetual celibacy, consented, but privately ad- 
vised his daughter to make all the resistance 
she could to frustrate the attempts of her lover. 
The prayers and the force of Vulcan proved in- 
effectual, and her chastity was not violated, 
though the god left on her body the marks of 
his passion; and, from the impurity which pro- 
ceeded from this scuffle, and which Minerva 
threw down upon earth wrapped up in wool, 
was born Erichthon, an uncommon monster. 
[Vid. Erichthonius.] Minerva was the first 
who built a ship, and it was her zeal for navi- 
gation, and her care for the Argonauts, which 
placed the prophetic tree of Dodona behind the 
ship Argo, when going to Colchis. She was 
known among the ancients by many names. 
She was called Athena, Pallas. [Vid. Pallas.] 
Parthenos, from her remaining in perpetual 
celibacy; Tritonia, because worshipped near 
the lake Tritonis; Glaucopis, from the blueness 
of her eyes; 4igorea, from her presiding over 
markets; Hippia, because she first taught man- 
kind bow to manage the horse; Stratea and 
Area, from her martial character; Corypha- 
genes, because born from Jupiter's brain; Sais, 
because worshipped at Sais, &c. Some attri- 
buted to her the invention of the flute, whence 
she was surnamed Andon, Luscinia, Musica, 
Salpiga, &c. She, as it is reported, once 
amused herself in playing upon her favourite 
flute before Juno and Venus, but the goddesses 
ridiculed the distortion of her face in blowing 
the instrument. Minerva, convinced of the 
justness of their remarks by looking at herself 
in a fountain near mount Ida, threw away the 
musical instrument, and denounced a melan- 
choly death to him who found it. Marsyas was 
the miserable proof of the veracity of her ex- 
pressions. The worship of Minerva was uni- 
versally established, she bad magnificent tem- 
ples in Egypt, Phoenicia, all parts of Greece, 
Italy, Gaul, and Sicily. Sais, Rhodes, and 
Athens, particularly claimed her attention, and 
it is even said, that Jupiter rained a shower 
of gold upon the island of Rhodes, which had 
paid so much veneration and such an early re- 
verence to the divinity of his daughter The 
festivals celebrated in her honour were solemn 
and magnificent. [Vid- Panatheuaea.] She waa 
invoked by every artist, and particularly such 
as worked in wool, embroidery, painting, and 
sculpture. It was the duty of almost everj 
member of society to implore the assistance and 
patronage of a deity who presided over sense,, 
taste, and reason. Hence the poets have had 
occasion to say, 

Tu niiml invitd dices, fatkwe M'mrvfti 
and, 



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Qui bene placdrit Pallada, doclus erit. 
Minerva was represented in different ways, ac- 
cording to the different characters is which she 
appeared She generally appeared with a 
countenance more lull of masculine firmness 
and compusuie, than of softness and grace. 
Most usually she was represented with a helmet 
on her head, with a large piuaie nodding in 
the air In one hand she held a spear, and in 
the other a shield, with the dying head of 
Meuusa upon it. Sometimes this Gorgon's head 
was on her breast-plate, with living serpents 
writhing round it, as well as round her shield 
and helmet. In most of her statues she is re- 
presented as sitting, and sometimes she holds, 
in one hand a distaff, instead of a spear. When, 
she appeared as the goddess of the liberal arts, 
she was arrayed in a variegated veil, which the 
ancients called peplwn. Sometimes Minerva's 
helmet was covered at the-top with the figure 
of a cock, a bird which, on account of his great 
courage, is properly sacred to the goddess of war. 
Some of her statues represented her helmet 
with a sphinx in the middle, supported on 
either side by griffins. In some medals, a 
chariot drawn by four horses, or sometimes a 
dragon or a serpent, with winding spires, ap- 
pear at the top of her helmet. She was partial 
to the olive tree; the owl and the cock were 
her favourite birds, and the dragon among rep- 
tiles was sacred to her. The functions, offices, 
and actions of Minerva, seem so numerous, 
that they undoubtedly originate in more than 
one person. Cicero speaks of five persons of 
this name; a Minerva, mother of Apollo; a 
daughter of the Nile, who was worshipped at 
Sais, iu Egypt; a third, born from Jupiter's 
brain; a fourth, daughter of Jupiter and Cory- 
phe; and a fifth, daughter of Pallas, generally 
represented with winged shoes. This last put 
her father to death because he attempted her 
virtue. Paus. 1, 2, 3, &c. — Hoi at. 1, od. 16, 

I. 3, od. 4.— Virg. Mi. 2, &v—Strab. 6, 9, 
and 13. — Philost. Icon. 2. — Ovid. Fast. 3, &c. 
Met. 6.— Cic. de Mat. D 1, c. 15, 1. 3, c. 23, 
j&c. — vlpollod. 1, &c. — Pindar. Olymp. 7. — 
Lucan. 9, v. 354. — Sophocl- (Edip. — Homtr. 

II. &c. Od. Hymn. ad. Pall —Diod. 5.— 
Hesiod. Theog. — JEsciiyl. in Eum — Lucian 
Dial. — Clem Jlltx. Strom. 2 --Orpheus Hymn. 

31.— Q Smyrn. 14, v. 448 Jipollon- 1 — 

Hygin. fab. 168.— Stat. Theb. 2, v. 721, 1. 7, 
&c. — Callim. in Cerer. — JElian V. H. 12. — 
C. Nep. in Paus. — Plul.in Lye. &c — Thucyd. 
1. — Herodot. 5. 

Minerva Castrum, a town of Calabria, 

now Castro. Promontorium, a cape at the 

most southern extremity of Campania. 

Minervalia, festivals at Rome in honour of 
Minerva, celebrated in the months of March 
and June. During the solemnities scholars ob- 
tained some relaxation from their studious pur- 
suits, and the present, which it was usual for 
them to offer to their masters, was called Mi- 
nerval, in honour of the goddess Minerva, who 
patronized over literature. Varro de R. R 
3, c. 2 —Ovid. Trist. 3, v. 809.— Liv. 9, c. 30 

Minio, now Mignone, a river of Etruria, 
falling into the Tyrrhene sea. Virg. Msi. 10, 



v. 183. 0ne of the favourites of Antiocuu?, 

kiug of Syria. 

Minn^i, a people of Arabia, on the Red 
sea. Plm. 12, c. 14. 

Mino, a town of Sicily, built by Minos, 
when he was pursuing Daedalus, and called 

aiso Heraclea.- A town of Peloponnesus. 

A town of Crete. 

Minois, belonging to Minos. Crete is called 
Minoia regna, as being the legislator's king- 
dom. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 14. A patrony- 
mic of Ariadne. Ovid. Met. 8- v. 157. 

Minos, a king of Crete, son of Jupiter and 
Europa, who gave laws to his subjects B. C. 
1406, which still remained iu full force in the 
age of the philosopher Plato. His justice and 
moderation procured him the appellation of the 
favourite of the gods, the confident of Jupiter, 
the wise legislator, in every city of Greece;, 
and, according to the poets, he was rewarded 
for his equity, after death, with the office of 
supreme and absolute judge in the internal 
regions. In this capacity he is represented 
sitting in the middle of the shades, and holding 
a sceptre in his hand. The dead plead their 
different causes before him, and the impartial 
judge shakes the fatal urn, which is filled with 
the destinies of mankind. He married ithona., 
by whom he had Lyeastes, who was the father 
of Minos 2d. Homer. Od. 19, v. 178. — Virg, 
JEn 6, v. 432. — Jipollod. 3, c. 1. — Hygin, 

fab. 41.— Diod. 4.— Hoi at. 1, od. 28. The 

2d. was a son of Lyeastes, the son of Minos I. 
and king of Crete, He married Pasiphae, the 
daughter of Sol and Perseis. and by her he had 
maiiy children. He increased his paternal do- 
minions by the conquest of the neighbouring 
islands, but he showed himself cruel in the 
war which he carried on against the Athenians,, 
who had put to death his son Androgens. [Vid, 
Androgeus.] He took Megara by the treachery 
of Scylla, [Vid. Scylla,] and, not satisfied with 
a victory, he obliged the vanquished to bring 
him yearly to Crete seven chosen boys and the 
same number of virgins, to be devoured by the 
Minotaur. [Vid. Minotaurus.] This bloody 
tribute was at last abolished when Theseus had 
destroyed the monster. [Vid. Theseus.] When 
Daedalus, whose industry and invention had fa- 
bricated the labyrinth, and whose imprudence 
in assisting Pasiphae, in the gratification of her 
unnatural desires, had offended Minos, fled 
from the place of his confinement with wings., 
[Vid. Daedalus,] and arrived safe in Sicily, the 
incensed monarch pursued the offender, resolved 
to punish his infidelity. Cocalus, king of Sicily, 
who had hospitably received Daedalus, enter- 
tained his royal guest with dissembled friend- 
ship; and that he might not deliver .to him a 
man whose ingenuity and abilities he so well 
knew, he put Minos to death. Some say that 
it was the daughters of Cocalus who put the 
king of Crete to death, by detaining him so 
long in a bath till he fainted, after which they 
suffocated him. Minos died about 35 years be- 
fore the Trojan war. He was father of An- 
drogens, Glaucus, and Deucalion, and two 
daughters, Phaedra and Ariadne Many au- 
thors have confounded the tw© monarchs erf this 






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name, the grandfather and the grandson, but 
Homer, Plutarch, and Diodorus, prove plainly 
that they were two different persons. Paus. in 
Jich. A. — Plut. in Thes — thjgin. fab. 41. — 
Ovid. Met. 8, v. 141.— Diod. 4,—Virg. Mn. 
6, v. 21. — Plut. in Min. — Athtn. Ftacc. 14. 

Mino taurus, a celebrated monster, half a 
man and half a bull, according to this verse of 
Ovid, A. A. 2, v. 24. 

Semibovemque virum, semivirumque bovem. 
It was the fruit of Pasiphae's amour with a bull. 
Minos refused to sacrifice a white bull to Nep- 
tune, an animal which he had received from 
the god for that purpose This offended Nep- 
tune, and he made Pasiphae, the wife of Mi- 
nos, enamoured of this fine bull, which had 
been refused to his altars. Daedalus , rostiiutea 
his talents in being subservient to the queen's 
unnatural desires, and, by his means, Pasiphae's 
horrible passions were gratified, and the Mino- j 
taur came into the world. Minos confined in | 
the labyrinth a monster which convinced the 
world of his wife's lasciviousness and indecen- 
cy, and reflected disgrace upon his family, i 
The Minotaur usually devoured the chosen I 
young men and maidens, which the tyranny of j 
Minos yearly exacted from the Athenians. The- 
seus delivered his country from this shameful j 
tribute, when it had fallen to his lot to be sa- 
crificed to the voracity of the Minotaur, and, by j 
means of Ariadne, the king's daughter, he de- j 
stroyed the monster, and made his escape from | 
the windings of the labyrinth. The fabulous I 
tradition of the Minotaur, and of the infamous ' 
commerce of Pasiphae with a favourite bull, j 
has been often explained. Some suppose that 
Pasiphae was enamoured of one,of her husband's j 
courtiers, called Taurus, and that Daedalus fa- 
voured the passions of the queen by suffering 
his house to become the retreat of the two 
lovers. Pasiphae, some time after, brought ; 
twins into the world, one of whom greatly re- j 
sembled Minos, and the other Taurus. In the 
natural resemblance of their countenance with j 
that of their supposed fathers originated their i 
name, and consequently the fable of the Mino- ! 
taur. Ovid. Met. S. fab. 2. — Hygin. fab. 40. ! 
— Plut. in Thes. — Palcephat. — Virg. JEn- 6, 
v. 26. 

Minthe, a daughter of Cocytus, loved by 
Pluto. Proserpine discovered her husband's 
amour, and changed his mistress into an herb, 
called by the same name, mini. Ovid. Met. 
10, v. 729. 

Minturnje, a town of Campania, between 
Sinuessa and Formiae. It was in the marshes, 
in its neighbourhood, that Marius concealed 
himself in the mud, to avoid the partisans of 
Sylla. The people condemned him to death, 
but when his voice alone had terrified the ex- 
ecutioner, they showed themselves compassion- 
ate, and favoured his escape. Marica was wor- 
shipped there, hence maricoz regno, applied to 
the place. Strab. 2. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Liv. 8, 
c. 10, 1. 10, c. 21, 1. 27, c. 38.— -Paterc 2, c 
14. — Lucan. 2, v. 424. 

Minutia, a vestal virgin, accused of debau- 
chery on account of the beauty and elegance of 
jaer dress. She was condemned to be buried 



alive because a female supported the false aecu- 
sation, A. U. p. 418. Liv. 8, c. 15. A pub- 
lic way from Rome to Brundusium. [Vid. Via.] 

IVIinutius, Augurinus, a Roman consul slain 

in a battle against the Samnites. A tribune of 

the people who put Maelius to death wnen he 
aspired to the sovereignty of Rome. He was 
honoured with a brazen statue for causing the 
corn to be sold at a reduced price to the people. 

Liv. 4, c. 16. — Plxn. 18, c. 3. -Kufus, a 

master of horse to the dictator Fabius Maximus. 
His disobedience to the commands of the dic- 
tator was productive of an extension of his pre- 
rogative, and the master of the horse was de- 
clared equal in power to the dictator. Minutius, 
soon after this, fought with ill success against 
Annibal, and was saved by the interference of 
Fabius: which circumstance had such an effect 
upon him that he laid down his power at the 
feet of his deliverer, and swore that he would 
never act again but by his directions. He was 
killed at the oattle of Cannae. Liv. — C Nep, 

in Jinn. A Roman consul who defended Co- 

riolanus from the insults of the people, &c. 

Another, defeated by the iEqui, and disgraced 
by the dictator CinCinnatus. An officer un- 
der Caesar, in Gaul, who afterwards became one 
of the conspirators against his patron Cms. B. G. 

6, c. 29. A tribune who warmly opposed the 

views of C. Gracchus.— — A Roman choseu dic- 
tator, and obliged to lay down his office, because, 
during the time of his election, the sudden cry 

of a rat was heard. A Roman, one of the 

first who were chosen quaestors. Felix, an 

African lawyer, who flourished 207 A. D. He 
has written an elegant dialogue in defence of 
the Christian religion, called Octavius, from the 
principal speaker in it. This book was Jong 
attributed to Arnobius, and even printed as an 
8th book (Octavus) till Balduinus discovered 
the imposition in his edition of Felix, 1560 The 
two last editions are that of Davies, 8vo. Cantab. 
1712; and of Gronovius, 8vo L. Bat. 1709. 

Minyae, a name given to the inhabitants of 
Orchomeuos, in Bceotia, from Minyas, king of 
the country. Orchomenos, the son of Minyas, 
gave his name to the capital of the country, and 
the inhabitants still retained their original ap- 
pellation in contradistinction to the Orchomeni- 
ans of Arcadia. A colony of Orchomenians 
passed into Thessaly, and settled in Iolchos; 
from which circumstance the people of the place, 
and^particulariy the Argonauts, were called 
Minyae. This name they received, according 
to the opinion of some, not because a number 
of Orchomenians hsd settled among them, but 
because the chief and noblest of them were de- 
scended from the daughters of Minyas. Part 
of the Orchomenians accompanied the sons of 
Codrus when they migrated to Ionia. The de- 
scendants of the Argonauts, as well as the Ar- 
gonauts themselves, received the name of 
Minyae. They first inhabited Lemnos, where 
they had been born from the Lemnian women 
who had murdered their husbands. They were 
driven from Lemnos by the Pelasgi about 1160 
years before the Christian era, and came to settle 
in Laconia, from whence they passed into Cal- 
liste with a colony of Lacedaemonians. Hygin. 



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feb. 14.— Paus. 9, c. e.—Mpollon. 1, arg.— 
Herodot. 4, c. 145. 

Mintas, a king of Bceotia, son of Neptune 
and Tritegenia, the daughter of iEolus. Some 
make him the son of Neptune and Callirhoe, 
or of Chryses, Neptune's son, ana Chrysogenia, 
the daughter of Halmus. He married Clyto- 
dora, by whom he had Presbon, Periclymeuus, 
and Eteoclymeuus. He was father of Orcho- 
menos, Dioehithondes, and Athamas, by a se- 
cond marriage with Phanasora, the daughter of 
Paon. According to Plutarch and Ovid, he had 
three daughters, called Leuconoe, Alcitboe, and 
Leueippe They were changed into bats. [Vid 
Miaeides.] Paus. 9, c- 36. — Pint. Qjiozst. 
Grcec 38 —Ovid Met. 4, v. 1 and 468. 

Minycus, a river of Thessaly falling into the 
sea near Arene, called afterwards Orchomenos. 
Homer II. U.—Strab 8. 

Minyeides. [Vid. Mineides] 

Minyia, a festival observed at Orchomenos 
in honour of Minyas, the king of the place. The 
Orchomemans were called Minyae, and the river 
upon whose banks their town was built, Mynos. 
A small island near Patmos. 

Minytcs, one of Niobe's sons. Jipollod. 

Mirages; an eunuch of Parthia, &c. Flacc. 
6, v. 690. 

Misenum or Misenus. {Vid. Misenus.] 

Misenus, a son of iEolus, who was piper to 
Hector. After Hector's death he followed ./Eneas 
to Italy, and was drowned on the coast of Cam- 
pania, because he had challenged one of the 
Tritons. ^Eneas afterwards found his body on 
the sea-shore, and buried it on a promontory 
which bears his name, now Miseno. There was 
also a town of the same name on the promon- 
tory, at the west of the bay of Naples, and it 
had also a capacious harbo'ir, where Augustus 
and some of the Roman emperors generally kept 
stationed one of their fleets. Virg. J&n. 3, v. 
239, 1. 6, v. 164 and 234— Strab. b.—Stiela, 
2, c. 4— Liv. 24, c 13.— Tacit. H. 2, c. 9, An. 
15, c. 51. 

Misitheus, a Roman, celebrated for his vir- 
tues and his misfortunes. He was father-in-law 
to the emperor Gordian, whose counsels and ac- 
tions lie guided by his prudence and moderation. 
He was sacrificed to the ambition of Philip, a 
wicked senator, who succeeded him as praefect 
of the praetorian guards. He died A. D. 243, 
and left all his possessions to be appropriated 
for the good of the public. 

Mithras, a god of Persia, supposed to be the 
sun. or according to others, Venus Urania. His 
worship was introduced at Rome, and the Ro- 
mans raised him altars, on which was this in- 
scription, Deo Soli Mithroz, or Soli Deo invicto 
Mithroe. He is generally represented as a young 
man, whose head is covered with a turban, after 
the manner of the Persians. He supports his 
knee upon a bull that lies on the ground, and 
one of whose horns he holds in one hand, while 
with the other he plunges a dagger into his 
neck. Stat Theb. 1, v. 720.— Curt. 4, c. 13.— 
Claudian de Laud. Stil. 1. 

Mithracexses, a Persian who fled to Alex- 
ander after (he murder of Darius by Bessus. 
&ttrt. B. 



Mithradates, a herdsman of Astyages, or- 
dered to put young Cyrus to death. He refused, 
and educated him at home as his own son, &c. 
Herodot. — Justin. 

Mithrenes, a Persian who betrayed Sardes, 
&c. Curt. 3. 

Mithridates 1st, was the third king of Pon- 
tus. He was tributary to the crown of Persia, 
and his attempts to make himself independent 
proved fruitless. He was conquered in a battle, 
and obtained peace with difficulty. Xenopbon 
calis him merely a governor of Cappadocia. He 
was succeeded by Ariobarzanes, B. C. 363. 

Diod. — Xenoph. The second of that name, 

king of Poncus, w r as grandson to Vlithridates I. 
He made himself master of Pontus, which had 
been conquered by Alexander, ana had been 
ceded to Antigonus at the general division of the 
Macedonian empire among the conqueror's ge- 
nerals. He reigned about 26 years, and died at 
the advanced age of S4 years, B. C. 302. He 
was succeeded by his son Mithridates 111 Some 
say that Antigonus put him to death, because 
he favoured the cause of Cassander, Jlppian. 
Mith. — Diod. The III was son of the pre- 
ceding monarch. He enlarged his paternal pos- 
sessions by the conquest of Cappadocia and Pa« 
phlagonia, ano died after a re ; ;gn of 36 years, 

Diod. The IV. succeeded his father Ario- 

barzanes, who was the son of Mithridates III. 

The V. succeeded his father M ; thridates 

IV. and strengthened himself on his throne by 
an alliance with Antiochus the Great, whose 
daughter Laodice he married. He was succeed- 
ed by his son Pharnaces. The VI. succeeded 

his father Pharnaces He was the first of the 
kings of Pontus who made alliance with the Ro- 
mans. He furnished them with a fleet in the 
third Punic war, and assisted them against Aris- 
tonicus, who had laid claim to the kingdom of 
Pergamus. This fidelity was rewarded; he was 
called Evergetes, and received from the Roman 
people the province of Phrygia Major, and was 
called the friend and ally of Rome. He was 
murdered B. C. 123. Jlppian. MU.hr. — Justin. 

37, &c. The VII. surnamed Eupalor, and 

The Great, succeeded his father Mithridates VI. 
though only at the age of 1 1 years. The be- 
ginning of his reign was marked by ambition, 
cruelty, and artifice. He murdered his own 
mother, who had been left by his father coheiress 
of the kingdom, and he fonfied his constitution 
by drinking antidotes against the poison with 
which his enemies at court attempted to destroy 
him. He early inured his body to hardship, and 
employed himself iii many manly exercises, often 
remaining whole months in the country, and 
making the frozen snow and the earth the place 
of his repose. Naturally ambitious and cruel, 
he spared no pains to acquire himself power 
and dominion. He murdered the two sons whom 
his sister Laodice had had by Ariarathes, king 
of Cappadocia, and placed one of his own child- 
ren, only eight years old, on the vacant throne. 
These violent proceedings alarmed Nicomcdes, 
king of Bithynia, who had married Laodice, the 
widow of Ariarathes. He suborned a youth to 
be king of Cappadocia, as the third son of Ari- 
arathes, and Laodice was sent to Rome to lm- 



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$tise upon the senate, and assure them that hep 
$hird*son was now alive, and that his pretensions 
to the kingdom of Cappadocia were just and 
well grounded. Mithridates used the same arms 
of dissimulation. He also sent to Rome Gordius, 
the governor of his sou, who solemnly declared 
before the Roman people, that the youth who 
sat on the throne of Cappadocia was the third 
son and lawful heir of Ariarathes, and that he 
was supported as such by Mithridates. This 
intricate affair displeased the Roman senate, 
and, finally to settle the dispute between the 
two monarchs, the powerful arbiters took away 
the kiugdom of Cappadocia from Mithridates, 
and Paphlagonia from Nicomedes. These two 
kingdoms being thus separated from their ori- 
ginal possessors were presented with their free- 
dom and independence; but the Cappadocians 
refused it, and received Ariobarzanes for king. 
Such were the first seeds of enmity between 
Home and the king of Pontus. [Vid. Mithri- 
claticum bel'um.] Mithridates never lost an op- 
portunity oy which he might lessen the influence 
of his adversaries; and the more effectually to 
destroy their power in Asia, he ordered all the 
Romans that were in his dominions to be mas- 
sacred. This was done in one night, and no 
less than 150,000, according to Plutarch, or 
80,000 Romans, as Appian mentions, were 
made, at one blow, the victims of his cruelty. 
This universal mas-acre called aloud for re- 
venge. Aquilius, and soon after Sylla, marched 
against Mithridates with a large army. The 
former was made prisoner, but Sylla obtained a 
victory over the king's generals, and another 
decisive engagement rendered him master of all 
Greece, Macedonia, Ionia, and Asia Minor, 
which had submitted to the victorious arms of 
the monarch of Pontus. This ill-fortune was 
aggravated by the loss of about 200,000 men, 
who were killed in the several engagements that 
had been fought; and Mithridates, weakened by 
repeated ill success by sea and land, sued for 
peace from the conqueror, which he obtained 
on condition of defraying the expenses which 
the Romans bad incurred by the war, and of 
remaining satisfied with the possessions which 
he had received from his ancestors. While these 
negotiations of peace were carried on, Mithri- 
dates was not unmindful of his real interest. 
His poverty, and not bis inclinations, obliged 
him to wish for peace. He immediately took 
the field with an army of 140,000 infantry, and 
16,000 horse, which consisted of his own forces 
and. those of his son-in-law Tigranes, king of 
Armenia. With such a numerous army, he 
soon made himself master of the Roman pro- 
vinces in Asia; none, dared to oppose his con- 
quests, and the Romans, relying on his fidelity, 
had withdrawn the greatest part of their armies 
from the country. The news of his warlike pre- 
parations was no sooner heard, than 'Lucullus. 
the consul, marched into Asia, and without de- 
lay, he blocked up the camp of Mithridates. who 
was then besieging Cyzicus. The Asiatic mon- 
arch escaped from him, and fled info the heart 
of his kingdom. Lucullus pursued him with the 
utmost celerity, and would have taken him pri- 
soner after a battle, had not the avidity of his 



soldiers preferred the plundering of a mule load- 
ed with gold, to the taking of a monarch who 
had exercised such cruelties against their coun- 
trymen, and shown himself so faithless to the 
most solemn engagements. After this escape, 
Mithridates was more careful about the safety 
of his person, and he even ordered ais wives 
and sisters to destroy themselves, fearful of their 
falling into the enemy's hands The appoint- 
ment of Glabrio to the command of the Roman 
forces, instead of Lucullus, was favourable to 
"Mithridates, and he recovered the greatest part 
of his dominions. The sudden arrival of Pom- 
pey, however, soon put an end to his victories. 
A battle, in the night, was fought near the Eu- 
phrates, in which the troops of Pontus laboured 
under every disadvantage The engagement was 
by moon-light, and as the moon then shone in 
the face of the enemy, the lengthened shadows 
of the arms of the Romans having induced Mi- 
thridates lo believe that the two armies were 
close together, the arrows of his soldiers were 
darted from a great distance, and their efforts 
rendered ineffectual. An universal overthrow 
ensued, and Mithridates, bold in his misfortunes, 
rushed through the thick ranks of the enemy, at 
the head of 800 horsemen, 500 of which perish- 
ed in the attempt to follow him. He fled to Ti- 
granes, but that monarch refused an asylum to 
his father-in-law, whom he had before supp -rted 
with all the collected forces of his kingdom. 
Mithridates found a safe retreat among the Scy- 
thians, and, though destitute of power, friends, 
and resources, yet he meditated the destruction 
of the Roman empire, by penetrating into the 
heart of Italy by land. These wild projects 
were rejected by his followers, and he sued for 
peace. It was denied to his ambassadors, and 
the victorious Pompey declared, that, to obtain 
it, Mithridates must ask it in person. He storn- 
ed to trust himself in the hands of his enemy, 
and resolved to conquer or to die. His subjects 
refused to follow him any longer, and tbey re- 
volted from him, and made his son Pharnaces 
king. The son showed himself ungrateful to 
his father, and even, according to some writers, 
he ordered him to be put to death. This un- 
natural treatment broke the heart of Mithridates; 
he obliged his wife to poison herself, and at- 
tempted to do the same himself It was in vain; 
the frequent antidotes he had taken in the early 
part of his life, strengthened his constitution 
against the poison, and, when this was unavail- 
ing, he attempted to stab himself. The blow 
was not mortal; and a Gaul, who was then pre- 
sent, at his own request, gave him the fatal 
stroke, about 63 years before the Christian era, 
in the 72d year of his age. Such were the mis- 
fortunes, abilities, and miserable end of a man, 
who supported himself so long against the pow- 
er of Rome, and who, according to the declara- 
tion of the Roman authors, proved a more pow- 
erful and indefatigable adversary to the capital 
of Italy, than the great Annibal, and Pyrrhus, 
Perseus, or Antiochus. Mithridates has been 
commended for his eminent virtues, and cen- 
sured for his vices. As a commander he de- 
serves the most unbounded applause, and it may 
create admiration to see him waging war with 



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such success during so many years, against the 
most powerful people on earth, led to the fieid 
by a Sylla, a Lucullus, and a Pompey. He was 
the greatest monarch that ever sat on a throne, 
according to the opinion of Cicero; and, indeed, 
no better proof of his military character can be 
brought, than the mention of the great rejoicings 
which happened in the Roman armies and in 
the capital at the news of his death. No less 
than twelve days were appointed for public 
thanksgivings to the immortal gods, and Pompey, 
who had sent the first intelligence of his death 
to Rome, and who had partly hastened his fall, 
was rewarded with the most uncommon honours. 
[Vid. Ampia lex.] It is said, that Mithridates 
conquered 24 nations, whose different languages 
he knew, and spoke with the same ease and 
fluency as his own. As a man of letters he also 
deserves attention- He was acquainted with 
the Greek language, and even wrote in that 
dialect a treatise on botany. His skill in physic 
is well known, and even now there is a celebra- 
ted antidote which bears his name, and is called 
Mithridate. Superstition, as well as nature, had 
united to render him great; and if we rely upon 
the authority of Justin, his birth was accompa- 
nied by the appearance of two large comets, 
which were seen for seventy days successively, 
and whose splendour eclipsed the mid-day sun, 
and covered the fourth-part of the heavens. 
Justin. 37, c 1. &c. — Strab. — Diod. 14. — Flor. 
3, c 5, &.c. — Plut. in Sylt. Luc. .Mar. 8f Pomp. 
— Val. Max. 4, c. 6, &c. — Dio. 30, &c.—Jlp- 
pian. Mithrid.—Plin. 2, c. 97, I. 7, c 24, 1 25, 
c. 2, 1. 33, c. 3, &c. — Cic. pro .Man. &c. — Pa- 
terc. 2,c. 18. — Eutrop. 5.— Joseph. 14. — Oros. 
6, &c. A king of Parlhia, who took Deme- 
trius prisoner. — — A man made king of Arme- 
Hia by Tiberius. He was afterwards imprisoned 
by Caligula, and set at liberty by Claudius. He 
was murdered by one of bis nephews, and his 
family were involved in his ruin. Tacit. Jinn 

Another, king of Armenia. A king of 

Pergamus, who warmly embraced the cause of 
J. Csesar, and was made king of Bosphorus by 
him. Some supposed him to be the son of the 
g'reat Mithridates by a concubine. He was mur- 
dered, &c. A king of Iberia. Another 

of Comagena. A celebrated king of Parthia, 

who enlarged his possessions by the conquest of 
some of the neighbouring countries He ex- 
amined with a careful eye the constitution ami 
political regulations of the nations he had con- 
quered, and framed from them, for the service 
of his own subjects, a code of laws. Justin. — 

Orosius. Another, who murdered his father, 

and made himself master of the crown. A 

king of Pontus, put to death by order of Galba, 

&c. A man in the armies of Artaxerxes. 

He was rewarded by the monarch for having 
wounded Cyrus the younger; but, tvhen he boast- 
ed he had killed him, he was cruelly put to death. 

Plut in Jirtax. A son of Anobarzanes, who 

basely murdered Datames. C. Nep. in Dat. 

Mithridaticum Bellum, begun 89 years B. 
C. was one of the longest and most celebrated 
wars ever carried on by the Romans against a 
foreign power. The ambition of Mithridates, 
from whom it receives its name, may be ©ailed 



the cause and origin of it. His views upon the 
kingdom of Cappadocia, of which he was strip- 
ped by the Romans, first engaged him to take 
up arms against the republic. Three Roman 
officers, L. Cassius, the pro-consul, ML Aquili- 
us, and Q. Oppius, opposed Mithridates with 
the troops of Bithynia, Cappadocia, Papblago- 
nia, and Galio-graecia. The army of these pro- 
vinces, together with the Roman soldiers in 
Asia, amounted to 70,000 men, and 6000 horse. 
The forces of the king of Pontus were greatly 
superior to these; be led 250,000 foot, 40,000 
horse, and 130 armed chariots, into the field of 
battle, under the command of Neopto'eraus and 
Archelaus. His fleet consisted of 400 ships of 
war, weii manned and provisioned. In an en- 
gagement the king of Pontus obtained the vic- 
tory, and dispersed the Roman forces in Asia. 
He became master of the greatest part of Asia, 
and the Hellespont submitted to his power. Two 
of the Roman generals were taken, and M. 
Aquilius, who was the principal cause of the 
war, was carried about in Asia, and exposed to 
the ridicule and insults of the populace, and at 
last put to death by Mithridates, who ordered 
melted gold to be poured down his throat, as a 
slur upon the avidity of the Romans. The con- 
queror took every possible advantage; he subdu- 
ed all the islands of the JEgean sea, and, though 
Rhodes refused to submit to his power, yet all 
Greece was soon overrun by his general Arche- 
laus, and made tributary to the kingdom of Pon- 
tus. Meanwhile the Romans, incensed against 
Mithridates on account of his perfidy, and of his 
cruelty in massacring 80,000 of their country- 
men in one day all over Asia, appointed Sylla 
to march into the east. Sylla landed in Greece, 
where the inhabitants readily acknowledged his 
power; but Athens shut her gates against the 
Roman commander, and Archelaus, who defend- 
ed it, defeated, with the greatest courage, all the 
efforts and operations of the enemy. This spirited 
defence wasofshortduration. Archelaus retreat- 
ed into Boeotia, where Sylla soon followed him. 
The two hostile armies drew up in a line of battle 
near Ghasronea, and the Romans obtained the 
victory, and, of the almost innumerable forces 
of the Asiatics, no more than 10,000 escaped. 
Another battle in Thessaly, near Orchomenos, 
proved equally fatal to the king of Pontus. Do- 
ryiaus, one of his generals, was defeated, and he 
soon after sued for peace. Sylla listened to the 
terms of accommodation, as his presence at Rome 
was now become necessary to quell the commo- 
tions and cabals which his enemies had raised 
against him. He pledged himself to the king of 
Pontus to confirm him in the possession of his 
dominions, and to procure him the title of friend 
and ally of Rome; and Mithridates consented to 
relinquish Asia and Paphlagonia, to deliver Cap- 
padocia to Ariobarzanes, and Bithynia to Nico- 
medes, and to pay to the Romans 2000 talents - 
to defray the expenses of the war, and to de- 
liver into their hands 70 gallics with all their 
rigging. Though Mithridates seemed to have 
re-established peace in his dominions, yet Fim- 
bria, whose sentiments were contrary to those 
of Sylla, and who made himself master of an 
army by intrigue and oppression, kept him un- 
3 M 



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MN 



der continual alarms, and rendered the exist- 
ence of his power precarious. Syila, who had 
returned from Greece to ratify the treaty which 
had been made with Mithridates, rid the world 
of the tyrannical Fimbria; and the king of Pon- 
tus, awed by the resolution and determined 
firmness of his adversary, agreed to the condi- 
tions, though with reluctance. The hostile pre- 
parations of Mithridates, which continued in the 
time of peace, became suspected by the Ro- 
mans, and Muraena, who was left as governor of 
Asia in Syila's absence, and who wished to make 
himself known by some conspicuous action, be- 
gan hostilities by takiug Comana, and plunder- 
ing the temple of Bellona. Mithridates did not 
oppose him, but he complained of the breach 
of peace before the Roman senate. Murxnawas 
publicly reprimanded, but as he did not cease 
from hostilities, it was easily understood that he 
acted by the private directions of the Roman 
people. The king upon this marched against 
him, and a battle was fought, in which both the 
adversaries claimed the victory. This was the 
last blow which the king of Pontus received in 
this war, which is called the second Mithridatic 
war, and which continued for about three years. 
Syila, at that time, was made perpetual dictator 
at Rome, and he commanded Mursena to retire 
from the kingdom of Mithridates. The death of 
Syila changed the face of affairs; the treaty of 
peace between the king of Pontus and the Ro- 
mans, which had never been committed to writ- 
ing, demanded frequent explanations, and Mith- 
ridates at last threw off the mask of friendship, 
and declared war. Nicomedes, at his death, left 
his kingdom to the Romans, but Mithridates 
disputed their right to the possessions of the de- 
ceased monarch, and entered the field with 
120,000 men, besides a fleet of 400 ships in his 
ports, 16,000 horsemen to follow him, and 100 
chariots armed with scythes. Lucullus was ap- 
pointed over Asia, and entrusted with the care 
of the Mithridatic war. His valour and pru- 
dence showed his merit; and Mithridates, in his 
vain attempts to take Cyzicam, lost no less than 
300,000 men. Success continually attended the 
Roman arms. The king of Pontus was defeat- 
ed in several blooey engagements, and with dif- 
ficulty saved his life, and retired to his son-in- 
law Tigranes, king of Armenia. Lucullus pur- 
sued him, and, when bis applications for the per- 
son of the fugitive monarch had been despised 
by Tigranes, he marched to the capital of Ar- 
menia, and terrified, by his sudden approach, 
the numerous forces of tlfe enemy. A battle en- 
sued. The Romans obtained an easy victory, 
and no less than 100,000 foot of the Armenians 
perished, an.l only five men of the Romans were 
killed Tigi anocerta, the rich capital of the 
country, fell into the conqueror's hands. After 
such signal victories, Lucullus had the mortifi- 
cation to see his own troops mutiny, and to be 
dispossessed of the command by the arrival of 
Pompey. The new general showed himself 
worthy to succeed Lucullus. He defeated Mi- 
thridates, and rendered his affairs so desperate, 
that the monarch fled for safety into the coun- 
try of the Scythians, where, for a while, he me- 
ditated the ruin of the Roman empire, and with 



more wildness than prudence, secretly resolvetl 
to invade Italy by land, and march an army 
across the northern wilds of Asia and Europe to 
the Apennines. Not only the kingdom of Mi- 
thridates had fallen into the enemy's hands, but 
also all the neighbouring kings and princes were 
subdued, and Pompey saw prostrate at his feet 
Tigranes himself, that king of kings, who had 
lately treated the Romans with such contempt. 
Meantime, the wild projects of Mithridates ter- 
rified his subjects; and they, fearful to accom- 
pany him in a march of above 2000 miles across 
a barren and uncultivated country, revolted and 
made his son king. The monarch, forsaken in 
his old age, even by his own children, put an end 
to his life, (Vid. Mithridates VII.) and gave the 
Romans cause to rejoice, as the third Mithrida- 
tic war was ended in his fall B. C. 63. Such 
were the unsuccessful struggles of Mithridates 
against the power of Rome. He was always 
full of resources, and the Romans had never a 
greater or more dangerous war to sustain. The 
duration of the Mithridatic war is not precisely 
known. According to Justin, Orosius, Florus, 
and Eutropius, it lasted for forty years, but the 
opinion of others, who fix its duration to 30 
years, is far more credible; and, indeed, by pro- 
per calculation, there elapsed no more than 26 
years from the time that Mithridates first enter- 
ed the field against the Romans, till the time of 
his death. Jlppian. in Mithrid. — Justin. 37, &c. 
— Flor. 2, &c — Liv. — Plut. in Luc. &c— 
Orosius.— Palerc. — Dion. 

Mithiudatis, a daughter of Mithridates the 
Great. She was poisoned by her father. 

Mithrobarzanes, a king of Armenia, &c. 
An officer sent by Tigranes against Lucul- 
lus,^ Plut The father-in-law of Datames. 

Mitylene and Mitylen;e, the capital city 
of the island of Lesbos, which receives its name 
from Mitylene, the daughter -of Macareus, a 
king of the country. It was greatly commend- 
ed by the ancients for the stateliness of its build- 
ings, and the fruilfulness of its soil, but more par- 
ticularly for the great men it produced. Pittacus, 
Alca;us, Sappho, Terpander, Theophanes, Hel- 
lenicus, &c. were all natives of Mitylene. It 
was long a seat of learning, and, with Rhodes 
and Athens, it had the honour of having educat- 
ed many of the great men of Rome and Greece. 
In the Peloponnesian war the Mityleneans suf- 
fered greatly for their revolt from the power of 
Athens; and in the Mithridatic wars, they had 
the boldness to resist the Romans, and disdain 
the treaties which had been made between Mi- 
thridates and Syila. Cic. de leg. ag. — Sliab. 13. 
—Mela, 2, c. 7.— Diod. 3 and 12.— Paterc 1, 
c 4. — Horat. 1, od. 7, &c. — Thucyd. 3, &c — 
Plut. in Pomp. &c. 

Mitys, a man whose statue fell upon his mur- 
derer and crushed him to death, &c. Jlristot. 10, 
de Poet. — —A river of Macedonia. 

Miz-ei, a people of Elymais. 

Mnasalces, a Greek poet, who wrote epi- 
grams. Jlthen. — Strab. 

Mnasias, an historian of Phoenicia. Ano- 
ther of Colophon. A third of Patrae, in 

Achaia, who flourished 141 B. C. 



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Mnasicles, a general of Thymbro, &c. Diod. 
bS. 

Mnasilus, a youtb who assisted Chromis to 
tie the old Silenus, whom tbey found asleep in a 
cave Some imagine that Virgil spoke of Varus 
under the name of Mnasilus. Virg. Eel. 6, v. 13. 

Mnasippidas. a Lacedasmoniau who imposed 
upon the credulity of the people. &c. Polycen 

Mnasippus, a Lacedaemonian sent with a 
fleet of 65 ships and 1500 men to Corcyra, 
where he was killed, &c. Diod. 15. 

Mnasitheus, a friend of Aratus- 

Mnason, a tyrant of Elatia, who gave 1200 
pieces of gold foi twelve pictures of twelve gods 
to Asclepiodorus. Plin. 35, c. 16 

Mnasyrium, a place in Rhodes. -Strab 14. 

Mnemon, a surname given to Artaxerxes, on 
account of his retentive memory. C. Nep. in 
Reg. A Rhodian. 

Mnemosyne, a daughter of Ccelus and Ter- 
ra, mother of the nine Muses, by Jupiter, who 
assumed the form of a shepherd to enjoy her 
company. The word Mnemosyne signifies me- 
mory, and therefore the poets have rightly call- 
ed memory the mother of the muses, because it 
is to that mental endowment that mankind are 
indebted for their progress in science. Ovid. 
Met. 6, fab. 4.— Pindar. Isth. 6. — Hesiod. 

Theog. — rfpollod. 1, c. J, &c. A fountain of 

Boeotia, whose waters were generally drunk by 
those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. 
Paus. 9, c. 39. 

Mnesarchus, a celebrated philosopher of 
Greece, pupil to Panaetius, &c. Cic. de Orat. 1, 
c. 11. 

Mnesidamus, an officer who conspired against 
the lieutenant of Demetrius. Polycen. 5. 

Mnesilaus, a son of Pollux and Phoebe. 
Jipollod. 

Mnesimache, a daughter of Dexamenus king 
of Olenus, courted byEurytion, whom Hercules 
killed. Jipollod 2... 

Mnesimachus, a comic poet. 

Mnester, a Treedman of Agrippina, who 
murdered himself at the death of his mistress. 
Tacit. Jin. 14, c. 9. 

Mnestheus, a Trojan descended from A-ssa- 
racus. He obtained the prize given to the best 
sailing vessel by ^Eneas, at the funeral games 
of Ancbises, in Sicily, and became the progeni- 
tor of the family of the Memmii at Rome. Virg. 

JEn. 4, v. 116, &c. A son ofPeteus. [Vid. 

Menestheus.] A freedman of Aurelian, &c 

Eutrop. 9. — \Aur. Vict. 

Mnestia, a daughter of Danaus. Jipollod. 

Mnestra, a mistress of Cimon. 

Mnevis, a celebrated bull, sacred to the sun, 
in the town of Holiopolis. He was worshipped 
. with the same superstitious ceremonies as Apis, 
and, at his death, he received the most magni- 
ficent funeral. He was the emblem of Osiris. 
Diod. 1. — Pint, de hid. 

Moaphernes, the uncle of Strabo's mother, 
&c. Strab 12. 

Modestu-s, a Latin writer, whose book De re 
Militari has been elegantly edited in two vols. 
8vo Vesaliae. 1670. 
Modia, a rich widow at Rome. Juv. 3, v. 130. 



MoiiciA, one of the tribes at Rome. Liv. S, 
C 17. 

M genus, now Mayne, a river of Germany, 
which falls into the Rhine by Mentz. Tacit, de 
Germ. 28. 

Mo2Ragetes, factorum ductor, a surname of 
Jupiter. Pans 5, c. 15. 

Mosris, a king of India, who fled at the ap- 
proach of Alexander. Curt. 9, c. 8. A 

steward of the shepherd Menalcas in VirgiVs 

Eel. 9. A king of Egypt. He was the last 

of the 300 kings from Me ties to Sesostris, and 
reigned 68 years. Herodot. 2, c- 13. A ce- 
lebrated lake in Egypt, supposed to have been 
dug by the king of the same name. It is about 
220 miles in circumference, and intended as a 
reservoir for the superfluous waters during the 
inundation of the Nile There were two pyra- 
mids in it, 600 feet high, half of which lay un- 
der the water, and the other appeared above the 
surface. Herodot. 2, c. 4, &c. — Mela, 1, c. 6. 
—Plin. 36, c. 12. 

MffiDi, a people of Thrace, conquered by 
Philip of Macedonia. 

M(eon, a Sicilian, who poisoned Agathoeles', 
&c 

Mcera, a dog. Vid. Mera. 
Moesia, a country of Europe, bounded on the 
south by the mountains of Daimatia, north by 
mount Haemus, extending from the confluence 
of the Savus and the Danube to the shores of 
the Euxine. It was divided into Upper and Low- 
er Moesia. Lower Mcesia was on the borders of 
the Euxine, and contained that tract of country 
which received the name of Pontus from its vi- 
cinity to the sea, and which is now part of Bui' 
garia- Upper Moesia lies beyond the other, in 
the inland country, now called Servia. Plin. 3^ 
C 26.— Virg. G. 1, v. 102. 

Moleia, a festival in Arcadia, in commemo- 
ration of a battle in which Lycurgus obtained 
the victory. 

Molion, a Trojan prince who distinguished 
himseif in the defence of his country against the 
Greeks, as the friend and companion of Thym- 
braeus. They were slain by Ulysses, and Dio- 
medes. Homer II. 11, v. 320 

Molione, the wife of Actor, son of Phorbas, 
She became mother of Cteatus and Eurytus, 
who, from her, are called Molionides. Pans. 8, 
c. 14,— Jipollod. 2, c. 7. 

IMolo, a philosopher of Rhodes, called also 
ApoMonius. Some are of opinion that ApoMo- 
nius andJMolo, are two different persons, 'who 
were both natives of Alabanda, and disciples of 
Menecles, of the same place. They both visit- 
ed Rhodes, and there opened a school, but Mo- 
lo flourished some time after ApoMonius. Molo 
had Cicero and J. Caesar among his pupils. 

[Vid. ApoMonius.] Cic. dc Orat- A prince 

of Syria, who revolted against Antiochus, and 
killed himself when his rebellion was attended 
with ill success. 

Moloeis, a river of Boeotia, near Platxa. 
Molorchus, an old shepherd near Cleonpe, 
who received Hercules with great hospitality. 
The hero, to repay the kindness he received, 
destroyed the Nemaean lion, which laid waste 
the neighbouring country, and therefore, the 



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Nemasan games, instituted on this occasion, are 
to »>e understood by the words Lucus Molorchi. 
There were two festivals instituted in his ho- 
nour, called Molorchece. Martial- 9, ep. 44, 1. 
14, ep. 44— Jlpollod. 2, c. 5.— Virg. G. 3, v. 
19.— Slat. Theb. 4, v. 160. 

Molossi, a people of Epirus, who inhabited 
that part of the country which was called J\Jo- 
lossia or Molossis from king Molossus. This 
country had the bay of Anibracia on the south, 
and the country of the Penbaebeans on the east. 
The clogs of the place were famous, and receiv- ' 
ed the name of Motossi among the Romans. 
Dodona was the capital of the country according 
to some writers. Others, however, reckon it as 
the chief city of Thesprutia. hmret. 5. v. 10, 
62. — Lucan. 4, v. 440, — Slrab. 7. — Liv. — Jus- 
tin. 7, c. 6.—C. Mp 2, c 8.— Virg G 3, v. 
495 — Herat. 2, Sat 6, v. 114. 

Moi.ossia, or Molossis. Vid. Molossi. 

Molossus, a son of Pyrrlius and Androma- 
che He reigned in Epirus after the death of 
Heienus, and part of his dominions received the 
name of Molossia from him. Pans. 1, c. 11. 

A surname of Jupiter in Epirus. An 

Athenian general, &c Id. in Thes The fa- 
ther of Merion of Crete- [Vid. Molus.] Homer. 
Od 6. 

Molpadia, one of the Amazons, &c. Plut. 

Molpus, an author who wrote an history of 
Lacedsemon. 

Molus, a Cretan, father of Meriones. Ho- 
mer. Od. 6. A son of Deucalion. Ano- 
ther, son of Mars and Demonice. 

Molycrion, a town of iEolia between the 
Evenus and Naupactum. Pans. 5. c. 3. ] 

Momemphis, a town of Egypt Slrab. 17. ! 

Momus, the god of pleasantry among the an- 
cients, son of Nox, according to Hesiod. He 
was continually employed in satirizing the gods, 
and whatever they did was freely turned to ri- 
dicule. He blamed Vulcan, because in the 
human form which he had made of clay, he 
had not placed a window in his breast, by 
which whatever was done or thought there, 
might be easily brought to light. He censured 
the house which Minerva had made, because 
the goddess had not made it moveable, by which 
means a bad neighbourhood might be avoided. 
In the bull which Neptune had produced, he 
observed that his blows might have been surer 
if his eyes had been placed nearer the horns. 
Venus herself was exposed to his satire; and 
when the sneering god had found no fault in 
the body of the naked goddess, he observed as 
she retired, that the noise of her feel was too 
loud, and greatly improper in the goddess of 
beauty. These illiberal reflections upon the 
gods were the cause that Momus was driven 
from heaven. He is generally represented 
raising a mask from his face, and holding a 
small figure in his hand. Hesiod. i;n Theog. — 
Lucian. in Henm. 

Mona, an island between Britain and Hi- 
ton. ia, anciently inhabited by a number of 
Druids. It is supposed by some to be the mo- 
dern island of Anglesey, and by others, the 
island of .Man. Tac'd. 14. Jinn. c. 18 and 29. 

Mon-eses, a king of Parthia, who favoured 



I the cause of M. Antony against Augustus. Ho~ 

rat. 3, od. 6, c. 9. A Parthian in the age 

of Mithridates, &c. 

Monda, a river between the Durius and Ta- 
gus, in Portugal. Plin 4, c. 22. 

Monesus, a general killed by Jason at Col- 
chis, &c. 

Moneta, a surname of Juno among the Ro- 
mans. She received it because she advised 
j them to sacrifice a pregnant sow to Cybele, to 
j avert an earthquake. Cic. de Div 1, c. 15. — 
I Livy says, (7, c. 28 ) that a temple was vowed 
j to Juno, under this name, by the dictator Eu- 
j rius, when the Romans waged war against the 
Aurunci, and that the temple was raised to the 
goddess by the senate, on the spot where the 
house of Manlius Capitolinus had formerly 
stood — Suidas, however, says s that Juno was 
j surnamed Moneta, from assuring the Romans, 
! when in the war against Pyrrhus they complain- 
ed of want of pecuniary resources, that money 
couid never fail to those who cultivated jusiice. 
Monima, a beautiful woman of Miletes, 
whom Mithridates thegreat married. When 
his affoirs grew dc-perate, Mithridates ordered 
his wives to destroy themselves; Monima at- 
tempted to strangle herself, but when her efforts 
were unavailing, she ordered one of her at- 
tendants to stab her. Plut. in Luc. 
Monimus, a philosopher of Syracuse. 
! Munodus, a son of Prusias. He had one 
continued bone instead of a row of teeth, 
whence his name (^tov^ o«f@ J ). Plin. 7, c 
16. 

Monoscus, now Monaco, a town and port 
of Liguria, where Hercules had a temple, 
whence he is called Moncecius, and the har- 
bour Herculis Portus. Strab 4. — Virg. JEn. 
6, v 830. 

Monoleus, a lake of ^Ethiopia. 
Monophage, sacrifices in iEgina. 
Monophilus, an eunuch of Mithridates. The 
king entrusted him with the care of one of his 
daughters; and the eunuch, when he saw the 
affairs of his master in a desperate situation, 
stabbed her lest she should fall into the enemy's 
hands, &c. 

Mons sacer, a mountain near Rome, where 
the Roman populace retired in a tumult, which 
was the cause of the election of the tribunes. 

Mons severus, a mountain near Rome, &c. 

Montanus, a poet who wrote in hexameter 

and elegiac verses. Ovid, ex Pont. 4. An 

orator under Vespasian. A favourite of Mes- 

salina. One of the senators whom Domitian 

consulted about boiling a turbot Juv. 4. 

Monychus, a powerful giant, who could 
root up trees and hurl them like a javelin. He 
receives his name from his having the feet of 
a horse, as the word implies. Juv. 1, v. 11. 

Monyma. [Vid. Monima] 

Mohymus, a servant of Corinth, who, not 
being permitted by his master to follow Dio- 
genes the cynic, pretended madness, and ob- 
tained his liberty. He became a great ad- 
mirer of the philosopher, and also of Crates,, 
and even wrote something in the form of face* 
tious stories. Diog. Laert. 



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Mofhis, an Indian prince conquered by Alex- 
ander. 

Mopsiom, a hill and town ef Thessaly, be- 
tween Tempe and Larissa. Liv. 42. 

Mopsopia, an ancient name of Athens, from 
Mopsus one of its kings, and from thence the 
epiibet of Mopsopius is often applied to an 
Athenian. 

Mopsuhestia, or Mopsos, a town of Cilicia 
near the sea. Cic. Fam. 3, c 8. 

Mopsus, a celebrated prophet, son of Manto 
and Apollo, during the Trojan war. He was 
consulted by Amphimachus, king of Colophon, 
who wished to know what success would attend 
his arms in a war which he was going to un- 
dertake. He predicted the greatest calamities; 
but Calchas, who had been a soothsayer of the 
Greeks during the Trojan war, promised the 
greatest successes. Amphimachus followed the 
opinion of Calchas, but the opinion of Mopsus 
was fully verified. This had such an etfect 
upon Calchas that he died soon after. His 
death is attributed by some to another morti- 
fication ot the same nature. The two sooth- 
sayers, jealous of each other's fame, came to a 
trial of their skill in divination. Calchas first 
asked his antagonist how many figs a neigh- 
bouring tree bore; ten thousand except one, re- 
plied Mopsus, and one single vessel can contain 
them all. The figs were gathered, and his con- 
jectures were true. Mopsus, now to try his ad- 
versary, asked him how many young ones a 
certain pregnant sow would bring forth. Cal- 
chas confessed his ignorance, and Mopsus im- 
mediately said, that the. sow would bring forth 
on the morrow ten young ones, of which only 
one should be a male, all black, and that the 
females should all be known by their white 
streaks. The morrow proved the veracity of 
his prediction, and Calchas died by excess of 
the grief which his defeat produced. Mopsus 
after death was ranked among the gods; and 
had an oracle at Malia, celebrated for the true 
and decisive answers which it gave. Strab. 9. 
— Pans- 7, c. 3. — Jlmmian. 14, c. 8 — Pint. 

de orac deftct A son of Ampyx and Chloris, 

born at Titaressa in Thessaly. He was the 
prophet and soothsayer of the Argonauts, and 
died at his return from Colchis by the bite of 
a serpent in Libya. Jason erected him a mo- 
nument on the sea shore, where afterwards the 
Africans built him a temple where he gave 
oracles. He has often been confounded with 
the son of Manto, as their professions and their 
names were alike. Hygin. fab. 14, 128, 173. 

— Strab. 9. A shepherd of that uame in 

Virg Eel. 

Morgantium (or ia), a town of Sicily, near 
the mouth of the Simelhus. Cic. in Ver. 3, 
c. 18. 

Morini, a people of Belgic Gaul, on the 
shores of the British ocean. The shortest pas- 
sage in Britain was from their territories. They 
were called extremi hominwn by the Romans, 
because situate on the extremities of Gaul. 
Their city, called Morinorum castellum, is now 
Mount Cassel, in Artois; and Morinorum ci- 
xitas, is Terouenne, on the Lis. Virg. JEn. 8, 
v. 726.— Cos. 4, Bell. G. 21. 



Moritasgus, a king of the Senones at the 
arrival of Caesar in Gaul. Cozsar B. G. 

Morius, a river of Bceotia. Plut. 

Morpheus, the son and minister of the god 
Somnus, who naturally imitated the grimaces, 
gestures, words, and manners, of mankind. He 
is sometimes calied the god of sleep. He is 
generally represented as a sleeping child, of 
great corpulence, and with wings. He hoids a 
vase in one hanu, and in the other are some 
poppies. He is represented by Ovid as sent to 
inform by a dream and a vision the unhappy 
Alcyone of the fate of her husband Ceyx. 
Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 10. 

Mors, one of the infernal deities born of 
Night, without a father. She was worshipped 
by the ancients, particularly by the Lacedae- 
monians, with great solemnity, and represented 
not as an actually existing power, but as an 
imaginary being. Euripides introduces her in 
one of his tragedies on the stage. The moderns 
represent her as a skeleton armed with a scythe 
and a scymetar. 

Mortuum Mare. J" Vid. Mare Mortuum.] 

Morys, a Trojan killed by Meriones during 
the Trojan war. Homer. II. 13, &c. 

Mosa, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into the 
German ocean, and now called the Maese or 
Meuse. The bridge over it, Mosce pons, is now 
supposed to be Maestricht. Tacit. H. 4, c. 66. 

Moscha, now Muscat, a port of Arabia on 
the Red Sea. 

Moschi, a people of Asia, at the west of 
the Caspian sea. Mela, 1. c. 2, 1. 8, c. 5. — 
Lucan 3, v. 270. 

Moschion, a name common to four different 
writers, whose compositions, character, and 
native place are unknown. Some fragments 
of their writings remain, some few verses and 
a treatise de morbis mulierum, edited by Ges- 
ner, 4to. Basil. 1566. 

Moschus, a Phoenician who wrote the his- 
tory of his country in his own mother tongue. 

A philosopher of Sidon. He is supposed 

to be the founder of anatomical philosophy. 

Strab.- A Greek bucolic poet in the age of 

Ptolemy Philadelphus. The sweetness and 
elegance of bis eclogues, which are still extant, 
make the world regret the loss of poetical 
pieces no ways inferior to the productions of 
of Theocritus. The best edition of Moschus 
with Bion is that of Heskin, Svo. Oxen. 1748. 

A. Greek rhetorician of Pergamus in the 

age of Horace, defended by Torquatus in an 
accusation of having poisoned some of his 
friends. Horat. 1, ep. 5, v- 9. 

Mosella, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into 
the Rhine, at Coblentz, and now called the 
Moselle. Flor. 3, c 10.— Tacit. An. 13, c. 53. 

Moses, a celebrated legislator and general 
among the Jews, well known in sacred history. 
He was born in Egypt, 1571 B. C. and after 
he had performed his miracles before Pharaoh, 
conducted the Israelites through the Red Sea, 
and given them laws and ordinances, during 
their peregrination of 40 years in the wilder- 
ness of Arabia; he died at the age of 120. His 
writings have been quoted and commended by 
several of the heathen authors, who have divest- 



Ml) 



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ed themselves of their prejudices against an 
Hebrew, and extolled his learning and the 
effects of his wisdom. Longinus. — Diod 1. 
Mosychlus, a mountain of I.emnos. Nicand. 
Mosynjeci, a nation on the Euxine sea, in 
whose territories the 10,000 Greeks staid on 
their return from Cunaxa Xevoph. 

Mothone, a town of Magnesia, where Phi- 
lip lost one of his eyes. Justin. 7, c. 6. The 
word is often spelt Methone. 

Motya, a town of Sicily, besieged and ta- 
ken by Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. 

Mucianos, a facetious and intriguing general 
andei Oruo and Vitellius, &c. 
Mucms. [Vid. Mutius.] 
Mdcr^e, a village of Samnium. Ital. 8, v. 
565. 

Mulciber, a surname of Vulcan, (a mul- 
cendo ferrum,) from his occupation. Ovid. 
Met. 2, v. 5. [Fid. Vulcanus.] 

Mulucha, a river of Africa, dividing Numi- 
dia from Mauritania Plin- 5, c. 2, 

MuLvitrs Pons, a bridge on the Flaminian 
way, about one mile distant from Rome. Mart. 
3, ep. 14. 

L. Mummius, a Roman consul, sent against 
the Achseans, whom he conquered, B. C. 147. 
He destroyed Corinth, Thebes, and Calchis, 
by order of the senate, and obtained the sur- 
name of Jlckaicus from his victories. He did 
not enrich himself with the spoils of the enemy, 
but returned home without any increase of 
fortune. He was so unacquainted with the 
value of the paintings and works of the most 
celebrated artists of Greece, which were found 
in the plunder of Corinth, that he said to those 
who conveyed them to Romei that if they lost 
them or injured them, they should make others 
in their stead. Paterc. 1, c. 13. — Strab. 8 — 
Pirn. 34, c. 7, 1. 37, c. l.—Flor. 2, c. 6.— 

Paus. 5, c. 24. Publius, a man commended 

by C. Publicius for the versatility of his mind, 
and the propriety of his manners Cic. de 

Orat. 2. A Latin poet. Macrobius. 1. Sa- 

tur. 10. M. a praetor. Cic. in Ver. 



Spurius, a brother of Achaicus before mention- 
ed, distinguished as an orator, and for his 
fondness for the stoic philosophy. Cic ad 

Brut. 25 adJltt 13, ep. 6. A lieutenant of 

Crassus defeated, &c Pint in Crass. 

Mtjnatius, Plancus, a consul sent to the re- 
bellious army of Germanicus. He was almost 
killed by the incensed soldiery, who suspected 
that it was through him that they had not all 
been pardoned and indemnified by a decree of 
the senate. Calpurnius rescued him from their 
fury. — —An orator and disciple of Cicero. His 
father, grandfather, and great-grandfather, bore 
th«' same name. He was with Caesar in Gaul, 
and was made consul with Brutus. He promised 
to favour the republican cause for some time, 
but he deserted again to Caesar. He was long 
Antony's favourite, but he left him at the battle 
of Actium to conciliate the favours of Octavius. 
His services were great in the senate; for, 
through his influence and persuasion, that ven- 
erable body flattered the conqueror of Antony 
with the appellation of Augustus. He was re- 
warded with the office of censor. Pint, in Ant. 



— -— ftratus, a Roman knight who conspired 
with Piso against Nero. Tacit. Jinn. 15, c. 30. 

— Suet, in dug. 23. A friend of Horace, 

ep. 3, v. 31. 

Munda, a small town of Hispania Baetica, 
celebrated for a battle which was fought there 
on the 17th of March, B. C. 45, between Cae- 
sar and the republican forces of Rome, under 
Labienus and the sons of Pompey. Caesar ob- 
tained the victory after an obstinate and bloody 
battle, and by this blow put an end to the Ro- 
man republic. Pompey lost 30,000 men, and 
Csesar only 1000, and 500 wounded. Sil. Ital. 
3, c 400.— Hirt. Bell, Hisp. 27. — Lucan. 1. 

Munitus, a son of Laodice, the daughter of 
Priam by Acamas. He was entrusted to the care 
of iEthra as soon as born, and at the taking of 
Troy he was made known to his father, who 
saved his life, and carried him to Thrace, where 
he was killed by the bite of a serpent. Partlitn. 
16. 

Munychia, (and &) a port of Attica, be- 
tween the Piraeus and the promontory of Suni- 
um, called after king Munychus, who built there 
a temple to Diana, and in whose honour he in- 
stituted festivals called Munychia. The temple 
was held so sacred that wha'ever criminals fled 
there for refuge were pardoned. During the 
festivals they offered small cakes which they 
called amphiphontes, a.7ro tow ol/uqkp&uv, from 
■shining all around, because there were lighted 
torches hung round when they were carried to 
the temple, or because they were offered at the 
full moon, at which time the solemnity was ob- 
served. It was particularly in honour of Diana, 
who is the same as the moon, because it was full 
moon when fhemistocles conquered the Per- 
sian fleet at Salamis. The port of Munychia 
was well fortified, and of great consequence; 
therefore the Lacedaemonians, when sovereigns 
of Greece, always kept a regular garrison there. 
Ptut.—Ovid. Met. 2, v. 109.— Strab. 2.— Paus. 
1, c. 1. 

MuR.ffiNA, a celebrated Roman, left at the 
head of the armies of the republic in Asia by 
Sylla. He invaded the dominions of Mithri- 
dates with success, but soon after met with a 
defeat. He was honoured with a triumph at bis 
return to Rome. He commanded one of the 
wings of Sylla's army at the battle against 
Archeiaus near Cha;ronea. He was ably de- 
fended in an oration by Cicero, when his cha- 
racter was attacked and censured. Cic pro 

Mur. — Jippian. de Mithrid. A man put to 

death for conspiring against Augustus, B. C. 22. 

Murcia. Vid. Murria. 

Murcus, an enemy of the triumvirate of J. 

Caesar. Statius, a man who murdered Piso 

in Vesta's temple in Nero's reign. Tacit. H. 
1, c. 43. 

Murgantia, a town of Samnium. Lit. 25, 
c. 27. 

Murrhenus, a friend of Turnus killed by 
iEneas, &c. Virg. JEn 12, v. 529. 

Mursa, now Essek, a town of Hungary, where 
the Drave falls into the Danube. 

Murtia, or Myrtia, {a (jlv^t® 1 ) a suppos- 
ed surname of Venus, because she presided over 
the myrtle. This goddess was the patron of idle- 



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aess and cowardice. Varro de L. L. 4, c. 32. 

Mus, a Roman consul. Vid. Decius. 

Musa Antonius, a freedman and physician 
of Augustus. He cured his imperial master of 
a dangerous disease under which he laboured, 
by recommending to him the use of the cold 
bath. He was greatly rewarded for this cele- 
brated cure. He was honoured with a brazen 
statue by the Roman senate, which was placed 
near that of iEseulapius, and Augustus permit- 
ted him to wear a golden rinjfJPand to be ex- 
empted from all taxes. He was not so success- 
ful in recommending the use of the cold bath to 
Marcellus as he had been to Augustus, and his 
illustrious patient died under his care. The cold 
bath was for a long time discontinued, till Char- 
mis of Marseilles introduced it again, and con- 
vinced the world of its great benefits. Musa was 
brother to Euphorbus the pbysiciau of king Ju- 
ba.^ Two small treatises, de herbd Botanicd, 
and de tuendd Valetudine, are^supposed to be the 

productions of his pen. A daughter of Nico- 

medes, king of Bithynia. She attempted to re- 
cover her father's kingdom from the Romans, 
but to no purpose, though Caesar espoused her 
cause. Paterc. 2. — Suet, in Cces. 

MusjE-, certain goddesses who presided oyer 
poetry, music, dancing, and all the liberal arts. 
They were daughters of Jupiter and Mnemo- 
syne, and were nine in number; Clio, Euterpe, 
Thalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Erato, Poly- 
hymnia, Calliope, and Urania. Some suppose > 
that there were in ancient times only three 
muses, Melete, Mneme, and Acede; others four, 
Telxiope, Aoede, Arche,. Melete. They were, 
according to others, daughters of Pierus and 
Antiope, from which circumstance they are ail 
called Pierides. The name of Pierides might 
probably be derived from mount Pierus where 
they were born. They have, been severally call- 
ed Castalides, Aganippides, Lebethrides, Aonides, 
Heliconiades, &.c. frflm the places where they 
were worshipped, or over which they presided. 
Apollo, who was the patron and the conductor 
of the muses, has received the name of Musa- 
getes, or leader of the muses. The same sur- 
name was also given to Hercules. The palm 
tree, the laurel, and all the fountains of Piudus, 
Helicon, Parnassus, &c. were sacred to the 
muses. They were generally represented as 
young, beautiful, and modest virgins. They were 
fond of solitude, and commonly appeared indif- 
ferent attire according to the arts and sciences 
over which they presided. [Vid. Clio, Euterpe, 
Thalia, Melpomene, &c] Sometimes they were 
represented as dancing in a chorus, to intimate 
the near and indissoluble connexion which exists 
between the liberal arts and sciences. The 
muses sometimes appear with wings, because 
by the assistance of wings they freed themselves 
from the violence of Pyrenseus. Their contest 
with the daughters of Pierus is well known, 
[Fid. Pierides.] The worship of the muses was 
universally established, particularly in the en- 
lightened parts of Greece, Thessaly, and Italy. 
No sacrifices were ever offered to them, though 
no poet ever began a poem without a solemn 
invocation to the goddesses who presided over 
verse. There were festivals instituted in their 



! honour in several parts of Greece, especially 
amoug tiie Thespians, every fifth year. The 
-Macedonians observed also a festival in honour 
of Jupiter and the muses. It had been institut- 
ed by king Archelaus, and it was -celebrated 
with stage plays, games, and different exhibi- 
tions, which continued nine days according to 
the number of the muses Plut. EroU— Pollux. 
JEschin. in Tim.—Paus. 9, c. 29.—Apoilod. 
1, c. 3.— Cic de Mat. D. 3, c. 2\.—Hesiod. 
Theog.— Virg. JEn.—Ovid. Met. 4. v. 31Q.— 
Homer. Hymn. Mus. — Juv. 7. — Diod. I.-— Mar- 
tial. 4, ep. 14. 

Musics, an ancient Greek poet, supposed 
to have been son or disciple of Linus or Or- 
pheus, and to have lived about 1410 years be- 
fore the Christian era. Virgil has paid great 
honour to his memory by placing him in the 
Elysian fields attended by a great multitude, 
and taller by the head than bis followers. None 
of the poet's compositions are extant. The ele- 
gant poem of the loves of Leander and Hero, 
was written by a Musaeus who flourished in the 
fourth century, according to the more received 
opinions. Among the good editions of Museeus 
two may be selected as the best, that bf Rover, 
8vo. L. Bat. 1727; and that of Schroder, 8vo'. 
Leovard, 1743. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 677.— Diog. 

A Latin poet whose compositions were very 

obscene. Martial. 12, ep. 96 A poet of 

Thebes who lived during the Trojan war. 

Musonius Rtjfus, a stoic philosopher of 
Etruria in the reign of Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 
3, c. 81. 

Muta, a goddess who presided over silence 
among the Romans. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 580. 

Mustela, a man greatly esteemed by Cice- 
ro. Ad. Mic. 12. A gladiator. Cic 

Muthullus, a river of ISumidia. Sallust, 
Jug. 48. 

Mutia, a daughter of Q. Mutius Scavola and 
sister of Metellus Celer. She was Pompey's 
third wife. Her incontinent behaviour so dis- 
gusted her husband, that at his return from the 
Mithridatic war, he divorced her, though she 
had borne him three children. She afterwards 
married M Scaurus. Augustus greatly esteem- 
ed her. Plut. in Pomp.- A wife of Julius 

Csesar, beloved by Clodius the tribune. Suet, in 
Cccs 50. The mother of Augustus. 

Mutia Lex, the same as that which was en- 
acted by Liciuius Crassus, and Q. Mutius, A. 
U C. 657. [Vid. Licinia Lex.] 

Mutica, or Mutyce, a town of Sicily, west 
of the cape Pachyous. Cic in Ver. 3, c. 43. 

Mutilia, a woman intimate with Livia Au- 
gusta. Tacit. Ann- 4, c. 12. 

Mutixa, a Roman colony of Cisalpine Gaul, 
where M- Antony besieged D. Brutus, whom 
the consuls Pansa and Hirtius delivered. Two 
battles on the 15th of April B. C. 43, were 
fought, in which Antony was defeated, and at 
last obliged to retire. Mutina is now called Mo- 
dena. Lucan. 1, v. 41, 1. 7, v. S72. — Sil. 8, v. 
592.— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 822.— Cic. Fam. 10, 
ep. 14. Brut. ep. 5. 

Mutines, one of Annibal's generals, who 
was honoured with the freedom of Rome on de- 



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MY 



livering up Agrigentum. Liv. 25, c« 41, 1. 27, 
c. 5. 

Mutinus. Vid. Mutunus. 
Mutius, the father-in-law of C. Marius. 
A Roman who saved the life of young Ma- 
rius, by conveying him away from the pursuits 

of his enemies in a load of straw. A friend 

of Tiberius Gracchus, by whose means he was 
raised to the office of a Tribune.— — -C Scaevola, 
surnamed Cordus, because famous for his cou- 
rage and intrepidity. When Poisenna, king 
of Etruria, had besieged Rome to reinstate 
Tarrjuin in all his rights and privileges, Mutius 
determined to deliver his country from so dan- 
gerous an enemy He disguised himself in the 
habit of a Tuscan, and as he could fluently speak 
the language, he gained an easy introduction 
into the camp, and soon into the royal tent. Por- 
senna sat alone with his secretary wheu Mutius 
entered. The Roman rushed upon the secreta- 
ry and stabbed him to the heart, mistaking him. 
for his royal master. This occasioned a noise, 
and Mutius, unable to escape, was seized and 
brought before the king. He gave no answers 
to the inquiries of the courtiers, and only told 
them that he was a Roman, and to give them a 
proof of his fortitude, he laid his right hand on 
an altar of burning coals, and sternly looking at 
the king and without uttering a groan, he bold- 
ly told him, that 300 young Romans like himself 
had conspired against his life, and entex*ed his 
camp in disguise, determined either to destroy 
him or perish in the attempt This extraordina- 
ry confession astonished Porsenna; he made 
peace with the Romans and retired from their 
city. Mutius obtained the surname of Sc'jbvoUi, 
because he had lost the use 6f his right band by 
burning it in the presence of the Etrurian king. 
Plut. in Par.—Flor. 1, c 10— Liv. 2, c 12. 
Q, Scawola, a Roman consul. He obtain- 
ed a victory over the Dalmatians, and signaliz- 
ed himself greatly in the Marsian war. He is 
highly commended by Cicero, whom he instruct- 
ed in the study of civil law. Cic. — Plut. 



and serpents. His worship passed into Greece 
and Italy. Plin. 10, c. 28 — Paus. 8, c. 46. 

Mycale, a celebrated magician, who boast- 
ed that he could draw down the moon from her 
orb. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 263. A city and pro- 
montory of Asia Minor opposite Samos, cele- 
brated for a battle which was fought there be- 
tween the Greeks and Persians on the 22d'of 
September, 479 B. C. the same day that Mar- 
donius was defeated at Piataea. The Persians 
were about 10(J*000 men, that had just returned 
from the unsuccessful expedition of Xerxes in 
Greece. They had drawn their ships to the 
shore and fortified themselves, as if determined 
to support a siege. They suffered the Greeks 
to disemuark from their fleet without the least 
molestation, and were soon obliged to give way 
before the cool and resolute intrepidity of an in- 
ferior number of men. The Greeks obtained a 
complete victory, slaughtered some thousands of 
the enemy, burned theft? camp, and sailed b.ck 
to Samos with an immense booty, in which were 
seventy chests of money among other very valu- 
able things. Herodot.^- : Juslin.2,c. 14. — Diod. 

A woman's name. Juv. 4, v. 141. 

Mycalessus, an inland town of Bceotia, 
where Ceres had a temple. Paus. 9, c. 19. 



Another appointed proconsul of Asia, which he 
governed with so much popularity, that he was 
generally proposed to others as a pattern of 
equity and moderation. Cicero speaks of him 
as eloquent, learned, and ingenious, equally 
eminent as an orator and as a lawyer- He was 
murdered in the temple of Vesta, during the ci- 
vil war of Marius and Sylla, 82 years before 
Christ. Plut. — Cic. de Oral. 1, c 48. — Paterc. 
2 c. 22. 

Mutunus, or Mutinus, a deity among the 
Romans, much the same as the Priapus of the 
Greeks. The Romau matrons, and particular- 
ly new married women, disgraced themselves 
by the obscene ceremonies which custom oblig- 
ed them to obsexwe before the statue of this im- 
pure deity. Jlugusl. de Civ. D. 4, c. 9, 1. 6, c. 
9. — Lactant. 1, c. 20. > 

MuTUscaE, a town of Umbria. Virg. JEn. 7, 
v. 711. 

Muzeris, a town of India, now Vizindruk. 
Plin. 6, c. 23. 

Myagrus or Myodes, a divinity among the 
Egyptians, called also Achor. He was entreat- 
ed by the inhabitants to protect them from flies 



Mycenae, a town of Argolis, in Peloponne- 
sus, built by Perseus, son of Danae. It was situ- 
ate on a small river at the east of the Inachus, 
about 50 stadia from Argos, and received its 
name from Mycene, a nymph of Laconia. It 
was once the capital 'of a kingdom, whose mon- 
archs reigned in the following order; Acrisius 
1344 B. C. Perseus, Electryon, Maestor, and 
Sthenelus; and Sthenelus alone for eight years; 
Atreus and Thyestes, Agamemnon, iEgystbus, 
Orestes* ^Epytus, who was dispossessed 1104 B. 
C. on the return of the Heraclidse. The town of 
Mycenae was taken*and laid in ruins by the Ar- 
rives B. C 568; and it was almost unknown 
where it stood in the age of the geographer 
Strabo. Paus. 2, c 16.— Strab. 8— Virg. Mn. 
6, v. 839 — Mela, 2, c. 3. The word Mycenceus 
is used for Agamemnon as he was one of the 
kings of Mycenae. 

Mycenis, (Idis,) a name applied to Iphige- 
nia as residing at Mycenae. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 
34. 

Mycerinus, a son of Cheops, king of Egypt. 

After the death of his father he reigued with 

great justice and moderation. Herodot. 2, c. 129. 

Myciberna, a town of the Hellespont. Diod. 

12. 

Mycithus, a servant of Anaxilaus tyrant of 
Rhegium. He was entrusted with the care of 
the kingdom, and of the children of the deceas- 
ed prince, and he exercised his power with such 
fidelity and moderation, that he acquired the es- 
teem of all the citizens, and at last restored the 
kingdom to his master's children when come to 
years of maturity, and retired to peace and so- 
litude with a small portion. He is called by 
some Micalus. Justin, 4, c. 2. 

Mycon, a celebrated painter, who with others 
assisted in making and perfecting the Precile of 
Athens. He was the rival of Polygnotus. Plin. 

33 and 35. A youth of Athens changed into 

a poppy by Ceres. 



MY 



MY 



Myconos, (or e,) one of the Cyclades be- 
tween Delos and Icaria, which received its 
name from Myconus, an unknown person. It 
is about three miles at the east of Delos, and is 
thirty-six miles in circumference. It remained 
long uninhabited on account of the frequent 
earthquakes to which it was subject. Some sup- 
pose that the giants whom Hercules killed were 
buried under that island, whence arose the pro- 
verb of every thing is under Mycone, applied to 
those who treat of different subjects under one 
and the same title, as if none of the defeated 
giants had been buried under no other island or 
mountain about Mycone. Strabo observes, and 
his testimony is supported by that of modern 
travellers, that the inhabitants of Mycone be- 
Game bald very early, even at the age of 20 or 
25, from which circumstance they were called 
by way of contempt, the bald heads of Mycone. 
Pliny says that the children of the place were 
always born without hair. The islaud was poor, 
and the inhabitants very avaricious; whence 
Archilochus reproached a certain Pericles, that 
he came to a feast lree a Myconian, that is, 
without previous invitation Virg.JEn 3, v. 76. 
—Strab. 10.— Plin. 11, c 37, 1. 12, c. 7, 1. 14, 
c. 1. — Mien 1 — TInicyd. 3, c. 29.— Mela, 2, 
e. l.—Ovid. Met. 7, v. 463l 

Mydon, one of the Trojan chiefs who de- 
fended I'roy against the Greeks. He was killed 
by Autilochus. Homer. II. 5, v. 580. 

Myecphoris, a town in Egypt, in a small 
island near Bubastis. 

M venus, a mountain of iEtolia. Plut. de 
Fium. 

Mygdon, a brother of Amycus., killed in a 
war against Hercules A brother of Hecu- 
ba [Vid. Mygdonus.] 

Mygdonia, a small province of Macedonia 
near Thrace, between the rivers Axius and 
Strymon. The inhabitants, called Mygdones, 
migrated into Asia, and settled near Troas, 
where the country received the name of their 
ancient habitation. Cybele was called Mygdo- 
nia, from the worship she received in Mygdonia 
in Phrygia. Horut. 2, od. 12, v. 22, 1. 3, od. 

16,' v. 41.— Ovid. Met. 6, v. 45. A small 

province of Mesopotamia bears also the name 
of Mygdonia, and was probably peopled by a 
Macedonian colony. Flacc. 3, &c. — Plin. 4, c. 
10 — Ovid. Heroid. 20.—Horat. 2, od 12. 

Mygdonus, or Mygdon, a brother of Hecu- 
ba, Priam's wife, who reigned in part of Thrace. 
His son Corcebus was called Mygdonides from 
him. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 341. — Homer. II 3. 
\ small river running through Mesopota- 
mia. 

Mylassa (orum), a town of Caria. Liv. 38, 
c. 39. 

Myle or Mylas, a small river on the east 
of Sicily, with a town of the same name Liv. 

24, c. 30 and Sl.—Suet. Aug 16 Also 

a town of Thessaly, now Mulazzo. Liv. 42, c. 
54, 

Mtles, a son of Lelex. 

Mylitta, a surname of Venus among the As- 
syrians, in whose temples all the women were 
obliged to prostitute themselves to strangers. 
Herodot. 1, c. 131 aad 199.— Strab. 16. 



* 



Myndus, a maritime town of Caria near Ha- 
licarnassus. Cic Fain. 3, ep. 8. — Mela, 1, c 
16 — Plin. 5, c. 29. 

Mynes, a prince of Lyrnessus, who married 
Briseis. He was killed by Achilles, and bis wife 
became the property of the conqueror. Homer. 
11.3. 

Mynle. Vid. Minyae. 

Myonia, a town of Phocis. Pans. 

Myonnesus, a town and promontory of Ionia, 
now Jalanghi-Lhnan. Liv. 37, e. 13 and 2 7. 

Myra {orwn or ce), a town of Lycia, on a high, 
hill, two miles from the sea. Plin. 5, c. 27.-— 
Strab. 14. 

Mtriandros, a town of Seleucia in Syria, on 
the bay of Jssus, which is sometimes calied $£- 
nus Myriandricus- Liv. 2, c. 108. 

Myrina, a maritime town of iEolia, called 
also Sebastopolis, and now Sanderlic. Tacit. 

Ann. 2,c. 47 — Liv 33. c. 30 —Strab. 13. 

A queen of the Amazons, &c. Dion. 4. A 

town of Lemnos, now Palio Castro. Plin. 4, c. 
12 — — A town of Asia destroyed by an earth- 
quake in Trajan's reign. The wife of Thoa.s 

king of Lemnos, by whom she had Hipsipyle. 

Myrinus, a surname of Apollo, from Myri- 
na in iEolia, where he was worshipped. A 

gladiator. Mart. 12, c. 29. 

Marios, a town of Arcadia, called also Mega- 
lopolis. 

Myrl-E-s or Afamea, a town of Bithynia. 
Plin. 5, c. 32. 

Mtrmecides, an artist of Miletus mention- 
ed as making chariots so small that they could 
be covered by the wing of a fly. He also in- 
scribed an elegiac distich on a grain of Indian 
sesamura. Cic 4. Acad. — AElian, V. H. 1. 

MYRMiDoNes, a people on the southern bor- 
ders of Thessaly, who accompanied Achilles to 
the Trojan war. They received their name 
from Myrmidon, a son of Jupiter and Euryme- 
dusa, who married one of the daughters of iEo- 
lus, son of Helen. His son Actor married iEgi- 
j na, the daughter of the Asopus. He gave his 
name to his subjects who dwelt near the river 
Peneus in Thessaly. According to some, the 
Myrmidons received their name from '.heir hav- 
ing been originally ants, {/.ogfAVKis. [Vid. JEa- 
cus.] According to Strabo, they received it from 
their industry, because they imitated the dili- 
gence of the ants, and like them were indefati r 
gable, and were continually employed in culti- 
vating the earth. Ovid. Met- 7, v. 654.— Strab. 
— Hugiri. fab. 52. 

Myron, a tyrant of Sicyon. A man of 

Priene, who wrote an history of Messenia. 

Paus. 4, c. 6. A celebrated statuary of 

Greece, peculiarly happy in imitating nature. 
He made a cow so much resembling life, that 
even bulls were deceived and approached he/; 
as if alive, as is frequently mentioned by many 
epigrams in the Anthologia. He flourished 
about 442 years before Christ. Ovid. Art. 
Am. 3, v. 319.— Paws.— Juv. 8.— Propert. 2, 
el. 41. 

Myronianus, an historian. Diog. 
Myronides, an Athenian general, who con- 
quered the Thebans. Polyozn. 
MyrrhAj a daughter of Cinyras, king of Gy~ 
3 v 



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MY 



pwis. She became enamoured of her father, 
and introduced herself into his bed unknown. 
She had a son by him, called Adonis. When 
Cinyras was apprized of the incest he had com- 
mitted, he attempted to stab his daughter, and 
Myrrha fled into Arabia, where she was chang- 
ed into a tree called myrrh. Hygin. fab. 58 and 
275— Ovid. Met. 10, v. 298.— Plut. in Par— 
Spollod 3. 

Myrsilus, a son of Myfsus, the last of the 
Heraclidae, who reigned in Lydia He is also 
called Candaules. Vid. Candaules. 

Myrsus, the father of Candaules. Herodot. 

1, c. 7. A Greek historian in the age of 

Solon. 

Myrtale, a courtezan of Rome, mistress to 
the poet Horace. 1, od. 33. 

Myrtea, a surname of Venus. [Vid. Mur- 
tia.l 

Myrtilus, a son of Mercury and Phaetusa, 
or Cleobule, or Clymene, was arm-bearer to 
CEnomaus, king of Pisa. He was so experi- 
enced in riding, and in the management of 
horses, that he rendered those of (Enomaus the 
swiftest in all Greece. His infidelity proved at 
last fatal to him. (Enomaus had. been inform- 
ed by an oracle, that his daughter Hippoda- 
mia's husband should cause his death, and on 
that account he resolved to marry her only to 
him who should overcome him in a chariot 
race. This seemed totally impossible, and to 
render it more terrible, (Enomaus declared that 
death would be the consequence oi a defeat in 
the suitors. The charms of Hippodamia were 
so great that many sacrificed their life in the 
fruitless endeavour to obtain her hand. Pelops 
at last presented himself, undaunted at the fate ; 
of those who had gone before him, but before ■ 
lie entered the course he bribed Myrtilus, and j 
assured him that he should share Hippodamia's 
favours if he returned victorious from the race. 
Myrtilus, who was enamoured of Hippodamia, 
gave an old chariot to (Enomaus, which broke 
in the course and caused his death. Pelops 
gained the victory, and married Hippodamia; 
and when Myrtilus had the audacity to claim 
tbe leward promised to his perfidy, Pelops threw 
him headlong into the sea, where he perished. 
Tue body of Myrtilus according to some was 
earned by the waves to the sea shore, where 
he received an honourable burial, and as he was 
the son of Mercury, he was made a constella- 
tion. Diod. 4. — Hygin. fab. 84 and 224 

Paus. 8. c. 14 — Apollon. I. 

Myrtis, a Greek woman who distinguished 
herself by her poetical talents. She flourished 
about 500 years B. C. and instructed the cele- 
brated Corinna in the several rules of versifi- 
cation. Pindar himself, as some report, was 
also one of her pupils. 

Myrtoum Mare, a part of the iEgean sea 
which lies between Eubcea, Attica, 1 and Pelo- 
ponnesus, as far as cape Malea. It receives 
this name from Myrto, a woman, or from 
•Myrtos, a small island opposite to Carystos in 
Euboea; or from Myrtilus, the son of Mercury, 
who was drowned there, &. Paus. 8, c. 14. — 
Hygin. fab. 84.— Plin. 4, c 11. 
Myrtuntium, a name given f that part of 



the sea which lies on the coast of Epirus be- 
tween the bay of Ambracia and Leucas. 

Myrtusa, a mountain x>f Lybia. CalHm. 
in Jipoll. 

Mys. (mt/os,) an artist famous in working 
and polishing silver. He beautifully represent- 
ed the battle of the centaurs and Lapithae on a 
shield in the hand of Minerva's statue made 
by Phidias. Paws. 1, c. 28. — Martial. 8, ep. 
34 and 51,1. 14, ep. 93.— Proptrt. 3, el. 9, 
c. 14. 

Myscellus, or Miscellus, a native of 
Rhypje in Achaia, who founded Crotona in 
Italy, according to an oracle, which told him 
to build a city where he found rain with fine 
i weather The meaning of the oracle long per- 
I plexed him, till he found a beautiful woman all 
in tears in Italy, which circumstance he inter- 
! preted in his favour. According to some, Mys- 
| cellus, who was the son of Hercules, went out 
of Argos, without the permission of the magis- 
I trates, for which he was condemned to death. 
j The judges had put eagh a black ball as a 
sign of condemnation, but Hercules changed 
them all and made them white, and had his son 
acquitted, ; upon which Mysctllus left Greece, 
and came to Italy, where he built Crotona. 
Ovid. Met. 15, v. 19. — Strab 6 and 8. — Suidas. 
Mysia, a country of Asia Minor, generally 
| divided into major and minor. Mysia minor 
| was bounded on the north and w r est by the Pro- 
\ pontis and Bithynia, and Pbrygia en the southern 
and eastern borders. Mysia major had iEolia 
on the south, the iEgean on the west, and 
Phrygia on the north and east. Its «hief cities 
were Cyzicum,Lampsacus, &c. The inhabitants 
were once very warlike, but they greatly de- 
generated; and the words Mysorum ultimus 
were emphatically used to signify a person of 
no merit. The ancients, generally hired them 
to attend their funerals as mourners, because 
they were naturally melancholy and inclined to 
shed tears. They were once governed by mo- 
narch^. They are supposed to be descended 
from the Mysians of Europe, a nation which in- 
habited that part of Thrace which was situate 
between mount Haemus and the Danube. Strab, 
— Herodot. 1, &c. Cic. in Verr — Fl.acc. 27. — 
Flor. 3, c. 5. — Jlppian. in Mithrid. A fes- 
tival in honour of Ceres, surnamed Mysia from 
Mysias, an Argive, who raised her a temple 
near Pallene in Achaia Some derive the word 
cfTro tqv fAva-tetv, to cloy or satisfy, because 
Ceres was the first who satisfied the wants of 
men by giving them corn. The festival con- 
tinued during seven days, &c. 

Myson, a native of Sparta, one of the seven 
wise men of Greece. When Anacharsis con- 
sulted the oracle of Apollo, to know which was 
the wisest man in Greece, be received for an- 
swer, he who is now ploughing his fields. This 
was Mysen. Diog. in Vit. 

Mystes, a son of the poet Valgius, whose 
early death was so lamented by the father, that 
Horace wrote an ode to allay the grief of lus 
friend. Horat. 2, od. 9. 

Mythecus, a sophist of Syracuse. He studied 
cookery, and when he thought himself suffici- 
ently skilled in dressing meat, he went tt> 



MY 



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Sparta, where he gained much practice, espe- 
cially amovtg the younger citizens. He was 
soon after expelled the city by the magistrates, 
who observed that the aid of Mythecus was un- 
necessary, as hunger was the best seasoning. 

Mytilene. [Vid. Mitylene.] 

Myus, (Myuntis,) a town of Ionia on the 
confines of Caria, founded by a Grecian colony. 



It is one of the 12 capital cities of Ionia, situatt 
at the distance of about 30 stadia from the 
mouth of the Maeander. Artaxerxes king of 
Persia gave it to fheniistocles to maintain him 
in meat. Magnesia was to support him in 
bread, and Lampsacus in wine. C. Nep. in 
Tiumis.—Strab. 14.— Herodot. 1, c 142.— 
Dwd. 11. 



nje 



NA 



NABAZANES, an officer of Darius third 
at the battle of Issus. He conspired with 
Bessus to murder his royal master, either to 
obtaia the favour of Alexander, or to seize the 
kingdom. He was pardoned by Alexander. 
Curt. 3, &c— Diod. 17. 

Nabath^ea, a country of Arabia, of which 
the capital was called Petra, The word is 
often applied to anyfcf the eastern countries of 
the world by the poets, and seems to be derived 
from Nabath the son of Isbmael. Ovid. Met. 
1, v. 61, 1. 5-, v. 163. — Strab. 16 —Lucan. 4, 
v. 63. — Juv. 11, v. 126. — Seneca, in Her. 
(Et. 160, &c. 

Nabis, a celebrated tyrant of Lacedaemon, 
who in all acts of cruelty and oppression sur- 
passed a Phalaris or a Dionysius. His house 
was filled with flatterers and with spies, who 
were continually employed in watching the 
words and actions of his subjects. When he 
had exercised every art in plundering the citi- 
zens of Sparta, he made a statue which in re- 
semblance was like his wife, and was clothed 
in the most magnificent apparel, and whenever 
any one refused to deliver up his riches, the 
tyrant led him to the statue, which immediately, 
by means of secret springs, seized him in its 
arms, and tormented him in the most excruciat- 
ing manner with bearded points and prickles, 
hid under the clothes. To render his tyranny 
more popular, Nabis made an alliance with 
Flaminius, the Roman general, and pursued 
with the most inveterate enmity the war which 
he had undertaken against the Achaaans. He 
besieged Gythium, and defeated Philopoemen in 
a naval battle. His triumph was short, the 
general of the Achaeans soon repaired his losses, 
and Nabis was defeated in an engagement, and 
treacherously murdered as he attempted to save 
his life by flight, B. C. 192, after an usurpa- 
tion of 14 years. Polyb. 13, — Justin. 30 and 
31 — Plut. in Phil— Pans. 7, c. S.—Flor. 2, 

c. 7 A priest of Jupiter Amnion, killed in 

the second Punic war, as he fought against the 
Romans. Sil. 15, v. 672. 

Nabonassar, a king of Babylon after the 
division of the Assyrian monarchy. From him 
the J\"abonassarean epoch received its name, 
agreeing with the year of the world 3237, or 
746 B. C. 

Wacri campi, a place of Gallia Togata near 
Mutina. liv. 41, c. 18. 

Nadagara. [Vid. Nargara] 

Njenia, the goddess of funerals at Rome, 



whose temple was without the gates of the city. 
The songs which were sung at funerals were 
also called ncenia. They were generally filled 
with the praises of the deceased, but sometimes 
they were so unmeaning and improper, that the 
word became proverbial to signify nonsense.. 
Varro tie Vita P. R. — Plaul. Jisin. 41, c. 1, 
v. 63. 

Cn.N^vius, a Latin poet in the first Punic 
war. He was originally in the Roman armies, 
but afterwards he applied himself to study, and 
wrote comedies, besides a poetical account of 
the first Punic war in which he had served. 
His satirical disposition displeased the consul 
Metellus, who drove him from Rome. He 
passed the rest of his life in Utica, where he 
died, about 203 years before the Christian era. 
Some fragments of his poetry are extant. Cict 
Tusc. 1, c. 1. de Senect. — Horat 2, ep. 1, c. 

53. A tribune of the people at Rome, who 

accused Seipio Africanus of extortion. An 

augur in the reign of Tarquin. To convince 
the king and the Romans of his power, as an 
augur, he cut a flint with a razor, and turned 
the ridicule of the populace into admiration,. 
Tarquin rewarded his merit by erecting him a 
statue in the comitium, which was still in being 
in the age of Augustus. The razor and flint 
were buried near it under an altar, and it was 
usual among the Romans to make witnesses in 
civil causes swear near it. This miraculous 
event of cutting a flint with a razor, though be- 
lieved by some writers, is treated as fabulous 
and improbable by Cicero, who himself had 
been an augur. Dionys. Hal.— Liv. 1, c. 36. 
— Cic. de divin. 1, c. 17. de JV*. D. 2, c. 3, 1. 
3, c. 6. 

Njevolus, an infamous pimp in Domitian's. 
reign. Juv. 9, v. 1. 

Naharvali, a people of Germany. Tacit. 
Germ. 43. . 

Naiades or Naides, certain inferior deities 
who presided over rivers, springs, wells, and 
fountains. The Naiades generally inhabited 
the country, and resorted to the woods or mea- 
dows near the stream over which they presided, 
whence the name (vaiav to flow.) They are 
represented as young and beautiful virgins, often 
leaning upon an urn, from which flows a stream 
of water. iEglc was the fairest of the Naiadee, 
according to Virgil. They were held in great 
veneration among the ancients, and often sacri- 
fices of goals and Iambs were offered to them 
with Jibations of wine, honey, and oil. Some- 



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times they received only offerings of milk, fruit, 
and flowers. [Vid. Nymphae.] Virg. Eel. 6. — 
Ovid. Met. 14, v 328 —Homer. Od. 13. 

Nais, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
Chiron or Glaucus, by Magnes. Jlpollod. 1, 

C. '9. -A nymph, mother by Bucolion of 

JEgesus and Pedasus. Homer II. 6. A 

nymph in an island of the Reel Sea, who by 
her incantations turned to fishes all those who 
approached her residence after she had admit- 
ted them to her embraces. She was herself 
changed into a fish by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 4, 
v. 49, &c. — The word is used for water by 
Tibull. 3, 7. 

Najssus or N^essus, now Nma } a town of 
M<£sia, the birth place of Constantino, ascribed 
by some to Illyricum or Thrace. 

Nantuates, a people of Gaul near the 
Alps. Cobs. B- G. 3, c. 1. 

NAP-ffijE, certain divinities among the an- 
cients who presided over the hills and woods of 
the country. Some suppose that they were 
tutelary deities of the fountains and the Naia- 
des of the sea. Their name is derived from 
yoL7ru, a grove. Virg. G. 4, v. 535. 

Nap ata, a town of ^Ethiopia. 

Naphilus, a river of Peloponnesus falling 
into the Alpheus. Pans. I. 

Nar, now Neva, a river of Umbria, whose 
waters, famous for their sulphureous properties, 
pass through the lake Velinus, and issuing from 
thence with great rapidity, fall into the Tiber. 
Ovid. Met. 14, v. 330.— Virg. Mn. 7, v. 517. 
— Cic. ad Jittk. 4, ep. 15. — Tacit. Jinn. 1, c. 
79, !. 3, c. 9. 

Narbo Martius, now Narbonne, a town of 
Caul founded by the Consul Marcius, A. U 
C. 636. It became the capital of a large pro- 
vince of Gaul, which obtained the name of 
Gallia Narbonensis. Paterc 1, c. 15, 1. 2, c. 
S.—Ptm. 3. 

Narbonensis Gallia, one of the four great 
divisions of ancient Gaul, was bounded by the 
Alps, the Pyrenean mountains, Aquitania, Bel- 
gicum, and the Mediterranean, and contained 
the modern provinces of Languedoc, Provence, 
Dauphine, and Savoy. 

Nar casus, a son of Bacchus and Physcoa. 
.Pans. 5, c. 15. 

Narcea, a surname of Minerva in Elis, 
from her temple there erected by Narcaeus. 

Narcissus, a beautiful youth, son of Cephi- 
sus and the nymph Liriope, born at Thespis in 
Bceotia. He saw his image reflected in a 
fountain, and became enamoured of it, thinking 
it to be the nymph of the place. His fruitless 
attempts to approach this beautiful object so 
provoked him that he grew desperate and killed 
himself. His blood was changed into a flower, 
which still bears his name. The nymphs raised 
a funeral pile to burn his body, accordiog to 
Ovid, but they found nothing but a beautiful 
flower. Pausanias says, that Narcissus had a 
sister as beautiful as himself, of whom he be- 
came deeply enamoured. He often hunted in 
the woods in her company, but his pleasure was 
soon interrupted by her death, and still to keep 
afresh her memory, he frequented the groves, 
where he had often attended her, or reposed 



himself on the brim of a fountain, where the 
sight of his own reflected image still awakened 
tender sentiments Paus. 9, c. 21 — Hygin. 
fab. 271.— Ovid. Met. 3, v. 346, &c.—Philos- 
trat 1. A freedman and secretary of Clau- 
dius, who abused his trust and the infirmities of 
his imperial master, and plundered the citizens 
of Rome to enrich himself. Messalina, the em- 
peror's wife, endeavoured to remove him, but 
Narcissus sacrificed her to his avarice and re- 
sentment. Agrippina, who succeeded in the 
place of Messalina, was more successful. Nar- 
cissus was banished by her intrigues, and com- 
pelled to kill himself, A D 54. Nero greatly 
regretted his loss, as he had found him sub- 
servient to his most criminal and extravagant 

pleasures. Tacit. — Sueton. A favourite of 

the emperor Nero, put to death by Galba. ~ 

A wretch who strangled the emperor Corn- 
modus. 

Nargara, a town of Africa, where Hannibal 
and Scipio came to a parley. Liv. 30, c. 29. 

Narisci, a nation of Germany, im the Upper 
Palatinate. Tacit, de Germ. 42. 

Narnia or Narna, anciently Nequinum, now 
Narni, a town of Umbria, washed by the river 
Nar, from which it received its name. In its 
neighbourhood are still visible the remains of an 
aqueduct and of a bridge erected by Augustus. 
Liv. 10, c. 9. 

Naro, now Narenta, a river of Dalmatia 
falling into the Adriatic, and having the town 
of Narona, now called Narenza, on its banks, 
a liitle above the mouth. 

Narsts, a king of Persia, A. D. 294, defeat- 
ed by Maximianus Galerius, after a reign of 
seven years. An eunuch in the court of Jus- 
tinian, who was deemed worthy to succeed Beli- 
sarius, &c. A Persian general, &c 

Narthecis, a small island near Samos. 

Narvcia, or um, or Naryx, a town of Magna 
Graecia, buiit by a colony of Locrians after the 
fall of Troy. The place in Greece from which 
they came bore the same name, and was the 
country of Ajax Oiieus. The word Narycian 
is m r >re universally understood, as applying to 
the Italian colony, near which pines and oilier 
trees grew in abundance. Virg. G. 2, v. 438. 
JEn- 3, v- 399.— Ovid, Met. 15, v. 706. 

Nasamones, a savage people of Libya near 
the Syrtes, who generally lived upon plunder. 
Curt. 4, c. 7. — Lucan. 9, v. 439. — Herodot. 2, 
c. U5.SU. It. 2, v. 116, 1. 11, v. 180 

Nascio or Natio, a goddess at Rome, who 
presided over the birth of children. She had a 
temple at Ardea Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 18. 

Nasica, the surname of one of the Scipios. 
Nasica was the first who invented the measuring 
of time by water, B. C. 159, about 134 years 
after the introduction of sun-dials at Rome. 
Vid. Scipio. An avaricious fellow who mar- 
ried bis daughter to Coranus, a man as mean as 
himself, that he might not only not repay the 
money he had borrowed, but moreover become 
his creditor's heir. Coranus, understanding his 
meaning, purposely alienated his property from 
him and his daughter, and exposed him to ridi- 
cule. Horal. 2, Sat. 5, v. 64, &c- 

Nasidienus, a Roman knight, whose luxury, 



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arrogance, and ostentation exhibited at an en- 
tertainment he gave to Mecaeuas, were ridiculed 
by Horace, 2, Sat. 8. 

' L. Nasidius, a man sent by Pompey to assist 
the people of Massilia, After the battle of 
Pharsalia, he followed the interest of Pompey's 
children, and afterwards revolted to Antony. 
Jippian. 

Naso, one of the murderers of J. Caesar. ■ 

One of Ovid's names. Vid. Ovidius. 

Nassus or Nasus, a town of Acarnania, near 

the mouth of the Achelous. Liv. 26, c. 24. 

Also a part of the town of Syracuse. 

Nasua, a general of the Suevi, when Caesar 
was in Gaul. 

Natalis Antonius, a Roman knight who I 
conspired against Nero with Piso. He was par- j 
doned for discovering the conspiracy, &.c. Tacit, j 
Jinn. 15, c. 50. 

Natiso, now Natisone, & driver rising in the | 
Alps, and falling into the Adriatic east of Aqui- 
leia Plin. 3, c. 18. 

Natta, a man whose manner of living was 
so mean that his name became almost prover- j 
bial at Rome. Horat. 1, od. 6, v. 124. 

Nava, now JVape, a river of Germany, falling 
into the Rhine at Bingen, below Mentz. Tacit. 
Hist. 4, c. 70.- 

Naubolus, a charioteer of Laius. king of 

Thebes. A Phocean, father of Iphitus. The 

sons of Iphitus were called Naubolides } from 

their grandfather. A son of Lernus, one of 

the Argonauts 

Naucles, a general of the mercenary troops 
of Lacedaemon against Thebes, &c. 
■ Naucrates, a Greek poet, who was employ- 
ed by Artemisia to write a panegyric upon Mau- 
solus. Another poet. Jlthen. 9. An ora- 
tor who endeavoured to alienate the cities of 
Lycia from the interest of Brutus. 

Naucratis, a city of Egypt on the left side 
of the Canopic mouth of the Nile. It was cele- 
brated for its commerce, and no ship was per- 
mitted to land at any other place, but was obliged 
to sail directly to the city, there to deposit its 
cargo. It gave birth to Alhenoeus. The inhabi- 
tants were called Js^aucratitoz or Naucratiotce. 
Hnodot. 2, c. 9"! and 179 —Plin. 5, c. 9. 

Navius Actics, a famous augur. Vid. Nae* 
vius. 

Naulochus, a maritime town of Sicily near 

Pelorum. A town of Thrace on the Euxiue 

sea Plin. 4. c 11. A promontory of the 

-A town of the Locri. Plin. 



island of Imbros. 
4, c, 3. 

NAUPACTzisor Naupacttjm, a city of JEtolis, 
at the mouth of the Evenus. now called Lepunto. 
The word is derived from vavc & Trvyvvfu, be- 
cause it was there that the Heraclidae built the 
'first ship, which carried them to Peloponnesus. 
It first belonged to the Locri Ozolae. and after- 
wards fell into the hands of the Athenians, who 
gave it to the Messenians, who had been driven 
from Peloponnesus by the Lacedaemonians. It 
became the property of the Lacedaemonians, 
after the battle of /Egospotamos, and it was re- 
stored to the Locri. Philip of Macedonia after- 
wards took/it and gave it to the -Etoiians, from 
which circumstance, it has generally been called 



one of the chief cities of their country. Strab; 
4.—Paus. 4, c. 25.— Mela, 2, c 3.— Olid. 
Fast. 2, v. 43. 

Nauplia, a maritime city of Peloponnesus, 
the naval station of the Argives. The famous 
fountain Canathos was in its neighbourhood. 
Paus. 2, c. 28.— Strab. 8. 

Naupliades, a patronymic of Palamedes son 
of f«Iaupiius. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 39. 

Nauplius, a son of Neptune and Amymone, 
king of Euboea. He was father to the celebra- 
ted Palamedes, who was so unjustly sacrificed 
to the artifice and resentment of Ulysses by the 
Greeks during the Trojan war. The death of 
Palamedes highly irritated Nauplius, and to re- 
venge the injustice of the Grecian princes, he 
attempted to debauch their wives and ruin their 
character. When the Greeks returned from the 
Trojan war, Nauplius saw them with pleasure 
distressed in a storm on the coasts of Euboea, 
and to make their disaster still more universal, 
he lighted fires on such places as were surround- 
ed with the most dangerous rocks, that the fleet 
might be shipwrecked upon the coast. This suc- 
ceeded, but Nauplius was so disappointed when 
he saw Ulysses and Diomedes escape from the 
general calamity, that he threw himself into the 
sea. According to some mycologists there were 
two persons of this name, a native of Argos, 
who went to Colchis with Jason. He was son 
of Neptune and Amymone. The other was king 
of Euboea, and lived during the Trojan war. 
He was, according to some, son of Clytonas, 
one of the descendants of Nauplius, the Argo- 
I naut. The Argonaut was remarkable for his 
knowledge of sea affairs, and of astronomy. He 
built the town of Nauplia, and sold Auge, daugh- 
ter of Aleus, to king Teuthras, to withdraw her 
from her father's resentment. Orph. Jlrgon. — 
i Jipollod. 2, c. 7. — Jipollon. I, &c. — Flacc. I 
j and 5. — Strab. 8. — Pains. 4, c. 35. — -Hygin* 
■ fab 116. 

Nauportus, a town of Pannonia on a river 
1 of the same name now calied Ober, or Upper 
j Laybach. Veil. Pat. 2, c. 110.— Plin. 3, c. 18. 
' —Tacit Jinn. 1, c. 20. 

N aura, a country of Scyfhia in Asia. Curt. 

8. Of India within the Ganges. Arrian. 

Nausicaa, a daughter of Alcinous, king of 
the Phaeaceans. She met Ulysses shipwrecked 
on her father's coasts, and it was to her hu- 
manity that he owed the kind reception he ex- 
perienced from the king. She married, accord- 
ing to Aristotle and Dictys, Tclemachus the son 
of Ulysses, by whom she had a son called Per- 

septolis or Ptoliporthus. Homer. Oil. 6. 

Paus. 5, c. 19 — Hygin. fab. 126. 

NausTcles, an Athenian sent to assist the 
Phocians with 5000 foot, &c. 

Nausimenes, an Athenian whose wife lost 
her voice from the alarm she received in seeing 
her son guilty of incest.. 

Nausithoe, one of the Nereides. 
Nausithous, a king of the Phaeaceans, father 
to Alcinous. He was son of Neptune and Pe- 
ribcea. Hesiod makes him son of Ulysses and 

Calypso. TIesiod. Th. 1, c. 16. the pilot 

of the vessel which carried Theseus into Crete. 
Naustathmus, a port of Phocaea in Ionia. 



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tiv. 31, c. 31. Also a port of Cyrenaica, 

now Bondaria. Strab. 17. 

Nautes, a Trojan soothsayer, who comforted 
iEneas when his fleet had been burnt in Sicily. 
Virg. JEn. 5, v. 704. He was the progenitor of 
the Nautii at Rome, a family to whom the pal- 
ladium of Troy was, in consequence of the ser- 
vice of their ancestors, entrusted. Virg. JEn. 
5, v 794. 

Naxos, now Neurit, a celebrated island in 
the iEgean sea, the largest and most fertile of 
all the Cyclades, about 106 miles in circumfe- 
rence, and 30 broad, it was formerly called 
Strongyle, Dia, Dionysias, and Cctllipolis, and 
received the name of Nasofi from Naxtis, who 
was at the head of a Carian colony, which set- 
tled in the island. Naxos abounds with all sorts 
of fruits, and its wines are still in the same re- 
pute as formerly. The Nax;ans were anciently 
governed by kings, but they afterwards exchang- 
ed this form of government for a repuMic, and 
enjoyed their liberty, till the age of Pisisfratus, 
who appointed a tyrant over them. They were 
reduced by the Persians; but in the expedition 
of Darius and Xerxes against Greece, they re- 
volted and fought on the side of the Greeks. 
During the Peloponnesian war, they supported 
the interest of Athens. Bacchus was the chief 
deity of the island. The capita! was also called 
Naxos; and near it, on the 20th Sept B C. 377, 
the Lacedaemonians were defeated by Chabrias. 
Thucyd. I, &c— He; odot.—Diod. 5, &c — 
Ovid. Met. 3, v. 636.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 125 — 

Pans. 6, c 16. — Pind-ar An ancient town 

on the eastern side of Sicily, founded 759 years 
before the Christian era. There was also an- 
other town at the distance of -five miles from 
Naxos, which bore the same name, and was 
often called by contradistinction Taurominium. 
Plin. 3 — Diod 13. — — A town of Crete, noted 

for hones. Plin 36, c. 7. A Carian who 

gave his name to the greatest of the Cyclades. 
Nazianzus, a town of Cappadocia where 
-St. Gregory was born, and hence he is called 
Nazianzenus. 

Nea or Nova insula, a small island between 

Lemuos and the Hellespont, which rose out of 

the sea during an earthquake. Plin 2, c. 87. 

Nejera, a nymph, mother of Phaetusa and 

Lampetia by the Sun. Homer. Od. 12. A 

woman mentioned in Virgil's Eel. 3. -A mis- 
tress of the poet Tibullus. A favourite of 

Horace. A daughter of Pereus, who mar- 
ried Aleus, by whom she had Cepheus, Lvcur- 
gus, and Auge, who was ravished by Hercules. 

JUpolhd. 3, c. 9. — Pans. 8, c. 4. The wife 

of Autolycus. Ptius. A daughter of Niobe 

and Amphion. The wife of the Strymon. 

Jlpollod. 

NEiETHirs, now Neto, a river of Magna Groe- 
cia near Crotona. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 51. 

Nealces, a friend of Turnus iri his war 
against iEneas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 753. 

Nealices, a painter, amongst whose capital 
pieces are mentioned a painting of Venus, a 
sea-fight between the Persians and Egyptians, 
and an ass drinking on the shore, with a croco- 
dile preparing to attack it. 



Nean»rgs, (or ia,) a town of Troas. Plin-. 
5, c. 30 

Neanthes, an orator and historian of Cyzi- 
cum, who flourished 257 years B. C. 

Neapolis, a city of Campania, anciently 
called Parthenope, and now known by the name 
of Naples, rising like an amphitheatre at the 
back of a beautiful bay 30 miles in circumfe- 
rence. As the capital of that part of Italy, it is 
now inhabited by upwards of 350,000 souls, 
who exhibit the opposite marks of extravagant 
•magnificence, and extreme poverty Augustus 

called it Neapolis. Suet, in Jiug. 98. A 

town in Africa. A city of Thrace. A 

town of Egypt. Of Palestine Of Ionia. 



•Also a part of Syracuse. Liv. 2.5, c 24. — 
Oic. in Ver. 5. 

Nearchus, an officer of Alexander in his In-* 
dian expedition. He was ordered to sail upon 
the Indian ocean with Onesicritus and to exam- 
ine it. He wrote an account of this voyage and 
of the king's life; but his veracity has been call- 
ed in question by Arrian. After the king's death 
he was appointed over Lycia and Pampbylia. 
Uwt 9, c. 10.— Polyan. 9.— Justin. 13, c. 4. 
—Strab. 2, &c. A beautiful youth, &c He- 
rat. 3, od. 20 An old man mentioned by 

Cicero de Senect. 

Nebo, a high mountain near Palestine, be- 
yond Jordan, from the top of which Moses was 
permitted to view the promised land. 

Nebrissa, a town of Spain, now Lebrixa. 

Nebrodes, a mountain of Sicily, where the 
Himera rises. Sil. 14, v. 237. 

Nebrophonos, a son of Jason and Hypsi- 

pyle. Jlpollod. One of Action's dogs. Ovid m 

Met 3. 

Nebula, a name given to Nepbele the wife 
ofAthamas. Lactmt ad act Stat. I, c 65 

Necessitas, a divinity who presided over the 
destinies of mankind, and who W3S regarded as 
the mother of the Parcse. Paus. 2, c 4. 

Nechos, a king of Egypt, who attempted to 
make a communication between the Mediterra- 
nean and Red Seas, B. C. 610. No less than 
12,000 men perished in the attempt. It was 
discovered in his reign that Africa was circum.- 
navigable, Herodol. 2, c 158, I 4, c. 42. 

Necropolis, one of the suburbs of Alexan- 
dria. 

Nectanebus and Nectanabis, a king of 
Egypt, who defended his country against the 
Persians, and was succeeded by Tachos, B. C. 
363. His grandson, of the same name, made 
an alliance with Agesilaus king of Sparta, and 
with his assistance he quelled a rebellion of his 
subjects. Some time after he was joined by the 
Sidonians, Phoenicians, and inhabitants of Cy- 
prus, who had revolted from the king of Persia. 
This powerful confederacy was soon attacked 
by Darius the king of Persia, who marched at 
the head of his troops. Nectanebus, to defend 
his frontiers against so dangerous an enemy, le- 
vied 20,000 mercenary soldiers in Greece, the 
same number in Libya, and 60,000 were fur- 
nished in Egypt. This numerous body was not 
equal to the Persian forces; and Nectanebus, 
defeated in a battle, gave up all hopes of resist- 
ance and fled into iEthiopia, B. C. 350, where 



m 



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he found a safe asylum. His kingdom of Egypt 
became from that time tributary to the kmg of 
Persia. Plut. rfges. — Diod. 16, &c. — Polyozn. 
2. — JVep. in Jlges. 

Necfsia, a solemnity observed by the Greeks 
in memory of the dead. 

Neis, the wife of Endymion. Jlpollod. 

Neleus, a son of Neptune and Tyro. He 
was brother to Pefias, with whom he was ex- 
posed by his mother, who wished to conceal her 
infirmities from her father. They were preserv- 
ed and brought to Tyro, who bad then married 
Cretheus king of Iolchos. After the death of ; 
Creiheus, Pelias and Neleus seized the king- 
dom of Iolchos, which belonged to iEson the 
lawful son of Tyro by the deceased monarch. 
After they had reigned for some time conjoint- 
ly, Pelias expelled Neleus from Iolchos. Ne- 
leus came to Aphareus king of Messenia, who 
treated him with kindness, and permitted him to 
build a city, which he called Pylos. Neleus 
married Chloris the daughter of Amphion, by 
whom he had a daughter aud twelve sons, who 
were all, except Nestor, killed by Hercules, to- 
gether with their father. Neleus promised his 
daughter in marriage only to him who brought 
him the bulls' of Iphiclus. Bias was the success-, 
ful lover. Vid. Melampus. Ovid. Net. 6, v. 
418— Paws. 4, c. 36. — Jlpollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 2, 
c. 6 A river of Euboea. 

Nelo, one. of the Danaides. Jlpollod. 2. 

Nemjea, a town of Argoiis between Cieonae 
and Phlius with a wood, where Hercules, in 
the 16th year of his age, killed the celebrated 
Nemaean lion. This animal, born of tL.e hun- 
dred-headed Typhon, infested the neighbour- 
hood of Nemcea, and kept the inhabitants under 
continual alarms. It was the first- labour of 
Hercules to destroy it; and the hero, when he 
found that his arrows and his club were useless 
against an animal whose skin was hard and im- 
penetrable, seized him in his arms and squeezed 
him to death. The conqueror clothed himself in 
the skin, aud games were instituted to comme- 
morate so great an event. The Nemsean games 
were originally instituted by the Argives in ho- 
nor of Archemorus, who died by the bite of a 
serpent, [Fid. Archemorus,] and Hercules 
some time after renewed them. They were one 
of the four great and solemn games, which were 
observed in Greece. The Argives, Corinthians, 
and the inhabitants of Cleonsb, generally pre- 
sided by turns at the celebration, in which were 
exhibited foot and horse races, chariot races, 
boxing, wrestling, and contests of every kind, 
both gymnica! a;.d equestrian. The conqueror 
was rewarded with a crown of olive, afterwards 
of green parsley, in memory of the adventure of 
Archemorus, whom his nurse laid down on a 
sprig of that plant. They were celebrated 
every third, or according to others every fifth 
year, or more properly on the 1st and 3d year 
of every Olympiad, on the 12th day of the Co- 
rinthian month Panemos, which corresponds to 
our August. They served as an era to the Ar- 
gives, and to the inhabitants of the neighbour- 
ing country. It was always usual for an orator 
to pronounce a funeral oration in memory of the 
4eath of Archemorus, and those who distributed 



the prizes were always dressed in mourning. Liv. 
21, c. 30 aud 3i, I. 34, c. 41.— Ovid Met. 9, 
v. 97, ep. 9, v. 61 — Pans, in Corinth. — •lent. 
Jllexand.—Jlihcn — Polycen. — Strab . 8. - - tty- 

gin. fab 30 and 273 -—Jlpollod. 3, c. 6. A 

river of Peloponnesus falling into the bay of Co- 
rinth. Liv, 33, c 15. 

Nemausus, a town of Gaul in Languedoc, 
near the mouth of the Rhoue, noW N'ismts 

Nemesia, festivals in honour of Nemesis. 
Vid. Nemesis. 

M. Aurel. Olymp. Nemesianus, a Latin 
noet, born at Carthage, of no very brilliant ta- 
lents, in the third century, whose poems on hunt- 
ing and bird-catching were published by Bur- 
man, inter scriptores rei venaticae, 4to. L. Bat. 
1728. 

Nemesis, one of the infernal deities, daugh- 
ter of No.x. She was the goddess of vengeance, 
always prepared to punish impiety, and at the 
same time liberally to reward the good and vir- 
tuous. She is made one of the Parcse by some 
mythologists, and is represented with aheim and 
a wheel. The people of Smyrna were the first 
who made her statues with wings, to show with 
what celerity she is prepared to punish the 
crimes of the wicked both by sea and land, as 
the helm and the wheel in her hands intimate. 
Her power did not only exist in this life, but she 
was also employed after death to find out the 
most effectual and rigorous means of correction. 
Nemesis was particularly worshipped at Rliam- 
nusiu Attica, where she had a celebrated :ia- 
tue 10 cubits long, made of Parian marble by 
Phidias, or according to others, by one of his 
pupils. The Romans were also particularly at- 
tentive to the adoration of a deity whom they 
solemnly invoked, and to whom they offered sa- 
crifices before, they declared war against their 
enemies, to show the world that their wars were 
undertaken upon the most just grounds. Her 
statue at Rome was in the capital. Some sup- 
pose that Nemesis was the person whom Jupiter 
deceived in the form of a swan, and that Le.da 
was entrusted with the care of the children 
which sprang from the two eggs. Others ob- 
serve that Leda obtained the name of Nemesis 
after death. According to Pausamas, there were 
more than one Nemesis. The goddess Nemesis 
was surnamed Rhamnusia, because worshipped 
at Rhamnus, and Jldrastia from the temple 
which Adrastus king of Argos erected to her 
when he went against Thebes to revenge the 
indignities which his son-in-law Polynices had 
suffered in being unjustly driven from his king- 
dom by Eteocles. The Greeks celebrated a fes- 
tival called Nemesia, in memory of deceased 
persons, as the goddess Nemesis was supposed 
to defend the relics and the memory of the dead 
from all insult Hygin. P. Jl- 2, c. S.—Puus. 
1, c. 33. — Jlpollod. 3, c. 10. — Hesiod. Theog. 
224.— Plin. 11, c. 28. 1. 36, c. 5. A mis- 
tress of i ibullus, 2, el. 3, v. 55. 

Nemesius, a Greek writer whose elegant and 
useful treatise de Natura Hominis, was edited 
in 12n.o. Ant. apud. Plant. 1565, and in 8vo.„ 
Oxon, 1671 * 

NemetacojvI; a town of Gaul, now Jlrras. 

Ne^ietes, a nation of Grrmany, now form- 



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irtg the inhabitants of Spire, which was after- 
wards called Noviomagus, Tacit, de Germ. 
28. 

Nemoralia, festivals observed in the woods 
of Ancia, in honour of Diana, who presided 
over the country and the forests, on which 
account that part of Italy was sometimes de- 
nominated Nemorensis ager. Ovid, de Ji.A. 1, 
v. 259. 

Nemossus, (or um,) the capital of the Arver- 
ni in Gaul, now Clermont. Lucan. 1, v. 419. — 
Strab 4. 

Neobule, a daughter of Lycambes, betroth- 
ed to the poet Arcbilochus. [Vid. Lycambes.] 
Horat- ep. 6, v. 13, 1. 1, ep. v. 79. — Ovid, in 
Ih. 54. — — A beautiful woman to whom Horace 
addressed 3, od. 12. 

Neoc^saria, a town of Pontus. 

Neochabis, a king of Egypt. 

Neocles, an Athenian philosopher, father, or 
according to Cicero, brother to the philosopher 
Epicurus. Gic. 1, de Mat D. c. 21. — Diog. 

The father of Themistocles. JElian. V. H. 

2, &c. — G. Nep. in Them. 
# Neogenes, a man who made himself abso- 
lute, &c. Diod. 15. 

Neomoris, one of the Nereides, Spollod. 1. 

Neok, a town of Phocis. There was also 

another of the same name in the same country 
on the top of Parnassus. It was afterwards call- 
ed Tithorea. Pint, in Syll. — Pans. — Fkoc. — 

Herodot. 8, c. 32. One of the commanders 

of the ten thousand Greeks who assisted Cyrus 
against Artaxerxes. 

Neontichos, a town of iEtolianear the Her- 
mus. Herodot. — Plin. 

Neoptolemus, a king of Epirus, son of 
Achilles and Deidamia, called Pyrrhus, from 
the yMow colour of his hair. He was carefully 
educated under the eye of his mother, and gave 
early proofs of his valour. After the death of 
Achilles, Calchas declared in the assembly of 
the Greeks that Troy could not be taken with- 
out the assistance of the son of the deceased 
hero; Immediately upon this Ulysses and Phoe- 
nix were commissioned to bring Pyrrhus to the 
war. He returned with them with pleasure, and 
received the name of Neoptolemus, {new sol- 
dier,) because he had come late to the field. On 
his arrival before Troy he paid a visit to the 
tomb of his father, and wept over his ashes. 
He afterwards, according to some authors, ac- 
companied Ulysses to Lemnos to engage Phi- 
loctetes to come to the Trojan ivar He greatly 
signalized himself during the remaining time of 
the siege, and he was the first who entered the 
wooden horse. He was inferior to none of the 
Grecian warriors in valour, and Ulysses and 
Nestor alone could claim a superiority over him 
in eloquence, wisdom, and address. His cru- 
elty, however, was as great as that of his fa- 
ther. Not satisfied with breaking down the 
gates of Priam's palace, he exercised the great- 
est barbarity upon the remains of his family, 
and without any regard to the sanctity of the 
place where Priam had taken refuge, he slaugh- 
tered him without mercy; or, according to 
others, dragged him by the hair to the tomb of 
Slis father 8 where he sacrificed him, and where 



he cut off his head, and carried it in exultation 
through the streets of Troy, fixed on the point 
of a spear. He also sacrificed Astyanax to his 
fury, and immolated Polyxena on the tomb of 
Achilles according to those who deny that that 
sacrifice was voluntary. When Troy was taken, 
the captives were divided among the conque- 
rors, and Pyrrhus had for his share Andro- 
mache the widow of Hector, and Helenus the 
son of Priam With these he departed for 
Greece, and he probably escaped from destruc- 
tion by giving credit to the words of Helenus, 
who foretold him that if he sailed with the rest 
of the Greeks, his voyage would be attended 
with fatal consequences, and perhaps with 
death. This obliged him to take a different 
course from the rest of the Greeks, and he tra- 
velled over the greatest part of Thrace, where 
he had a severe encounter with queen Harpa- 
lyce. [Vid. HarpaSyce.] The place. of his re- 
tirement after the Trojan war is not known. 
Some maintain that he went to Thessaly, where 
his grandfather still reigned; but this is confut- 
ed by others, who observe- perhaps with more 
reason, that he went to Epirus, where he laid 
the foundations of a new kingdom, because liis 
grandfather Peleus had been deprived of his 
sceptre by Acastus the son of Pelias. Neopto- 
lemus lived with Andromache after his arrival 
in Greece, but it is unknown whether he treat- 
ed her as a lawful wife, or a concubine. He 
had a son by this unfortunate princess called 
Molossus, and two others, if we rely on the au- 
thority of Pausanias. Besides Andromache he 
married Hermione the daughter of Meuelaus, 
as also Lanassa the daughter of Cleodseus, one 
of the descendants of Hercules. The cause of 
his death is variously related. Menelaus, be- 
fore the Trojan war, had promised his daughter 
Hermione to Orestes, but the services he expe- 
rienced from the valour ahd-the courage of Ne- 
optolemus during the siege of Troy, induced 
him to reward his merit by making him his son- 
in-law. The nuptials were accordingly cele- 
brated, but Hermione became jealous of Andro- 
mache, .and because she had no children, she re- 
solved to destroy her Trojan rival who seemed 
to steal away the affections of their common 
husband. In the absence of Neoptolemus at 
Delphi, Hermione attempted to murder Andro- 
mache, but she was prevented by the interfe- 
rence of Peleus, or according to others, of the 
populace. When she saw her schemes defeat- 
ed, she determined to lay violent hands upon 
herself to avoid the resentment of Neoptolemus, 
The sudden arrival of Orestes changed her reso- 
lutions, and she consented to elope with her lover 
to Sparta. Orestes at the same time, to revenge 
and to punish his rival, caused him to be assas- 
sinated in the temple of Delphi, and he was 
murdered at the foot of the altar by Machareus 
the priest, or by the hand of Orestes himself, 
according to Virgil, Paterculus, and Hyginus. 
Some say that he was murdered by the Del- 
phians, who had been bribed by the presents of 
Orestes. It is unknown why Neoptolemus went 
to Delphi Some support that he wished to con- 
sult the oracle, to know how he might have chil- 
dren by the barren Hernrionej others say, that 



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ke went thither to offer the spoils which he had 
obtained during the Trcjan war, to appease the 
resentment of Apollo, whom he had provoked 
by calling him the cause of the death of Achil- 
les. The plunder of the rich temple of Delphi, 
if we believe others, was the object of the jour- 
ney of Neoptolemus, and it cannot but be ob- 
served, that he suffered the same death and the 
same barbarities which he had inflicted in the 
temple of Minerva upon the aged Priam and his 
wretched family. From this circumstance the 
ancients have made use of the proverb of JVe- 
optolemic revenge when a person had suffered 
the sfcime savage treatment which others had re- 
ceived from his hand. The Delphians celebrat- 
ed a festival with great pomp and solemnity in 
memory of Neoptolemus, who had been slain in" 
his attempt to plunder their temple, because, as 
they said, Apollo, the patron of the place, had 
been in some manner accessary to the death of 
Achilles. Paterc. 1, c. I —Virg. JEn. 2 and 
3.— Pans. 10, c. 24.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 334, 
455, &c. Htroid S.—Strab. 9.— Find. Nem. 
1. — Eurip. Jindrom and Oresi. &c — Pint, in 
Pyrr. — Justin. 17, c. 3 — Dictys. Cret. 4. 5, and 
6.— Homer. Od. 11, v. 504. IL 19, v. 326.— 
Sopkocl. Philoct — tfpollud. 3, c. 13 — Hygin. 
fab 97 and 102 —Philostr. Her.' 19, &c — 

Dares. Phryg. — Q. Smyrn. 14- A king of 

the Molosst, father of Olvrapias, the mother of 

Alexander. Justin. 17, c. 3. Another, king 

of Epirus An uncle of the celebrated Pyrr- 

hus who assisted the Tarenlines He was made 
king of Epirus by the Epirots, who had revolt- 
ed from their lawful sovereign, and was put to 
death when he attempted to poison his nephew, 

&c Plut. in Pyrr. A tragic poet of Athens. 

greatly favoured by Philip, king of Macedonia. 
When Cleopatra, the monarch's daughter, was 
married to Alexander of Epirus, he wrote some 
Terses which proved to be prophetic of the tra- 
gical death of Philip. Died. 16. A relation 

of Alexander. He was the first who climbed 
the walls of Gaza when that city was taken by 
Alexander. After the king's death he received 
Armenia as his province, and made war against 
Eumenes. He was supported by Craterus, but 
an engagement with Eumenes proved fatal to 
his cause. Craterus was killed, and himself 
mortally wounded by Eumenes, B. C. 321. C. 

Nip. in Eumm. One of the officers of Mith- 

ridafes the Great, beaten by Lucullus in a na- 
val battle. Plut in Luc A tragic writer. 

Neoris, a large country of Asia, near Ge- 
drosia, almost destitute of waters. The inha- 
bitants were called Neoritcc, and it was usual 
among them to suspend their dead bodies on 
the boughs of trees. Diod. 17. 
Nepe, a constellation of the heavens, the 

same as^corpio. An inland town cf Etruria, 

called also JYepete, whose inhabitants are called 
Nepesini. Itctl 8, v. 490.— Liv. 5 ; c. 19, I. 26, 
c 34. 

Nephalia, festivals in Greece, in honour of 
Menemosyne, the mother of the Muses and 
Aurora. Venus, &c. No wine was used during 
the ceremony, but merely a mixture of water 
and honey. Pollux. 6, c. 3.— Alhen. 15. — 
Suidas. 



Nephele, the first wife of Athamas, king 
of Thebes, and mother of Phtyxus and Helle. 
She was repudiated on pretence of being subject 
to fits of insanity; and Athamas married Ino, 
the daughter of Cadmus, by whom be had se- 
veral children. Ino became jealous of Nephele, 
because her children would succeed to their 
father's throne before ber's by right of seniority, 
arjd she resolved to destroy them. Nephele 
was apprised of her wicked intentions, and she 
removed her children from the reacb of Ino, 
by giving them a celebrated ram, sprung from 
the union of Neptune and Theophane, on whose 
back they escaped to Colchis. [Vid. Phryxus.] 
Nephele was afterwards changed into a cloud, 
whence her name is given by the Greeks to the 
clouds. Some call her JVcbw/a, which word is 
the Latin translation of Nephtle. The fleece 
of the ram, which saved the life of Nephele's 
children, is often called the Nephelian fleece. 
Jipollod. 1, c. 9. — Hygin. 2, &c. — Ovid. Met. 

11, v. 195. — Flacc. 11, v. 56. A mountain 

of Thessyly, once the residence of the Centaurs. 

Nephelis, a cape of Cilicia. Liv. 33, c. 20. 

Nepherites, a king of Egypt, who assisted 

the Spartans against Persia, when Agesilaus 

was in Asia. He sent them a fleet of 100 

ships, which were intercepted by Conon, as 

they were sailing towards Rhodes, &c. Diod 14. 

Nephus, a son of Hercules. 

Nepia, a daughter of Jasus, who married 

Olympus, king of Mysia, whence the plains of 

Mysia are sometimes called Nepioz campi. 

Corn Nepos, a celebrated historian in the 
reign of Augustus. He was born at Hostilia, 
and, like the rest of his learned contemporaries, 
he shared the favours and enjoyed the patron- 
age of the emperor. He was the iutimate friend 
of Cicero and of Atticus, and recommended, 
himself to the notice of the great and opulent 
by delicacy of sentiment and a lively disposition. 
According to some writers he composed three 
books of chronicles, as also a biographical ac- 
count of ail the most celebrated kings, generals, 
and authors of antiquity. Of all his valuable 
compositions, nothing remains but his lives of 
the illustrious Greek and Roman generals, 
which have often been attributed to iEmylius 
Probus, who published them in his own name 
in the age of Theodosms, to conciliate the favour 
and the friendship of that emperor. The lan- 
guage of Cornelius has always been admired, 
snd as a writer of the Augustan age, he is en- 
titled to many commendations for the delicacy 
of his expressions, the elegance of his style, 
and the clearness and precision of his narrations. 
Some support that he translated Dares Phry- 
gius from the Greek original; but the inele- 
gance of the diction, and its many incorrect 
expressions, plainly prove that it is the produc- 
tion, not of a writer of the Augustan age,- but 
the spurious composition of a more modern pen. 
Cornelius speaks of his account of the Greek 
historians in Dion, c- 3. Among the many 
good editions of Cornelius Nepos, two may be 
selected as the best, that of Verheyk, Svo. L. 
Bat. 1773, and that of Glasgow, 12mo. 1761. 

Julius, an emperor of the west, &.c. 

Nepotianus Flavius Popilius, a son ef Eu- 
3 o 



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tr*pia, the sister of the emperor Constantise. 
He proclaimed himself emperor after tbe dea'h 
of his cousin Constans, ami rendered himself 
odious by his cruelty and oppression. He was 
murdered by Anicetus, after one month's reign, 
and his family were involved in his ruin. 

Nepthys, wife of Typhon, became enamour- 
ed of Osiris, her brother-in-law, and introduced 
herself to his bed. She had a son called Anu- 
bis by him. Plut. in hid. 

Neptuni fanum, a place near Cenchrese, 

Mela, 1, c. 19. Another in the island of 

Calauria Another near Mantinea. 

Neptunia, a town and colony of Magna 
Gnecia. 

Neptunium, a promontory of Arabia, at the 
entrance of the gulf. 

Neptunius, an epithet applied to Sext. Pom- 
pey, because he believed himself to be god of 
the sea, or descended from him, on account of 
his superiority in ships, &c. Herat. Epod 9. 
-—Dion. 48. 

Neptunus, a god, son of Saturn and Ops, 
and brother to Jupiter, Pluto, and Juno. He 
was devoured by his father the day of his birth, 
and again restored to life by means of Metis, 
who gave Saturn a certain potion, Pausanias 
says, that his mother concealed him in a sheep- 
fold in Arcadia, and that she imposed upon her 
husband, telling him that she had brought a 
colt into the world, which was instantly devour 
ed by Saturn. Neptune shared with his bro- 
thers the empire of Saturn, and received as his 
portion the kingdom of the sea. This, however, 
did not seem equivalent to the empire of hea- 
ven and earth, which Jupiter bad claimed, 
therefore he conspired to dethrone him with 
the rest of the gods. The conspiracy was dis- 
covered, and Jupiter condemned Neptune to 
build the walls of Troy. \Vid. Laomedon ] A 
reconciliation was soon after made, and Nep- 
tune was re-instated to all his rights and pri- 
vileges. Neptune disputed with Minerva the 
right of giving a name to the capital of Cecro- 
pia, but he was defeated, and the olive which 
the goddess suddenly raised from the earth was 
deemed more serviceable for the good of man- 
kind, than the horse which Neptune had pro- 
duced by striking the ground with his trident, 
as that animal is the emblem of war and 
slaughter. This decision did not please Nep- 
tune, he renewed the combat by disputing for 
Trcezene, but Jupiter settled their disputes by 
permitting them to be conjointly worshipped 
there, and by giving the name of Polias, or the 
•protectress of the city, to Minerva, and that of 
king of Troezene to the god of the sea. He 
also disputed his right for the Isthmus of Co- 
rinth with Apollo; and Briareus the Cyclops, 
who was mutually chosen umpire, gave the 
Isthmus to Neptune, and the promontory to 
Apollo. Ncptnne, as being god of the sea, was 
entitled to more power than any of the other 
gods, except Jupiter. Not only the ocean, 
rivers, and fountains, were subjected to him, but 
he also could cause earthquakes at his pleasure, 
and raise islands from the bottom of the sea 
with a blow of his trident. The worship of 
Neptune was established in almost every part 



of the earth, and the Lybians in particular 
venerated him above all other nations, and 
looked upon him as the first and greatest of the 
gods. The Greeks and the Romans were also 
attached to his worsbip, and they celebrated 
the Isthmian games and Consualia with the 
greatest solemnity. He was generally repre- 
sented sitting in a chaiiot made oi a shell, and 
drawn by sea horses or uolpbins. Sometimes 
he ts drawn by winged horses, and holds his 
trident in his hand, and stands up as his cuariot 
flies over the surface of th. sea. Homer repre- 
sents him as issuing from the sea, and in three 
steps crossing the whole horizon. The moun- 
tains and the forests, says the poet, trembled as 
he walked; the whales, and ad the fishes of the 
sea, appear round him, and even the sea her- 
self seems to feel tbe presence of her god. The 
ancients generally sacrificed a bull and a horse 
un his altars, and the Roman soothsayers al- 
ways offered to 'him the gall of tbe victims, 
which in taste resembles the bitterness of the 
sea water. The amours of Neptune are numer- 
ous. He obtained, by means of a uolphin, the 
favours of Amphitrite, who had made a vow of 
perpetual celibacy, and he placed among the 
constellations the fish which had persuaded the 
goddess to become his wife. He also married 
Venilia ana Salacin, which are only the names 
of Amphitrite, according to some authors, who 
observe that the former word is derived from 
venire, alluding to the continual motion of the 
sea. Salacia is derived from salwn, which 
signifies the sea, and is applicable to Amphitrite. 
Neptune became a horse to enjoy the company 
of Ceres. [Vid Arion.] To deceive Theo- 
phane he changed himself into a ram. [Vid. 
Theophane] He assumed the form of the 
river Enipeus, to gain the confidence of Tyro, 
the daughter of Salmoneus, by whom he had 
Peiias and Neleus. He was also father of 
Phorcus and Polyphemus by Thoossa; of Lycus, 
Nicteus, and Euphemus, by Celeno; of Cbryses 
by Chrysogenia; of Anca;us by Astypalea; of 
Boeotus and Hellen by Antiope; of Leuconoe 
by Themisto; of Agenor and Bellerophon by 
Eurynome, the daughter of Nysus; of Antas by 
Alcyone the daughter of Atlas; of Abas by Are- 
thusa; of Actor and Dictys by Agemede the 
daughter of Augias; of Megareus by (Enope 
daughter of Epopeus; of Cycnus by Harpalyce; 
of Taras, Otus, Ephialtes, Dorus, Alesus, &c. 
The word Neptunus is often used metaphori- 
cally by the poets, to signify sea water, in the 
Consualia of the Romans, horses were led 
through the streets finely equipped and crowned 
with garlands, as the god in whose honour the 
festivals were instituted, bad produced the horse, 
an animal so beneficial for the use of mankind. 
Paus. 1, 2, &c. — Homer II. 7, &c. — Varro de 
L. L. A.— Cic de Nat. D. 2,'c 26, I. 2, c. 
25.—Hesiod. Theog.— Virg. Mm. 1, v. 12, &c. 
I. 2, 3, &.c.—JJpollod. 1, 2, &c. Ovid. Met. 6, 
v. 117, hc—Herodot. 2, c. 50, 1. 4, c. 188.— 
Macrob. Saturn. 1, c. 17 — Aug. de Civ. D. 
IS — Pint, in Them. — Hygin. fab. 157. — Eu- 
Hp. in Phceniss. — Flacc. — Jiptdlon. Rhod. 

Nereides, nymphs of the sea, daughters of 
Nereus and Doris. They were fifty, according 



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to the greater number of the mythologists, whose 
names are as follows: Sao, Auiphitrite, Proto, 
Galataea, Thoe, Eucrate, Eudora, Galena, 
Glauce, Thetis, Spio, Cymothoe, Meiita, Thaiia, 
Agave, Eulimene, Eruto, Pasithea, Doto, Eu- 
nice, Nesea, Dynamene, Pherusa, Protomeiia, 
Actea, Panope, Doris, Cyinatoiege, Hippotboe, 
Cymo, Eione, Hippenoe, Cyrnodoce, Neso. Eu- 
pompe, Pronoe, Themisto, Glaueonome, Haii- 
meee, Pontoporia, Evagora,Liagora, Pblynome, 
Laomadia, Lysianassa, Autonoe, Menippe, 
Evame, Psamathe, Nemertes, In those which 
Ho-i.er meutions, to the number of 30, we find 
the following names different from those spoken 
of by Hesiod: fctalia, Limmoria, Iera, Amphi- 
troe, Dexamene, Ampbmome, Cailianira, Ap- 
seuues, Callanassa, Clymene, Janira, Nassa, 
Mera, Orithya, Amathea Apollodorus, who 
mentions 45, mentions the following names dif- 
ferent from tiie others; Glaucothoe, Protome- 
dusa, Pione, Plesaura, Calypso, Cranto, Neo- 
meris, Dejanira, Polynoe, Melia, Dioce, isea, 
Deio, Eumolpe, lone, Ceto. Hyginus and 
others differ from the preceding authors in the 
fol Sowing names: Dry mo, Xantho, Ligea, Phyl- 
Iodoce,Cydippe, Lycorias, Cleio, Beroe, Ephira, 
Opis, Asia, Deopea, Arethusa, Crenis, Eury- 
dice, and Leucotboe. The Nereides were im- 
plored as the rest of the deities; they had altars, 
chiefly on the coast of the sea, where the piety 
of mankind made offerings of rniik, oil, and 
honey, and often of the flesh of goats. When 
they were on the sea shore they generally re- 
sided in grottos and caves which were adorned 
with shells, and shaded by- the branches of vines. 
Their duty was to attend upon the more power- 
ful deities of the sea, and to be subservient to 
the will of Neptune. They were particularly 
fond of alcyons, and as they had the power of 
ruffling or calming the waters, they were always 
addressed by sailors, who implored their pro- 
tection that they might grant them -a favourable 
voyage and a prosperous return. They are re- 
presented as young and handsome virgins, sitting 
on dolphins, and holding Neptune's trident in 
their hand, or sometimes garlands of flowers. 
Orphtus Hymn. 23. — Calul. dt Runt. — Pel. — 
■Ovid. Met. 11, v. 361, Lc.—Stat. 2, Sytv. 2,1. 
3, Sylv. l.—Paus. 2, c. l.—Jlpoliod 1, c. 2 
and 2. — Hesiod. Theog. — Homer. 11. IS, v. 39. 
— Plin. 36, c. 5. — Hygin, &c. 

Nereius, a name given to Achilles, as son of 
Thetis, who was one of the Nereides. Horat. 
ep. 17, v S. 

Nereus, a deity of the sea, son of Oceanus 
and Terra. He married Doris, by whom he 
had 50 daughters, called the Nereides. [Vid. 
Nereides.] Nereus was generally represented 
as an old man with a long flowing beard, and 
hair of an azure colour. The chief place of his 
residence was in the ^Egean sea, where he was 
surrounded by his daughters, who often danced 
in chorusses round him. He had the gift of 
prophecy, and informed those that consulted him 
of the different fates that attended them. He 
acquainted Paris with the consequences of his 
elopement with Helen; and it was by his direc 
tions that Hercules obtained the golden apples 
of the Hesperidesj but the sea god often evaded 



the importunities of inquirers by assuming dif- 
ferent shapes, and totally escaping from iheir 
grasp. The wora Nereus is often taken for the 
sea itself- Nereus is sometimes called the most 
ancient of all the gods. Hesiod. Theog. — Hy- 
gin. — Homer. 11 18 — Apollod.- — Orphtus Ar- 
gon.— Horat. 1, od. 13. — Eurip. in Iphig. 

Nerio, or Neriene, the wife of Mars. Gell. 
B. c. 21. 

jNeriphus, a desert island near the Thracian 
Cbetsonesus. 

Neritos, a mountain in the island of Ithaca, 
as also a small island in the Ionian sea, accord- 
ing to Mela. The word Neritos is often applied 
to the whole island of Ithaca, and Ulysses., the 
king of it. is cailed Neritius dux, and his ajiip 
Neritia navis The peopie of Saguntum, as de- 
scended from a Neritian colony, are called JV*e- 
ritia proles- Sit.lt 2, v. 317. — Virg. Mn„ 3, 
v. 271.— Plin 4.— Mela, 2, c. l.—Ovid. Met. 
13, v. 712. Rem. A. 263. 

Neritum, a town of Calabria, now called 
Jfardo. 

Nerius, a silversmith in the age of Horace, 

2 Sat. 3, v. 69 An usurer in Nero's age, 

who was so eager to get money, that he married 
as often as he could, and as soon destroyed his 
wives by poison, to possess himself of their es- 
tates. Pers. 2, v. 14. 

Nero, Claudius Domitius Caesar, a celebra- 
ted Roman emperor, son of Caius Domitius 
Ahenobarbus and Agrippiua the daughter of 
Germanicus. He was adopted by the emperor 
Claudius, A. D. 50, and four years after he suc- 
ceeded to him on the throne. The beginning of 
his reign was marked by acts of the greatest 
kindness and condescension, by affability, com- 
plaisance, and popularity. The object of his 
administration seemed to be the good of his peo- 
ple; and when he was desired to sign his name 
to a list of malefactors that were to be executed, 
he exclaimed, / xoish to heaven I could not write. 
He was an enemy to flattery, and when the 
senate had liberally commended the wisdom of 
his government, Nero desired them to keep their 
praises till he deserved them. These promising 
virtues were soon discovered to be artificial, and 
Nero displayed the propensities of his nature. 
He delivered himself from the sway of his mo- 
ther, and at last ordered her to be assassinated. 
This unnatural act of barbarity might astonish 
some of the Romans, but Nero had his devoted 
adherents; and when he declared that he had 
taken away his mother's life to save himself 
from ruin, the senate applauded his measures, 
and the people signified their approbation. Many 
of his courtiers shared the unhappy fate of Agrip- 
piua, and Nero sacrificed to his fuyy or caprice 
all such as obstructed his pleasure, or diverted 
his inclination. In the night he generally sallied 
out from his palace, to visit the meanest taverns, 
and all the scenes of debauchery which Rome 
contained. In this nocturnal riol he was fond of 
insulting the people iu the streets, aid his at- 
tempts to offer violence to the wife of a Romau 
senator, nearly cost him his life. He also turned 
actor, and publicly appeared on the Roman stage 
in the meanest characters, in his attempts to 
excel in music, and to conquer the disadvaota- 



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g£s of a hoarse rough voice, he moderated his 
meals, and often passed the day without eating. 
The celebrity of the Olympian games attracted 
his notice He passed into Greece, and pre- 
sented himself as a candidate for the public 
honour. He was defeated in wrestling, but the 
flattery of the spectators adjudged him the vic- 
tory, and Nero returned to Rome with all the 
pomp and splendour of an eastern conqueror, 
drawn in the chariot of Augustus, and attended 
by a band uf musicians, actors, and stage dancers 
from every part of the empire. These private 
and public amusements of the emperor were 
indeed innocent, bis character was injured, but 
not the lives of the people. But his conduct 
soo^ became more abominable; he disguised 
himself in the habit of a woman, and was pub- 
licly married to one of his eunuchs. This vio- 
lence to nature and decency was soon exchanged 
for another; Nero resumed his sex, and cele- 
brated his nuptials with one of his- meanest ca- 
tamites, and it was on this occasion that one of 
the Romans observed, that the world would have 
been happy if Nero's father had had such a wife. 
But now his cruelty was displayed in a more su- 
perlative degree, and he sacrificed to his wan- 
tonness his wife Octavia Poppaea,\nd the cele- 
brated writers, Seneca, Lucan, Petronius, &c 
The Christians also did not escape his barbarity. 
He had heard of the burning of Troy, and as 
he wished to renew that dismal scene, he caused 
Rome to be set on fire in different places. The 
conflagration became soon universal, and during 
nine successive days the fire was unextinguished. 
All wa« desolation, nothing was heard but the 
lamentations of mothers whose children had 
perished in the flames, the groans of the dying, 
and the continual fall of palaces and buildings. 
Nero was the only one who enjoyed the general 
consternation. He placed himself on the top 
of a high tower, and he sang on his lyre the de- 
struction of Troy, a dreadful scene which his 
barbarity had realized before his eyes. He at- 
tempted to avertihe public odium from his head, 
by a feigned commiseration of the miseries of 
his subjects. He began to repair the streets and 
the public buildings at 
built himself a celebrate 
ed his golden house. K 
with gold, with precious 
er was rare and exqui 



It 



lakes, 



fields, artificial 
and whatever cou 
The entrance of thi 
colossus oi" the em 
series were each 
covered with 2:0 



represented fh 
in figure, and 
day, showcri 
sweet water 
according 
was finis 
like a n 

able inJTil his other 
fishingAis nets wer 
He never appeared 
and when he und 
thousands of serv 



n expense. He 
ce, which he call- 
profusely adorned 
s, and with whatev- 
coutained spacious 
, gardens, orchards, 
it beauty and grandeur, 
ifice could admit a large 
120 feet high; the gal- 
mile long, and the whole was 
The roofs of the dining halls 



rmament, in motion as well as 



i'ntinua'lly turned round qight and 

down all sorts of pefftimes and 

When this"sf*and edifice, which, 

Pliny, extended all round, the city, 

Nero said, Jhat now he could lodge 

d was not less remark- 

ons. When he went a 

with gold and silk. 

in the same garment, 

voyage, there were 

take care of his ward- 



His prof 




robe. This continuation of debauchery and ex- 
travagance at last roused the resentment of the 
people. Many conspiracies were formed against 
the emperor, but they were generally discovered, 
and such as were accessary suffered the greatest 
punishments. The most dangerous conspiracy 
against Nero's life was that of Piso, from which 
he was delivered by the confession of a slave. • 
The conspiracy of Galba proved more success- 
ful; and the conspirator, when he was informed 
that his plot was known to Nero, declared him- 
self emperor. The unpopularity of Pero fa- 
voured his cause; he was acknowledged by all 
the Roman empire, and the senate condemned 
the tyrant that sat on the throne to be dragged 
naked through the streets of Rome, and whipped 
to death, and afterwards to be thrown down 
from the Tarpeian rock like the meanest male- 
factor. This, however, was not done, and Nero, 
by a voluntary death, prevented the execution 
of the sentence. He killed himself, A. D. 68, 
in the 32d year of his age, after a reign of 13 
years and eight months. Rome was filled with 
acclamation at the intelligence, and the citizens, 
more strongly to indicate their joy, wore caps, 
such as were generally used by slaves who had 
received their freedom. Their vengeance was 
not only exercised against the statues of the 
deceased tyrant, but his friends were the ob- 
jects of the public resentment, and many were 
crushed to pieces in such a violent manner, that 
one of the senators, amid the universal joy, said 
that he was afraid they should soon have cause 
to wish for Nero. The tyrant, as he expired, 
begged that his head might not be cut off from 
his body, and exposed to the insolence of an en- 
raged populace, but that the whole might be 
burned on the funeral pile. His request was 
granted by one of Galba'sfreedmen, and bis ob- 
sequies were performed with the usual ceremo- 
nies. Though his death seemed to be the source 
of universal gladness, yet many of his favourites 
lamented his fall, and were grieved to see that 
their pleasures and amusements were stopped by 
the death of the patron of debauchery and ex- 
travagance. Even the king of Parthia sent am- 
bassadors to Rome to condole with the Romans, 
and to beg that they would honour and revere 
the memory of Nero. His statues were also 
crowned with garlands of flowers, and many be- 
lieved that he was not dead, but that he would 
soon make his appearance, and take a due ven- 
geance upon his enemies. It will be sufficient 
to observe, in finishing the character of this ty- 
rannical emperor, that the name of Nero is 
even now used emphatically to express a bar- 
barous and unfeeling oppressor. Piiny cails him 
the common enemy and the fury of mankind, 
and in this he has been followed by all writers, 
who exhibit Nero as a pattern of the most exe- 
crable barbarity and unpardonable wantonness. 
PLut. in Galb.—Suet. in vita. — Plin. 7. c. 8, 
&c. — Dio. 64. — Jlurel. Victor. — Tacit- Jinn. 

Claudius, a Roman general sent into Spain 

to succeed the two Scipios. He suffered him- 
self to be imposed upou by Asdrubal, and was 
soon after succeeded by young Scipio He was 
afterwards made consul, and intercepted Asdru- 
bal, who was passing from Spain into Italy with 



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a large reinforcement for his brother Annibal. 
An engagement was fought near the river Me- 
taurus, in which 56,000 of the Carthaginians 
were left in the field of battle, and great num- 
bers taken prisoners 207 B. C Asdrubal, the 
Carthaginian general, was also killed, and his 
head cut off and thrown into his brother's camp 
by the conquerors. Jippian. in Han. — Or^,s. 4. 
— Liv. 27, &c. — Horat. 4, od, 4, v. 37. — Flor. 

2, c 6 — Vat. Max 4, e. 1. Another, who 

opposed Cicero when be*wished to punish with 
death such as were accessary to Catiline's con- 
spiracy. A son of Germanicus, who was 

ruined by Sejanus, and banished from Rome by 
Tiberius. He died in the place of his exiie. 
His death was voluntary, according to some. 
Sueton. in Tiber. — Domitian was called Nero, 
because his cruelties surpassed those of his pre- 
decessors, and also Culvus, from the baldness of 

his head Juv. 4. The Neros were of the 

Claudian family, which, during the republican 
times of Rome, was honoured with 28 consul- 
ships, five dictatorships, six triumphs, seven cen- 
sorships, and two ovations. They assumed the 
surname of Nero, which, in the language of the 
Sabines. signifies strong and loartike 

Neroxia, a name given to Artaxata by Ti- 
ridates, who had been restored to his kingdom 
by Nero, whose favours he acknowledged by 
calling the capital of his dominions after the 
name of his benefactor. 

Neronianje Thermjs, baths at Rome, made 
by the emperor Nero. 

Nertobrigia, a town of Spain, on the Bil- 
bilis. 

Nerva Cocceitjs, a Roman emperor after 
the death of Domitian, A. i). 96. He render- 
ed himself popular by his mildness, his genero- 
sity, and the active part he took in the manage- 
ment of affairs He suffered no statues to be 
raised to his honour, and he applied to the use of 
the government all the gold and silver statues 
which {lattery had erected to his predecessor, 
in his civil character he was the pattern of good 
manners, of sobriety and temperance. He for- 
bad the mutilation of male children, and gave 
no countenance to the law which permitted the 
marriage of an uncle with his niece. He made 
a solemn declaration that no senators should 
suffer death during his reign; and this he observ- 
ed with such sanctity that, when two members 
of the senate had conspired against his life, he 
was satisfied to tell them that he was informed 
of their wicked machinations. He also con- 
ducted them to the public spectacles, and seat- 
ed himself between them, and, when a sword 
was oflered to him, according to the usual cus- 
tom, he desired the conspirators to try it upon 
his body. Such goodness of heart, such confi- 
dence in the self-conviction of the human mind, 
and such reliance upon the consequence of bis 
lenity and indulgence, conciliated the affection 
of all his subjects. Yet, as envy and danger are 
the constant companions of greatness, the prae- 
torian guards at last mutinied, and Nerva near- 
ly yielded to their fury He uncovered his aged 
neck in the presence of the incensed soldiery, 
and bade them wreak their vengeance upon him 
provided tbey spared the life of those to whom 



he was indebted for the empire, and whom his 
honour commanded him to defend. His seem- 
ing, submission was unavailing, and he was at 
last obiiged to surrender, to the fury of his sol- 
diers, some of his frieuds and supporters. The 
infirmities of his age, and his natural timidity, 
at last obliged him to provide himself against 
any future mutiny or tumult, by choosing a wor- 
thy ..successor. He had many friends and rela- 
tions, but he did not consider the aggrandize- 
ment of his family, and be chose for his son and 
successor, Trajan, a man of whose virtues and 
greatness of mind he was fully convinced. This 
voluntary choice was approved by the acclama- 
tions of the people, and the wisdom and pru- 
dence which marked the reign of Trajan, sjpow- 
ed how discerning was the judgment, and how 
affectionate Were the intentions of Nerva for the 
good of Rome. He died on the 27th of July, 
A. D. 9S, in his 72d year, and his successor 
showed his respect for his merit and his charac- 
ter by raising him altars and temples in Rome, 
and in the provinces, and by ranking him in the 
number of the gods. Nerva was the first Roman 
emperor who was of foreign extraction, his fa- 
ther being a native of Crete. Plin. p&neg. — 

Diod. 69. M. Cocceius, a consul in the reign 

of Tiberius. He starved himself, because he 
wouid not be concerned in the extravagance of 

the emperor. A celebrated lawyer, consul 

with the emperor Vespasian He was father to 
the emperor of that name. % 

Nervh, a warlike people of Belgic Gaul, who 
continually upbraided the neighbouring nations 
for submitting to the power of the Romans. 
They attacked J Cagsar, and were totally de- 
feated. Their country forms the modern pro- 
vince of Hainault. Lucan. 1, v. 42S. — Cces. 
Bell. G 2, c. 15. 

Nerulum, an inland town of Lucania, now 

gonegro. Liv. 9, c. 20. 

Nerium, or Artabrum, a promontory of 
Spain, now cape Finisterre. Strab. 3. 

Nesactum, a town of Istria at the mouth of 
the Arsia, now Castel Jfuovc 

Nesjea, one of the Nereides. Virg. G. 4, v. 
338 

Nesimachus, the father of Hippomedon, a 
native of Argos, who was one of the seven chiefs 
who made war against Thebes. Hygin. 70. — 
Schol Stai. Tti. 1, v 44 

Nesis, (is, or id is), now Nisita, an island on 
the coast of Campania, famous for asparagus. 
Lucan and Statius speak of its air as unwhole^ 
some and dangerous. Plin 19, c 8. — Lucan. 
6, v. 90 — Cic. ad Att. 16, ep. 1 and 2.— Stat. 
3, Sylv. 1, v. 148. 

Nessus, a celebrated centaur, son of Ixion 
and the Cloud. He offered violence to Dejani- 
ra, whom Hercules had entrusted to his care, 
with orders to carry her across the river Eve- 
nus. [Vid. Dejanira.] Hercules saw the distress 
of his wife from the opposite shore of the river, 
and immediately he let fly one of his poisoned 
arrows, which struck the centaur to the heart. 
Nessus, as he expired, gave the tunic lie then 
wore to Dejanira, assuring her that, from the 
poisoned blood which had flowed from his 
wounds, it had received the power of calling a 



NE 



NI 



husband away from unlawful loves. Bejanira 
received it with pleasure, and this mournful 
present caused the death of Hercules. [Vid. 
Hercules.] Jlpollod. 2, c. 7. — Ovid. ep. 9. — 
tSenec. in Here. fur. — f'aus. 3, c. 28. — Diod. 

4. A river. [ Vid. Nestus.] 

Nestocles, a famous statuary of Greece, ri- 
val to Phidias. Plin. 34, c. 8. 

Nestor, a son of Neleus aud Chloris, ne- 
phew to Pelias, and grandson to Neptune. He 
had eleven brothers, who were all killed, with 
his father, by Hercules. His tender age de- 
tained hiru at home, and was the cause of his 
preservation. The conqueror spared bis life, 
and placed him on the throne of Pylos He mar- 
ried^Eurydice, the daughter of Clymenes, or, 
according to others, Anaxibia, the daughter of 
Atreus. He early distinguished nimself in the 
field of battle, and was present at the nuptials 
of Pirithous, when a bloody battle was fought 
between the Lspitbae and Centaurs. As king of 
Pylos and Messenia he led his subjects to the 
Trojan war, where he distinguished himself 
among the rest of the Grecian chiefs, by elo- 
quence, address, wisdom, justice, and an un- 
common prudence of mind. Homer displays his 
character as the most perfect of all his heroes; 
and Agamemnon exclaims, that if he had ten 
genera's like Nestor, he should soon see the 
walls of Troy reduced to ashes. After the Tro- 
jan war, Nestor retired to Greece, where he 
enjoyed, in the bosom of his family, the peace 
and tranquillity which were due to his wisdom 
and to his old age. The manner and the time 
of his death are unknown; the ancients are ail 
agreed that he lived three generations of men. 
which length of time some suppose to he 300 
years, though, more probably, only 90, allow- 
ing 30 years for each generation. From that 
circumstance^ therefore, it was usual among 
the Greeks and the Latins, when they wished a 
long and happy life to their friends, to wish the* 
to see the years of Nestor. He had' two daugh- 
ters, Pisidice and Polycasie; and seven sons, 
Perseus, Sfcratieus, Are t us, Echephron, Pi si stra- 
tus, Aniilochus, and Trasimedes. Nestor was 
one of the Argonauts, according to Valerius 
Flaccus 1, v. 380, &e. — Dictijs. Cret. 1, c. 13, 
&c. — Homer. II 1, &c. Od. 3 and 11.— Hygin. 
fab. 10 and 278.— Potts. 3, c. 26, 1.4, c Sand 
SI.— Jlpollod. 1, c. 9, I. 2, c. l.—Ovid. Met. 

12, v. 169, &c — Horat. 1, od. 15.; A poet 

of Lycaouia in the age of the emperor Severus. 
He was father to Pisander, who, under the em- 
peror Alexander, wrote some fabulous stories. 

One of the body guards of Alexander. Polycen. 

Nestorius, a bishop of Constantinople, who 
flourished A. D. 431. He was condemned and 
degraded from his episcopal dignity for his 'he- 
retical opinions, &c. 

Nestus, or Nessus, now JYesto, a small river 
of Thrace, rising in mount Rhodope. and falling 
into the /Egean sea above the island of Thasos. 
It was for some time the boundary of Macedo- 
nia on the east, in the more extensive power of 
that kingdom. 

Netum, a town of Sicily, now called JYoto, 
on the eastern coast. Sil. 14, v. 269. — Cic. in 
Ver, 4, c. 26,1. 5, c. 51. 



Nehru, a people of Sarmatia. Mela, 2, c. 1. 

NicjEA, a widow of Alexander, who married 

Demetrius. A daughter of Antipater, who 

married Perdiccas A city of luoia, built by 

Alexander on the very spot where he had ob- 
tained a victory over king Porus A town of 

Achaia near Thermopylae, on the bay of Malia. 

A town of Illyricum. Another in Corsica. 

Another in Thrace. In Boeotia. A 

town of Bithynia, (now Nice or Is-nik, built by 
Antigonus, the son of Philip, king of Macedonia. 
It was originally called Jlutigonia, auu after- 
wards JYiccea, by Lisimachus, who gave it the 
name of his wife, who was daughter of Antipa- 
ter. -A town of Liguria, built by the people 

ofMassilia, in commemoration of a victory. 

Nicagoras, a sophist of Athens in the reign 
of the emperor Philip He wrote the lives of 
illustrious men, and was reckoned one of the 
greatest and most learned men of his age. 

Nicander, a king of Sparta, son of Cha- 
rillus, of the family of the Proclidae. He reign- 
ed 39 years, and died B. C. 770. A writer 

of Chaicedon. A Greek grammarian, poet, 

and physician, of Colophon, 137 B. C. His 
writings were held in estimation, Dut his judg- 
ment cannot be highly commended, since, with- 
out any knowledge of agriculture, he ventured 
to compose a book on that intricate subject. 
Two of his poems, entitled Theriuca, on hunt- 
ing, and Jllexipharmaca, on antidotes against 
poisou, are still extant; the best editions of 
which are those of Gorraeus, with a translation 
in Latin verse by Grevinus, a physician at 
Paris, 4to. Paris, 1557, and -Salviuus, 8vo. 
Florent. 1764. Cic. 1, de Orat. c. 16. 

Nicanor, a man who conspired against the 

life of Alexander, Curt. 6 A son of Par- 

menio, who died in Hyrcania, &c A sur- 
name of Demetrius [Vid Demetrius 2d.] 

An unskilful pilot of Antigonus. Polycen. 

A servant of Atticus Cic 5, ep 3. A 

Samian, who wrote a treatise on rivers. A 

governor of Media, conquered by Seleucus He 
had been governor over ihe Athenians under 
Cassander, by whose orders he was put to 

death. A general of the emperor Titus, 

wounded at tiie siege of Jerusalem. A man 

of Stagira, by whom Alexander the Great sent 
a letter to recall the Grecian exiles. Diod IS. 
■A governor of Munychia, who seized the 



Piraeus, and was at last put to death by Cas- 
sander, because he wished to make himself ab- 
solute over Attica. Diod. 18. A brother of 

Cassander, destroyed by Oiympias. Id. 19. 



A general of Antiochus, king of Syria. 
He made war against the Jews, and showed 
himself uncommonly cruel. 

Nicarchus, a Corinthian philosopher in the 

age of Periander. Plut. An Arcadian chief, 

who deserted to the Persians at, the return of 
the ten thousand Greeks. 

Nicarthides, a man set over Persepolis by 
Alexander. 

Nicator, a surname of Seleucus, king of 
Syria, from his having been unconquered. 

Nice, a daughter of Theseus. Jlpollod. 

Nicephorium, a town of Mesopotamia, on 



NI 



NI 



the Euphrates, where Venus had a temple. 
Liv. 32, c- 33. — Tucit. .inn. 6, e. 41. 

Mcephorios, now Kkabour. a river which 
flowed by the wails of J igram-certa. Tacit. 
Ann. \i>. c. 4. 

Nice:-horus C^sar, a Byzantine historian, 

whose wo<ii^ were edited, fol. Paris, 1661.- 

Gfegori s, another, edited, fol. Paris, 1102. 

A Greek ecclesiastical historian, whose 

works were edited by Ducaeus, 2 vols. Paris, 
1630. 

Nicer, now the Ncker, a river of Germany 
failing into the Rhine at the modern town of 
Maiihesm. JUvsen. Mos 423 

Nice- atus, a poet who wrote a poem in 
praise of Lysano.er -The father of Nicias 

Nicetas, one of the Byzantine historians, 
whose vvoiks were edited fol. Paris, 1647. 

Niceteria, a festival at Athens, in memory 
of the victory which Minerva obtained over 
Neptune, in their dispute about giving a name 
to foe capital of tor country. 

Nicia, a city. [Vid Nicjea.] — A river fall- 
ing mto the Po at Brixellum. It is now called 
Lenza. and separates the duchy of Modena 
from Parma. 

Nicias, an- Athenian general, celebrated for 
his valour and for his misfortunes. He early con- 
eiliated the g-od will of the people by bis liber- 
ality, and he established his military character 
by taking the island of Cythera from the power 
of Lacedsemon. When Athens determined to 
make war against Sicily, Nicias was appointed 
with Alcioiades and Lamacbus, to conduct the 
expedition which he reprobated as impolitic, 
and as the future cause of calamities to the 
Athenian power. In Sicily he behaved with 
great firmness, but he often blameci the quick and 
inconsiderate measures of his colleagues. The 
success of the Athenians remained long doubt- 
ful Alcibiades was recal'ed by his enemies to 
take his trial, and Nicias was left at the head of 
affairs. Syracuse was surrounded by a wail, 
and, though the operations were carried on 
slowly, yet the city would have surrendered, 
had not the sudden appearance of Gylippus, the 
Corinthian ally of the Sicilians, cheered up the 
courage of the besieged at the critical moment. 
Gylippus proposed terms of accommodation to 
the Athenians, which were refused; some battles 
were fought, in which the Sicilians obtained 
the advantage, and Nicias at last, tired of his 
ill success, and grown desponding, demanded of 
the Athenians a reinforcement or a successor. 
Demosthenes, upon this, was sent with a power- 
ful fleet, but the advice of Nicias was despised, 
and the admiral, by his eagerness to come to a 
decisive engagement, ruined his fleet and the 
interest of Athens. The fear of his enemies at 
home prevented Nicias from leaving Sicily; and 
when, at last, a continued series of ill success 
obliged him to comply, he found himself sur- 
rounded on every side by the enemy, without 
hope of escaping. He gave himself up to the 
conquerors with all his army, but the assurances 
of safety which he had received soon proved 
vain and false, and he was no sooner in the 
hands of the enemy than he was shamefully put 
to death with Bemosthenes, His troops were 



seat to quarries, where the plague and hard la- 
bour diminished their numbers and aggravated 
their misfortunes. Some suppose that the death 
of I* icias was not violent. He perished about, 
413 years before Christ, and the Athenians la- 
mented in him a great and valiant but unfor- 
tunate general. Plut. in vita. — C. New. in 
Jllcib. — Thucyd 4, &c — Diod. 15. A gram- 
may a<» of Rome, intimate with Cicero. Cic 
in epist. A man of Nica, who wrote an his- 
tory of philosophers. A physician of Pyrr- 

hus, king of Epirus, who made an off'u- to the 
Romans of poisoning his master for a sum of 
money. The Roman general disdained his 
offers, and acquainted Pyrrhns with his treache- 
ry. He is ofiener called Cinoas A painter 

of Atheus, in the age of Alexander He was 
chiefiv happy in his pictures of women. JFAian. 
V H. 2, c 31. 

Nicipfe, a daughter of Pelops. who married 

Stheneius. A daughter of Thespius. Jipollod. 

Nicippus, a tyrant of Cos, one of whose sheep 
brought forth a lion, which was considered as 
portending his future greatness, and his eleva- 
tion to the sovereignty. JFAian. V. H. l,c. 29. 

Nico, one of the Tarentine chiefs who con- 
spired against the life of Annibal Liv 30. 

A celebrated architect and geometrician. 

He was father to the celebrated Galen, the 

prince of physicians. One of the slaves of 

Craterus. The name of an ass which Au- 
gustus met before the battle of Actium, a cir- 
cumstance which he considered as a' favourable 
omen. The name of an elephant remarka- 
ble for his fidelity to king Pyrrhus. 

Nicochares, a Greek comic poet in the age 
of Aristophanes 

Nicoci.es, a familiar friend of Phocion, con- 
demned to death. Plut. A king of Sala- 

mis, celebrated for his contest with a king of 
nicia, to prove which of the two was most 

"euiinate.— — A king of Paphos, who reigned 
under the protection of Ptolemy, king of Egypt. 
He revolted from his friend to the king of 
Persia, upon which Ptolemy ordered one of his 
servants to put him to death, to strike terror 
into the other dependant princes. The servant, 
unwilling to murder the monarch, advised him 
to kill himself. Nicocles obeyed, and all his 
family followed the example, 310 years before 

the Christian era. An ancient Greek poet, 

who called physicians a happy race of men, 
because light published their good deeds to the 
worid, and the earth hid all their faults and im- 
perfections. A king of Cyprus, who succeed- 
ed his father Evagoras on the throne, 374 years 
before Christ. It was with him that the philo- 
sopher Isocrates corresponded. A tyrant of 

Sicyon, deposed by means of Aratus, the 
Achaean Plut in Jlrat. 

Nicocrates, a tyrant of Cyrene. An 

author at Athens. A king of Salamis in Cy- 
prus, who made, himself known by the valuable 
collection of books which he had. Jitlien. 1. 

Nicocreox, a tyrant of Salamis, in the age 
of Alexander the Great. He ordered the phi- 
losopher Anaxarchus to be pounded to pieces in 
a mortar 

Nicodemus, an Athenian, appointed by Conon 



NI 



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over the fleet which was going to the assistance 

of Artaxerxes. Dtyl. 14. A tyrant of Italy, 

&e. -An ambassador sent to Pompey by 

Aristobulus. 

Nicodorus, a wrestler of Mantinea, who 
studied philosophy in his old age. JElian. V. 
II. 2, c. 22 — Suidas. An Athenian archon. 

Nicodromus, a son of Hercules aud Nice. 

Jlpollod. An Athenian who invaded iEgina, 

Sac. 

Nicolaus, a philosopher. A celebrated 

Syracusan, who endeavoured, in a pathetic 
speech, to dissuade his countrymen from offer- 
ing violence to the Athenian prisoners who had 
been taken with Nicias their general. His 

eloquence was unavailing. An officer of 

Ptolemy against Antigonus. A peripatetic 

philosopher and historian in the Augustan age. 

Nicomacha, a daughter of Themistocles. 

Nicomachus, the father of Aristotle, whose 
son also bore the same name. The philosopher 
composed his ten nooks of morals for the use 
and improvement of his son, and thence they 

are called Nicomachea. Suidas. -One of 

Alexander's friends, who discovered the con- 
spiracy of Dyrnus. Curt. 6. An excellent 

painter. A Pythagorean philosopher. A 

Lacedaemonian general, conquered by Timo- 
theus. A writer in the fifth century, &c. 

Nicomedes 1st, a king of Bithynia, about 
278 years before the Christian era. It was by 
his exertions that this part of Asia became a 
monarchy. He behaved with great cruelty to 
his brothers, and built a town which he called 
by his own name JVicomedia. Justin.— Paus. 

&c. The 2d. was ironically suinamed Phi- 

lopater, because he drove his father Prusias 
from the kingdom of Bithynia, and caused him 
to be assassinated, B. C. 149. He reigned 59 
years. Mithridates laid claim to his kingdom, 
but all their disputes were decided by the Ro- 
mans, who deprived Nicomedes of the province 
of Paphlagonia, and his ambitious rival of Cap- 
padocia. He gained the affections of his sub- 
jects by a courteous behaviour, and by a mild 
and peaceful government. Justin. — — The 3d, 
son and successor of the preceding, was de- 
throned by his brother Socrates, and afterwards 
by the ambitious Mithridates. The Romans re- 
established him on his throne, and encouraged 
him to make reprisals upon the king of Pontus. 
He followed their advice, and he was, at last, 
expelled another time from his dominions, till 
Sylla came into Asia, who restored him to his 
former power and affluence. Strab. — Jlppian. 
The fourth of that name, was son aud suc- 
cessor of Nicomedes 3d. He passed his life in 
an easy and tranquil manner, and enjoyed the 
peace which his alliance with the Romans had 
procured him. He died B. C. "5, without 
issue, and left his kingdom, with all his posses- 
sions, to the Roman people. Strab. 12. — Ap- 
pian. Mithrid. — Justin. 38, c. 2, &c. — Flor. 

3, c. 5. A celebrated geometrician in the 

age of the philosopher Eratosthenes. He made 

himself known by his useful machines, &c. 

An engineer in the army of Mithridates. 

One of the preceptors of the emperor M. An- 
toniatrs. 



Nicomedia, (now Is-nikmid,) a town of Bi- 
thyni;>, founded by Nicomedes 1st. It was the 
capital of the country, and it has been compar- 
ed, for its beauty and greatness, to Rome, An- 
tioch, or Alexandria. It became celebrated for 
being, for some time, the residence of the 
emperor Constantine, and most of his imperial 
successors. Some suppose that it was originally 
called Astacus, and Olbia, though it was gene- 
rally believed that they were all different cities. 
Ammian 17. — Paus. 5, c. 12. — Plin. 5, &c. — 
Strab. 12, &c. 

Nicon, a pirate of Phxre, in Peloponnesus, 

&c Polycen. An Athlete of Thasos, 14 limes 

victorious at the Olympic games. A native 

ofTarentum. [Vid. Nico.] 

Niconia, a town of Pontus. 

Nicophanes, a famous painter of Greece, 
whose pieces are mentioned with commenda- 
tion. Plin. 35, c. 10. 

Nicophront, a comic poet of Athens some- 
time after the age of Aristophanes. 

Nicopolis, a city of Lower Egypt. A 

town of Armenia, built ty Pompey the Great 
in memory of a. victory which he had there ob- 
tained over the forces of Mithridates. Strab. 

12. Another in Thrace, built on the banks 

of the Nestus by Trajan, in memory of a victory 
which he obtained there over the barbarians. 

A town of Epirus, buiit by Augustus after 

the battle of Actium. Another, near Jeru- 
salem, founded by the emperor Vespasian. 

Another, in Moesia. -Another, in Dacia, 

built by Trajan, to perpetuate the memory of a 

celebrated battle Another, near the bay of 

Issus, built by Alexander. 

Nicostrata, a courtezan who left all her 
possessions to Sylla. — The same as Carmente, 
mother of Evander. 

Nico stratus, a man of Argos of great 
strength. He was fond of imitating Hercules by 

clothing himself in a lion's skin. Diod. 16. 

One of Alexander's soldiers. He conspired 
against the king's life, with Hermolaus. Curt. 
8. A painter who expressed great admira- 
tion at the sight of Helen's picture by Zeuxis. 

JElian. 14, c. 47. A dramatic actor of 

Ionia. A comic poet of Argos. Ao ora- 
tor of Macedonia, in the reign of the emperor 
M. Antoninus. A son of Menelaus and He- 
len. Paus. 2, c. 18. A general of the Acha?- 

ans, who defeated the Macedonians. 

Nicotelea, a celebrated woman of Messe- 
nia, who said that she became pregnant of Aris- 
tomenes by a serpent. Paus. 4, c- 14. 

Nicoteles, a Corinthian drunkard, &c. 
JElian. V. H. 2, c. 14. 

Niger, a friend of M. Antony, sent to him by 
Octavia. A surname of Clitus, whom Alex- 
ander killed in a fit of drunkenness. C. Pes- 

eennius Justus, a celebrated governor in Syria, 
well known by bis valour in the Roman armies, 
while yet a private man. At the death of Per- 
tinax he was declared emperor of Rome, and 
his claims to that elevated situation were sup- 
ported by a sound understanding, prudence of 
mind, moderation, courage, and virtue. He pro- 
posed to imitate the actions of the venerable 
Antoninus, of Trajan, of Titus, and M. Aurelius. 



NI 



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He was remarkable for his fondness for an- | 
cient discipline, and never suffered his soldiers 
to drink wine, but obliged them to quench their j 
thirst with water and vinegar. He forbade the ' 
Use of silver or gold utensils in his camp, all the j 
bakers and cooks were driven away, and the i 
soldiers ordered to live, during the expedition j 
they undertook, merely upon biscuits. In his 
punishments, Niger was inexorable; he condemn- j 
ed ten of his soldiers, to be beheaded in the pre- | 
eence of the army, because tbey had stolen and j 
eaten a fowl. The sentence was heard with 
groans; the army interfered; and, when Niger 
consented to diminish the punishment for fear 
of kindling rebellion, he yet ordered the crimi- 
nals to make each a restoration of ten fowls to 
the person whose property they had stolen ; they 
were, besides, ordered not to light a fire the 
rest of the campaign, but to live upon cold ali- 
ments, and to drink nothing but water. Such 
great qualifications in a general seemed to pro- 
mise the restoration of ancient discipline in the 
Roman armies, but the death of Niger frustrat- 
ed every hope of reform. Severus, who had also 
been invested with the imperial purple, march- 
ed against him; some battles were fought, and 
Niger was at last defeated, A. D. 194. His 
head was cut off, and fixed to a long spear, and 
carried in triumph through the streets of Rome. 
He reigned about one year. Herodian. 3 . — 
Eutrop. 

Niger, or Nigris, (Ms,) a river of Africa, 
which rises in ^Ethiopia, and falls by three 
mouths into the Atlantic, little known to the an- 
cients, and not yet satisfactorily explored by the 
moderns. Plin. 5, c. 1 and 8. — Mela, 1, c. 4, 
L 3, c, 10.— Ptol 4, c. 6. 

P. Nigidios Figulus, a celebrated philoso- 
pher and astrologer at Rome, one of the most 
learned men of his age. He was intimate with 
Cicero, and gave his most unbiassed opinions 
concerning the conspirators who had leagued to 
destroy Rome with Catiline. He was made 
praetor, and honoured with a seat in the senate. 
In the civil wars he followed the interest of. 
Pompey, for which he was banished by the con- 
queror. He died in the place of his banish- 
ment, 47 years before Christ. Cic. ad. Fam. 4, 
ep 13. — Lucan. 1, v. 639. 

NigritjE, a people of Africa, who dwell on 
the bauks of the Niger. Mela, I, c. 4. — Plin. 
5, c. 1. 

Nileus, a son of Codrus, who conducted a 
colony of Ionians to Asia, where he built Ephe- 
sus, Miletus, Priene, Colophon, Myus, Teos, Le- 

bedos, Clazomenae, &c. Potts. 7, c. 2, &c. 

A philosopher who had in his possession all the 
writings of Aristotle. Mien. 1. 

Nilus, a king of Thebes, who gave his name 
to 'he river which flows through the middle of 
Egypt and falls into the Mediterranean sea. 
The Nile, anciently called Egyplus, is one of 
the most celebrated rivers iu the world. Its 
sources were unknown to the ancients, and the 
moderns are equally ignorant of their situation, 
whence an impossibility is generally meant by 
the proverb of Nili caput qu.ercrc. It flows 
through the middle of Egypt in a northern di- 
rection, and when it comes to the town of Cer- 



easorum, it then divides itself into several 
streams, and falls into the Mediterranean by se- 
ven mouths. The most eastern canal is called 
the Pelusian, and the most western is called the 
Canopic mouth. The other canals are the Se- 
bennytican, that of Sais, the Mendesian, BOlbi- 
tinic, and Bucolic. They have ail been form- 
ed by nature, except the two last, which have 
been dug by the labours of men. The island 
which the Nile forms by its division into several 
streams is called Delta, from its resemblance to 
the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. The 
Nile yearly overflows the country, and it is to 
those regular inundations that the Egyptians are 
indebted for the fertile produce of their lands. 
It begins to rise in the month of May for 100 
successive days, and then decreases gradually 
the same number of days. If it does not rise as 
high as 16 cubits, a famine is generally expect- 
ed, but if it exceeds this by many cubits, it is 
of the most dangerous consequences; houses are 
overturned, the cattle are drowned, and a great 
number of insects are produced from the mud, 
which -destroy the fruits of the earth. The ri- 
ver, therefore, proves a blessing or a calamity 
to Egypt, and the prosperity of the nation de- 
pends so much upon it, that the tributes of the 
inhabitants were in ancient times, and are still 
under the present government, proportioned to 
the rise of the waters. The causes of the over- 
flowings of the Nile, which remained unknown 
to the ancients, though searched with the great- 
est application, are owing to the heavy rains 
which regularly fall in ^Ethiopia, in the months 
of April and May, and which rush down like 
torrents upon the country, and lay it all under 
water. These causes, as some people suppose, 
were well known to Homer, as he seems to show 
it, by saying, that the Nile flowed down from 
heaven. The inhabitants of Egypt, near the 
banks of the river, were called Niliaci, JfUige- 
nee, &c. and large canals were also from this 
river denominated Nili, or Euripi. Cic. Leg. 
2, c. 1, ad Q. fr. 3, ep 9, ad Jilt. 11, ep. lft 
—Strab. 17.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 187, I. 15, ; v. 
753. — Mela, 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 9. — Seneca, quast. 
Nat. 4. — Lucan. 1, 2, &c — Claudian, ep. de 
Mlo.— Virg. G. 4, v. 288. Mn. 6, v. S00, I. 
9, v. 31. — Diod. 1, fyc. — Herodot. 2. — Lttcret. 
6, v, 712.— Ammian. 22.— Paws. 10, c 32.—. 

Plin. 5, c. 10 One of the Greek fathers 

who flourished A. D 440. His works were 
edited at Rome, fol. 2 vols. 166S and 1678, 

Ninnius, a tribune who opposed Clodius the 
enemy of Cicero. 

Ninias. Vid. Nrnyas. 
Ninus, a son of Belus who built a city to 
which he gave his own name, and founded the 
Assyrian monarchy, of which he was the first 
sovereign, B. C. 2059. He was very warlike, 
and extended his conquests from Egypt to the 
extremities of India and Baclriana. He became 
enamoured of Semiramis the wife of one of his 
officers, and he married her after her husband 
had destroyed himself through fear of his pow- 
erful rival. Ninus reigned 52 years, and at his 
death he left his kingdom to the care of his wife 
Semiramis, by whom he had a son. The histo- 
ry of Ninus i? very obscure and even fabulous 
3p 



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according to the opinion of some. Ctesias is 
the principal historian from whom it is derived, 
but little reliance is to be placed upon him, 
when Aristotle deems him unworthy to be be- 
lieved. Ninus after death received divine ho- 
nours, and became the Jupiter of the Assyrians 
and the Hercules of the Chaldeans. Ctesias. — 

Diod.2, — Justin. 1, c. 1. — Herodot. 2. A 

celebrated city, now JVmo, the capital of Assy- 
ria, built on the banks of the Tigris by Ninus, 
and called Nineveh in Scripture- It was, ac- 
cording to the relation of Diodorus Siculus, fif- 
teen miles long, nine broad, and forty-eight in 
circumference. It was surrounded by large 
walls 100 feet high, on the top of which three 
chariots could pass together abreast, and was 
defended by 1500 towers each 200 feet high. 
Ninus was taken by the united armies of Cyax- 
ares and Nabopolassar king of Babylon, B. C. 
606. Strab. I.— Died. 2.— Herodot 1, c. 185, 
&c. —Paus. 8, c. 33. — Lucian. 

Ninyas, a son of Ninus and Semiramis, king 
Of Assyria, who succeeded his mother who had 
voluntarily abdicated the crown. Some suppose 
that Semiramis was put to death by her own 
son, because she had encouraged him to com- 
mit incest. The reign of Ninyas is remarkable 
for its luxury and extravagance. The prince left 
the care of the government to his favourites 
and ministers, and gave himself up to pleasure, 
riot, and debauchery, and never appeared in 
public. His successors imitated the example of 
his voluptuousness, and therefore their name or 
history are little known till the age of Sardana- 
paius. Justin 1, c. 2. — Diod. 1, &c. 

Niobe, a daughter of Tantalus, king of Lydia 
by Euryanassa or Dione. She married Amphion 
the son of Jasus, by whom she had ten sons and ten 
daughters according to Hesiod, or two sons and 
three daughters according to Herodotus, Ho- 
mer and Propertius say, that she had six daugh- 
ters and as many sons: and Ovid, Apollodorus, 
&c. according to the more received opinion, 
support that she had seven sons and seven daugh- 
ters. The sons were Sipylus, Minytus, Tantalus, 
Agenor, Phaedimus, Damasichthon, and Isme- 
nus; and those of the daughters, Cleodoxa, 
Ethodse or Thera, Astyoche, Phthia, Pelopia or 
Chloris, Asticratea, and Ogygia. The number 
of her children increased her pride, and she had 
the imprudence not only to prefer herself to La- 
tona, who had only two children, but she even 
insulted her, and ridiculed the worship which 
was paid to her, observing, that she had a bet- 
ter claim to altars and sacrifices than the mo- 
ther of Apollo and Diana. This insolence pro- 
voked Latona. She entreated her children to 
punish the arrogant Niobe. Her prayers were 
heard, and immediately all the sons of Niobe 
expired by the darts of Apollo, and all the 
daughters, except Chloris, who had married 
Neleus king of Pylos, were equally 1 destroyed 
by Diana; and Niobe, struck at the suddenness 
of her misfortunes, was changed into a stone. 
The carcasses of Niobe's children, according to 
Homer, were left unburied in the plains for nine 
successive days, because Jupiter ehanged into 
stones all such as attempted to inter them. On 
the tenth day they were honoured with a fune- 



ral by the gods. Homer. II. 24. — JEEan.V. H. 
12, c. 36.— Jlpollod. 3, c. 5— Ovid Met. fab. 
5. — Hxjgin. fab. 9. — Horat 4, od. 6. — Propert. 

2, el. 6. A daughter of Pboroneus, king of 

Peloponnesus, by Laodice. She was beloved by 
Jupiter, by whom she had a son called Argus, 
who gave his name to Argia or Argolis, a coun- 
try of Peloponnesus. Paus. 2, c. 22. — Jlpollod. 

2, c. 1,1. 3, c. 8. 

NiPHiEus, a man killed by horses, &c. Virg. 
JEn. 10, t. 570. 

' Niphates, a mountain of Asia, which divides 
Armenia from Assyria, and from which the Ti- 
gris takes its rise. Vvg G. 3, v. 30. — Strab. 

11. — Mela, 1, c. 15. A. river of Armenia 

falling into the Tigris. Horat. 2, od. 9, v. 20. 
— Lucan. 3, v. 245. 

Niphe, one of Diana's companions. Ovid. 
Mit. 3, v. 245. 

Nireus, a king of Naxos, son of Charops and 
Agiaia, celebrated for his beauty. He was one 
of the Grecian chiefs, during the Trojan war. 
Homer II 2.— Horat. 2, od. 20. 

Njsa, a town of Greece.' Homer. II. 2, 

A country woman. Virg. Eel. 8, A place. 

Vid. Nysa. A celebrated plain of Media near 

the Caspian sea, famous for its horses. Herodot. 

3, c. 106. 

Nis^ea, a naval station on the coast of Me- 

garis. Strab. 8. A town of Parthia, called 

also Nisa. 

NiSiEE, a sea nymph. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 
826. 

Niseia. Vid. Nisus. 

Nisibis, a town of Mesopotamia, built by a 
colony of Macedonians on the Tigris, and cele- 
brated as being a barrier between the provin- 
ces of Rome and the Persian empire during the 
reign of the Roman emperors. It was some- 
times called Jlntiochia Mygdonica. Joseph. 20, 
c 2.— Strab. 11.-— Jlmmicm. 25, &c. — Plin. 6, 
c 13. 

Nisus, a son of Hyrtacus, born on mount 
Ida, near Troy. He came to Italy with iEneas, 
and signalized himself by his valour against the 
Rutulians. He was united in the closest friend- 
ship with Euryalus, a young Trojan, and with 
him he entered, in the dead of night, the ene- 
my's camp. As they were returning victori- 
ous, after much bloodshed, they were perceived 
by the Rutulians, who attacked Euryalus. Ni- 
sus, in endeavouring to rescue his friend from 
the enemy's darts, perished himself with him, 
and their heads were cut off and fixed on a spear, 
and carried in triumph to the camp. Their 
death was greatly lamented by all the Trojans, 
and their great friendship, like that of a Pylades 
and an Orestes, or of a Theseus and Pii ithous, 
is become proverbial. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 176, 

&c. A king of Dulichium, remarkable for 

his probity and virtue. Homer' Od 18. A 

king of Megara, son of Mars, or more probably 
of Pandion. He inherited his father's kingdom 
with his brothers, and received as his portion 
the country of Megaris. The peace of the bro- 
thers was interrupted by the hostilities of Mi- 
nos, who wished to avenge the death of his son 
Androgeus, who had been murdered by the 
Athenians. Megara was besieged, and Attica 



NO 



NO 



laid waste. The fate of Nisus depended totally 
upon a yellow lock, which, as long as it continu- 
ed upon his head, according to the words of an 
oracle, promised him life, and success to his af- 
fairs. His daughter Scyila (often called Niseia 
Virgo,) saw from the walls of Megara the royal 
besieger, and she became desperately enamour- 
ed of him. To obtain a more immediate inter- 
view with this object of her passion, she stole 
away the fatal hair from her father's head as 
he was asleep; the town was immediately taken, 
but Minos disregarded the services of Scyila, 
and she threw herself into the sea. The gods 
changed her into a lark, and Nisus assumed the 
nature of the hawk at the very moment that he 
gave himself death, not to fall into the enemy's 
hands. These two birds have continually been 
at variance with each other, and Scyila, by her 
apprehensions at the sight of her father, seems 
to suffer the punishment which her perfidy de- 
served. JJ-pollod. 3, c. lo.—Paus 1, c. 19. — 
Strub 9.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 6, &c— Virg.. G. 
1, v. 404, &c- 

Nisyros, an island in the iEgean sea, at the 
west of Rhodes, with a town of the same name. 
It was originally joined to the island of Cos, ac- 
cording to Pliny, and it bore the name of Por- 
phyris. Neptune, who was supposed to have 
separated them with a blow of his trident, and 
to have then overwhelmed the giant Polybotes, 
was worshipped there, and called Nisyreus. 
Jlpoilod. 1, c. 6. — Mela, 2, c. 7. — Strab. 10. 

Njtetis, a daughter of Apries, king of Egypt 
married by his successor Amasis to Cyrus. Po- 
lycen. 8. 

Nitiobriges, a people of Gaul, supposed to 
be JigtnoiSr in Guienne. des. B. G. 7, c 7. 

Nitocris, a celebrated queen of Babylon, 
who built a brMge across the Euphrates, in the 
middle of that city, and dug a number of reser- 
voirs for the superfluous waters of that river. 
She ordered herself to be buried over one of the 
gates of the city, and placed an inscription on 
her tomb, which signified that her successors 
would find great treasures within, if ever they 
were in need of money, but that their labours 
would be but dl repaid if ever they ventured to 
open it without necessity. Cyrus opened it 
through curiosity, and was struck to find within 
these words: If thy avarice had not been insatia- 
ble, tlwu never wouldst have violated the monu- 
ments of the dead Herodol. 1, c 185. A 

queen of Egypt, who built a third pyramid. 

Nitria, a country of Egypt, with two towns 
of the same name, above Memphis. 

Nivaria, an island at the west of Africa, 
supposed to be Teneriff, one of the Canaries. 
Plin. 6, c. 32. 

Noas, a river of Thrace, falling into the Is- 
ter Herodot. 4, c. 46. 

Nocmon, a Trojan killed by Turnus, Virg 
JEn. 9, v 767. 

Noctiluca, a surname of Diana. She had a 
temple at Rome, on mount Palatine, where 
torches were generally lighted in the night. 
Varro. de L. L. 4. — Horat. .4, od. 6, v.. 38. 

Nola, an ancient town of Campania, which 
became a Roman colony before the first Punic 
war. It was founded by a Tuscan, or, accord- 



ing to others, by an Euboean colony. It is said 
that Virgil had introduced the name of Nola 
in his Georgics, but that, when he was refused 
a glass of water by the inhabitants as he passed 
through the city, he totally blotted it out of his 
poem, and substituted the word ora, in the 
225th line of the 2d book of his Georgics. Nola 
was besieged by Annibal, and bravely defend- 
ed, by Marcellus. Augustus died there on his re- 
turn from Neapolis to Rome. Bells were first 
invented there in the beginning of the fifth cen- 
tury, from which reason they have been called 
Notes or Campance, in Latin The inventor 
was St. Paulinus, the bishop of the place, who 
died A, D. 431, though many imagine that bells 
were known long before, and only introduced 
into churches by that prelate. Before bis time, 
congregations were called to the church by the 
noise of wooden rattles, (sacra ligna.) Paterc. 
1, c. I.—Suet. in Jiug.—Sil. 8, v. 517, 1 12, 
v. 161 —^ Gellius, 7, c. 20.— Liv. 23, c, 14 
and 39, 1. 24, c. 13. 

Nomades, a name given to all those uncivil- 
ized people who had no fixed habitation, and 
who continually changed the place of their resi- 
dence to go m quest of fresh pasture, for the 
numerous cattle which they tended. There 
were Nomades in Scythia, India, Arabia, and 
Africa. Those of Africa were afterwards called 
Numidians, by a small change of the letters 
which composed their uame. Ital 1, v. 215. — 
Plin- 5, c. 3.— Herodot. 1, c. 15, 1 4, c. 187. 
—Strab. l.—Mela, 2, c. 1,1. 3, c. 4.— Virg. G. 
3, v. 343.— Paus. 8, c 43. 

Nom^:, a town of Sicily, Diod. 11. — Sil. 14, 
v. 266. 

Nomentanus, an epithet applied to L. Cas- 
sius as a native of Nomentum. He is mention- 
ed by Horace as a mixture of luxury and dissi- 
pation. Horat. 1, Sat. 1, v. 102, and alibi. 

Nomentum, a town of the Sabines in Italy, 
famous for wine, and now called Lamentana. 
The dictator, Q Serviiius Priscus, gave the 
Veientes and Fidenates battle there, A. U. C. 
312, and totally defeated them. Ovid. Fast. 4, 
v. 905.— Liv. 1, c. 38, 1, 4, c. 22.— Virg. JEn. 
6, v. 773. 

Nomii, mountains of Arcadia. Paxis. 

Nomios, a surname given to Apollo, because 
he fed (ve/ua pasco) the flocks of king Admetus 
in Thessaly. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 23. 

Nonacris, a town of Arcadia, which receiv- 
ed its name from a wife of Lycaon. There >as 
a mountain of the same name in the neighbour- 
hood. Evander is sometimes called Nonacrius 
heros, as being an Arcadian by birth, and Ata- 
lanta Nonacria, as being a native of the place. 
Curt. 10, c. 10 —Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 97. Met. 8, 
fab. 10.— Pom. 8, c 17, &c. 

Nonius, a Roman soldier, imprisoned for pay- 
ing respect to Galba's statues, &c Tacit Hist. 
1, c. 56. A Roman who exhorted his coun- 
trymen after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, and 
the flight of Pompey, by observing that eight 
standards (aquilce) still remained in the camp; 
to which Cicero answered, recti) si nobis cum 
graculis helium esset. 

Nonnius Marcellus, a grammarian whose 



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treatise de varia significatione verborum was 
edited by Mercer, 8vo. Paris, 1614. 

Nonnus, a Greek writer of the 5th century, 
who wrote an account of the embassy he had 
undertaken to ^Ethiopia, among the Saracens 
and other eastern nations. He is also known by 
his Dionysiaca, a wonderful collection of hea- 
then mythology and erudition, edited 4to. Ant- 
werp, 1569. His paraphrase on John was edi- 
ted by Heinsius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1621. 

Nonus, a Greek physician, whose book de 
omnium morborum curatione, was edited in 
I2mo. Argent, 1568. 

Nopia or Cnopia, a town of Boeotia, where 
Amphiaratis had a temple. 

Nora, now Nour, a place of Phrygia, where 
Eumenes retired for some time, &c. C. Nepos. 
-^ — A town. Vid. Norax. 

Norax, a son of Mercury and Eurylhaea, who 
led a colony of Iberians into Sardinia, where he 
founded a town, to which he gave the name of 
Nora. Pans. 10, c. 17. 

Norba, a town of the Volsci. Liv. 2, c. 

•34. Csesarea, a town of Spain on the Ta- 

gus. 

C. Norbanus, a young and ambitious Ro- 
man who opposed Sylla, and joined his interest 
to that of young Marius. In his consulship he 
marched against Sylla, by whom he was defeat- 
ed, &c. Plut. A friend and general of Au- 
gustus, employed in Macedonia against the re- 
publicans. He was defeated by Brutus, &c 

Noricum, a country of ancient Illyricum, 
which now forms a part of modern Bavaria and 
Austria. It extended between the Danube and 
part of the Alps and Vindelicia. Its savage in- 
habitants, who were once governed by kings, 
made many incursions upon the Romans, and 
were at last conquered under Tiberius, and the 
country became a dependent province. In the 
reign of Dioclesian, Noricum was divided into 
two parts, Ripense and Mediterranean. The 
iron that was drawn from Noricum was esteem- 
ed excellent, and thence Noricus ensis was used 
to express the goodness of a sword. Dionys. 
JPerieg. — Strab. 4. — Plin. 34, c. 14.- — Tacit. 
Hist. 3, c. 5.—Horat. 1, od. 16, v. 9.— Ovid. 
Met. 14, v. 712. 

Northippus, a Greek tragic poet. 

Nortia, a name given to the goddess of For- 
tune among the Etrurians. Liv. 7, c. 3. 

Nothus, a son of Deucalion. A surname 

of Darius, king of Persia, from his illegiti- 
macy. 

Notium, a town of iEolia, near the Cayster. 
It was peopled by the inhabitants of Colophon, 
who left their ancient habitations because Noti- 
um was more conveniently situated, it being on 
4hc sea shore. Liv. 37, c. 26, 38, 39. 

Notus, the south wind, called also Auster. 

Nov^e (tabernce), the new shops bijilt in the 
forum at Rome, and adorned with the shields of 

the Cimbri. Cic Orat. 2, c. 66. The Vete- 

res taberna were adorned with those of the Sam- 
nites. Liv. 9, c. 40. 

Novaria, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now^b- 
vara in Milan. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 70. 
Nqyatus, a man who severely attacked the 



character of Augustus, under a fictitious name. 
The emperor discovered him, and only fined him 
a small sum of money. 

Novesium, a town of the Ubii, on the west 
of the Rhine, now called Nuys, near Cologne. 
Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 26, &c 

Noviodunum, a town of the iEdui in Gaul, 
taken by J. Caesar. It is pleasantly situated on 
the Ligeris, and now called Noyon, or, as others 
suppose, Nevers. Cas. Bell. G. 2, c. 12. 

Noviomagus or Neomagus, a town of Gaul, 

now Nizeux in Normandy. Another called 

also Nemetes, now Spire Another in Bata- 

via, now Nitneguen, on the south side of the 
Waal. 

Novium, a town of Spain, now Noya. 

Novius Priscds, a man banished from Rome 
by Nero, on suspicion that he was accessary to 

Piso^ conspiracy. Tacit. Jinn. 15, c. 71. 

A man who attempted to assassinate the empe- 
ror Claudius, Two brothers obscurely born 

distinguished in the age of Horace for their offi- 
ciousness. Horat. 1, sat. 6. 

Novum Comum, a town of Insubria, on the 
lake Larinus, of which the inhabitants were 
called Novocomemes. Cic. ad Div. 13, c. 35. 

Nox, one of the most ancient deities among 
the heathens, daughter of Chaos. From her 
union with her brother Erebus, she gave birth 
to the Day and the Light. She was also the 
mother of the Parcae, Hesperides, Dreams, of 
Discord, Death, Momus, Fraud, &c. She is 
called by some of the poets the mother of all 
things, of gods as well as of men, and therefore 
she was worshipped with great solemnity by the 
ancients. She had a famous statue in Diana's 
temple at Ephesus. It was usual to offer her a 
black sheep, as she was the mother of the fu- 
ries. The cock was also offered to her, as that 
bird proclaims the approach of day, during the 
darkness of the night. She is represented as 
mounted on a chariot and covered with a veil 
bespangled with stars. The constellations ge- 
nerally went before her as her constant messen- 
gers. Sometimes she is seen holding two chil- 
dren under her arms, one of which is black, re- 
presenting death, or rather night, and the other 
white, representing sleep or day. Some of the 
moderns have described her as a woman veiled 
in mourning, and crowned with poppies, and 
carried on a chariot drawn by owls and bats. 
Virg. JEn. 6, v. 950,— Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 455. 
—Paus. 10, c. 3$.—Hesiod. Theog. 125 and 
212. 

Nuceria, a town of Campania, taken by 
Annibal. It became a Roman colony under 
Augustus, and was called Nuceria Constantia, 
or Alfaterna. It now bears the name of JVo- 
cera, and contains about thirty thousand inha- 
bitants Lucan. 2, v. 472. — Liv- 9, c. 41, 1. 
27, c. S.—Ital. 8, v. 531.— Tacit. Ann. -IS 

and 14. A town of Umbria, at the foot of 

the Apennines. Strab- — Plin. 

Nuithones, a people of Germany, possess- 
ing the country now called Mecklenburg and 
Pomerania. Tacit. G. 40. 

Numa Marcius, a man made governor of 
Rome by Tullus Hostilius. He was son-in-law 



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-of Numa Pompilius, and father to Ancus Mar- 
tius. Tacit. .#.6, c. 11.— Liv. 1, c 20. 

Numa Pompilius, a celebrated philosopher, 
born at Cures, a village of the Sabines, on the 
day that Romulus laid the foundation of Rome. 
He married Tatia the daughter of Tatius the 
king of the Sabines, and at her death he re- 
tired into the country to devote himself more 
freely to literary pursuits. At the death of 
Romulus, the Romans fixed upon him to be 
their new king, and two senators were sent to 
acquaint him with the decisions of the senate 
and of the people. Numa refused their offers, 
and it was cot but at the repeated solicitations 
and prayers of his friends, that he was prevailed 
upon to accept the royalty. The beginning of 
his reign was popular, and he dismissed the 300 
body guards which his predecessor had kept 
around his person, observing that he did not 
distrust a people who had compelled him to 
reign over them. He was not, like Romulus, 
fond of war, and military expeditions, but he 
applied himself to tame the ferocity of his sub- 
jects, to inculcate in their minds a reverence 
for the deity, and to quell their dissentions by 
dividing all the citizens into different classes. 
He established different orders of priests, and 
taught the Romans not to worship the deity 
by images; and from his example no graven or 
painted statues appeared in the temples or 
sanctuaries of Rome for upwards of 1 60 years 
He encouraged the report which was spread 
of his paying regular visits to the nymph 
Egeria, and made use of her name to give 
sanction to the laws and institutions which 
he had introduced. He established the college 
of the vestals, and told the Romans that the 
safety of the empire depended upon the pre- 
servation of the sacred ancyle or shield which, 
as was generally believed, had dropped down 
from heaven. He dedicated a temple to Janus, 
which, during his whole reign, remained shut 
as a mark of peace and tranquillity at Rome. 
Numa died after a reign of 43 years, in which 
he had given every possible encouragement to 
the useful arts, and in which he had cultivated 
peace, B. C. 672. Not only the Romans, but 
also the neighbouring nations, were eager to 
pay their last offices to a monarch whom they 
revered for his abilities, moderation, and hu- 
manity. He forbad his body to be burnt ac- 
cording to the custom of the Romans, but he 
ordered it to be buried near mount Janiculum, 
with many of the books which he had written. 
These books were accidentally found by one 
of the Romans about 400 years after his death, 
and as they contained nothing new or interest- 
ing, but merely the reasons why he had made 
innovations in the form of worship and in the 
religion of the Romans, they were burnt by 
order of Ihe senate. He left behind one daugh- 
ter called Pompilia, who married Numa Mar- 
cius, and became ihe mother of Ancus Martius 
the fourth king of Rome. Some say that he 
had also four sons, but this opinion is ill found- 
ed. Plut. in vita. — Varro. — Liv. 1, c. 18. — 
Plin. 13 and 14, &c— Flor. 1, c 2.—Virg. 
JEn. 6, v. 809, 1. 9,v. 562.— Cic. de Nat. D. 
3, c. 2 and 17.— Vol. Max. 1, c. 2,—Dwnys. 



Hal 2, c. 59.— Ovid. Fast. 3, &c. One of 

the Rutulian chiefs killed in the night bj Nisus 
and Euryalus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 454. 

Numana, a town of Picenum in Italy, of 
which the people were called Numanates. 
Mela, 2, c. 4. 

Numantia, a town of Spain, near the sources 
of the river Durius, celebrated for the war of 
fourteen years, which, though unprotected by 
walls or towers, it bravely maintained against 
the Romans. The inhabitants obtained some 
advantages over the Roman forces, till Scipio 
\fricanus was empowered to finish the war, 
and to see the destruction of Numantia. He 
began the siege with an army of sixty thousand 
men, and was bravely opposed by the besieged, 
who were no more tnan 4000 men able to bear 
arms. Both armies behaved with uncommon 
valour, and the courage of the Numantines was 
soon changed mto despair and fury. Their pro- 
visions began to fail, and they fed upon the 
flesh of their horses, and afterwards of that of 
their dead companions, and at last were neces- 
sitated to draw lots to kill and devour one ano- 
ther. The melancholy situation of their affairs 
obliged some to surrender to the Roman gene- 
ral. Scipio demanded them to deliver them- 
selves up on the morrow; they refused, and 
when a longer time had been granted to their 
petitions, tuey retired and set fire to their 
hovses,and all destroyed themselves, B. C. 133, 
so that not even one remained to adorn the 
triumph of the conqueror. Some historians, 
however, deny that, and support that a number 
of Numantines delivered themselves into Scipio's 
hands, and that fifty of them were drawn in 
triumph at Rome, and the rest sold as slaves, 
The fall of Numantia was more glorious than 
that of Carthage and Corinth, though inferior 
to them. The conqueror obtained the sur- 
name of Numantinus. Flcr 2, c. 18. — Jlppian. 
Iber. — Paterc 2, c. 3. — Cic 1. off. — Strab. 3. 
— Mela, 2, c. 6.— Plut.— Horat- 2, od. 12, v. 1 . 

Numantina, a woman accused under Tibe- 
rius of making her husband insane by enchant- 
ments, &c. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 22. 

Numanus Remulus. a Rutulian who accused 
the Trojans of effeminacy. He had married 
the younger sister of Turnus, and was killed by 
Ascanius during the Rutulian war. Virg. JE/n. 
9, v. 592, &c. 

Numenes, a follower of the doctrines of 
Plato and Pythagoras, born at Apamea in Syria. 
He flourished in the reign of M. Antoninus. 

Ncmenia, or Neomenia, a festival observed 
by the Greeks at the beginning of every lunar 
month, in honour of all the gods, bnt especially 
of Apollo, or the Sun, who is justly deemed the 
author of light and of whatever distinction is 
made in the months, seasons, days, and nights. 
It was observed with games and public entertain- 
ments, which were provided at the expense of rich 
citizens, aud which were always frequented by 
the poor. Solemn prayers were offered at 
Athens during the solemnity, for the prosperity 
of the republic. The demi-gods as well as the 
heroes of the ancients, were honoured and in- 
voked in the festival. 

Numenius, a philosopher whq supposed tha* 



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Chaos, from which the world was created, was 
animated by an evil and maleficent soul. He 
lived in the second century. 

Nomentana via, a road at Rome, which 
led to mount Sacer, through the gate Viminalis. 
Liv. 3, c. 52. 

Numeria, a goddess at Rome who presided 
over numbers. Jlug.de Civ. D. 4, c. 11. 

Numerianus, M. Aurelius, a son of the 
emperor Carus. He accompanied his father 
into the cast with the title of Caesar, and at his 
death he succeeded him with his brother C an- 
nus, A., D. 282. His reign was short. Eight 
months after his father's death, he was murder- 
ed in his litter by his father-in-law Arrius Aper, 
who accompanied him in an expedition The 
murderer, who hoped to ascend the vacant 
throne, continued to follow the litter as if the 
emperor was alive, till he found a proper oppor- 
tunity to declare his sentiments. The stench 
of the body however soon discovered his perfidy, 
and he was sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers. 
Numerianus has been admired lor his learning 
as well as his moderation. He was naturally 
an eloquent speaker, and in poetry he was in- 
ferior to no writer of his age, A friend of 

the emperor Severus. 

Numerius, a man who favoured the escape 

of Marius to Africa, &c. A friend of Pom- 

pey taken by J. Caesar's adherents, &c. Plin. 

Numicia via, one of the great Roman roads 
which led from the capital to the town of 
Brundusium. 

Numicus, a small river of Latium, near La- 
vinium, where the dead body of iEneas was 
found, and where Anna, Dido's sister, drowned 

herself. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 150, &c. Sil. 1, 

v. 359 —Ovid. Met. 14, v. 358, &c. Fast. 3, 

v. 643 A friend of Horace, to whom he 

addressed 1 ep. 6. 

Numida, a surname given by Horace, 1 od. 
36, to one of the generals of Augustus, from his 
conquests in Numidia. Some suppose that it is 
Pomponius, others Plotius. 

Numidia, an inland country of Africa, which 
now forms the kingdom of Algiers and Bildul- 
gerid. It was bounded on the north by the 
Mediterranean sea, south by Gaetulia, west by j 
Mauritania, and east by a part of Libya which 
was called Africa Propria. The inhabitants 
were called JVbmac/es, and afterwards Jfumidos. 
It was the kingdom of Masinissa, who was the 

» occasion of the third Punic war, on account of 
the offence he had received from the Cartha- 
ginians. Jugurtha reigned there, as also Juba 
the father and son. It was conquered, and be- 
came a Roman province, of which Sallust was 
the first governor. The Numidians were ex- 
cellent warriors, and in their expeditions they 
always endeavoured to engage with the enemy 
in the night time. They rode without saddles 
or bridles, whence they have been called in- 

froeni. They had their wives in common as 
the rest of the barbarian nations of antiquity. 
Sallust. in Jug. — Flor. 2, c. 15. — Strab. 2 and 
17.— Mela, 1, c. 4, &c— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 754. 
Numidius Quadratus, a governor of Syria 
under Claudius. Tacit. Ann. 12. 



Numistro, a town of the Brutii in Italy. 
Liv. 45, c- 17. 

Numitor, a son of Procas, king of Alba, 
who inherited his father's kingdom with his 
brother Amulius, and began to reign conjointly 
with him. Amulius was too avaricious to bear a 
colleague on the throne; he expelled his brother, 
and that he might more safely secure biuiself 
he put to death his son Lausus, and consecrated 
his daughter Ilia to the service of the goddess 
Vesta, which demanded perpetual celibacy. 
These great precautions were rendered abor- 
tive Ilia became pregnant, and though the two 
children whom she brought forth were exposed 
in the river by order of the tyrant, their life was 
preserved, and Numitor was restored to ids 
throne by his grandsons, and the tyrannical usur- 
per was put to death Dionys. Hal. — Liv. I, c. 
3 — Plut. in Romul. — Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 55, &c. 

— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 788. A son of Phorcus 

who fought with Turnus against JSneas. Virg. 
JEn. 10, v. 342. A rich and dissolute Ro- 
man in the age of Juvenal 7, v. 74. 

Numitorius, a Roman who defended Vir- 
ginia, to whom Appius wished to offer violence. 

He was made military tribune. Q,. Pullus, 

a general of Fregellae, &c. Cic. de Inv. 2, c. 
34. 

Numonius. Vid. Vala. 

Nuncoreus, a son of Sesostris king of Egypt, 
who made an obelisk, some ages after brought 
to Rome, and placed in the Vatican. Plin. 
36, c. 11. He is called Pheron by Hero- 
dotus. 

Ncndina, a goddess whom the Romans in- 
voked when they named their children. This 
happened the ninth day after their birth, whence 
the name of the goddess. Nona dies. Macrob. 
Sat. 1, c. 16. 

Nundinje. Vid. Feriae. 

Nursje, a town of Italy. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 
744. 

Nurscia, a goddess who patronized the Etru- 
rians. Juv. 10, v. 74. 

Nursia, now Norza, a town of Picenum whose 
inhabitants are called Nursini. Its situation 
was exposed, and the air considered as unwhole- 
some. Sil. It 8, v. 416 —Virg. JEn. 7, v. 
716.— Martial. 13, ep. 20 —Liv 28, c. 45. 

Nutria, a town of Illyricum. Polyb. 2. 

Nycteis, a daughter of Nycteus, who Was 

mother of Labdacus A patronymic of An- 

tiope the daughter of Nycteus, mother of Am- 
phion and Zethus by Jupiter, who had assumed 
the shape of a satyr to enjoy her company. Ovid. 
Met. 6, v. ] 10. 

Nyctelia, festivals in honour of Bacchus, 
[Vid. Nyctelius,] observed on mount Cithaeron. 
Plut- in Symp. 

Nyctelius, a surname of Bacchus, because 
his orgies were celebrated in the night. (vj/| 
nox, TiKicc perficio.) The words latex Nyctelius 
thence signify wine. Serieca in OEdip. — Pans. 
1, c. 40.— Ovid. MeU 4, v. 15. 

Nycteus, a son of Hyrieus and Clonia. 

A son of Chthonius. A son of Neptune by 

Celene, daughter of Atlas, king of Lesbos, or 
of Thebes, according to the more received opi- 
nion. He married a nymph of Crete called 



NY 



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Polyxo or Amalthsea, by whom he had two 
daughters, Nyctimene and Antiope. The first 
of these disgraced herself by her criminal amours 
with her father, into whose bed she introduced 
herself by means of her nurse. When the fa- 
ther knew the incest he had committed, he at- 
tempted to stab his daughter, who was immedi- 
ately changed by Minerva into an owl. Nycteus 
made war against Epopeus, who had carried 
away Antiope, and died of a wound which he 
had received in an engagement, leaving his 
kingdom to his brother Lycus, whom he entreat- 
ed to continue the war, and punish Antiope for 
her immodest conduct. [Vid. Antiope] Paus- 
St c. 6.—Hygin. fab. 157 and 204.— Ovid. Met. 
2, v. 590, &c. 1. 6, v. 110, &c. 

Nyctimene, a daughter of Nycteus. Vid. 
Nycteus. 

Ntctimus, a son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. 
He died without issue, and left bis kingdom to 
his nephew Areas, the sou of -Caiisto. Paus. 8, 
c 4. 

Nymb^um, a lake of Peloponnesus in La- 
conia. Id. 3, v. 23. 

Nymphje, certain female deities among the 
ancients. They were generally divided into two 
classes, nymphs of the land and nymphs of the 
sea. Of the nymphs of the earth, some pre- 
sided over woods, and were called Drycdes and 
Hamadryades, others presided over mountains, 
and were called Oreades, some presided over 
hills and dales, and were called Napasaz, &c. 
Of the sea nymphs, some were called Oceanides, 
Nereides, Naiades, Potamides, Limnades, &c. 
These presided not only. over the sea, but also 
over rivers, fountains, streams, and lakes. The 
nymphs fixed their residence not only in the sea, 
but also oa mountains, rocks, in woods or ca- 
verns, and their grottos were beautified by ever- 
greens and delightful and romantic scenes. The 
nymphs were immortal according to the opinion 
of some mytbologists; others supposed that, like 
men, they were subject to mortality, though their 
life was of long duration. They lived for se- 
veral thousand years according to Hesiod, or as 
Plutarch seems obscurely to intimate, they lived 
aBove 9720 years. The number of the nymphs 
is not precisely known. There were above 3000, 
according to Hesiod, whose power was extended 
over the different places of the earth, and the 
various functions and occupations of mankind. 
They were worshipped by the ancients, though 
not with so much solemnity as the superior dei- 
ties. They had no temples raised to their honour, 
and the only offerings they received were milk, 
honey, oil, and sometimes the sacrifice of a goat. 
They were generally represented as young and 
beautiful virgins, veiled up to the middle, and 
sometimes they held a vase, from which they 
seemed to pour water. Sometimes they had 
grass, leaves, and shells instead of vases. It 
was deemed unfortunate to see them naked, and 
such sight was generally attended by a delirium, 
to which Propertius seems to allude in this verse, 
wherein he speaks of the innocence and sim- 
plicity of the primitive ages of (he world, 
Necfuerat nudas po&na videre Deas. 
The nymphs were generally distinguished by an 
epithet which denoted the place of their resi- 



dence; thus the nymphs of Sicily were called 
Sicelidesj those of Corycus, Corycides, &c. Ovid. 
Met. 1, v. 320, 1. 5, v. 412, 1. 9, 651, &c. Fast. 
3, v. 769.— Paus. 10, c. 9.— Plut. dc Orac. def. 
— Oipheus. Jirg. — Hesiod. Thcog. — Propert. 3, 
el. 12.— Homer. Od. 14. 

NYMPHiEUM, a port of Macedonia. Cces. 

Bell. Civ. A promontory of Epirus on the 

Ionian sea. A place near the walls of Apol- 

lonia, sacred to the nymphs, where Apollo had 
also an oracle. The place was also celebrated 
for the continual flames of fire which seemed to 
rise at a distance from the plains. It was there 
that a sleeping satyr was once caught and brought 
to Sylla as he returned from the Mithndatic war. 
This monster had the same features as the poc::- 
ascribe to the satyr. He was interrogated by 
Sylla, and by his interpreters, but his articula- 
tions were unintelligible, and the Romaic spurn- 
ed from him a creature which seemed to psi take 
of the nature of a beast more than that of a man. 
Plut. in Sylla.— Dio. 41— Plin. 5, c. 29— 
Strab. l.—Liv. 42, c. 36 and 49.- — A city of 

Taurica Chersonesus The building at Rome 

where the nymphs were worshipped, bore also 
this name, being adorned with their statues and 
with fountains and water-falls, which afforded 
an agreeable and refreshing coolness. 

Nymph^eus, a man who went into Caria at 
the head of a colony of Melians, &c. Polycen. 8. 

Nymphidius, a favourite of Nero, who said 
that he was descended from Caligula. Pie was 
raised to the consular dignity, and soon after 
disputed the empire with Galba. He was slain 
by the soldiers, &c. Tacit. Jinn. 15. 

Nymphis, a native of Heiaelea, who wrote 
an history of Alexander's life and actions, divi- 
ded into 24 books. JElian. 7. de Jinim. 

Nymph odorus, a writer of Amphipolis. 

A Syracusan who wrote an history of Sicily. 

Nympholeptes, or Nyrnphomanes, possessed 
by the nymphs. This name was given to the in- 
habitants of mount Cilhaeron, who believed that 
they were inspired by the nymphs. Plut. in *flrist. 

Nymphon, a native of Colophon, &c. Ck. 
adfra. 1. 

Nypsius, a general of Dionysius the tyrant, 
who took Syracuse, and put all the inhabitants 
to the sword. Diod. 16. 

Nysa or Nyssa, a town of ^Ethiopia, at the 
south of Egypt, or according to others, of Ara- 
bia. This city, with another of the same name 
in India, was sacred to the god Bacchus, who 
was educated there by the nymphs of the place, 
and who received the name of Dionysius, which 
seems to be compounded of &ios & Nv<r«i, the 
name of his father, and that of the place of his 
education. The god made this place the seat of 
his empire and the capital of the conquered na- 
tions of the east. Diodorus, hi his third and 
fourth books, has given a prolix account of the 
birth of the god at Nysa, and of his education . 
and heroic actions. Mela, 3, c. 7. — Ovid. Met. 
4, v. 13, Sac.—Ital. 7, v. 198— Curt. 8, c. 10. 

— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 805. According to some 

geographers there were no less than ten places 
of the name of Nysa. One of these was on the 
coast of Eubcea. famous for its vines, which 
grew in such an uncommon manner, that if a 



NY 



NY 



twig was planted in the ground in the morning, 
it immediately produced grapes, which were full 
ripe in the evening. A city of Tlnace 



Another seated on the top of mount Parnassus, 
and sacred to Bacchus. Juv. 7, v. 63. 

NysiEus, a surname of Bacchus, because he 
was worshipped at Nysa. Propert. 3, el. 17, v. 

22. A son of Dionysius of Syracuse. C. 

Nep. in Dion, 

Nysas, a river of Africa, rising in Ethiopia. 



Nysls: port^s, a small island in Africa* 

Nysiades, a name given to the nymphs of 
Nysa, to whose care Jupiter entrusted the edu- 
caion of his son Bacchus, Ovid. Met. 3, v. 314, 
&c. 

Nysiros, an Island. Vid. Nisyros. 

Nysius, a surname of Bacchus as the pro- 
tecting god of Nysa. Cic Flac. 25. 

Nyssa, a eister of Mithridates the Great. 
Plut. 



oc 

ARSES, the original name of Artaxerxes 
Memnon. 

Oarus, a river of Sarmatia, falling into the 
Pal us Moeotis. Herodot. 4. 

Oasis, a town about the middle of Libya, at 
the distance of seven days journey from Thebes 
in Egypt, where the Persian army sent by Cam- 
byses to plunder Jupiter Amnion's temple was 
lost in the sands. There were two other cities 
of that name very little known. Oasis became 
a place of banishment under the lower empire. 
Strab. 17 — Zosim. 5, c. 97. — Herodot. 3, c. 26 

Oaxes, a river of Crete which received its 
name from Oaxus the son of Apollo. Virg. Eel. 
1, v. 66. 

Oaxus, a town of Crete where Etearchus 

reigned, who founded Cyrene. A son of 

Apollo and the nymph Anchiale. 

Obringa, now Mir, a river of Germany fall- 
ing into the Rhine above Rimniagen. 

Obultronius, a quaestor put to death by Gal- 
ea's orders, &e. Tacit 

Ocalea or Ocalia, a town of Boeotia. Ho- 
rner. II. 2. A daughter of Mantineus, who 

married Abas, son of Lynceus and Hypermnes- 
tra, by whom she had Acrisius and Prcetus. Spoh 
lod. 2, c. 2. 

Oceia, a woman who presided over the sa- 
cred rites of Vesta for 57 years with the great- 
est saactity. She died in the reign of Tiberius, 
and the daughter of Domitius succeeded her. 
Tacit. Jinn. 2, c. 86. 

Oceanides, and Oceanitides, sea nymphs, 
daughters of Oceanus, from whom they received 
their name, and of the goddess Tethys. They 
were 3000 according to Apollodorus, who men- 
tions the names of seven of them; Asia, Styx, 
Electra, Doris, Eurynome, Amphitrite, and Me- 
tis. Hesiod, speaks of the eldest of them, arid 
reckons 41 ; Pitho, Admete, Prynno, Ianthe, Rho- 
dia, Hippo, Callirhoe, Urania, Clymene, Idyia, 
Pasithoe, Clythia, Zeuxo, Galuxaure, Plexaure, 
Perseis, Pluto, Thoe, Polydora, Melobosis, Di- 
one, Cerceis, Xantha, Acasta, lantra, Telestho, 
Europa, Menestho, Petrea, Eudora ? Calypso, 
Tyche, Ocyroe, Crisia, Araphiro, with those 
mentioned by Apollodorus except Amphitrite. 
Hyginus mentions 16 whose names are almost 
all different from those of Apollodorus and He- 
siod, which difference proceeds from the muti- 
lation of the original text. The Oceanides, as 
the rest of the inferior deities, were honoured 



oc 

with libations and sacrifices. Prayers were of- 
fered to them, and they were entreated to pro- 
tect sailors from storms and dangerous tempests. 
The Argonauts, before they proceeded to their 
expedition, made an offering of flour, honey, and 
oil, on the sea shore, to all the deities of the sea, 
and sacrificed bulls to them, and entreated their 
protection. When the sacrifice was made on 
the sea shore, the blood of the victim was re- 
ceived in a vessel, but when it was in open sea, 
the blood was permitted to run down into the 
waters. When the sea was calm the sailors 
generally offered a lamb or a young pig, but if 
it was agitatad by the winds, and rough, a black 
bull was deemed the most acceptable victim. 
Homer Od. 3. — Horat. — JJpollon. Arg. — Virg. 
G. 4, v. 341.— Hesiod. Theog. S49.—Apollod. 1. 

Oceanus, a powerful deity of the sea, son of 
Ccelus and Terra. He married Tetbys, by whom 
he had the most principal rivers, such as the 
Alpheus, Peneus, Strymon, &c. with a number 
of daughters, who are called from, him Ocean- 
ides. [Vid. Oceanides.] According to Homer, 
Oceanus was the father of ail the gods, and oA 
that account he received frequent visits from the 
rest of the deities. He is generally represented 
as an old man with a long flowing beard, and 
sitting upon the waves of the sea. He often 
holds a pike in his hand, while ships under sail 
appear at a distance, or a sea monster stands 
near him. Oceanus presided over every part of 
the sea, and even the rivers were subjected to 
his power. The ancients were superstitious in 
their worship to Oceanus, and revered with great 
solemnity a deity to whose care they entrusted 
themselves when going on any voyage. Hesiod. 
Theog. — Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 81, &c. — Jipollod. I. 
—Cic. de Nat, D. 3, c. 20.— Homer. II. 

Ocellus, an ancient philosopher of Lucania. 
Vid. Lucanus. 

Ocelum, a town of Gaul. Cats. Bell. G. 1, 
c. 10. 

Ocha, a mountain of Eubcea, and the name 

of Euboea itself. A sister of Ochus buried 

alive by his orders. 

Ochesius, a general of /Etolia in the Trojan 
war. Homer. It. 5. 

Cchus, a surname given to Artaxerxes the 3d 

king of Persia. [Vid. Artaxerxes.] A man 

of Cyzicus who was killed by the Argonauts. 

Flacc. 3. A prince of Persia, who refused 

to visit his native country for fear of giving all, 



oc 



oc 



the women each a piece of gold. Plut. A 

river of India, or of Bactriana. Plin. 6, c. 16, 
1. 31, c. 7 A king of Persia. He exchang- 
ed this name for that of Dariu6. VvL Darius 
Nothus. 

Ocntjs, a son of the Tiber and of Manto, who 
assisted iEueas against Turcus. He built a town 
which he called Mantua after his mother's 
name. Some suppose that he is the same as 

Bianor, Virg. Eel. 9, JEn. 10, v 198 A 

man remarkable for his industry. He had a 
wife as remarkable for her profusion; she al- 
ways consumed and lavished away whatever the 
labours of her husband had earned. He is re- 
presented as twisting a cord, which an ass stand- 
ing by eats up as soon as he makes it, whence 
the proverb of the cord of Ocnus often applied 
to labour which meets no return, and which is 
totally lost. Propert 4, el 3, v. 21.— Plin. 35, 
c. U.—Paus. 10, c 29. 

Ocriculum, now Otricoli, a town of Umbria 
near Home. Cic. pro. Mil. — Liv. 19, c. 41. 

Ocridion, a king of Rhodes who was reckon- 
ed in the number of the gods after death. Plut. 
in Grcec. quozst. 27. 

Ocrisia, a woman of Corniculum, who was 
one of the attendants of Tanaquil the wife of 
Tarquinius Priscus. As she was throwing into 
the flames, as offerings, some of the meats that 
were served on the table of Tarquin, she sud- 
denly saw in the fire what Ovid calls obsceeni 
forma virilis. She informed the queen of it, and 
when by her orders she had approached near it, 
she conceived a son who was called Servius 
Tullius, and who being educated in the king's 
family, afterwards succeeded to the vacant 
throne. Some suppose that Vulcan had assumed 
that form which was presented to the ejes of 
Ocrisia, and that the god was the father of the 
sixth king of Rome. Plut. defort. Rom. — Plin. 
36, c. 21.~Ovid. Fast. 6, v 627. 

Octacillius, a slave who was manumitted, 
and who afterwards taught rhetoric at Rome. 
He had Pompey the Great in the number of his 
pupils. Sv.eton. in Rhet — Mattial. 10, ep. 79. 

Octavia, a Roman lady sister to the empe- 
ror Augustus and celebrated for her beauty and 
virtues. She married Claudius Marcellus, and 
after his death M. Antony Her marriage with 
Antony was a political step to reconcile her 
•brother and her husband. Antony proved for some 
time attentive to her, but he soon after despis- 
ed her for Cleopatra, and when she attempted 
to withdraw him from this unlawful amour by 
going to meet him at Athens, she was secretly 
rebuked and totally banished from his presence- 
This affront was highly resented by Augustus, 
and though Octavia endeavoured to pacify him 
by palliating her husband's behaviour, he re- 
solved to revenge her cause by arms. After the 
battle of Actium and the death of Antony, Octa- 
via, forgetful of the injuries she had received, 
took into her house all the children of her hus- 
band, and treated them with maternal tender- 
ness. Marcellus her son by her first husband 
was married to a niece of Augustus, and pub- 
licly intended as a successor to his uncle. His 
sudden death plunged all his family into the 
greatest grief. Virgil, whom Augustus patro- 



nized, undertook upon himself to pay a melan- 
choly tribute to the memory of a young man 
whom Rome regarded as her future father and 
patron. He was desired to repeat his composi- 
tion in the presence of Augustus and of his sis- 
ter. Octavia burst into tears as soon as the poet 
began; but when he mentioned, Tu Marcellus 
eris, she swooned away. This tender and pa- 
thetic encomium upon the merit and the virtue of 
youag Marceilus was liberally rewarded by Oc- 
tavia, and Virgil received 10,000 sesterces for 
every one of the verses. Octavia had two 
daughters by Antony, Anlouia Major and An- 
tonia Minor. The eider married L. Domitius 
Ahenobarbus, by whom she hau Cn. Domitius 
the father of the emperor Nero by Agrippina 
the daughter of Germanicus. Antonia Minor, 
who was as virtuous and as beautiful as her 
mother, married Drusus the son of Tiberius, by 
whom she had Germanicus, and Claudius, who 
reigned before Nero. The death of Marcellus 
continually preyed upon the mind of Octavia, 
who died of melancholy about 10 years before the 
Christian era. Her brother paid great regard 
to her memory, by pronouncing himself her fu- 
neral oration. The Roman people also showed 
their respect for her virtues by their wish to pay 
her divine honours. — Suet, in Aug. — Plut in 

Anton. &c A daughter of the emperor 

Claudius by Messalina. She was betrothed to 
Silanus, but by the intrigues of Agrippina, she 
was married to the emperor Nero in the 16th 
year of her age. She was soon after divorced 
on pretence of barrenness, and the emperor 
married Poppsea. who exercised her enmity 
upon Octavia by causing her to be banished into 
Campania. She was afterwards recalled at the 
instance of the people, and Poppaea, who was 
resolved on her ruin, caused her again to be 
banished to an island, where she was ordered to 
kill herself by opening her veins. Her head 
was cut off and carried to Poppaea. Suet, in 
Claud. 27, inNer 7 and 35. — Tacit. Ann. 12. 

Octavianus, or Octavius C^sar, the ne- 
phew of Caesar the dictator. After the battle 
of Actium and the final destruction of the Ro- 
man republic, the servile seuate bestowed upon 
him the title and surname of Augustus as ex- 
pressive of his greatness and dignity. Vid. Au- 
gustus. 

Octavius, a Roman officer who brought Per- 
seus, king of Macedonia, a prisoner to the con- 
sul. He was sent by his countrymen to be guar- 
dian to Ptolemy Eupator, the young king of 
Egypt, where he behaved with the greatest ar- 
rogance. He was assassinated by Lysias, who was 
before regent of Egypt. The murderer was sent 

to Rome. A man who opposed Metellus in 

the reduction of Crete by means of Pompey. He 

was obliged to retire from the island. A 

man who banished Cinna from Rome and be- 
came remarkable for his probity and fondness of 
discipline. He was seized and put to death by- 
order of his successful rivals Marius and Cinua.. 

A Roman who boasted of being in the 

number of Caesar's murderers. His assertions 
were false, yet he was punished as if he had 
been accessary to the conspiracy. A lieuten- 
ant of Crassus in Parthia. He accompanied ft;s 

3q 



OD 



GEA 



general to the tent of the Parthian conqueror, 
and was killed by the enemy as he attempted 
to hinder them from carrying away Crassus. 
A governor of Cilicia. He died in his pro- 
vince, and Lncullus made applications to suc- 
ceed him, &c. A tribune of the people at 

Rome, whom Tib. Gracchus his colleague de- 
posed. A commander of the forces of Anto- 
ny against Augustus. An officer who killed 

himself, &c. A tribune of the people, who 

debauched a woman of Poutus from her hus- 
band. She proved unfaithful to him, upon which 
he murdered her. He was condemned under 
Nero. Tacit. Jinn. §f Hist. — Plut in vitis. — 

Flor. — Liv. &c A poet in the Augustan 

age intimate with Horace. He also distinguish- 
ed himself as an historian. Horat. 1. Sat. 10, 
v. 82. 

OcTODURns, a village in the modern country 
of Switzerland, now called Martigny. Cces: B. 
G. 3, c. 1. .•'/'■ 

Octogesa, a town of Spain, a little above 
the mouth of the Iberus, now called Mequinen- 
sa. Cess. B. G. 1, c. 61. 

Octolophum, a place of Greece. Liv. 31. 

Ocyalus, oneof the Phaeacians with Alcinous. 
Homer. Od. 

Ocypete, one of the Harpies who infected 
whatever she touched. The name signifies swift 
flying. Hesiod. Theog. 265. — sipollod. 1, c. 9. 



-A daughter of Thaumas.- 



-A daughter 
of Danaus 

Ocyroe, a daughter of Chiron by Chariclo, 
who had the gift of prophecy. She was chang- 
ed into a mare. \_Vid. Melanippe.] Ovid. Met. 

2, v. 638, &c. A woman daughter of Chesi- 

as, carried away by Apollo as she was going to 
a festival at Miletus. 

Odenatus, a celebrated prince of Palmyra. 
He early inured himself to bear fatigues, and 
by hunting leopards and wild beasts, he accus- 
tomed himself to the labours of a military life. 
He was faithful to the Romans; and when Au- 
relian had been taken prisoner by Sapor, king 
of Persia, Odenatus warmly interested himself 
in his cause, and solicited his release by writing 
a letter to the conqueror and sending him pre- 
sents. The king of Persia was offended at the 
liberty of Odenatus; he tore the letter, and or- 
dered the presents which were offered to be 
thrown into a river. To punish Odenatus, who 
had the impudence, as he observed, to pay ho- 
mage to so great a monarch as himself, he or- 
dered him to appear before him, on pain of be- 
ing devoted to instant destruction, with all his 
family, if he dared to refuse. Odenatus disdain- 
ed the summons of Sapor, and opposed force to 
force. He obtained some advantages over the 
troops of the Persian monarch, and took his wife 
prisoner with a great and rich booty. These 
services were seen with gratitude by the Ro- 
mans; and Gallienus, the then reigning em- 
peror, named Odenatus as his colleague on the 
throne, and gave the title of Augustus to his 
children, and to his wife the celebrated Zeno- 
bia. Odenatus, invested with new power, resolv- 
ed to signalize himself more conspicuously by 
conquering the northern barbarians, but his ex- 
ultation was short, and he perished by the dag- 



ger of one of his relations, whom he had slightly 
offended in a domestic entertainment. He died 
at Emessa, about the 267tb year of the Chris- 
tian era. Zenobia succeeded to all his titles and 
honours. 

Odessus, a sea port town at the west of the 
Euxine sea in Lower Moesia, below the mouths 
of the Danube. Ovid. 1. Trist 9, v. 37. 

Odeum, a musical theatre at Athen9. Vitruv. 
5, c. 9. 

Odinus, a celebrated hero of antiquity, who 
flourished about 70 years before the Christian 
era, in the northern parts of ancient Germany, 
or the modern kingdom of Denmark. He was 
at once a priest, a soldier, a poet, a monarch, 
and a conqueror. He imposed upon the credu- 
lity of his superstitious countrymen, and made 
them believe that he could raise the dead to 
life, and that he was acquainted with futurity. 
When he had extended his power, and increas- 
ed h'sfame by conquest, and by persuasion, he 
resolved to die in a different manner from other 
men. He assembled his friends, and with the 
sharp point of a lance he made on his body nine 
different wounds in the form of a circle, and as 
he expired he declared he was going into Scy- 
thia, where he should become one of the immor- 
tal gods. He further added, that he would pre- 
pare bliss and felicity for such of his country- 
men as lived a virtuous life, who fought with in- 
trepidity, and who died like heroes in the field 
of battle. These injunctions had the desired 
effect; his countrymen superstitiously believed 
him, and always recommended themselves to his 
protection whenever they engaged in a battle, 
and they entreated him to receive the souls of 
such as had fallen in war 

OdItes, a son of Ixion, killed by Mopsus, at 
the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid Met. 12, v. 
457. A prince killed at the nuptials of An- 
dromeda. Id. ib 5, v. 97. 

Odoacer, a king of the Heruli, who destroy- 
ed the western empire of Rome, and called him- 
self king of Italy, A D 476, 

Odomanti, a people of Thrace, on the eas- 
tern banks of the Strymon. Liv. 45, c. 4. 

Odomes, a people of Thrace. 

Odrysje, an ancient people of Thrace, be- 
tween Abdera and the river Ister. The epithet 
of Odrysius is often applied to a Thracian. Ovid. 
Met. 6, v. 490, 1 13, v. 554— Stat. Jch. 1, v. 
184.— Liv. 39, c. 53. 

Odyssea, one of Homer's epic poems, in 
which he describes in 24 books the adventures 
of Ulysses on his return from the Trojan war, 
with other material circumstances. The whole 
of the action comprehends no more than 55 
days. It is not so esteemed as the Iliad of that 
poet. Vid. Homerus. 

Odysseum, a promontory of Sicily, at the 
west of Pachynus. 

(Ea, a city of Africa, now Tripoli. Plin. 5, 

c. 4. — Sil. Jtal. 3, v. 257. Also a place in 

JEgina. Herodot. 5, c. 83. 

CEagrus or GEager, the father of Orpheus 
by Calliope. He was king of Thrace, and from 
him mount Haemus, and also the Hebrus, one 
of the rivers of the country, has received the 
appellation of CEagrius, though Serviu3, in hisi 



(ED 



(ED 



commentaries, disputes the explanation of Dio- 
dorus, by asserting that the (Eagrius is a river 
of 1 hrace, whose waters supply the streams of 
the Hebrus. Ovid- in lb. 414. — *2poUon. 1, 
arg.—Virg. G. 4, v. 524.— Hal 5, v. 463.— 
Diod.—Jipollod. I.e. 3. 

(Eanthe, and (Eanthia, a town of Phocis, 
where Venus had a temple. Paus. 10, c. 38. 

(Eax, a son of Nauplius and Clymene. He 
was brother to Palamedes, whom he accom- 
panied to the Trojan war, and whose death he 
highly resented on his return to Greece, by 
raising disturbances in the family of some of 
the Grecian princes. Dictys. Cret. — Jlpollod. 
2.—Hygin. fab. 117. 

(Ebalia, the ancient name of Laconia, which 
it received from king (Ebalus, and thence 
(Ebalides puer is applied to Hyacinthus as a 
native of the country, and (Eb alius sanguis is 
used to denominate his blood. Paus. 3, c, 1. — 

Jlpollod. 3, c, 10. The same name is given 

to Tarentum, because built by a Lacedaemonian 
colony, whose ancestors were governed by 
(Ebalus. Virg. G. 4, v. 125.— Sil. 12, v. 451. 

(Ebalus, a son of Argalus or Cynortas who 
was king of Laconia. He married Gorgophone 
the daughter .of Perseus, by whom he had Hip- 
pocoon, Tyndarus, &c. Paus- 3 c. 1 — Jlpol- 
lod. 3, c. 10. A son of Telon and the nymph 

Sebethis, who reigned in the neighbourhood of 
Neapolis in Italy. Virg. Mn. 7, v. 734. 

(Ebares. a satrap of Cyrus, against the 

Medes. Polyazn 7. A groom of Darius son 

of Hystaspes- He was the cause that his mas- 
ter obtained the kingdom of Persia, by his ar- 
tifice in making his horse neigh first. [Vid 
Darius 1st.] Herodot. 3, c. 85. — Justin, l,c. 10. 

(Echalia, a country of Peloponnesus in La- 
conia, with a small town of the same name. 
This town was destroyed by Hercules, while 
Eurytus was king over it, from which circum- 
stance it is often called Eurytopolis A small 

town of Euboea, where, according to some. 
Eurytas reigned, and not in Ptloponnesus. 
Strab. 8, 9 and 10:— Virg. JEn. 8, v. 291.— 
Ovid. Heroid. 9, Met. 9, v. 136. — Sophoc. in 
Thrac 74 and Schol. 

(Eclides, a patronymic of Amphiaraus, son 
ofCEdeus. Ovid. Mtt. 8, fab 7. 

(Ecleus. Vid. Oicleus. 

(Ecumenitjs, wrote in the middle of the 10th 
century a paraphrase of some of the books of 
the New Testament in Greek, edited in 2 vols. 
fol. Paris 1631. 

(Edipodia, a fountain of Thebes in Boeotia. 

(Edipus, a son of Laius, king of Thebes and 
Jocasta. As being descended from Venus by 
his father's side, (Edipus was born to be ex- 
posed to all the dangers and the calamities 
which Juno could inflict upon the posterity of 
the goddess of beauty. Laius the father of 
(Edipus, was informed by the oracle, as soon 
as he man ied Jocasta, that he must perish by 
the hands of his son. Such dreadful swe'iiirence 
awakened his fears, and to prevent the fulfill- 
ing of the oracle, he resolved never to approach 
Jocasta; but his solemn resolutions were viola- 
ted in a fit of intoxication. The queen became 
pregnant, and Laius, still intent to stop this 



evil, ordered his wife to destroy her child as 
soon as it came into the world. The mother 
had not the courage to obey, yet she gave the 
child as soon as born to one of her domestics, 
with orders to expose him on the mountains. The 
servant was moved with pity, but to obey the 
command of Jocasta, he bored the feet of the 
child and suspended him with a twig by the 
heels to a tree on mount Cithaeron, where he 
was' soon found by one of the shepherds of 
Polybus king of Corinth. The shepherd carried 
him home; and Peribcea, the wife of Polybus, 
who had no children, educated him as her own 
child, with maternal tenderness. The accom- 
plishments of the infant, who was named (Edi- 
pus, on account of the swelling of his feet, 
{oiSiod twneo TroJ'is pedes,) soon became the 
admiration of the age. His companions en- 
vsed his strength and his address; and one of 
them, to mortify his rising ambition, told him 
he was an illegitimate child. This raised his 
doubts; he asked Peribcea, who, out of tender- 
ness, told him, that his suspicions were ill 
founded. Not satisfied with this, he went to 
consult the oracle of Delphi, and was there told 
not to return home, for if he did, he must ne- 
cessarily be the murderer of his father, and the 
husband of his mother. This answer of the 
oracie terrified him; be knew no home but the 
house of Poiybus, therefore he resolved not to 
return to Corinth, where such calamities ap* 
parently attended him. He travelled towards 
Phocis, and in his journey met in a narrow 
road Laius on a chariot with his arm-bearer. 
Laius haughtily ordered (Edipus to make way 
for him. (Edipus refused, and a contest en- 
-ueJ, in which Laius and his arm-bearer were 
both killed. As (Edipus was ignorant of the 
quality, and of the rank of the men whom he 
had just killed, he continued his journey, and 
was attracted to Thebes by the fame of the 
Sphynx This terrible monster, whom Juno 
had sent to lay waste the country, \_Vid. 
Sphynx,] resoried in the neighbourhood of 
Thebes, and devoured all those who attempted 
to explain, without success, the enigmas which 
he proposed. The calamity was now become an 
object of public concern, and as the successful 
explanation of an enigma would end in the 
death of the Spylmx, Creon, who at the death 
of Laius had ascended the throne of Thebes, 
promised his crown and Jocasta to him who suc- 
ceeded in the attempt. The enigma proposed 
was this. What auimal in the morning walks 
upon four feet, at noon upon two, and in the 
evening upon three ? This was left for (Edipus 
to explain; became to the monster and said, 
that man, in the morning of life, walks upon 
his hands and his feet; when he has attained the 
years of manhood, he walks upon his two legs; 
and in the evening, he supports his old age with 
the assistance of a staff. The monster, mor- 
tified at the true explanation, dashed his head 
against a rock and perished. (Edipus ascended 
the throne of Thebes, and married Jocasta, by 
whom he had two sons, Polynices and Eteocies, 
and two daughters, Ismene and Antigone. 
Some years after, the Theban territories were 
visited with a plague.; and the oracle declared 



(EN 



<EN 



that it should cease only when the murderer of 
king Laius was banished from Bceotia. As the 
death of Laius had never been examined, and 
the circumstances that attended it never known, 
this answer of the oracle was of the greatest 
concern to the Thebans; but CEdipus, the friend 
of his people, resolved to overcome every dif- 
ficulty by the most exact inquiries. His re- 
searches were successful, and he was soon pro- 
ved to be the murderer of his father. The me- 
lancholy discovery was rendered the more 
alarming, when CEdipus considered, that he 
had not only murdered his father, but that he 
had committed incest with his mother. In the 
excess of his grief he put out his eyes, as un- 
worthy to see the light, and banished himself 
from Thebes, or, as some say, was banished by 
his own sons. He retired towards Attica, led 
by his daughter Antigone, and came near Co- 
lonos, where there was a grove sacred to 
the Furies He remembered that he was 
doomed by the oracle to die in such a place, 
and to become the source of prosperity to the 
country, in which his bones were buried. A 
messenger upon this was sent to Theseus, king 
of the country, to inform him of the resolution 
of CEdipus. When Theseus arrived, CEdipus 
acquainted him, with a prophetic voice, that 
the. gods had called bim to die in the place 
where he stood; and to show the truth of this he 
walked himself, without the assistance of a 
guide, to the spot where he must expire. Im- 
mediately the earth opened and CEdipus dis- 
appeared. Some suppose that CEdipus had not 
children by Jocasta, and that the mother mur- 
dered herself as soon as she knew the incest 
which had been committed. His tomb was near 
the Areopagus, in the age of Pausamas. Some of 
the ancient poets represent him in hell, as suf- 
fering the punishment which crimes like his 
seemed to deserve According to some, the 
four children which he had were by Euriganea, 
the daughter of Periphas, whom he married 
after the death of Jocasia. Apollod. 3, c 5. — 
Hygin. fab. 66, &c — Eurip, in Phazniss &c. 
Soplwcl. (Edip. Tyr. &' Col. Antig. &c— He- 
siod. Theog. 1.— Homer. Od. 11, c. 270.— 
Pans. 9, c. 5, kc.—Stat- Theb 8, v. 642 — 
Senec. in (Edip — Pindar. Olymp. 2. — Diod. 4, 
—Allien. 6 and 10. 

CEme, a daughter of Danaus, by Crino. 
Apollod. 

CEnanthes, a favourite of young Ptolemy 
king of Egypt. 

CEne, a small town of Argolis. The people 
are called CEne a dm. 

CEnea, a river of Assyria. Ammian. 

CEneus, a king of Calydon in /Etolia, son of 
Parthaon or Portheu's, and Euryte. He mar- 
ried Althaea the daughter of Thestius, by whom 
he had Clymenus, Meleager, Gorge, and De- 
janira. After Althaea's death, lie married Pe- 
riboea the daughter of Hipponous, by whom he 
had Tydeus. In a general sacrifice, which 
CEneus made to all the gods upon reaping the 
rich produce of his fields, he forgot Diana, and 
the goddess to revenge this unpardonable ne- 
glect, incited his neighbours to take up arms 
against him, and besides she sent a wild boar 



to lay waste the country of Calydonia. The 
animal was at last killed by Meleager and the 
neighbouring princes of Greece, in a celebrated 
chace, known by the name of the chase of the 
Calydonian boar. Sometime after, Meleager 
died, and CEneus was driven from his kingdom 
by the sons of his brother Agrius. Diomedes, 
however, his grandson, soon restored him to his 
throne; but the continual misfortunes to which 
he was exposed, rendered him melancholy. He 
exiled himself from Calydon, and left his crown 
to his son-in-law Andremon. He died as he 
was going to Argolis. His body was buried by 
the care of Diomedes, in a town of Argolis 
which from him received the name of (Enoe. It 
is reported that CEneus received a visit from 
Bacchus, and that he suffered the god to enjoy 
the favours of Althaea, and to become the fa- 
ther of Dcjanira, for which Bacchus permitted 
that the wine of which he was the patron should 
be called among the Greeks by the name of 
CEneus (oiv&). Hygin. fab. 129. — Apollod. 
1, c. 8.— Homer. II. 9, v. 539.— Diod. 4.— 
Pans. 2, c. 25.— Ovid. Mxt. 8, v. 510. 

CEjjiADiE, a town of Acarnania. Liv. 26, c. 
24, 1. 38, c. 11. 

CEnides, a patronymic of Meleager son of 
CEneus. Ovid. Met- 8, fab. 10. 

CEnoe, a nymph who married Sicinus the son 
of Thoas, king of Lernnos From her the 

island of Sicinus has been called CEnoe - 

Two villages of Attica were also called CEnoe. 

Herodot. 5, c 74 — Plin 4, c. 7. A city of 

Argolis, where CEneus (led when driven from 

Calydon. Pans. 2, c. 25, A town of Elis 

in the Peloponnesus. Strab. — Apollod. 1, c. 8. 
— Paus. 1, &c 

CEnomaus, a son of Mars by Sterope the 
daughter of Atlas. He was king of Pisa in 
Elis, and father of Hippodamia by Evarete 
daughter of Acrisius, or Eurythoa, the daughter 
of Danaus. He was informed by the oracle 
that he should perish by the hands of his son-in- 
law; therefore as he could skilfully drive a 
chariot, he determine'] to marry his daughter 
only to him who could out-run him, on condi- 
tion that all who entered the list should agree 
to lay down their life if conquered. Many had 
already perished; when Pelops son of Tantalus, 
proposed himself. He previously bribed Myr- 
tilus the charioteer of CEnomaus, by promising 
him the enjoyment of the favours of Hippo- 
damia, if he proved victorious. Myrtilus gave 
his master an old chariot, whose axle-tree broke 
on the course, which was from Pisa to the Co- 
rinthian isthmus, and CEnomaus was killed. 
Pelops married Hippodamia, and became king 
of Pisa. As he expired, CEnomaus entreated 
Pelops to revenge the perfidy of Myrtilus, which 
was executed. Those that had, been defeated 
when Pelops entered the list were Mnrmax, 
Alcathous, Eurya'us, Eurymachus, Capetus, 
Lasiup, Acrias, Chalcodon, Lycurgus, Tricolo- 
nus, Prias, Aristomachus, iEolius, Eurythrus, 
and Chror.ius. Apollod. 2, c. 4. — Diod. 4. — 
Paus. 5, c. 17, I. 6, c. 11, &c. — Apollon. 
Rhod. l.— Propert. 1, el 2, v. 20. — Ovid, in 
lb. 367. Art . Am. 2, v. S.—Heroid. 8, v, 70. 



(EN 



OG 



<Ekon, a part of Locris on the bay of Co- 
rinth. 

CEnona, an ancient name of the island i£gi- 
na. It is also calied CEnopia. Herodot. 8, c. 

46. Two villages of Attica are also called 

CEnona, or rather (Enoe.- A town of Troas, 

the birth place of the nymph (Enone. Strab. 
13. 

(Enone, a nymph of mount Ida, daughter of 
the river Cebreuus in Phrygia. As she had re- 
ceived (he gift of prophecy, she foretold to Pa- 
ris, whom she married before he was discovered 
to be the son of Priam, that his voyage into 
Greece would be attended with ihe most serious 
consequences, and the total ruin of his country, 
and that he should have recourse to her medici- 
nal knowledge at the hour of death. All these 
predictions were fulfilled; and Paris when he 
had received the fatal wound, ordered his body 
to be carried to CEnone, in hopes of being cur- 
ed by her assistance. He expired as he came 
into her presence; and CEnone was so struck at 
the sight of his dead body, that she bathed it 
with her tears, and stabbed herself to the heart. 
She was mother of Corythus by Paris, and this 
son perished by the hand of his father when he 
attempted, at the instigation of (Enone, to per- 
suade him to withdraw his affection from Helen. 
Dictys. Cret. — Ovid de Rem. Jimor. v. 457. 
Her oid. 5 — Lucan. 9. 

(Enopia, one of the ancient names of the 
island iEgiaa. Ovid, Met. 7, v. 473. 

(Evopides, a mathematician of Chios. Diod. 
1. 

(E-vopion, a son of Ariadne by Theseus, or, 
according to others, by Bacchus. He married 
Helice, by whom he had a daughter called He- 
ro, or Merope, of whom the giant Orion became 
enamoured. The father unwilling to give his 
daughter to such a lover, and afraid of provok- 
ing him by an open refusal, evaded his applica- 
tions, and at last put out bis eyes when he was 
intoxicated. Some suppose that this violence 
was offered to Orion after he had dishonoured 
Merope. OZnopion received the island of Chios 
from Rhadamanthus, who had conquered most 
of the islands of the iEgean sea, and his tomb 
was still seen there in the age of Pausanias. 
Some suppose, and with more probability, that 
he reigned not at Chios, but at ^Egina, which 
from him was calied (Enopia. Plut. in Thes. — 
Jtpollod. 1, c. 4. — Diod. — Pruts. 7, c. 4. — 
Jlpollon. Rhod. 3. 

GLvotrt, the inhabitants of (Enotria. 

(Enotria, a part of Italy which was after- 
wards called Lucania. It received this name 
from OZuotrus the son of Lycaon, who settled 
there with a colony of Arcadians. The (Eno- 
trians afterwards spread themselves into Urn- 
bria and as far as Latiurn, and the country of 
the Sabines, according to some writers. The 
name of (Enotria is sometime;: applied to Italy. 
Thatpaitof Italy where ffinotrus settled, was 
before inhabited by the x\usone*. Dionys. Hal. 
1, c. 11.— Paus. l,c.3.— Virg.&n.\,v.536. 
1. 7, v. 85.— Ilat. 8, v. 220. 

*Exotride3, two small islands on the coast 
of Lucania, where some of the Romans were 



banished by the emperors. They were called 
Iscia and Pontia. 

CEnotrus, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. He 
passed into Magna Graecia with a colony, and 
gave the name of (Enotria to that part of the 
country where he settled. Dionys. Hal. l,c. H. 
— Paus- 1, c. 3. 

CEnus^;. small islands near Chios. Plin 5, 

c. 31. — Thucyd. 8. Others on the coast of 

the 'Peloponnesus, near Messenia. Mela, 2, c. 
17.— Plin. 4, c 12. 

(Eoncs, a son of Licymnius, killed at Spar- 
ta, where he accompanied Hercules; and as the 
hero had promised Licymnius to bring back his 
son, he burnt the body, and presented the ashes 
to the afflicted father. From this circumstance 
arose a custom of burning the dead among the 

Greeks. Schol. Homtr. II. A small river of 

Laconia. Liv. 34, c 28. 

(Eroe, an island of Bceotia formed by the 
Asopus. Htrodot 9, c. 50. 

(Eta, now Banina, a celebrated mountain 
between Thessaly and Macedonia, upon which 
Hercules burnt himself. Its height has given oc- 
casion to the poets to feign .that the sun, moon, 
and stars rose behind it. Mount (Eta, properly 
speaking, is a long chain of mountains which 
runs from the straits of Thermopylae and the 
gulf of Malia, in a western direction, to mount 
Pindus, and from thence to the bay of Ambra- 
cia. The straits or passes of mount ffita are 
called the straits of Thermopylae from the hot 
baths and mineral waters which are in the 
neighbourhood. These passes are not more than 
25 feet in breadth. Mela, 2, c. 3.—Catull 66, 
v 54.— Apollod. 2, c. 7 — Paus. 10, c 20, &c. 
—Ovid. Heroid. 9, Met 2, v. 216, 1. 9, v. 204, 
&c. — Fir g. Eel. 8. — Plin. 25, c. 5. — Seneca. 

in Med. — Lucan. 3, &c. A small town at 

the foot of Mount CEta near Thermopylae. 

(Etylus, or (Etylum, a town of Laconia, 
which received its name from (Etylus, one of the 
heroes of Argos. Serapis had a temple there. 
Paus. 3, c. 25. 

Ofellus, a man whom, though unpolished, 
Horace represents as a character exemplary for 
wisdom, economy, and moderation. Hot at. 2, 
sat. 2, v. 2. 

On, a nation of Germany, Tacit, de Germ. 
28. 

Ogdolapis, a navigable river flowing from 
the Alps. Strab. 6. 

Ogdorus, a king of Egypt. 

Oglosa, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, cast 
of Corsica, famous for wine, and now called 
Monte Christo. Plin. 3, c 6. 

Ogmius, a name of Hercules among the 
Gauls. Lucian. in Here. 

Ogoa, a deity of Mylassa in Caria, under 
whose temple, as was supposed, the sea passed. 
Paws. 8, c 10. 

Ogulnia lex, by Q. and Cn. Ogulnius, tri- 
bunes of the people, A- U. C. 453. It increas- 
ed the number of Pontifices and augurs from 
four to nine. The addition was made to both 

orders from plebeian families. A Roman 

lady as poor as she was lascivious. Juv. 6, v. 
351. 

Ogyges, a celebrated monarch, the most an- 



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cient of those that reigned in Greece. He was 
son of Terra, or, as some suppose, of Neptune, 
and married Thebe the daughter of Jupiter. 
He reigned in Boeotia, which, from him, is 
sometimes called Ogygia, and his power was 
also extended over Attica. It is supposed that 
he was of Egyptian or Phoenician extraction; 
but his origin, as well as tbe age in which he 
lived, and the duration of his reign, are so ob- 
scure and unknown, that the epithet of Ogygian 
is often applied to every tbi'ng of dark antiqui- 
ty. In the reign of Ogyges there was a deluge, 
which so inundated the territories of Attica, 
that they remained waste for near 200 years. 
This, though it is very uncertain, is supposed to 
have happened about 1764 years before the 
Christian era, previous to the deluge of Deuca- 
lion. According to some writers, it was owing 
to the overflowing of one of the rivers of the 
country. The reign of Ogyges was also marked 
by an uncommon appearance in the heavens, 
and as it is reported, the planet Venus changed 
her colour, diameter, figure, and her course. 
Varro. de R R. 3, c. 1. — Paus. 9, c. 5.— Aug. 
de Ciy^. D 18, &c. 

Ogygia, a name of one of the gates of 

Thebes in Boeotia. Lucan. 1, v. 675. One 

of the daughters ofNiobe and Amphion, chang- 
ed into stones. Jlpollod. — Paus. 9, c. 8. 

An ancient name of Bosotia, from Ogyges 

who reigned there. The island of Calypso, 

opposite the promontory of Lacinium in Magna 
Graecia, where Ulysses was shipwrecked. The 
situation, and even the existence of Calypso's 
island, is disputed by some writers. Plin. 3, 
c. 10.— Homer. Od. 1, v. 52 and 85, 1. 5, v. 
254. 

Ogyris, an island in the Indian ocean. 

Oicleus, a son of Antiphates and Zeuxippe, 
who married Hypermnestra, daughter of Thes- 
tius, by whom he had Iphianira, Polyboea, and 
Amphiaraus. He was killed by Laomedon when 
defending the ships which Hercules had brought 
to Asia when he made war against Troy. Ho- 
mer. Od. \b.—Diod 4. — Jlpollod. 1, c. 8, 1. 3, 
C. 6.— Paws. 6,c. 17 

Oileus, a king of the Locrians. His father's 
name was Odoedocus, and his mother's Agria- 
nome. He married Eriope, by whom he had 
Ajax, called Oileus from his father, to discri- 
minate him from Aj.^x tne son of i eiamon. He 
had also another son called Medon, by a courte- 
zan called Rhene. Oileus was one of the Ar- 
gonauts. Virg. JEn 1, v. 45 — Jipollon. 1. — 
Hygin. fab. 14 and 18.— Homer. II 13 and 15. 
—Jlpollod. 3, c. 10. 

Olane, one of the mouths of the Po. A 

mountain of Armenia. 

Olanus, a town of Lesbos. 

Olastr^, a people of India. Lucan. 3, v. 
249.— Plin. 6, c 20. 

Olba, or Olbus, a town of Cilicia. 

Olbia, a town of Sarmatia at the confluence 
of the Hypanis and the Borysthenes, about 15 
miles from the sea according to Pliny. It was 
afterwards called Borqstkenes and Miletopolis , 
because peopled by a Milesian colony, and is 
now supposed to be Oczakoio. Strab. 7 — Plin. 
4 ; c, 12. A town of Bithynia. Mela, 1, c. 



19. A town of Gallia Narbonensis. Mela, : 

2, c. 5. The capital of Sardinia. Clau- 

dian. 

Olbius, a river of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 14. 

Olbos, one of iEeta's auxiliaries. Val. Fl. 6, 
v. 639. 

Olchinium, or Olcinium, now Dulcigno, a 
town of Dalmatia, on the Adriatic. Liv. 45, c. 
26. 

Oleades, a people of Spain. Liv. 21, c. 5. 

Olearos, or Oliros, one of the Cyclades, 

. about 16 miles in circumference, separated from 

Paros by a strait of seven miles. Vhg. JEn. 3, 

v. 126.— Ovid Met. 7, v. 469— Strab. 10— 

Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Oleatrum, a town of Spain, near Saguntum. 
Strab. 

Olen, a Greek poet of Lycia, who flourished 
some time before the age of Orpheus, and com- 
posed many hymns, some of which were regu- 
larly sung at Delphi on solemn occasions, Some 
suppose that he was the first who established 
the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, where he first 
delivered oracles. Herojtot. 4, c. 35. 

Olenius, a Lemnian, killed by his wife. Val. 
Fl. 2, v. 164. 

Olenus, a son of Vulcan, who married Le- 
thaea, a beautiful woman, who preferred herself 
to the goddesses. She and her husband were 
changed into stones by the deities. Ovid. Mel. 

10, v. 68. A famous soothsayer of Eiruria. 

Plin. 28, c. 2. 

Olenus, or Olenum, a town of Peloponne- 
sus, between Patras and Cyllene. The goat 
Amalthaea, which was made a constellation by 
Jupiter, is called Olenia, from its residence 
there. Paus. 7, c. 22.— Ovid. Met. 3— Strab. 
S. — Jlpollod. 1, c 8 Another in iEtolia. 

Oleorus, one of the Cyclades, now JLnti 
Paro. 

Olgasys, a mountain of'Galatia. 

Oligyrtis, a town of Peloponnesus. 

Olinthus, a town of Macedonia. 

Olisipo, now Lisbon, a town of ancient 
Spain on the Tagus, suraamed Felicitas Julia, 
(Plin. 4, c- 22,) and called by some Ulyssippo, 
and said to be founded by Ulysses. Mela, 3, c. 
1. — Solinusy 23. 

Olitingi, a town of Lusitania. Mela. 3, c 1. 

Olizon, a town of Magnesia, in Thessaly. 
Homer. 

T. Ollius, the father of Poppaea, destroyed 
on account of his intimacy with Sejanus, &c. 

Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 45. A river rising in the 

Alps, and falling into the Po, now called the 
Oglio. Plin. 2, c. 103. 

Ollovico, a prince of Gaul, called the friend 
of the republic by the Roman senate. C<es. B. 
G. 7, c. 31. 

Olmije, a promontory near Megara. 

Olmius, a river of Boeotia, near Helicon, sa- 
cred to the Muses. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 284. 

OLOossoN,now Alessone, a town of Magnesia. 
Horn. 

Olophyxus,. a town of Macedonia, on mount 
Athos. Herodot. 7, c. 22. 

Olp.e, a fortified place of Epirus, now Forte 
Castri. 



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Olus, (units,) a town at the west of Crete. 

Olympeum, a place of Delos. Another in 

Syracuse. 

Oltmpia, (orwn,) celebrated games which 
received their name, either from Olympia, 
where they were observed, or from Jupiter 
Oljmpius, to whom they were dedicated. They 
were, according to some, instituted by Jupiter, 
after his victory over the Titans, and first ob- 
served by the ldaei Dactyli, B. C. 1453. Some 
attribute the institution to Pelops, after he had 
obtained a victory over (Enomaus and married 
Hippodamia; but the more probable, and indeed 
the more received opinion is, that they were first 
established by Hercules in honour of Jupiter 
Olympius, after a victory obtained over Augias, 
B. C. 1222. Strabo objects to this opinion, by 
observing, that if they had been established in 
the age of Homer, the poet would have undoubt- 
Jy spoken of them, as he is in every particular 
careful to mention the amusements and diver- 
sions of the ancient Greeks. But they were ne- 
glected after their first institution by Hercules, 
and no notice was- taken of them according to 
many writers, till Iphitus, in the age of the law- 
giver of Sparta, renewed them, and instituted 
the celebration with greater solemnity. This 
reinstitution, which happened B, C. 884, forms 
a celebrated epoch in Grecian history, and is 
the beginning of the Olympiads. [Vid. Olym- 
pias.] They, however, were neglected for some 
time after the age of Iphitus, till Coroebus, who 
obtained a victory B, C. 776, reinstituted them 
to be regularly and constantly celebrated. The 
care and superintetidance of the games were in- 
trusted to the people of Elis, till they were ex- 
cluded by thePisaeans B. C. 364, after the de- 
struction of Pisa. These obtained great privi- 
leges from this appointment; they were in dan- 
ger neither of violence nor war, but they were 
permitted to enjoy their possessions without mo- 
lestation, as the games were celebrated within 
their territories. Only one person superintended 
till the 50th olympiad, when two were appoint- 
ed. In the 103d olympiad, the number was in- 
creased to twelve, according to the number of 
the tribes of Elis. But in the following olym- 
piad, they were reduced to eight, and after- 
wards increased to ten, which number continu- 
ed till the reign of Adrian. The presidents 
were obliged solemnly to swear, that they would 
act impartially, and not take any bribes, or dis- 
cover why they rejected some of the combatants. 
They generally sat naked, and held before them 
the crown which was prepared for the conquer- 
or. There were also certain officers to keep 
good order and regularity, called ukotai, much 
the same as the Roman lictors, of whom the 
chief was called awt^x^' No women were 
permitted to appear at the celebration of the 
Olympian games, and whoever dared to trespass 
this law, was immediately thrown down from 
a rock. This, however, was sometimes neglect- 
ed, for we find not only women present at the 
celebration, but also some among the comba- 
tants, and some rewarded with the crown. The 
preparations for these festivals were great. No 
person was permitted to enter the lists if he had 
not regularly exercised himself ten months be- 



fore the celebration at the public gymnasium 
of Elis. No unfair dealings were allowed, and 
whoever attempted to bribe his adversary, was 
subjected to a severe fine. No criminals, nor 
such as were connected with impious, and guil- 
ty persons, were suffered to present themselves 
as combatants; and even the father and relations 
were obliged to swear that they would have re- 
course to no artifice which might decide the vic- 
tory in favour of their friends. The wrestlers 
were appointed by lot. Some little balls, super- 
scribed with a letter, were thrown into a silver 
urn, and such as drew the same letter were 
obliged to contend one with the other. He who 
had an odd letter remained the last, and he of- 
ten had the advantage, as he was to encounter 
the last who had obtained the superiority over 
his adversary. He was called s^scTgc?. In these 
games were exhibited running, leaping, wrest- 
ling, boxing, and the throwing of the quoit, which 
was called altogether Trtvm&Kov, or quinquer~ 
tium. Besides these, there were horse and cha- 
riot races, and also contentious in poetry, elo- 
quencej and the fine arts. The only reward that 
the conqueror obtained, was a crown of olive; 
which, as some suppose, was in memory of the 
labours of Hercules, which were accomplished 
for the universal good of mankind, and for which 
the hero claimed no other reward but the con- 
sciousness of having been the friend of humani- 
ty. So small and trifling a reward stimulated 
courage and virtue, and was more the source of 
great honours than the most unbounded trea- 
sures The statues of the conquerors, called 
Olympionicae, were erected at Olympia, in the 
sacred wood of Jupiter. Their return home was 
that of a warlike conqueror; they were drawn 
in a chariot by four horses, and every where re- 
ceived with the greatest acclamations. Their 
entrance into their native city was not through 
the gates, but, to make it more grand and more 
solemn, a breach was made in the walls. Paint- 
ers and poets were employed in celebrating 
their names; and indeed the victories severally 
obtained at Olympia are the subjects of thf most 
beautiful odes of Pindar. The combatants were 
naked; a scarf was originally tied round their 
waist, but when it had entangled one of the ad- 
versaries, and been the cause tnat he lost the 
victory, it was laid aside, and no regard was 
paid to decency. The Olympic games were ob- 
served every fifth year, or to speak with greater 
exactness, after a revolution of four years, and 
in the first month of the fifth year, and they con- 
tinued for five successive days. As they were 
the most ancient and the most solemn of all the 
festivals of the Greeks, it will not appear won- 
derful that they drew so many people together, 
not only inhabitants of Greece, but of the 
neighbouring islands and countries. Pind. 
Olymp, 1 and 2. — Strab. 8. — Paws. 5, c. 67, 
&c. — Diod. 1, &c. — Plut. in Thes. Lye. &c. — 
.Mian. V. H. 10, v. l.—Cic. Tusc 1, c. 46. 
— Lucian. de Gym. Tzetz in Lycophr. — dris- 
totcl—Stat. Theb. 6.— C. JVep. in Prtf.—Virg. 
G. 3. v. 49. A town of Elis in Peloponne- 
sus, where Jupiter had a temple with a cele- 
brated statue 50 cubits high, reckoned one of 
the seven wonders of the world. The Olympic 



OL 



OL 



games were celebrated in the neighbourhood. 
Strab. 8. — Pans. 3, c. 8. 

Olympias, a certain space of time which 
elapsed between the celebration of the Olympic 
games. The Olympic games were celebrated 
after the expiration of four complete years, 
whence some have said that they were observed 
every fifth year This period of time was called 
Olympiad, and became a celebrated era among 
the Greeks, wbo computed their time by it The 
custom of reckoning time by the celebration of 
the Olympic games was not introduced at the 
first institution of these festivals, but to speak 
accurately, only the year in which Corcebus ob- 
tained the prize. This olympiad, which has al- 
ways been reckoned the first, fell, according to 
the accurate and learned computations of some 
of the moderns, exactly 776 years before the 
Christian era, in the year of the Julian period 
3938, and 23 years before the building of Rome. 
The games were exhibited at the time of the 
full moon, next after the summer solstice; there- 
fore the olympiads were of unequal lengths, be- 
cause the time of the full moon differs 11 days 
every year, and for that reason they sometimes 
began the next day after the solstice, and at 
other times four weeks after. The computa- 
tions by olympiads ceased, as some suppose, after 
the 364th, in the year 440 of the Christian era. 
It was universally adopted, not only by the 
Greeks, but by many of the neighbouring coun- 
tries, though still the Pythian games served as 
an epoch to the people of Delphi and to the 
Boeotians, the Nemasan games to the Argives 
and Arcadians, and the Isthmian to the Corin- 
thians and the inhabitants of the Peloponnesian 
isthmus. To the olympiads history is much in- 
debted. They have served to fix the time of 
many momentous events, and indeed before this 
method of computing time was observed, every 
page of history is mostly fabulous, and filled 
with obscurity and contradiction, and no true 
-chronological account can be properly establish- 
ed and maintained with certainty. The mode 
of computation, which was used after the sup- 
pression of the olympiads and of the consular 
fasti of Rome, was more useful as it was more 
universal; but while the era of the creation of 
the world prevailed in the east, the western na- 
tions in the 6th century began to adopt with 
more propriety the Christian epoch, which was 
propagated in the 8th century, and at last, in 
the 10th, became legal and popular. A cele- 
brated woman who was daughter of a king of 
Epirus, and who married Philip king of Mace- 
donia, by whom she had Alexander the Great. 
Her haughtiness, and more probably her infi- 
delity, obliged Philip to repudiate her, and to 
marry Cleopatra, the niece of king Attalus. 
Olympias was sensible of this injury, and Alex- 
ander showed his disapprobation of his father's 
measures by retiring from the court to his mo- 
ther. The murder of Philip, which soon follow- 
ed this disgrace, and which some have attributed 
to the intrigues of Olympias, was productive of 
the greatest extravagancies. The queen paid 
the highest honour to her husband's murderer. 
She gathered his mangled limbs, placed a crown 
of gold on his head, and laid his ashes near 



those of Philip. The administration of Alex- 
ander, who bad succeeded his father, was, in 
some instances, offensive to Olympias; but, when 
the ambition of her son was concerned, she did 
not scruple to declare publicly, that Alexander 
was not the son of Philip, but that he was the 
offspring of an enormous serpent which had 
supernaturally introduced itself into her bed. 
When Alexander was dead, Olympias seized 
the government of Macedonia, and, to establish 
her usurpation, she cruelly put to death Aridaeus, 
'with his wife Eurydice, as also Nicanor, the 
brother of Cassander, with one hundred leading 
men of Macedon, who were inimical to her in- 
terest. Such barbarities did not long remain 
unpunished; Cassander besieged her in Pydna, 
where she had retired with the remains of her 
family, and she was obliged to surrender after 
an obstinate siege. The conqueror ordered her 
to be accused, and to be put to death. A body 
of 200 soldiers were directed to put the bloody 
commands into execution, but the splendour and 
majesty of the queen disarmed their courage, 
and she was at last massacred by those whom 
she had cruelly deprived of their children, about 
316 years before the Christian era. Justin. 7, 
c. 6, I. 9, c, 7. — Plui. inMex. — Curt. — Pans. 

A fountain of Arcadia, which flowed for 

one year and the next was dry. Paw. 8, c. 29. 

Olympiodorus, a musician, who taught Epa* 
minondas music. C. Nep A native of The- 
bes, in Egypt, who flourished under Theodosius 
2d, and wrote 22 books of history, in Greek, 
beginning with the seventh consulship of Hono- 
rius, and the second of Theodosius, to the period 
when Valentinian was made emperor. He wrote 
also an account of an embassy to some of the 
barbarian nations of the north, &c- His style 
is censured by some as low, and unworthy of an 
historian The commentaries of Olympiodorus 
on the Meteora of Aristotle, were edited apud. 
Aid. 1550, in fol. An Athenian officer, pre- 
sent at the battle of Plataea, where he behaved 
with great valour. Pint. 

Olympius, a surname of Jupiter at Olympia, 
where the god had a celebrated temple and 
statue, which passed for one of the seven won- 
ders of the world. It was the work of Phidias. 

Pans. 7, c. 2. A native of Carthage, called 

also Nemesianus. Vid. Nemesianus. A fa- 
vourite at the court of Honorius, who was the 
cause of Stilicho's death. 

Olympus, a physician of Cleopatra, queen of 
Egypt, who wrote some historical treatises. Plut. 

in Jlnton. A poet and musician of Mysia, 

son of Mseon and disciple to Marsyas. He lived 
before the Trojan war, and distinguished him- 
self by his amatory elegies, his hymns, and par- 
ticularly the beautiful airs which he composed, 
and which were still preserved in the age of 
Aristophanes. Plato in Min. — -Jlristot. Pol. 8. 

Another musician of Phrygia, who lived in 

the age of Midas. He is frequently confounded 

with the preceding. Pollux. 4, c. 10. A 

son of Hercules and Euboea. Jlpollod. A 

mountain of Macedonia and Thessaly, now La- 
cha. The ancients supposed that it touched the 
heavens with its top; and, from that circum- 
stance, they have placed the residence of the 



OM 



gods there, and have made it the court of Jupi- 
ter. It is about one mile and a half in perpen- 
dicular height, and is covered with pleasant 
woods, caves, and grottos. On the top of the 
mountain, according to the notions of the poets, 
there was neither wind nor rain, nor clouds, but 
an eternal spring. Homer- II. 1, &c. — Virg. 
JEn. 2, 6, &c— Ovid. Met. — Lucan. 5. — Mela, 

2, c. 3. — Strab. 8. A mountain of Mysia, 

called the Mysian Olympus, a name it still pre- 
serves. Another, in Elis. Another, in 

Arcadia. And another, in the is'and of Cy- 
prus, now Santa Croce. Some suppose the 
Olympus of Mysia and of Cilicia to be the same. 

A town on the coast of Lycia. 

Oltmpusa, a daughter of Thespius. ^polled. 
Olynthus, a celebrated town and republic 
of Macedonia, on the isthmus of the peninsula 
of Pallene. It became famous for its flourishing 
situation, and for its frequent disputes with the 
Athenians, the Lacedaemonians, and with king 
Philip, who destroyed it, and sold the inhabit- 
ants for slaves. Cic. in Verr. — Plul. de Ir. coh. 
&c— Mela, 2, c. 2.—Herodot. 1, c 127.— Curt. 
8, c. 9. 

Oltras, a river near Thermopylae, which, as 
the mycologists report, attempted to extinguish 
the funeral pile on which Hercules was con- 
sumed. Strab. 9. 

Olyzon, a town of Thessaly. 
Omarius, a Lacedaemonian sent to Darius, 
&c. Curt. 3, c. 13. 

Ombi and Tentyra, two neighbouring cities 
of Egypt, whose inhabitants were always in dis- 
cord one with another. Juv. 15, v. 35. 
Ombri. Vid. Umbri. 

Omoi.e or Homole, a mountain of Thessaly. 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 675. There were some fes- 
tivals called Homcleia, which were celebrated 
in Boeotia in honour of Jupiter, surnamed Ho- 
moleius. 

Omophagia, a festival in honour of Bacchus. 
The word signifies the eating of raw flesh- Vid. 
Dionysia. 

Omphale, a queen of Lydia, daughter of 
Jardanus. She married Tmolus, who, at his 
death, left her mistress of his kingdom. Om- 
phale had been informed of the great exploits 
of Hercules, and wished to see so illustrious a 
hero. Her wish was soon gratified. After the 
murder of Eurytas, Hercules fell sick, and was 
ordered to be sold as a slave, that he might re- 
cover his health, and the right use of his senses. 
Mercury was commissioned to sell him, and Om- 
phale bought him, and restored him to liberty. 
The hero became enamoured of his mistress, 
and the queen favoured his passion, and had a 
son by him, whom some call Agelaus, and others 
Lamon. From this son were descended Gyges 
and Croesus; but tin's opinion is different from 
the account which makes these Lydian monarchs 
spring from Alca?us, a son of Hercules, by Malis, 
one of the female servants of Ornphale. Her- 
cules is represented by the poets as so despe- 
rately enamoured of the queen, that, to conci- 
liate her esteem, he spins by her side among her 
women, while she covers herself with the lion's 
skin, and arms herself. with the club of the hero, 
and often strikes him with her sandals for the 



i uncouth manner with which he holds the dista£,' 
&c. Their fondness was mutual. As they once 
travelled together, they came to a grotto on 
mount Tmolus, where the queen dressed herself 

| in the habit of her lover, and obliged him to 
appear in a female garment. After they had 

! supped, they both retired to rest in different 
rooms, as a sacrifice on the morrow to Bacchus 
required. In the night, Faunus, or rather Pan, 
who was enamoured of Omphale, introduced 
himself into the cave. He went to the bed of 
the queen, but the lion's skin persuaded him that 
it was the dress of Hercules, and therefore he 
repaired to the bed of Hercules, in hopes to find 
there the object of his affection. The female 
dress of Hercules deceived him, and he laid 
himself down by his side. The hero was awaked,, 
and kicked the intruder into the middle of the 
care. The noise awoke Omphale, and Faunus 
was discovered lying on the ground, greatly dis- 
appointed and ashamed. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 305, 
&c. — Apollod. 1, c 9, 1. 2, c. l.—Diod. 4. — 
Prcpert. 3, el. 11, v. 17. 

Omphalos, a place of Crete, sacred to Ju- 
piter, on the border of the river Triton. It re- 
ceived its name from the umbilical chord (o/a- 

■ pcLXos) of Jupiter, which fell there soon after 
his birth. Diod. 

Omphis, a king of India, who delivered him- 
self up to Alexander the Great. Curt. $,v. 12. 

On-eum, or OjEneum, a promontory and town 
ofDalmatia. Liv. 43, c. 19. 

Onarus, a priest of Bacchus, who is supposed 
to have married Ariadne after she had been 
abandoned by Theseus. Plut. in Thes. 

Onasimus, a sophist of Athens, who flourish- 
ed in the reign of Constantine. 

Onatas, a famous statuary of iEgina, son of 
Micon. Paris. 8, c. 42. 

Onchemites, a wind which blows from On- 
chesmus, a harbour of Epirus, towards Italy. 
The word is sometimes spelt Anchesites and 
Onchemites. Cic ad Jlitic. 7, ep. 2. — Ptolc- 
mazus. 

Onchestus, a town of Boso'ia, founded by 
Onchestus, a sun of Neptune. Paus. 9, c. 26. 

0\EiON, a place of Arcadia. Paus. S, c. 25. 

Onesicritus, a cynic philosopher of iEgina, 
who went with Alexander into Asia, and was 
sent to the Indian Gymnosophists. He wrote an 
history of the king's life, which has been cen- 
sured for the romantic, exaggerated, and im- 
probable narrative it gives. It is asserted, that 
Alexander, upon reading it, said that he should 
be glad to come to life again for some time, to 
see what reception the historian's work met with. 
Plut. in Jltex.—Curt. 9, c. 10. 

Onesimus, a Macedonian nobleman, treated 
with great kindness by the Roman emperors. 
He wrote an account of die life of the emperor 
Probus and of Carus, with great precision and 
elegance. 

6\ T Estprus, a son of Hercules. </)pollod. 

Onesius, a king of Salamis, who revolted 
from the Persians. 

Onetorjdes, an Athenian officer, who at- 
tempted to murder the garrison which Demetri- 
us had stationed at Athens, &c Pelyan. 5. 



OP 



OP 



Onium, a place of Peloponnesus, near Co- 
rinth. 

Onoba, a town near the columns of Hercules. 
Mela, 3, c. 1. 

Onobala, a river of Sicily. 

Onochonus, a river of Thessaly, falling into 
the Peneus It was dried up by the army of 
Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. J 96. 

Onomacritus, a soothsayer of Athens. It is 
generally believed, that the Greek poem on the 
Argonautic expedition, attributed to Orpheus, 
was written by Onomacritus. The elegant 
poems of Musaeus are aiso, by some, supposed 
to be the production of his pen. He flourished 
about 516 years before the Christian era, and 
was expelled from Athens by Hipparcbus, one 
of the sons of Pisistratus. Herodot 7, c. 6. 



A Locrian, who wrote concerning laws, &c 
Aristot. |2. Polit. 

Onomarchus, a Phocian, son of Euthycrates, 
and brother of Philomelus, whom he succeeded, 
as general of his countrymen, in the sacred war. 
After exploits of valour and perseverance, he 
was defeated and slain in Thessaly by Philip of 
Maeedon, who ordered bis body to be ignomi- 
niously hung up, for (he sacrilege offered to the 
temple of Delphi. He died 353 B. C. Aristot. 

Pol. 5, c. 4. — Diod. 16 A man to whose 

care Antigonus entrusted the keeping of Eu- 
menes. C Nep. in Eum. 

OaroMASTORiDEs, a Lacedaemonian ambassa- 
dor sent to Darius. &c. Curt. 3, c. 13 

Onomastus, a freedman of the emperor Otho. 
Tacit. 

Onophas, one of the seven Persians who con- 
spired against the usurper Smerdis Ctesias 



An officer in the expedition of Xerxes against 
Greece. 

Onosander, a Greek writer, whose book 
De Imperatoris Institutione has been edited by 
Schwebel, with a French translation, fol. No- 
limb. 1752. 

Ontthes, a friend of JEnefs, killed by Tur- 
nus. Virg AZn 12, v .514. 

Opalia, festivals celebrated by the Romans 
in honour of Ops, on the 14th of the calends of 
January. 

Ophelas, a general of Cyrene, defeated by 
Agathocles. 

Opheltes, a son of Lycurgus, king of Thrace. 
He is the same as Arcbemorus Vid. Archemo- 
rus The fathewof Euryalus, whose friend- 
ship with Nisus is proverbial Virg JEn 9, v. 

201. One of the companions of Accetes, 

changed into a dolphin by Bacchus. Ovid Met 
3, fob. 8. 

Ophensis, a town of Africa. Tacit. Hist. 4, 
c. 50 

Ophiades, an island on the coast of Arabia, 
so called from the great number of serpents 
found there It belonged to the Egyptian kings, 
and was considered valuable for the topaz it 
produced. Diod. 3. 

Ophias, a patronymic given to Combe, as 
daughter of Ophius, an unknown person. Ovid. 
Met. 7, v 382. 

Cpiiion t eus, was an ancient soothsayer in the 
age of Aristodemus. He was born blind. 



Ophis, a small river of Arcadia, which falls 
into the Alpheus. 

Ophiusa, the ancient name of Rhodes - 

A small island near Crete. A town of Sar- 

matia. — —An island ne;r the Balearcs, so call- 
ed from the number of serpents whicb it pro- 
duced (oipif serpens.) It is now called Formtn- 
tera. 

Ophrynium, a town of Troas, on the Helles- 
pont Hector bad a grove there. Strab. 13. 

Opici, the ancient inhabitants of Campania, 
from whose mean occupations the word Optcus 
has been used to express disgrace. Juv. 3, v. 
207. 

Opilius, a grammarian, who flourished about 
94 years before Christ. He wrote a book called 
LibH Musarurn. 

L Opimius, a Roman who made himself con- 
sul in opposition to the interest and efforts of 
the Gracchi. He showed himself a most in- 
veterate enemy to C. Gracchus and his adhe- 
rents, and behaved during his consulship, like a 
dictator. He was accused of bribery, and ba- 
nished. He died of want at Dyrrachium. Cic. 

pre Sexl. Plane, fyin Pis. — Pint. A Roman, 

who killed one of the Cimbri in single combat. 
A rich usurer at Rome in the age of Ho- 
race, 2 Sat- 3, v. 142 

Opis, a town on the Tigris, afterwards called 

Antiochia. Xenoph. Anub. 2. A nymph who 

was among Diana's attendants. Virg. JEn. 11, 

v. 532 and 867 A town near the mouth of 

the Tigiis. One of Cyrene's attendants. 

Virg G 4, v. 343. 

Opiter, a Roman consul, &c. 

Opitergini, a people near Aquileia, on the 
Adriatic. Their chief city is called Opitergum, 
now Oderso. Lucan 4, v. 416. 

Opites, a native of Argos, killed by Hector 
in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 

Oppia, a vestal virgin, buried alive for her 
incontinence. 

Oppia lex, by C. Oppius, the tribune, A. U. 
C 540. It required that no woman should wear 
above half an ounce of gold, have party-coloured 
garments, or be carried in any city or town, or 
to any place within a mile's distance, unless it 
was to celebrate some sacred festivals or so- 
lemnities. This famous law, which was made 
while Annibal was in Italy, and while Rome 
was in distressed circumstances, created discon- 
tent, and, 18 years after, the Roman ladies pe- 
titioned the assembly of the people that it might 
be repealed. Cato opposed it strongly, and made 
many satirical reflections upon the women for 
their appearing in public to solicit, votes. The 
tribune Valerius, who had presented their pe- 
tition to the assembly, answered the objections 
of Cato, and his eloquence had such an influence 
on the minds of the people, that the law was 
instantly abrogated with the unanimous consent 
of all the comitia, Cnto alone excepted. Liv. 
33 and 34 —Cic de Or at 3. 

Oppiavus, a Greek poet of Cilicia in the 
second century. His father's name was Age- 
silaus, and his mother's Zenodota. He wrote 
some poems celebrated for their elegance and 
sublimity. Two of his poems are now extant, 
five books on fishing, called alieutico% and foul - 



OR 



OR 



on hunting, called cynegeticon. The emperor 
Caracalla, was so pleased with his poetry, that 
he gave him a piece of gold for every verse of 
his. cynegeticon; from which circumstance the 
poem received the name of the golden verses of 
Oppiau. The poet died of the plague in the 
30th year of his age. His country men raised 
statues to his honour, and engraved on his tomb, 
that the gods had hastened to call back Oppian 
in the flower of youth, oniy because he had al- 
ready excelled all mankind. The best edition 
of his works is that of Schneider, 8vo. Argent. 
1776. 

Oppidius, a rich old man introduced by Ho- 
race, 2 Sat 3, v. 168, as wisely dividing his 
possessions among his two sons, anu warning 
them against those follies, and that extrava- 
gance which he believed he saw rising in them. 

C Oppius, a friend of Julius Caesar, cele- 
brated for his life of Seipio Afrieanus, and of 
Pompey tbe Great. In the latter, he paid not 
much regard to historical facts, and took every 
opportunity to defame Pompey, to extol the cha- 
racter of his patron Caesar. In the age of Sue- 
tonius, he was deemed the true author of the 
Alexandrian, African, and Spanish wars, which 
some attribute to Ca;sar, and others to A. Hir- 

tius. Tacit. Jinn. 12. — Suet, in Cms. 53. 

An officer sent by the Romans against Mithri- 
dates. He met with ill success, and was sent 

in chains to the king, &c. A Roman, who 

sav?d his aged father from the dagger of the 
triumvirate. 

Ops, (opis,) a daughter of Coelus and Ter- 
ra, the same as the Rhea of the Greeks, who 
married Saturn, and became mother of Jupiter. 
She was known among (he ancients by the 
different names of Cybele, Bona Dta, Magna 
Mater, Tliya, Tellus, Prost-rpi ..a, and e*en of 
Juno and Minerva; and the worship which was 
paid to these apparently several deities, was 
offered merely to one and the same person, mo- 
ther of the gods. The word Ops, seems to be 
derived from Opus; because the goddess, who 
is the same as the earth, gives nothing without 
labour. Tatius built her a temple at Rome. 
She was generally represented as a matron, 
with her right hand opened, as if offering as- 
sistance to the helpless, aud holding a loaf in 
her left hand. Her festivals were called Opalia, 
&c. Varro de L. L. 4 — Dionys Hal 2, &c. 
— Tibull. el. 4, v. 68.— Plin 19 ; c. 6. 

Optatcs, one of the fathers whose works 
were edited by Du Pin, fol. Paris, 1700. 

OptiiMus maximus, epithets given to Jupiter, 
to denote his greatness, omnipotence, and su- 
preme goodness. Cic. D. N. D. 2, c 25. 

Opus, (opuntis,) a city of Locris, on the Aso- 
pus, destroyed by an earthquake. Strab. 9. — 
Mela, 2, c 3 — Liv. 28, c. 7. 

Ora, a town of India, taken by Alexander. 
« One of Jupiter's mistresses. 

Oraculum, an answer of the gods to the 
questions of men, or the place where those an- 
swers were given. Noth ng is more famous 
than the ancient oracles of Egypt, Greece, 
Rome, &c. They were supposed to be the will 
of the gods themselves, and they were consulted, 
not only upon every important matter, but even 



in the affairs of private life. To make peace 
or war, to introduce a change of government, 
to plant a colony, to enact laws, to raise an 
edifice, to marry, were sufficient reasons to con- 
sult the will of the gods. Mankind, in con- 
sulting them, showed that they wished to pay 
implicit obedience to the command of the di- 
vinity, and, when they had been favoured with 
an answer, they acted with more spirit and with 
more vigour, conscious that the undertaking 
had met with the sanction and approbation of 
heaven. In this, therefore, it will not appear 
wonderful that so many places were sacred to 
oracular purposes. The small province of Boe- 
otia could once boast of her 25 oracles, and 
Peloponnesus of the same number. Not only 
the chief of the gods gave oracles, but, in pro- 
cess of time, heroes were admitted to enjoy the 
same privileges; and the oracies of a Tropho- 
nius and an Antinous were soon able to rival 
the fame of Apollo and of Jupiter. The most 
celebrated oracles of antiquity were those of 
Dodona, Delphi, Jupiter Amnion, &c. [Vid. 
Dodona, Delphi, Amnion.] The temple of 
Delphi seemed to claim a superiority over the 
other temple-; its fame wasence more extended, 
and its riches were so great, that not only pri- 
vate persons, but even kings and numerous ar- 
mies, made it an object of plunder and of ra- 
pine. The manner of delivering oracles was 
different. A priestess at Delphi [Vid. Pythia] 
was permitted to pronounce the oracles of the 
god, and her delivery of the answers was always 
attended with acts of apparent madness and 
desperate fury. Not only women, but even 
doves, were the ministers of the temple of Do- 
dona, and the suppliant votary was often startled 
to hear his questions readily answered by the 
decayed trunk, or the spreading branches of a 
neighbouring oak. Ammon conveyed his an- 
swers in a plain and open manner; but Amphi- 
araus required many ablutions and preparatory 
ceremonies, and he generally communicated his 
oracles to his suppliants in dreams and visions. 
Someiimes the first words that were heard, 
after issuing from the temple, were deemed the 
answers of the oracles, and sometimes the nod- 
ding or shaking of the head of the statue, the 
motions of fishes in a neighbouring lake, or 
their reluctance in accepting the food which 
was offered to them, were as strong and valid as 
the most express and the minutest explanations. 
The answers were also sometimes given in 
verse, or written on tablets, but their meaning 
was always obscure, and often the cause of dis- 
aster to such as consulted them. Croesus, when 
he consulted the oracle of Delphi, was told that, 
if he crossed the Halys, he should destroy a 
great empire; he supposed that that empire was 
the empire of bis enemy, but unfortunately it 
was his own The words of Credo te JEacida, 
Romanos vincere posse, which Pyrrhus received 
when he wished to assist the Tarentines against 
the Romans, by a favourable interpretation for 
himself, proved his ruin. Nero was ordered by 
the oracle of Delphi, to beware of 73 years; 
but the pleasing idea that he should live to that 
age rendered him careless, and he was soon 
convinced of his mistake, whe» Gartba, in hft 



OR 



OR 



73d year, had the presumption to dethrone him. 
It is a question among the learned, whether the 
oracles were given by the inspiration of evil 
spirits, or whether they proceeded from the im- 
posture of the priests. Imposture, however, and 
forgery, cannot long flourish, and falsehood be- 
comes its own destroyer; and, on the contrary, 
it is well known how much confidence an en- 
lightened age, therefore, much more the cre- 
dulous and the superstitious, places upon dreams 
and romantic stories. Some have strongly be- 
lieved, that all tbe oracles of the earth ceased 
at the birth of Christ, but the supposition is 
faise It was, indeed, the beginning of their 
decline, but they remained in repute, and were 
consulted, though, perhaps, not so frequently, 
till the fourth century, when Christianity began 
to triumph over paganism. The oracles often 
suffered themselves to be bribed. Alexander 
did it, but it is well known that Lysander failed in 
the attempt. Herodotus, who first mentioned the 
corruption which often prevailed in the oracular 
temples of Greece and Egypt, has been severely 
treated for his remarks by the historian Plu- 
tarch. Demosthenes is also a witness of the 
corruption, and he observed, that the oracles 
of Greece were servilely subservient to the will 
and pleasure of Philip, king of Macedonia, as he 
beautifullyjexpresses it by the word <piKt7rmguv • 
If some of the Greeks, and other European and 
Asiatic countries, paid so much attention to 
oracles, and were so fully persuaded of their 
veracity, and even divinity, many of their lead- 
ing men and of their philosophers were appriz- 
ed of their deceit, and paid no regard to the 
command of priests whom money could corrupt, 
and interposition silence. The Egyptians showed 
themselves tbe most superstitious of mankind, 
by their blind acquiescence to the imposition of 
the priests, who persuaded them that the safety 
and happiness of their life depended upon the 
mere motions of an ox, or the tameness of a 
crocodile. Homer. II. Od. 10 — Herodot. 1 
and 2. — Xenoph. memor. — Strab. 5, 7, &c, — 
Paus. 1, &c— Plut. de defect, orac. de Ages. 8f 
de Hor. malign. — Cic. de Div. 1, c 19. — Jus- 
tin. 24, c. 6— Liv. Zl.—JElian. V. H. 6.— C. 
Nep. in Lys. — Jiristoph. in Equit. & Plut. — 
Demosth. Phil. — Ovid. Met. 1. 
OrjEA, a small country of Peloponnesus. Pans. 

2, c. 30. Certain solemn sacrifices of fruits 

offered in the four seasons of the year, to obtain 
mild and temperate weather. They were of- 
fered to the goddesses who presided over the 
seasons, who attended upon the sun, and who 
received divine worship at Athens. 

Orasus, a man who killed Ptolemy, the son 
of Pyrrhus. 

Orates, a river of European Scythia, Ovid, 
ex Pont. 4, el. 10, v. 47. As this river is not 
now known, Vossius reads Cretes, a river which 
is found in Scythia. Val. Flacc. 4, >v. 1 19. — 
Tkucyd. 4. 

Orbelus, a mountain of Thrace or Mace- 
donia. 

Orbilics Pdpillus, a grammarian of Bene- 
ventum, who was the first instructor of the poet 
Horace. He came to Rome in the consulship 
of Cicero, and there, as a public teacher, ac- 



quired more fame than money. He was na- 
turally of a severe disposition, of which his pu- 
pils often felt the effects. He lived almost to 
his 100th year, and lost his memory some time 
before his death. Suet, de Illust. Gr. 9. — 
Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 71. 

Orbitaniun, a town of the Samnites. Iav. 
24, c. 20. 

Orb5na, a mischievous goddess at Rome, 
who, as it was supposed, made children die- 
Her temple at Rome was near that of the gods 
Lares. Cic de Nat. D. 3, c. 25. — Plin. 2, c. 7. 

Orcades, islands on the northern coasts of 
Britain, now called the Orkneys. They were 
unknown till Britain was discovered to be an 
island by Agricola, who presided there as go- 
vernor. Tacit, in Jlgric. — Juv. 2, v. 161. 

Orchalis, an eminence of Boeotia near 
Haliartus, called also Alopecos. Plut. in Lys. 

Orchamus, a king of Assyria, father of Leu- 
cothe, by Eurynome. He buried his daughter 
alive for her amours with Apollo. Ovid. Met, 
4, v. 212. 

Orchia lex, by Orchius, the tribune, A. U. 
C. 566. It was enacted to limit the number of 
guests that were to be admitted at an enter- 
tainment; and it also enforced, that during sup- 
per, which was the chief meal among the Ro- 
mans, the doors of every house should be left 
open. 

Orchomenus or Orchomenum, a town of 
Boeotia at the west of the lake Copais. It was 
anciently called Minyeia; and from that cir- 
cumstance, the inhabitants were often called 
Minyans of Orchomenos. There was at Orcho- 
rnenos a celebrated temple, built by Eteocles 
son of Cephisus, sacred to the Graces, who 
were from thence called the Orchomenian god- 
desses. The inhabitants founded Teos in con- 
junction with the Ionians, under the sons of 
Codrus. Plin. 4, c. 8. — Herodot. 1, c 146 — 
Paus. 9, c. 37. — Strab. 9. A town of Ar- 
cadia, at the north of Mantinea Homer. II. 

2. A town of Thessaly, with a river of the 

same name. Strab. A son of Lycaon, king 

of Arcadia, who gave his name to a city of 

Arcadia, &c. Paus. 8. A son of Minyas, 

king of Boeotia, who gave the name of Orchom- 
enians to his subjects. He died without issue, 
and the crown devolved to Clymenus, the son 
of Presbon, &c. Paus. 9, c. 36. 

Orcus, one of the names of the god of hell, 
the same as Pluto, though confounded by some 
with Charon, He had a temple at Rome. The 
word Orcus, is generally used to signify the. in- 
fernal regions. Horat. 1, od. 29, etc. — Virg. 
Mn. 4, v. 502, &c— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 116, 
&c 

Orcvnia, a place of Cappadocia, where 
Eumenes was defeated by Antigonus. 

Ordessus, a river of Scythia, which falls into 
the Ister. Herodot. 

Ordovices, the people of North Wales in 
Britain, mentioned by Tacit. Jinn. 12, c. 53. 

Oreades, nymphs of the mountains (ogos 
mons) daughters of Phoroneus and Hecate. 
Some call them Orestiades, and give them Ju- 
piter for father. They generally attended upon 
Dianaj and accompanied her in hunting. Virg. 



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»IE«. 1, v. 504.— Homer. II. e.—Strah 10.— 
Ovid. Met. 8, v. 787. 
Oreas, a son of Hercules and Chryseis. 
Orest^;, a people of Epwus. They received 
their name from Orestes, who fled to Epirus 
when cured of his insanity. Lucan. 3, v. 249. 

Of Macedonia. Liv. 33, c. 34 

Orestes, a son of Agamemnon and Clytem- 
nestra. When his father was cruelly murdered 
by Clytemnestra and iEgisthus, young Orestes 
was saved from his mother's dagger by means 
of his sister Eiectra, called Laodicea by Homer, 
and he was privately conveyed to the house of 
Strophius, who was king of Phocis, and who 
had married a sister of Agamemnon. He was 
tenderly treated by Strophius, who educated him 
with his son Pylades. The two young princes ' 
soon became acquainted, and, from their fami- ! 
liarity, arose the most inviolable attachment 
and friendship. When Orestes was arrived to 
years of manhood, he visited Mycenae, and 
avenged his father's death by assassinating his 
mother Clytemnestra, and her adulterer iEgis- 
thus. The manner in which he committed this 
murder is variously reported. According to 
iEschylus, he was commissioned by Apollo to 
avenge his father, and, therefore, he introduced \ 
himself, with his friend Pylades, at the court of 
Mycenae, pretending to bring the news of the 
death of Orestes from king Strophius. He was 
at first received with eoldness, and, when he 
came into the presence of iEgisthu?, who wished 
to inform himself of the particulars, he mur- 
dered him, and soon Clytemnestra shared the 
adulterer's fate. Euripides and Sophocles men- 
tion the same circumstances. iEgisthus was 
assassinated after Clytemnestra, according to 
Sophocles; and, in Euripides, Orestes is repre- 
sented as murdering the adulterer, while he 
offers a sacrifice to the nymphs. This murder, 
as the poet mentions, irritates the guards, who 
were present, but Orestes appeases their fury by 
telling them who he is, and immediately he is 
acknowledged king of the country. Afterwards, 
he stabs his mother, at the instigation of his 
sister Eiectra, after he has upbraided her for 
her infidelity and cruelty to her husband. Such 
meditated murders receive the punishment 
which, among the ancients, was always sup- 
posed to attend parricide. Orestes is tormented 
by the Furies, and exiles himself to Argos, where 
he is still pursued by the avengeful goddesses. 
Apollo himself purifies him, and he is acquitted 
by the unanimous opinion of the Areopagites, 
whom Minerva herself instituted on this oc- 
casion, according to the narration of the poet 
iEschylus, who flatters the Athenians in his 
tragical story, by representing them as passing 
judgment, even upon the gods themselves. Ac- 
cording to Pausanias, Orestes was purified of 
the murder, not at Delphi, but at Troezene, 
where still was seen a large stone at the en- 
trance of Diana's temple, upon which the cere- 
monies of purification had been performed by 
nine of the principal citizens of the place. 
There was also, at Megalopolis in Arcadia, a 
temple dedicated to the Furies, near which 
Orestes cut off one of his fingers with his teeth 
in a fit of insanity. These different traditions 



are confuted by Euripides, who says that Ores- 
tes, after the murder of his mother, consulted 
the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, where he wa9 
informed that nothing could deliver him from 
the persecutions of the Furies, if -he did not 
bring into Greece Diana's statue, which was in 
the Taurica Chersonesus, and which, as it is 
reported by some, had fallen down from heaven. 
This was an arduous enterpiize. The king of the 
Chersonesus alwa} r s sacrificed on the altars of 
the goddess all such as entered the borders of 
his country Orestes and his friend were both 
carried before Thoas, the king of the place, and 
they were doomed to be sacrificed. Iphigenia 
was then priestess of Diana's temple, and it was 
her office to immolate these strangers. The in- 
telligence that they were Grecians delayed the 
preparations, and Iphigenia was anxious to learn 
something abont a country which had given her 
birth. [Fid. Iphigenia.] She even interested 
herself in their misfortunes, and offered to spare 
the life of one of them, provided he would con- 
vey letters to Greece from her hand. This was 
a difficult trial; never was friendship more truly 
displayed, according to the words of Ovid, ex 
Pont 3, el. 2. 

Ire jubet Pylades carum moriturus Orestem. 
Hie negat; inque vicem pugnat uterque mori. 
At last Pylades gave way to the pressing en- 
treaties of his friend, and consented to carry the 
letters of Iphigenia to Greece. These were 
addressed to Orestes himself, and, therefore, 
these circumstances soon led to a total discove- 
ry of the connexions of the priestess with the 
man whom she was going to immolate. Iphige- 
nia was convinced that he was her brother 
Orestes, and, when the causes of their journey 
had been explained, she resolved, with the two 
friends, to fly from Chersonesus, and to carry 
away the statue of Diana. Their flight was. dis- 
: co-ered, and Thoas prepared to pursue tbem ; 
i but Minerva interfered, and told him that all 
had been done by the will and approbation of 
the gods. Some suppose that Orestes came to 
Cappadocia from Chersonesus, and that there 
he left the statue of Diana at Comana. Others 
| contradict this tradition, and, according to Pau- 
j sanias, the statue of Diana Orthia was the same 
; as that which had been carried away from the 
Chersonesus. Some also suppose that Orestes 
brought it to Aricia, in Italy, where Diana's 
worship was established. After these celebrated 
adventures, Orestes ascended the throne of 
Argos, where he reigned in perfect secuiity, 
and married Hennione, the daughter of Mcne- 
laus, and gave his sister to his friend Pylades. 
The marriage of Orestes with Hermione is a 
matter of dispute among the ancieuts. All are 
agreed that she had been promised to the son 
of \gamemnon, but Menelaus had married her 
to Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, who had 
shown himself so truly interested in his cause 
during the Trojon war. The marriage of Her- 
mione with Neoptolemus displeased Orestes; he 
remembered that she had been early promised 
to him, and therefore he resolved to recover her 
by force or artifice. This he effected by caus- 
ing Neoptolemus to be assassinated, or assas- 
sinating him himself. According to' Ovid's 



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epistle of Hermione to Orestes, Hermione had 
always been faithful to her first lover, and even 
it was by her persuasions that Orestes removed 
ber from the house of Neoptolemus. Hermione 
was dissatisfied with the partiality of Neoptole- 
mus fur Andromache, and her attachment for 
Orestes was increased. Euripides, however, 
and others, speak differently of Hermione's at- 
tachment to Neoptolemus: she loved him so ten- 
derly, that she resolved to murder Andromache, 
who seemed to share, in a small degree, the af- 
fections of her husband. She was ready to 
perpetrate the horrid deed when Orestes came 
into Epirus, and she was easily persuaded by 
the foreign priuce to withdraw herseif, in her 
husband's absence, from a country which seem- 
ed to contribute so much to her sorrows. Ores- 
tes, the better to secure the affections of Her- 
mione, assassinated Neoptolemus, [Vid. Neop- 
tolemus,] and retired to his kingdom of Argos. 
His old age was crowned with peace and secu- 
rity, and ne died in the 90th year of his age, 
leaving his throne to his son Tisamenes, by 
Hermione. Three years after, the Heraclidae 
recovered the Peloponnesus, and banished the 
descendants of Meuelaus from the throne of 
Argos. Orestes died in Arcadia, as some sup- 
pose, by the bite of a serpent; and the Lace- 
daemonians, who had become his subjects at the 
death of Menelaus, were directed by an oracle 
to bring his bones to Sparta They were, some- 
time after, discovered at Tegea, and his stature 
appeared to be seven cubits, according to the 
traditions mentioned by Herodotus and others. 
The friendship of Orestes and of Pylades be- 
came proverbial, and the two friends received 
divine honours among the Scythians, and were 
worshipped in temples. Puus. 1,2, 4, &c — 
Paterc l,c. 1 and 3. — Apollod. 1, &c — Strab. 
9 and 13. — Ovid. Heroid. 8. Ex. Pont. 3, el. 
2. Met. 15. in lb. — Euripid in Or est. — Andr. 
Sec. Jpfiig. — Sophocl. in Electr. &c. — JEschyl. 
in Eum- Agam. &c. — Herodot. I, c. 69. — Hy- 
gin fab. 120 and 261. — PlutinLyc.—Dictys. 
6, &c.— Pindar. Pytli. 2.—Plin. 33 — Virg. 
JEn. 3, &c— Homer. Od 3, v. 304, 1. 4, v. ' 

530. — Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 1374. A son of 

Achelous. Apollod- A man sent as am- 
bassador by Attila, king of the Huns, to the 
emperor Theodosius. He was highly honoured 
at the Roman court, and his son Augustulus 
was the last emperor of the western empire. 
A governor of Egypt under the Roman empe- 
rors. A robber of Athens, who pretended 

madness, &c. Aristoph. ach. 4, 7. A gene- 
ral of Alexander. Curt. 4, c. 108. 

Oresteum, a town of Arcadia, about 18 miles 
from Sparta. It was founded by Orestheus, a 
son of Lycaon, and originally called Orcsthe- 
sium, and afterwards Oresteum, from Orestes, 
the son of Agamemnon, who resided there for 
some time after the murder of Clytemnestra. 
Paus. 8, c 8. — Euripid. 

OrestidjE, the descendants or subjects of 
Orestes, the son of Agamemnon. They were 
driven from the Peloponnesus by the Heraclidae, 
and came to settle in a country which, from 
them, was called Orestidas, at the south-west of 
Macedonia. Some suppose that that part ot 



Greece originally received its name from Ores- 
tes, who fled and built there a city, winch gave 
its founder's name to the whole province. 
Thucyd. 2.— Lit?. 31. 

Aurel. Orestilla, a mistress of Catiline. 
Cic. ad. Div. 7, c. 7. 

Orestis, or Orestida, a part of Macedonia. 
Cic. de Harusp. 16. 

OretjE, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, on 
the Euxine Sea. 

Oretani, a people of Spain, whose capital 
"was Oretum, now Oreto. Liv. 21, c. 11,1. 35, 
c. 7. 

Oretilia, a woman who married Caligula, 
by whom she was soon after banished. 

OreuiM, one of the principal towns of Eu- 
bcea. Liv. 28, c. 6. 

Orga, or Orgas, a river of Phrygia, falling 
into the Maeander. Strab. — Plin." 

Orgessum, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, 
c. 27. 

Orgetorix, one of the chief men of the 
Helvetii, while Caesar was in Gaul. He form- 
eu a conspiracy agairst the Romans, and when 
accused, he destroyed himself. C<es. 

Orgia, festivals in honour of Bacchus. They 
are the same as the Bacchanalia, Dionysia, inc. 
which were celebrated by the ancients to com- 
memorate the triumph of Bacchus in India. 
VUl. Dionysia. 

Oribasus, a celebrated physician, greatly 
esteemed by the emperor Julian, in whose reign 
he flourished. He abridged the works of Ga- 
lenus, and of all the most respectable writers on 
physic, at the request of the emperor. He ac- 
companied Julian into the east, but his skill 
proved ineffectual in attempting to cure the fa- 
tal wound which his benefactor had received. 
After Julian's death, he fell into ihe hands of 
the barbarians. The best edition of his works 

is that of Dundas, 4to. L. Bat. 1745. One 

of Actaeon's dogs, ab og<& mons, and fintva, 
scando. Ovid. Met. 

Oricum or Oricus, a town of Epirus, on the 
Ionian sea, founded by a colony from Colchis 
according to Pliny. It was called Dardania, 
because Helenus and Andromache, natives of 
Troy or Dardania, reigned over the country 
after the Trojan war. It had a celebrated har- 
bour, and was greatly esteemed by the Romans 
on account of its situation, but it was not well 
defended. The tree which produces the tur- 
pentine grew there in abundance. Virg. JEn. 
10, v. 136.— Liv. 24, c. 40.— Plin 2, c. 89.— 
Cces. Bell Civ. 3, c. 1, &c. — Lucan. 3, v. 187. 
Oriens, in ancient geography, is taken for 
all the most eastern parts of the world, such as 
Parthia, India, Assyria, &c. 

Origen, a Greek writer, as much celebrated 
for the easiness of his manner, his humility, and 
modesty, as for his leamiug and the sublimity 
of his genius. He was sur named Adamantus, 
from his assiduity, and became so rigid a Chris- 
tian, that he made himself an eunuch, by fol- 
lowing the literal sense of a passage in the 
Greek testament, which speaks of the voluntary 
eunuchs of Christ. He suffered Martyrdom in 
his 69th year, A. C. 254. His works were ex- 
cellent and numerous, and contained a number 



OR 



OR 



of homilies, commentaries on the holy scrip- 
tures, and different treatises, besides the Hexa- 
pla, so called from its being divided into six 
columns, the first of which contained the He- 
brew text, the second, the same text in Greek 
characters, the third, the Greek version of the 
Septuagmt, the fourth, that of Aquila, the fifth, 
that of Symmachus, and the sixth, Theodosian's 
Greek version. This famous work first gave the 
hint for the compilation of our Polyglot Bibles. 
The works of Origen have been learnedly edited 
by the Benedictine monks, though the whole is 
not yet completed, in four vols foi. Paris, 1733, 
1740, and 1759. The Hexapla was published 
in 8vo. at Lips. 1769, by Car. Frid. Bahrdt. 

Origo, a courtezan in the age of Horace. 
Horat. 1, Stat. 2, v. 55. 

Orinus, a river of Sicily. 

Oriobates, a general of Darius at the battle 
ofArbela, &c. Curt. 4. 

Orion, a celebrated giant sprung from the 
urine of Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury. These 
three gods, as they travelled over Boeotia, met 
with great hospitality from Hyrieus, a peasant 
of the country, who was ignorant of their dig- 
nity and character. They were entertained 
with whatever the cottage afforded, and, when 
Hyrieus had discovered that they were gods, 
because Neptune told him to fill up Jupiter's 
cup with wine, after he had served it before the 
rest, the old man welcomed them by the volun- 
tary sacrifice of an ox. Pleased with his piety, 
the gods promised to grant bim whatever be re- 
quired, and the old man, who had lately lost 
his wife, to whom he had promised never to 
marry again, desired them that, as he was child- 
less, they would give him a son without ano- 
ther marriage. The gods consented, and they 
ordered him to bury in the ground the skin of 
the victim, into which they had ail three made 
water. Hyrieus did as they commanded, and 
when, nine months after, he dug for the skin, 
he found in it a beautiful child, whom he called 
Urion, ab wind. The name was chnnged into 
Orion by the corruption of one letter, as Ovid 
says, Perdidit antiquum LUtera prima sonum. 
Orion soon rendered himself celebrated, and 
Diana took him among her attendants, and even 
became deeply enamoured of him. His gigantic 
stature, however, displeased CEnopon, king of 
Chios, whose daughter Hero or Merope he de- 
manded in marriage. The king, not to deny 
him openly, promised to make him his son-in- 
law as soon as he delivered his island from wild 
beasts. This task, which CEnopion deemed im- 
practicable, was soon performed by Orion, who 
eagerly demanded his reward. CEnopion, on 
pretence of complying, intoxicated his illustri- 
ous guest, and put out his eyes on the sea shore, 
where he had laid himself down to sleep. Orion 
finding himself blind when he awoke, was con- 
ducted by the sound to a neighbouring forge, 
where he placed one of the workmen on his 
back, and, by his directions, went to a place 
where the rising sun was seen with the greatest 
advantage. Here he turned his face towards 
the luminary, and, as it is reported, he imme- 
diately recovered his eye-sight, and hastened to 
punish the perfidious cruelty of CEnopion. It is 



said that Orion was an excellent workman in 
iron; and that he fabricated a subterraneous 
palace for Vulcan. Aurora, whom Venus had 
inspired with love, carried him away into the 
island of Delos, to enjoy his company with 
greater security; but Diana, who was jealous of 
this, destroyed Orion with her arrows. Some 
say that Orion had provoked Diana's resent- 
ment, by offering violence to Opis, one of her 
female attendants, or, according to others, be- 
cause he had attempted the virtue of the god- 
dess herself According to Ovid, Orion died of 
the bite of a scorpion, which the eurtb produced, 
to punish his vanity in boasting that there was 
not on earth any animal which he could not 
conquer. Some say tha. Orion was the son of 
Neptune and Euryale, and that he had received 
from his father the privilege and power of 
walking over the sea without wetting hia feet* 
Others make him son of Terra, like the rest of 
the giants. He had married a nymph called 
Sida before his connexion with the family of 
ffinopion; but Sida was the cause of her own 
death, by boasting herself fairer than Juno. 
According to Diodorus, Orion was a celebrated 
hunter, superior to the rest of mankind by his 
strength and uncommon stature. He built the 
port of Zancle, and fortified the coast of Sicily 
against the frequent inundations of the sea, by 
heaping a mound of earth, called Pelorum, on 
which he built a temple to the gods of the sea. 
After death, Orion was placed in heaven, where 
one of the constellations still bears his name. 
The constellation of Orion, placed near the feer 
of the bull, was composed of 17 stars, in the 
form of a man holding a sword, which has given 
occasion to the poets often to speak of Orion's 
sword. As the consfellation of Orion, which 
rises about the ninth day of March, and sets 
about the 21st of June, is generally supposed to 
be accompanied, at its rising, with great rains 
and storms, it has acquired the epithet of 
aquosus, given it by Virgil. Orion was buried 
in the island of Delos, and the monument which 
the people of Tanagra in Boeotia showed, as 
containing the remains of this celebrated hero, 
was nothing but a cenotaph. The daughters of 
Orion distinguished themselves as much as their 
father, and, when the oracle had declared that 
Bceotia should not be delivered from a dreadful 
pestilence before two of Jupiter's children were 
immolated on the altars, they joyfully accepted 
the offer, and voluntarily sacrificed themselves 
for the good of their country. Their names 
were Menippe and Metioche. They had been 
carefully educated by Diana, and Venus and 
Minerva bad made them very rich and valua- 
ble presents. The deities of hell were struck 
at the patriotism of the two females, and im- 
mediately two stars were seen to arise from the 
earth, which still smoked with the blood, and 
they were placed in the heavens in the form of" 
a crown. According to Ovid, their bodies were 
burned by the Thebans, and, from their ashes, 
arose two persons, whom the gods soon after 
changed into constellations. Diod, 4. — Homer. 
Od. 5, v. 121, 1. 11, v. 309.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 
517. —rfpollod. 1, e. 4.— Ovid. Met. 8 and 13. 
Fast. 5, &c— Hygin. fab. 125. and P , A. 2, 



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c. 44, &c— Propert. 2, el. 13.— Virg. JEn. 1, 
&c. Horat. 2, od. 13, 1. 3, oil. 4 and 27, epod. 
10, &c. — Lucan. 1, &.c. — Catull. de Beren. — 
Palephat. 1. — Parthen. erotic. 20. 

Orissus, a prince of Spain, who put Hamil- 
car to flight, &c. 

Orisulla Livia, a Roman matron, taken 
away from Piso, &c 

OiutjE, a people of India, who submittedto 
Alexander, &c. Strab. 15. 

Orithyia, a daughter of Erechtheus, king of 
Athens by Praxithea. She was eourted and car- 
lied away by Boreas, king of Thrace, as she 
crossed the Ilissus, and became mother of Cleo- 
patra, Chione. Zetes, and Calais. Jlpollon. 1. 
— Apollod. 3, c. 15. — Orpheus. — Ovid. Met. 6, 
v. 706. Fast. 5, y. 204— -Pans. 1, c. 19, 1. 5, 

c. 19. — —One of the Nereides. A daughter 

of Cecrops, who bore Europus to Macedon. — — 
One of the Amazons, famous for her warlike and 
intrepid spirit. Justin. 2, c. 4. 

Oritias, one of the hunters of the Calydo- 
nian boar. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 8. 

Oriundus, a river of Iilyricum. Liu. 44, c. 
SI. 

Ormenus, a king of Thessaly, sou of Cerca- 
phus. He built a town which was called Orme- 
nium. He was father of Amyntor. Homer. II. 

9, v. 448. A man who settled at Rhodes. 

> A son of Eurypylus, &c. 

Ornea, a town of Argolis, famous for a bat- 
tle fought there between the Lacedaemonians 
and Argives. Diod 

Orneates, a surname of Priapus, at Ornea. 

Orneus, a centaur, son of Ixion . and the 

Cloud. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 302, A son of 

Erechtheus, king uf Athens, who built Ornea, 
in Peloponnesus. Paus- 2, c. 25. 

Ornithic, a wind blowing from the north 
in the spring, and so called from the appear- 
ance of birds (ogi/^b?, aves). Colwn. 11, c. 2. 

Ornithon, a town of Phoenicia, between 
Tyre and Sidon. 

Ornitcs, a friend of iEneas, killed by Ca- 
milla in the Rutulian wars. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 
677. 

Ornospades, a Parthian, driven from his 
country by Artabanus He assisted Tiberius, 
and was made governor of Macedonia, &c. 
Tacit. Jinn. 6, c. 37. 

Ornytion, a son of Sisyphus, king of Co- 
nnth, father of Phocus. Paus. 9, c. 17. 

Ornytus, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the 
Argonauts, &c Val. Fl. 3, v. 173. 

Oroanda, a town of Pisidia, now Haviran. 
Liv. 38, c. 18. 

Orobia, a town of Euboea. 

Orobii, a people of Italy, near Milan. 

Orodes, a prince of Parthia, who murdered 
his brother Mithridates, and ascended his throne. 
He defeated Crassus, the Roman triumvir, and 
poured melted gold down the throat of his fal- 
len enemy, to reproach him for his avarice and 
ambition. He followed the inteiest of Cassius 
and Brutus at Philippi. . It is said, that, wheH 
Orodes became old and infirm, his thirty child- 
ren applied to him, and disputed, in his pre- 
sence, their right to the succession. Pbraates, 
the eldest of them, obtained the crown from his 



lather, and, to hasten him out of the world, he 
attempted to poison him. The poison had no 
effect, and Phraates, still determined on his fa- 
ther's death, strangled him with his own hands, 
about 37 years before the Christian era. Orodes 
had then reigned about 50 years. Justin. 42, c. 
4. — Paterc 2, c 30. Another king of Par- 
thia, murdered for his cruelty. Josephus, 18. 

Jud A son of Artabanus, king of Armenia. 

Tacit. Jinn. 6, c. 33. One of the friends of 

./Eneas in Italy, killed by Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 
•10, v. 732, &c. 

Orostes, a Persian governor of Sardis, fa- 
mous for his cruel murder of Polvcrates. He 
died B. C. 521. Herodot. 

Oromedon, a lofty mountain in the island of 

Cos. Theocrit. 7. A giant. Propert. 3, el. 

7, v. 48. 

Orontas, a relation of Artaxerxes, sent to 
Cyprus, where he made peace with Evagoras, 
&c. Polycen. 7. 

Orontes, a satrap of Mysia, B. C 385, who 
rebelled from Artaxerxes, &c. Id. A gover- 
nor of Armenia. Id A'king of the Lycians 

during the Trojan war, who followed JEneas, 
and perished in a shipwreck. Virg. JEn. 1 , v. 

117, 1. 6, v. 34. A river of Syria, (now Jisi.) 

rising in Ccelosyria, and falling, after a rapid 
and troubled course, into the Mediterranean, 
below Antioch According to Strabo, who men- 
tions some fabulous accounts concerning it, the 
Orontes disappeared under ground, for the space 
of five miles. The word Oronteus is often used 
as Syrius. Dionys. Perieg. — Ovid. Met. 2, v. 
248.— Strab. 16.— Paus. 8, c. 20. 

Orophernes, a man who seized the kingdom 
of Cappadocia. He died B. C. 154. 

Oropus, a town of Bceotia, on the borders of 
Attica, near the Euripus, which received its 
name from Oropus, a son of Macedon. It was 
the frequent cause of quarrels between the Boeo- 
tians and the Athenians, whence some have called 
it one of the cities of Attica, and was at last con- 
firmed in the possession of the Athenians, by 
Philip, king of Macedon. Amphiaraus had a 

temple there. Paus. 1, c. 34 — Strab. 9 

A small town of Euboea. Another in Mace- 
donia. 

Orosius, a Spanish writer, A. D. 416, who 
published an universal history, in seven books, 
from the creation to his own time, in which, 
though learned, diligent, and pious, he betray- 
ed a great ignorance of the knowledge of histo- 
rical facts, and of chronology. The best edition 
is that of Havercamp, 4to. L. Bat. 1767. 

Orospeda, a mountain of Spain. Strab. 3. 

Orpheus, a son of CEager, by the muse Cal- 
liope. Some suppose him to be the son of Apol- 
lo, to render his birth more illustrious. He re- 
ceived a lyre from Apollo, or, according to some, 
from Mercury, upon which he played with such 
a masterly hand, that even the most rapid rivers 
ceased to flow, the savage beasts of the forest 
forgot their wilchiess, and the mountains moved 
to listen to his song. All nature seemed charm- 
ed and animated, and the nymphs were his con- 
stant companions. Eurydice was the only one 
who made a deep impression on (he melodious 
musician, and their nuptials were celebrated. 



OR 



OK 



Their happiness, however, was short; Aristaeus 
became enamoured of Eurydice, and, as she fled 
from her pursuer, a serpent, that was lurking in 
the grass, bit her foot, and she died of the poi- 
soned wound. Her loss was severely felt by 
Orpheus, and he resolved to recover her, or pe- 
rish in the attempt. With his lyre in his hand, 
he entered the inferual regions, and gained an 
easy admission to the palace of Pluto. The 
king of hell was charmed with the melody of 
his strains, and, according to the beautiful ex- 
pressions of the poets, the wheel of Ixion stop- 
ped, the stone of Sisyphus stood still, Tantalus 
forgot his perpetual thirst, and even the furies 
relented. Pluto and Proserpine were moved 
with his sorrow, and consented to restore him 
Eurydice, provided he forebore looking behind 
till he had come to the extremest borders of 
hell. The conditions were gladly accepted, and 
Orpheus was already in sight of the upper re- 
gions of the air, when he forgot his promises, 
and turned back to look at his long lost Eury- 
dice. He saw her, but she instantly vanished 
from his eyes. He attempted to follow her, but 
he was refused admission; and the only comfort 
he could find, was to sooth his grief at the sound 
of his musical instrument, in grottos, or on the 
mountains. He totally separated himself from 
the society of mankind; and the Thracian wo- 
men, whom he had offended by his coldness to 
their amorous passion, or, according to others, 
by his unnatural gratifications, and impure in- 
dulgences, attacked him while they celebrated 
the orgies of Bacchus, and after they had torn 
his body to pieces, they threw his head into the 
Hebrus, which still articulated the words Eury- 
dice! Eurydice! as it was carried down the 
stream into the iEgean sea. Orpheus was one 
of the Argonauts, of which celebrated expedi- 
tion he wrote a poetical account still extant. 
This is doubted by Aristotle, who says, accord- 
ing to Cicero, that there never existed an Or- 
pheus, but that the poems which pass under his 
name, are the compositions of a Pythagorean 
philosopher named Cercops. According to some 
of the moderns, the Argonautica, and the other 
poems attributed to Orpheus, are the production 
of the pen of Onomacritus, a poet who lived iu 
the age of Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens. Pau- 
sanias, however, and Diodorus Siculus, speak 
of Orpheus as a great poet and musician, who 
rendered himself equally celebrated by his 
knowledge of the art of war, by the extent of 
his understanding, and by the laws which he 
enacted Some maintain that he was killed by 
a thunderbolt He was buried at Pieria in Ma- 
cedonia, according to Apollodorus. The inha- 
bitants of Dion boasted that his tomb was in 
their city, and the people of mount Libethrus, 
in Thrace, claimed the same honour, and far- 
ther observed, that the nightingales which built 
their nests near his tomb, sang with greater 
melody than all other birds. Orpheus, as some 
report, after death received divine honours; the 
muses gave an honourable burial to his remains, 
and his lyre became one of the constellations in 
the heavens. The best edition of Orpheus, is 
that of Gesner, Svo. Lips. 1764. Diod 1, &c. 
-r- Paw. I, &c. — Apollod. 1, c. 9, &c. — Cic. 



de Nat. D. 1, c. 38.— Apollon. 1 — Virg. Mi. 
6, v. 645. G. 4. v. 457, &c.— Hygin. fab. 14, 
&c— Ovid. Met. 10 fab. 1, &c. 1. 11, tab. 1. 
—Plato. Polit. 10— Herat. 1, od. 13 and 35. 
— Orpheus. 

Orpbica, a name by which the orgies of 
Bacchus were called, because they had been 
introduced in Europe from Egypt by Orpheus. 

Orpbne, a nymph of the infernal regions, 
mother of Ascalaphus by Acheron. Ovid. Met. 
5, v. 549. 

Orsedice, a daughter of Cinyras and Me- 
tharme. Apollod. 

Orseis, a nymph who married Hellen Apol- 
lod. 

Orsillus, a Persian who fled to Alexander, 
wtien Bessus murdered Darius Curt 5, c. 31. 

Orsilochos, a son of Idomeneus. kii.'ec by 
Ulysses in the Trojan war, &c. Homer. Od. 13, 

v. 260.— — A son of the river Alpheus. A 

Trojan killed by Camilla in the Rutulian wars, 
&c. Virg. JEn. 11. v. 636 and 690. 

Orsines. one of the officers of Darius, at the 
battle of Arbeia. Cud. 10, c. 1. 

Orsipptts, a man of Megara, who was pre- 
vented from obtaining a prize at the Olympic 
games, because his clothes were entangled as 
he ran. This circumstance was the cause that, 
for the future, all the combatants were obliged 
to appear naked. Paus, 1, c 44. 

M. Ortalus, a grandson of Hortensius, who 
was induced to marry by a present from Augus- 
tus, who wished that ancient family not to be 
extinguished. Tacit. Ann. 2,c. 37. — Val, Max. 
3, c. 5. — Suet, in Tiber. 

Orthagoras, a man who wrote a treatise on 

India, &c. AZlian de Anim. A musician in 

the age of Epaminondas. A tyrant of Sicy- 

on, who mingled severity with justice in his go- 
vernment. The sovereign authority remained 
upwards of 100 years in his family. 

Orth^a, a daughter of Hyacinthus. Apol- 
lod. 

Orthe, a town of Magnesia. Plin. 

Orthia, a surname of Diana at Sparta. In 
her sacrifices it was usual for boys to be whip- 
ped. [Vid. Diamastigosis] Plut. in Thes. &e. 

Orthosia, a town of C aria. Liv. 4c, c. 25. 
Of Phoenicia. Plin. 5, c. 20. 



Orthrus, or Orthos, a dog which belonged 
to Geryon, from whom and the Chimaera. sprung 
the sphynx and the Nemaean lion. He had two 
heads, and was sprung from the union of 
Echidna and Typhon. He was destroyed by 
Hercules. Hesiod. Theog. 310.— Apollod. 2, 
c. 5. 

Ortona. Vid. Arfona. 

Ortygia, a grove near Ephesus. Tacit Ann. 

3, c. 61. A small island of Sicily, within the 

bay of Syracuse, which formed once one of the 
four quarters of that great city. It was in this 
island that the celebrated fountain Arethusa 
arose. Ortygia is now the only part remaining 
of the once famed Syracuse, about two miles in 
circumference, and inhabited by 18,000 souls. 
It has suffered, like the towns on the eastern 
coast, by the eruptions of iE;na. Virg. JEn. 3, 

v. 694. — Horn Od. 15, v. 403. An ancient 

name of the island of Delo9. Some supposr: 
3s 



OS 



OS 



that it received this name from Latona, who fled 
thither when changed into a quail, (ogTw^) by 
Jupiter, to avoid the pursuits of Juno. Diana 
was called Ortygia, as being. born there; as 
also Apollo. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 651. Fast. 5, v. 
692.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 124. 

Ortygius, a Rutulian killed by iEneas. Virg. 
JEn. 9, v. 573. 

Orus, or Horus, one of the gods of the 
Egyptians, son of Osiris and of Isis. He assist- 
ed his mother in avenging his father, who had 
been murdered by Typhon. Orus was skilled 
in medicine; he was acquainted with futurity, 
and he made the good and the happiness of his 
subjects the sole object of his government. He 
was the emblem of the sun among the Egyp- 
tians, and he was generally represented as an 
infant, swathed in variegated "clothes. In one 
hand he held a staff, which terminated in the 
head of a hawk, in the other a whip with three 
thongs. Herodot. 2. — Plut. de hid. &{ Os — 

— Diod. 1. The first king of Troezene. 

Pans. 2, c. 30; 

Oryander, a satrap of Persia, &c. Polyan. 
7. 

Oryx, a place of Arcadia on the Ladon. 
Pans. 8, c. 25. 

Osaces, a Parthian general, who received a 
mortal wound from Cassius. Cic. ad JItt. 5, ep. 
20. 

Osca, a town of Spain, now Huesca, in Ar- 
ragon. Liv. 34, c. 10. 

Oschophoria, a festival observed by the 
Athenians. It receives its name ctn-o tou <ptf>&tv 
Tat? o<T%eLs,from carrying boughs hung up ivith 
grapes, called oo-%zt. Its original institution is 
thus mentioned by Plut. in Thjes. Theseus, at 
his return from Crete, forgot to hang out the 
white sail by which his father was to be ap- 
prized of his success. This neglect was fatal 
to iEgeus, who threw himself into the sea and 
perished. Theseus no sooner reached the land, 
than he sent a herald to inform his father of 
his safe return, and in the mean time he began 
to make the sacrifices which he vowed when he 
first set sail from Crete. The herald, on his 
entrance into the city, found the people in great 
agitation. Some lamented the king's death, 
while others, elated at the sudden news of the 
victory of Theseus, crowned the herald with 
garlands in demonstration of their joy. The 
herald carried back the garlands on his staff to 
the sea shore, and after he had waited till The- 
seus had finished his sacrifice, he related the 
melancholy story of the king's death. Upon 
this, the people ran in crowds to the city, show- 
ing their grief by cries and lamentations. From 
that circumstance therefore, at the feast of Os- 
chophoria, not the herald, but his staff, is crown- 
ed with garlands, and all the people that are 
present always exclaim ihtxsv, m /s, the first of 
which expresses haste, and the other a conster- 
nation or depression of spirits. The historian 
further mentions, that Theseus, when he went 
to Crete, did not take with him the usual num- 
ber of virgius, but that instead of two of them, 
he filled up the number with two youths of his 
acquaintance, whom he made pass for women, 
by disguising their dress, and by using them to 



the ointments and perfumes of women as well 
as by a long and successful imitation of their 
voice. The imposition succeeded, their sex 
was not discovered in Crete, and when These- 
us had triumphed over the Minotaur, he, with 
these two youths, led a procession with branch- 
es in their hands, in the same habit which is 
still used at the celebration of the Oschophoria. 
The branches which were carried were in honour 
of Bacchus or of Ariadne, or because they re- 
turned in autumn, when the grapes were ripe. 
Besides this procession, there was also a race 
exhibited, in which only young men, whose pa- 
rents were both alive, were permitted to en- 
gage. It was usual for them to run from the 
temple of Bacchus to that of Minerva, which 
was on the sea shore. The place where they 
stopped was called oo-%o<po£tov, because the 
boughs which they carried in their hands were 
deposited there. The rewards of the conqueror 
was a cup called ?rtvla. 7r\oct, Jive fold, because 
it contained a mixture of five different things, 
wine, honey, cheese, meal, and oil. Plut. in 
Thes. 

Osci, a people between Campania and the 
country of the Volsci, who assisted Turnus 
against iEneas. Some suppose that they are the 
same as the Opici, the word Osci being a dimi- 
nutive or abbreviation of the other. The lan- 
guage, the plays, and ludicrous expressions of 
this nation, are often mentioned by the ancients, 
and from their indecent tendency some suppose 
the word obsccenum, (quasi oscenum,) is deriv- 
ed. Tacit. Jinn 4, c 14. — Cic. Fam. 7, ep. 1. 
— Liv. 10, c. 20.—Strab. b.—Plin. 3, c. 5.— 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 730. 

Oscius, a mountain with a river of the same 
name in Thrace. Thucyd. 

Oscus, a general of the fleet of the emperor 
Otho. Tacit. 1, hist. 17, 

Osi, a people of Germany. Tacit. G. 28 and 
43. 

Osinius, a king of Clusium, who assisted 
ZEneas against Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 655. 

Osiris, a great deity of the Egyptians, son 
of Jupiter and Niobe. All the ancients greatly 
differ in their opinions concerning this celebrat- 
ed god, but they all agree that as king of Egypt, 
he took particular care to civilize his subjects, 
to polish their morals, to give them good and 
salutary laws, and to teach them agriculture. 
After he had accomplished a reform at home, 
Osiris resolved to go and spread civilization in 
the other parts of the earth. He left his king- 
dom to the care of his wife Isis, and of her 
faithful minister Hermes or Mercury. The 
command of his troops at home was left to the 
trust of Hercules, a warlike officer. In his ex- 
pedition Osiris was accompanied by his brother 
Apollo, and by Anubis, Macedo, and Pan. His 
march was through ^Ethiopia, where his army 
was increased by the addition of the Satyrs, a 
hairy race of monsters, who made dancing and 
playing on musical instruments their chief stu- 
dy. He afterwards passed through Arabia and 
visited the greatest part of the kingdoms of Asia 
and Europe, where he enlightened the minds of 
men by introducing among them the worship of 
the gods, and a reverence for the wisdom of a 



OS 



OS 



supreme being. At his return home Osiris found 
the minds of his subjects roused and agitated 
His brother Typhon had raised seditions, and 
endeavoured to make himself popular Osiris, 
whose sentiments tvere always of the most paci- 
fic nature, endeavoured to convince bis brother 
of his ill conduct, but he fell a sacrifice to the 
attempt. Typhon murdered him in a secret 
apartment, and cut his body to pieces, which 
were divided among the associates of his guilt. 
Typhon, according to Plutarch, shut up his bro- 
ther in a coffer and threw him into the Nile. 
The inquiries of (sis discovered the body of her 
husband on the coast of Phoenicia, where it had 
been conveyed by the waves, but Typhon stole 
it as it was carrying to Memphis, and he divid- 
ed it amongst his companions, as was before ob- 
served. This cruelty incensed Isis; she reveng- 
ed her husbaud's death, and with her son Orus 
she defeated Typhon and the partisans of his 
conspiracy. She recovered the mangled pieces 
of her husband's body, the genitals excepted, 
which the murderer had thrown into the sea; 
and to render him all the honour which his hu- 
manity deserved, she made as many statues of 
wax as there were mangled pieces of his body. 
Each statue contained a piece of the flesh of the 
dead monarch; and Isis. after she had summon- 
ed in her presence one by one, the priests of all 
the different deiiies in her dominions, gave 
them each a statue, intimating, that in doing 
that she had preferred them to all the other 
communities of Egypt, and she bound them by 
a solemn oath that they would keep secret that 
mark of her favour, and endeavour to show their 
sense of it by establishing a form of worship and 
paying divine honours to their prince. They 
were further directed to choose whatever ani- 
mals they pleased to represent the person and 
the divinity of Osiris, and they were enjoined J 
to pay the greatest reverence to that represen- 
tative of divinity, and to bury it when dead with 
the greatest solemnity. To render their esta- j 
blishment more popular, each sacerdotal body 
had a certain portion of land allotted to them 
.to maintain them, and to defray the expenses 
which necessarily attended the sacrifices and 
ceremonial rites. That part of the body of 
Osiris which had not been recovered, was treat- 
ed with more particular attention by Isis, and 
she ordered that it should receive honours more 
solemn, and at the same time more mysterious 
than the other members. [Vid . Phallica.] As 
Osiris had particularly instructed his subjects in 
cultivating the ground, the priests chose the ox 
to represent him, and paid the most superstiti- 
ons veneration to that animal. [Vid. Apis.] Osi- 
ris, according to the opinion of some mytholo- 
gists, is the same as the sun, and the adoration 
which is paid by different-nations to an Anubis, 
a Bacchus, a Dionysius, a Jupiter, a Pan, &c. 
is the same as that which Osiris received in the 
Egyptian temples. Isis also after death receiv- 
ed divine honours as well as her husband, and 
as the ox was the symbol of the sun, or Osiris, 
so the cow was the emblem of the moon, or of 
Isis. Nothing can give a clearer idea of the pow- 
er and greatness of Osiris than this inscription, 
which has been found on some ancient monu- 



ments; Saturn, the youngest of all the gods, was 
my father; I am Osiris, icho conducted a large 
and numerous army as far as the deserts of In- 
dia, and travelled over the greatest part of the 
world, and visited the streams cf the Ister, and 
the remote shores of the ocean, diffusing benevo- 
lence to all the inhabitants of the earth- Osiris 
was generally represented with a cap on his head 
lik"e a mitre, with two horns; he held a stick in 
his left hand, and in bis right a whip with three 
thongs Sometimes he appears with the head of 
a hawk, as that bird, by its quick and piercing 
eyes, is a proper emblem of the sun. Plut. in 
Isid. fy Os.—Herodot. 2, c. 144.— Diod. 1.— 
Homer. Od. 12, v. 323.— -&lian de Anim 3 — 
Lucian de Dea. Syr. — Plin. 8. — —A Persian 

general, who lived 450 B. C. A friend of 

Turnus, killed in the Rutulian war. Virg. Mn. 
12, v. 458. 

Osismii, a people of Gaul in Britanv. J\Jela, 
3, c 2.— Cos. B. G. 2, c 34. 

Osphagus, a river of Macedonia. Liv. 31, 
c. 39 : 

Osrhoene, a country of Mesopotamia, which 
received this name from one of its kings called 
Osrhoes. 

Ossa, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the 
residence of the Centaurs. It was formerly 
joined to mount Olympus, but Hercules, as some 
report, separated them, and made between them 
the celebrated valley of Tcmpe. This separa- 
tion cf the two mountains was more probably 
effected by an earthquake, which happened, as 
fabulous accounts represent, about 1S85 years 
before the Christian era. Ossa was one of those 
mountains which the giants, in their wars against 
the gods, heaped up one on the other to scale 
the heavens with more facility. Mela, 2, c. 3. — 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 155, 1. 2, v. 225, 1. 7, v. 224. 
Fast. 1, v. 307, 1. 3, v. 441.— Strab. 9.— Lu- 

can. 1 and 6. — Virg. G. 1, v. 281. A town 

of Macedonia. 

Osteodes, an island near the Lipari isles. 
Ostia, a town built at the mouth of the river 
Til>er by Ancus Martius, king of Rome, about 
16 miles distant from Rome. It had a celebra- 
ted harbour, and was so pleasantly situated that 
the Romans generally spent a part of the year 
there as in a country seat. There was a small 
tower in the port, like the Pharos of Alexandria, 
built upon the wreck of a large ship which had 
been sunk there, and which contained the obe- 
lisks of Egypt with which the Roman emperors 
intended to adorn the capital of Italy. In the 
age of Strabo the. sand and mud deposited by 
the Tiber had choked the harbour, and added 
much to the size of the small islands, which 
sheltered the ships at the entrance of the river. 
Ostia and her harbour called Portus, became 
gradually separated, and are now at a consider- 
able distance from the sea. Flor. 1, c, 4, 1. 3, 
c. 21. — Liv. 1, c. 33. — Mela, 2, c. 4.—Suelon. 
—Plin. 

Ostorius Scapula, a man made governor of 
Britain. He died A. D. 55. Tacit. Ann- 10. 

c. 23. Another, who put himself to death 

when accused before Nero, £cc. Id. 14, c. 48. 

Sabinus, a man who accused Soranus. in 

Nero's reign. Id. 16, c. 33. 



OT 



OV 



Ostracine, a town of Egypt, on the confines 
of Palestine. Plin. 5, c 12. 

Osymawdyas, a maguiricent king of Egypt in 
a remote period. 

Otacilius, a Roman consul sent against the 
Carthaginians, &c. 

Otanes, a noble Persian, one of the seven 
who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. It 
was through him that the usurpation was first 
discovered. He was afterwards appointed by 
Darius over the sea coast of Asia Minor, and 
took Byzantium. Herodot. 3, c 70. &c. 

Otho, M. Salvius, a Roman emperor de- 
scended from the ancient kings of Etruria He 
was one of Nero's favourites, and as such he 
was raised to the highest offices of the state, and 
made governor of Pannonia by the interest of 
Seneca, who wished to remove him from Rome, 
lest Nero's love for Poppaea should prove his 
ruin. After Nero's death Otho conciliated the 
favour of Galba the new emperor; but when he 
did not gain his point, and when Galba had re- 
fused to adopt him as his successor, he resolved 
to make himself absolute without any regard to 
the age or dignity of his friend. The great 
debts which he had contracted encouraged his 
avarice, and he caused Galba to be assassina- 
ted, and he made himself emperor. He was 
acknowledged by the senate and the Roman 
people, but the sudden revolt of Viteilius in 
Germany rendered his situation precarious, and 
it was mutually resolved that tbeir respective 
right to the empire should be decided by arms. 
Otho obtained three victories over his enemies, 
but in a general engagement near Brixellum, 
his forces were defeated, and ,he stabbed him- 
self when ali hopes of success were vanished, 
after a reign of about three months, on the 20th 
of April, A. D. 69. It has been justly observed, 
that the last moments of Otho's life were those 
of a philosopher. He comforted his soldiers, 
who lamented his fortune, and he expressed his 
concern for their safety, when they earnestly 
solicited to pay him the last friendly offices be- 
fore he stabbed himself, and he observed that it 
tvas better that one man should die, than that 
all should be involved in ruin for his obstinacy. 
His nephew was pale and distressed, fearing 
the anger and haughtiness of the conqueror: but 
Otho comforted him, and observed, that Vitei- 
lius would be kind and affectionate to the friends 
and relations of Otho, since Otho was not asham- 
ed to say, that in the time of tbeir greatest 
enmity, the mother of Viteilius had received 
every friendly treatment from his hands. He 
also burnt the letters which, by falling into the 
hands of Viteilius, might provoke his resent- 
ment against those who had favoured the cause 
of an unfortunate general. These noble and 
humane sentiments in a man who was the asso- 
ciate of Nero's shameful pleasures, and who 
stained his hand in the blood of his master, 
have appeared to some wonderful, and passed 
for the features of policy, and not of a natu- 
rally virtuous and benevolent heart. Plut. in 
vita.—Zutt — Tacit. 2. Hist. c. 50, &c— Juv. 

2, v. 90 Roscius, a tribune of the people, 

who, in Cicero's consulship, made a regulation 
to permit the Roman knights at public specta- 



cles to have the 14 first rows after the seats of 
the senators. This was opposed with virulence 
by some, but Cicero ably defended it, &c. Ho- 

rat ep. 4, v 10. The father of the Roman 

emperor Otho was the favourite of Claudius. 

Othryades, one of the 300 Spartans who 
fought against 300 Argives, when those two na- 
tions disputed their respective right to Thyrea. 
Two Argives, Alcinor and Cronius, and Otbry- 
ades, survived the battle. The Argives went 
home to carry the news of their victory, but 
Othryades, who had been reckoned among the 
number of the slain, on account of his wounds, 
recovered himself and carried some of the spoils 
of which he had stripped the Argives, into the 
camp of his countrymen : and after he had raised 
a trophy, and had written with his own blood 
the word vici on bis shield, he killed himself, 
unwilling to survive the death of his country- 
men Val. Max. 3, c. 2.— Plut. Par all. 

A patronymic given to Pantheus, the Trojan 
priest of Apollo, from his father Othryas. Virg. 
JEn. 2, v. 319. 

Othryoneus, a Thracian who came to the 
Trojan war in hopes of marrying Cassandra. 
He was killed by Idomeneus. Homer. 11. 13. 

Othrys, a mountain, or rather a chain of 
mountains in Thessaly, the residence of the 
Centaurs. Strab. 9. — Herodot. 7, c. 129. — 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 675. 

Otreus, a king of Phrygia, son of Cisseus, 
and brother to Hecuba. 

Otrcsda, a small town on the confines ef 
Bithynia. 

Otus and Ephialtes, sons of Neptune. Vid. 
Aloides. 

Otys, a prince of Paphlagonia, who revolted 
from the Persians to Agesilaus. Xenoph. 

Ovia, a Roman lady, wife of C. Lollius. 
Cic.Jitt. 21. ■ • 

P. Ovidius Naso, a celebrated Roman poet 
born at Sulmo, on the 20th of March, about 43 
B. C. As he was intended for the bar, his fa- 
ther sent him early to Rome, and removed him 
to Athens in the sixteenth year of his age. The 
progress of Ovid in the study of eloquence was 
great, but the father's expectations were frus- 
trated; his son was born a poet, and nothing 
could deter him from pursuing his natural incli- 
nation, though he was often reminded that Ho- 
mer lived and died in the greatest poverty. 
Every thing he wrote was expressed in poetical 
numbers, as he himself says, et quod lentabam 
scribere versus erat. A lively genius and a fer- 
tile imagination soon gained him admirers; the 
learned became his friends; Virgil, Propertius, 
Tibullus, and Horace, honoured him with their 
correspondence; and Augustus patronised him 
with the most unbounded liberality. These fa- 
vours, however, were but momentary, and the 
poet was soon after banished to Tomos, on the 
Euxine sea by the emperor. The true cause of 
this sudden exile is unknown. Some attribute 
it to a shameful amour with Livia the wife of 
Augustus, while others support that it arose from 
the knowledge which Ovid bad of the unpar- 
donable incest of the emperor with his daugh- 
ter Julia. These reasons are indeed merely 
conjectural; the cause was of a very private 



ov 



ex 



and very secret nature, of which Ovid himself 
is afraid to speak, as it arose from error and 
not from criminality. It was, however, some- 
thing improper in the family and court of Au- 
gustus, as these lines seem to indicate: 

Cur aliquid vidi? Cur noxia lumina feci? 
Cur imprudenii cognita culpa mihi est? 

Inscius Jlctceon vidit sine veste Dianum; 
Prcedafuil canibus non minus ilk suis. 
Again, 

Inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina plector, 
Peccatumque oculos est habuisse meum. 

And in another place, 

Perdiderunt cum me duo crimina, carmen et 
error, 
Jilterius facli culpa silenda mihi est. 
. In his banishment, Ovid betrayed his pusillani- 
mity, and however afflicted and distressed bis 
situation was, yet the flattery and impatience 
which he showed in his writings are a disgrace 
to his pen and expose him more to ridicule than 
pity. Though be prostituted his pen and his 
time to adulation, yet the emperor proved deaf 
to all entreaties, and refused to listen to his 
most ardent -friends at Rome, who wished for 
the return of the poet. Ovid, who undoubtedly 
wished for a Brutus to deliver Rome of her 
tyrannical Augustus, continued his flattery even 
to meanness; and when the emperor died, he 
was so mercenary as to consecrate a temple to 
the departed tyrant on the shore of the Euxine, 
where he regularly offered frankincense every 
morning. Tiberius proved as regardless as his 
predecessor to the entreaties which were made 
for Ovid, and the poet died in the 7th or Sth 
year of his banishment, in the 59th year of his 
age, A. D. 17, and was buried at Tomos. In 
the year 1508 of the Christian era, the follow- 
ing epitaph was found at Stain, in the modern 
kingdom of Austria. 

Hie situs est vales quern Divi Ccesaris ira 
Jiugusti patria cedere jussit humo. 

Scepe miser voluit patriis occumbere ierris, 
Sedfnistra! Hunc illifata dedere locum. 
This, however, is an imposition to render cele- 
brated an obscure corner of the world which 
never contained the bones of Ovid. The great- 
est part of Ovid's poems are remaining. His 
Metamorphoses in 15 books are extremely curi- 
ous, on account of the many different mytho- 
logical facts and traditions which they relate, 
but they can have no claim to an epic poem. 
In composing this, the poet was more indebted 
to the then existing traditions, and to the the- 
ogony of the ancients, than to the powers of his 
own imagination. His Fasti were divided into 
12 books, the same number as the constellations 
in the zodiac; but of these, six have perished, 
and the learned world have reason to lament 
the loss of a poem which must have thrown so 
much light upon the religious rites and cere- 
monies, festivals and sacrifices of the ancient 
Romans, as we may judge from the six that 
have survived the ravages of time and barba 
rity. His Tristia, which are divided into five 
books, contain much elegance and softness of 
expression, as also his Elegies on different sub- 
jects. The Heroides are nervous, spirited, and 



diffuse, the poetry is excellent, the language va* 
ried, but the expressions are often too wanton 
and indelicate, a fault which is common in his 
compositions. His three books of Jlmorum, and 
the same number de Arte Jlmandi; with the 
other de Remedio Jlmoris, are written with great 
elegance, and contain many flowery descrip- 
tions; but the docrine which they hold forth is 
dangerous, and they are to be read with caution, 
as they, seem to be calculated to corrupt the 
heart, and sap the foundations of virtue and 
morality. His Ibis, which is written in imita- 
tion of a poem of Callimachus, of the same 
name, is a satirical performance Besides these, 
there are extant some fragments of other poems, 
and among these seme of a tragedy called Me- 
dea. The talents of Ovid as a dramatic writer 
have been disputed, and some have observed, 
that he who is so often void of sentiment, was 
not born to shine as a tragedian. Ovid has at- 
tempted perhaps too many sorts of poetry at 
once. On whatever he has written, he has to- 
tally exhausted the subject and left nothing un- 
said. He every where paints nature with a 
masterly hand, and gives strength to the most 
vulgar expressions. It has been judiciously ob- 
served, that his poetry after his banishment 
from Rome, was destitute of that spirit and vi- 
vacity which we admire in his other composi- 
tions. His Fasti are perhaps the best written 
of all his poems, and after them we may fairly 
rank his love verses, his Heroides, and after all 
his Metamorphoses, which were not totally finish- 
ed when Augustus sent him into banishment. 
His Episthsfrom Pcntus, are the language of 
an abject and pusillanimous flatterer. How- 
ever critics may censure the indelicacy and the 
inaccuracies of Ovid, it is to be acknowledged 
that his poetry contains great sweetness and 
elegance, and, like that of Tibullus, charms 
the ear and captivates the mind. Ovid married 
three wives, but of the last alone he speaks with 
fondness and affection. He had only one daugh- 
ter, but by which of his wives is unknown; and 
she herself became mother of two children, by 
two husbands. The best editions of Ovid's works 
are those of Burman, 4 vols. 4to. Amst. 1727; 
of L. Bat 1670, in 8vo. and of Utrecht, in 12mo. 
4 vols. 1713. Ovid. Trist. 3 and 4, kc.—Pa- 
terc 2. — Martial. 3 and 8. A man who ac- 
companied his friend Caesonius when banished 
from Rome by Nero. Martial. 7, ep. 43. 

Ovinia lex, was enacted to permit the cen- 
sors to elect and admit among the number 
of the senators the- best and worthiest of the 
people. 

Ovinius, a freedman of Vatinius, the friend 

of Cicero, &c. Qjuintil. 3, c. 4. Quinlus, 

a Roman senator, punished by Augustus for 
disgracing his rank in the court of Cleopatra. 
Eutrcp. 1 . 

Oxatiirf.s, a brother of Darius, greatly ho- 
noured by Alexander, and made one of his ge- 
nerals. Curt. 7, c. 5. Another Persian, who 

favoured the cause of Alexander. Curt. 

Oxidates, a Persian whom Darius condemn- 
ed to death. Alexander took him prisoner, and 
some time after made him governor of Media. 



oz 



oz 



He became oppressive and was removed. Curt. 
8, c 3, 1. 9, c. 8. 
Oximes, a people of European Sarmatia. 

Oxion^e, a nation of Germans, whom super- 
stitious traditions represented as having the 
countenance human, and the rest of the body 
like that of beasts. Tacit, de Germ. 46. 

Oxus, a large river of Bactriana, now Gi- 
hon, falling into the east of the Caspian sea. 
Plin. 16, c 6. Ano'bei in Scythia. 

Oxyares, a king of Bactriana, who surren- 
dered to Alexander. 

Oxycanus, an Indian Prince in the age of 
Alexander, &c 

OxydraCjE, a nation of India. Curt. 9,c. 4. 

Oxylus, a leader of the Heraclid^e, when 
they recovered the Peloponnesus. He was re- 
warded with the kingdom of Elis. Paus. 5, c. 

4 A son of Mars and Protogenia. Jipollod. 

1, c. 7. 

Oxynthes, a king of Athens, B. C. 1149. 
He reigned 12 years. 

Oxyporus, a son of Cinyras and Metliarme. 
Apollod. 3, c. 14. 

Oxyrynchus, a town of Egypt on the Nile. 
Strab. 

Ozines, a Persian imprisoned, by Craterus, 



because he attempted to revolt from Atexan~ 
der. Curt. 9, c. 10. 

OzohM or Ozoli, a people who inhabited 
the eastern parts of ZEtolia, who were called 
Ozolca. This tract of territory lay at the north 
of the bay of Corinth, and extended about 
twelve miles northward. They received their 
name from the bad stench (o£V) of their bodies 
and of their clothing, which was the raw hides 
of wild beasts, or from the offensive smell of 
the body of Nessus the. centaur, which after 
ueb th was left to putrify in the country without 
the honours of a burial Some derive it with 
more propriety from the stench of the stagnated 
water in the neighbouring lakes and marshes. 
According to a fabulous tradition, they received 
their name from a very different circumstance: 
During the reign of a son of Deucalion, a bitch 
brought into the world a stick instead of whelps. 
The stick was planted in the ground by the 
king, and it grew up to a large vine and pro- 
duced grapes, from which the inhabitants of the 
country were called Ozoloz, not from o^W, to 
smell bad, but from o^© J , a branch or sprout. 
The name of Ozolas, on account of its indelicate 
signification, highly displeased the inhabitants, 
and they exchanged it soon for that of iEtolians. 
Paws. 10, c. 38.— Herodot. 8, c 32. 



PA 



PA 



1 AC ATI ANUS, Titus Julius, a general of 
the Roman armies, who proclaimed him- 
self emperor of Gaul, about the latter part of 
Philip's reign. He was soon after defeated, 
A. D. 249, and put to death, &c. 

Paccius^ an insignificant poet in the age of 
Domitian. Juv. 7, v. 12. 

Paches, an Athenian who took Mitylene, 
See. Arist. Polit. 4. 

Pachinus, or Pachynus, now Passaro, a pro- 
montory of Sicily, projecting about two miles 
into the sea, in the form of a peninsula, at the 
south-east corner of the island, with a small 
harbour of the same name. Strab. 6. — Mela, 
2, c. "l.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 699.— Paus. 5, 
c. 25. 

M. Paconius, a Roman put to death by 

Tiberius, &c. Suet in Tib. 61. A stoic 

philosopher, son of the preceding. He was 
banished from Italy by Nero, and he retired 
from Rome with the greatest composure and 
indifference. Arrian. 1, c 1. 

Pacorus, the eldest of the thirty sons of 
Orodes, king of Parthia, sent against Crassus, 
whose army he defeated, and whom he took 
prisoner. He took Syria from the Romans and 
supported the republican party of Pompey, and 
of the murderers of Julius Csesar. He was 
killed in a battle by Ventidius Bassus, B. C. 
39, on the same day (9th of June) that Crassus 
had been defeated. Flor. 4, c. 9.—Horat. 3, 

od. 6, v. 9. A king of Parthia, who made 

a treaty of alliance with the Romans, &c. 

Another, intimate with king Decebalus. 



r Pactolus, a celebrated river of Lydia, rising 

i in mount Tmolus, and falling into the Hermus 

| after it has watered the city of Sardes. It was 

j in this river that Midas washed himself when 

i he turned into gold whatever he touched; and 

i from that circumstance it ever after rolled 

j golden sands, and received the name of Ckry- 

sonhoas. It is called Tmolus by i-'liny. Strabo 

observes, that it had no golden sands in his 

age. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 142.— Strab. JS.—Ovid. 

Met. 11, v. 86.— Herodot. 5, c. 110.— Plin. 33, 

c. 8. 

Pactyas, a Lydian entrusted with the care of 
the treasures of Croesus at Sardes. The im- 
mense riches which he could command, corrupt- 
ed him, and to maise himself independent, he 
gathered a large army. He laid siege to the 
citadel of Sardes, but the arrival of one of the 
| Persian generals soon put him to flight. He 
! retired to Cumae and afterwards to Lesbos, 
j where he was delivered into the hands of Cyrus. 
Herodot. 1, c. 154, &c. — Paus. 2, c. 35. 
Pactye, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus. 
Pactyes, a mountain of Ionia, near Ephe- 
sus. Strab. 14. 

Pacuvius, M. a native of Bru'ndusium, son of 
the sister of the poet Ennius, who distinguished 
himself by his skill in painting, and by his 
poetical talents. He wrote satires and tragedies 
which were represented at Rome, and of some 
of which the names are preserved, as Peribcea, 
Hermione, Atalanta, llione, Teucer, Antiope, 
&c. Orestes was considered as the best finished 
i performance j the style, however, though rough 



PJ2 



PA 



and without either purity or elegance, deserved 
the commendation of Cicero and Quintilian, 
who perceived strong rays of genius and perfec- 
tion frequently beaming through the clouds of 
the barbarity and ignorance of the times. The 
poet in his old age retired to Tarentum, where 
he died in his 90th year, about 131 years be- 
fore Christ. Of all his compositions about 437 
scattered lines are preserved in the collections 
of Latin poets. Cic de Oi'at. 2, ad Heren. 2, 
c. 2l.—Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 5Q.—QuintiL 10, c. 1. 

Pad^i, an Indian nation, who devour their 
sick before they die. Herodot. 3, c. 99. 

Padinum, now Bonde.no, a town on the Po, 
where it begins to branch into different chan- 
nels. Plin. 3, c 15. 

Padua, a town called also Patavium, in the 
country of the Venetians, founded by Antenor 
immediately after the Trojan war. It was the 
native place of the historian Livy. The inha- 
bitants were once so powerful that they couia 
levy an army of 20,000 men. Strab. 5. — Mela, 
2, c. 4— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 251. 

Padus, (now called the Po) a river in Italy, 
known also by the name of Eridanus, which 
forms the northern boundary of the territories 
of Italy. It rises in mount Vesulus, one of the. 
highest mountains of the Alps, and after it has 
collected in its course the waters of above 30 
rivers, discharges itself in an eastern direction 
into the Adriatic sea by seven mouths, two of 
which only, the Plana or Volano, and the Pa- 
dusa, were formed by nature. It was formerly 
said that it rolled gold dust in its sand, which 
was carefully searched by the inhabitants. The 
consuls C. Flaminius Nepos, and P. Furius 
Philus, were the first Roman generals who cross- 
ed it. The Po is famous for the death of Phae- 
ton, who, as the poets mention, was thrown 
down there by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. 
Ovid. Met. 2, v. 258, &c. — Mela, 2, o. 4. — 
Lucan. 2, &c. — Virg. JEn. 9, v. 6S0. — Strab. 
5. Plin. 37. c 2. 

Padusa, the most southern mouth of the Po, 
considered by some writers as the Po itself. 
[Vid. Padus.] It was said to abound in swans, 
and from it there was a cut to the town of Ra- 
venna. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 455. 

PiEAN, a surname of Apollo, derived from 
the word pecan, an hymn which was sung in his 
honout*, because he had killed the serpent Py- 
thon, which had given cause to the people to 
exclaim, Io Pcean ! The exclamation of Io 
Paean ! was made use of in speaking of the 
other gods, as it often was a demonstration of 
joy. Juv. 6, v. 171.— Ovid. Met 1, v. 538, 1. 
14, v. 720.— Lucan. 1, &c.— Strab. 18. 

P^daretus, a Spartan, who, on not being 
elected in the number of the 300 sent on an ex- 
pedition, &c. declared, that instead of being 
mortified, he rejoiced that 300 men better than 
himself could be found in Sparta. Plut . in Lye. 

PiEDius, a lieutenant of J. Caesar in Spain, 
who proposed a law to punish with death all 
such as were concerned -in the murder of his 
patron, &c. 

P^emani, a people of Belgic Gaul, supposed 
to dwell in the present country at the west of 
Luxemburg, Cozs. G, 2, c. 4. 



Pvson, a Greek historian. Plut. in Thes. — *- 
A celebrated physician who cured the wounds 
which the gods received during the Trojan war. 
From bim physicians are sometimes called 
Pceonii, and herbs serviceable in -medicinal 
processes Paonioz herbce. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 769. 
—Ovid Met. 15, v. 535. 

Phones, a people of Macedonia who inha- 
bited a small part of the country called Pceonia. 
Some believe that they were descended from a 
Trojan colony. Paus. 5, c. 1. — Herodot. 5, c. 
13, &c. 

P-sonia, a country of Macedonia, at the west 
of the S rymon It received its name from Pae- 
on, a son of Endymion, who settled there. Liv. 
42, c. 51, 1. 45, c. 29. A small town of At- 
tica 

P-eonides, a name given to the daughters of 
Pierus, who were defeated by the Muses, be- 
cause their mother was a native of Paeonia, 
Ovid. Met. 5, ult fab. 

P;eos, a small town of Arcadia. 

P^sos, a town of the Hellespont, called also 
Jifozso's, situated at the north of Lampsacus. 
When it was destroyed the inhabitants migrated 
to Lampsacus, where they settled. They were 
of Milesian origin. Strab. 13 — Homer. II. 2. 

P^estum, a town of Lucania,caliedaIso Nep- 
lunia and Posidcnia by the Greeks, where the 
soil produced roses which blossomed twice a 
year. The ancient walls of the town, about three 
miles in extent, are still standing, and likewise 
venerable remains of temples and porticoes. 
'The Sinus Paslanus, on which it stood, is now 
called the gulf of Salerno. Virg. G. 4, v. 119. 
—Ovid. Met. 15, v. 708. Pont. 2, el. 4, v 28. 

Pjstovium, a town of Pannonia. 

Cjecinna P.&tus, the husband of Arria. [Vid, 
Arria.] A governor of Armenia, under Ne- 
ro. A Roman who conspired with Catiline 

against his country A man drowned as he 

was going to Egypt to collect money. Propert. 
3. el. 7, v. 5. 

Pag^e, a town of Megaris. Of Locris, 

Plin. 4, c 3. 

Pagas^ or Fagasa, a town of Magnesia, in 
Macedonia, with an harbour and a promontory 
of the same name. The ship Argo was built 
there, as some suppose, and according to 1 ro- 
pertius, the Argonauts set sail from that har- 
hour. From that circumstance, not only the 
ship Argo, but also the Argonauts themselves, 
were ever after distinguished by (he epithet of 
Pqgusosus. Pliny confounds Pagasa? with l)e- 
metrias, but they are different, and the latter 
was peopled by the inhabitants of the former, 
who preferred the situation of Demctrias for 
its conveniences. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 1, 1. S, v. 
349.— Lucan. 2, v. 715, 1. 6, v. 400.— Mela, 
2, c. 3 and 7.— Strab: 9.— Propert. 1, el 
v. 17. — Plin. 4, c. S. — Jpollon. Rhod. 1, v. 
238, &c. 

Pagasus, a Trojan killed by Camilla. Virg. 
JEn. 11, v. 670. 

PagrjE, a town of Syria, on the borders of 
Cilicia. Strab. 16. 

Pagus, a mountain of iEolia. Paus. 7, c< 5. 

Palacium, or Palatium, a town of the Thra- 
cian Chersonesus— — A small villase, on the 



PA 



FA 



Palatine hill, where Rome was afterwards 
built. 

Pal^:, a town at the south of Corsica, now 
St. Bonifacio, 

Paljea, a town of Cyprus. Of Cephalle- 

nia. 

Pal^apolis, a small island on the coast of 
Spain. Strab. 

Pal^emon, or Palemon, a sea deity, son of 
Athamas and Ino. His original name was Me- 
licerta, and he assumed that of Palaemon, after 
he had been changed into a sea deity by Nep- 
tune. \Vid. Melicerta.] A noted grammari- 
an at Rome in the age of Tiberius, who made 
himself ridiculous by his arrogance and iuxury. 

Juv. 6, v. 451. — Martial. 2, ep. 86 \ son 

of Neptune, who was amongst the Argonauts. 
Jipoliod. 

PaLjEpaphos. the ancient town of Paphos, in 
Cyprus, adjoining to the new. Strab. 14. 

Pal jephars alus, the ancient name of Phar- 
salus in Thessaiy. Cues. B. A 48. 

Pal.ephatus, an ancient Greek philosopher, 
whose age is unknown, though it can be ascer- 
tained that he flourished between the times of 

Aristotle and Augustus. He wrote 5 books de j sea shore, and that they raised upon it a small 
incredibilibus, of which only the first remains, j chapel, where sacrifices were regularly offered 



pectations were frustrated, he had the meanness? 
to bribe one of his servants, and to make him 
dig a hole in his master's tent, and there conceal 
a large sum of money. After this, Ulysses 
forged a letter in Phrygian characters, which 
king Priam was supposed to have sent to Pala- 
medes. In the letter the Trojan king seemed to 
entreat Palamedes to deliver into his hands the 
Grecian aimy, according to the conditions which 
had been previously agreed upon, when he re- 
ceived the money. This forged letter was car- 
ried by means of Ulysses before the princes of 
the Grecian army. Palamedes was summoned, 
and he made the most solemn protestations of 
innocence, but all was in vain; the money that 
was discovered in his tent served only to corro- 
borate the accusation. He was found guilty by 
all the army, and stoned to death. Homer is 
silent about the miserable fate of Palamedes., 
and Pausanias mentions that it had been report- 
ed by some that Ulysses and Diomedes had 
drowned him in the sea, as he was fishing on 
the coast. Phiiostratus, who mentions the tragi- 
cal story above related, adds, that Achilles and 
Ajax buried his body with great pomp on thft 



and m it he endeavours to explain fabulous and 
mythological traditions by historical facts. The 
best edition of Palaepbatus is that of J. Frid. 

Fischer, in 8vo Lips. 1773. An heroic poet 

of Athens, who wrote a poem on the creation of 

the world. \ disciple of Aristotle, born at 

Abydos. An historian of Egypt. 

Paljspolbs, a town of Campania, built by a 
Greek colony, where Naples afterwards was 
erected. Liv. 8, c. 22. 

PALiESTE, a village of Epirus near Oricus, 
where Caesar first landed with his fleet. Lucan. 
5, v. 460. 

PaLjEstina, a province of Syria, &c. Hero- 
dot. 1, c 105.—SU. It. 3, v. 606.— Strab. 16. 
PaljEstinus, an ancient name of the river 
Strymon. 

Pal.etyr.us, the ancient town of Tyre, on 
the continent. Strab. 16. 

Palamedes, a Grecian chief, son of Nauplius 
king of Euboea by Clymene. He was sent by 
the Greek princes who were going to the Trojan 
war, to bring Ulysses to the camp, who, to 
withdraw himself from the expedition, pretend- 
ed insanity; and the better to impose upon his 
friends, used to harness different animals to a 
plough, and sow salt instead of barley into the 
furrows. The deceit was soon perceived by Pa- 
lamedes; he knew that the regret to part from 
his wife Penelope, whom he had lately married, 
was the only reason .of the pretended insanity of 
Ulysses; and to demonstrate this, Palamedes 
took Telemachus, whom Penelope had lately 
brought into the world, and put him before the 
plough of his father. Ulysses showed that be 
was not insane, by turning the plough a differ- 
ent way, not to hurt his child. This having been 
discovered, Ulysses was obliged to attend the 
Greek princes to the war; but an immortal en- 
mity arose between Ulysses and Palamedes. 
The king of Ithaca resolved to take every op- 
portunity to distress him; and when all his ex- 



by the inhabitants of Troas. Palamedes was 

j learned man as well as a soldier, and, accord- 

I ing to some, he completed the alphabet of Cad- 

' mus by the addition of the four letters, Q, g, fa 

<p, during the Trojan war. To him also is at- 

i tributed the invention of dice and backgammon; 

and, it is said, he was the first who regularly 

ranged an army in a line of battle, and who 

j placed sentinels round a camp, and excited 

their vigilance and attention by giving them a 

watch word. Hygin. fab. 95, 105, &c. — .fipol- 

lod. 2, &c. — Didys. Grit 2, c. 15.— Ovid. Met. 

13, v, 56 and 308.— Pans. 1, c. 31— Manil. 

4, v. 205 —Philostrat. v. 10, c. 6—Euripid. 

in Phceniss. — Jlartial. 13, ep. 75. — Plin. 7,c. 

56. 

Palantia, a town of Spain. Mela, 2, c. 6. 

Palatinus mons, a celebrated hill, the larg- 
est of the seven hills on which Rome was built. 
It was upon it that Romulus laid the first foun- 
dation of the capital of Italy, in a quadrangular 
form, and there also he kept his court, as well 
as Tullus Hostilius, and Augustus, and all the 
succeeding emperors, from which circumstance 
the word Palalium has ever since been applied 
to the residence of a monarch or prince. The 
Palatine hill received its name from the goddess 
Pales, or from the word Palatini, who originally 
inhabited the place, or from balare or palare, the 
bleatings of sheep, which were frequent there, 
or perhaps from the palantes, wandering, be- 
cause Evander, when he came to settle in Italy, 
gathered all the inhabitants, and made them all 
one society. There were some games celebrat- 
ed in honour of Augustus, and called Palatine, 
because kept on the hill. Dio. Cass. 53. — Ital. 
12, v. 709.— Liv. 1, c. 7 and 33.— Ovid. Met. 
14, v. 822.— Juv. 9, v. 23.— Martial. 1, ep. 
71. — Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 3. — Cic in CatiL 
1. Apollo, who was worshipped on the Pa- 
latine hill, was also called Palatinus. His tem- 
ple there had been built, or rather repaired, by 



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Augustus, who had enriched it with a library, 
valuable for the various collections of Greek 
and Latin manuscripts which it contained, as 
also for the Sibylline books deposited there. 
Horat 1, ep. 3, v. 17. 

Palantium, a town of Arcadia. 

Paleis, or Palje, a town in the island of 
Cephallenia. Pans. 6, c. 15. 

Pales, the goddess of sheepfolds and of pas- 
tures among the Romans. She was worshipped 
With great solemnity at Rome, and her festivals, 
called Palilia, were celebrated the very day 
that Romulus began to lay the foundation of the 
city of Kume. Virg. G. 3, v. 1 and 294.— 
Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 722, &c— -Pafcrc. 1, c. 8. 

Palfurius Sura, a writer removed from the 
senate by Domitian, who suspected him of at- 
tachment to Vitellius, &c Juv. 4, v 53 

Palibothra, a city of India, supposed now 
to be Patna, or, according to others, Allahabad 
Strab T5. 

Palici, or Palisci, two deities, sons of Ju- 
pitt r by I halia, whom iEschylus calls iEtna, in 
a tragedy which is now lost, according to the 
words of Maerobius. The nymph /Etna, when 
pregnant, entreated her lover to remove her 
from the pursuits of Juno. The god concealed 
her in the bowels of the earth, and when the 
time of ber delivery was come, the earth open- 
ed, and brought into the world two children, 
who received the name of Palici, atto rov waxiv 
iK.ir&cu, because Ihey came again into the world 
from the bowels of the earth. These deities 
were Worshipped with great ceremonies by the 
Sicilians, and near their temple were two small 
lakes of sulphureous water, which were suppos- 
ed to have sprung out of the earth at the same 
time that they were born Near these pools it 
was usual to take the most solemn oaths, by 
those who wished to decide controversies and 
quarrels. If any of the persons who took the 
oaths perjured themselves, they were immedi- 
ately punished in a supernatural manner by the 
deities of the place, and those whose oath was 
sincere departed unhurt. The Palici had also 
, an oracle which was consulted upon great emer- 
gencies, and which rendered the truest and most 
unequivocal answers. In a superstitious age, tha 
altars of the Palici were stained with the blood 
of human sacrifices, but this barbarous custom 
was soon abolished, and the deities were satis- 
fied with their usual offerings. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 
585.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 506.— Diod. 2 —Ma- 
crob. Saturn. 5, c. 10. — Hal 14, v. 219. 
\ PalIlia, a festival celebrated by the Ro- 
mans, in honour of the goddess Pales. The ce- 
remony consisted in burning heaps of straw, and 
in leaping over them. No sacrifices were offer- 
ed, but the purifications were made with the 
smoke of horses' blood, and with the ashes of a 
calf that had been taken from the belly of his 
mother, after it had been sacrificed, and with 
the ashes of beans. The purification of the 
flocks was also made with the smoke of sulphur, 
of the olive, the pine, the laurel, and the rose- 
mary. Offerings of mild cheese, boiled wine, 
and cakes of millet, were afterwards made to 
the goddess. This festival was observed on the 
2 1st of April, and it was during the celebration 



that Romulus first began to build his city. Some 
call this festival Parilia quasi a pariendo, be- 
cause the sacrifices were offered to the divinity 
for the fecundity of the flocks. Ovid. Met. 1-4. 
v, 774. Fast. 4, v. 721, &c. 1. 6, v. 257 — 
Propert. 4, el. 1, v. 19.— TibulL 2, el. 5, v. 
87. 

Palinurus, a skilful pilot of the ship of 
iEneas. He fell into the sea in his sleep, and 
was three days exposed to the tempests and the 
waves of the sea, and at last came safe to the 
sea shore near Velia, where the cruel inhabi- 
tants of the place murdered him to obtain his 
clothes His body was left unburied on the sea 
shore, and, as, according to the religion of the 
ancient Romans, no person was suffered to cross 
the Stygian lake before one hundred years were 
elapsed, if his remains had not been decently 
buried, we find iFaieas, when he visited the in- 
fernal regions, speaking to Palinurus, and as- 
suring him, that though his bones were depriv- 
ed of a funeral, yet the place where his body 
was exposed, should soon be adorned with a 
monument, and bear his name, and accordingly 
a promontory was called Palinurus, now Pali- 
nuro. Virg. Mn. 3, v. 513, 1. 5, v. S40, &c. 1, 
6, v 341.— Ovid de Rem. 577 — Mela, 2, c. 
4.—Slrab.—Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 28. 

Paliscorum, or Palicorum Stagnum, a 
sulphureous pool in Sicily. [Vid. Palici.] 

Paliurus, now Naliil, a river of Africa, 
with a town of the same name at its mouth, at 
the west of Egypt, on the Mediterranean. 
Strab. 17. 

Pallades, certain virgins, of illustrious pa- 
rents, who were consecrated to Jupiter by the 
Thebans of Egypt. It was required that they 
should prostitute themselves, an infamous cus- 
tom, which was considered as a purification, 
during which they were publicly mourned, and 
afterwards they were permitted to marry. 
Strab. 17. 

Palladium, a celebrated statue of Pallas*. 
It was about three cubits high, and represent- 
ed the goddess as sitting and holding a pike in 
her right hand, and in her left a distaff and a 
spindle. It fell down from heaven near the 
tent of Ilus, as that prince was building the 
citadel of Ilium. Some nevertheless* suppose 
that it fell at Pessinus in Pterygia, or, according 
to others, Dardanus received it as a present 
from his mother Electra. There are some au- 
thors who maintain that the Palladium was 
made with the bones of Pelops by Abaris; but 
Apollodorus seems to say, that it was no more 
than a piece of clock-work which moved of it- 
self However discordant the opinions of an- 
cient authors be about this famous statue, it is 
universally agreed, that on its preservation de- 
pended the safety of Troy. This fatality was 
well known to the Greeks during the Trojan 
war, and therefore Ulysses and Diomcdes were 
commissioned to steal it away. They effected 
their purpose, and if we rely upon the authority 
of some authors, they were directed how to 
carry it away by Helenus the son of Priam, who 
proved in this unfaithful to his country, be- 
cause his brother Deiphobus, at the death of 
Paris, had married Helen, 6f whom he was 
3t 



FA 



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enamoured. Minerva was displeased with the 
violence which was offered to her statue, and 
according to Virgil, the Palladium itself appear- 
ed to have received life and motion, and by the 
flashes which started from its eyes, and its sud- 
den springs from the earth, it seemed to show 
the resentment of the goddess. The true Pal- 
ladium, as some authors observe, was not car- 
ried away from Troy by the Greeks, but only 
one of the statues of similar size and shape, 
which were placed near it, to deceive what- 
ever sacrilegious persons attempted to steal it. 
The Palladium, therefore, as they say, was con- 
veyed safe from Troy to Italy by iEneas, and 
it was afterwards preserved by the Romans 
with the greatest secrecy and veneration, in the 
temple of Vesta, a circumstance which none 
but the vestal virgins knew. Herodian. 1, c. 
14, &c— Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 422, &c Met, 13, 
v. 336. — Diclys. Cret. 1, c. 5 — Jipollod. 3, c. 
12. — Dionys. Hal. 1, &e — Homer. It. 10.— 
Virg. JEn. 2. v 166, 1. 9, v. 151.— Plut. de 
reb. Rom. — Lucan. 9, — Dares. — l J hryg. — Juv. 
3, v. 139. 

Palladics, a Greek Physician, whose trea- 
tise on fevers was edited 8vo. L. Bat. 1745. 
— — A learned Roman under Adrian, &e. 

Pallanteom, a town of Italy, or perhaps 
more properly a citadel, built by Evander, on 
mount Palatine, from whence its name origi- 
nates. Virgil says, it was called after Pallas, 
the grandfather of Evander; but Dionysius de- 
rives its name from Palantium, a town of 
Arcadia. Dionys. 1, c. 31. — Virg: JEn. 8, v. 
54 and 341. 

Pallantia, a town of Spain, now Falencia, 
on the river Cea. Mela, 2, c. 6. 

Pallantias, a patronymic of Aurora, as be- 
ing related to the giant Pallas. Ovid. Met. 9, 
fab. 12. 

Pallantides, the 50 sons of Pallas, the son 
of Pandion, and the brother of iEgeus. They 
were killed by Theseus, the son of JEgeus, 
whom they opposed when he came to take 
possession of his father's kingdom. This oppo- 
sition they showed in hopes of succeeding to 
the throne, as iEgeus left no children, except 
Theseus, whose legitimacy was even disputed, 
as lie was born at Troezene. Plut. in Thes. — 
Paus. 1, c. 22. 

Pallas, (adis) a daughter of Jupiter, the 
same as Minerva. The goddess received this 
name either because she killed the giant Pallas, 
or perhaps from the spear which she seems to 
brandish in her hands (Truxxsi.) For the func- 
tions, power, and character of the goddess, vid. 
Minerva. 

Pallas, (antis) a son of king Evander, sent 
with some troops to assist iEneas He was 
lulled by Turnus, the king of the Rutuli, after 
he had made a great slaughter of the enemy. 

Virg. JEn. 8, v. 104, &c. One of the giants, 

son of Tartarus and Terra. He was killed by 
Minerva, who covered herself with his skin, 
whence, as some suppose, she is called Pallas. 

Apollod. 3, c. 12. A son of Crius and Eu- 

rybia, who married the nymph Styx, by whom 
lie had Victory, Valour, &c. Hesiod. Theog. 
••■- — A son of Lycaon. A son of Pandion., 



father of Clytus and Butes. Ovid. Met. 7. fab 

17. — Jipollod A freed-man of Claudius, 

famous for the power and the riches he obtained. 
He advised the emperor, his master, to marry 
Agrippina, and to adopt her son Nero for his 
successor. It was by his means, and those of 
Agrippina, that the death of Claudius was has- 
tened, and that Nero was raised to the throne. 
Nero forgot to whom he was indebted for the 
crown. He discarded Pallas, and some time 
.after caused him to be put to death, that he 
might make himself master of his great riches, 
A. D. 61. Tacit. 12. Ann. c. 53. 

Pallene, a small peninsula of Macedonia, 
formerly called Phlegra, situate above the bay 
of Thermae on the iEgean sea, and containing 
five cities, the principal of which is called Pal- 
lene. It was in this place, according to some 
of the ancients, that an engagement happened 
between the gods and the giants. Liv. 31, c. 
45, I. 45, c 30— Virg. JEn. G. 4, v. 391.— 

Ovid. Met- 15, v. 357 A village of Attica, 

where Minerva had a temple, and where the 
Palantides chiefly resided. Herodot. 1, c. 161. 
— Plut. in Thes. 

Pallenses, a people of Cephallenia, whose 
chief town was called Pala, or Palaea. Liv* 
38, c. 18— Polyb. 5, c. 3. 

Palma, a governor of Syria. 

Palmaria, a small island opposite Tarracina,> 
in Latium. Plin. 3, c. 6. 

Palmyra, the capital of Palmyrene, a coun^ 
try on the eastern boundaries of Syria, now 
called Theudemor, or Tadmor. It is famous 
for being the seat of the celebrated Zenobia, 
and of Odenatus, in the reign of the emperor 
Aurelian. It is now in ruins, and the splendour 
and magnificence of its porticos, temples, and 
palaces, are now daily examined by the curious 
and the learned. Plin. 6, c. 26 and 30. 

Palphurius, one of the flatterers of Domi- 
tian. Juv. 4, v 53. 

Palumbinum, a town of Samnium. Liv. 10, 
c. 45. 

Pamisos, a river of Thessaly, falling into the 
Peneus. Herodot. 7, c. 129. — Plin. 4, c. 8. 
Another of Messenia in Peloponnesus. 

Pammenes, an Athenian general, sent to 
assist Megalopolis, against the Mantineans, &c. 
An astrologer. -A learned Grecian, who 



was preceptor to Brutus. Cic. Brut. 97. Oral. 9. 

Pammon, a son of Priam and Hecuba. Jlpol- 
lod 

Pampa, a village near Tentyra, in Thrace. 
Juv. 15, v. 76. 

Pamphilus, a celebrated painter of Mace- 
donia, in the age of Philip, distinguished above 
his rivals by a superior knowledge of litera- 
ture and the cultivation of those studies which 
taught him to infuse, more successfully, grace 
and dignity into his pieces. He was founder of 
the school for painting at Sicyon, and he made 
a law which was observed not only in Sicyon, 
but all over Greece, that none but the chil- 
dren of noble and dignified persons should be 
permitted to learn painting. Apelles was one 

of his pupils. Diog. A son of Neoclides,, 

among the pupils of Plato. Diog. 



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PA 



Pamphos, a Greek poet, supposed to have 
lived before Hesiod's age. 

Pamphyla, a Greek woman who wrote a 
general history in 33 books, in Nero's reign, 
This history, so much commended by the an- 
cients, is lost. 

Pamfhvlia, a province of Asia Minor, an- 
ciently called Mopsopia, and bounded on the 
south by a part of the Mediterranean, called 
the Pamphylian sea, west by Lycia, north by 
Pisidia, and east by Cilicia. It abounded with 
pastures, vines, and olives, and was peopled by 
a Grecian colony. Strub. 14. — Mela, 1. — Pans. 
7, c 3.— Plin. 5, c. 26.—Liv 37, c. 23 and 40. 

Pan, was the god of shepherds, of huntsmen, 
and of all the inhabitants of the country. He 
was the son of Mercury, by Dryope, according 
to Homer. Some give him Jupiter and Calisto 
for parents, others Jupiter and Ybis, or Oneis. 
Lucian, Hyginus, &c support that he was the 
son of Mercury and Penelope, the daughter of 
Icanus, and that the god gained the. affections 
of the princess under the form of a goat, as she 
tended her father's flocks on mount Taygetus, 
before her marriage with the king of Ithaca. 
Some authors maintain that Penelope became 
mother of Pan during the absence of Ulysses 
in the Trojan war, and that he was the off- 
spring of all the suitors that frequented the 
palace of Penelope, whence he received the 
name of Pan, which signifies all or every 
thing. Pan was a monster in appearance, he 
had two small horns on his head, his complexion 
was ruddy, his nose flat, and his legs, thighs. 
tail, and feet, were those of a goat. The edu- 
cation of Pan was entrusted to a nymph of Ar- 
cadia, called Sinoe, but the nurse, according to 
Homer, terrified at the sight of such a monster, 
fleu away and left him. He was wrapped up in 
the skin of beasts by his father, and carried to 
heaven, where Jupiter and the gods long enter- 
tained themselves with the oddity of his appear- 
ance. Bacchus was greatly pleased with him, 
and gave him the name of Pan. The god of 
shepherds chiefly resided in Arcadia, where the 
woods and the most rugged mountains were his 
'habitation. He invented the flute with seven 
reeds, which he sailed Syrinx, in honour of a 
beautiful nymph of the same name, to whom he 
attempted to offer violence, and who was chang- 
ed into a reed. He was continually employed 
in deceiving the neighbouring nymphs, and 
often with success. Though deformed in his 
shape and features, yet he had the good for- 
tune to captivate Diana, and of gaining her fa- 
vour, by transforming himself into a beautiful 
white goat. Fie was also enamoured of a 
nymph of the mountains called Echo, by whom 
he had a son called Lynx He also paid his 
addresses to Omphale, queen of Lydia, and it is 
well known in what manner he was received. 
[Vid Omphale.] The worship of Pan was well 
established, particularly in Arcadia, where he 
gave oracles on mount Lycaeus. His festivals, 
called by the Greeks Lyccea, were brought to 
Italy by Evander, and they were well known al 
Rome by the name of the Lupercalia. [Vid. 
Lupercalia.] The worship, and the different 
functions of Pan, are derived from the mytholo- 



gy of the ancient Egyptians. This god was otfe 
of the eight grtat gods of the Egyptians, who 
ranked before the other 12 gods, whom the Ro- 
mans called Consentes. He was worshipped 
with the greatest solemnity all over Egypt. His 
statues represented him as a goat, not because 
he was really such, but this was done for mys- 
terious reasons. He was the emblem of fe- 
cundity, and they looked upon him as the prin- 
ciple of all things. His horns, as some observe, 
represented the rays of the sun, and the bright- 
ness of the heavens was expressed by the viva- 
city and the ruddiness of his complexion. The 
star which he wore on his breast, was the sym- 
bol of the firmament, and his hairy legs and 
feet denoted the inferior parts of the earth, 
such as the woods and plants. Some suppose 
that he appeared as a goat, because wheu die 
gods fled into Egypt in their war against the 
giants, Pan transformed himself into a goat, an 
example which w?s immediately followed by all 
the deities. Pan, according to some, is the 
same as Faunus, and he is the chief of all the 
Satyrs. Plutarch mentions, that in the reign of 
Tiberius, an extraordinary voice was heard 
near the Echinades in the Ionian sea, which 
exclaimed that the great Pan was dead. This 
was readily believed by the emperor, and the 
astrologers were consulted, but they were un- 
able to explain the meaning of so supernatural 
a voice, which probably proceeded from the 
imposition of one of the courtiers who attempted 
to terrify Tiberius. In Egypt, in the town of 
Mendes, which word also signifies a goat, there 
was a sacred goat kept with the most ceremonious 
sanctity. The death of this animal was always 
attended with the greatest solemnities, and like 
that of another Apis, became the cause of an 
universal mourning. As Pan usually terrified 
the inhabitants of the neighbouring country, 
that kind of fear which often seizes men, and 
which is only ideal and imaginary, has receiv- 
ed from him the name of panic fear. This kind 
of terror has been exemplified not only in in- 
dividuals, but in numerous armies, such as that 
of Brennus, which was thrown into the greatest 
consternation at Rome, without any cause or 
plausible reason, Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 396, I. 2, 
v. 277. Met. 1, v. 689.— Virg. G. 1, v. 17. 
JEn. 8, v. 343. G. 3, v. 392.— Juv. 2, v. 142. 
—Paus. 8, c 30— ltal. 13, v. 327.-— Varro de 
L. L. 5, c. 3 — Liv. 1, c. 5. — Dionys. Hal. 1. 
— Herodot 2, c 46 and 145, &c — Diod. 1.— 
Orpheus Hymn. 10. — Homer. Hymn in Pan. 
-r-Lucian Dial. Merc 8f Pun — Jipollod. I.e. 4. 

Panacea, a goddess, daughter of iEsculapi- 
us, who presided over health. Lucan. 9, v. 918. 
—Plin. 35, c. 11, &c. 

Pan/Etius, a stoic philosopher of Rhodes, 
138 B. C. He studied at Athens for some time, 
of which he refused to become a citizen, ob- 
serving that a good and modest man ought to be 
satisfied with one country. He came to Rome, 
where he reckoned among his pupils Lselius 
and Scipio the second Africanus. To the lat- 
ter he was attached by the closest ties of friend- 
ship and familiarity; he attended him in his ex- 
peditions and p;;nook of -\\\ his pleasures and 
amusements. To the interest of their country.- 



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men at Rome the Rhodians were greatly in- 
debted for their prosperity and the immunities 
which they for some time enjoyed. Pansetius 
wrote a treatise on the duties of man, whose 
merit can be ascertained from the encomiums 
which Cicero bestows upon it. Cic. in offic. de 
Div. 1. In dead. 2, c 2. de JV. U. 2, c. 46 

■ A tyrant of Leontini in Sicily, B. C. 613. 

Polycen. 5. 

Panjetolium, a general assembly of the 
iEtolians. Liv. 31, c. 29. 1. 35, c 32. 

Panares, a general of Crete, defeated by 
Metellus, &c. 

Panariste, one of the waiting women of 
Berenice, the wife of king Antiochus. Poly- 
cen. 8. 

Panathenjea, festivals in honour of Miner- 
va the patroness of Athens. They were first in- 
stituted by Erichtheus or Orpheus, and called 
Jllhencea; but Theseus afterwards renewed 
them and caused them to be celebrated and ob- 
served by all the tribes of Athens, which he had 
united into one, and from which reason the fes- 
tivals received their name. Some suppose that 
they are the same as the Roman Quinquatria, 
as they are often called by that name among 
the Latins. In the firs; years of the institution, 
they were observed only during one day, but af- 
terwards the time was prolonged, and t!ie cele- 
bration was attended with greater pomp and 
solemnity. The festivals were two; the great 
Panathencsa (/mey**.*), which were observed 
every 5th year, beginning on the 22d of the 
month called Hectitombaon, or 7th of July, and 
the lesser Panatkencea (/uuga.); which "were kept 
every 3d year, or rather annually, beginning on 
the 21st or 20th of the moo'h called Thargelion, 
corresponding to the 5th or 6th day of the month 
of May. In the lesser festivals there were three 
games conducted by ten presidents chosen from 
the ten tribes of Athens, who continued four 
years in office. On the evening of the first day 
there was a race with torches, in which men on 
foot, and afterwards on horseback, contended. 
The same was also exhibited in the greater fes- 
tivals. The second combat was gymnical, and 
exhibited a trial of strength and bodily dexteri- 
ty. The last was a musical contention, first 
instituted by Pericles. In the songs they cele- 
brated the generous undertaking of Harmodius 
and Aristogiton, who opposed the Pisistratidae, 
and of Thrasybulus, who delivered Athens from 
its thirty tyrants. Phrynis of Mitylene was the 
first who obtained the victory by playing upon 
the harp. There were besides other musical 
instruments, oh which they played in concert, 
such as flutes, &c. The poets contended in four 
plays, called from their number rer§cthoynt. 
The last of these was a satire. There was also 
at Sunium an imitation of a naval fight. Who- 
ever obtained the victory in any of these games 
was rewarded with a vessel of oil, which he was 
permitted to dispose of in whatever manner he 
pleased, and it was unlawful for any other per- 
son to transport that commodity. The conquer- 
or also received a crown of the olives which 
grew in t!*e groves of Academus, and were sa- 
cred to Minerva, and called /uoguai, from 
uogo?, death, in remembrance of the tragical 



end of Hallirhotius the son of Neptune, wh© 
cut his own legs when he attempted to cut 
down the olive which had given the victory to 
Minerva in preference to his father, when these 
two deities contended about giving a name to 
Athens. Some suppose that the word is derived 
from /wsgos, a part, because these olives were 
given by contribution by all such as attended at 
the festivals. There was also a dance called 
Pyrrhickia, performed by young boys in armour, 
in imitation of Minerva, who thus expressed 
her triumph over the vanquished Titans. Gla- 
diators were also introduced when Athens be- 
came tributary to the Romans,. During the ce- 
lebration, no person was permitted to appear in 
dyed garments, and if any one transgressed he 
was punished according to the discretiou of the 
president of the games. After these things, a 
sumptuous sacrifice was offered, in which every 
one of the Athenian boroughs contributed an 
ox, and the whole was concluded by an enter- 
tainment for all the company with the flesh that 
remained from the sacrifice. In the greater 
festivals, the same rites and ceremonies were 
usually observed, but with more solemnity and 
magnificence. Others were also added, particu- 
larly the procession, in which Minerva's sacred 
7n7rxQ$, or garment, was carried. This garment 
was woven by a select number of virgins, coll- 
ed igya.ciH.ctt, from hgyov, work. They were 
superintended by two of the a,ggn<pogoi, or 
young virgins, not above seventeen years of age, 
nor under eleven, whose garments were white 
and set off with ornaments of gold. Minerva's 
peplus was of a white colour, without sleeves, 
and embroidered with gold. Upon it were de- 
scribed the achievements of the goddess, parti- 
cularly her victories over the giants. The ex- 
ploits of Jupiter and the other gods were also 
represented there, and from that circumstance 
men of courage and bravery are said to be *%iot 
7rt7rkov, worthy to be pourtrayed in Minerva's 
sacred garment. In the procession of the peplus, 
the following ceremonies were observed. la 
the ceramicus, without the city, there was an 
engine built in the form of a ship, upon which 
Minerva's garment was hung as a sail, and the 
whole was conducted, not by beasts, as some 
have supposed, but by subterraneous machines, 
to the temple of Ceres Eleusinia, and from 
thence to the citadel, where the peplus was plac- 
ed upon Minerva's statue, which was laid upon 
a bed woven or strewed with flowers, which was 
called TTKAKtc- Persons of all ages, of every sex 
and quality, attended the procession, which was 
led by old men and women carrying olive branch- 
es in their hands, from which reason they were 
called S*x\QQo£oty bearers of green boughs. 
Next followed men of full age with shields and 
spears. They were attended by the juiroiKot, or 
foreigners, who carried small boats as a token 
of their foreign origin, and from that account 
they were called o-Kctqixpogot, boat bearers. Af- 
ter them came the women attended by the wives 
of the foreigners called vSgiaqogot, because they 
carried water pots. Next to these came young 
men crowned with millet and singing hymns to 
the goddess, and after them followed select vir- 
gins of the noblest families, called x*v»?ogo*, 



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basket bearers, because they carried baskets, in 
which were certain things necessary for the ce- 
lebration, with whatever utensils were also re- 
quisite. These several necessaries were gene- 
rally in the possession of the chief manager of 
the festival called ag^/S-eagoc, who distributed 
them when occasion offered. The virgins were 
attended by the daughters of the foreigners, who 
carried umbrellas, and little seats, from which 
they were named JV<pgj»<pego/, seat carriers. The 
boys, called TrctiSctjuinoi, as it may be supposed 
led the rear clothed in coats generally worn at 
processions. The necessaries for this and every 
other festival were prepared in a public hall 
erected for that purpose,. between the Piraean 
gate and the temple of Ceres. The management 
and the care of the whole was entrusted to the 
vo/mo<puK&}tis, or people employed in seeing the 
rites and ceremonies properly observed. It was 
also usual to set all prisoners, at liberty, and to 
present golden crowns to such as had deserved 
well of their country. Some persons were also 
chosen to sing some of Homer's poems, a cus- 
tom which was first introduced by Hipparchus 
the son of Pisistratus. It was also customary in 
this festival and eveiy other quinquennial festi- 
val, to pray for the prosperity cf the Plataeans, 
whose services had been so conspicuous at the 
battle of Marathon. Pint, in Thes. — Paus. Arc. 
2.—JElian. V. H. 8, c. 2 — Ipcllod. 3, c. 14. 

Pancfuea, Panchea, or Panchaia, an island 
of Arabia Felix, where Jupiter Triphylius had 
a magnificent temple. A part of Arabia Fe- 
lix, celebrated for the myrrh, frankincense, and 
perfumes which it produced. Virg. G. 2, v. 
139, 1. 4, v. 379.— Cules. SI.— Ovid. Met. 1, 
V. 309.— Diod- b.—Lucret 2, v. 417. 

Panda, two deities at Rome, who presided 
one over the openings of roads; and the other 
over the openings of towns. Varro de P. R. 1. 
A. Gell. 13, e. 22. 

Pandama, a girl of India favoured by Her- 
cules, &c. Polyozn. 1. 

Pandaria, or Pandataria, a small island of 
the Tyrrhene sea. 

• Pandarus, a son of Lycaon, who assisted the 
Trojans in their war against the Greeks. He 
went to the war without a chariot, and there- 
fore he generally fought on foot. He broke the 
truce which had been agreed upon between the 
Greeks and Trojans, and wounded Menelaus 
and Diomedes, and showed himself brave and 
unusually courageous. He was at last killed by 
Diomedes; and /Eneas, who then carried him 
in his chariot, by attempting to revenge his 
death, nearly perished by the hand of the furi- 
ous enemy. Dictys. Cret. 2, v. 35. — Homer. 11 
2 and 5 — Hygin. fa!). 112. — Virg. JEn. 5, v. 

495. — Strab. 14. — Serums, in leco. A son 

of Alcanor killed with his brother Britias by 

Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 735. \ native of 

Crete punished with death for being accessary 
to the theft of Tantalus. What this theft was 
is unknown. Some, however, suppose that Tan- 
talus stole the ambrosia and the nectar from the 
tables of the gods to which he had been admit- 
ted, or that he carried away a dog which watch- 
ed Jupiter's temple in Crete, in which crito e 
Pandarus was concerned,, and for which he suf- 



fered. Pandarus had two daughters, Camiro 
and Clytia, who were also deprived of their mo- 
ther by a sudden death, and left without friends 
or protectors. Venus had compassion upon them, 
and she fed them with milk, honey, .and wine. 
The goddesses were all equally interested in 
their welfare Juno gave them wisdom and 
beauty, Diana a handsome figure and regular 
features, and Minerva instructed thern in what- 
ever domestic accomplishments can recommend 
a wife. Venus wished still to make tiieir hap- 
piness more complete; and when they were 
come to nubile years the goddess prayed Jupi- 
ter to grant them kind and tender husbands. 
But in her absence the Harpies carried away 
the virgins and delivered them to the Eume- 
nides to share the punishment which their father 
suffered. Paws. 10, c 30. — Pindar 

Pandarus, or Pandareus, a man who had 
a daughter called Philomela. She was changed 
into a nightingale, after she had killed, by mis- 
take, her son Itylus, whose death she mourned 
in the greatest melancholy Some suppose him 
to be the same as Pandion, king of Athens. 

Pandataria, an island ou the coast of Lu- 
cania, now called Santa Maria. 

Pandates, a friend of Datames at the court 
of Artaxerxes. C. JVep. in Dat. 

Pandemia, a surname of Venus, expressive 
of her great power over the affections of man- 
kind. 

Pandemus, one of the surnames of the god 
of love, among the Egyptians and the Greeks, 
who distinguished two Cupids, one of whom was 
the vulgar, called Pandemus, and another of a 
purer, and more celestial origin. Pint in Erot. 
Pandia, a festival at Athens established by 
Pandion, from whom it received its name, or 
because it was observed in honour of Jupiter, 
who can <r«t sr*v<r«t fiyzuuv, move and turn all 
things as he pleases. Some suppose that it con- 
cerned the moon, because it does ^-avtots uvai, 
move incessantly by showing itself day and night, 
rather than the sun, which never appears but 
in the day time. It was celebrated after the 
Dionysia, because Bacchus is sometimes taken 
for the Sun or Apollo, and therefore the brother, 
or, as some will have it, the sun and the moon. 
Pandion, a king of Athens, son of Erich- 
thon and Pasithea, who succeeded his father, 
B C. 1437 He became father of Procne and 
Philomela, Erechtheus, and Butes. During his 
reign there was such an abundance of corn, 
wine, and oil, that it was publicly reported that 
Bacchus and Minerva had personally visited 
Attica. He waged a successful war against 
Labdacus king of Boeotia, and gave his daugh- 
ter Procne in marriage to Tereus, king of Thrace, 
who had assisted him. The treatment which 
Philomela received from her brother-in-law, 
Tereus, [Vid. Philomela] was the source of in- 
finite grief to Pandion, and he died, through, 
excess of sorrow, after a reign of 40 years. 
There was also another Pandion, son of Cccrops 
2d. by Metiaduca, who succeeded to his father, 
B. C. 130. He was driven from his paternal 
dominions, and fled to Pylas, king of Megara, 
who gave him his daughter Pelia in marriage, 
and resigned his crown to him. Pandion be- 



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came father of four children, called from him 
JPandionulM, jflEgeus, Pallas, Nisus, and Lycus. 
The eldest of these children recovered his fa- 
ther's kingdom. Some authors have confound- 
ed the two Pandions together in such an indis- 
criminate manner, that they seem to have been 
only one and the same person. Many believe 
that Philomela and Procne were the daughters, 
not of Pandion the 1st. but of Pandion the 2d. 
Ovid Met. 6, v. 61G.—Jlpollod. 3, c. 15.— 

Poms. 1, c. 5. — Hygin. fab. 48.- A son of 

Phineus and Cleopatra, deprived of his eye-. 

sight by his father. Jlpollod. 3, c. 15. A son 

of iEgyptus and Hephaestina. A king of the 
Indies in the age of Augustus 



Pandora, a celebrated woman, the first mor- 
tal female that ever lived, according to the opi- 
nion of the poet Hesiod. She was made with 
clay by Vulcan, at the request of Jupiter, who 
wished to punish the impiety and artifice of Pro- 
metheus, by giving him a wife. When this 
woman of clay had been made by the artist, 
and received life, all the gods vied in making 
her presents. Venus gave her beauty and the 
art of pleasing; the Graces gave her the power 
of captivating; Apollo taught her how to sing; 
Mercury instructed her in eloquence; and Mi- 
nerva gave her the most rich and splendid orna- 
ments. From all these valuable presents, which 
she had received from the gods, the woman was 
called Pandora, which intimates that she had 
received every necessary gift ttav fcegov. Jupi- 
ter after this gave her a beautiful box, which 
she was ordered to present to the man who mar- 
ried her; and by the commission of the god, 
Mercury conducted her to Prometheus. The 
artful mortal was sensible of the deceit, and as 
he had always distrusted Jupiter, as well as the 
rest of the gods, since he had stolen fire away 
from the sun to animate his man of clay, he 
sent away Pandora without suffering himself to 
be captivated by her charms. His brother Epi- 
aietheus was not possessed of the same prudence 
and sagacity. He married Pandora, and when 
be opened the box which she presented to him, 
there issued from it a multitude of evils and 
distempers, which dispersed themselves all over 
the world, and which, from that fatal moment, 
nave never ceased to afflict the human race. 
Hope was the only one who remained at the 
bottom of the box, and it is she alone who has the 
wonderful power of easing the labours of man, 
and of rendering his troubles and his sorrows 
less painful in life. Hesiod. Theog. &f Dios. — 
Jlpollod. 1, c. 7. — Paus. 1, c. 24. — Hygin. 14. 

A daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. 

She was sister to Protogenia, who sacrificed 
herself for her country at the beginning of the 
Boeotian war. 

Pandorus, a son of Erechtheus king of 
Athens. 

Pandosia, a town in the country of the Brutii, 
situate on a mountain. Alexander king of the 

Molossi died there. Strab. 6. A town of 

Epirus. Plin. 4, c. 1. 

Pandrosos, a daughter of Cecrops, king of 
Athens, sister to Aglauros and Herse. She was 
the only one of the sisters who had not the fatal 
curiosity to open a basket which Minerva had 



entrusted to their care. [Vid. Erichthonius$ 
for which sincerity a temple was raised to her 
near that of Minerva, and a festival instituted 
to her honour, called Pandrosia Ovid. Met. 2, 
v. 738.— Jlpollod. 3.— Paus. 1, &c. 

Panenus, or Paiosus, a celebrated painter, 
who was for some time engaged in painting the 
battle of Marathon. Plin. 35. 

Pang^us, a mountain of Thrace, amiently 
called Mons Caraminus, and joined to mount 
Rhodope near the sources of the river Nestus. 
It was inhabited by four different nations. It 
was on this mountain that Lycurgus, the Thra- 
cian king, was torn to pieces, and that Orpheus 
called the attention of the wild beasts, and of 
the mountains and woods to listen to his song. 
It abounded in gold and silver mines. Herodot. 
5, c. 16, &c. 1. 7, c. 113.— Virg. G. 4, v. 462. 
— Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 739. — Thucyd. 2. — Lucan. 
1, v. 679, 1. 7, v. 482. 

Paniasis, a man who wrote a poem upon 
Hercules, &c. Vid. Panyasis. 

Panionium, a place at the foot of mount My- 
cale, near the town of Ephesus in Asia Minor, 
sacred to Neptune of Helice. It was in this 
place that all the states of Ionia assembled, 
either to consult for their own safety and pros- 
perity, or to celebrate festivals, or to offer a 
sacrifice for the good of all the nation, whence 
the name tt&viooviov all Ionia. The deputies of 
the twelve Ionian cities which assembled there 
were those of Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, 
Lebedos, Colophon, Clazomense, Phorcaea, 
Teos, Chios, Samos, and Ery three. If the bull 
offered in sacrifice bellowed, it was accounted 
an omen of the highest favour, as the sound was 
particularly acceptable to the god of the sea, 
as in some manner it resembled the roaring of 
the waves of the ocean. Herodot. 1, c. 148, &c. 
—Strab. 14.— Mela, I.e. 17. 

Panius, a place at Ccelo-Syria, where Antio- 
chus defeated Scopas, B. C. 198. 

Pannonia, a large country of Europe, bound- 
ed on the east by Upper Moesia, south by Dal- 
matia, west by Noricum, and north by the 
Danube. It was divided by the ancients into 
lower and upper Pannonia. The inhabitants 
were of Celtic origin, and were first invaded 
by J. Caesar, and conquered in the reign of Ti- 
berius Philip and his son Alexander some ages 
before had successively conquered it. Sirmium 
was the ancient capital of all Pannonia, which 
contains the modern provinces of Croatia, Car- 
niola, Sclavonia, Bosnia, Windisch, March, 
with part of Servia, and of the kingdoms of 
Hungary and Austria. Lucan. 3, v. 95, I. 6, 
v. 220.— Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 109.— Plin. 3.— 
Dion. Cass. 49. — Strab. 4 and l.—Jomand. — 
Paterc. 2, c. 9.— Suet. Aug. 20. 

Panolbius, a Greek poet, mentioned by Sui- 
das. 

PanomphjEus, a surname of Jupiter, either 
because he was worshipped by every nation on 
earth, or because he heard the prayers and the 
supplications which were addressed to him, or 
because the rest of the gods derived from him 
their knowledge of futurity (vac omnis, oy.^» 
vox.) Ovid. Met. 11, v. 198. — Hcmer. 11. S. 
Panope, or Panofea, one of the Nereides. 



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whom sailors generally invoked in storms. Her 
name signifies, giving every assistance, or seeing 
every thing. w Iesiod. Theog. 251 — Virg. JEn. 

5, v. S25 One of the daughters of fhespius. 

vlpollod. 2, c. 7. A town of Phocis, called 

also Panopeus. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 19. — Liv. 32, 
c. 18.— Paws. 10, c. 4.— Stat. Theb. 7, v. 344. 
—Homer. It. 2, v. 27. Od. 11, v. 580. 

Panopes, a famous huntsman among the at- 
tendants of Acestes, king of Sicily, who was 
one of those that engaged in the games exhibit- 
ed by iEneas. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 300. 

Panopeus, a son of Phocus and Asterodia, 
who accompanied Amphitryon when he made 
war against the Teleboans. He was father to 
Epeus, who made the celebrated wooden horse 
at the siege of Troy. Pans. 2, c. 29 — Jlpollod. 

2, c. 4 A town of Phocis, between Orcho- 

menos and the Cephisus. Pans. 10, c 4. — 
Sirdb 9 

Panopion, a Roman saved from death by the 
uncommon fidelity of his servant. When the 
assassins came to murder bim as being pro- 
scribed, the servant exchanged clothes with his 
master, and let him escape by a back door. He 
afterwards went into his master's bed, and suf- 
fered himself to be killed as if Panopion him- 
self. Val Max. 

Panopolis, the city of Pan, a town of Egypt, 
called also Chemmis. Pan had there a temple, 
where he was worshipped with great solemnity, 
and represented in a statue fascino longissimo fy 
erecto. Diod. 5. — Strab. 17. 

Panoptes, a name of Argus, from the p^wer 
of his eyes. Jlpollod 2. 

Panormus, now called Palermo, a town of 
Sicily, built by the Phoenicians, on the north- 
west part of the island, with a good and capa- 
cious harbour. It was the strongest hold of the 
Carthaginians in Sicily, and it was at last taken 
with difficulty by the Romans. Mela, 2, c. 7. — 

Ital. 14, v. 262. -A town of the Thracian 

Chersonesus. A town of Ionia, near Ephe- 

sus Another in Crete, in Macedonia, 

Achaia,— — Samos. A Messenian who 

insulted the religion of the Lacedaemonians. 
Vid. Gonippus. 

Panotii, a people of Scythia, said to have 
very large ears, Plin. 4, c. 13. 

Pansa, C Vibius, a Roman consul, who, with 
A Hirtius, pursued the murderers of J. Caesar, 
and was killed in a battle near Mutina On his 
death-bed he advised young Oc'avius to unite 
his interest with that of Antony, if he wished to 
revenge the death of Julius Caesar, and from 
his friendly advice soon after rose the celebra- 
ted second triumvirate. Some suppose that 
Pansa was put to death by Octavius himself, or 
through him, by the physician Glicon, who pour- 
ed poison into the wounds of his patient. Pansa 
and Hirtitis were the two last consuls who en- 
joyed the dignity of chief magistrates of Rome 
with full power. The authority of the consuls 
afterwards dwindled into a shadow. Paterc. 2, 

c 6 —Dio. 46.— Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 5 Pint. 

& Jlppian. 

Pantagnostus. a brother of Polycrates, ty- 
rant of Samos. Polyozn. 1. 

Pantagyasj a small river on the eastern coast 



of Sicily, which falls into the sea, after running 
a short space in rough cascades over rugged 
stones and precipices. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 689.— 
Ital. 14, v. 232.— OmU Fast. 4, v. 471. 

Pantaleon, a king of Pisa, who presided at 
the Olympic games, B. C. 664, after excluding 
the Eleans, who on that account expunged the 
Olympiad from the Fasti, and called it the 2d 
Anolympiad. They had called for the same 
reason the 8th the 1st Anolympiad, because the 

Pisaeans presided. An iEtoIian chief. Liv. 

42, c. 15. 

Pantanus lacus, the lake of Lesina, is situa- 
ted in Apulia at the mouth of the Frento. Plin. 
3, c. 12. 

- Pantauchus, a man appointed over iEtolia 
by Demetrius, &c. Plut. 

Panteus, a friend of Cleomenes, king of 
Sparta. &c. Pint. 

Panthides, a man who married Italia, the 
daughter of Themistocles. 

Panthea, the wife of Abradates, celebrated 
for her beauty and conjugal affection- She was 
taken prisoner by Cyrus, who refused to visit 
her, not to be ensnared by the power of her per- 
sonal charms. She killed herself on the body 
of her husband, who had been slain in a battle, 
&c. [Vid. Abradates.] Xenoph. Cyrojj. — Sui- 

das The mother of Eumaeus, the faithful 

servant of Ulysses. 

Pantheon, a celebrated temple at Rome, 
built by Agrippa, in the reign of Augustus, and 
dedicated to all the gods, whence the name vets 
3-goc. It was struck with lightning some time 
after, and partly destroyed. Adrian repaired it, 
and it still remains at Rome, converted into a 
Christian temple, the admiration of the curious, 
Plin. 36, c. 15 —Marcell. 16, c. 10. 

Pantheus, or Panthus, a Trojan, son of 
Othryas the priest of Apollo. When his coun- 
try was burnt by the Greeks, he followed the 
fortune of iEneas, and was killed. Virg. JEn* 
2, v. 429. 

Panthoides, a patronymic of Eupkorbus, the 
son of Panthous. Pythagoras is sometimes 
called by that name, as he asserted that he was 
Euphorbus during the Trojan war. Horat. I, 
od. 28, v. 10.— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 161.- — A 
Spartan general killed by Pericles at tie battle 
of Tanagra. 

Panticap^eum, now Kerchc, a town of Tau- 
rica Chersonesus, built by the Milesians, and 
governed some time by its own laws, aid after- 
wards subdued by the kings of Bosphorus. li 
was, according to Strabo, the capital of the Eu- 
ropean Bosphorus. Mithridates the Great died 
there. Plin. — Strab. 

Panticapes, a river of European Scythia, 
which falls into the Borysthenes, supposed to 
be the Samara of the moderns. Herodot. 4, c 
54. 

Pantilius, a buffoon, ridiculed by Horat. I, 
Sat 10, v. 78. 

Panyasis, an ancient Greek, uncle to the 
historian Herodotus. He celebrated Hercules 
in one of his poems, and thelonians iu another, 
and was universally esteemed. Jilhen. 2. 

Panyasus, a river of Illyricum, falling into 
the Adriatic, near Dyrrhachium. Ptohm. 



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Pappus, a name of Jupiter among the Scy- 
thians. Herodot. 4. 

Paphages, a king of Ambracia, killed by 
a lioness deprived of her whelps. Ovid, in lb. 
v. 502. 

Paphia, a surname of Venus because the 

goddess was worshipped at Paphas. An 

ancient name of the island of Cyprus. 

Paphlagonia, now Pender achia, a country 
of Asia Minoiy situate at the west of the river 
Halys, by which it was separated from Cap- 
padocia. It was divided on the west from the 
Bitiiynians, by the river Parthenius. Herodot. 
1, c. 72. — Strab. 4. — Mela — Plin. — Curt 
6, c. iLf— tic RuU. 2, c. 2 and 19. 

Paphos, now Bafo, a famous city of the is- 
land of Cyprus, founded, as some suppose, about 
1184 years before Christ, by Agapenor, at the 
head of a colony from Arcadia. The goddess 
of beauty was particularly worshipped there, 
and all male animals were offered on her altars, 
which though 100 in number, daily smoked with 
the profusion of Arabian frankincense- Tiie in- 
habitants were very effeminate and lascivious, 
and the young virgins were permitted by the 
laws of the place, to get a dowry by prostitution. 
BtrxA. 8,'&c.— PKri, 2, c. 96.— Mela, 2, c. 7.— 
Homer. Od. 8 — Virg. JEn. 1, v. 419, &c. 1. 
10, v. 51, &c —Horat. 1, od. 30, v. 1.— Tacit. 
Ji. 3, c. 62, H. 2, c. 2. 

Paphus, a son of Pygmalion, by a statue 
which had been changed into a woman by Ve- 
nus. [Vid. Pygmalion.] Ovid. Met. 10, v 297. 

Papia lex, de peregrinis, by Papius the tri- 
bune, A. U. C. 688, which required that all 
strangers should be driven away from Kome 
It was afterwards confirmed ' and extended by 

the Julian law. Another called Papia Pop- 

pcea, because it was enacted by the tribunes, 
M. Papius Mutilus, and Q Poppzeus Secun- 
dus, whp had received consular power from the 
consuls ^or six months. It was called the Ju- 
lian lavi, after it had been published by order 
of Augustus, who himself was of the Julian fa- 
mily. Vid. Julia lex de Marilandis ordinibus- 

Ancther to empower the high priest to 

choose 20 virgins for the service of the goddess 
Vesta — ' — Another in the age of Augustus. It 
gave the patron a certain right to the property 
of his client, if he had left a specified sum of 
money, or if he had not three children. 

PapiaJjus, a man who proclaimed himself 
emperor some time after the Gordians. He was 
put to death. 

Papias, an early Christian writer who first 
propagated the doctrine of the Milenniura. 
There are remaining some historical fragments 
of his. 

Papinianus, a writer, A. D. 212. Vid. M- 
mylius Papinianus. 

Papinius, a tribune who conspired against 

Caligula. A man who destroyed himself, &c. 

Tacit. Ann. 6,c 49. 

Papiria, the wife of Paul us iEmylius. She 
was divorced. Plut. 

Papirius, a centurion engaged to murder 
Piso, the proconsul of Africa. Tacit. Hist. 4, 

c. 40. A patrician, chosen rex sacrorum, 

after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome. 



A Roman who wished to gratify his unna- 

tural desires upon the body of one of his slaves 
called Publilius. The slave refused, and was 
inhumanly treated. This called for the inter- 
ference of justice, and a decree was made which 
forbad any person to be detained in fetters, but 
only for a crime that deserved such a treatment, 
and only till the criminal had suffered the pu- 
nishment which the laws directed Creditors 
also had a right to arrest the goods and not the 
person of their debtors. Lit 8, c. 28. -Car- 
bo, a Roman consul who undertook the defence 
of Opimius, who was accused of condemning 
and putting to death a number of citizens on 
mount Aventinus without the formalities of a 

trial. His client was acquitted. Cursor, 

a man who first erected a sun-dial in the temple 
of Quirinu* at Rome, B. C. 293; from which 
time rhe days began to be divided into hours. 
A dictator who ordered his master of horse 



to be pat to death, because he had fought and 
conquered the enemies of ike republic without 
his consent. The people interfered, and the 
dictator pardoned him. "Cursor made war against 
the Sabines and conquered them, and also tri- 
umphed over the Samnites His great severity 
displeased the people. He flourished about 320 
years before the Christian era. Liv. 9. c 14. 
•One of his family, surnamed Pnetextatus, 



from an action of his whilst he wore the prcetexta, 
a certain gown for young men. His father of 
the same name, carried him to the senate 
house, where affairs of the greatest importance 
were then in debate before the senators. The 
mother of young Papirius wished to know what 
had passed in the senate; but Papirius, un- 
willing to betray the secrets of that august as- 
semuly, amused his mother by telling her that 
it had been considered whether it would be 
more advantageous to the republic to give two 
wives to one husband, than two husbands to one 
wife. The mother of Papirius was alarmed, 
and she communicated the secret to the other 
Roman matrons, and, on the morrow, they as- 
sembled in the senate, petitioning that one wo- 
man might have two husbands, rather than one 
husband two wives. The senators were astonish- 
ed at this petition, but young Papirius unravel- 
led the whole mystery, and from that time it was 
made a law among the senators, that no young 
man should for the future be introduced into 
the senate house, except Papirius. This law 
was carefully observed till the age of Augustus, 
who permitted children of all ages to hear the 
debates of the senators. Macrob. Sat 1, c. 6. 
•Carbo, a friend of Cinna and Marius. He 



raised cabals against Sylla and Pompey, and 
was at last put to death by order of Pompey, 
after he had rendered himself odious by a ty- 
rannical consulship, and after he had been pre- 
scribed by Sylla A consul defeased by the 

armies of the Cimbri. Crassus, a dictator 

who triumphed over the Samnites. A consul 

murdered by the Gauls, &c. A son of Pa- 
pirius Cursor who defeated the Samnites, and 

dedicated a temple to Romulus Quirinus. 

Maso, a consul, who conquered Sardinia and 
Corsica, and reduced them into the form of a 
province. At his return to Rome, he refused a 



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triumph, upon which he introduced a triumphal 
procession, and walked with his victorious army 
to the capitoi, wearing a crown of myrtle on his 
head. His example was afterwards followed 
by such generals as were refused a triumph by 

the Roman senate. Val.Max 3, c. 6. The 

family of the Papirii was patrician, and long 
distinguished for its services to the state. It 
bore the different surnames of Crassus, Cursor^ 
Mugillanus, Maso, Pnetextatus, and Partus, of 
which the three first branches became the most 
illustrious. 

Papiria lex, by Papirius Carbo, A. U. C. 
621, It required that, in passing or rejecting 
laws in the comitia, the votes should be given 

on tablets. Another, by the tribune Papirius, 

which enacted that no person should consecrate 
any edifice, place, or thing, without the consent 
or permission of the people. Cic. pro domo 

50. Another, A. U- C 563, to diminish the 

weight, and increase the value of the Roman 

as. Another, A. U. C. 421, to give the 

freedom of the city to the citizens of Acerrse. 

Another, A. U. C. 623. It was proposed, 

but not passed. It recommended the right of 
choosing a man tribune of the people as often 
as he wished. 

Pappia lex was enacted to settle the rights 
of husbands and wives if they had no children. 

Another, by which a person less than 50 

years old could not marry another of 60. 

Pappus, a philosopher and mathematician of 
Alexandria, in the reign of Theodosius the 
Great. 

Papyrius. [Vid. Papirius.] 

Parabyston, a tribunal at Athens, where 
causes of inferior consequence were tried by 
II judges. Palis. 1, c. 40. 

Paradisus, a town of Syria or Phoenicia. 

Plin. 5, c. 23.— Slrab. 16. In the plains 

of Jericho there was a large paiace, with a 
garden beautifully planted with trees, and call- 
ed Balsami Paradisus. 

PAR.ETAC.as, or Taceni, a people between 
Media and Persia, where Antigonus was de- 
feated by Eumenes. C. Nep. in Eum. S. — 
Strab. 11 and 16— Plin. 6, c 26. 

Parjetonium, a town of Egypt at the west 
of Alexandria, where Isis was worshipped. The 
word Parcetonius is used to signify Egyptian, 
and is sometimes applied to Alexandria, which 
was situate in the neighbourhood. Sirab. 17. 
—Flor. 4, c. 11.— Lucan. 3. v. 295, 1. 10, v. 
9.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 712. Jl. 2, el. 13, v. 7. 

Parali, a division of the inhabitants of At- 
tica; they received this name from their being 
near the sea coast, ttcl^cl and &xe. 

Paralus, a friend of Dion, by whose assis- 
tance he expelled Dionysius. A son of Pe- 
ricles. His premature death was greatly la- 
mented by his father. Plut. 

Parasia, a country at the east of Media. 

Parasius, a son of Philonomia by a shep- 
herd. He was exposed on Erymanthus by his 
mother, with his twin brother Lycastus. Their 
lives were preserved. 

Parce, powerful goddesses, who presided over 
the birth and the life of mankind. They were 
three in number, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atro- 



pos, daughters of Nox and Erebus, according to 
Hesiod, or of Jupiter and Themis, according to 
the same poet in another poem. Some make 
them daughters of the sea. Clotho, the youngest 
of the sisters, presided over the moment in 
which we are born, and held a distaff in her 
hand; Lachesis spun out all the. events and ac- 
tions of our life; and Atropos, the eldest of the 
three, cut the thread of human life with a pair 
of scissars. Their different functions are well 
expressed in this ancient verse: 
Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, 8f Atropos 

occat. 
The name of the Parcse, according to Varro, is 
derived a partu or parturiendo, because they pre- 
sided over the birth of men, and, by corruption, 
the word parca is formed, from parta or partus, 
but, according to Servius, they are called so by 
antiphrasis, quod ne-nini pafcant. The power 
of the Parcae was great and extensive. Some 
suppose that they were subjected to none of the 
gods but Jupiter; while others support, that 
even Jupiter himself was obedient to their com- 
mands; and indeed we see the father of the 
gods, in Homer's Iliad, unwilling to see Pa- 
troclus perish, yet obliged, by the superior 
power of the Fates, to abandon him to his 
destiny. According to the more received 
opinions, they were the arbiters of the life and 
death of mankind, and whatever good or evil 
befalls us in the world, immediately proceeds 
from the Fates or Parcse. Some make them 
ministers of the king of hell, and represent 
them as sitting at the foot of his throne; others 
represent them as placed on radiant thrones, 
amidst the celestial spheres, clothed in robes 
spangled with stars, and wearing crowns on 
their heads. According to Pausanias, the 
names of the Parcae were different from those 
already mentioned. The most ancient of all, as 
the geographer observes, was Venus Urania 
who presided over the birth of men; the se- 
cond was Fortune; Ilythia was the third. To 
these some add a fourth, Proserpina, who often 
disputes with Atropos the right of cutting the 
thread of human life. The worship of the 
Parcse was well established in some cities of 
Greece, and though mankind were well con- 
vinced that they were inexorable, and that it 
was impossible to mitigate them, yet they were 
eager to show a proper respect to their divinity, 
by raising them temples and statues They re- 
ceived the same worship as the Furies, and 
their votaries yearly sacrificed to them black 
sheep, during which. solemnity the priests were 
obliged to wear garlands of flowers. The Parcae 
were generally represented as three old women 
with ehaplets made with wool, and interwoven 
with the flowers of the Narcissus. They were 
covered with a white robe, and fillet of the 
same colour, bound with chaplets. One of 
them held a distaff, another the spindle, and 
the third was armed with scissars, with which 
she cut the thread which her sisters had spun. 
Their dress is differently represented by some 
authors. Clotho appears in a variegated robe, 
and on her head is a crown of seven stars. She 
holds a distaff in her hand reaching from hea- 
ven to earth. The robe which Lachesis wore 
3u 



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was variegated with a great number of stars, 
and near her were placed a variety of spindles. 
Atropos was clothed in black; she held scissars 
in her hand, with clues of thread of different 
sizes, according to the length and shoitnessoi 
the lives whose destinies they seemed to contain. 
Hyginus attributes to them the invention of these 
Greek letters, a, 0, «, t, y, and others call 
them the secretaries of heaven, and the keepers 
of the archives of eternity. The Greeks call 
the Parcse by the different names of ftoigit, 
ttio-a., x»g, etpctQjuevH, which are expressive of 
their power and of their inexorable decrees 
Hesiod. Theog. & scut Her. — Pans. 1, c. 40, 

1, 3, c. 11, 1. 5, c 15.— Homer. It. 20. Od. 7. 
—Theocrit. l.— CaUimach in Dian.—JEUan. 
Aram. 10.— Pindar. Olymp. 10. Mm. 7.— 
Eurip. in Iphig. — Plut. de facie in orbe Luna. 
—Hygin. inprxf.fab. &/«&• 277.— IZarro.— 

Orph. hymn. 58 tipollon. 1, &c. — Claudian. 

de rapt. Pros. — Lycoph. & Tzetz. &c. — Horat. 

2, od. 6, &c. — Ovid. Met. 5, v. 533, — Lucan. 
3. — Virg. Eel. 4, JEn. 3, &c — Senec. in Here. 
Fur.— Stat. Theb. 6. 

Parentalia, a festival annually observed at 
Rome in honour of the dead. The friends and 
relations of the deceased assembled on the oc- 
casion, when sacrifices were offered, and ban- 
quets provided. iEneas first established it. Ovid, 
Fast. 2, v. 544. 

Parentium, a port and town of Istria. Plin. 

3, c. 19. 

Paris, the son of Priam, king of Troy, by 
Hecuba, also called Alexander. He was destin- 
ed, even before his birth, to become the ruin of 
his country; and when his mother, in the first 
month of her pregnancy, had dreamed that she 
should briug forth a torch which would set fire 
to her palace, the soothsayers foretold the cala- 
mities which might be expected from the im- 
prudence of her future son, and which would 
end in the destruction of Troy. Priam, to pre- 
vent so great and so alarming an evil, ordered 
his slave Archelaus to destroy the child as soon ) 
as born. The slave, either touched with buma- j 
nity, or influenced by Hecuba, did not destroy 
him, but was satisfied to expose him on mount ; 
Ida, where the shepherds of the place found 
him, and educated him as their own son. Some i 
attribute the preservation of his life, before he ; 
was found by the shepherds, to the motherly ten- i 
derness of a she-bear which suckled him. Young 
Paris, though educated among shepherds and 
peasants, gave early proofs of courage and intre- j 
pidity, and from his care in protecting the flocks 
of mount Ida against the rapacity of the wild 
beasts, he obtained the name of Alexander (help- ! 
er or defender.) He gained the esteem of all j 
the shepherds, and his graceful countenance and 
manly deportment recommended him to the fa- 
vour of CEnone, a nymph of Ida, whom he mar- 
ried, and with whom he lived with the most 
perfect tenderness. Their conjugal peace was 
soon disturbed. At the marriage of Peleus and 
Thetis, the goddess of discord, who had not 
been invited to partake of the entertainment, 
showed her displeasure by throwing into the as- 
sembly of the gods who were at the celebration 
of the nuptials, a golden apple, on which were 



written the words, Detur pulchriori. All the 
goddesses claimed it as their own; the cooten- 
ion at first became general, but at last only 
three, Juno, Venus, and Minerva, wished to 
dispute their respective right to beauty. The 
gods, unwilling to become arbiters in an affair 
of so tender and so delicate a nature, appoint- 
ed Paris to adjudge the prize of beauty to the 
fairest of the goddesses; and indeed the shep- 
herd seemed properly qualified to decide so 
great a contest, as bis wisdom was so well es- 
tablished, and his prudence and sagacity so well 
known. The goddesses appeared before their 
judge without any covering or ornament, and 
each tried, by promises and entreaties, to gain 
the attention of Paris, and to influence his judg- 
ment. Juno promised bim a kingdom; Miner- 
va, military glory; and Venus, the fairest wo- 
man in the world for his wife, as Ovid express- 
es it. Heroid. 17, v. 118. 

Unaque cum regnum; belli daret altera lau- 

dem; 
Tyndaridis conjux, Tertia dixit, eris. 
After he had heard their.several claims and pro- 
mises, Paris adjudged the prize to Venus, and 
gave her the golden apple, to which, perhaps, 
she seemed entitled, as the goddess of beauty. 
This decision of Paris in favour of Venus, drew 
upon the judge and his family the resentment 
of the two other goddesses. Soon after, Priam 
proposed a contest among his sons and other 
princes, and promised to reward the conqueror 
with one of the finest bulls .of mount Ida. His 
emissaries were sent to procure the animal, and 
it was found in the possession of Paris, who re- 
luctantly yielded it up. The shepherd was de- 
sirous of obtaining again this favourite animal, 
and he went to Troy, and entered the lists of 
the combatants. He was received with the 
greatest applause, and. obtained the victory 
over his rivals, Nestor, the' son of Neleus; Cyc- 
nus, son of Neptune; Polites, Helenus, andDei- 
phobus, sons of Priam. He also obtained a su- 
periority over Hector himself, and the prince, 
enraged to see himself conquered by an un- 
known stranger, pursued him closely, and Paris 
must have fallen a victim to his brother's re- 
sentment, had he not fled to the altar of Jupi- 
ter. This sacred retreat preserved his life; and 
Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, struck with 
the similarity of the features of Paris with those 
of her brothers,vinquired his birth and his age. 
From these circumstances she soon discovered 
that he was her brother, and as such she intro- 
duced him to her father and to his children. 
Priam acknowledged Paris as his son, forgetful 
of the alarming dream which had influenced 
him to meditate his death, and all jealousy 
ceased among the brothers. Paris did not long 
suffer himself to remain inactive; he equipped 
a fleet, as if willing to redeem Hesione, his fa- 
ther's sister, whom Hercules had carried away, 
and obliged to marry Telamon, the son of iEa- 
cus. This was, the pretended motive of his voy- 
age, but the causes were far different. Paris re- 
collected that he was to be the husband of the 
fairest of women ; and if he had been led to form 
those expectations while he was an obscure 
shepherd of Ida, he had now every plausible 



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reason to see them realized, since he was ac- 
knowledged son of the king of Troy. Helen was 
the fairest woman of the age, and Venus had 
promised her to him. On these grounds, there- 
fore, he visited Sparta, the residence of Helen, 
who had married Menelaus. He was received 
with every mark of respect, but he abused the 
hospitality of Menelaus, and, while the husband 
was absent in Crete, Paris persuaded Helen to 
elope with .him, and to fly to Asia. Helen con- 
sented, and Priam received her into his palace 
without difficulty, as his sister was then detain- 
ed in a foreign country, and as he wished to 
show himself as hostile as possible to the Greeks. 
This affair was soon productive of serious con- 
sequences. When Menelaus had married Helen, 
all her suitors had bound themselves by a so- 
lemn oath to protect her person, and to defend 
her from every violence, [Vid. Helena,] and 
therefore the injured husband reminded them 
of their engagements, and called upon them to 
recover Helen. Upon this, all Greece took up 
arms in the cause of Menelaus. Agamemnon 
was chosen general of all the combined forces, 
and a regular war was begun. [Vid. Troja.] 
Paris, meanwhile, who had refused Helen to 
the petitions and embassies of the Greeks, arm- 
ed himself, with his brothers and subjects, to 
oppose the enemy; but the success of the war 
was neither hindered nor accelerated by his 
means. He fought with little, courage, and at 
the very sight of Menelaus, whom he had so re- 
cently injured, all his resolution vanished, and 
he retired from the front of the army, where he 
walked before like a conqueror. In a combat 
with Menelaus, which he undertook at the per- 
suasion of his brother Hector, Paris must have 
perished, had not Venus interfered, and stolen 
him from the resentment of his adversary. He 
nevertheless wounded, in another battle, Ma- 
chaon, Euryphilus, and Diomedes; and, accord- 
ing to some opinions, he killed with one of his 
arrows the great Achilles. [Vid. Achilles.] The 
death of P,aris is differently related; some sup- 
pose that he was mortally wounded by one of the 
.arrows of Philoctetes, which had been once in 
the possession of Hercules, and that when he 
found himself languid on account of his wounds, 
he ordered himself to be carried to the feet of 
OEnone, whom he bad basely abandoned, and 
who in the years of his obscurity, had foretuld 
him that he would solicit her assistance in his 
dying moments. He expired before he came 
into the presence of CEnone, and the nymph 
still mindful of their former loves, threw herself 
upon his body, and stabbed herself to the heart, 
after she had plentifully bathed it with her 
tears. According to some authors, Paris did not 
immediately go to Troy when he left the Pelo- 
ponnesus, but he was driven on the coast of 
Egypt, where Proteus, who was king of the 
country, detained him, and, when he heard of 
the violence which had been offered to the king 
of Sparta, he kept Helen at his court, and per- 
mitted Paris to retire. [Vid. Helena. ] Dictys- 
Crel. 1, 3, and 4— Jlpollod. 3, c. 12.— Homer. 
II. — Ovid. Heroid. 5, 16, and 17. — Quint. Ca- 
lab. 10, v. 290 — Horat. od. 3.— Eurip. in 
Tphig.—Hxjgin, fab. 92 and 273.— Virg. JEn. 



I, Sw.—JElian. V. H. 12, c. 42.— Pans. 10, 
c 27. — Cic. de Div- — Lycophr. 8f Tzetz. in 

Lye. A celebrated player at Rome, in the 

good graces of the emperor Nero, &c. Tacit. 
Jinn. 13, c. 19, &c. 

Parisades, a king of Pontus in the age of 

Alexander the Great. Another, king of Bos- 

phorus, 

'Parish, a people and a city of Celtic Gaul, 
now called Paris, the capital of the kingdom 
of France. Cces. Bell. G. 6, c. 3. 

Parsics, a river of Pannonia, falling into the 
Danube. Strab. 

Pari dm, now Camanar, a town of Asia Mi- 
nor, on the Propontis, where Archil ochus was 
born, as some saw Strab. 10. — Plin. 7, c. 2, 
1. 36, c. 5. 

Parma, a town of Italy, near Cremona, ce- 
lebrated for its wool, and now for its cheese. 
The poet Cassius and the critic Macrobius, 
were born there It was made a Roman colony 
A. U. C. 569. The inhabitants are called Par- 
jnenemesand Parmani. Cic. Philip. 14. — Liv. 
39, c. 55.— Strab 5.— Horat. 1, ep. 4, v. 3.— 
Cic. Phil. 14, 'c. S.— Varro. L. L. 7, c 31.— 
Martial. 2, ep. 43, v. 4, 1. 5, ep. 13, v. 8 and 
14, v. 155, 

Parmenides, a Greek philosopher of Elis, 
who flourished about 505 years before Christ. 
He was son of Pyres of Elis, and the. pupil of 
Xenoplianes, or of Anaximander, according to 
some. He maintained that there were only two 
elements, fire and the earth; and he taught that 
the first generation of men was produced from 
the sun. He first discovered that the earth 'was 
round, and habitable only in the two temperate 
zones, and that it was suspended in the centre 
of the universe, in a fluid lighter than air, so 
that all bodies left to themselves fell on its sur- 
face. There were, as he supposed, only two 
sorts of philosophy — one founded on reason, and 
the other on opinion. He digested this unpo- 
pular system in verses, of which a few frag- 
ments remain. Diog. 

Parmenio, a celebrated general in the ar- 
mies of Alexander, who enjoyed the king's con- 
fidence, and was more attached to his person as 
a man than as a monarch. When Darius king 
of Persia offered Alexander all the country 
which lies at the west of the Euphrates, with 
his daughter Statira in marriage, and 10,000 ta- 
lents of gold, Parmenio took occasion to observe, 
that he would without hesitation accept of these 
conditions if he were Alexander; so would I 
were I Parmenio, replied the conqueror. This 
friendship, so true and inviolable, was sacrific- 
ed to a moment of resentment and suspicion; 
and Alexander, who had too eagerly listened to 
a light ond perhaps a false accusation, ordered 
Parmenio and his son to be put to death, as if 
guilty of treason against his person. Parmenio. 
was in the 70ih year of his age, E. C. 330 He 
died in the greatest popularity, and it has been 
judiciously observed, that Parmenio obtained 
many victories without Alexander, but Alexan- 
der not one without Parmenio. Curt. 7, &c. — 
Plut. ia Ilex. 

Parnassds, a mountain of Phocis, anciently 
called tamossos, from the boat of Deucalion 



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PA 



(xagvaf ) which was carried there in the univer- 
sal deluge. It received the name of Parnassus 
from Parnassus the son of Neptune, by Cleobula, 
and was sacred to the Muses, and to Apollo and 
Bacchus. The soil was barren, but the vallies 
and the green woods that covered its sides, ren- 
dered it agreeable, and fit for solitude and 
meditation. Parnassus is one of the highest 
mountains of Europe, and it is easily seen from 
the citadel of Corinth, though at the distance of 
about 80 miles. According to the computation 
of the ancients, it is one day's journey round. 
At the north of Parnassus, there is a large plain 
about eight miles in circumference. The 
mountain, according to the poets, had only two 
tops, ceiled Hyampea and Tithorea, on one of 
which the city of Delphi was situated, and 
thence it was called Biceps, Strab, 8, 9. — 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 317, 1. 2, v. 221, 1. 5. v. 278. 
— Lucan. 5, v. 71, 1, 3, v. 173. — Liv. 42, c. 
16.— Sil. It. 15, v. 311.— Mela, 2,c, S.— Paus. 

10, c. G.—Pwpert. 2, el. 23, v. 13, 1. 3, el. 

11, v 54. A son of Neptune, who gave his 

name to a mountain of Phocis. 

Parnes, (eiis), a mountain of Africa, abound- 
ing in vines. Siai. 12. Tkeb.v. 620. 

.Parnemus, a mountain of Asia near Bac- 
triana. Dionys. Per. 737. 

Parni, a tribe of the Scythians, who invaded 
Parthia. Strab. 11. 

i aron and Heraclides, two youths who 
killed a man who had insulted their father. 
Phil, Jlpophth. 

Paropamistjs, a ridge of mountains at the 
north of India, called the Stony Girdle, or In- 
dian Caucasus. Strab. 15. 

Paropus, now Calisano, a town at the north 
of Sicily, on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. 
Polyb. 1 , c. 24. 

Paroreia, a town of Thrace, near mount 
Hsmus. Liv. 39, c 27. — —A town of Pelo- 
ponnesus. A district of Phrygia Magna. 

Strab. 12. 

Paros, a celebrated island among the Cy- 
clades, about seven and an half miles distant 
from Naxos, and twenty-eight from Delos. Ac- 
cording to Pliny, it is half as large as Naxos, 
that is. about thirty-six or thirty-seven miles in 
circumference, a measure which some of the 
moderns have extended to fifty and even eighty 
miles. It has bcrne the different names of Pac- 
iia, JMinoa, Hiria, Demetrius, Zacynthus, Cq- 
ftarnis, and Hyleassa. It received the name of 
Paros, which it still bears, from Paros, a son 
of Jason, or as seme maintain, of Parrhasius. 
The island of Paros was rich and powerful, and 
well known for its famous marble, which was 
always used by the best statuaries. The best 
quarries were those of Marpesus, a mountain 
where still caverns, of the most extraordinary 
depth, are seen by modern travellers, and ad- 
mired as the sources from whence the laby- 
rinth of Egypt and the porticoes of Greece re- 
ceived their splendour. According to Pliny, 
the quarries were so uncommonly deep, mat, in 
the clearest weather, the workmen were obliged 
to use lamps, from which circumstance the 
Creeks have called the marble Lyclmites, work- 
ed by the light of lamps. Paros is also famous 



for the fine cattle which it produces, and for 
its partridges, and wild pigeons. The capital 
city was called Paros. It was first peopled by 
the Phoenicians, and afterwards a colony of 
Cretans settled in it. The Athenians made war 
against it, because it had assisted the Persians 
in the invasion of Greece, and took it, and it 
became a Roman province in the age of Pom- 
pey. Archilocbus was born there. The Parian 
marbles, perhaps better known by the appellation 
of Jlrundelian, were engraved in this island in 
Capital letters, B C. 264, and as a valuable 
chronicle, preserved the most celebrated epochas 
of Greece, from the year 1582, B C These 
valuable pieces of antiquity were procured ori- 
ginally by M. de Peirisc, a Frenchman, and 
afterwards purchased by the earl of Arundel, 
by whom they were given to the university of 
Oxford, where they are still to be seen. Pri- 
deaux published an account of all the inscrip- 
tions in 1676. Mela, 2, c. 7. Strab. 5— C. 
JVep. in Milt. & Mc. — Virg. JEn. 1, v. 693. 
G. 3, v. 34.— Ovid. Met. 3 } v. 419, 1. 7, v. 466. 
— Plin. 3, c 14,1. 36, c. ll.—Diod. 5, and 
Thvcyd. 1. — Herodot. 5, &C — Horat. 1, od. 
19, v. 6. 

Parphorus, a native of Colophon, who, at 
the head of a colony, built a town at the foot of 
Ida, which was abandoned for a situation nearer 
his native city. Strab. 14. — Paus. 7, c. 3. 

Parrhasia, a town of Arcadia, founded by 
Parrhasius the son of Jupiter. The Arcadians 
are sometimes called Parrhasians, and Areas 
Parrhasis, and Carmenta, Evander's mother, 
Parrhasiadea. Lucan. 2, v. 237. — Virg, JEn. 
8, v 334.— Ovid. Met. 8,. v. 315. Fast. 1, v. 
6 IS.— Prist. 1, v. 190.— Paus. 8, c. 27. 

Parrhasius, a famous painter, son of Eve- 
nor of Ephesus, in the age of Zeuxis, about 415 
years before Christ. Me was a great master of 
his profession, and particularly excelled in 
strongly expressing the violent passions. He 
was blessed with a great genius and much in- 
vention, and he was particularly happy in his 
designs. He acquired himself great reputation 
by his pieces, but by none more than that in 
which he aliegorically represented (he people 
of Athens, with ail the injustice, the clemency, 
the fickleness, timidity, the arrogance, and in- 
consistency, which so eminently characterized 
that celebrated nation. He once entered the 
lists against Zeuxis, and when they had pro- 
duced their respective pieces, the birds came to 
pick with the greatest avidity the grapes which 
Zeuxis had painted. Immediately Parrhasius 
exhibited bis piece, and Zeuxis said, remove 
your curtain, that ice may see the painting. The 
curtain was the painting, and Zeuxis acknow- 
ledged himself conquered by exclaiming, Zeux- 
is has deceived birds; but Parrhasius has deceiv- 
ed Zeuxis himself. Parrhasius grew so vain of 
his art, that he clothed himself in purple, and 
wore a crown of gold, calling himself the king 
of painters. He was lavish in his own praises, 
and by his vanity too often exposed himself to 
the ridicule of his enemies. Plut. in Thes. de 
Poet. aud.—Paus. 1, c. 28.— Plin. 35, v. 10. 
— Horat. 4, od. 8. A son of Jupiter, or, ac- 



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cording to some, of Mars, by a nymph called 
Philonomia. 

Parthamisiris, a king of Armenia, in the 
reign of Trajan. 

Parthaon, a son of Agenor and Epicaste, 
who married Euryte, daughter of Hippodamus, 
by whom he had many children, among tvhom 
were CBneus and Sterope. Parthaon was bro- 
ther to Demonice, the mother of Evenus by 
Mars, and also to Molus, Pylas, and Thestius. 
He is called Portheus by Homer, II. 14 — 
rfpollod. 1, c. l.—Hygin. fab. 129 and 239. 

A son of Peripetus and father of Aristas. 

Paus 8. 

Partheniae and Parthenii, a certain number 
of desperate citizens of Sparta. During the Mes- 
senian war, the Spartans were absent from their 
city for the space of ten years, and it was un- 
lawful for them to return, as they had bound 
themselves by a solemn oath not to revisit 
Sparta before they had totally subdued Mes- 
senia. This long absence alarmed the Lace- 
daemonian women, as well as the magistrates. 
The Spartans were reminded by their wives, 
that if they continued in their resolution, the 
state must at last decay for want of citizens, 
and when they had duly considered this em- 
bassy, they empowered all the young men in 
the army, who had come to the war while yet 
under age, and who therefore were not bound 
by the oath, to return to Sparta, and, by a fa- 
miliar and promiscuous intercourse with all the 
unmarried women of the state; to raise a future 
generation. It was carried into execution, and 
the children that sprang from this union were 
called Partbenise, or sons of virgins, (7ra.g()&v@ J .) 
The war with Messenia was some time after 
ended, and the Spartans returned victorious; 
but tbe cold indifference with which they looked 
upon the Partheniae was attended with serious 
consequences. The Partbenise knew they had 
no legitimate fathers, and no inheritance, and 
that therefore their life depended upon their 
own exertions. This drove them almost to de- 
spair. They joined with the Helots, whose main- 
tenance was as precarious as their own, and it 
was mutually agreed to murder all the citizens 
of Sparta and to seize their possessions. This 
massacre was to be done at a general assembly, 
and the signal was the throwing of a cap in the 
air. Tbe whole, however, was discovered 
through the diffidence and apprehensions of the 
Helots; and when the people had assembled, 
the Partheniae discovered that all was known, 
by the voice of a crier, who proclaimed that no 
man should tbrow up his cap. The Partheniae, 
though apprehensive of punishment, were not 
visibly treated with greater severity; their cala- 
mitous condition was attentively examined, and 
the Spartans, afraid of another conspiracy, and 
awed by their numbers, permitted them to sail 
for Italy, with Phalantus, their ringleader at 
their head. They settled in Magna Grsecia, 
and built Tarentum, about 707 years before 
Christ. Justin. 3, c. 5. — Strab. 6. — Paus. in 
Lacon. &c. — Pint, in Jlpopk. 

Parthenias, a river of Peloponnesus, flow- 
ing by Elis. Paus. 6, c. 21. .The ancient 

name of Samos. Plin, 5, c. 31. 



Parthenion, a mountain of Peloponnesus at 
the north of Tegea. Paus. 

Parthenius, a river of Paphlagonia, which, 
after separating Bithynia, fails into the Euxine 
sea, near Sesamum; it received its name either 
because the virgin Diana, (cr^fc)«v© J ,) bathed 
herself there, or perhaps it received it from the 
purity and mildness of its waters. Htrodot. 2, 
c. M)4. — Plin. 6, c. 2. A mountain of Ar- 
cadia, which was said to abound in tortoises. 
Here Telephus had a temple. Atalanta was 
exposed on its top and brought up there. Patis, 8, 
c. 54.— JElian. V.H.IS —Jipollod. 2, c. 7. — - 
A favourite of the emperor Domitian. He con- 
spired against his imperial master, and assisted 

t© murder him. A river of European Sar- 

matia. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, el. 10, v. 49. A 

friend of iEneas killed in Italy. Virg. JEn. 

10, v. 748. A Greek writer whose Romance 

de Amatoiiis Jiffectionibus has been edited in 
12mo. Basil. 1531. 

Parthenon, a temple of Athens, sacred to 
Minerva. It was destroyed by the Persians, 
and afterwards rebuilt by Pericles, in a more 
magnificent manner. All the circumstances 
which related to the birth of Minerva were 
beautifully and minutely represented in bass 
relief, on tbe front of the entrance. The statue 
of the goddess, 26 cubits high, and made of 
gold and ivory, passed for one of the master 
pieces of Phidias. Plin. 34. 

Parthenop^us, a son of Meleager and 
Atalanta, or, according to some, of Milanion 
and another Atalanta. He was one of the 
seven chiefs who accompanied Adrastus the 
king of Argos in his expedition against Thebes. 
He was killed by Ainpbidieus. Jipollod. 3, c. 

9.— Paws. 3, c. 12. 1. 9, c. 19. A son of 

Talaus. 

Parthenope, one of the Sirens.* A 

daughter of Stymphalus. Jipollod. A city 

of Campania, afterwards called Neapolis, or the 
new city, when it had been beautified and en- 
larged by a colony from Euboea. It is now 
called Naples. It received the name of Par- 
thenope from one of the Sirens, whose body was 
found on the sea shore there. Virg. G. 4, v. 
564.— Strab. 1 and 5. — Paterc. 1, c. 4.— Ho- 
mer. Od. 12. v. 167.— Ital. 12, v. 33. 

Parthia, a celebrated country of Asia, 
bounded on the west by Media, south by Car- 
mania, north by Hyrcania, and east by Aria, 
&c. containing, according to Ptolemy, 25 large 
cities, the most capital of which was called 
Hccatorapylos, from its hundred gales. Some 
suppose that the present capital of the country 
is built on the ruins of Hecatompylos. Ac- 
cording to some authors, the Parthians were 
Scythians by origin, who made an invasion on 
the more southern provinces of Asia, and at 
last fixed their residence near Hyrcania. They 
long remained unknown and unnoticed, and be- 
came successively tributary to <he empire of the 
Assyrians, Medes, and Persians. When Alex- 
ander invaded Asia, the Parthians submitted, 
like the other dependent proviuces of Persia, 
and they were for some time under the power 
of Eumenes, Antigonus, Seleucus Nicanor, and 
Antiochus, till the rapacity and oppression of 



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Agathocles, a lieutenant of the latter, roused 
their spirit, and fomented rebellion. Arsaces, 
a man of obscure origin, but blessed with great 
military powers, placed himself at the bead of 
his countrymen, and laid the foundation of the 
Parthian empire, about 250 years before the 
Christian era. The Macedonians attempted in 
vain to recover it; a race of active and vigilant 
princes, who assumed the surname of Jirsasides, 
from the founder of their kingdom, increased 
its power, and rendered it so formidable, that, 
while it possessed 18 kingdoms between the 
Caspian and Arabian seas, it even disputed the 
empire of the world with the Romans, and 
could never be subdued by that nation, which 
had seen no people on earth unconquered by 
their arms. It remained a kingdom till the 
reign of Artabanus, who was killed about the 
year 229 of the Christian era, and from that 
time it became a province of the newly re-esta- 
blished kingdom of Persia under Artaxerxes. 
The Parthians were 'naturally strong and war- 
like, and were esteemed the most expert horse- 
men and archers in the world. The peculiar 
custom of discharging their arrows while they 
were retiring full speed, has been greatly cele- 
brated by the ancients, particularly by the poets, 
who all observe that their Sight was more for- 
midable than their attacks. This manner of 
fighting, and the wonderful address and dex- 
terity with which it was performed, gained 
them many victories. They were addicted 
much to drinking, and to every manner of lewd- 
ness, and their laws permitted them to raise 
children even by their mothers and sisters. 
Slrab. 2, c. 6, &c.--Curf. 6, c. 11. — Flor. 3, 
C. b.— Virg. G. 3, ft 31, &c.' JEn. 7, v. 606. 
— Ovid. art. am. 1, &c Fast. 5, v. 580.^ — Dio. 
Cass. 40.— Ptol. 6, c. b.—Plin. 6, c. 25.— 
JPolyb. 5, &c. — Marcellin. — Herodian. 3, &c. 
—Lucan. 1, v. 230, 1. 6, v. 50, 1. 10, v. 53,— 
Justin. 41, c. 1. — Horat. 1, od 19, v. 11, 1. 2, 
od. 13, v. 17. 

Parthini, a people of Ulyricum. Liv. 29, c. 
12, 1. 33, c. 34, 1/44, c. 30.— Suet. Jiug. 19. 
— Cic in Pis. 40. 

Parthyene, a province of Parthia, accord- 
ing to Ptolemy, though some authors support 
that it is the name of Parthia itself. 

Parysades, a king of Pontus, B. C. 310. 

Diod. A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, 

who flourished 284 B. C. 

Parysatis, a Persian princess, wife of Dari- 
us Ochus, by whom she had Artaxerxes Mem- 
non, and Cyrus the younger. She was so ex- 
tremely partial to her younger son, that she com- 
mitted the greatest cruelties to encourage his 
ambition, and she supported him with all her 
interest in his rebellion against his brother Mem 
non. The death of Cyrus at the battle of Cu- 
naxa, was revenged with the grossest barbarity, 
and Parysatis sacrificed to her resentment all 
such as she found concerned in his fall. She 
also poisoned Statira, the wife of her son Ar- 
taxerxes, and ordered one of the eunuchs of 
the court to be flayed alive, and his skin to be 
stretched on two poles before her eyes, because 
he had, by order of the king, cut off the hand 
and the head of Cyrus. These cruelties offend- 



ed Artaxerxes, and he ordered his mother to be 
confined in Babylon; but they were soon after 
reconciled, and Parysatis regained all her pow- 
er and influence till the time of her death. Plut. 
in Jirt — Ctts. 

Pasargada, a town of Persia, near Carma- 
nia, founded by Cyrus, on the very spot where 
! he had conquered Astyages. The kings of Per- 
sia were always crowned there, and the Pasar- 
gadae were the noblest families of Persia, in the 
number of which were the AchaBmenides. Strab. 
15— Plm. 8, c. 26.— Herodot. 1, c. 125 — 
Mela, 3, c. 8. 

Paseas, a tyrant of Sicyon in Peloponnesus, 
father to Abantidas, &c. Plut. in Arat. 
Pasicles, a grammarian, &c. 
Pasicrates, a king of part of the island of 
Cyprus. Plut. 

Pasiphae, a daughter of the Sun and of Per- 
seis, who married Minos king of Crete. She 
disgraced herself by her umiatural passion for 
a bull, which, according to some authors, she 
was enabled to gratify by means of the artist 
Dajdalus. This celebrated bull had been given 
to Minos by Neptune, to be offered on his al- 
tars. But as the monarch refused to sacrifice 
the animal on account of his beauty, the god re- 
venged his disobedience by inspiring Pasiphae 
with an unnatural love for it This fabulous 
tradition, which is universally believed by the 
poets, who observe that the Minotaur was the 
fruit of this infamous commerce, is refuted by 
some writers, who suppose that the infidelity of 
Pasiphae to her husband was betrayed in her 
affection for an officer called Taurus; and that 
Daedalus, by permitting his house to be the asy- 
lum of the two lovers, was looked upon as ac- 
cessary to the gratification of Pasiphae's lust. 
From this amour with Taurus, as it is farther 
remarked, the queen became mother of twins, 
and the name of Minotaurus arises from the 
resemblance of the children to the husband and 
the lover of Pasiphae. Minos had four sons by 
Pasiphae, Castreus, Deucalion, Glaucus, and 
Androgeus, and three daughters, Hecate, Ari- 
adne, and Phaedra. [Fid. Minotaurus] Plato 
de Min. — Plut. in Thes. — Apollod. 2, c. 1. — 
Virg. JEn. 6, v. 24.— Hygin. fab. 40.— Diod. 
4. — Ovid Heroid. 4, v 57 and 165. 

Pasithea, one of the Graces, also called 
Aglaia. Pans'. 9, c. 35 One of the Ne- 
reides. Hesiod. A daughter of Atlas. 

Pasitigris, a name given to the river Ti- 
gris. Strab. 15,— P/m. 6, c. 20. 

Pas,saron, a town of Epirus, where, after 
sacrificing to Jupiter, the kings swore to go- 
vern according to law, and the people to obey 
and to defend the country. Plut. in Pyrrk. — 
Liv. 45, c. 26 and 33. 

Passienus, a Roman who reduced Numidia, 

&c. Tacit. Jinn. Paulus, a Roman knight, 

nephew to the poet Propertius, whose elegiac 
compositions he imitated. He likewise attempt- 
ed lyric poetry, and with success, and chose for 
his model the writings of Horace. JPlin. ep. 6 

and 9. Crispus, a man distinguished as an 

orator, but more as the husband of Domitia, and 
afterwards of Agrmpina, Nero's mother, &g. 
Tacit. Jinn. 6, c. 2™ 



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Fasus, a Thessalian in Alexander's army, 
&c. 

Patala, a harbour at the mouth of the In- 
dus, in an island called Patale- The river here 
begins to form a Delta like the Nile. Pliny 
places this island within the torrid zone. Plin. 
2, c. 73.— Curt. 9, e. 7. — Strab. 15. — Jlrrian. 
6, c. 17, 

Patara, (orum) now Patera, a town of Ly- 
cia, situate on the eastern side of the mouth of 
the river Xanthus, with a capacious harbour, 
a temple, and an oracle of Apollo, surnamed 
Patareus, where was preserved and shown m 
the age of Pausanias, a brazen cap which had 
been made by the hands of Vulcan, and present- 
ed by the god to Telephus. The god was sup- 
posed by some to reside for the six winter 
months at Patara, and the rest of the year at 
Delphi. The city was greatly embellished by 
Ptolemy Pbiladelphus, who attempted in vain 
to change its original name into that of his wife 
Arsinoe. Liv. 37, c. 15 — Strab. 14. — Paus. 
9, c 41.— Horat 3, od. 14, v 64.— Ovid. Met. 
I, v- 516 —Mela, 1, c. 15. 

Patavium, a city of Italy, at the north of the 
Po, on the shores of the Adriatic, now called 
Padua, and once said to be capable of sending 
20.000 men into the field. [Fid. Padua.] It 
is the birth place of Livy, from which reason 
some writers have denominated Palavinity 
those peculiar expressions and provincial dia- 
lect, which they seem to discover in the histo- 
rian's style, not strictly agreeable to the purity 
and refined language of the Roman authors who 
flourished in or near the Augustan age. Mar- 
tial 11, ep. 17, v. 8. — Quintil. 1, c. 5, 56, I. 
8, c. 13.— Liv. 10, c. 2, 1. 41, c. 21.— Strab. 
5. — Mela, 2, c 4. 

Paterculus, a Roman whose daughter, Sul- 
picia, was pronounced the chastest matron at 
Rome. Plin. 7, c. 35. Velleius, an histo- 
rian. Vid. Velleius. 

Patizithes, one of the Persian Magi, who 
raised his brother to the throne because he re- 
sembled Smerdis, the brother of Cambyses, &c. 
Herodot. 3,tj. 61. 

Patmos, one of the Cyclades, with a small 
town of the same name, situate at the south of 
Icaria, and measuring 30 miles in circumference 
according to Pliny, or only 18 according to mo- 
dern travellers. It has a large harbour, near 
which are some broken columns, the most an- 
cient in that part of Greece. The Romans ge- 
nerally banished their culprits there. It is now 
called Pahnosa. Strab. — Plin 4, c. 12. 

Patrje, an ancient town at the north-west 
of Peloponnesus, anciently called Jlroe. Diana 
had there a temple, and a famous statue of gold 
and ivory. Paus. 7, c. 6. — Ovid. Met. 6, v. 
417.— Liv. 27, c. 29.— Mela, 2, c. 3. 

Patro, a daughter of Thestius. Jipollod. 

An epicurean philosopher intimate with Cicero. 
Cic. ad Div. 13, c. 1. 

Patrocles, an officer of the fleet of Seleu- 
cus and Antiochus. He discovered several 
countries, and it is said that he wrote an histo- 
ry of the world. Strab. — Plin. 6, c. 17. 

Patrocli, a small island on the coast of At- 
tica. Paus, 4, c 5. 



Patro clus, one of the Grecian chiefs du.. 
ing the Trojan war, son of Mencetius by Sthe- 
nele, whom some called Philomela, or Polyme- 
la. The accidental murder of Clysonymus, the 
son of Amphidamus, in the time of ,his youth, 
obliged him to fly from Opus, where his father 
reigned. He retired to the court of Peleus king 
of Phthia, where he was kindly received, and 
where he contracted the most intimate friend- 
ship with Achilles the monarch's son. When 
the Greeks went to the Trojan war, Patroclus 
also accompanied them at the express command 
of his father, who had visited the court of Pe- 
leus, and heembarked with 10 ships from Phthia. 
He was the constant companion of Achilles; he 
lodged in the same tent; and when his friend 
refused to appear in the field of battle, because 
he had been offended by Agamemnon, Patroclus 
imitated his example, and by his absence was 
the cause of the overthrow of the Greeks. But 
at last Nestor prevailed on him to return to the 
war, and Achilles permitted him to appear in 
his armour. The valour of Patroclus, together 
with the terror which the sight of the arms of 
Achilles inspired, soon routed the victorious ar- 
mies of the Trojans, and obliged them to fly 
within their walls for safety. He would have 
broken down the walls of the city; but Apolio 
who had interested himself for the Trojans, 
placed himself to oppose him, and Hector, at 
the instigation of the god, dismounted from his 
chariot to attack him, as he attempted to strip 
one of the Trojans whom he had slain. The 
engagement was obstinate, but at last Patro- 
clus was overpowered by the valour of Hector, 
and the interposition of Apollo. His arms be- 
came the property of the conqueror, and Hec- 
tor would have severed his head from his body 
had not Ajax and Menelaus intervened. His 
body was at last recovered and carried to the 
Grecian camp, where Achiiles received it with 
the bitterest lamentations. His funeral was 
observed with the greatest solemnity. Achilles 
sacrificed near the burning pile twelve young 
Trojans, besides four of his horses and two of 
his dogs, and the whole was concluded by the 
exhibition of funeral games, in which the con- 
querors were liberally rewarded by Achilles. 
The death of Patroclus, as it is described by 
Homer, gave rise to new events; Achilles forgot 
his resentment against Agamemnon, and enter- 
ed the field to avenge the fall of his friend, and 
his anger was gratified only by the slaughter of 
Hector* who had more powerfully kindled his 
wrath by appearing at the head of the Trojan 
armies in the armour which had been taken 
from the body of Patroclus. The patronymic 
of Jlctorides is often applied to Patroclus, be- 
cause Actor was father to Mencetius. Dictys. 
Cret. 1, Sac— Homer. II. 9, &c—Jlpollod. 3, 
c 13.— Hygin. fab. 97 and 275.— Ovid. Met. 
13, v. 273. A son of Hercules. Jipollod. 



-An officer of Ptolemy Pbiladelphus. 



Patron, an Arcadian at the games exhibit- 
ed by iEneas in Sicily. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 298. 

Patrous, a surname of Jupiter among the 
Greeks, represented by his statues as having 
three eyes, which some suppose to signify tha- 



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he reigned in three different places, in heaven, 
on earth, and in hell. Paus. 2. 

Patitlcius, a surname of Janus, which he 
received a pnteo because the doors of his temple 
were always open in the time of war. Some sup- 
pose that he received it because he presided over 
gates, or because the year began by the cele- 
bration of his festivals. Ovid Fast. 1, v. 129. 

Paventia, a goddess who presided over terror 
at Rome, and who was invoked to protect her 
votaries from its effects. Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 11. 

Paula, the first wife of the emperor Helio- 
gabalus. She was daughter of the prefect of 
the pretorian guards. The emperor divorced 
her, and Paula retired to solitude and obscurity 
with composure. 

Paulina, a Roman lady who married Satur- 
ninus, a governor of Syria, in the reign of the 
emperor Tiberius. Her conjugal peace was 
disturbed, and violence was offered to her vir- 
tue by a young man called Mundus, who was 
enamoured of her, and who had caused her to 
come to the temple of Isis by means of the priests 
of the goddess, who declared that Anubis wish- 
ed to communicate to her something of moment. 
Saturuinus complained to the emperor of the 
violence which had been offered to his wife, 
and the temple of isis was overturned and Mun- 
dus banished, &c. Joseph. A 18, c. 4. The 

wife of the philosopher Seneca, who attempted to 
kill herself when Nero had ordered her husband 
to die. The emperor however prevented her, 
and she lived some few years after in the great- 
est melancholy. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 63, &c. - 

A sister of the emperor Adrian. The wife of 

the emperor Maximinus. 

Paulinus Pompeius, an officer in Nero's 
reign, who had the command of the German 
armies, and finished the works on the banks of 
the Rhine, which Drusus had begun 63 years 
before. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 53. — Suetonius. 

- A Roman general, the first who crossed 

mount Atlas with an army. He wrote a history 
of this expedition in Africa, which is lost. Pau- 
linus also distinguished himself in Britain, &c. 
He followed the arms of Otho against Vitellius. 
Plin. 5, c. 1. Valerius, a friend of Vespa- 
sian. Julius, a Batavian nobleman, put to 

death by Fonteius Capito, on pretence of re- 
bellion. Tacit. H. 4, c. 13. 

Paulus ^Emylius, a Roman, son of the JEmy- 
lius who fell at Canna?, was celebrated for his 
victories, and received the surname of Macedo- 
nicus from his conquest of Macedonia. Li the 
early part of life he distinguished himself by 
his uncommon application, and by his fondness 
for military discipline. His first appearance in 
the field was attended with great success, and 
the barbarians that had revolted in Spain were 
reduced with the greatest facility under the 
power of the Romans In his first consulship 
Lis arms were directed against the Eigurians, 
whom he totally subjected. His applications 
for a second consulship proved abortive; but 
when Perseus the king of Macedonia had de- 
clared war against Rome, the abilities of Paulus 
were remembered, and he was honoured with 
the consulship about the 60th year of his age. 
After this appointment he behaved with uncom- 



mon vigour, and soon a general engagement was 
fought near Pydna. The Romans obtained the 
victory, and Perseus saw himself deserted by all 
his subjects. In two days the conqueror made 
himself master of all Macedonia, and soon after 
the fugitive monarch was brought into his pre- 
sence. Paulus did not exult over his fallen ene- 
my; but when he bad gently rebuked him for 
his temerity in attacking the Romans, he ad- 
dressed himself in a pathetic speech to the offi- 
cers of his army who surrounded him, and feel- 
ingly enlarged on the instability of fortune, and 
the vicissitude of all human affairs. When he 
had finally settled the government of Macedonia 
with ten commissioners from Rome, and after 
he had sacked 70 cities of Epirus, and divided 
the booty amongst his soldiers, Paulus returned 
to Italy. He was received with the usual accla- 
mations, and though some of the seditious sol- 
diers attempted to prevent his triumphal entry 
into the capitol, yet three days were appointed 
to exhibit the fruits of his victories. Perseus 
with his wretched family adorned the triumph 
of the conqueror, and as they were dragged 
through the streets, before the chariot of Paulus, 
they drew tears of compassion from the people. 
The riches which the Romans derived from this 
conquest were immense, and the people were 
freed from all taxes till the consulship of Hir- 
tius and Pansa; but while every one of the 
citizens received some benefit from the victories 
of Paulus, the conqueror himself was poor, and 
appropriated for his own use nothing of the 
Macedonian treasures except the library of Per- 
seus. In the office of censor, to which he was 
afterwards elected, Paulus behaved with the 
greatest moderation, and at his death, which 
happened about 168 years before the Christian 
era, not only the Romans, but their very ene- 
mies confessed, by their lamentations, the loss 
which they had sustained. He had married 
Papiria, by whom he had two sons, one of which 
was adopted by the family of Maximus, and the 
other in that of Scipio Africanus. He had also 
two daughters, one of whom married a son of 
Cato, and the other iElius Tubero. He after- 
wards divorced Papiria; and when his friends 
wished to reprobate his conduct in doing so, by 
observing that she was young and handsome, 
and that she had made him father of a fine 
family, Paulus replied, that the shoe which he 
then wore was new and well made, but that he 
was obliged to leave it off, though no one but 
himself, as he said, knew where it pinched him. 
He married a second wife, by whom he had two 
sons, whose sudden death exhibited to the Ro- 
mans in the most engaging view, their father's 
philosophy and stoicism. The elder of these 
sons died five days before Paulus triumphed over 
Perseus, and the other three days after the pub- 
lic procession. This domestic calamity did not 
shake the firmness of the conqueror; yet before 
he retired to a private station, he harangued 
the people, and in mentioning the severity of 
fortune upon his family, he expressed his wish 
that every evil might be averted from the re- 
public by the sacrifice of the domestic prosperity 
of an individual. Bjut. in vita. — Liv. 43, 44, 
&c. — Justin. 33, Sm, &c. — Samosatenus, an 



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author in the reign of Gallienus.— — Maximus. 

[Vid. Maximus Fabius.] iEgineta, a Greek 

physician, whose work was edited apud. Md. 

fol. 1528. L. iEmylius, a consul, who, when 

opposed to Annibal in Italy, checked the rash- 
ness of his colleague Varro, and recommended 
an imitation of the conduct of the great Fabius, 
by harassing and not facing the enemy in the 
field. His advice was rejected, and the battle 
of Cannae, so glorious to Annibal, and so fatal 
to Rome, soon followed. Paulus was wounded, 
but wheu he might have escaped from tbe slaugh- 
ter, by accepting a horse generously offered by 
one of his officers, he disdained to fly, and per- 
ished by the darts of the enemy. Horat. od. 12, 

v. 38. — Liv. 22, c. 39. Julius, a Latin poet 

in the age of Adrian and Antoninus. He wrote 
some poetical pieces recommended by A. Gel- 
lius. 

Paulus. Vid. iEmylius. - 

Payor, an emotion of the mind which re- 
ceived divine honours among the Romans, and 
was considered of a most tremendous power, as 
the ancients swore by her name in the most 
solemn manner. Tullus Hostilius, the third 
king of Rome, was the first who built her tem- 
ples, and raised altars to her honour, as also to 
Pallor, the goddess of paleness. Cic. de Nat. D. 
3, c 17. 

Pausanias, a Spartan general, who greatly 
signalized himself at tbe battle of Plataea. 
against the Persians. The Greeks were very 
sensible of his services, and they rewarded his 
merit with a tenth of the spoils taken from the 
Persians. He was afterwards set at the head 
of the Spartan armies, and extended his con- 
quests in Asia; but the haughtiness of his be- 
haviour created him many enemies, and the 
Athenians soon obtained a superiority in the 
affairs of Greece. Pausanias was dissatisfied 
with his countrymen, and he offered to betray 
Greece to the Persians, if he received in mar- 
riage as the reward of his perfidy, the daughter 
ef their monarch. His intrigues were discover- 
ed by means of a youth, who was entrusted with 
his letters to Persia, and who refused to go on 
the recollection that such as had been employed 
in that office before had never returned The 
letters were given to the Ephori of Sparta, and 
the perfidy of Pausanias laid open. He fled 
for safety to a temple of Minerva, and as the 
sanctity of the place screened him from the 
violence of his pursuers, the sacred building 
was surrounded with heaps of stones, the first 
of which was carried there by the indignant 
mother of the unhappy man. He was starved 
to death in the temple, and died about 471 
years before the Christian era. There was a 
festival, and solemn games instituted in his 
honour, in which only free-born Spartans con- 
tended. There was also an oration spoken in 
his praise, in which his actions were celebrated, 
particularly the battle of Plataea, and tbe de- 
feat of Mardonius C. Nep. in vita. — Pint- in 

Jirist. &c Them. — Herodot. 9. A favourite of 

Philip king of Macedonia. He accompanied 
the prince in an expeditionuLgainst the Illyrians, 
in which he wag killed. — 4Hnother, at the court 



of king Philip, very intimate with the preceding 
H»^ was grossly and unnaturally aouseri by Afc 
talus, one of the friends of Philip,. aid wben 
he complained of the injuries he had received, 
the king in some measure disregarded his re- 
monstrances, and wished them to be forgot. '1 bis 
incensed Pausanias; he resolved to revenge him- 
self, and when he had heard »rom his master 
Hefmocrates the sophist, that the most effectual 
way to render himself illustrious, was to murder 
a person who had signalized himself by uncom- 
mon actions; he stabbed Philip as be entered a 
public theatre. After this bloody action ht at- 
tempted to make his escape to his chariot, which 
waited for him at the door of the city, but he 
was stopped accidentally by the twig of a vine, 
and fell down Attalus, Perdiccas, and other 
friends of Philip, who pursued him, immedi- 
ately fell upon him and despatched him. Some 
support that Pausanias committed this murder 
at the instigation of Olympias, the wife of Phi- 
lip, and of her son Alexander. Diod. 16. — 
Justin. 9. — Plul. in Jlpoph A king of Ma- 
cedonia, deposed by Amyntas, after a year's 

reign. Diod. Another who attempted to 

seize upon the kingdom of Macedonia, from 
which he was prevented by Iphicrates the Athe- 
nian. A friend of Alexander the Great, made 

governor of Sardis. A physician in the age 

of Alexander. Hut. A celebrated orator 

and historian, who settled at Rome, A. D 170, 
where he died in a very advanced age. He 
wrote an history of Greece in ten books, in the 
Ionic diafect, in which he gives, with great pre- 
cision and geographical knowledge, an account 
of the situation of its different cities, their an- 
tiquities, and the several curiosities which they 
contained. He has also interwoven mythology 
in his historical account, and introduced many 
fabulous traditions and superstitious stories, in 
each book the author treats of a separate coun- 
try, such as Attica, Arcadia, Messenia, Elis, &c. 
Some suppose that he gave a similar description 
of Phoenicia and Syria. There was another 
Pausanias, a native of Caesarea in Cappadocia, 
who wrote some declamations, and who is often 
confounded with tbe historian of that name. 
The best edition of Pausanias is that of Khunius, 

fol. Lips. 1696. A Lacedaemonian who wrote 

a partial account of his country. A statuary 

of Apollonia. whose abilities were displayed in 
adorning Apollo's temple at Delphi. Pans. 10, 

c. 9.. A king of Sparta, of the family of the 

Eurysfhenidae, who died 397 B. C. after a reign 
of 14 years. 

Pausias, a painter of Sicyon, the first who 
understood how to apply colours to wood or 
ivory by means of fire. He made a beautiful 
painting of his mistress Glycere, whom he re- 
presented as sitting on the ground, and making 
garlands with flowers, and from this circum- 
stance the picture, which was bought afterwards 
by Lucullus for two talents, received the name 
of Strphanoplocon. Some time after the death, 
of Pausias, the Sicyonians were obliged 10 part 
with the pictures they possessed, to deliver them- 
selves from an enormou? debt, and M Scaurus 
the Roman bought them all, in which were those 
of Pausias, to adorn the theatre, which had 

3x 



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been built during bis edileship. Pausias lived 
about 350 years before Christ. Plin 35, c. 11 
Pausilypus, a mountain near Naples, which 
receives its name from the beauty of its situa- 
tion, {ttulvoo Kv7n\ , ce&sare facio dolor.) The na- 
tives show there the tomb of Virgil, aud regard 
it with the highest veneration. There were near 
some fish ponUs belonging to the emperor. The 
mountain is now famous for a subterraneous 
passage, near half a mile in length, and 22 feet 
in breadth, which affords a safe and convenient 
passage to travellers. Stat. 4, Sylv. 4, v. 52. 
■ — Plin. 9, c. 53. — Strab. 5. — Sentc. ep 5 and 
57. 

Pax, an allegorical divinity among the an- 
cients. The Athenians raised her a statue, 
which represented her as holding Plutus, the 
god of wealth, in her lap, to intimate that peace 
gives rise to prosperity and to opul nee, and 
they were the first who erected an altar to her 
honour after the victories obtained by Timo- 
theus over the Lacedaemonian power, though 
Plutarch asserts it bad' been done after the con- 
quests of Cimon over the Persians. She was 
represented among the Romans with the horn 
of plenty, and also carrying an olive branch in 
ber hand. The emperor Vespasian built her a 
celebrated temple at Rome, which was consum- 
ed by fire in the reign of Commodus. It was 
customary for men of Ieurning to assemble in 
that temple, and even to deposit their writings 
there, as in a place of the greatest security 
Therefore, when it was burnt, not only boobs, 
but also many \aluable things, jewels, and im- 
mense f reasures, were lost in the general con- 
flagration. C- Nep. in Tirnolh. 2. — Plut- in 
Cim — Pans. 9, c 16 . 

Paxos, a small island between Ithaca and the 
Echinades in the Ionian sea. 

Peas, a shepherd, who, according to some 
set on fire the pile on which Hercules was 
burnt. The hero gave him his bow and arrows. 
Sjpoltod 2. 

Ped^us, an illegitimate son of Antenor. Ho- 
mer- II. 7. 

Pedacia, a woman of whom Horace, 1, sat. 
8, v. 39, speaks as of a contemptible character. 
Pedani. Vid. Pedum. 
Pedanius, a prefect of Rome, killed by one 
of his slaves, for having denied him his liber- 
ty, &c. Tacit. 14, Ann. c 42. 

Pedasa, (oram,) a town of Caria, near Ha- 
licarnassus. Liv. 35, c. 30. 

Pedasus, a son of Bucolion, the son of Lao- 
medon. His mother was one ot the Naiads He 
was killed in the Trojan war by Euryalus. Ho- 
mer II. 6, v. 21. One of the four horses of 

Achilles. As he was not immortal, like the 
other three, he was killed by Sarpeuon. Id. 16. 

A town near Pylos in the Peloponnesus. 

Pediadis, a part of Bactriana, through which 

the Oxus flows. Polyb. 

Pedias, the wife of Cranaus. 

Pedius Bl_esus, a Roman, accused by the 

people of Cyrene, of plundering the temple of 

iEsculapius. He was condemned under Nero, 

&c. Tacit. Jinn. 14, c. 18. A nephew of 

Julius Caesar, who commanded one of his le- 
gions in Gaul, &c. Poplicola, a lawyer in 



the age of Horace. His father was one of J. 
Caesar's heirs, and oeeame consul with Augus- 
tus after Pansa's death. 

Pedo, a lawyer, patronized by Domitian. 

Juv. 7, v. 129 Albinovanus. [Vid, Albi- 

novanus ] 

Pedianus Asconius, flourished A. D. 76. 

Pedum, a town of Latium, about ten miles 
from Rome, conquered by Camillus. The in- 
habitants were called Pedani. Liv. 2, c. 39, 1. 
8, c. 13 and 14. — Horat. 1, ep. 4, v. 2. 

Peg.®, a fountain at the foot of mount Ar- 
ganthus in Bithynia, into which Hylas fell. 
Pro-pert. 1, el. 20, v. 33. 

Pegasides, a name given to the muses, from 
the horse Pegasus, or from the fountain which 
Pegasus had raised from the ground, by striking 
it with his foot. Ovid. Her. 15, v. 27. 

Pegasis, a name given to J^none by Ovid, 
( Her 5.) because she was daughter of the river 
(7r»yn) Cebrenus. 

Pegashjm Stagnum, a lake near Ephesus, 
which arose from the earth when Pegasus struck 
it with his foot. 

Pegasus, a winged horse, sprung from the 
blood of Medusa, when Perseus had cut off her 
head. He received his name from his being 
born, according to Hesiod, near the sources 
(jrnyn) of the ocean. As soon as born he left 
the earth, and flew up into heaven, or rather, 
according to Ovid, he fixed his residence on 
mount Helicon, where, by striking the earth 
with his foot, he instantly raised a fountain, 
which has been called Hippocrene. He be- 
came the favourite of the muses; and being af- 
terwards tamed by Neptune or Minerva, he was 
given to Belleropboa to conquer the Chimaera. 
No sooner was this fiery monster destroyed^ 
than Pegasus threw down his rider, because he 
was a mortal, or rather; according to the more 
received opinion, because he attempted to fly 
to heaven. This act of temerity in Bellero- 
phon, was punished by Jupiter, who sent an in- 
sect to torment Pegasus, which occasioned the 
melancholy fall of his rider. Pegasus continued 
his flight up to heaven, and was placed among 
the constellations by Jupiter. Perseus, accord- 
ing to Ovid, was mounted on the horse Pegasus ; 
when he destroyed the sea monster which was 
going to devour Andromache. Hesiod. Tkeiog. 
282.— Horat. 4, od. 11, v. 20— Honter. It. 6, 
v. 179. — Apollod. 2, c 3 and 4. — Lycophr. 17. 
—■Paws. 12, c. 3 and 4. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 785. 
— flygin. fab^ 57. 

Pelago, an eunuch, one of Nero's favourites, 
&c. Tacit. Ann. 14, c 59 

Pelagon, a man killed by a wild boar. Ovid. 
.Met 8, v. 360 A son of iisopus and Me- 
tope. A Phocian, one of whose men con- 
ducted Cadmus, and showed him. where, accord- 
ing to the oracle, he was to build a city. 

Pelagonia, one of the divisions of Macedo- 
nia at the north. Liv 26, c 25, I. 31, c. 28. 

Pelarge, a daughter of Potneus, who re-es- 
tablished the worship of Ceres in Bceotia. She 
received divine honours after death. Pans. 9, 
c. 25. 

Pelasgi, a peogifcof Greece, supposed to be 
one of the most aMent in the world. They 



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first inhabited Argolis in Peloponnesus, which, 
from then., received the name ol Pelasgia, and 
about 1883 years before the Christian era, they 
passed into iEmonia, and were afterwards dis- 
persed in several parts of Greece Some of 
tbem fixed their habitation in Epirus, others in 
Crete, others in Italy, and others in Lesbos. 
From these different changes of situation in the 
Pelasgians, a!! the Greeks are indiscriminately 
eaiied Pelasgians, and their country Pelasgia, 
th ugh more properly speaking, ii should be 
confined to Thessaly, Epirus, and Peloponnesus, 
in Greece. Some of the Pelasgians, that haci 
beer, driver, from Attica, settled in Lemnos, 
. where some time after they carried s< me Athe- 
nian women, whom they had seized in an expe- 
dition oa the co^st of Attica. They raised some 
children by these captive females, but they af- 
terwards destroyed them, with their mothers, 
through jealousy, because they differed in man- 
ners iis well as language from them. This hor- 
rid murder was attended by a dreadful pesti- 
lence, and they were ordered, to expiate their 
crime, 10 do whatever the Athenians command- 
ed them, This was to deliver their possessions 
into their hands. The Pelasgians seem to bave 
received their name from Pelasgus, the first 
king, and founder of their nation. Paus. 8, c. 
1. — Slrob. 5. — Herodot. 1. — Pint, in Rom. — 
Virg. JEn. 1. — Ovid. Met. — Flacc — Senec in 
Me i. k. Jlgtm. 

Pelasgia, or Pelasgiotis, a country of 
Greece, whose inhabitants are called Pelasgi, 
or Pclasgiotce Every country of Greece, and 
all Greece in general, is indiscriminately call- 
ed Pelasgia, though the name should be more 
particularly confined to a part of Thessaly, si- 
tuate between the Peneus, the Ahacmon, and 
the Sperchius The maritime borders of this 
part of Thessaly were afterwards called Mag- 
nesia, though the sea, or its shore, still retain- 
ed the name of Pelasgicus Sinus, now the gulf 
of Volo. Pelasgia is also one of the ancient 
names of Epirus, as also of Peloponnesus. Vid 
Pelasgi. 

, Pelasgus, a son of Terra, or, according to 
others, of Jupiter and Niobe, who reigned in 
Sicvon, and gave his name to the ancient inha- 
bitants of Peloponnesus. 

Pelethronii, an epithet given to the Lapi- 
thae. because they inhabited the town of Pele- 
thronium, at the foot of mount Pelion in Thes- 
saly; or because one of their number bore the 
name of Pelethronius. It is to them that man 
kind is indebted for the invention of the bit 
with which they tamed their horses with so 
much dexterity. Virg. G. 3, v. 115. — Ovid 
Met. 12, v. 452.— Lucan. 6, v. 387. 

Peleus, a king of Thessaly, son of iEacus 
and Endeis, the daughter of Chiron. He mar- 
ried Thetis, one of the Nereids, and was the 
only one anion? mortals wba married an im- 
mortal. He was accessary fo the death of his 
brother Phocus, and on that account he was 
obliged to leave his father's dominions. He re- 
tired to the court of Eurytus, the son of Actor, 
who reigned at Phthii, or, according to the less 
receired opinion of Ovid^Jie fled to Ceyx, king 
cf Trachinia, He was purified of his murder by 



Eurytus, with (he usual ceremonies, and the 
mouarch gave him his daughter Antigone in 
marriage. Some time after this, Peleus and 
Eurytus went to the chase of the Calydonian 
boar, where the father-in-law was-accidenlally 
killed by an arrow which his son-in-law had 
aimed at the beast. This unfortunate event 
obliged him to banish himself from the court of 
Phthia, and he retired to Iolehos, where he was 
purified of the murder of Eurytus, by Acastus 
the king of the country. His residence at Iol- 
ehos was short; Astydamia, the wife of Acastus, 
became enamoured of him ; and when she found 
him insensible to her passionate declaration, she 
accused him of attempts upon her virtue. The 
monarch partially believed the accusations of 
his wife, but not to violate the laws of hospita- 
lity by putting him instantly to death, he order- 
ed his officers to conduct him to mount Pelion, 
on pretence of hu ting, and there to tie him to 
a tree, that he might become the prey of the 
wild bcasts^of the place. The orders of Acas- 
tus were faithfully obeyed; but Jupiter, who 
knew the innocence of his grandson Peleus, or- 
dered Vulcan to set him at liberty. As soon as 
he had been delivered from danger, Peleus as- 
sembled his friends to punish the ill treatment 
which he had received from Acastus, He for- 
cibly took Iolehos, drove the king from his pos- 
session^, and put to death tiie wicked Astyda- 
mia. After the ueath of Antigone, Peleus court- 
ed Thetis, of whose superior charms Jupiter 
himself had been enamoured. His pretensions, 
however, were rejected, and as he was a mor- 
tal, the goddess fled from him with the greatest 
abhorrence; and the more effectually to evade 
his inquiries, she generally assumed the shape 
of a bird, or a tree, or of a tigress. Peleus be- 
come more animated from her refusal; he offer- 
ed a sacrifice to the gods, and Proteus inform- 
ed him that to obtain Thetis he must surprise 
her while she was asleep in her grotto, near the 
shores of Thessaly. This advice was immedi- 
ately followed, and Thetis unable to escape 
from the grasp of Peleus, at last consented to 
marry him. Their nuptials were celebrated 
with the greatest solemnity, and all the gods at- 
tended, and made them each the most valuable 
presents. The goddess of discord was the only 
one of the deities who was not present, and she 
punished this seeming neglect by throwing an 
apple into the midst of the assembly of the gods, 
with the inscription of detur pulchriori. [Vid. 
Discordia.] From the marriage of Peleus and 
Thetis was born Achilles, whose education was 
early entrusted to the Centaur Chiron, and af- 
terwards to Phoenix, the sou of Amyntor. Achil- 
les went to the Trojan war, at the head of his 
father's troops, and Peleus gloried in having a 
son who was superior to all the Greeks in va- 
lour and intrepidity. The death of Achilles 
was the source of grief to Peleus: and Thetis, 
to comfort her husband, promised him immor- 
tality, and ordered him to retire into the grot- 
tos of the island of Leuce, where he would see 
and converse with the manes oi his son. i'ele* 
us had a daughter called Polydora, by Anti- 
gone. Homer. II. 9, v. 482. — Eurip. inrfndrom. 
—Catvl. de Nvpt. Pd. £f Thet.—Ovid. Heroid 



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5. Fast. 2, Met. 11, fab. 7 and S.—Jtpollod.^ 
c. 12.— Pftws. 2, c. 29.— Diod. 4.—Hygin. fab. 
54. 

Peliades, the daughters of Pelias. Vid. Pe- 
lias. 

Pelias, the twin brother of Neleus, was son 
of Neptune by Tyro, the daughter of Salmone- 
us. His birth was concealed from the world by 
his mother, who wished her father to be igno- 
rant of her incontinence. He was exposed in 
the woods, but his life was preserved by shep- 
herds, and he received the name of Pelias, 
from a spot of the colour of lead in his face. 
Some time after this adventure, Tyro married 
Cretheus, son of ./Solus, king of lolchos, and be- 
came mother of three children, of whom iEson 
was the eldest. Meantime Pelias visited his 
mother, and was received in her f.mily, and af- 
ter the death of Cretheus, he unjustly seized the 
kingdom, whic > belonged to the children of Ty- 
ro, by the deceased monarch. To strengthen 
himself in his usurpation, Pelias consulted the 
oracle, and when be was told to beware of one 
of the descendants of JEolus, who should come 
to his court with one foot shod, and the other 
bare, he privately removed the son of iEson, af- 
ter he had publicly declared that he was dead. 
These precautions proved abortive. Jason, the 
son of JEson, who had been educated by Chiron, 
returned to lolchos when arrived to years of ma- 
turity, and as he had lost one of his shoes in 
crossing the river Anaurus, or the Evenus, Pe- 
lias immediately perceived that this was the 
person whom he was advised so much to dread. 
His unpopularity prevented him from acting 
with violence against a stranger, whose uncom- 
mon dress, and commanding aspect had raised 
admiration in his subjects. But his astonish- 
ment was excited when he saw Jason arrive at 
his palace, with his friends and his relations, 
and boldly demand the kingdom which he 
usurped. Pelias was conscious that his com- 
plaints were well founded', and therefore to di- 
vert his attention, he told him that he would 
voluntarily resign the crown to him, if he went 
to Colchis to avenge the death of Phryxus, the 
son of Athamas, whom iEetes ha*! cruelly mur- 
dered. He further observed, that the expedi- 
tion would be attended with the greatest glory, 
and that nothing but the infirmities of old age 
had prevented him himself from vindicating the 
honour of his country, and the injuries of his fa- 
mily, by punishing the assassin. This, so 
warmly recommended, was as warmly accepted 
by the. young hero, and his intended expedition 
was made known all over Greece [Vid. Ja- 
son.] During the absence of Jason, in the Ar- 
gonautic expedition, Pelias murdered iEson and 
all his family; but according to the more re- 
ceived opinion of Ovid, iEson was still living 
when the Argonauts returned, and he was re- 
stored to the vigour of youth by the magic of 
Medea. This sudden change in the vigour and 
the constitution of iEson, astonished all the in- 
habitants of lolchos, and the daughters of Pe- 
lias, who had received the patronymic of Pelia- 
des, expressed their desire to see their father's 
infirmities vanish, by the same powerful arts. 
Medea, who wished to avenge the injuries 



which her husband Jason bad received from Pe- 
lias, raised the desires of the Peliades, by cut- 
ting an old ram to pieces, and boiling the flesh 
in a chaldron, and afterwards turning it into a 
fine young lamb. After they had seen this suc- 
cessful experiment, the Peliades cut their fa- 
ther's bony to pieces, after they had drawn ail 
the blood from his veins, on the assurance that 
Media would replenish them by her incanta- 
tions. The limbs were immediately put into a 
chaldron of boiling water, but Medea suffered 
the flesh to be totally consumed, and refused to 
give the Peliades the promised assistance, and 
the bones of Pelias did not even receive a bu- 
rial. The Peliades were four in number, Al- 
ceste, Pisidice, Pelopea, and Hippothoe, to 
whom Hyginus adds Medusa. Their mother's 
name was Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias, or 
Philomache, the daughter of Amphion. After 
this parricide, the Peliades fled to the court of 
Admetus, where Acastus, the son-in-law of Pe- 
lias, pursued them, and took their protector 
prisoner. The Peliades died, and were buried 
in Arcadia. Hygin. fab.- 12, 13, and 14. — 
Ovid. Met. 1, fab. and 3 and 4.— Heroid 12, v. 
1 29 k — Patts. 8, c. 11. Apcllod. 1, c. 9. — Sene- 
ca in Med.—JJpollon. Jirg. 1. — Pindar.. Pyth. 

4. — Diod. 4. A Trojan chief wounded by 

Ulysses during the Trojan war. He survived 
the ruin of his country, and followed the fortune 

of /Eneas. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 435. The ship 

Argo is called Pelias arbor, built of the trees of 

, mount Pelion. The spear of Achilles. Vid. 

! Peiion. 

Pelibes, a patronymic of Achilles, and of 
i Pyrihns. as being descended from Peleus. Virg. 
i Mn. 2, v. 264. 

Feligni, a people of Italy, who dwelt near 
the Sabines and Marsi, and had Corfinium and 
Suhno for their chief towns. ' The most expert 
magicians were among the Feligni, according 
to Horace. Liv. 8, c. 6 and 29, 1. 9, c. 41. 

Ovid ex Pont. I, el. 8, v. 42 — Strab. 5. — 

Horat. 3, od. 19, v. 8. 

PeLignus, a friend of the emperor Claudius, 
made governor of Cappadocia. Tacit. Jinn. 12, 
c. 49. 

Pelin^us, a mountain of Chios. 

PelinnjEum, or Pelinna, a town of Mace- 
donia. Strab. 14. — Liv. 36, c. 10 and 14. 

Pelion and Pelios, a celebrated mountain 
of Thessaly, whose top is covered with pine 
trees. In their wars against the gods, the gi- 
ants, as the poets mention, placed mount Ossa 
upon Pelion, to scale the heavens with more fa- 
cility. The celebrated spear of Achilles, which 
none but the hero could wield, had been cut 
down on this mountain, and was thence called 
Pelias. It was a' present from his preceptor 
Chiron, who, like the other Centaurs, had fixed 
his residence here. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 155, 1. 
13, v. 199— Mela, 2, c. 3.— Strab. Q.— Virg. 
G. 1, v. 281, 1. 3, v. 94. — Senec. in Here, and 
Med. 

Felium, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, c. 
40. 

Fella, a celebrated town of Macedonia, on 
the Ludias, not far from the sinus Thermaicus, 



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which became the capital of the coGntry after 
the ruin of Edessa. Philip king of Macedonia, 
was educated (here, and Alexander the Grt-at 
was born there, whence he is often called Pel- 
laus Juvcnis. The tomb of the poet Euripides 
was in the neighbourhood. The epithet Pellaeus 
is often applied to Egypt or Alexandria, because 
the Ptolemies, kings of the country, were of 
Macedonian origin. Martial. 13, ep. 85. — 
Lucan. 5, v 60, 1. 8, v. 475 and 601, I. 9, v. 
1016 and 1073, 1. 10, v. bo.— Mela, 2, c. 3 — 
Strab. l.—Liv. 42, c. 41. 

Pellane, a town of Laconia with a fountain 
whose waters have a subterraneous communica- 
tion with the waters of another fountain. Paus. 
3, c 21.— Strab. 8. 

Pellene, a town of Achaia, in the Pelopon- 
nesus, at the west of Sicyou, famous for its 
wool. It was built by the giant Pallas, or ac- 
cording to others, by Pelten of Argos, son of 
Phorbas, and was the country of Proteus the sea 
god. Strab. 8.— Paus. 7, c. 26.— Liv. 33, 
c. 14. 

Pelopea, or Pelopia, a daughter of Thy- 
estes the brother of Atreus. She had a son by 
her father, who had offered her violence in a 
wood, without knowing that she was his own 
daughter. Some suppose that Thyestes pur- 
posely committed this incest, as the oracle had 
informed him that his wrongs should be aveng- 
ed, and his brother destroyed, by a son who 
should be born from him and his daughter. 
This proved too true. Pelopea afterwards mar- 
ried her uncle Atreus, who kindly received in 
his house his wife's illegitimate child, called 
iEgysthus, because preserved by goats, (kiytc) 
when exposed in the mountains. iEgysthus be- 
came his uncle's murderer \_Vid. iEgysthus.] 
Hygin. fab. 87, &c— .Elian. V. H. 12.— Ovid, 
in ib. v. 359. — Seneca, in %/igam. 

Pelopeia, a festival observed by the people 
of Elis in honour of Pelops It was kept in 
imitation of Hercules, who sacrificed to Pe- 
lops in a trench, as it was usual, when the 
manes and the infernal gods were the objects of 
worship. 

Pelopia, a daughter of Niobe A daugh- 
ter of Pelias. The mother of Cycnus. 

Pelopidas, a celebrated general of Thebes, 
son of Hippoclus. He was desended of an 
illustrious family, and was remarkable for his 
immense possessions, which he bestowed with 
great liberality to the poor and necessitous. 
Many were the objects of his generosity; but 
when Epaminondas had refused to accept his 
presents, Pelopidas disregarded all his wealth, 
and preferred before it the enjoyment of his 
friend's conversation and of his poverty. From 
their friendship and intercourse the Thebans 
derived the most considerable advantages. No 
sooner had the interest of Sparta prevailed at 
Thebes, and the friends of liberty and national 
independence been banished from the city, than 
Pelopidas, who was in the number of the ex- 
iles, resolved to free his country from foreign 
slavery. His plan was bold and animated, and 
his deliberations were slow. Meanwhile Epa- 
minondas, who had been left by the tyrants at 
Thebes, as being in appearance a worthless and 



insignificant philosopher, animated the youths 
of the city, and at last Pelopidas, with eleven 
of his associates, entered Thebes, and easily 
massacred the friends of the tyranny, and freed 
the country from foreign masters. After this 
successful enterprise, Pelopidas was unanimous- 
ly placed at the head of the government, and so 
confident were the Thebans of his abilities as a 
general and a magistrate, that they successively 
re-elected him 13 times to fill the honourable 
office of governor of Bceotia. Epaminondas 
shared with him the sovereign power, and it 
was to their valour and prudence that the The- 
bans were indebted for a celebrated victory at 
the battle of Leuctra. In a war which Thebes 
carried on against Alexander, tyrant of I herae, 
Pelopidas was appointed commander; but his 
imprudence in trusting himself unarmed into 
the enemy's camp, nearly proved fatal to him. 
He was taken prisoner, but Epaminondas re- 
stored him to liberty. The perfidy of Alexander 
irritated him, and he was killed bravely fighting 
in a celebrated battle in which his troops ob- 
tained the victory, B. C. 364 years. He re- 
ceived an honourable burial; the Thebans 
showed their sense for his merit by their la- 
mentations; they sent a powerful army to re- 
venge his death on the destruction of the tyrant 
of Pherae and his relations, and his children 
were presented with immense donations by the 
cities of Thessaly. Pelopidas is adm ; red for his 
vaiour, as he never engaged an enemy without 
obtaining the advantage. The impoverished 
state of Thebes before his birth, and after 
his fall, plainly demonstrates the superiority of 
his genius and of his abilities, and it has been 
justly obseived that with Pelopidas and Epa- 
minondas the glory and the independence of the 
Thebans rose and set. Plut. & G. Nep. in 
vita. — Xenoph. Hist G. — Diod. 15. — Polyb. 

Feloponnesiacom Eellum, a celebrated 
war which continued for 27 years between the 
Athenians and the inhabitants of Peloponnesus 
with their respective allies. It is the most fa- 
mous and the most interesting of all the wars 
which have happened between the inhabitants 
of Greece; and for the minute and circumstan- 
tial description which we have of the events 
and revolutions which mutual animosity pro- 
duced, we are indebted more particularly to the 
correct and authentic writings of Thucydides 
and of Xenophon. The circumstances which 
gave birth to this memorable war are these: the 
power of Athens under the prudent and vigorous 
administration of 'ericles, was already extend- 
ed over Greece, and it had procured itself many 
admirers and more enemies, when the Corcy- 
reans, who had been planted by a Corinthian 
colony, refused to pay to their founders those 
marks of respect and revereuce which among 
the Greeks every colony was obliged to pay to 
its mother country. The Corinthi? ns wished to' 
punish that infidelity; and when the people of 
i phiamnus, a considerable town on the Adriatic 
had been invaded by some of the barbarians of 
Illyricum, the people of Corinth gladly granted 
to the Epidamnians that assistance which had 
in vam been solicited from the Corcyrcans, their 
founders and their patrons. The Corcyreans 






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were offended at the interference of Corinth in 
the affairs of their colony; they manned a fleet, 
and obtained a victory over the Corinthian ves- 
sels which had assisted the Epidamnians. The 
snbsequent conduct of the Corcyreans. and their 
insolence to some of the Elians who had fur- 
nished a few ships to the Corinthians, provoked 
the Peloponnesians, and the discontent became 
general. Ambassadors were sent by both parties 
to Athens, to claim its protection and to justify 
these violent proceedings. The greatest part of 
the Athenians heard their various reasons with 
moderation and with compassion, but the enter- 
prizing ambition of v ericles prevailed, and when 
the Corcyreans had reminded the people of 
Athens, that in all the states of Peloponnesus 
they had to dread the most malevolent enemies, 
and the most insidious of rivals, they were lis- 
tened to with attention, and were promised sup- 
port. This step was no sooner taken than the 
Corinthians appealed to the other Grecian states, 
and particularly to the Lacedaemonians. Their 
complaints were accompanied by those of the 
people of Megara and of iEgina, who bitterly 
inveighed against the cruelty, injustice, and in- 
solence of the Athenians. This had due weight 
with the Lacedaemonians, who had long beheld 
with concern and with jealousy the ambitious 
power of the Athenians, and they determined to 
support the caus'e of the Corinthians. However, 
before they proceeded to hostilities, an embassy 
was sent to Athens to represent the danger of 
entering into a war with the most powerful and 
flourishing of all the Grecian states. Tnis 
alarmed the Athenians, but when Pericles had 
eloquently spoken of the resources and the ac- 
tual strength of the republic, and of the weak- 
ness of the allies, the clamours of his enemies 
were silenced, and the answer which was re- 
turned to the Spartans, was taken as a declara- 
tion of war- The Spartans were supported by 
all the republics of the Peloponnesus, except 
Argos and part of Achaia, besides the people of 
Megara, Boeotia, Phocis, Locris, Leueas, Am- 
bracia, and Anacforium.. The Plataea&s, the 
Lesbians, Carians, Chians, Messenians, Acar- 
nanians, Zacynthims, Corcyreans, Dorians, and 
Thracians, were the friends of the Athenians, 
^with all the Cyciades, except Euboea, Samos, 
Melos, and Thera.' The first blow had already 
b^en struck, May 7, B. C. 431, by an attempt 
of the Boeotians to surprise Plataea; and there- 
fore Archidamns king of Sparta, who had in 
vain recommended moderation to the allies, en- 
tered Attica at the head of an army of 60,000 
men, and laid waste the country by fire and 
sword. Pericles, who was at the head of .the 
government, did not attempt to oppose them in 
the field; but a flee* of a hundred and fifty ships 
set sail without delay, to ravage the coasts of 
the Peloponnesus. Megara was also depopula- 
ted by an army of 20,000 men, and ,the cam- 
paign of the first year of the war was concluded 
in celebrating, with the most solemn pomp, the 
funerals of such as had nobly fallen in battle. 
The following year was remarkable for a pesti- 
lence which raged in Athens, and which de- 
stroyed the greatest part of the inhabitants. The 
public calamity was still heightened by the ap- 



proach of the Peloponnesian army on the bor- 
ders of Attica, and by the unsuccessful expedi- 
tion of the Athenians against Epiuaurus, anu in 
Thrace. The pestilence which had carried 
away so many of the Athenians proved also 
fatal to Pericles, and he died about two years 
and six months after the commencement of the 
Peloponnesian war. The following years did 
not give rise to decisive events; but the revolt 
of Lesbos from the alliance of the Athenians 
was productive of fresh troubles. Mitylene, the 
capital of the island, was recovered, and the in- 
habitants treated with the greatest cruelty. The 
island of Corcyra became also the seat of new 
seditions, and those citizens who had oeen car- 
ried away prisoners by the Corinthians, and for 
political reasons treated with lenity, and taught 
to despise the alliance of Athens, were no 
sooner returned home than they raised com- 
motions, and endeavoured to persuade their 
countrymen to join the Peloponnesian confede- 
rates. This was strongly opposed; but both 
parties obtained by turns the superiority, and 
massacred, with the greatest barbarity, all those 
who obstructed their views. Some time after, 
Demosthenes the Athenian general invaded 
iEtolia, where his arms were attended with the 
greatest success. He also fortified Pylos in the 
Peloponnesus, and gained so many advantages 
over the confe ierates, that they sued for peace, 
which the insolence of Athens refused. The 
fortune of the war soon after changed, and the 
Lacedaemonians, under the prudent conduct of 
Brasidas, made themselves masters of m^ny 
valuable places in Thrace. But this victorious 
progress was soon stopped by the death of their 
general, and that of Cleon, the Athenian com- 
mander; and the pacific disposition of Nicias, 
who was now at the head of Athens, made over- 
tures of peace and universal tranquillity. Plis- 
toanax, the king of the Spartans, wished them to 
be accepted; but the intrigues of the Corinthi- 
ans prevented the discontinuation of the war, 
and therefore hostilities began anew. But while 
war was carried on with various success in dif- 
ferent parts of Greece, the Athenians engaged 
in a new expedition: they yielded to the persua- 
sive eloquence of Gorgias of Leontium, and the 
ambitious views of Alcibiades, and sent a fleet 
of 20 ships to assist the Sicilian states against 
the tyrannical power of Syracuse, B. C. 416. 
This was warmly opposed by Nicias; but the 
eloquence of Alcibiades prevailed, and a power- 
ful fleet was sent against the capital of Sicily. 
These vigorous, though impolitic measures of 
the Athenians, were not viewed with indifference 
by the confederates. Syracuse, in her distress, 
implored the assistance of Corinth, and Gylip- 
pus was sent to direct her operations, and to de- 
fend her against the power of her enemies. 
The events of battles were dubiods, and though 
the Athenian army was animated by the pru- 
dence and intrepidity of Nicias, and the more 
hasty courage of Demosthenes, yet the good 
fortune of Syracuse prevailed; and, after a cam- 
paign of two years of bloodshed, the fleets of 
Athens were totally ruined, and the few soldiers 
that survived the destructive siege, made pri- 
soners of war. So fatal a blow threw the pec 



v 






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pie of Attica into consternation and despair, 
and while they sought for resources at home, 
they severely felt themselves deprived of sup- 
port abruad, their allies were alienated by the 
intrigues of the enenvy, and rebellion was fo- 
mented in their dependent states ami colonies 
on the Asiatic coast The threatened ruin, bow- 
ever, was timely averted; and Alcibiades, who 
had been treated with cruelty by his country- 
men, and who had for some time resided in 
Spsrta, and directed her military operations, 
now exerted himself to defeat the designs of the 
confederates, by inducing the Persians to es- 
pouse the cause of his country. But a short 
time after, the internal uaiiquillity of Alliens 
was disturbed, and Alcibiades, by wishing to, 
abolish the dea:ocracy, ealle.i away the atten- 
tion of his fellow-citizens from the prosecution 
ef a war which had already cost them so much 
blood. This, however, was but momentary; the 
Athenians soon after obtained a naval victory, 
and the Peioponnesian fleet was defeated by 
Alcibiades. The Athenians beheld with rap- 
ture the success of their arms: but when their 
fleet, in the absence of Alcibiades, had bees de- 
feated and destroyed near Andros, by Lysander, 
the Lacedaemonian admiral, they showed their 
discontent and mortification by eagerly listening 
to the accusations which were brought against 
their naval leader, to whom they gratefully had 
acknowledged themselves indebted for their 
former victories. Alcibiades was disgraced in 
the public assembly, and ten commanders were 
appointed to succeed him in the management of 
the republic. This change of admirals, and the 
appoimment of Callicratidas to succeed Lysan- 
der, whose office had expired with the revolving 
year, produced new operations. The Athenians 
lilted out a fleet, and the two nations decided 
their superiority near Arginusae, in a naval bat- 
tle. Callicratidas was killed, and the Lacedae- 
monians conquered; but the rejoicings which 
the intelligence of this victory occasioned were 
soon stopped, when it was known that the 
wrecks of some of the disabled ships of the 
Athenians, and the bodies of the slain, had not 
been saved from the sea. The admirals were 
accused in the tumultuous assembly, and im- 
mediately condemned. Their successors in of- 
fice were not so prudent, but they were moie 
unfortunate in their operations. Lysander was 
again placed at the head of the Peioponnesian 
forces, instead of Eteonicus, who had succeeded 
to tire command at the death of Callicratidas 
The age and the experience of this general 
seemed to promise something decisive, and in- 
deed an opportunity was not long wanting for 
the display of his military character. The su- 
periority of the Athenians over that of the Pelo- 
ponnesians, rendered the former insolent, proud, 
and negligent, and, when they had imprudently 
forsaken their ships to indulge their indolence, 
or pursue their amusements on the sea shore at 
iEgospotamos, Lysander attacked their fleet, 
and his victory was complete. Of one hundred 
and eighty sail, only nine escaped, eight of 
which fled under the command of Conon, to the 
island of Cyprus, and the othei carried to 
Athens the melancholy news of the defeat. The 



Athenian prisoners were all massacred; and 
when the i'eioponuesiau conquerors had extend- 
ed their dominion over ihe states and commu- 
nities of Europe and Asia, which formerly ac- 
knowledged the power of Athens, they returned 
borne to finish the war by the reduction of the 
capital of Attica. The siege was carried on 
with vigour, and supported with firmness, and 
the first Athenian who mentioned capitulation to 
his countrymen, was instantly sacrificed to the 
fury and the indignation of the populace, and all 
the citizens unanimously declared, that the same 
moment would terminate their independence and 
their lives. This animated language, however, 
was not long continued; the spirit of fac Jon was 
not yet extinguished at Athens; and it proved, 
perhaps, more destructive to iLe public liberty, 
than the operations and assaults of the Peio- 
ponnesian besiegers During four mouths, ne- 
gociations were carried on with the Spartans by 
the aristocraticai part of the Athenians, and at 
last it was agreed that, to establish the peace, 
the fortifications of the Athenian harbaurs must 
be demolished, together with the long wails 
which joined titem to the city; all their ships, 
except 12, were to be surrendered to the enemy; 
they were to resign every pretension to their 
ancient dominions abroad; to recall from ba- 
nishment all the members of the late aristocra- 
cy; to follow the Spartans in war, and, iu the 
time of peace, to frame the constitution accord- 
ing to the will and the prescriptions of their 
Peioponnesian conquerors. The terms were 
accepted, and the enemy entered the harbour, 
and took possession of the city, that very day on 
which the Athenians had been accustomed to 
celebrate the anniversary of the immortal vic- 
tory which their ancestors had obtained over 
the Persians about 76 years before, near the 
island of Salamis. The walls and fortifications 
were instantly levelled with the ground, and the 
conquerors observed, that in the demolition of 
Athens, succeeding ages would fix the era of 
Grecian freedom. The day was concluded with 
a festival, and the recitation of one of the tra- 
gedies of Euripides, in which the misfortunes 
of the daughter of Agamemnon, who was re- 
duced to misery, and banished from her father's 
kingdom, excited a kindred sympathy in the 
bosom of the audience, who melted into tears at 
the recollection that one moment had likewise 
reduced to misery and servitude the capital of 
Attica, which was once called the common pa- 
troness of Greece, and the scourge of Persia. 
This memorable event happened about 404 
years before the Christian era, and 30 tyrants 
were appointed by Lysander over the govern- 
ment of the city. Xen. Groec. Hist. — Pint, in 
Lys. Per. Mcib. JV'ic. & Jlges. — Diod. II, &c. 
— Aristophan. — Thucyd. — Pluto. — Jlrist. Ltjci- 
as. — Isocratts. — ft Nep. in Lys. Jllcib. &.c. — : 
Cic in off. 1, 24. 

Peloponnesus, a celebrated peninsula which 
comprehends the most southern parts of Greece- 
It received its name from Pelops, who settled 
there, as the name indicates (ttuxht© 3 vsa@ J , 
the island of Pelops), it had been called before 
Jlrgia, Pelasgia, and Argolis, and in its form, 
it has been observed by the mederns, highly to 



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J-esemble the leaf of the plane tree. Its present 
name is Morea, which seems to be derived either 
from the Greek word /u.ogsct, or the Latin jjio- 
rus, which signifies a mulberry tree, which is 
found there in great abundance. The ancient 
Peloponnesus was divided into six different pro- 
vinces, Messenia, Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, 
Achaia propria, and Argolis, to which some add 
Sicyon. These provinces all bordered on the 
sea shore, except Arcadia. The Peloponnesus 
was conquered, some time after the Trojan war, 
by the Heraclidae or descendants of Hercules, 
who had been forcibly expelled from it. The 
inhabitants of this peninsula rendered them- 
selves illustrious, like the rest of the Greeks, by 
their genius, their fondness for the fine arts, the 
cultivation of learning, and the profession of 
arms, but in nothing more than by a celebrated 
war, which they carried on against Athens and 
her allies for 27 years, and which from them 
received the name of the Poloponnesian war, 
[Vid. Peloponnesiacum bellum.] The Pelo- 
ponnesus scarce extended 200 miles in length, 
and 140 in breadth, and about 563 miles in 
circumference. It was separated from Greece 
by the narrow isthmus of Corinth, which, as 
being only five miles broad, Demetrius, Caesar, 
Nero, and some others, attempted in vain to 
cut, to make a communication between the bay 
of Corinth and the Saronicus sinus. Slrab. 8 
—Timcyd. — Mod. 12, &c. Pans. 3, c. 21, 1. 
8, c I.— Mela, 2, c. 3.— P/in. 4, c 6— Hero- 
dot. 8, c. 40. 

Pelopea MffiNiA, is applied to the cities of 
Greece, but more particularly to Mycenae and 
Argos, where the descendants of Pelops reign- 
ed. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 193. 

Pelops, a celebrated prince, son of Tantalus 
king of Phrygia. His mother's name was 
Eurynnassa, or according to others Euprytone, 
or Eurystemista, or Dione. He was murdered 
by his father, who wished to try the divinity of 
the gods who had visited Phrygia, by placing on 
their table the limbs of his son. The gods per- 
ceived his perfidious cruelty, and they refused 
to touch the meat, except Ceres, whom the re- 
cent loss of her daughter had rendered melan- 
choly and inattentive. She eat one of the 
shoulders of Pelops, and therefore, when Jupi- 
ter had compassion on his fate, and restored 
him to life, he placed a shoulder of ivory in- 
stead of that which Ceres had devoured. This 
shoulder had an uncommon power, and it could 
heal by its very touch, every complaint, and re- 
move every disorder. Some time after, the 
kingdom of Tantalus was invaded by Tros, king 
of Troy, on pretence that he had carried away 
his son Ganymedes. This rape had been com- 
mitted by Jupiter himself; the war, neverthe- 
less, was carried on, and Tantalus, defeated 
and ruined, was obliged to fly with his son 
Pelops, and to seek a shelter in Greece- This 
tradition is confuted by some who support, that 
Tantalus did not fly into Greece, as he had been 
some time before confined by Jupiter in the in- 
fernal regions for his impiety, and therefore 
Pelops was the only one whom the enmity of 
Tros persecuted. Pelops came to Pisa, where 
he became one of the suitors of Hippodamia, 



the daughter of king (Enomaus, and he entered 
the lists against the father, who promised his 
daughter only to him who could out-run him in 
a chariot race. Pelops was not terrified at the 
fate of the 13 lovers, who before him had en- 
tered the course against (Enomaus, and had, ac- 
cording to the conditions proposed, been put to 
death when conquered He previously bribed 
Myrtilus, the charioteer of CEnomaus, and 
therefore he easily obtained the victory. [Vid. 
CEnomaus.] He married Hippodamia, and 
threw headlong into the sea Myrtilus, when he 
claimed the reward of his perfidy. According 
to some authors, Pelops had received some 
winged horses from Neptune, with which he 
was enabled to outrun (Enomaus. When he 
had established himself on the throne of Pisa, 
Hippodamia's possession, he extended his con- 
quests over the neighbouring countries, and 
fom him the peninsula, of which he was one of 
the mouarebs, received the name of Pelopon- 
nesus. Pelops, after death, received divine 
honours, and he was as much revered above all 
the other heroes of Greece, as Jupiter was 
above the rest of the gods. He had a temple 
at Glympia, near that of Jupiter, where Her- 
cules consecrated to him a small portion of land, 
and offered to him a sacrifice. The place 
where this sacrifice had been offered, was re- 
ligiously observed, and the magistrates of the 
country yearly, on coming into office, made 
there an offering of a black ram. During the 
sacrifice, the soothsayer was not allowed, as at 
other times, to have a share of the victim, but 
he alone who furnished the wood, was permit- 
ted to' take the neck. The wood for sacrifices, 
as may be observed, was always furnished by 
some of the priests, to all such as offered vic- 
tims, and they received a price equivalent t<* 
what they gave. The white poplar was gene- 
sally used in the sacrifices made to Jupiter and 
to Pelops. The children of Pelops by Hippo- 
damia were, Pitheus, Trcezene, Atreus, Thyes- 
tes, &c. besides some by concubines. The time 
of his death is unknown, though it is universally 
agreed, that he survived for some time Hippo- 
damia. Some suppose that the Palladium of 
the Trojans was made with the !>ones of Pelops. 
His descendants were called Pelopidaz Pindar, 
who in bis first Olympic speaks of Pelops, 
confutes the traditions of his ivory shoulder, and 
says that Neptune took him up to heaven, to be- 
come the cup-bearer to the gods, from which he 
was expelled when the impiety of Tantalus 
wished to make mankind partake of the nectar 
and the entertainments of the gods. Some sup- 
pose that Pelops first instituted the Olympic 
games in honour of Jupiter, and to commemo- 
rate the victory which he had obtained over 
CEnomaus. Paus. 5, c 1, &c. — Apollod. 2, c- 
5. — Eurip. in Iphig. — Diod. 3. — Strab. 8. — 
Mela, 1, c 18.— Pindar 01. l.— Virg. G. 3, 
v. 7— Ovid, Met. 6, v. 404, kc.—Hygin. fab. 
9, 82 and 83. 

Pelor, one of the men who sprang from the 
teeth of the dragon killed by Cadmus. Paus. 
9, c 5. 

Peloria, a festival observed by the Thessa- 
lians, in commemoration of the news which 



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tlicy received by one Pelorius, that the moun- 
tains of Tempe had been separated by an earth- 
quake, and that the waters of the lake which lay 
there stagnated, had found a passage into the 
Alpheus, and left behiud a vast, pleasant, and 
most delightful plain, &c. Athen. 3. 

Pelorus, (y. is-dis- v. ias-iados) now cape 
Faro, one of the three great promontories of Si- 
cily, on whose top was erected a tower to direct 
the sailor on his voyage. It lies near the coast 
of Italy, and received its name from Pelorus, 
the pilot of the ship which carried away Anni- 
bal from Italy. This celebrated general, as it 
is reported, was carried by the tides into the 
straits of Charybdis, and as he was ignorant of 
the -oast, he asked the pilot of the ship the name 
of the promontory, which appeared at a distance. 
The pilot told him, it was one of the capes of 
Sicily, but Annibal gave no credit to his infor- 
mation, and murdered him- on the spot on the 
apprehension that he would betra? him into the 
hands ot the Romans. He was, however, soon 
convinced of his error, and found that the pilot 
had spoken with great fidelity; and, therefore, 
to pay honour to his memory, and to atone for 
his cruelty,. he gave him a magnificent funeral, 
and ordered that the promontory should bear his 
name, and from that time it was called Pelo- 
rum. Some suppose that this account is false, 
and they observe, that it bore that name before 
the age of Annibal. Vol. Max. 9, c. 8. — Me- 
la, 2, c. 7.— Sirab b.—Virg. Ma. 3, v. 411 
and 687.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 350, 1. 13, v. 727, 
i. 15, v. 706. 

Pelt^:, a town of Phrygia. 

Pelusium, now Tineh, a town of Egypt, 
situate at the entrance of one of the mouths of 
the Nile, called from it Pelusian. It is about 
20 stadia from the sea, and it has received the 
name of Pelusium from the lakes and marshes 
(Vhx© j ), which are in its neighbourhood. It 
was the key of Egypt on the side of Phoenicia, 
as it was impossible to enter the Egyptian terri- 
tories without passing by Pelusium, and there- 
fore on that account it was always well fortified 
and garrisoned, as it was of such importance for 
the security of the country. It produced ientiis, 
and was celebrated for the linen stuffs made 
there. It is now in ruins. Mela, 2, c. 9 — 
Colum. 5, c. 10. — Sil. it. 3, v. 25 — Lucan. 8, 
v. 466, 1. 9, v. 83, I. 10, v. 53.— Liv. 44, c. 
19,1 45, c. 11.— Strab. 17.— Virg. G. 1, v. 
228. 

Penates, certain inferior deities among the 
Romans, who presided over houses and the do- 
mestic affairs of families. They were called 
Penates, because they were generally placed in 
the innermost and most secret parts of the house, 
in penitissimd azdium parte, quod, as Cicero 
says, penitus insident. The place where they 
stood was afterwards called Penetralia, and 
they themselves received the name of Penetrates 
It was in the option of every master of a family 
to choose his Penates, and therefore Jupiter and 
some of the superior gods are often invoked as 
patrons of domestic affairs. According to some, 
the gods Penates were divided into four classes; 
the first comprehended all the celestial, the se- 
cond the sea gods, the third the gods of hell, 



and the last all such heroes as had received dir 
vine honours after death. The Penates were 
originally the manes of the dead, but when su- 
perstition had taught mankind to pay uncom- 
mon reverence to the statues aud images of 
their deceased friends, their attention was soon 
exchanged for regular worship, and they were 
admitted by their votaries to share immortality 
and power over the worid, with a Ji.piter or a 
Minerva. The statues of the Penates were ge- 
nerally made with wax, ivory, silver, or earth 
according to the affluence of the worshipper, 
and the only offerings they received were wine, 
incense, fruits, and sometimes the sacrifice of 
iambs, sheep, goats, &c. In the early ages of 
Rome, human sacrifices were offered to them; 
but Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins, abo- 
lished this unnatural custom. When offerings 
were made to them, their statues were crowned 
with garlands, poppies, or garlic, aud besides 
the monthly day that was set apart for their 
worship, their festivals were celebrated during 
the Saturnalia. Some have confounded the 
Lares and the Penates, but they were different. 
Cic de Nat. D. 2, c. 27. Ver. 2.—Dionys. 1. 

Pendalium, a promontory of Cyprus. 

I-eneia or Peneis, an epithet applied to 
Daphne, as daughter of Peneus. Ovid. Met. 
1, v. 452. 

Penelius, one of the Greeks killed in the 

Trojan war. Homer. II. 2, v. 494. A son 

of Hippalmus among the Argonauts. 

Penelope, a celebrated princess of Greece, 
daughter of Icarius, and wife of Ulysses, king 
of Ithaca. Her marriage with Ulysses was ce- 
lebrated about the same time that Menelaus 
married Helen, and she retired with her hus- 
band to ltbaca, against the inclination of her fa- 
ther, who wished to detain her at Sparta, her 
native country. She soon after became mother 
of Telemachus, and was obliged to part with 
great reluctance from her husband, whom the 
Greeks obliged to go to the Trojan war. [ Vid, 
Palamedes.] The continuation of hostilities for 
ten years made her sad and melancholy; but 
when Ulysses did not return like the other 
princes of Greece at the conclusion of the war, 
her fears and anxieties were increased. As she 
received no intelligence of his situation, she was 
soon beset by a number of importuning suitors, 
who wished her to believe that her husband was 
shipwrecked, and that therefore she ought not 
longer to expect his return, but forget his loss, 
and fix her choice and affections on one of her 
numerous admirers. She received their ad- 
dresses with coldness and disdain; but as she 
was destitute of power, and a prisoner as it 
were in their hands, she yet flattered them with 
hopes and promises, and declared that she would 
make choice of one of them, as soon as she had 
finished a piece of tapestry on which she was 
employed. The work was done in a dilatory 
manner, and she .baffled their eager expecta- 
tions, by undoingin the nightvvhat she had done 
in the day-time. This artifice of Penelope has 
£iven rise to the proverb of Penelope^s ic(b, 
which is applied to whatever labour can never 
be ended. The return of Ulysses, after an ab- 
sence of twenty years, however, delivered her 
3y 



VE 



PE 



from fears and from her dangerous suitors. Pe- 
nelope is described by Homer as a model of fe- 
male virtue and chastity, but some more modern 
writers dispute her claims to modesty and con- 
tinence, and they represent her as the most de- 
bauched and voluptuous of her sex. According 
to their opinions therefore, she liberally grati- 
fied the desires of her suitors, in the absence of 
her husband, and had a son whom she called 
Pan, as if to show that he was the offspring of 
all her admirers. Some, however, suppose, 
that Pan was son of Penelope by Mercury, and 
that he was born before his mother's marriage 
with Ulysses. The god, as it is said, deceived 
Penelope, under the form of a beautiful goat, as 
she was tending her father's flocks on one of the 
mountains of Arcadia, After the return of 
Ulysses, Penelope had a daughter, who was 
called Ptoliporfhe; but if we believe the tradi- 
tions that were long preserved at Mantmea, 
Ulysses repudiated his wife for her incontinence 
during his absence, and Penelope fled to Sparta, 
and afterwards to Mantinea, where she died and 
was buried. After the death of Ulysses, ac- 
cording to Hyginus, she married Telegonus, her 
husband's son by Cuee, by order of the goddess 
Minerva. Some say that her original name 
was Arnea, or Amirace, and that she was called 
Penelope, when some river birds called Pene- 
lopes had saved her from the waves of the sea, 
when her father had exposed her. Icarius bad 
attempted to destroy her, because the oracles 
had told him that his daughter by Peribcea would 
be the most dissolute of her sex, and a disgrace 
to his family. Spoiled. 3, c. 10 — Paus. 3, c. 
12. Homer. II. & Od.—Ovid. Heroid. 1, Met. 
— Jlristot. Hist. anim. 8. — Hygin. fab. 127. — 
idristopk. in Avib. — Plin. 37. 

Peneus, a river of Thessaly, rising on mount 
Pindus, and falling into the Thermean gulf, 
after a wandering course between mount Ossa 
and Olympus, through the plains of Tempe. It 
received its name from Peneus, a son of Oceanus 
and Tethys. The Peneus anciently inundated 
the plains of Thessaly, till an earthquake sepa- 
rated the mountains Ossa and Olympus, and 
formed the beautiful vale of Tempe, where the 
waters formerly stagnated. From this circum- 
stance, therefore, it obtained the uame of 
Araxes, ab a^na-a-a scindo. Daphne, the daugh- 
ter of the Peneus, according to the fables of (he 
mycologists, was changed into a laurel on the 
banks of this river. This tradition arises from 
the quantity of laurels which grow near the 
Peneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v 452, &c— Strab 9. 
—Mela, 2, c. S.— Virg. G. 4, v. 317.— Diod. 
4. Also a small river of Elis in Peloponne- 
sus, better known under the name of Araxes. 
Paus. 6, c. 24.— Strab.. 8 and 11. 

Penidas, one of Alexander's friends, who 
went to examine Scythia under pretence of an 
embassy. Curt 6, c. 6. 

Pennine alpes, a certain part of the Alps. 
Liv. 21, c. 38. 

Pentapolis, a town of India. A part of 

Africa near Cyrene. It received this name on 
account of the five cities which it contained; 
Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemais or Barce, 
and Apollonia, Plin. 5, c. 5.- Also part of 



Palestine, containing the five cities of Gaza? 
Gath, Ascalon, Azbtus, and Ekron. 

Pentelicus, a mountain of Attica, where 
were found quarries of beautiful marble. Strab. 
9.— Paws. 1, c. 32. 

Penthesilea, a queen of the Amazons, 
daughter of Mais, by Otrera, or Orithya. She 
came to assist Priam in the last years of the 
Trojan war, and fought against Achilles, by 
whom she was slain. The hero was so struck 
with the beauty of Penthesilea, when he strip- 
ped her of her arms, that he even shed tears 
for having too violently sacrificed her to his fury. 
Thersites laughed at the partiality of the hero, 
for which ridicule he was instantly killed. Ly- 
cophron says, that xichilles slew Thersites be- 
cause he had put out the eyes of Penthesilea 
when she was yet alive. The scholiast of Ly- 
cophron differs from that opinion, and declares, 
that it was commonly believed, that Achilles 
offered violence to the body of Penthesilea when 
she was dead, and that Thersites was killed be- 
cause he had reproached the hero for this in- 
famous action, in the presence of ail the Greeks. 
The death of Thersites so offended Diomedes, 
that he dragged the body of Penthesilea out of 
the camp, and threw it into the Scamander. It 
is generally supposed, that Achilles was en- 
amoured of the Amazon before he fought with 
her, and that she had by him a son called Cay- 
ster. Dictys. Cret. 3 and 4 — Paus. 10, c. 31. 
— Q,. Calab. l.— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 495, I. 11, v. 
662. — Dares. Phryg. — Lycophr. in Cass. 995^ 
&c— Hygin. fab. 112. 

Pentheus, son of Echion and Agave, was 
king of Thebes in Bceotia. His refusal to ac- 
knowledge the divinity of Bacchus was attend- 
ed with the most fatal consequences. He for- 
bad his subjects to pay adoration to" this new 
god; and when the Theban women had gone 
out of the city to celebrate the orgies of Bac- 
chus, Pentheus, apprized of the debauchery 
which attended the solemnity, ordered the god 
himself, who conducted the religious multitude, 
to be seized. His orders were obeyed with re- 
luctance, but when the doors of the prison in 
which Bacchus had been confined, opened of 
their own accord, Pentheus became more irri- 
tated, and commanded his soldiers to destroy 
the whole band of the bacchanals. This, how- 
ever, was not executed, for Bacchus inspired 
the monarch with the ardent desire of seeing 
the celebration of the orgies. Accordingly he 
hid himself in a wood on mount Cithajron, from 
whence he could see all the ceremonies unper- 
ceived. But here his curiosity soon proved fatal; 
he was descried by the bacchanals, and they all 
rushed upon him. His mother was the first who 
attacked him, and her example was instantly 
followed by her two sisters, I no and Autonoe, 
and his body was torn to pieces. Euripides in- 
troduces Bacchus among his priestesses, when 
Pentheus was put to death; but Ovid, who re- 
lates the whole in the same manner, differs from 
the Greek poet only in saying, that not Bacchus 
himself, but one of his priests, was present. 
The tree on which the bacchanals found Pen- 
theus, was cut down by the Corinthians, by 
order of the oracle, and with it two statues of 



PE 



PE 



the god of wine were made, and placed in the 
-forum. Hygin. fab. 184. — Theocrit. 25. — Ovid. 
Met. 3, fab. 7, 8, and 9 Virg. JEn. 4, v. 469. 
—Parts. 2, c. 5. — Jipollod. 3, c 5. — Euripid. 
in Bacch. — Senec. — Phcenis. &f Hipp. 

Penthilus, a son of Orestes by Erigone, the 
daughter of iEgysthus, who reigned conjointly 
with his brother Tisamenus at Argos. He was 
driven some time after from his throne by the 
Heraclidae, and he retired to Achaia, and thence 
to Lesbos, where he planted a colony. Paus. 
5, c- 4 —Strab, 13 —Paterc 1, c. 1. 

Penthylus, a prince of Paphos, who assist- 
ed Xerxes with 12 ships. He was seized by the 
Greeks, to whom he communicated many im- 
portant things concerning the situation of the 
Persians, &c. Herodot. 7, c. 195. 

Peparethos, a small island of the iEgean 
sea, on the coast of Macedonia, about 20 miles 
in circumference. It abounded in olives, and 
its wines have always been reckoned excellent. 
They were not, however, palatable before they 
were seven years old. Plin. 4, c. 12. — Ovid. 
Met- 7, v 470.— Liv. 28, c. 5, 1. 31, c. 28. 

Pepknos, a town of Laconia. Paus. 3, c 
26. 

Pephredo, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys 
and Ceto. She was born with white hair, and 
thence surnamed Graia. She had a sister called 
Enyo. Hesiod. Th 270.— fipollod. 

PER.s:A,or Berjea, a country of Judaea, near 

Egypt. Plin. 5, c 14 A part of Caria, 

opposite to Rhodes. Liv. 32, c 33. -A co- 
lony of the Mityleneans in iEolia. Liv. 37, c. 
21. 

Perasipptts, an ambassador sent to Darius 
by the Lacedeenionians, &c. Curt. 3, c. 13. 

Percope, a city which assisted Priam during 
the Trojan war. Vid Percote. 

Percosius, a man acquainted with futurity. 
He attempted in vain to dissuade his two sous 
to go to the Trojan war, by telling them that 
they should perish there. 

Percote, a town on the Hellespont, between 
Abydos and Lampsacus, near the sea-shore. 
Artaxerxes gave it to Themistocles, to maintain 
his wardrobe It is sometimes called Percope. 
Herodot. 1, c. 117. — Horn. 

Perdiccas, the fourth king of Macedonia, 
B. C. 729, was descended from Temenus. He 
increased his dominions by conquest, and in the 
latter part of his life, he showed his son Argeus 
where he wished to be buried, and told him 
that as long as the bones of his descendants and 
successors on the throne of Macedonia were 
laid in the same grave, so long would the crown 
remain in their family. These injunctions were 
observed till the time of Alexander, who was 
buried out of Macedonia. Herodot. 7 and 8. — 

Justin. 7, c. 2. Another, kingof Macedonia, 

son of Alexander. He reigned during the Pe- 
Joponnesian war, and assisted the Lacedaemo- 
nians against Athens. He behaved with great 
courage on the throne, and died B. C. 413, after 
a long reign of glory and independence, during 
which he had subdued some of his barbarian 

neighbours Another, king of Macedonia, 

who was supported on his throne by I phi crates 
the Athenian, against the intrusions of Pausa- 



nias. He was killed in a war 3gainst the Iii» 

rians, B. C 360. Justin. 7, -&c. One dt 

the friends and favourites of Alexander the 
Great. At the king's death be wished to make 
himself absolute; and the ring which he had 
received from the hand of the dying' Alexander, 
seemed in some measure to favour his preten- 
sions. The better to support his claims to the 
throne, he married Cleopatra the sister of Al- 
exander, and strengthened himself by making 
a league with Eugenes. His ambitious views 
were easily discovered by Antigonus and the 
rest of the generals of Alexander, who all wish- 
ed, like Perdiccas, to succeed to the kingdom 
and honours of the deceased monarch. Anti- 
pater, Craterus, and Ptolemy, leagued with An- 
tigonus against him, and after much bloodshed 
on both sides, Perdiccas was totally ruined, and 
at last assassinated in his tent in Egypt, by his 
own officers, about 321 years before the Chris- 
tian era. Perdiccas had not the prudence and 
the address which were necessary to conciliate 
the esteem and gain the attachment of his fel- 
low soldiers, and this impropriety of his conduct 
alienated the hearts of his friends, and at last 
proved his destruction. Plut. in Alex, — Diod. 
17 and 18— Curt. 10.— C. JVep Eum.—JEli- 
an. V. H 12. 

Perdix, a young Athenian, son of the sister 
of Daedalus. He invented the saw, and seemed 
to promise to become a greater artist than had 
ever been known. His uncle was jealous of his 
rising fame, and he threw him down from the 
top of a tower, and put him to death. Perdix 
was changed into a bird which bears his name. 
Hygin. fab 39 and 274 —tfpoliod. 3, c. 15 — 
Ovid Met. 8, v. 220, &c, 

Perenna. Vid. Anna. 

Perennis, a favourite of the emperor Corn- 
modus. He is described by some as a virtuous 
and impartial magistrate, while others paint 
him as a cruel, violent, and oppressive tyrant, 
who committed the greatest barbarities to en- 
rich himself. He was put to death for aspiring 
to the empire. Herodian. 

Pereits, a son of Elatus and Laodice, grand- 
son of Areas. He left only one daughter call- 
ed Neaera, who was mother of Auge and of 
Cepheus and Lycurgus. fipollod. 3. — Paus. 8, 
c 4. 

Perga, a town of Pamphylia. Vid. Perge. 
Liv. 33. c 57. ^ 

Pergamos, Pergama, (Plur.) the citadel of 
the city of Troy. The word is often used for 
Troy. It was situated in the most elevated part 
of the town, on the shores of the river Scaman- 
der. Xerxes mounted to the top of this citadel 
when he reviewed his troops as he marched to 
invade Greece. Herodot. 7, c. 43. — Virg. JEn. 
1, v. 466, &c 

Pehgarius, now Bergamo, a town of Mysia, 
on the banks of the Caycus. It was the capital 
of a celebrated empire called the kingdom of 
Pergamus, which was founded by PhiTeeterus, 
an eunuch, whom Lysimachus, after the battle 
of Ipsus, had entrusted with the treasures which 
he had obtained in the war. Philxterus made 
himself master of the treasures and of Perga- 
mus in which they were deposited, B. C. 283, 



v± 



PE 



and laid the foundations of an empire, over 
which he himself presided for 20 years. His 
successors began to reign in the following order: 
his nephew Eumenes ascended the throne 263 
B. C; Attaius, 241; Eumenes the second, 197; 
Attalus Philadelphus, 159; Attaius Philomator, 
138, who, B. C. 133, left the Roman people 
heirs to his kingdom, as he had no children. 
The right of the Romans, however, was dis- 
puted by an usurper, who claimed the empire 
as his own, and Aquilius the Roman general 
was obliged to conquer the different cities one 
by one, and to gain their submission by poison- 
ing the waters which were conveyed to their 
houses, till the whole was reduced into the form 
of a dependant province. The capital of the 
kingdom of Pergamus was famous for a library 
of 200,000 volumes, which had been collected 
by the different monarchs who had reigned 
there. This noble collection was afterwards 
transported to Egypt by Cleopatra, with the per- 
mission of Antony, and it adorned and enriched 
the Alexandrian library, till it was most fatally 
destroyed by the Saracens, A. D. 642. Parch- 
ment was first invented and made use of at Per- 
gamus to transciibe books, as Ptolemy king of 
Egypt had forbidden the exportation of papyrus 
from his kingdom, in order to prevent Eumenes 
from making a library as valuable and as choice 
as thai uf Alexandria. From this circumstance 
parchment has been called charta pergamena. 
Galenus the physician and Apollodorus the my- 
cologist were born there. iEsculapius was the 
chief deity of the country. Plin. 5 and 15. — 
hid. 6, c- 11— Strab. l$.—Liv 29, e. 11, 1. 
31, c. 46.— Plin. 10, c. 21, i. 13, c 11. 



A son of Neoptolemus and Andromache, who, 
as some suppose, founded Pergamus in Asia. 
Pans. 1, c. 11. 

Perge, a town of Pamphylia, where Diana 
had a magnificent temple, whence her surname 
of Pergaea. Apollonius the geometrician was 
horn there. Mela, l,c. 14 — Strab. 14. 

Fergus, a lake of Sicily near Enna, where 
Proserpine was carried away by Pluto. Ovid. 
5, v.386. 

Feriander, a tyrant of Corinth, son of Cyp- 
selus. The first years of his government were 
mild and popular, but he soon learnt to become 
oppressive, when he had consulted the tyrant of 
Sicily about the surest way of reigning. Ke re- 
ceived no other answer but whatever ex- 
planation he wished to place on the Sicilian 
tyrant's having, in the presence of his messen- 
ger plucked in a field all the ears of corn 
which seemed to tower above the rest. Peri- 
ander understood the meaning of this answer. 
He immediately surrounded himself with a nu- 
merous guard, and put to death the richest and 
most powerful citizens of Corinth. He was not 
only cruel to bis subjects, but his family also 
were objects of his vengeance. He, committed 
incest with his mother, and put to death his wife 
Melissa, upon false accusation. He also ba- 
nished his son Lycophron to the island of Cor- 
cyra, because the youth pitied and wept at the 
miserable end of his mother, and detested the 
barbarities of his father. Periander died about 
585 years before 'he Christian era, in his 80th 



year, and by the meanness of his flatterers he 
was reckoned one of the seven wise men of 
Greece. Though he was tyrannical, yet he pa- 
tronized the fine arts; he was fond of peace, and 
he showed himself the friend and protector of 
genius and of learning. He used to say, that a 
man ought solemnly to keep his word, but not 
to hesitate to break it, if ever it clashed with 
his interest. He said also that not only crimes 
ought to be punished, but also every wicked and 
corrupted thought. Diog. in vita. — Jirist. 5, 

Polit. — Prttts. — 2. A tyrant of Ambracia, 

whom some rank with the seven wise men of 

Greece, and not the tyrant of Corinth. A 

man distinguished as a physician, but contemp- 
tible as a poet. Plut. — Lucan. 

Periarchus, a naval commander of Sparta 
conquered by Conon. Diod. 

Peribcea, the second wife of (Eneus, king of 
Calydon', was daughter of Hipponous. She be- 
came mother of Tideus. Some suppose that 
(Eneus debauched her, and afterwards married 

her, Hygin. fab. 69. A daughter of AI- 

cathous, sold by her father on suspicion that she 
was courted by Telamon son of iEacus, king of 
iEgina. She was carried to Cyprus, where 
Telamon the founder of Salamis married her, 
and she became mother of Ajax. She also 
married Theseus, according to somei She is 
also called Eribcea. J^aus. 1, c 17, and 42. 

— Hygin- 97 The wife of Polybus, king of 

Corinth, who educated (Edipus as her own child. 

A daughter of Eurymedon, who became 

mother of Nausitbous by Neptune. The 

mother of Penelope, according to some authors. 

Peribomius, a noted debauchee, &c. Juv. 2, 
v. 18 

Pericles, an Athenian of a noble family, 
son of Xanthippus and Agariste. He was na- 
turally endowed with great powers, which he 
improved by attending the lectures of Damon, of 
Zeno, and of Anaxagoras. Under these cele- 
brated masters he became a commander, a 
statesman, and an orator, and gained the affec- 
tions of the people by his uncommon address 
and well directed liberality. When he took 
a share in the administration of public affairs, 
he rendered himself popular by opposing Cimon, 
who was the favourite of the nobility, and tore- 
move every obstacle which stood in the way of 
his ambition, he lessened the dignity and the 
power of the court of the Areopagus, which the 
people had been taught for ages to respect and 
to venerate. He also attacked Cimon, and 
caused him to be banished by the ostracism. 
Thucydides also, who had succeeded Cimon on 
his banishment, shared the same fate, and Peri- 
cles remained for 1£ years the sole minister, 
and as it may be said the absolute sovereign of 
a republic which always showed itself so jea- 
lous of its liberties, and which distrusted so 
much the honesty of her magistrates. In his 
ministerial capacity, Pericles did not enrich him- 
self, but the prosperity of Athens was the object 
of his administration. He made war against 
the Lacedaemonians, and restored the temple of 
Delphi to the care of the Phocians, who had 
been illegally deprived of that honourable trust. 
He obtained a victory over the Sicyonians near 



PE 



PE 



N T emaea, and waged a successful war against the 
inhabitants of Samos at the request of his fa- 
vourite mistress Aspasia. The Peloponnesian 
war was fomented by his ambitious views. 
\Vid. Peioponnesiacum bellum,] and when he 
had warmly represented the flourishing state, 
the opulence, and actual power of bis country, 
the Athenians did not hesitate a moment to un- 
dertake a war against the most powerful repub- 
lics of Greece, a war which continued for 27 
years, and which was concluded by the destruc- 
tion of their empire, and the demolition of their 
wall-. The arms of the Athenians were for 
some time crowned with success; but an unfor- 
tunate expedition raised clamours against Pe- 
ricles, and the euraged populace attributed all 
their losses to him, and to make atonement for 
their ill success, they condemned him to pay 50 
talents. This loss of popular favour by repub- 
lican caprice did not so much affect Pericles as 
the receot death of all his children, aud when 
the tide of unpopularity was passed by, he 
condescended to come into the public assembly, 
and to view with secret pride the contrition of 
his feiiow citizens, who universally begged his 
forgiveness for the violence which they had of- 
fered to his ministerial character. He was 
again restored to all his honours, and if possible 
invested with more power and more authority 
than before; but the dreadful pestilence which 
had diminished the number of his famiiy, proved 
fatal to him, and about 429 years before Christ, 
in his 70th year, he fell a sacrifice to that ter- 
rible malady, which robbed Athens of so many 
of her citizens. Pericbes was for 40 years at 
the head of the administration. 25 years, with 
others, and 15 alone, and the flourishing state 
of the empire during his government gave oc- 
casion to the Athenians publicly to lament his 
loss, and venerate his memory. As he was ex- 
piring, and seemingly senseless, his friends that 
stood around his bed expatiated with warmth on 
the most glorious actions of his life, and the vic- 
tories which he had won, when he suddenly in- 
terrupted their tears and conversation, by saying, 
f that in mentioning the exploits that he had 
achieved, and which were common to him with 
all genera's, they had forgot to mention a cir- 
cumstance which reflected far greater glory 
upon him as a minister, a general, and above 
all, as a man. It is, says he, that not a citizen 
in Athens has been obliged to put on mourning 
on my account. The Athenians were so pleased 
with his eloquence that they compared it to 
thunder and lightning, and as to another father 
of the gods, they gave him the surname of Olym- 
pian. The poets, his flatterers, said that the 
goddess of persuasion, with all her charms and 
attractions, dwelt upon his tongue. When he 
marched at the head of the Athenian aimies, 
Pericles observed thatjie had the command of 
a free nation that were Greeks, and citizens of 
Athens. He also declared that not only the 
hand of a magistrate, but also his eyes and his 
tongue should be pure and undefiled. Yet 
great and venerable as this character may ap- 
pear, we must not forget the follies of Perieles. 
His vicious partiality for the celebrated courte- 
zan Aspasia, subjected him to the ridicule and 



the censure of his fellow citizens; but if he tri- 
umphed over satire and malevolent remarks, the 
Athenians had occasion to execrate the memory 
of a man who by his .example corrupted the 
purity and innocence of their morals, and who 
made licentiousness respectable, and the indul 
gence of every impure desire the qualification 
of the soldier as well as of the senator. Pericles 
lost all his legitimate children by the pestilence, 
and to call a natural sou by his own name he 
was obliged to repeal a law which he had made 
against spurious children, and which he had en- 
forced with great severity. This son, called 
Pericles, became one of the ten generals who 
succeeded Alcibiades in the administration of af- 
fairs, and like his colleagues he wascomieumed 
io death by the Athenians, after the unfortunate 
battle of Arginusse. Paus. i, c. 25. — Ptut. in 
vitd. — Quintil. 15, c. 9. — Cic. de Or at. 3 — 
JElian- V. H. 4, c. 10.— Xenoph. Hist. G — 
Thueyd 

Periclymenus, one of the twelve sons of 
Neleus, brother to Nestor, killed by Hercules. 
He was one of the Argonauts, and had received 
from Neptune his grandfather the power of 
changing himself into whatever shape he pleas- 
ed, ^pollod.— Ovid. Met. 12, v 556. 

Peridia, a Theban woman, whose son was 
killed by Turnus in the Rutulian war. Virg. 
JEn 12, v. 515. 

Periegetes Dionysius, a poet. Vid. Dio- 
nysius 

Perieres, a son of iEolus, or according to 

others of Cynortas. Jlpollod. The charioteer 

of Menocceus. Id. 

Peri genes, au officer of Ptolemy, &c. 

Perigone, a woman who had a son called. 
Melanippus, by Theseus. She was daughter of 
Synnis the famous robber, whom Theseus killed. 
She married Deioneus the son of Eurytus, by 
consent of Theseus. Plut, in Thes. — Paus. 10, 
c 25. 

Perilaus, an officer in the army of Alexan- 
der the Great. Curt. 10. A tyrant of Ar- 

§03. 

Perileus, a son of Icarius and Peribcea. 

Perilla. a daughter of Ovid the poet. She 
was extremely fond of poetry and literature. 
Ovid. Fast. 3, el. 7, v. 1. 

Perilllts, an ingenious artist at Athens, who 
made a brazen bull for Phalaris, tyrant of Agri- 
gentum. This machine was fabricated to put 
criminals to death by burning them alive, and 
it was such that their cries were like the roar- 
ing of a bull. When Perillus gave it Phalaris, 
the tyrant made the first experiment upon the 
donor, and cruelly put him to death by lighting 
a slow fire under the belly of the bull. Plin. 
34, c 8. — Ovid, in art. Jim. 1, v. 653, in ib. 
439. A lawyer and usurer in the age of Ho- 
race. Horat. 2, sat. 3, v 75. 

Perimede, a daughter of iEoliis, who mar- 
rie 1 Achelous. The wife of Licymnius 



A woman skilled in the knowledge of herbs and 
of enchantments. Theocrit. 2. 

Perimela, a daughter of Hippodamus, 
thrown into the sea for receiving the addresses 
of the Achelous. She was changed into an 



1*B 



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island in the Ionian sea, and became oue of the 
Echinades. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 690. 

Perinthia, a play of Menander's. Terent. 
Jind. prol. 9. 

Perinthus, a town of Thrace, on the Pro- 
pontis, anciently surnamed Mygdonka. It was 
afterwards called Heracka, in honour of Her- 
cules, and now Erekli. Mela, 2, c. 2. — Paus. 
1, c 29.— Plin. 4, c. 11.— Liv. 33, c. SQ. 

Peripatetici, a sect of philosophers at 
Athens, disciples to Aristotle. They received- 
this name from the place where they were taught, 
called Peripaton, in the Lyceum, or because 
they received the philosopher's lectures as they 
walked {7rz£i7rarovvvi$.) The Peripatetics ac- 
knowledge the dignity of human nature, and 
placed their summum bonum not in the pleasure 
of passive sensation, but in the due exercise of 
the moral and intellectual faculties. The ha- 
bit of this exercise, when guided by reason, 
constituted the highest excellence of man. The 
philosopher contended that our own happiness 
chiefly depends upon ourselves, and though he 
did not require in his followers that self-com- 
mand to which others pretended, yet he allowed 
a moderate degree of perturbation, as becoming 
human nature, and he considered a certain sen- 
sibility of passion totally necessary, as by re- 
sentment we are enabled to repel injuries, and 
the smart which^past calamities have inflicted, 
renders us careful to avoid the repetition. Cic- 
Acad. 2, &c. 

Periphas, a man who attempted, with Pyrr- 

hus Priam's palace, &c Virg. JEn .2, v. 476. 

A son of /Egyptus, who married Aettea. 

rfpollod. 2, c. 1. One of the Lapithse. Ovid. 

Met. 12, v. 449. One of the first kings of 

Attica, before the age of Cecrops, according to 
some authors. 

Periphates, a robber of Attica, son of Vul- 
can, destroyed by Theseus He is also called 
Corynetes. Hygin. 38. — Diod. 5. 

Periphemus, an ancient hero of Greece, to 
ivhom Solon sacrificed at Salamis, by order of 
the oracle. 

Perisades, a people of Illyricnm. 

Perjsthenes, a son of iEgyptus, who mar- 
ried Electra. Jip. 

Peritanus, an Arcadian who enjoyed the 
company of Helen after her elopement with 
Paris. The offended lover punished the crime 
by mutilation, whence mutilated persons were 
called Peritani in Arcadia. Plot. Hep. I, in 
init. 

Peritas, a favourite dog of Alexander the 
Great, in whose honour the monarch built a 
city. 

Peritonium, a town of Egypt in the western 
side of the Nile, esteemed of great importance, 
as being one of the keys of the country. An- 
tony was defeated there by C. Gallus, the lieu- 
tenant of Augustus. 

Permessus, a river of Bceotia, rising in 
mount Helicon, and flowing all round it. It re- 
ceived its name from Permessus the father of a 
nymph called Aganippe, who also gave her 
name to one of the fountains of Helicon. The 
river Permessus, as well as the fountain Ag- 



anippe, were sacred to the Muses. Strab. 8. — 
Properl. 2, el. 8. 

Pero, or Perone, a daughter of Neleus, 
king of Pylos, by Chloris. Her beauty drew 
many admirers, but she married Bias son of 
Amythaon, because he had, by the assistance of 
his brother Melampus, [Vid. Melampus,] and 
according to her father's desire, recovered some 
oxen which Hercules had stolen away, and she 
became mother of Talaus. Homer. Od. 11, v. 
284 —Properl. 2, ei. 2, v. 17 — Paus. 4, e. 

36. A daughter of Cimon, remarkable for 

her filial affection. When her father had been 
sent to prison, where his judges had condemned 
him to starve, she supported his life by giving 
him the milk of her breasts, as to her own child. 
Val. Max. 5, c. 4. 

Peroe, a fountain of Bceotia called after 
Peroe, a daughter of the Asopus. Paus. 9, c. 4. 
Perola, a Roman who meditated the death 
of Hannibal in haiy. His father Pacuvius dis- 
suaded him from assassinating the Carthaginian 
general. 

Perpenna, M. a Roman who conquered 
Aristonicus in Asia, and took him prisoner. He 
died B. C. 130- Another who joined the re- 
bellion of Sertorius, and opposed Pompey. He 
was defeated by Metellus, and some time after 
he had the meanness to assassinate Sertorius, 
whom he had invited to his house. He fell into 
the hands of Pompey, who ordered him to be 
put to death. Plut. in Serl. — Paterc. 2, c. 30. 

A Greek who obtained the consulship at 

Rome. Val. Mux. 3. c 4. 

Perper.ene, a place of Phrygia, where, as 
some suppose, Paris adjudged the prize of 
beauty to Venus. Strab: 5. 

Perranthes, a hill of Epirus, near Ara- 
bracia. Liv. 38, c. 4. 

Perrh^ebia, a part of, Thessa'y situate on 
the borders of the Peneus, extending between 
the town of Atrax and the vale of Tempe. The 
inhabitants were driven from their possessions 
by the Lapithse, and retired into JEtolia, where 
part of the country received the name of Perr- 
hcebia. Propert. 2, el. 5, v. 33. — Strab. 9. — 
Liv. 33, c. 34, 1 39, c. 34. 

Persa, or Perseis, one of the Oceanides, 
mother of ^.etes, Circe, and Pasiphae, by 
Apollo. Hesiod Theog. — Spoiled. 3. 

Pers-E, the inhabitants of Persia. Vid. 
Persia. 

Perseus, a philosopher intimate with An- 
tigonus, by whom he was appointed over the 
Acrocorinth. He flourished B. C. 274. Diog. 
Laert. in Zenon. 

Persee, a fountain near Mycenae, in Pelq- 
ponncpus. Paus. 2, c. 16. 

Perseis, one of the Oceanides. A pa- 
tronymic of Hecate as daughter of Perses. 
Ovid Met. 7, v. 69. 

Persephone, a daughter of Jupiter and 
Ceres, called also * Voserpine. [Vid. Proser- 
pina.] The mother of Amphion by Jasus. 

Persefolis, a celebrated city, the capital of 
the Persian empire. It was laid in ruins by 
Alexander after the conquest of Darius. The 
reason of this is unknown. Diodorus says that 
the sight of about 800 Greeks, whom the Per- 



FE 



FE 



sians had shamefully mutilated, so irritated 
Alexander, that he resolved to punish the bar- 
barity of the inhabitants of Persepolis, and of 
the neighbouring country, by permitting his 
soldiers to plunder their capital. Others sup- 
pose that Alexander set it on fire at the instiga- 
tion of Thais, one of his courtezans, when he 
had passed the day in drinking, and in riot and 
debauchery. The ruins of Persepolis, now 
Estaker, or Tehal-Minar, still astonish the mo- 
dern traveller by their grandeur and magnifi- 
cence Curt. 5, c 7. — Died. 17, &c — Jirrian. 
— Pint, in Jilex. — Justin. 11, c/14. 

Perses, a son of Perseus and Andromeda. 
From him the Persians, who were originally 
celled Ccphenes, received their name, Herodot. 
7, c. 61. — A king of Macedonia. Vid. Perseus. 

Perseus, a son of Jupiter and Danae, the 
daughter of Actisius. As Acrisius had confined 
his daughter in a brazen tower to prevent her 
becoming a mother, because he was to perish, 
according to the words of an oracle, by the 
bands of his daughter's son, Perseus was no 
sooner born [Vid. Danae] than he was thrown 
into the sea with his mother Danae. The 
hopes of Acrisius were frustrated; the slender 
boat which carried Danae and her son was 
driven by the winds upon the coasts of the island 
of Seriphos, one of the Cyclades, where they were 
found by a fisherman called Dictys, and carried 
to Polydectes the king of the place. They were 
treated with great humanity, and Perseus was 
entrusted to the care of the priests of Minerva's 
temple. His rising genius and manly courage, 
however, soon displeased Polydectes, and the 
monarch, who wished to offer violence to Danae, 
feared the resentment of her son. Yet Po;y- 
dectes resolved to remove every obstacle. He 
invited all his friends to a sumptuous enter- 
tainment, and it was requisite that all such as 
came should present the monarch with a beau- 
tiful horse. Perseus was in the number of the 
invited, and the more particularly so, as Poly- 
dectes knew that he could not receive from him 
the present which he expected from all the 
rest. Nevertheless Perseus, who wished not to 
appear inferior to the others in magnificence, 
told the king that as he could not give him a 
horse, he would bring him the head of Medusa, 
the only one of the Gorgons who was subject to 
mortality. The offer was doubly agreeable to 
Polydectes, as it would remove Perseus from 
Seriphos, and on account of its seeming im- 
possibility, the attempt might perhaps endiu his 
ruin But the innocence of Perseus was pa- 
tronized by the gods. Pluto lent him his hel- 
met, which had the wonderful power of making 
its bearer invisible; Minerva gave him her 
buckler, which was as resplendent as glass; and 
he received from Mercury wings and the telaria, 
with a short dagger made of diamonds, and 
called herpe. According to some, it was from 
Vulcan, and not from Mercury, that he received 
the herpe, which was in form like a scythe. 
With these arms Perseus began his expedition, 
and traversed the air, conducted by the goddess 
Minerva. He went to the Graise, the sisters of 
the Gorgons, who according to the poets, had 
wings like the Gorgons, but only one eye and 



one tooth between them all, of which they made 
use, each in her turn. They were three in 
number, according to iEschylus and Apollodo- 
rus; or only two, according to Ovid and Hesiod. 
With Pluto's helmet, which rendered him in- 
visible, Perseus was enabled to steal their eye 
and their tooth while they were asleep, and he 
returned them only when they had informed him 
where their sisters the gorgons resided. When 
he had received every necessary information, 
Perseus flew to the habitation of the Gorgons, 
which was situate beyond the western ocean, 
according to Hesiod and Apollodorus; or in 
Libya, according to Ovid and Lucan, or in the 
deserts of Asiatic Scythia, according (o iEschy- 
ius. He found these monsters asleep, and as 
he knew that if he fixed his eyes upon them, he 
should be instantly changed into a stone, he 
continually looked on his shield, which reflected 
ail the objects as clearly as the best of glasses. 
He approached them, and with a courage which 
the goddess Miuerva supported, he cut off 
Medusa's head with one blow. The noise 
awoke the two immortal sisters, but Piuto's 
helmet rendered Perseus invisible, and the at- 
tempts of the Gorgons to revenge Medusa's 
death proved fruitless; the conqueror made his 
way through the air, and from the blood which 
dropped from Medusa's head sprang all those 
innumerable serpents which have ever since in- 
fested Ihe sandy deserts of Libya. Chrysaor 
also, with his golden sword, sprung from these 
drops of blood, as well as the horse Pegasus, 
which immediately flew through the air, and 
stopped on mount Helicon, where he became 
the favourite of the Muses. Meantime Perseus 
had continued his journey across the deserts of 
Libya, but the approach of night obliged him to 
alight in the territories of Atlas, king of Mau- 
ritania. He went to the monarch's palace,, 
where he hoped to find a kind reception by an- 
nouncing himself as the son of Jupiter ; but in this 
he was disappointed. Atias recollected that, 
according to an ancient oracle, his gardeus were 
to be robbed of their fruit by one of the sons of 
Jupiter, and therefore he not. only refused Per- 
seus the hospitality he demanded, but he even 
offered violence to his person. Perseus finding 
himself inferior to his powerful enemy, showed 
him Medusa's -head, and instantly Atlas was 
changed into a large mountain which bore the 
same name in the deserts of Africa. On the 
morrow Perseus continued his flight, and as he 
passed across the territories of Lybia, he dis- 
covered, on the coasts of ./Ethiopia, the naked 
Andromeda, exposed to a sea monster. He was 
struck at the sight, and offered her father Ce- 
pheus to deliver her from instant deatb if he ob- 
tained her in marriage as a reward of his lar 
bours. Cepheus consented, and immediately 
Perseus, raising himself in the air, flow towards 
the monster, which was advancing to devour 
Andromeda, and he plunged his dagger in his 
right shoulder, and destroyed it. This happy 
event was attended with the greatest rejoicings- 
Perseus raised three altars to Mercury, Jupiter, 
and Pallas, and after he had offered the sacri- 
fice of a calf, a bullock, and a heifer, the nup- 
tials were celebrated with the greatest festivity. 



PE 



PE 



The universal joy, however, was soon disturbed. 
Phineus, Andromeda's uncle, entered the pa- 
lace with a number of armed men, and at- 
tempted to carry away the bride, whom he had 
courted and admired long before the arrival of 
Perseus The father and mother of Andromeda 
interfered, but in vain; a bloody battle ensued, 
and Perseus must have fallen a victim to the 
rage of Phineus, had not he defended himself 
at last with the same arms which proved fatal 
to Atlas. He showed the Gorgon's head to his 
adversaries, and they were instantly turned to 
stone, each in the posture and attitude in which 
he then stood. The friends of Cephens, and 
such as supported Perseus, shared not the 
fate of Phineus, as the hero had previously 
warned them of the power of Medusa's bead, 
and of the services which he received from it. 
Soon after this memorable adventure Perseus 
retire ; to Seriphos, at the very moment that his 
mother Danae fled to the altar of Minerva to 
avoid the pursuit of Polydectes, who attempted 
to offer her violence. Dictys, who had saved 
her from the sea, and who as some say was the 
brother of Polydectes, defended her against the 
attempts of her enemies, and therefore rerseus, 
sensible of his merit and of his humanity, 
placed him on the throne of Seriphos, after he 
had with Medusa's head turned into stones the 
wicked Polydectes and the officers who were 
the associates of his guilt. He afterwards re- 
stored to Mercury his talaria and his wings, to 
Pluto his helmet, to Vulcan his sword, and to 
Minerva her shield; but as he was more par- 
ticularly indebted to the goddess of wisdom for 
her assistance and protection, he placed the 
Gorgon's head on her shield-, cr rather, accord- 
ing to the more received opinion, on her aegis. 
After he had finished these celebrated exploits, 
Perseus expressed a wish to return to his native 
country, and accordingly he embarked for the 
Peloponnesus, with his mother and Andromeda. 
When he reached the Peloponnesian coasts be 
was informed that Teutamias, king of Larissa, 
was then celebrating funeral games in honour 
of his father- This intelligence drew him to 
Larissa to signalize himself in throwing the 
quoit, of which, according to some, he was the 
inventor But here he was attended by an evil 
fate, and had the misfortune to kill a man with 
a quoit, which he had thrown in the air. This 
was no other than his grandfather Acrisius, who 
on the first intelligence that his grandson had 
reached the Peloponnesus, fled from his king- 
dom of Argos to the court of his friend and ally 
Teutamias, to prevent the fulfilling of the oracie, 
which had obliged him to treat his daughter 
with so much barbarity. Some suppose with 
Pausanias, that Acrisius had gone to Larissa to 
be reconciled to his grandson, whose fame had 
been spread in every city of Greece; and Ovid 
maintains that the grand-father was under the 
strongest obligations to his son-in-law, as through 
him he had received his kingdom, from which 
he had been forcibly driven by the sons of his 
brother Proetus. This unfortunate murder great- 
ly depressed the spirits of Perseus: by the death 
of Acrisius he was entitled to the throne of 
Argos, but he refused to reign there; and to 



remove a himself from a place which reminded 
him of the parricide he had unfortunately com- 
mitted, he exchanged his kingdom for that of 
Tirynthus, and the maritime coast of Argolis, 
where Megapenthes the son of Proetus then 
reigned. When he had finally settled in this 
part of the Peloponnesus, he determined to lay 
the foundations of a new city, which he made 
the capital of his dominions, and which he 
called Myceuce, because the pommel of his 
sword, called oy the Greeks myes, had fallen 
there. The time of his death is unknown, yet 
it is universally agreed that he received divine 
honours like the rest of the ancient heroes. He 
had statues at Mycenae and in the island of 
Seriphos, and the Athenians raised him a tem- 
ple, in which they consecrated an altar in ho- 
nour of Dictys, who had treated Danae and her 
infant son with so much paternal tenderness. 
The Egyptians also paid particular honour to 
his memory, and asserted that he often appear- 
ed among them wearing shoes two cubits long, 
which was always interpreted as a sign of fer- 
tility, rerseus had by Andromeda, Alceus, 
Sthenelus, Nestor, Eiectryon, and Gorgophooe, 
and after death, according to some mycolo- 
gists, he became a constellation in the heavens. 
Herodot. 2, e. 9l.—Jpollod. 2, c. 4, &c— 
Paws. 2, c 16 and 18, I. 3, c 17, &c— rfyoZ- 
lon. Jlrg. 4, v. 1509 — Ital 9, v. 442. — Ooid. 
Met. 4, fab. 16, 1. 5, fab. 1, &c. — Lucan 9, v. 
668 — Hygin. fab. '64.—Hesicd. Theog. 270. 
<Sf Scut. Here. — Find. Pyth. 7, & Olymp. 3 — 
Jial. 9. — Propert. 2 —Mhcn. 13. — Homer. II. 

14. — Tzetz. in Lycoph 17. -A son of Nestor 

and Anaxibia. Jipollod. 1, c. 9. A writer 

who published a treatise on the republic of 

Sparta.- A philosopher, disciple to Zeuo. 

Vid. Pcrssgus. 

Perseus, or Perses, a son of Philip king of 
Macedonia. He distinguished himself like his 
father, by his enmity to the Romans, and when 
he had made sufficient preparations, he declared 
war against them. His operations, however, 
were slow and injudicious; he wanted courage 
and resolution, and though he at first obtained 
some advantages over the Roman armies, yet 
his avarice and his timidity proved destructive 
to his cause. When Paul us was appointed to 
the command of the Roman armies in Macedo- 
nia, Perseus showed his inferiority by his im- 
prudent encampments, and when he had at last 
yielded to the advice of his officers, who recom- 
mended a general engagement, and drawn up 
his forces near the walls of Pydna, B. C. 168, he 
was the first who ruined his own cause, and by 
flying as soon as the battle was begun, he left 
the enemy masters of the field. From Pydna, 
Perseus fled to Samothrace, but he was soon 
discovered in his obscure retreat, and brought 
into the presence of the Roman conqueror, 
where the meanness of his behaviour exposed 
him to ridicule, and not to mercy. He was car- 
ried to Rome; and dragged along the streets of 
the city to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. 
His family were also exposed to the sight of the 
Roman populace, who shed tears on viewing in 
their streets, dragged like a slave, a monarch 
who had once defeated their armies, and spread 



PE 



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alarm all over Italy, by the greatness of his mi- 
litary preparations, and by his bold undertakings. 
Perseus died in prison, or according to some, he 
was put to a shameful death the first year of his 
captivity. He had two sons, Philip and Alex- 
ander, and one daughter, whose name is not 
known. Alexander, the younger of these, was 
hired to a Roman carpenter, and led the great- 
est part of his life in obscurity, till his ingenuity 
raised him to notice. He was afterwards made 
secretary to the senate. Liv. 40. &c. — Justin. 
33, c. 1. &c— Pint, in Paulo.— llor. 2, c. 12, 
— Proper t. 4, el. 12, v. 39. 

Persia, a celebrated kingdom of Asia, which 
in its ancient state extended from the Helles- 
pont to the Indus, above 2S00 miles, and from 
Pontus to the shores of Arabia, above 2000 
miles. Asa province, Persia was but small, 
and according to the description of Ptolemy, it 
was bounded on the north by Media, west by 
Susiana, south by the. Persian gulf, and east by 
Carmania. The empire of Persia, or the Per- 
sian monarchy, was first founded by Cyrus the 
Great, about 559 years before the christian 
era, and under the succeeding monarchs it be- 
come one of the most considerable and powerful 
kingdoms of the earth. The kings of Persia 
began to reign in the following order: Cyrus, 
B. C. 559: Cambyses, 529: and after the usur- 
pation of Smerdis for 7 months. Darius 521: 
Xerxes the Great 485: Artabanus 7 months, 
and Artaxerxes Longimanus 464: Xerxes II. 
425: Sogdianus 7 months, 424: Darius II. or 
Nothus 423: Artaxerxes II. or Memnon 404: 
Artaxerxes 111. or Ochus, 35S: Arses or Arogus 
337, and Darius III. or Codomanus, 335, who 
was conquered by Alexander the Great 331. 
The destruction of the Persian monarchy by 
the Macedonians was easily effected, and from 
that time Persia became tributary to the 
Greeks. After the death of Alexander, when 
the Macedonian empire was divided among the 
officers of the deceased conqueror, Seleucus 
Nicanor made himself master of the Persian 
provinces, till the revolt of the Parthians intro- 
duced new revolutions in the east. Persia was 
partly reconquered from the Greeks, and re- 
mained tributary to the Parthians for near 500 
years. After this the sovereignty was again 
placed into the hands of the Persians, by there- 
volt of Artaxerxes, a common soldier, A. D. 
229, who became the founder of the second 
Persian monarchy, which proved so inimical to 
the power of the Roman emperors. In their 
national character, the Persians xvere warlike; 
they were early taught to ride, and to handle the 
bow, and by the manly exercises of hunting, 
they were inured to bear the toils and fatigues 
of a military life. Their national valour, how- 
ever, soon degenerated, and their want of em- 
ployment at home soon rendered them unfit for 
war. In the reign of Xerxes, when the empire 
of Persia was in its most flourishing state, a 
small number of Greeks were enabled repeat- 
edly to repel for three successive days, an al- 
most innumerable army. This celebrated ac- 
tion, which happened at Thermopylae, shows in 
a strong light the superiority of the Grecian sol- 
diers over the Persians^ and the battles that be- 



fore, and a short time alter, were fought between 
the two nations at Marathon, Salarais, Plataea, 
and Mycale, are again an incoutestible proof 
that these Asiatics had more reliance upon their 
numbers and upon the splendour and richness of 
their arms, than upon the valour and the disci- 
pline of their troops. Then- custom, too prevalent 
among the eastern nations, of introducing luxury 
into the camp, proved also in some measure de- 
structive to their military reputation, and the 
view which the ancients give us of the army of 
Xerxes, of his cooks, stage-dancers, concubines, 
musicians, and perfumers, is no very favourable 
sign of the sagacity of a monarch, who by his nod,, 
could command millions of men to flock to bis 
standard In their religiou the Persians were 
very superstitious, they paid the greatest vene- 
ration to the sun, the moon, and the stars, and 
they offered sacrifices to fire, but the supreme 
deity was never represented by statues among 
them. They permitted polygamy, and it was no 
incest among them to marry a sister, or a mo- 
ther. In their punishments they were ex'remely 
severe, even to barbarity. The monarchs al- 
ways appeared with the greatest pomp and dig- 
nity; his person was attended by a guard of 
15,000 men, and he had besides, a body of 
10,000 chosen horsemeu, called immortal. He 
styled himself, like the rest of the eastern mo- 
narchs, the king of kings, as expressive of his 
greatness and his power. The Persians were 
formerly called Cephenes, Jch'tmenians, and 
Jlrtozi, and they are often confounded with the 
Parthians by the ancient poeK They re- 
ceived the name of Persians from Perses the 
son of Perseus and Andromeda, who is supposed 
to have settled among them. Persepolis was 
the capital of the country. Curt. 4, c. 14, 1, 5, 
c. 3. — Plut. in Artax. Jllex. &c. — Mela, 1, 
&c — Strab. 2, 15. — Xenoph. Cyrop. — Herodot. 
1, c. 125, &c— Jlpollod. 2.— Marcel. 23. 

Pf.rsicum mare, or Persicus Sinus, a part 
cf the, Indian ocean on the coast of Persia and 
Arabia, now called the gulf of Balgora. 

Persis, a province of Persia bounded by 
Media, Carmania, Susiana, and the Persian 
gulf. It is often taken for Persia itself. 

Aulus Persius Flaccus, a Latin poet of 
Volaterrae He was of an equestrian f smily, 
and he made -himself known by his intimacy 
with the most illustrious Romans of the age. 
The early part of his life was spent in his native 
town, and at the age of sixteen he was removed 
to Rome, where he studied philosophy under 
Cornutus the celebrated stoic. He al?o receiv- 
ed the instructions of Palemon the grammarian, 
and Virginias the rhetorician. Naturally of a 
mild disposition, his character was unimpeach- 
ed, his modesty remarkable, and his benevo- 
lence universally admired. He distinguished 
himself by his satirical humour, and ma<!e the 
faults of the orators and poets of his age the 
subject of his poems. He did uot even spare 
Nero, and the more effectually to expose the 
emperor to ridicule, he introduced into his 
satires some of his verses. The lorva mhnal- 
luneis implnunt comua bombis, with the three 
following verses, are Nero's according to some. 
But though he was so severe upon the vicious 
3 z 



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and ignorant, he did not forget his friendship 
for Cornutus, and he showed hjs regard for his 
character and abilities by making mention of his 
name with great propriety in his satires. It was 
by the advice of his learned preceptor that he 
corrected one of his poems in which he had com- 
pared Nero to Midas, and at his representation 
he altered the words Auriculas asini Mida rex 
habet, into Auriculas asini quis non habet? Per- 
sius died in the SOth year of his age, A. D. 
62, and left all his hooks, which consisted of 
seven hundred volumes, and a large sum of mo- - 
ney, to his preceptor, but Cornutus only accept- 
ed the books, and returned the money to the 
sisters and friends of the deceased. The satires 
of Persius arc six in number, blamed by 
some for obscurity of style and of language. 
But though they may appear almost unintelligi- 
ble to some, it ought to be remembered that 
they were read with pleasure and with avidity 
by his contemporaries, and that the only diffi- 
culties which now appear to the moderns, arise 
from their not knowing the various characters 
which they described, the vices which they lash- 
ed, and the errors which they censured. The 
satires of Persius are generally printed with 
those of Juvenal, the best editions of which will 
be found to be Hennin. 4to. L. B. 1695, and 
Hawkey, 12mo. Dublin 1746. The best edi- 
tion of Persius, separate, is that of Meric Cas- 
aubon, 12mo. Lond. 1647. Martial. — Quntil. 

10, c. 1 — August. deMagist.9. — Lactant. 

A man-whose quarrel with Rupilius is mention- 
ed in a ridiculous manner by Horat. Sat. 7. He 
is called Hybrida, as being son of a Greek by 
a Roman woman. 

Pertinax, Publius Helvius, a Roman em- 
peror after the death of Commodus. He was 
descended from an obscure family, and, like his 
father, who was either a slave or the son of a 
manumitted slave, he for some time followed 
the mean employment of drying wood and 
making charcoal. His indigence, however, did 
not prevent him from receiving a liberal edu- 
cation, and indeed he was for some time em- 
ployed in teaching a number of pupils the Greek 
and Roman languages in Etruria - . He left this 
laborious profession for a military life, and by his 
valour and intrepidity hegradualjy rose to offices 
of the highest trust in the army, and was made 
consul by M. Aurelius for his eminent services. 
He was afterwards entrusted with the govern- 
ment of Mcesia, and at last he presided over 
the city of Rome as governor. When Commo- 
dus was murdered; Pertinax was universally 
selected to succeed to the imperial throne, and 
his refusal, and the plea of old age and increas- 
ing infirmities, did not prevent his being saluted 
emperor, and Augustus. He acquiesced with 
reluctance, but his mildness, his economy, and 
the popularity of his administration, convinced 
the senate and the people of the prudence and 
the justice of their choice. He forbad his 
name to be inscribed on such places or estates 
as were part of the imperial domain, and ex- 
claimed that they belonged not to him, but to 
the public. He melted all the silver statues 
which had been raised to his vicious predeces- 
sor, and he exposed to public sale all his con- 



cubines, his horses, his arms, and all the in- 
struments of his pleasure and extravagance. 
With the money raised from these he enriched 
the empire, and was enabled to abolish all the 
taxes which Commodus had laid on the rivers, 
ports, and highways through the empire. This 
patriotic administration gained him the affection 
of the worthiest and most discerning of his sub- 
jects, but the extravagant and luxurious raised 
their clamours against him, and when Pertinax 
attempted to introduce among the pretorian 
guards that discipline which was so necessary 
to preserve the peace and tranquillity of Rome, 
the flames of rebellion were kindled, and the 
minds of the soldiers totally alienated. Pertinax 
was apprised of this mutiny, but he refused to 
fly at the hour of danger. He scorned the ad- 
vice of his friends who wished him to withdraw 
from the impending storm, and he unexpectedly 
appeared before the seditious pretorians, and 
without fear or concern, boldly asked them 
whether they, who were bound to defend the 
person of their prince and emperor, were come 
to betray him and to shed his blood. His un- 
daunted assurance and his intrepidity would 
have had the desired effect, and the soldiers 
had already begun to retire, when one of the 
most seditious advanced and darted his javelin 
at the emperor's breast, exclaiming, the soldiers 
send you this. The rest immediately followed 
the example, and Pertinax, muffling up his head 
and calling upon Jupiter to avenge his death, 
remained unmoved, and was instantly despatch- 
ed. His head was cut off and carried upon the 
point of a spear as in triumph to the camp. 
This happened on the 2Sth of March, A. D. 
193. Pertinax reigned only 87 days, and his 
death was the more universally lamented as it 
proceeded from a seditious tumult, and rob- 
bed the Roman empire of a wise, virtuous, 
and benevolent emperor. Dio. — Herodian. — 
Capitol. 

Pertunda, a goddess at Rome, who presi- 
ded over the consummation of marriage. Her- 
statue was generally placed in the bridal cham- 
ber. Varro. apudJlug. Civ. D. 6, c. 9. 

Perusia, now Perugia, an ancient town of 
Etruria on the Tiber, built by Ocnus. L. An- 
tonius was besieged there by Augustus, and 
obliged to surrender. Strab. 5. — Lucan. 1, v. 
4\.—Paterc. 2, c 14,—Liv. 9, c. 37, 1. 10, c. 
30 and 37. 

Pescennius. Vid. Niger. A man inti- 
mate with Cicero. 

Pessinus (untis), a town of Phrygia, where 
Atys, as some suppose, was buried. It is par- 
ticularly famous for a temple and a statue of 
the goddess Cybele, who was from thence call- 
ed Pessinuntia. Strab. 12. — Paws. 7, c. 17. — 
Liv. 29, c. 10 and 11. 
Petalia, a town of Eubcea. 
Petalus, a man killed by Perseus at the 
court of Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 115. 
Petelia, or Petellia, a town. Vid. Petilia. 
Petelinus Lacus, a lake near one of the 
gates of Rome. Liv. 6, c. 20. 

Peteon, a town of Bceotia. Stat. Theb. 7. 
v. 333— Strab. 9. 
Peteus, a son of Orneus and grandson of 



PE 



PE 



Erechtheus. He reigned in Attica, and be- 
came father of Menestheus, who went with the 
Greeks to the Trojan war. He is represented 
by some of the ancients as a monster, half a 
man and half a beast, Apollod. 3, c. 10. — 
Pans. 10, c. 35. 

Petilia, now Strongoli, a town of Magna 
Graecia, the capital of Lucania, built or per- 
haps only repaired by Philoctetes, who, after 
his return from the Trojan war, left his country, 
Melibcea, because his subjects had revolted. 
Mela, 2, c. 4.—Liv. 23, c. 20.~Virg. Mn. 3, 
v. 402— Strab. 6. 

Petilia lex was enacted by Petilius the tri- 
bune, to make an inquiry and to know hoiv much 
money had been obtained from the conquests- 
over king Antiochus. 

Petilii, two tribunes who accused Scipio 
Africanus of extortion. He was acquitted. 

Petilius, a prxtor, who persuaded the peo- 
ple of Rome to burn the books which had been 
found in Numa's tomb, about 400 years after 
his death. His advice was followed. Plut. in 
Num A plebeian decemvir, &c. A go- 
vernor of the capitoJ, who stole away the trea- 
sures entrusted to his care. He was accused, 
but, though guilty, he was acquitted as being 
the friend of Augustus. Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 
94. 

Petosiris, a celebrated mathematician of 
Egypt. Juv. 6, v. 580. 

Petra, the capital town of Arabia Petraea. 

Strab. 16. A town of Sicily, near Hybla, 

whose inhabitants are called Petrini 8? Petren- 

ses A town of Thrace. Liv. 40, c. 22. 

Another of Pieria in Macedonia. Liv. 39, 

c. 26. — Cic. in Vtrr. 1, c. 39. An elevated 

place near Dyrrhachium. Lucan. 6, v. 16 and 

70.— Cos. Civ. 3, c 42. Another in Elis. 

Another near Corinth. 

Petr^a, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. Th. 

A part of Arabia, which has Syria at the 

east, Egypt on the west, Palestine on the north, 
and Arabia Felix at the south. This part of 
Arabia was rocky, whence it has received its 
name. It was for the most part also covered 
with barren sands, and was interspersed with 
some fruitful spots. Its capital was called Petra. 

Petreius, a Roman soldier who killed his 
tribune during the Cimbrian wars, because he 
hesitated to attack the enemy. He was reward- 
ed for his valour with a crown of grass. Plin. 

22, c 6. A lieutenant of C. Antonius who 

defeated the troops of Catiline. He took the 
part of Pompey against Julius Caesar. When 
Caesar had been victorious in every part of the 
world, Petreius, who had retired into Africa, 
attempted to destroy himself by fighting with 
his friend king Juba in single combat. Juba 
was killed first, and Petreius obliged one of his 
slaves to run him through. Sallust. CatU. — 
•ftppian. — Ca&s. 1. Civ. A centurion in Cae- 
sar's army in Gaul, &c. Some read Petronins. 

PetrInum, a town of Campania. Horat. 1, 
ep. 5, v. 5. 

Petrocorii, the inhabitants of the modern 
town of Perigord in France. Cues. 7, H. G. c. 
75. 



Petronia, the wife of Vitellius. Tacit. Hist. 
2, c. 64. 

Petronius, a governor of Egypt appointed 
to succeed Gallus. He behaved with great hu- 
manity to the Jews, and made war against Can- 
dace queen of Ethiopia. Strab. 17. A fa- 
vourite of Nero, put to death by Galba, A 

governor of Britain. A tribune killed in 

Parthia with Crassus. A man banished by 

Nero to the Cyclades, when Piso's conspiracy 
was discovered. Tacit. Ann. 15. A gover- 
nor of Britain in Nero's reign. He was put to 
death by Galba's orders. Maximus, a Ro- 
man emperor. Vid. Maximus. Arbiter, a 

favourite of the emperor Nero, and one of the 
ministers and associates of all bis pleasures and 
his debauchery. He was naturally fond of plea- 
sure and effeminate, and he passed his whole 
nights in revels and the days in sleep. He in- 
dulged himself in all the delights and gayeties 
of life, but though he was the most voluptuous 
of the age, yet he moderated his pleasures, and 
wished to appear curious and refined in luxury 
and extravagance. Whatever he did seemed to 
be performed with an air of unconcern and ne- 
gligence: he was affable in his behaviour, and 
his witticisms and satirical remarks appeared 
artless and natural. He was appointed pro- 
consul of Bithynia, and afterwards he was re- 
warded with the consulship, in both of which 
honourable employments he behaved with all 
the dignity which became one of the successors 
of a Brutus or a Scipio. With his office he 
laid down his artificial gravity, and gave him- 
self up to the pursuit of pleasure; the emperor 
became more attached to him, and seemed 
fonder of his company, but he did not long en- 
joy the imperial favours. Tigeliinus, likewise 
one of Nero's favourites, jealous of his fame, 
accused him of conspiring against the emperor's 
life. The accusation was credited, and Petro- 
nius immediately resolved to withdraw himself 
from Nero's punishment by a voluntary death. 
This was performed in a manner altogether un- 
precedented, A. D. 66. Petronius ordered his 
veins to be opened, but without the eagerness 
of terminating his agonies, he had them closed 
at intervals. Some time after they were open- 
ed, and as if he wished to die in the same care- 
less and unconcerned manner as he had lived, 
he passed his time in discoursing with his friends 
upon trifles, and listened with the greatest avi- 
dity to love verses, amusing stories, or laugh- 
able epigrams. Sometimes he manumitted his 
slaves or punished .them with stripes. In this 
ludicrous manner he spent his last moments, till 
nature was exhausted, and before he expired 
he wrote an epistle to the emperor, in which he 
had described with a masterly hand his noctur- 
nal extravagances, and the daily impurities of 
his actions. This letter was carefully sealed,, 
and after he had conveyed it privately to the 
emperor, Petronius broke his signet, that it 
might not after his death become a snare to the 
innocent. Petronius distinguished himself by 
his writings as well as by his luxury and volup- 
tuousness. He is the author of many elegant 
but obscene compositions still extant, among 
which is a poem on the civil wars of Pompey 



PH 



PH 



and Caesar, superior in some respects to the 
Pharsalia of Lucan. There is also the feast of 
Trimalcion, in which he paints with too much 
liceutiousuess the pleasures and the debauche- 
ries of a corrupted court and of an extravagant 
monarch reflections on the instability of hu- 
man life a poem on the vanity of dreams 

another on the education of the Roman 

youth two treatises, &c The beit editions 

of Petronius are those of Burman, 4to. Utr. 
1709, and Reincsius, 8vo. 1731. 

Pettibs, a friend of Horace, to whom the 
poet addressed his eleventh epode. 
Fetus, an architect. Vid. Satyrus. 
Peoce, a small island at the mouth of the 
Danube. The inhabitants are called Peucaz, 
and Pmcini. Strab. 7. — Lucan. 3, v. 202. — 
Plin 4, c. 12. 

Peucestes, a Macedonian set over Egypt 
by Alexander. He received Persia at the ge- 
neral division of the xMacedonian empire at the 
king's death. He behaved with great coward- 
ice after he hsd joined himself to Eumenes. 

C. Nep. in Ewn.—Plut. — Curt. 4, c. 8 

An island which was visited by the Argonauts 
at their return from the conquest of the golden 
fleece. 

Peucetia, a part of Magna Gnecia in Italy, 
at the north of the bay of Tarentum, between 
the Apennines and Lucania, called also Mesapia 
and Calabria. It received its name from Peu- 
cetus the son of Lycaon of Arcadia. Strab. 6. 
—Plin 3, c. 1 1 — Ovid. Met. 14, v. 513.— 
Paus 10, c. 13. 

Pet:cini, a nation of Germany, called also 
Basternce. Tacit, de Germ. 46. 

Feucolaus, an officer who conspired with 

Dymnus against Alexander's life. Curt. 6. 

Another, set over Sogdiana. Id. 7. 

Pexodorus, a governor of Caria, who offer- 
ed to give his daughter in marriage to Aridaeus 
the illegitimate son of Philip Pint. 

Phacium, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, c. 
13, I. 36, c. 13. 

Phacusa, a town of Egypt, on the eastern 
mouth of the Nile. 

Ph^a, a celebrated sow which infested the 
neighbourhood of Cromyon. It was destroyed 
by Theseus as he was travelling from Troezene 
to Athens to make himself known to his father. 
Some supposed that the boar of Calydon sprang 
from this sow. Phaea, according to some au- 
thors, was no other than a woman who prosti- 
tuted herself to strangers, whom she murdered, 
and afterwards plundered. Plut in Thes. — 
Strab. 8. 

Ph^acia, an island of the Ionian sea, near 
the coast of Epirus, anciently called Scheria, 
and afterwards Corcyra. The inhabitants, call- 
ed Phazaces, were a luxurious and dissolute peo- 
ple, for which reason a glutton was generally 
stigmatized by the ep thet of Phcedx. When 
Ulysses was shipwrecked on the coast of Phae- 
acia, Alcinous was then king of the island, 
whose gardens have been greatly celebrated. 
Horat. 1, ep. 15, v. 24 —Ovid. Met 13, v. 719. 
—Strab 6 and l.—Pr.pert 3, el. 2, v. 13 

Ph,eax, an inhabitant of the island of Phaea- 
Cia. [Vid. Phaeacia.] A man who sailed 



with Theseus to Crete. An Athenian wha 

opposed Alcibiades in his administration. 

Ph.sxasia, one of the Sporades in the i£ge- 
an. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

PHiEDiRius, one of Niobe's children. Jlpol- 
lod. 3, c. 5. -A Macedonian general who be- 
trayed Eumenes to Antigonus. A celebrated 

courier of Greece. Stat. 6. 

Phjedon, an Athenian put to death by the 
30 tyrants. His daughters, to escape the op- 
pressors and preserve their chastity, threw 

themselves together into a well. A disciple 

of Socrates. He bad been seized by pirates in 
his younger days, and the philosopher, who 
seemed to discover something uncommon and 
promising in his countenance, bought his liberty 
for a sum of money, and ever after esteemed 
him. Fhaedon, after the death of Socrates, re- 
turned to Elis, his native country, where he 
founded a sect of philosophers called Ehan. 
The name of Phaedon is affixed to one of the 
dialogues of Plato. Macrob. Sat. l,c. 11. — 
Diog. Al archon at Athens, when the Athe- 
nians were directed by the oracle to remove the 
bones of Theseus to Attica. Plut. in Thts. 

Ph^dra, a daughter of Minos and Pasi- 
phae, who married Theseus, by whom she be- 
came mother of Acamas and Demophoon. They 
had already lived for some time in conjugal 
felicity, when Venus, who hated all the descen- 
dants of Apollo, because that god bad discovered 
her amours with Mars, inspired Phaedra with 
an unconquerable passion for Hippolytus the 
son of Theseus, by the amazon Hippolyte. This 
shameful passion Phaedra long attempted to 
stifle, but in vain; and therefore, in the absence 
of Theseus, she addressed Hippolytus with all 
the impatience of a desponding lover. Hippo- 
lytus rejected her with horror and disdain; but 
Phaedra, incensed on account of the reception 
she had met, resolved to punish his coldness and 
refusal. At the return of Theseus she accused 
Hippolytus of attempts upon her virtue. The 
credulous father listened to the accusation, and 
without hearing the defence of Hippolytus, he 
banished him from his kingdom, and implored 
Neptune, who had promised to grant three of 
his requests, to punish him in some exemplary 
manner. As Hippolytus fled from Athens, his 
horses were suddenly terrified by a huge sea- 
monster, which Neptune had sent on the shore. 
He was dragged through precipices and over 
rocks, and he was trampled under the feet of 
his horses, and crushed under the wheels of his 
chariot. When the tragical end of Hippolytus 
was known at Athens, Phaedra confessed her 
crime, and hung herself in despair, unable to 
survive one whose death her wickedness and 
guilt had occasioned. The death of Hippolytus, 
and the infamous passion of Phaedra, are the 
subject of one of the tragedies of Euripides, 
and of Seneca. Phaedra was buried at Trce- 
zene, where her tomb was still seen in the age 
of the geographer Pausanias, near the temple of 
Venus, which she had built to render the god- 
dess favourable to her incestuous passion. There 
was near her tomb a myrtle, whose leaves were 
all full of small holes, and it was reported, that 
Phajdra had done this with a hair pin, when the 



PH 



PH 



vehemence of her passion had rendered her 
melancholy and almost desperate. She was re- j 
presented in a painting in Apollo's temple at 
Delphi, as suspended by a cord, and balaucing 
herself in the air ; while her sister Ariadne stood 
near to her, and fixed her eyes upon her; a de- 
licace idea, by which the genius of the artist 
intimated her melancholy eud. J^lut. in Tlies- 
—Paws 1, c, 22, 1. 2, c. 32.— Diud. 4.— 
Hygin. fab. 47 and 243. — Eurip. Senec & 
in Mippol. — Virg. ^Sn. 6, v. 445. — Ovid. He- 
roid. 4. 

Fh/edria, a village of Arcadia. Paws. 8, 
C. 35. 

Ihjedrus, one of the disciples of Socrates. 
Cic. rfe Aaf D. 1. An Epicurean philoso- 
pher. A Thracian who became one of the 

freed men of the emperor Augustus. He trans- 
lated into Iambic verses, the fables of iEsop, in 
the reign of the emperor Tiberius. They are 
divided into five books, valuable for their pre- 
cision, purity, elegance, and simplicity. They 
remained long buried in oblivion, till they were 
discovered in the library of St. Renii at 
Rbeims, and published by Peter Pithou, a 
Frenchman, at the end of the 16th century. 
Phsedrus was for some time persecuted by Se- 
janus, because this corrupt minister believed 
that be was satirized and abused in the enco- 
miums which the poet every where pays to 
virtue. The best editions of Phaedrus are those 
of Burmau, 4to. Leyd. 1727; Hoogstraten, 4to. 
Amst. 1701, and Barbou, 12mo Paris, 1754. 

Phjedyma, a daughter of Otanes, who first 
discovered thai Smerdis, who had ascended the 
throne of Persia at the death of Cambyses, was 
an impostor. Herodot. 3, c. 69. 
PhjEmonoe, a priestess of Apollo. 
Ph^narete, the mother of the philosopher 
Socrates. She was a midwife by profession. 

Ph.<enias, a peripatetic pbilosopher, disciple 
of Aristotle, tie wrote an history of tyrants. 
Diog Laert. 

Ihjsnna, one of the two Graces worshipped 
at Sparta, together with her sister Clita. La- 
cedaeimn first paid them particular honour 
Paws. 9, c. 35. 

Ph^nnis, a famous prophetess in the age 
of Antiocbus. jhaus. 10, c. 15. 
Ph/esana, a town of Arcadia. 
Ph^stum, a town of Crete. Horn, Od. 3, v. 

296. Another of Macedonia. Lit. 36, c. 13. 

Phaeton, a son of the sun, or Phoebus, and 
Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was son 
of Cephalus and Aurora, according to Hesiou 
and Pausanias, or of Tithonus and Aurora, ac- 
cording to Apollodorus. He is, however, more 
generally acknowledged to be the son of Phoe- 
bus aud Clymene. Phaeton was naturally oJ 
a lively disposition, and a handsome figure. 
Venus became enamoured of him, and entrusted 
him with the care of one of her temples. This 
distinguished favour of the goddess rendered 
him vain and aspiring; and when Epapbus, the 
son of lo, had told him, to check nis pride, that 
he was not the son of Phoebus, Phaeton resolved 
to know his true origin, and at the instigation 
of his mother, he visited the palace of the 
sun. He begged Phoebus, that if he really 
were his father, he would give him incontestible 



proofs of his paternal tenderness, and convince 

the world of his legitimacy. Phoebus swore by 
the Styx, that he would giant him. whatever he 
required, anu no sooner was the oath uttered, 
than Phaeton demanded of him to, drive his 
chariot for one aay. Phoebus represented the 
impropiiety of such a request, and the daugers 
to which it would expose him; but in vain; and, 
as the oath was inviolable, and Phaeton un- 
moved, the father instructed his son how he 
was to proceed in his way through the regions 
of the air. His explicit directions were for- 
gotten, or little attended to; and no sooner had 
xhaeton received the reins from his lather than 
he betrayed his ignorance and incapacity to 
guide the chariot. The flying horses became 
sensible of the confusion ot their driver, and 
immediately departed from their usual track. 
Phaeton repented too late of his rashness, and 
already heaven and earth were threatened with 
an univeisal conflagration, when Jupaer, who 
had perceived the disorder of the hoises ol the 
sun, struck the rider with one of his thunder- 
bolts, and hurled him headlong from heaven 
into the river Po. His body, consumed with 
fire, was found by the nymphs of tne place, and 
honoured with a decent burial, His sisters 
mourned his unhappy enci, and were changed 
into poplars by Jupiter. [Vid. Phaetontiades.] 
According to the poets, while Phaeton was un- 
skilfully driving the chariot of his father, the 
blood of the iEthiop ians was drieti up, and their 
skin became black, a colour which is still pre- 
served among the greatest part of the inhabi- 
tants of the torrid zone. The territories of 
Libya were also parched up, according to the 
same tradition, on account of their too great 
vicinity to the sun; and ever since, Africa, 
unable to recover her original verdure and 
Iruitfulness, has exhibited a sandy country, and 
uncultivated waste- According to those who 
explain this poetical fable, Phaeton was a Li- 
iiurian prince, who studied astronomy, and in 
uhose age the neighbourhood of the Po was 
visited with uncommon heats. The horses of 
ie sun are called J-'haetontis equi, either be- 
cause they were guided by Phaeton, or from 
the Greek word (Qat&M,) which expresses the 
splendour and lustre of that luminary, Virg, 
JEri. 5, v. 105= — Hesiod. Tiieog. 935. — Ovid. 
Met. 1, fab. 17, 1. 2, fab, I, &v—ApoUon. 4, 
.irg — horat. 4, od; 11 — Senec. in Medea. — 
jpoilod. — Hygin. fab. 156. 

Phaetontiades, or Phaetontides, the 
sisters of 1 haeton, who were changed into pop- 
lars by Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 346. Vid. 
ileliades. 

Phaetusa, one of the Heliades changed into 
poplars, after the death of their brother Phae- 
ton. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 346. 

PhjEus, a town of Peloponnesus. 
Phagesia, a festival among the Greeks, ob- 
served during the celebration of the Dionysia. It 
received its name from the good eating and 
living that then universally prevailed, epetym. 

Phalacrine, a village of the Sabines, where 
Vespasian was born. Suet- Vesp. 2. 

Phalje, wooden towers at Rome, erected ia 
the circus. Juv. 6, v. 589. 
Phal^cus, a general of Phocis, against the 



1J 



H 



Pil 



Boeotians, killed at the battle of Cheronoea. 
Diod. 16. 

Phaljesia, a town of Arcadia. Paws. 8, c. 
35. 

Phalanna, a town of Perrhaebia. Liv. 42, 
c. 54. 

Phalanthus, a Lacedaemonian, who found- 
ed Tarentum in Italy, at the head of the Par- 
theniae. His father's name was Aracas. As 
he went to Italy he was shipwrecked on the 
coast, and carried to shore by a dolphin, and 
from that reason there was a dolphin placed 
near his statue- in the temple of Apollo at Del- 
phi. [Vid. Parthenias.] He received divine 
honours after death. Justin. 3, c. 4. — Paus. 
10, c 10.— Horat. 2, od. 6, v. 11— Sil. Ital. 11, 

v. 16. A town and mountain of the same 

name in Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 35. 

Phalaris, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who 
made use of the most excruciating torments to 
punish his subjects on the smallest suspicion. 
Perillus made him a brazen bull, and when he 
had presented it to Phalaris, the tyrant order- 
ed the inventor to be seized, and the first ex- 
periment to be made on his body. These cru- 
elties did not long remain unrevenged ; the peo- 
ple of Agrigentum revolted in the tenth year of 
his reign, and put him to death in the same 
manner as he had tortured Perillus and many of 
his subjects after him, B. C. 552. The brazen 
bull of Phalaris was carried by Amilcar to 
Carthage: when that city was taken by Scipio, 
it was delivered again to the inhabitants of 
Agrigentum by the Romans. There are now 
some letters extant, written by a certain Abaris 
to Phalaris, with their respective answers, but 
they are supposed by some to be spurious. The 
best edition is that of the learned Boyle, Oxon. 
1718. Cic. in Verr. 4, ad Attic 7, ep. 12, 
de offic. 2.— Ovid, de Art. Am. 1, v. 663— 

Juv. 8, v. 81.— Plin. 34, c 8.— Diod. A 

Trojan, killed by Turnus. Virg. Mn. 9, v. 
762. 

Phalaeium, a citadel of Syracuse, where 
Phalaris's bull was placed. 

Phalarus, a river of Boeotia, falling into 
She Cephisus. Paws. 9, c. 34. 

Phalcidon, a town of Thessaly. Polycen. 4. 

Phaleas, a philosopher and legislator, &c. 
Arist. 

Phalereus- Demetrius. Vid. Demetrius. 

Phaleria, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, 
e. 15. 

Phaleris, a Corinthian who led a colony to 
Epidamnus from Corcyra. 

Phaleron, or Phalerum, or Phalera, 
(orwm,) or Phalereus portus, an ancient har- 
bour of Athens, about 25 stadia from the city, 
which, from its situation and smallness, was not 

very fit for the reception of many ships. A 

place in Thessaly. 

Phalerus, a son of Alcon, one of the Ar- 
gonauts. Orpheus. 

Phalias, a son of Hercules and Heliconis, 
daughter of Thestius. Apollod. 

Phallica, festivals observed by the Egyp- 
tians in honour of Osiris. They receive their 
name from <f>**xoc simulachrum ligneum mem- 
hri virilis. The institution originated in this: 



after the murder of Osiris, Isis was unable to 
recover among the other limbs the privities of 
her husband; and therefore, as she paid parti- 
cular honour to every part of his body, she dis- 
tinguished that which was lost with more ho- 
nour, and paid it more attention. Its repre- 
sentation, called phallus, was made with wood, 
and carried during the sacred festivals which 
were instituted in honour of Osiris. The peo- 
ple held it in the greatest veneration; it was 
looked upon as an emblem of fecundity, and 
the mention of it among the ancients never 
conveyed any impure thought or lascivious re- 
flection. The festivals of the phallus were imi- 
tated by the Greeks, and introduced into Europe 
by the Athenians, who made the procession of 
the phallus part of the celebration of the Dio- 
nysia of the god of wine. Those that carried 
the phallus, at the end of a long pole, were 
called phallophori. They generally appeared, 
among the Greeks, besmeared with the dregs 
of wine, covered with skins of lambs, and wear- 
ing on their heads a crown of ivy. Lucian. 
de Ded Syr. — Plut. de hid. & Osir. — Paus. 1, 
c. 2. 

Phalysius, a citizen of Naupactum, whore- 
covered his sight by reading a letter sent him by 
iEsculapius. Paus. 10, cap. ult. 

Phan.«us, a promontory of the island of 
Chios, famous for its wines. It was called af- 
ter a lung of the same name, who reigned there. 
Liv. 36, c. 43.— Virg. G. 2, v. 98. 

Phanar^ea, a town of Cappadocia. Strab. 

Phanas, a famous Messenian, &.c who died 
B. C. 682. 

Phanes, a man of Halicarnassus, who fled 
from A ma sis king of Egypt, to (he court of 
Cambyses, king of Persia, whom. he advised, 
when he invaded Egypt, to pass through Ara- 
bia. Herodot. 3, c. 4. . 

Phaneta, a town of Epirus. Liv. 32, c. 28. 

Phanocles, an elegiac poet of Greece, who 
wrote a poem on that unnatural sin of which 
Socrates is accused by some. He supported 
that Orpheus had been the first who disgraced 
himself by that fiitby indulgence. Some 
of his fragments are remaining. Clem. Alex. 
Str. 6. 

Phanodemus, an historian who wrote on the 
antiquities of Attica. 

Phantasia, a daughter of Nicarchus of 
Memphis, in Egypt. Some have supposed 
that she wrote a poem on the Trojan war, and 
another on the return of Ulysses to Ithaca, 
from which compositions Homer copied the 
greatest part of his Iliad and Odyssey, when he 
visited Memphis, where they were deposited. 

Phanus, a son of Bacchus, who was among 
the Argonauts. Apollod. 

Phaon, a boatman of Mityleoe, in Lesbos. 
He received a small box of ointment from Ve- 
nus, who had presented herself to him in the 
form of an old woman, to be carried over into 
Asia; and as soon as he had rubbed himself 
with what the box contained, he became one of 
the most beautiful men of his age. Many were 
captivated with the charms of Phaon, and, 
among others, Sappho, the celebrated poetess. 
Phaon gave himself up to the pleasures of Sap- 



PH 



PH 



pho's company, but, however, he soon conceiv- 
ed a disdain for her, and Sappho, mortified at 
his coldness, threw herself into the sea. Some 
say that Phaon was beloved by the goddess of 
beauty, who concealed him for some time among 
lettuces. /Elian says that Phaon was killed by 
a man whose bed he was defiling. JElian. V. 
H. 12 — Ovid. Heroid. 21.— Palcephat. de in. 
c. 49 — Athen. — Lucian. in Sim. & Polistr. 

Phara, a town of Africa, burnt by Scipio's 
soldiers. 

Pharacibes, a general of the Lacedaemonian 
fleet, who assisted Dionysius, the tyrant of Si- 
cily, against the Carthaginians. Polyxn. 2. 

Phar/e, or Pher^, a town of Crete. ■ 

Another in Messenia. Pans. 4, c. 30. Vid. 
Pherae. 

Pharasmanes, a king of Iberia, in the reign 
of Antoninus, &c. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 33. 

Pharax, a Lacedaemonian officer, who at- 
tempted to make himself absolute in Sicily. 

A Tfaessalian, whose son, called Cyanip- 

pus, married a beautiful woman, called Leu- 
cone, who was torn to pieces by his dogs. 
Parth. 

Pharis, a town of Laconia, whose inhabit- 
ants are called Pharitoz. Pans. 3, c. 30. — — 



A son of Mercury and Philodamea, who built 
Pharae in Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 30. 

Pharmecusa, an island of the iEgean sea, 
where Julius Caesar was seized by some pirates. 
Suet Cats. 4. — —Another, where was shown 
Circe's tomb. Strab. 

Pharnabazus, a satrap of Persia, son of a 
person of the same name, B. C. 409. He as- 
sisted the Lacedaemonians against the Athe- 
nians, and gained their esteem by his friendly 
behaviour and support. His conduct, however, 
towards Alcibiades, was of the most perfidious 
nature, and he did not scruple to betray to his 
mortal enemies the man he had long honoured 
with his friendship. C. JVc/j. in Ale. — Pint. — 

— — An officer under Eumenes. A king of 

Iberia. 

Pharnace, a town ofPontus. Plin. 6, c 4. 

The mother of Cinyras, king of Pontus. 

Suidas. 

Pharnaces, a son of Mithridates, king of 
Pontus, who favoured the Romans against his 
father. He revolted against Mithridates, and 
even caused him to be put to death, according 
to some accounts. In the civil wars of Julius 
Caesar and Pompey, he interested himself for 
neither of the contending parties, upon which 
Csesar turned his army against him, and con- 
quered him. It was to express the celerity of 
his operations in conquering Pharnaces, that 
the victorious Roman made use of these words, 
Veni, vidi, vici. Flor. 3 — Suet, in Cces. 37. — 

JPaterc. 2, c. 55. A king of Pontus who 

• made war with Eumenes, B. C. 181. A 

king of Cappadocia. A librarian of Atticus. 

Cic. ad Alt. 

Pharnapates, a general of Orodes, king 
of "Parthia, killed in a battle by the Ro- 
mans. 

Pharmaspes, the father of Cassandra, the 
mother of Carabyses. 



Pharjjus, a king of Media, conquered by 
Ninus, king of Assyria. 

Pharos, a small island in the bay of Alex- 
andria, about seven furlongs distant from the 
continent. It was joined to the Egyptian shore 
with a causeway, by Dexiphanes, B. C. 284, 
and upon it was built a celebrated tower, in the 
reign of Ptolemy Sorer, and Philadelphus, by 
Sostratus, the son of Dexiphanes. This tower, 
which was called the tower of Pharos, and which 
passed for one of the seven wonders of the 
world, was built with white marble, and could 
be seen at the distance of 100 miles. On the 
top, fires were constantly kept, to direct sailors 
in the bay, which was dangerous and difficult 
of access. The building of this tower cost the 
Egyptian monarch 800 talents, which are equi- 
valent to above 165,000Z. English, if Attic; or 
if Alexandrian, double that sum. There was 
this inscription upon it, King Ptolemy to the 
Gods the saviours, for the benefit of sailors; but 
Sostratus, the architect, wishing to claim all the 
glory, engraved his own name upon the stones, 
and afterwards filled the hollow with mortar, 
and wrote the abovementioned inscription. 
When the mortar had decayed by time, Pto- 
lemy's pame disappeared,, and the following 
inscription then became visible; Sostratus the 
Cnidian, son of Dexiphanes, to the Gods the sa- 
viours, for the benefit of sailers. The word Pha~ 
Has, is often used as Egyptian. Lucan. 2, v. 
636, I. 3, v. 260, 1. 6. v. 308, 1. 9, v. 1005, 
&c— Ovid. A. A. 3, v. 635.— Plin. 4, c. 31, 
and 85, I. 36, c. 13.— Strab. 17, —Mela, 2, 
c. 7. — Plin. 13, c. 11. — Homer, od. 4. — Flac. 
2.— Stat, 3, Sylv. 2, v. 102. A watch- 
tower near Capreae. An island on the coast 

of Illyricum, now called Lesina. Mela. 2, 

c. 7. The emperor Claudius ordered a 

tower to be built at the entrance of the port of 
Ostia, for the benefit of sailors, and it likewise 
bore the name of Pharos, an appellation after- 
wards given to every other edifice which was 
raised to direct the course of sailors, either with 
lights, or by signals. Juv. 11, v. 76. — Suet. 

Pharsalus, now Farsa, a town of Thessaly, 
in whose neighbourhood is a large plain, called 
Pharsalia, famous for a battle which was fought 
there between Julius Csesar and Pompey, in 
which the former obtained the victory. In that 
battle, which was fought on the 12th of May, 
B. C. 48, Caesar lost about 200 men, or, ac- 
cording to others, 1200. Pompcy's loss was 
15,000, or 25,000, according to others: and 
24,000 of his army were made prisoners of war 
by the conqueror. 'Lucan. I, &c. — Plut. in 
Pomp. & Cces. — Appian. Civ. desar. Civ. — 

Sueton. in Cces. — Dio. Cass. That poem of 

Lucan, in which he gives an account of the civil 
wars of Caesar and Pompey, bears the name of 
Pharsalia. Vid Lucanus. 

Pharte, a daughter of Danus. Apollod. 
Pharus, a Rutulian, killed by iEneas. Virg. 
AZn. 10, v. 322. 

Pharusii, or Phaurusii, a people of Africa, 
beyond Mauritania. Mela, 1 , c 4. 

Pharybus, a river of Macedonia, falling 
into the iEgean sea. It is called by some 
Daphyrus. 



PH 



PH 



Pharycadon, a town of Macedonia, on the 
Peneus. Strab. 9. 

Pharyge, a town of Locris. 

Phaselis, a town of Ifamphylia, at the foot 
of mount Taurus, which was Jong the residence 
of pirates Strab. 14. — Lucan. 8,c. 251.— Cic. 
agra. 2, c. 19. 

Phasiava, a country of Asia, near the river 
Phasis. The inhabitants, called Phasiani, are 
of Egyptian origin. 

Phasus, a patronymic given to Medea, as 
being born near the Phasis. Ovid. Mel, 7. 

Phasis, a son of Phoebus and Ocyroe. 



A river of Colchis, rising in the mountains of 
Armenia, now called Faoz, and falling into 
the east of the Euxine. It is famous for the 
expedition of the Argonauts, who entered it 
after a long and perilous voyage, from which 
reason all dangerous voyages have been pro- 
verbially intimated by the words of sailing to the 
Phasis. There were on the banks of the Phasis 
a greAt number of large birds, of which, ac- 
cording to some of the ancients, the Argonauts 
brought some to Greece, and which were called, 
on that account, pheasants. The Phasis was 
reckoned by the ancients one of the largest 
rivers of Asia Plin 10, c, 48. — Martial. IS, 
ep. 62— Strab. 11. — Mela. l,c 19.— Apollod. 

I, &c. — Paus 4, e. 44. — Orpheus 
Phassus, a son of Lycaon. Jipollod. 
Phauda, a town of Pontus. 
Phavorinus, a writer, the best edition of 

whose Greek I exicon is that in fol. Venet. 
1712. 

Phayllus, a tyrant of Ambracia. The 

brother to Ornomarchus of Phocis, &c. [Vid. 
Phocis.] Paus. 10, c 2 

Phea, or Pheia, a town of Elis. Homer. 

II. 7. 

Phecadum, an inland town of Macedonia. 
Liv. 31, c. 41. 

Phegeus, or Phlegeus, a companion of 
./Eneas, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 

765 Another, likewise killed by Turnus 

Id. 12, v. 371, &.c— ; — A priest of Bacchus, the 
father of Alphesiboea, who purified Alcmaeon 
of his mother's murder, and gave him his 
daughter in marriage. He was afterwards put 
to death by the children of Alcmaeon by Cal- 
lirhoe, because he had ordered Alcmaeon to be 
killed when he had attempted to recover a col- 
lar which he had given to his daughter. [Vid. 
Alcmason.] Ooid. Met. 9, v. 412. 

Phellia, a river of Laconia. Paus. 3, 
c. 20. 

Phelloe, a town of Achaia, near ^Egira, 
where Bacchus and Diana each had a temple. 
Paus. 7, c. 26. . 

Phellus, a place of Attica. A town of 

Elis, near Olympia. Strab. 

Phemius, a man introduced by Homer as a 
musician among Penelope's suitors. Some say 
that he taugut Homer, for which the grateful 

poet immortalized his name. Homer Od. 

A man, who, according to some, wrote an ac- 
count of the return of the Greeks from the Tro- 
jan war. The word is applied by Ovid, Am 3. 
v. 7, indiscriminately to any person who excels 
in music- 



Pheaionoe, a priestess of Apollo, who is sup- 
posed to have invented heroic verses. Paus. 
10, c 6 

Pheneum, a town of Arcadia, whose inha- 
bitants, called Pheneatce, worship Mercury. 
Cic. de Nat. D 3. 

Pheneos, a town, with a lake of the same 
name, in Arcadia, whose waters are unwhole- 
some in the night, and wholesome in the day 
time. Cic de Nat D. 3, c 22— Virg. JEn. 

8, v. 165— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 332. A son 

of Melas, killed by Tydeas Jlpollod. 

Pherje, a town ofThcssaly, where the ty- 
rant Alexander reigned, wh- nee he was called 
Pherceus Strab. 2. — Cic. 2, de offic Ovid, 

in lb. 321.— Val. Max. 9, c 13. A town of 

Attica. Another of Laconia, in Peloponne- 
sus. Liv. 35, c. 30. 

Pher-eus, a surname of Jason, as being a 
native of Pherae. 

Pheraules, a Persian, whom Cyrus raised 
from poverty to affluence. He afterwards gave 
up all his possessions to enjoy tranquillity and 
retirement. Xmoph: Cyr. 

Phereclus, one of the Greeks during the 

Trojan war. Ovid. Her 15 \ pilot of the 

ship of Theseus when he went to Crete. Plut. 
in Thes. 

Phekecrates, a comic poet of Athens, in 
the age of Plato and Aristophanes. He is sup- 
posed to have written 21 comedies, of which 
only a ^ew verses remain. He introduced living 
characters on the stage; but never abused the 
liberty which he had taken, either by satire or 
defamation. He invented a sort of verse, which 
from him has been called Pherecration. It con- 
sisted of the three last feet of an hexameter 
verse, of which the first was always a spondee, 
as for instance, the third verse of Horace's 1, 

od. 5. Grato Pynka sub antro. Another, 

descended from Deucalion. Cic- Tus. 

Pherecydes, a philosopher of Scyros, dis- 
ciple to Pittacus, one of the first who delivered 
his thoughts in prose. He was acquainted with 
the periods of the moon, and foretold eclipses 
with the greatest accuracy. The doctrine of 
the immortality of the soul was first supported 
by him, as also that of the metempsychosis. Py- 
thagoras was one of his disciples, remarkable 
for his esteem and his attachment to his learned 
master. When Pherecydes lay dangerously ill 
in the island of Delos, Pythagoras hastened to 
give him every assistance in his power, and 
when all his efforts had proved ineffectual, he 
buried him, and after he had paid him the last 
offices, he retired to Italy. Some, however, 
suppose, that Pherecydes threw himself down 
from a precipice as he was going to Delphi, or 
according to others, he fell a sacrifice to the 
lousy disease, B- C. 515, in the 85th year of 
his age. Diog. — Lactant — '■ — An historian of 
Leros, surnamed the Athenian. He wrote an 
history of Attica, now lost, in the age of Da- 
rius Hystaspes. A tragic poet. 

Pherendates, a Persian, set over Egypt by 
Artaxerxes. 

Pherephate, a surname of Proserpine, from 
the production of corn. 

Pheres, a son of Cretheas and Tyro, who 



PH 



PH 



imilt Fheras in Thessaly, where he reigned. He 
married Clyroene, by whom he had Admetus 

and Lycurgus. Jipollod. A son of Medea, 

stoned to death by the Corinthians on account 
of the poisonous clothes which he had given to 
Giauce, Creon's daughter. [Vid, Medea.] Paws. 
2, c. 3. — —A friend of ^neas killed by Hale- 
sus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 413. 

Pheretias, a patronymic of Admetus, son 
of Pheres. Ovid. Met. S, v. 291. 

Pheretima, the wife of Battus, king of Cy- 
rene, and mother of Arcesilaus. After her son's 
death she recovered the kingdom by means of 
Amasis king of Egypt, and to avenge the mur- 
der of Arcesilaus, she caused all his assassins to 
be crucified round the walls of Cyrene, and she 
cut off the breasts of their wives, and hung them 
up near the bodies of their husbands, it is said 
that she was devoured alive by worms, a punish- 
ment which, according to some of the ancients, 
was inflicted by providence for her unparalleled 
©ruelties. Polycen 8 — Herodot. 4, c. 204, &c. 
Pherinum, a town of Thessaly. 
Pheron, a king of Egypt, who succeeded 
Sesostris. He was blind, and he recovered his 
sight by washing his eyes, according to the di- 
rections of the oracle, in the urine of a woman 
who had never had any unlawful connexions. 
He tried his wife first, but she appeared to 
have been faithless to his bed, and she was 
burnt with all those whose urine could not re- 
store sight to the king. He married the woman 
whose urine proved beneficial. Herodot. 2, c. 
111. 
Pherusa, one of the Nereides. Jlpollod- I. 
Phiale, one of Diana's nymphs. Ovid. Met. 

3. A celebrated courtezan. Juv. 10, v 238. 

Phi alia, or Phigalia, a town of Arcadia. 
Paus. 8, c. 3. 

Phialus, a king of Arcadia. Id. lb. 
Phicores, a people near the Palus Maeotis, 
Mela, 1, c. 19. 

Phidias, a celebrated statuary of Athens, 
who died B. C. 432. He made a statue of Mi- 
nerva at the request of Pericles, which was 
placed in the Pantheon. It was made with ivory 
and gold, and measured 39 feet in height. His 
presumption raised him many enemies, and he 
was accused of having carved his own image 
and that of Pericles on the shield of the statue 
of the goddess, for which he was banished from 
Athens by the clamorous populace. He retired 
to Elis, where he determined to revenge the ill 
treatment he had received from his countrymen, I 
by making a statue which should eclipse the 
fame of that of Minerva. He was successful 
in the attempt; and the statue he made of Ju- 
piter Olympius was always reckoned the best 
of all his pieces, and has passed for one of the 
wonders of the world. The people of Elis 
were so sensible of his merit, and of the honour 
he had done to their city, that they appointed 
his descendants to the honourable office of keep- 
ing clean that magnificent statue, and of pre- 
serving it from injury. Paus. 9, c. 4. — Cic. dc 
Orat.—Strab. S.—Qjiintil. 12, c. 10.— Pint, in 
Per. 
Phidile, a woman. Vid. Phidyle. 
Phidippides, a celebrated courier, who ran 



1 from Athens to Lacedasmon, about 152 English 
! miles, in two days, to ask of the Lacedemoni- 
ans assistance against the Persians. The Athe- 
nians raised a temple to his memory. Herodot. 
i 6, c. 105.— C. A'ep. in Milt. 

Phiditia, a public entertainment at Sparta, 
I where much frugality was observed as the word 
j (pucfirtet from <pii£cjua.t, parco), denotes. Per- 
: sens of all ages were admitted; the younger fre- 
| quented it as a school of temperance and so- 
[ briety, where they were trained to good man- 
i ners and useful knowledge, by the example and 
! discourse of the elders. Cic. Tus. 5, c. 34.— 
; Paus. 3, c. 10. 

i J HtDON, a man who enjoyed the sovereign 
! power at Argos, and is supposed to have in- 
vented scales and measures, and coined silver 
at iEgina. He died B.C. 854. Arist — He- 

rodot. 6, c. 12". An ancient legislator at 

Corinth. 

Phidyle, a female servant of Horace, to 
whom he addressed 3, od. 23. 

Phigalei, a people of Peloponnesus, near 
Messenia. They were naturally fond of drink- 
ing, and negligent of domestic affairs. Pans. 
; 8, c. 39. 

Phila, the eldest daughter of Antipater, 
who married Craterus. She afterwards mar- 
ried Demetrius, and when her husband had 
lost the kingdom of Macedonia, she poisoned 

herself. Plut. A town of Macedonia. Liv. 

42, c. 67, 1. 44, c. 2 and 34 An island 

called also Phla. 

Philadelphia, now JHah-sker, a town of 

Lydia. Plin. 5, c. 29. -Another in Cilicia. 

Arabia, Syria. 

Philadelphia, a king of Paphlagonia, who 

followed the interest of M. Antony. The 

surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of Egypt, 
by antiphrasis, because he destroyed all his bro- 
thers. Vid. Ptolemaeus 2d. 

PHiLiE, a town and island of Egypt, above 
the smaller cataract, but placed opposite Syene 
by Plin. 5, c. 9. Isis was worshipped there. 
Lucan. 10, v. 313. — Seneca. 2, JVa*. 4, c. 2. 
One of the Sporades. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

PHiLiENi, two brothers of Carthage. When 
a contest arose between the Cyreneans and 
Carthaginians, about the extent of their terri- 
tories, it was mutually agreed, that, at a stated 
hour, two men should depart from each city, 
and that wherever they met, there they should 
fix the boundaries of their country. The Philaeni 
accordingly departed from Carthage, and met 
the Cyreneans, when they had advanced far 
into their territories. This produced a quarrel, 
and the Cyreneans supported that the Philaeni 
had left Carthage before the appointment, and 
that therefore they must retire or be buried in 
the sand. The Philaeni refused, upon which 
they were overpowered by the Cyreneans, anS 
accordingly buried in the sand. The Cartha- 
ginians, to commemorate the patriotic deeds of 
the Philaeni who had sacrificed their lives that 
the extent of their country might not be di- 
minished, raised two altars on the place where 
their bodies had been buried, which they called 
Philcmorum arce. These altars were the boun- 
daries of the Carthaginian dominions, which en 

4 a 



PH 



PII 



the other side extended as far as the columns of 
Hercules, which is about 2000 miles, or accord- 
ing to the accurate observations of the moderns, 
only 1420 geographical miles. Sallust. de bell. 
Jug. 19 and 79. Sil. It- 15, v. 704. 

Phil-senis, or Phileris, a courtezan. Vid. 
Phileris. 

PhiljEUS, a son of Ajax by Lyside, the 
daughter of Coronus, one of the Lapithse. Mil- 
tiades, as some suppose, was descended from 

him. A son of Augeas, who upbraided his 

father for not granting what Hercules justly 
claimed for cleaning his stables. [Vid. Augeas.] 
He was placed upon his father's throne by Her- 
cules. Jlpollod. 2. 

Philammon, a celebrated musician, son of 

Apollo and Chione. \ man who murdered 

Arsinoe, and who was slain by her female at- 
tendants. 

Pi-iiLANTHcs, a son of Prolans of Elis, killed 
at the Olympic games. Paws. 5, c. 3. 

Philarchus, a hero who gave assistance to 
the Phocians when the Persians invaded Greece. 

Philemon, a Greek comic poet, contempo- 
rary with Menander. He obtained some poeti- 
cal prizes over* Menander, not so much by the 
merit of his compositions as by the intrigues 
of his friends. Plautus imitated some of his 
comedies. He lived to his 97th year, and died, 
as it is reported, of laughing, on seeing an ass 

eat figs, B. C. 274. His son, who bore the 

same name, wrote 54 comedies, of which some 
few fragments remain, which do not seem to 
entitle him to great rank among the Greek 
comic writers. Val. Max. 9, c. 12.— ^Quintil. 

10. — Pint, de ira. coh. — Strab. 14. A poor 

man of Phrygia. [Vid. Baucis] An ille- 
gitimate son of Priam. 

Philene, a town of Attica, between Athens 
and Tanagra. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 102. 

Phileris, an immodest woman, whom Phi- 
locrates (he poet lampooned. Marl. 7. 

Phileros, a town of Macedonia. Plin. 

Phile&ius, a leader of the 10,000 Greeks 
after the battle of Cunasa. 

Philetjerus, an eunuch made governor of 
Pergamus by Lysimachus. He quarrelled with 
Lysimachus, and made himself master of Per- 
gamus, where he. laid the foundations of a king- 
dom called the kingdom of Pergamus, B. C. 
283. Me reigned there for 20 years_, and at his 
death he appointed his nephew Eumenes as his 

successor. Strab. 13. — Paus. 1, c. 8. -A 

Cretan general who revolted from Seleucus, and 
was conquered, &c. Folycen. 4. 

Phii etas, a grammarian and poet of Cos, in 
the reign of king Philip, and of his son Alexan- 
der the Great. He was made preceptor to 
Ptolemy Philadelphu's. The elegies and epi- 
grams which he wrote have been greatly com- 
mended by the ancients, and some fragments 
of them are still preserved in Athena^us. He 
was so small and slender, according to the im- 
probable accounts of iElian, that he always 
carried pieces of lead in his pockets, to prevent 
being blown away by the wind. JElian. V. II. 
9, c. 14.— Ovid. Fast. 1, el. 5. Prcpert. 3, el. 
1. An historian. 

PiliLETlus, a faithful steward of Ulysses, who 



with Eumccus assisted him in destroying the 
suitors who had not only insulted the queen,, 
but wasted the property of the absent monarch- 
Homer. Od. 20, &c. 

Philidas, a friend of Pelopidas, who favour- 
ed the conspiracy formed to expel the Spartans 
from Thebes. He received the conspirators in 
his own house. 

Philides, a dealer in horses in the age of 
Themistocles, &c. Pint, in Them. 

Philinna, a courtezan, mother of Aridseus, 
by Philip the father of Alexander. 

Pkilinus, a native of Agrigentum, who fought 
with Annibal against the iiomans. He wrote a 
partial history of the Punic wars. C JVep. in 
Jlnnih. — Polyb. 

Philippei, or Philippi, certain pieces of 
money coined in the reign of Philip of Mace- 
donia, and with his image. Herat. 2, ep. 1, v. 
284.— Liv. 34, c. 52, i. 37, c. 59, 1. 39, c. 5 
and 7. 

Philippi, a town of Macedonia, anciently 
called DatoSy and situate at the east of the Stry- 
mon on a rising ground,' which abounds with 
springs and water. It was called Philippi, after 
Philip, king of Macedonia, who fortified it 
against the incursions of the barbarians of 
Thrace, and became celebrated' for two battles 
which were fought there in October B. C. 42, 
at the interval of -about 20 days, between Au- 
gustus and Antony, and the republican forces of 
Brutus and Cassius, in which the former ob- 
tained the victory. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 284. — 
Plin. 7, c. 45. — Flor. 4, c. 7. — Palerc 2, c. 7, 
&c. — Appian. 2, Cic bell. — Plut. in Anton. — 
Virg- G. 1, v. 490 — Suet. Aug. 3. 

Philipfides, a comic poet in Alexander's 
age. A courier, called also Phidippides. 

PhilippoPolis, a town of Thrace, near the 
Hebrus, built by Philip the father of Alex- 
ander. Liv. 39, c. 53, -Of Thessaly called 

Philippi. 

Philippus, 1st son of Argeus, succeeded his 
father on the throne of Macedonia, and reigned 

38 years, B. C. 40. The second of that 

name was the fourth son of Amyntas, king of 
Macedonia. He was sent to Thebes as an 
hostage by his father, where he learnt the art 
of war under Epaminondas, and studied with 
the greatest care the manners and the pursuits 
of the Greeks. He was recalled to Macedo- 
nia, and at the death of his brother Perdiccas, 
he ascended the throne as guardian and protec- 
tor of the youthful years of his nephew. His 
ambition, however, soon discovered itself, and 
he made himself independent. The valour of 
a prudent general, and the policy of an expe- 
rienced statesman, seemed requisite to ensure 
his power. The neighbouring nations, ridicu- 
ling the youth and inexperience of the new king 
of Macedonia, appeared in arms, but Philip 
soon convinced them of their error. Unable to 
meet them as yet in the field of battle, he sus- 
pended their fury by presents, and soon turned 
his arms against Amphipolis, a colony tributary 
to the Athenians. Amphipolis was conquered, 
and added to the kingdom of Macedonia, and 
Philip meditated no less than the destruction of 
a republic which had rendered itself so formi- 



PH 



PH 



£able to the rest of Greece, and had even claim- 
ed submission from the princes of Macedonia. 
His designs, however, were as yet immature, 
and before he could make Athens an object of 
conquest, the Thracians and the Illyrians de- 
manded his attention. He made himself mas- 
ter of a Thracian colony, to which he gave 
the name of Philippi, and from which he re- 
ceived the greatest advantages, on account of 
the golden mines in the neighbourhood. In the 
midst of his political prosperity, Philip did not 
neglect the honour of his family. He married 
Olympias, the daughter of Neoptolemus, king 
of the Molossi, and when some time after he be- 
came father of Alexander, the monarch, con- 
scious of the inestimable advantages which arise 
from the lessons, the example, and the conver- 
sation of a learned and virtuous preceptor, 
wrote a letter with his own hand to the philoso- 
pher Aristotle, and begged- him to retire from 
his usual pursuits, and to dedicate his whole 
time to the instruction of the young prince. 
Every thing seemed now to conspire to his ag- 
grandizement, and historians have observed, 
that Philip received in one day the intelligence 
of three tilings which could gratify the most 
unbounded ambition, and flatter the hopes of the 
most aspiring monarch: the birth of a son, an 
honourable crown at the Olympic games, and a 
victory over the barbarians of Iilyricum. But 
all these increased rather than satiated his am- 
bition; he declared his inimical sentiments 
against the power of Athens and the indepen- 
dence of all Greece, by laying siege to Oiyn- 
thus, a place, which on account of its situation 
and consequence, would prove most injurious to 
the interests of the Athenians, and most advan- 
tageous to the intrigues and military operations 
of every Macedonian prince. The Athenians, 
roused by the eloquence of Demosthenes, sent 
IT vessels and 2000 men to the assistance of 
Olynthus, but the money of Philip prevailed 
over all their efforts. The greatest part of the 
citizens suffered themselves to be bribed by the 
Macedonian gold, and Olynthus, surrendered to 
. the enemy, and was instantly reduced to ruins. 
His successes were as great in every part of 
Greece; he was declared head of the Am- 
phktyonic council, and was entrusted with the 
care of the sacred temple of Apollo at Delphi. 
If he was recalled to Macedonia, it was only to 
add fresh laurels to his crown, by victories over 
his enemies in Iilyricum and Thessaly. By as- 
suming the mask of a moderator and peace- 
maker, he gained confidence, and in attempting 
to protect the Peloponnesians against the en- 
croaching power of Sparta, he rendered his 
cause popular, and by ridiculing the insults that 
were offered to his person as he passed through 
Corinth, he displayed to the world his modem • 
tion and philosophic virtues. In his attempts to 
make himself master of Euboea, Philip was un- 
successful; and Phocion, who despised his gold 
as well as his meanness, obliged him to evacu- 
ate an island whose inhabitants were as insen- 
sible to the charms of money, as they were un- 
moved at the horrors of war, and the bold ef- 
forts of a vigilant enemy. From Euboea he 
tamed his arm? against the Scythians, but the 



advantages he obtained over this indigent na- 
tion were inconsiderable, and he again made 
Greece an object of plunder and rapine. He 
advanced far into Boeotia, and a general en- 
gagement was fought at Chaeronea'. The fight 
was long and bloody, but Philip obtained the 
victory. His behaviour after the battle reflects 
great disgrace upon him as a man, and as a 
monarch. In the hour of festivity, and during 
the entertainment which he had given to cele- 
brate the trophies he had won, Philip sallied 
from his camp, and with the inhumanity of a 
brute, he insulted the bodies of the slain, and 
exulted over the calamities of the prisoners of 
war. His insolence, however, was checked 
when Demades, one of the Athenian captives, 
reminded him of his meanness, by exclaiming, 
Why do you, King, act the part of a Thersites, 
when you can represent with so much dignity the 
elevated character of an Jlgamemnon. The re- 
proof was felt Demades received his liberty, 
and Philip learned how to gain popularity even 
among his fallen enemies, by relieving their 
wants and casing their distresses. At the bat- 
tle of Chaeronea the independence of Greece 
was extinguished; and Philip, unable to find 
new enemies in Europe, formed new enterprises, 
and meditated new conquests. He was nomi- 
nated general of the Greeks against the Per- 
sians, and was called upon as well from incli- 
nation as duty to revenge those injuries which 
Greece had suffered from the invasions of Da- 
rius, and of Xerxes. But he was stopped in the 
midst of his warlike preparations; he was stab- 
bed by Pausanias as he entered the theatre at 
the celebration of the nuptials of his daughter 
Cleopatra. This murder has given rise to 
many reflections upon the causes which pro- 
duced it, and many who consider the recent re- 
pudiation of Olympias, and the resentment of 
Alexander, are apt to investigate the causes of 
his death in the bosom of his family. The ri- 
diculous honours which Olympias paid to her 
husband's murderer strengthened the suspicion, 
yet Alexander declared that he invaded the 
kingdom of Persia to revenge his father's death 
upon the Persian satraps and princes, by whose 
immediate intrigues the assassination had been 
committed. The character of Philip is that of a 
sagacious, artful, prudent and intriguing mo- 
narch; he was brave in the field of battle, elo- 
quent and dissimulating a! home, and he possess- 
ed the wonderful art of changing his conduct ac- 
cording to thedisfjosition and caprice ofmankind, 
without ever altering his purpose, or losing sight 
of his ambitious aims. He possessed much perse- 
verance, and in the execution of his plans he 
was always vigorous. The hand of an assassin 
prevented him from achieving the boldest and 
most extensive of his undertakings, and he 
might have acquired as many laurels, and con- 
quered as many nations as his son Alexander 
did in the succeeding reign, and the kingdom of 
Persia might have been added to the Macedo- 
nian empire, perhaps with greater moderation, 
with more glory, and with more lasting advan- 
tages. The private character of Philip lies 
open to censure, and raises indignation. The 
admirer of his virtues is disgusted to find him 



PH 



PH 



among the most abandoned prostitutes, and dis- 
gracing himself by the most unnatural crimes 
and lascivious indulgences which can make even 
the most debauched and the most profligate to 
blush. He was murdered in the 47th year of 
his age, and the 24th of his reign, about 336 
years before the Christian era. His reign is 
become uncommonly interesting, and his ad- 
ministration a matter of instruction. He is the 
first monarch whose life and actions are de- 
scribed with peculiar accuracy and historical 
faithfulness. Philip was the father of Alexan- 
der the Great and of Cleopatra, by Olympias; 
he had also by Audaca, an II Syrian, Cyna, who 
married Amyntas the son of Perdiccas, Philip's 
elder brother; by Nicasipolis, a Thessalian, 
Nicaea, who married Cassander; by Philinna, 
a Larissean dancer, Aridaeus, who reigned 
some time after Alexander's death; by Cleopa- 
tra, the niece of Attalus, Caranus and Europa, 
who were both murdered by Olympias; and 
Ptolemy the first, king of Egypt, by Arsinoc, 
who in the first month of her pregnancy was 
married to Lagus. Demosth. in Phil. & Olynth. 
— Justin. 7, &c. — Diod. 16. — Plut. in Mex. 
Dem. & Jlpoph. — lsocrat. ad Phil. — Curt. 1, 

&c. — JEschines — Paus. — Bceotic. &c. The 

last king of Macedonia, of that name, was son 
of Demetrius. His infancy, at the death of his 
father, was protected by Antigonus, one of his 
friends, who ascended the throne, and reigned 
for 12 years with the title of independent mo- 
narch. When Antigonus died, Philip recovered 
his father's throne, though only fifteen years of 
age, and he early distinguished himself by his 
boldness and his ambitious views. His cruelty, 
however, to Aratus soon displayed his character 
in its true light, and to the gratification of 
every vice, and every extravagant propensity, 
he had <be meanness to sacrifice this faithful 
and virtuous Athenian. Not satisfied with the 
kingdom of Macedonia, Philip aspired to become 
the friend of Annibal, and wished to share with 
him the spoils which the distresses and continual 
loss of the Romans seemed soon to promise. 
But his expectations were frustrated, the Ro- 
mans discovered his intrigues, and though 
weakened by the valour and artifice of the Car- 
thaginian, yet they were soon enabled to meet 
him in the field of battle. The consul Laevinus 
entered without delay his territories of Macedo- 
nia, and after he had obtained a victory over 
him near Apollonia and reduced his fleet to 
ashe3, he compelled him to sue for peace. This 
peaceful disposition was not permanent, and 
when the Romans discovered that he had as- 
sisted their immortal enemy Annibal with 
men and money, they appointed T. Q. Flam- 
inius to punish his perfidy, and the violation of 
the treaty. The Roman consul, with his usual 
expedition, invaded Macedonia, and in a gene- 
ral engagement which was fought near Cyno- 
cephale, the hostile army was totally defeated, 
and the monarch saved his life with difficulty by 
flying from the field of battle. Destitute of re- 
sources, without friends either at home or 
abroad, Philip was obliged to submit to the 
mercy of the conqueror, and to demand peace 
by his ambassadors. It was granted with dif- 



ficulty, the terms were humiliating, but the po- 
verty of Philip obliged him to accept the condi- 
tions, however disadvantageous and degrading 
to bis dignity. In the midst of these public 
calamities, the peace of his family was disturb- 
ed ; and Perses, the eldest of his sons by a con- 
cubine, raised seditions against his brother De- 
metrius, whose condescension and humanity had 
gained popularity among the Macedonians, and 
who, from his residence at Rome, as an hostage, 
had gained the good graces of the senate, and 
by the modesty and innocence of his manners, 
had obtained forgiveness from that venerable 
body for the hostilities of his father. Philip 
listened with too much avidity to the false accu- 
sation of Perses; and when he heard it asserted 
that Demetrius wished to rob him of his crown, 
he no longer hesitated to punish with death so 
unworthy and so ungrateful a son. No sooner 
was Demetrius sacrificed to credulity than 
Philip became convinced of his cruelty and 
rashness, and to punish the perfidy of Perses, he 
attempted to make Antigonus, another son, his 
successor on the Macedonian throne. But he 
was prevented from executing his purpose by 
death, inthe42d year of his reign. 179 years be- 
fore the Christian era. The assassin of Deme- 
trius succeeded bis father, and with the same 
ambition, with the same rashness and oppres- 
sion, renewed the war against the Romans till 
his empire was destroyed and Macedonia be- 
came a Roman province. Philip has been 
compared with his great ancestor of the same 
name, but though they possessed the same vir- 
tues, the same ambition, and were tainted with 
the same vices, yet the father of Alexander was 
more sagacious and more intriguing, and the 
son of Demetrius was more suspicious, more 
cruel, and more implacable, and according 
to the pretended prophecy, of one of the Sibyls, 
Macedonia was indebted to one Philip for her 
rise and consequence among nations, and under 
another Philip she lamented the loss of her 
power, her empire and her dignity. Polyb. 16. 
&c. — Justin. 29, &c — Plut. in Flam. — Paus. 
7, c. 8. — Liv. 31, &c — Val Max. 4, c. 8. — 
Orosius. 4, c. 20.- M. Julius, a Roman empe- 
ror, of an obscure family in Arabia, from whence 
he was surnamed Arabian. From the lowest 
rank in the army he gradually rose to the high- 
est offices, and when he was made general of 
the pretorian guards, he assassinated Gor- 
dian to make himself emperor. To establish 
himself with more certainty on the imperial 
throne, he left Mesopotamia a prey to the con- 
tinual invasions of the Persians, and hurried to 
Rome, where his election was universally ap- 
proved by the senate and the Roman people. 
Philip rendered his cause popular by his li- 
berality and profusion, and it added much to 
his splendour and dignity, that the Romans 
during his reign commemorated the foundation 
of their city, a solemnity which was observed 
but once every hundred years, and which was 
celebrated with more pomp and more magnifi- 
cence than under the preceding reigns. The 
people were entertained with games and spec- 
tacles, the theatre of Pompey was successively 
crowded during three days and three nights, and 



PH 



PH 



2§0$ gladiators bled in the circus at once, for 
the amusement and pleasure of a gazing popu- 
lace. His usurpation, however, was short, Phi- 
lip was defeated by Decius, who had proclaim- 
ed himself emperor in Pannoma, and he was 
assassinated by his own soldiers near Verona, 
in the 45th year of his age, and the 5 th of his 
reign, A D. 249. His son, who bore the saoie 
name, and who had shared with him the imperial 
dignity, was also massarred in the arms of his 
mother. Young Philip was then in the 12th 
year of his age, and the Romans lamented in 
him the loss of rising talents, of natural hu- 
manity, and endearing virtues. Jiurd. — Vic- 
tor. — Zozim. A native of Acarnania, physi- 
cian to Alexander the Great. When the mo- 
narch had been suddenly taken ill, after bathing 
in the Cydnus, Philip undertook to remove the 
complaint, when the rest of the physicians be- 
lieved that all medical assistance would be in- 
effectual. But as he was preparing his medi- 
cine, Alexander received a letter from Parme- 
nio, in which he was advised to beware of his 
physician Philip, as he had conspired against his 
life. The monarch was alarmed, and when 
Philip presented him the medicine, he gave 
him Parmenio's letter to peruse, and began to 
drink the potion. The serenity and composure of 
Philip's countenance, as he read the letter, re- 
moved every suspicion from Alexander's breast, 
and he pursued the directions of his physician, 
and in a few days recovered. Plut. in AUz. — 

Curt- 3. — Jlrrim. 2. A son of Alexander the 

Great, murdered by order of Olympias. A 

governor of Sparta. A son of Cassander. 

A man who pretended to be the son of 

Perseus, that he might lay claim to the kingdom 
of Macedonia. He was called Pseudophilippus. 

A general of Cassander, in JEtolia A 

Phrygian, made governor of Jerusalem by An- 

tiochus, &c. A son of Herod the Great, in 

the reign of Augustus. A brother of Alex- 
ander the Great, called also Aridaeus. Vid. 

Aridaeus. A freed man of Ponipey the 

Great. He found his master's body deserted 
on the sea shore, in Egypt, and he gave it a de- 
cent burial, with the assistance of an old Roman 

soldier, who had fought under Pompey The 

father-in-law of the emperor Augustus. A 

Lacedaemonian who wished to make himself ab- 
solute in Thebes. An officer made master 

of Parthia, after the death of Alexander the 

Great. A king of part of Syria, son of An- 

tiochus Gryphus. A son of Antipater in the 

army of Alexander. A brother of Lysima- 

chus, who died suddenly after hard walking and 

labour. An historian of Amphipolis. A 

Carthaginian, &c. A man who wrote an 

history of Caria. A native of Megara, &c. 



-A native of Pamphylia, who wrote a dif- 
fuse history from the creation down to his own 
time. It was not much valued. He lived in 
the age of Theodosius 2d. 

Philiscus, a famous sculptor, whose statues 
of Latona, Venus, Diana, the Muses, and a 
naked Apollo, were preserved in the portico 

belonging to Octavia. A Greek comic 

poet. Plin. 11, c. 9. An Athenian who 

received Cicero when he fled to Macedonia. 



An officer of Artaxerxes, appointed to make 

peace with the Greeks. 

Philistion, a comic poet of Nicaea in the 

age of Socrates. Martial. 2, ep. 41. A 

physician of Locris. A Gell 7, c. -12. 

Philistus, a musician of Miletus — —A 
Syracusan, who during his banishment from his 
native country wrote an history of Sicily iu 12 
books, which was commended by some, tnough 
condemned for inaccuracy by Pausanias He 
was afterwards sent against the Syracusans by 
Dionysius the younger, and he killed himself 
when overcome by the enemy, 356 B. C. Plut. 
in Dion. — Diod. 13. 

Phillo, an Arcadian maid, by whom Her- 
cules had a son. The father, named Alcinie- 
don, exposed his daughter, but she was saved 
by means of her lover, who was directed to the 
place where she was doomed to perish, by the 
chirping of a magpie, which imitated the plain- 
tive cries of a child. Pans. 8, c. 12. 

Philo, a Jewish writer of Alexandria, A. D. 
40, sent as ambassador from his nation to Ca- 
ligula. He was unsuccessful in his embassy, of 
which he wrote an entertaining account; and the 
emperor, who wished to be worshipped as a god, 
expressed his dissatisfaction with the Jews, be- 
cause they refused to place his statues in their 
temple. He was so happy in his expressions, and 
elegant in his variety, that he has been called the 
Jewish Plato, and the book which he wrote on 
the sufferings of the Jews in the reign of Caius, 
met with such unbounded applause in the Ro- 
man senate, where he read it publicly, that he 
was permitted to consecrate it in the public 
libraries. — His works were divided into three 
parts, of which the first related to the creation 
of the world, the second spoke of sacred history, 
and in the third, the author made mention of 
the laws and customs of the Jewish nation. The 
best edition of Philo is that of Mangey, 2 vols. 

fol. London, 1742. A man who fell in love 

with his daughter called Proserpine, as she was 
bathing. He had by her a son, Mercurius Tris- 

megistus. A man who wrote an account of 

a journey to Arabia. A philosopher who 

followed the doctrines of Carneades, B. C. 100. 

Another philosopher of Athens, tutor to 

Cicero. A grammarian in the first century. 

An architect of Byzantium, who flourished 

about three centuries before the Christian era. 
He built a dock at Athens, where ships were 
drawn in safety, and protected from storms. 

Gic.inOrat. 1, c. 14. A Greek Christian 

writer, whose work was edited at Rome, 4to. 
1772. A dialectic philosopher, 260 B. C. 

Philoboi:otus, a mountain of Bceotia. Plut. 

Philochorcs, a man who wrote an history 
of Athens in 17 books, a catalogue of the ar- 
chons, two books of Olympiads, &c. He died 
B.C. 222. 

Philocles, one of the admirals of the Athe- 
nian fleet, during the Peloponnesian war. He 
recommended to his countrymen to cut off the 
right hand of such of the enemies as were taken, 
that they might be rendered unfit for service. 
His plan was adopted by all the 10 admirals 
except one; but their expectations were frus- 
trated, and instead of being conquerors, the? 



PH 



PH 



were totally defeated at /Egospotamos by Ly- 
sander, and Philocles, with 3000 of his country- 
men, was put to death, and denied the honours 

of a burial. Pint, in Lys. A general of 

Ptolemy, king of Egypt. -A comic pcet. 

Another, who wrote tragedies at Athens. 

Philocrates, an Athenian, famous for his 

treachery, &c. A writer who published an 

history of Thessaly. A servant of C. Grac- 
chus. A Greek orator. 

Philoctetes, a son of Poean and Demo- 
nassa, was one of the Argonauts according to 
Flaccus and Hyginus, and the arm-bearer and 
particular friend of Hercules. He was pre- 
sent at the death of Hercules, and because he 
had erected the burning pile on which the hero 
was consumed, he received from him the arrows, 
which had been dipped in the gall of the hydra, 
after he had bound himself by a solemn oath not 
to betray the place where his ashes were depo- 
sited. He had no sooner paid the last »ffices 
to Hercules, than he returned to Melibcea, 
where his father reigned. From thence he 
visited Sparta, where he became one of the 
numerous suitors of Helen, and soon after, like 
the rest of those princes, who had courted 
the daughter of Tyndarus, and who had bound 
themselves to protect her from injury, he was 
called upon by Menelaus to accompany the 
Greeks to the Trojan war, and he immediately 
set sail from Melibeea with seven ships, and re- 
paired to Aulis, the general rendezvous of the 
combined fleet. He was here prevented from 
joining his countrymen, and the offensive smell 
which arose from a wound in his foot, obliged 
the Greeks, at the instigation of Ulysses, to re- 
move him from the camp, and he was accord- 
ingly canied to the island of Lemnos, or as 
others say to Chryse, where Phimacus, the son 
of Dolophion, was ordered to wait upon him. 
In this solitary retreat he was suffered to re- 
main for some time, till the Greeks, on the 
tenth year of the Trojan war, were informed by 
the oracle that Troy could not be taken with- 
out the arrows of Hercules, which were then 
in the possession of Philoctetes. Upon this 
Ulysses, accompanied by Diomedes. or accord- 
ing to others by Pyrrhus, was commissioned by 
the rest of the Grecian army to go to Lemnos, 
and to prevail upon Philoctetes to come and 
finish the tedious siege. Philoctetes recollected 
the ill treatment he had received from the 
Greeks, and particularly from Ulysses, and 
therefore he not only refused to go to Troy, but 
he even persuaded Pyrrhus to conduct him to 
Meiiboea. As he embarked, the manes of Her- 
cules forbad him to proceed, but immediately 
to repair to the Grecian camp, where he should 
be cured of his wounds, and put an end to the 
war. Philoctetes obeyed, and after he had 
been restored to his former health by iEscula- 
pius, or according to some by Machaon, or 
Podaliris, be destroyed an immense number of 
the Trojan enemy, among whom was Paris, the 
son of Priam, with the arrows of Hercules, 
When by his valour Troy had been ruined, he 
9et sail from Asia, but as he was unwilling to 
visit his native country, he came to Italy, where 
by the assistance of his Thessalian followers, 



he was enabled to build a town in Calabria, 
which he called Petilia. Authors disagree about 
the causes of the wound which Philoctetes re- 
ceived on the foot. The most ancient inytho- 
logists support, that it was the bite of the" ser- 
pent which Juno had sent to torment him, be- 
cause he had attended Hercules in bis last mo- 
ments, and bad buried his ashes. According 
to another opinion, the princes of the Grecian 
army obliged him to discover where the ashes 
of Hercules were deposited, and as he had 
made an oath not to mention the place, he 
only with his foot struck the ground where they 
lay, and by this means concluded he had not 
violated his solemn engagement. For this, 
however, he was soon after punished, and the 
fall of one of the poisoned arrows from his 
quiver upon the foot which had struck the 
ground, occasioned so offensive a wound, that 
the Greeks were obliged to remove him from 
their camp. The sufferings and adveutures of 
Philoctetes are the subject of one of the best 
tragedies of Sophocles. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 46. 
— Pindar. Pyth. 1. — f.Hctys. Cret. 1, c. 14. — 
Ssnec- in Here — Sophocl. Pkil- — Quint. Calab. 
9 and 10 — Hygin. fab. 26, 97, and 102. — 
Diod. 2 and 4.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 329, I. 9, v. 
234. Trisl. 5, el. 2.— Cic. Tusc. c. 2.— Ptolem. 
Hccph. 6. 

Philocyprus, a prince of Cyprus in the age 
of Solon, by whose advice he changed the situa- 
tion of ibe city, which in gratitude be called 
Soli. Plut. in Sol. 

Philodamea, one of the Donaides, mother of 
Phares by Mercury. Pans. 7, c. 22. 

Philodemus, a poet in die age of Cicero. 
who rendered himself known by his lascivious 
and indelicate verses. Cic. de Finib. 2. — He- 
rat . 1, Sat. 2, v. 121.— — A comic poet, ridi- 
culed by Aristophanes.- 

Philodice, a daughter of Inachus, who mar- 
ried Leucippus. 

Philolaus, a son of Minos, by the nymph 
Paria, from whom the island of Paros received 
its name. Hercules put him to death, because 
he had killed two of his companions Jlpollod. 3, 

c. 1. A Pythagorean philosopher of Crotona, 

B. C. 374, who first supported the diurnal mo- 
tion of the earth round its axis, and its annual 
motion round the sun. Cicero in dead. 4, c. 
39, has ascribed this opinion to the Syracusan 
philosopher Nicetas, and likewise to Plato: and 
from this passage some suppose that Copernicus 
started the idea of the system which he after- 
wards established. Diog. — Cic. de Oral. 3. — 

Plut. A lawgiver of Thebes. He was a 

native of Corinth, and of the family of the 

Bacchiades, &c. Bristol. 2, Polit. cap. ult. 

A mechanic of Tarenlum A surname of 

iEsculapius, who had a temple in Laconia, near 
the Asopus. 

Philologus, a freed-man of Cicero. He 
betrayed his master to Antony, for which be 
was tortured by Pomponia, the wife of Cicero's 
brother, and obliged to cut off his own flesh by 
piece meal, and to boil and eat it up. Plut. in 
Cic. &c. 

Philomache, the wife of Pelias, king of 
Iolchos. According to some writers, she was 



PH 



PH 



daughter to Amphion, kiog of Thebes, though 
she is more generally called Anaxibia, daughter 
of Bias. Jipollod. 1. 

Philombrotus, an archon at Athens in 
whose age the state was entrusted to Solon, 
when torn by factions. Plut. in Sol. 

Philomedus, a man who made himself abso- 
lute in Phocaea, by promising to assist the in- 
habitants. Poiyan. 

Philomela, a daughter of Pandion, king of 
Athens, and sister to r'rocne, who had married 
Tereus king of Thrace. Procne, separated 
from, Philomela, to whom she was particularly 
attached, spent her time in great melancholy, 
till she prevailed upon her husband to go to 
Athens, and bring her sister to Thrace. Tere- 
us obeyed his wife's injunctions, but he had no 
sooner obtained Pandioirs permission to conduct 
Philomela to Thrace, than he became enamour- 
ed of her, and resolved to gratify his passion. 
He dismissed the guards,, whom the suspicions 
of Pandion had appointed to watch his conduct, 
and he offered violence to Philomela, and 
afterwards cut off her tongue, that she might 
not be able to discover his barbarity, and the 
indignities which she had suffered. He con- 
fined her also in a lonely castle, and after he 
had taken every precaution to prevent a dis- 
covery, he returned to Thrace, and he told 
Procne that Philomela had died by the way, 
and that he had paid the last offices to her re- 
mains. Procne, at this sad intelligence, put on 
mourning for the loss of Philomela; but a year 
had scarcely elapsed before she was secretly in- 
formed that her sister was not dead. Philomela, 
during her captivity, described on a piece of 
tapestry her misfortunes and the brutality of 
Tereus, and privately conveyed it to Procne. 
She was then going to celebrate the orgies of 
Bacchus when she received it; she disguised her 
resentment, and as during the festivals of the 
god of wine, she was permitted to rove about 
the country, she hastened to deliver her sister 
Philomela from her confinement, and she con- 
certed with her on the best measures of punish- 
ing the cruelty of Tereus. She murdered her 
son Itylus, who was in the sixth year of his 
age, and served him up as food beforeher hus- 
band during the festival. Tereus in the midst 
of his repast, called for Itylus, but Procne im- 
mediately informed him, that he was then 
feasting on his flesh, and that instant Philomela, 
by throwing on the table the head of Itylus, 
convinced the monarch of the cruelty of the 
scene. He drew his sword to punish Procne 
and Philomela, but as be was going to stab 
them to the heart, he was changed into a hoopoe, 
Philomela into a nightingale, Procne into a 
swallow, and Itylus into a pheasant. This tra- 
gical scene happened at Daulis in Phocis; but 
Pausanias and Strabo, who mention the whole 
of the story, are silent about the transformation; 
and the former observes that Tereus, after this* 
bloody repast, fled to Mcgara, where he destroy- 
ed himself. The inhabitants of the place raised 
a monument to his memory, where they offered 
yearly sacrifices, and placed small pebbles in- 
stead of barley. It was on this monument that 
the birds called hoopoes were first seen; hence 



the fable of his metamorphosis. Procne and 
Philomela died through excess of grief and 
melancholy; and as the nightingale's and swal- 
low's voice is peculiarly plaintive and mournful, 
the poets have embellished the fable, by sup- 
posing that the two unfortunate sisters were 
changed into birds. Jipollcd. 3, c. 14. — Puus. 
1, c. 42, 1. 10, c. 4.— Hygin. fab. 45.— Strab. 
9.^-Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 9 and 10.— Virg. G. 

4, v. 15 and 511. A daughter of Actor, 

king of the Myrmidons. 

Phjlomelum, a town of Phrygia. Cic. ad 
Attic 5, ep. 20 in Verr. 3, c. 83. 

Philomelus, a general of Phocis, who 
plundered ihe temple of Delphi, and died B. C. 

354. [Fid. Phocis. j A rich musician. Mart. 

4, ep. 5. 

Philon, a general of some Greeks, who set- 
tled in Asia. Diod. 18. 

Philonides, a courier of Alexander, who 
ran from Sicyon to Elis, 160 miles, in nine 
hours, and returned the same journey in 15 
hours. Plin. 2, c. 71. 

Philonis, a name of Chione, daughter of 
Daedalion, made immortal by Diana. 

Philonoe, a daughter of Tyndarus, king of 
Sparta, by Leda, daughter of Thestius. Jipol- 

lod. A daughter of iobates, king of Lycia, 

who married Beilerophou., Id. 2. 

Piulonome, a daughter of Nyctimus, king 
of Arcadia, who threw into the Erymanthus two 
children whom she had by Mars. The children 
were preserved, and afterwards ascended their 

grandfather's throne. Plut. in Per. The 

second wife of Cycnus, the son of "Neptune. 
She became enamoured of Tennes, her hus- 
band's son by his first wife, Proclea, the daugh- 
ter of Clytius; and when he refused to gratify 
her passion, she accused him of attempts upon 
her virtue. Cycnus believed the accusation, 
and ordered Tennes to be thrown into the sea, 
&c. Pans. 10, c. 14. 

Philonomus, a son of Electryon, king of 
Mycenae by Anaxo. Jlpollod. 2. 

Philonus, a village of Egypt. Strab. 
Philopator, a surname of one of the Pto- 
lemies, king of Egypt. [Vid. Ptolemaeus.] 

Philophron, a general, who with 5000 sol- 
diers defended Pelusium against the Greeks 
who invaded Egypt. Diod. 16. 

Philopoemen, a celebrated general of the 
Achaean league, born at Megalopolis. His fa- 
ther's name was Grangis. His education was 
begun and finished under Cassander, Ecdemus^ 
and Demophanes; and he early distinguished 
himself in the field of battle, and appeared 
fond of agriculture and a country life. He 
proposed himself Epaminondas for a model, and 
he was not unsuccessful in imitating the pru- 
dence and the simplicity, the disintercstcdness- 
and activity of this famous Thcban. When Me- 
galopolis was attacked by the Spartans, Philopoe- 
men, then in the 30th year of his age, gave the 
most decisive proofs of his valour and intrepi- 
dity. He afterwards assisted Antigonus, and 
was present in the famous battle in which the 
iEtolians were defeated. Raised to the rank 
of chief commander, he showed his ability to 
discharge that important trust, by killing with 



PH 



PH 



his own hand Mechanidas, the tyrant of Sparta; 
and if he was defeated in a naval battle by 
Nabis, he soon after repaired his losses by 
taking the capital of Laconia, B, C. 188, and 
by abolishing the iawsof Lycurgus, which had 
flourished there for such a length of time. 
Sparta, after its conquest, became tributary to 
the Achaeans, and Philopcemen enjoyed the 
triumph of having reduced co ruins one of the 
greatest and the most powerful of the cities of 
Greece. Some time after, the Messenians re- 
volted from the Achaean league, and Philopoe-' 
men, who headed the Achaeans, unfortunately 
fell from his horse, and was dragged to the 
enemy's camp. Dinocrates, the general of the 
Messeuians, treated him with great severity; he 
was thrown into a dungeon, and obliged to drink 
a dose of poison. When he received the cup 
from the hand of the executioner, Philopcemen 
asked him how his countrymen had behaved in 
the field of battle; and when he heard that 
they had obtained the victory, he drank the 
whole with pleasure, exclaiming, that this was 
comfortable news. The death of Philopcemen, 
which happened about 183 jears before the 
Christian era, in his 70th year, was universally 
lamented; and the Achaeans, to revenge his 
death, immediately marched to Messenia, where 
Diuocrates, to avoid their resentment, killed 
himself The rest of his murderers were drag- 
ged to bis tomb, where they were sacrificed; 
and the people of Megalopolis, to show farther 
their great sense of his merit, ordered a bull to 
be yearly offered on his tomb, aud hymns to be 
sung in his praise, and his actions to be celebra- 
ted in a panegyrical oration. He had also 
statues raised to his memory, which some of the 
Romans attempted to violate, and to destroy, to 
no purpose, when Mummius took Corinth. 
Philopoernen has been justly called by his coun- 
trymen the last of the Greeks. Plut. in vita. 

— Justin. 32, c. 4 — Polyb. A native of 

Pergamus, who died B. C. 138. 

Philostratus, a famous sophist, born at 
Lemuos, or, according to some, at Athens. He 
came to Rome, where he lived under the pa- 
tronage of Julia, the wife of the emperor Se- 
verus, and he was entrusted by the empress with 
all the papers which contained some account, 
or anecdotes of Apollonius Thyanaeus, and he 
was ordered to review them, and with them to 
compile an history. The life of Apollonius is 
written with elegance, but the improbable ac- 
counts, the fabulous stories, and exaggerated 
details which it gives, render it disgusting 
There is, besides, another treatise remaining of 
his writings, &c. He died A. D. 244. The 
best edition of his writings is that of Olearius, 

fol. Lips. 1709. His nephew, who lived in 

the reign of Heliogabalus, wrote an account of 

sophists. A philosopher, in the reign of 

Nero. Another in the age of Augustus. 

Pihlotas, a son of Parmenio, distinguished 
in the battles of Alexander, and at last accused 
of conspiring against his. life. He was tortured 
and stoned to death, or, according to some, 
stuck through with darts, by the soldiers, B. C. 

330. Curt. 6, c. 11,— Plut.—Jlrrian. 'An 

officer in the army of Alexander. — —Another 



who was made master of Cilicia, after Alex- 
ander's death.- A physician in the age of 

Antony. He ridiculed the expenses and the 
extravagance of this celebrated Roman. Plut. 
Philotera, the mother of Mylo, &c. Po- 
lyten. 8. 

Philotimus, a freed-man of Cicero. Cic. 
ad Dm. 3, c. 9. 

Philotis, a servant maid at Rome, who 
saved her countrymen from destruction. After 
the siege of Rome by the Gauls, the Fidenates 
assembled an army under the command of Lucius 
Posthumius, and marched against the capital, 
demanding all the wives and daughters in the 
city, as the conditions of peace. This extra- 
ordinary demand astonished the senators, and 
when they refused to comply, Philotis advised 
them to send all their female slaves disguised 
in matron's clothes, and she offered to march 
herself at the head. Her advice was followed, 
and when the Fidenates had feasted late in the 
evening, and were quite intoxicated, and fallen 
asleep, Philotis lighted a torch as a signal for 
her countrymen to attack the enemy The 
whole was successful; the Fidenates were con- 
quered, and the senate to reward the fidelity of 
(he female slaves, permitted them to appear in 
the dress of the Roman matrons. Plut. in 
Rom. — Varro. de L. L. 5. — —Ovid, de Art. 
Jim. 2. 

Philoxenus, an officer of Alexander, who 
received Cilicia at the general division of the 

provinces A son of Ptolemy, who was given 

to Pelopidas as an hostage. A dithyrambic 

poet of Cythera, who enjoyed the favour of 
Dionysius, tyrant of Sicily, for some time, till 
he offended him by seducing one of his female 
singers. During his confinement, Philoxenus 
composed an allegorical poem, called Cyclops, 
in which he had delineated the character of the 
tyrant under the name of Polyphemus, and re- 
presented his mistress under the name of Ga- 
lalaea, and himself under that of Ulysses. The 
tyrant, who was fond of writing poetry, and of 
being applauded, removed Philoxenus from his 
dungeon, but the poet refused to purchase his 
liberty, by saying things unworthy of himself, 
and applaud-ng the wretched verses of Dionysius, 
and therefore he was sent to the quarries. 
When he was asked his opinion at a feast about 
some verses which Dionysius had just repeated, 
aud which the courtiers had received with the 
greatest applause, Philoxenus gave no answer, 
but he ordered the guards that surrounded the 
tyrant's table, to take him back to the quarries. 
Dionysius was pleased with his pleasantry and 
with his firmness, and immediately forgave him. 
Philoxenus died at Ephesus, about 380 years 

before Christ. Plut. A celebrated musician 

of Ionia. A painter of Eretria, who made 

for Cassander an excellent representation of the 
battle of Alexander with Darius. He was pu- 
pil to Nicomachus. Plin. 31, c. 10. .A 

philosopher, who wished to have the neck of a 
crane, that he might enjoy the taste of his ali- 
ments longer, and with more pleasure. Jlrist. 
eth. 3. 

Phillyllitjs, a comic poet. Alhtn. 

Philyra, one of the Oceanides, who was met 



PH 



PH 



by Saturn in Thrace. The god, to escape from 
the vigilance of Rhea, changed himself into a 
hdrse, to enjoy the company of Pbilyra, by whom 
he had a son, half a man and half a horse, called 
Chiron. Philyra was so ashamed of giving 
birth to such a monster, that she entreated the 
gods to change ber nature. She was metamor- 
phosed into the linden tree, called by her name 

among the Greeks. Hygin. fab. 138. The 

wife of Nauplius. 

Philtres, a people near Pontus. 

Philyrides, a patronymic of Chiron, the 
son of Philyra. Ovid. Jlrt. Jtm.—Virg. G. 3, 
v. 550. 

Phineus, a son of Agenor, king of Phoe- 
nicia, or according to some of Neptune, who be- 
came king of Thrace, or, as the greater part of 
the mycologists support, of Bithyuia. He mar- 
ried Cleopatra the daughter of Boreas, whom 
some cull Cleobula, by whom- he bad Plexippus 
and Pandion. After the death of Cleopatra, he 
married ldsea, the daughter of Dardanus. Idaea, 
jealous of Cleopatra's children, accused them 
of attempts upon the r father's life and crown, 
or, according to some, of attempts upon her vir- 
tue, and they were ioimediately condemned by 
Phineus to be deprived of their eyes. This 
cruelty was soon after punished by the gods; 
Phineus suddenly became blind, and the Har- 
pies were sent by Jupiter to keep him under- 
continual alarm, and to spoil the meats which 
were placed on his table. He was some time 
after delivered from these dangerous monsters 
by his brothers-in-law, Zetes and Calais, who 
pursued them as far as the Strophades. He 
also recovered his sight by means of the Argo- 
nauts, whom he had received with great hospi- 
tality, and instructed in the easiest and speediest 
way by which they could arrive in Colchis. 
The causes of the blindness of Phineus are a 
matter of dispute among the ancients, some sup- 
posing that this was inflicted by Boreas, for his 
cruelty to his grandson, whilst others attribute 
it to the anger of Neptune, because he had di- 
rected the sons of Phryx'.»s how to escape from 
Colchis to Greece. Many, however, think that 
it proceeded from his having rashly attempted 
to develope futurity, while others assert that 
Zetes and Calais put out his eyes on account of 
bis cruelty to their nephews. The second wife 
of Phineus is called by some Dia, Eurytia, Da- 
nae, and Idothea.i Phineus was killed by Her- 
cules. Jirg. 2.—«1pollnd. 1. c 9, I 3, c. 15. 
— Diod. 4. — Hygin. fab. 19. — Orpheus. — 

Flacc. The brother of Cepheus, king of 

/Ethiopia. He was going to marry his niece 
Andromeda, when her father Cepheus was 
obliged to give her up to be devoured by a sea 
monster, to appease the resentment of Neptune 
She was, however, delivered by Perseus, who 
married her by the consent of her parents, for 
having destroyed the sea monster. This mar- 
riage displeased Phineus; he interrupted the 
ceremony, and with a number of attendants at- 
tacked Perseus and his friends. Perseus de- 
fended himself, and turned into stone Phineus, 
and his companions, by showing them the Gor- 
gon's head. Jlpollod. 2, c. 1 and 4. — Ovid. 
Met. 5, fab. 1 and 2.— Hygin. fab. 64. A 



son of Melas. A son of Lycaon, king of Ar- 
cadia. A son of Belus and Anchinoe. 

Phinta, a king of Messenia, &c. Paws. 
4, c 4. 

Phinthias, a fountain where it is" said no- 
thing could sink. Plin. 31, c. 2. 

Phintia, a town of Sicily, at the mouth of 
the Himera. Cic. in Verr. 3, c. 83. 

"Phintias, called also Pithias, Piathias, and 
Phytias, a man famous for his unparalleled 
friendship for Damon. [_Vid. Damon.] Cic. 

de.off. 3, c 10. Tnsc. 5, c 22.— Diod. 6. , 

A tyrant of Agrigentum, B. C. 282. 

Phinto, a small island between Sardinia and 
Corsica, now Figo. 

Phla, a small island in the lake Tritonis. 
Herodot 4, c. 178. 

Phlegelas, an Indian king beyond the Hy- 
daspes, who surrendered to Alexander. Curt. 
9, c- 1. 

Phlegethon, a river of bell, whose waters 
were burning, as the word <p\iytd-a>. from 
which the name is derived, seems to indicate. 
Virg. JEn. 6, v. 550.— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 532. 
— Senec. in Hipp. — Sil. 13, v. 564. 

Phlegias, a man of Cyzicus, when the Ar- 
gonauts visited it, &c. Flacc. 

Phlegon, a native of Tralles in Lydia, one 
of the emperor Adrian's freed-men. He wrote 
different treatises on the long lived, on wonder- 
ful things, besides an historical account of Si- 
cily, sixteen books on the olympiads, an account 
of the principal places in Rome, three books of 
fasti, &c. Of these some fragments remain. 
His style was not elegant, and he wrote without 
judgment or precision. His works have been 

edited by Meursius, 4to L. B>t 1620. One 

of the horses of the sun. The word signifies 
burning. Ovid. Met. 2. 

PlILEGRA, or PHLEGRiETTS CAMPUS, a place 

of Macedonia, afterwards called Pallene, where 
the giants attacked the gods and were defeated 
by Hercules. The combat was afterwards re- 
newed in Italy, in a place of the same name 
near Cumae. ' Sil. 8, v. 538. I. 9, v. 305. — 
Strab. 5. — Diod 4 and 5.— Ovid. Met. 10, v. 
J 351, 1. 12, v. 378, 1. 15, v. 532.— Stat. 5, Sylv. 
I 3, v. 196. 

Phiegy.<e, a people of Thesssaly. Some 
I authors place them in Boeotia. They received 
j their name from Phlegyas the son of Mars, 
j with whom they plundered and burned the tem- 
ple of Apollo at Delphi. Few of them escaped 
to Phocis, where he settled. / J «tis. 9, c. 36. 
—Homer. II. 13, v. 301.— Strab. 9. 

Phlegyas, a son of Mars by Chryse, daugh- 
ter of Halmus, was kiug of the Lapithaj in 
Thessaly. He was father of Ixion and Coro- 
nis, to whom Apollo offered violence. When 
the father heard that his daughter had been so 
wantonly abused, he marched an army against 
Delphi, and reduced the temple of the god to 
ashes. This was highly resented; Apollo killed 
Phlegyas and placed him in hell, where a huge 
stone hangs over his head, and keeps him in 
continual alarms, by its appearance of falling 
every moment Pans. 9, c 36. — Apollod. 3, c. 
5. — P'vnd. Pyth. 3. — Ovid. Met. 5 ; y. 87. — 
Servius ad Virg.JEn. 6, v. 618. 
4 u 



PH 



FH 



Phlias, one of the Argonauts, son of Bac- 
chus and Ariadne. Paus. 2, c. 12. 

Phliasia, a country of Peloponnesus, near 
Sicyon, of which Phlius was the capital. 

Phlius, (gen. untis,) a town in Peloponne- 
sus, now Slaphlica, in the territory of Sicyon. 

Another in Elis. Another in Argolis, 

now Drepano. 

Phlceus, a surname of Bacchus, expres- 
sive of his youth and vigour. Plut. in Symp. 
5, qu. 8. 

Phobetor, one of the sons of Somnus, and 
his principal minister. His office was to assume 
the shape of serpents and wild beasts, to inspire 
terror in the minds of men, as his name inti- 
mates (<j>o/2so>). The other two ministers of 
Somnus were Phantasia and Morpheus. Ovid. 
Met, 11, v. 640. 

Phobos, son of Mars, and god of terror 
among the ancients, was represented with a 
lion's head, and sacrifices were otfered to him 
to deprecate his appearance in armies. Plut. 
in erot. 

Phocjsa, now Fochia, a maritime town of 
Ionia, in Asia Minor, with two harbours, be- 
tween Cumae and Smyrna, founded by an Athe- 
nian colony. It received its name from Pho- 
cus, the leader of the colony, or from (phoca) 
sea calves, which are found in great abundance 
in the neighbourhood. The inhabitants, called 
Phoccei and Phoceoznses, were expert mariners, 
and founded many cities in different parts of 
Europe. They left Ionia, when Cyrus attempt- 
ed to reduce them under his power, and they 
came after many adventures into Gaul, where 
they founded Massilia, now Marseilles. The 
town of Marseilles is often distinguished by the 
epithet of Phocaica, and its inhabitants called 
Phoceeenses. Phocaaa was declared independent 
by Pompey, and under the first emperors of 
Rome it became one of the most flourishing 
cities of Asia Minor. Liv. 5, c. 34, 1. 37, c. 
31, 1. 3S, c. 39.— Mela, .1, c 17.— Paus. 7, c 
3. — Herodot. I, v. 165.— Strab. 14. — Horat. 
epod. 16.— (W. Met. 6, v. 9.— Plin. 3, c 4. 

Piiocenses and PhocTci, the inhabitants of 
Phocis in Greece. 

Phocilides, a Greek poet and philosopher 
of Miletus, about 540 years before the Chris- 
tian era. The poetical piece now extant call- 
ed vovd-iTiKov, and attributed to him, is not of 
his composition, but of another poet who lived 
in the reign of Adrian. 

Phocion, an Athenian, celebrated for his 
virtues, private as well as public. He was edu- 
cated in the school of Plato, and of Xenocrates, 
and as soon as he appeared among (he states- 
men of Athens, he distinguished himself by his 
prudence and moderation, his zeal for the pub- 
lic good, and his military abilities. He often 
checked the violent and inconsiderate measures 
of Demosthenes, and when the Athenians seem- 
ed eager to make war against Philip, king of 
Macedonia, Phocion observed that war should 
never be undertaken without the strongest and 
most certain expectations of victory and success. 
'When Philip endeavoured to make himself 
master of Euboea, Phocion stopped his progress, 
and soon obliged him to relinquish his enter- 



prise. During the time of his administration 
he was always inclined to peace, though he ne- 
ver suffered his countrymen to become indolent, 
and to forget the jealousy and rivalship of their 
neighbours. He was 45 times appointed go- 
vernor of Athens, and no greater encomium cau 
be passed upon his talents as a minister and 
statesman, than that he never solicited that high, 
though dangerous office. In his rural retreat, 
or at the head of the Athenian armies, he 
always appeared barefooted, and without a 
cloak, whence one of bis soldiers had occasion 
to observe, when he saw him dressed more 
warmly than usual during a severe winter, that 
since Phocion wore his cloak, it was a sign of 
the most inclement weather. If he was the 
friend of temperance and discipline, he was not 
a less brilliant example of true heroism. Phi- 
lip, as well as his son Alexander, attempted to 
bribe him, but to no purpose; and Phocioa 
boasted in being one of the poorest of the Athe- 
nians, and in deserving the appellation of tke 
Good. It was through him that Greece was 
saved from an impending war, and he advised 
Alexander rather to turn his arms against Per- 
sia, than to shed the blood of the Greeks, wh» 
were either his allies or his subjects. Alexan- 
der was so sensible of his merit, and of his in- 
tegrity, that he sent him 100 talents from the 
spoils which he had obtained from the Persians; 
but Phocion was too great to suffer himself to 
be bribed: and when the conqueror had at- 
tempted a second time to oblige him, and to 
conciliate his favour, by offering him the go- 
vernment and possession of live cities, the 
Athenian rejected the present with the same 
indifference, and with the same independent 
mind. But not totally to despise the favours of 
the monarch, he begged Alexander to restore 
to their liberty four slaves that were confined in 
the citadel of Sardis. Antipater, who suc- 
ceeded in the government of Macedonia after 
the death of Alexander, also attempted to cor- 
rupt the virtuous Athenian, but with the same 
success as his royal predecessor; and wben a 
friend had observed to Phocion, that if be 
could so refuse the generous offers of his pat- 
rons, yet he should consider the good of his 
children, and accept them for their sake, Pho- 
cion calmly replied, that if his children were 
like him, they could maintain themselves as 
well as their father had done; but if they be- 
haved otherwise, he declared that he was un- 
willing to leave them any thing which might 
either supply their extravagances, or encou- 
rage their debaucheries. But virtues like these 
could not long stand against the insolence and 
fickleness of an Athenian assembly. When the 
Piraeus was taken, Phocion was accused of 
treason, and therefore, to avoid the public in- 
dignation, be fled for safety to Polyperchon. 
Polyperchon sent him back to Athens, where 
he was immediately condemned to drink the 
fatal poison. He received the indignities of the 
people with uncommon composure; and when 
one of his friends lamented his fate, Phocion 
exclaimed, This is no more than what I expect- 
ed; this treatment the most illustrious citizens of 
Athens have received before me. He took the 



PH 



PI! 



♦ tp vulh the greatest serenity of mind, and as 
lie drank the fatal draught, he prayed for the 
prosperity of Athens, and hade his friends to 
teil his soil Phocus not to remember the indig- 
nities which his father had received from the 
Athenians. He died about 318 years before 
the Christian era. His body was deprived of 
a funeral by order of the ungrateful Athenians, 
and if it was at last interred, it was by stealth, 
under a hearth, by the hand of a woman who 
placed this inscription over his bones: Keep in- 
violate, sacred hearth, the precious remains of 
a good man, till a belter day restores them to the 
monuments of their forefathers, when Jlthens 
shall be delivered of her frenzy, and shall be 
more wise. It has been observed of Phocion^ 
that he never appeared elated in prosperity, or 
dejected in adversity, he never betrayed pusil- 
lanimity by a tear, or joy by a smile. His 
countenance was stern and unpleasant, but he ne- 
ver behaved with severity, his expressions were 
mild, and his rebukes gentle. At the age of 
80 be appeared at the Athenian armies like the 
most active officer, and to his prudence and 
eool valour in every period of life his citizens 
acknowledged themselves much indebted. His 
merits were not buried in oblivion, the Athe- 
nians repented of their ingratitude, and honour- 
ed his memory by raising him statues, and put- 
ting to a cruel death his guilty accusers. Plut. 
& G. A"ep. in vitd—Diod. 16. 

Phocis, a country of Greece, bounded on 
the east by Boeotia, and by Locris on the west. 
It originally extended from the bay of Corinth 
to the sea of Eubcea, and reached on the north 
as far as Thermopylae, but its boundaries were 
afterwards more contracted. Phocis received 
its name from Phocus, a son of Ornytion, who 
settled there. The inhabitants were called 
Phocenses, and from thence the epithet of 
Phocus was formed. Parnassus was the most 
celebrated of the mountains of Phocis, and 
Delphi was the greatest of its towns. Phocis is 
rendered famous for a war which it maintained 
against some of the Grecian republics, and 
.which has received the name of the Phocian 
war. This celebrated war originated in the 
following circumstances; — When Philip, king 
of Macedonia, had by his intrigues, and well 
concerted policy, fomented divisions in Greece, 
and disturbed the peace of every republic, the 
Greeks universally became discontented in their 
situation, fickle in their resolutions, and jealous 
of the prosperity of the neighbouring states. 
The Amphictyons, who were the supreme 
rulers of Greece, and who at that time were 
subservient to the views of the Thebans, the 
inveterate enemies of the Phocians, showed the 
same spirit of fickleness, and like the rest of 
their countrymen, were actuated by the same 
fears, the same jealousy and ambition. As the 
supporters of religion, they accused the Phocians 
of impiety fur ploughing a small portion of 
land which belonged to the god of Delphi. They 
immediately commanded, that the sacred field 
should be laid waste, and that the Phocians, to 
expiate their crime, should pay a heavy fine to 
the community. The inability of the Phocians 
to pay the fine, and that of the Amphictyons to 



enforce their commands by violence, gave um 
to new events. The people of Phocis were 
roused by the eloquence and the popularity of 
Philomelus, one of their countrymen, and when 
this ambitious ringleader had liberally contri- 
buted the great riches he possessed to the good 
of his countrymen, they resolved to oppose the 
Amphyctyonic council by force of arms. He 
se*ized the rich temple of Delphi, and employed 
the treasures it contained to raise a mercenary 
army. During two years hostilities were car- 
ried on between the Phocians and their enemies, 
the Thebans and the people of Locris, but no 
decisive battles were fought; and it can only 
be observed, that the Phocian prisoners were 
always put to an ignominious death, as guilty 
of the most abominable sacrilege and impiety, 
a treatment which was liberally retaliated on 
such of the army of the Amphictyons as became 
the captives of the enemy. ■ The defeat, how- 
ever, and death of Philomelus, for a while 
checked their successes; but the deceased gene- 
ral was soon succeeded in the command by his 
brother called Onomarchus, his equal in bold- 
ness and ambition, and his superior in activity 
and enterprise, Onomarehus rendered his cause 
popular. The Thessalians joined his army, and 
the neighbouring states observed at least a 
strict neutrality, if they neither opposed nor fa- 
voured his arms. Philip of Macedonia, who 
had assisted the Thebans, was obliged to retire 
from the field with dishonour, but a more suc- 
cessful battle was fought near Magnesia, and 
the monarch, by crowning the head of his-sol- 
diers with laurel, and telling them that they 
fought in the cause of Delphi and heaven, ob- 
tained a complete victory. Onomarehus was 
slain, and his body exposed on a gibbet; 6000 
shared his fate, and their bodies were thrown 
into the sea, as unworthy of funeral honours, 
and 3000 were taken alive. This fatal defeat, 
however, did not ruin the Phocians: Phayllus, 
the only surviving brother of Philomelus, took 
the command of their armies, and doubling the 
pay of his soldiers, be encreased his forces by 
the addition of 9000 men from Athens, Lace- 
daemon, and Achaia. But all this numerous 
force at last proved ineffectual, the treasures of 
the temple of Delphi, which had long defrayed 
the expenses of the war, began to fail, dissentions 
arose among the ringleaders of Phocis, and 
when Philip had crossed the straits of Ther- 
mopylae, the Phocians relying on his generosity, 
claimed his protection, and implored him to 
plead their cause before the Amphictyonic 
council. His feeble intercession was not at- 
tended with success, and the Thebans, the Lo« 
crians, and the Thessalians, who then composed* 
the Amphictyonic council, unanimously decreed 
that the Phocians should be deprived of the 
privilege of sending members among the Am- 
phictyons. Their arms and their horses were 
to be sold for the benefit of Apollo, they were 
to pay the annual sum of 60,000 talents, till 
the temple of Delphi had been restored to its 
ancient splendour and opulence; their cities 
were to be dismantled, and reduced to distinct 
villages, which were to contain no more than 
sixty houses each, at the distance of a furlong 



PH 



PH 



from one another, and all the privileges and 
immunities of which they were stripped, were 
to be conferred on Philip, king of Macedonia, 
for his eminent services in the prosecution of 
the Phocian war. The Macedonians were 
ordered to put these cruel commands into exe- 
cution. The Phocians were unable to make 
resistance, and teu years after they had under- 
taken the sacred war, they saw their country 
laid desolate, their walls demolished, and their 
cities in ruins, by the wanton jealousy of their 
enemies, and the inflexible cruelty of the Ma- 
cedonian soldiers, B. C. 348. They were not, 
however, long under this disgraceful sentence: 
their well known valour and courage recoup 
mended them to favour, and they gradually re- 
gained their influence and consequence by the 
protection of the Athenians, and the favours of 
Philip. Liv. 32, c, 18.— Odd. 2, Am. 6, v. 
15. Mel. 5, v. 276. — Dcmostli. — Jiislin. S, &c. 
— Diod. 16, &c — Pint, in Dem. Lys. Per. 
&c. — Strab, 5. — Paws. 4, c. 5. 

Phocus, son of Phocion, was dissolute in 
his manners, and unworthy of the virtues of his 
great father. He was sent to Laced asm on to 
imuibe there the principles of sobriety, of tem- 
perance, and frugality. He cruelly revenged 
the death of his father, whom the Athenians 
had put to death. Plut. in Phoc- & Apopk. 

A son of iEacus by Psamathe, kiiled by 

Telamon. Apollod. 3, c. 12. A son of Or- 

nyiion, who led a colony of Corinthians into 
Phocis. He cured x^ntiope, a daughter of 
Nvcteus, of insanity, and married her, and by 
her became father of Panopeus and Crisus. 
Paus. 2, c. 4. 

Phocylides, an ancient poet. [Vid. Pho- 
cilides.] 

Phcebas, a name applied to the priestess of 
Apollo's temple at Delphi. Lucan. 5, v. 128, 
&c. 

Pn(E3E,a name given to Diana, or the moon, 
on account of the brightness of that lumin- 
ary. She became, according to Apollodorus, 
mother of Asieria and Latona. [Vid. Diana.] 

A daughter of Leucippus and Philodice, 

carried awaj with her sister Hilaira, by Castor 
and Pollux, as she was going to marry one of 
the sons of Aphareus. [Vid. Leucippides.] — 
Apollod. 2, c 10.— Paus. 2, c. 22. 

Phcebeum, a place near Sparta. 

Phcebidas, a Lacedaemonian general,, sent 
by the Ephori to the assistance of the Mace- 
donian? against the Thracians. He seized the 
citadel of Thebes; but though he was disgraced 
and banished from the Lacedaemonian army 
for this perfidious measure, yet his countrymen 
kept possession of the town. He died B. C. 
377. 6*. JVty. in Pelop.— Diod.-U, &c 

Phcebigena, a surname cf /Esculapius, &c 
as being descended from Phoebus. Virg. AZn. 
V. 773- 

p H(ebus, a name given to Apollo or the sun. 
This word expresses the brightness and splen- 
dour of thot luminary (<}>o<C(§r). Vid. Apollo. 

Phcemos, a lake of Arcadia. 

Phoenice, or Phoenicia, a country of Asia, 
at the east of the Mediterranean, whose boun- 
daries have been different in different ages. 



.2, c. 7.— Strab. 

2, v. 829.».P/m. 

4. c. 2. — Virg. 

v. 104, 1, 14, v. 



Some suppose that the names of Phoenicia, 
Syria, and Palestine, are indiscriminately used 
for one and the same country. Phoenicia, ac- 
cording to Ptolemy, extended on the north as 
far as the Eleutherus, a small river which falls 
into the Mediterranean sea a little below th 
island of Aradus, and it had Pelusium or the 
territories of Egypt as its more southern boun- 
dary, and Syria on tbe east. Sidon and Tyre 
were the most capital towns of the country. The 
inhabitants were naturally industrious: the in- 
vention of letters is attributed to them, and 
commerce and navigation were among them in 
the most flourishing state. They planted colo- 
nies on the shores of the Mediterranean, par- 
ticularly Carthage, Hippo, Marseilles, and 
Utica, and their manufactures acquired such a 
superiority over those of other nations, that 
among the ancients, whatever was elegant, 
great, or pleasing, either in apparel, or domes- 
tic utensils, received the epithet of Sidonian. 
The Phoenicians were originally governed by 
kings. They were subdued by the Persians, 
and afterwards by Alexander, and remained 
tributary to his successors and the Romans. 
They were called Phoenicians, from Phoenix, 
son of Agenor, who was one of their kings, or 
according to others, from the great number of 
palm trees (pow&s?) which grow in the neigh- 
bourhood. Herodot. 4, c. 42, 1. 5, c. 58. — Ho- 
mer Od.\5.—Mela,l,c.ll, 
16. — Apollod. 3, c. l.—Lucrel. 
2, c. 47, 1. 5, c. 12.— Curt. 
JEn. 1, &c— Ovid. Met. 12 
345,1. 15, v. 288. 

Phcenice, a town of Epirus. Liv. 22, c. 12. 

Phoenicia. Vid. Phcenice. 

Phosnicus, a mountain of Bceotia. Ano- 
ther in Lycia, called also Olympus, with a 
town of the same name, — ■ — A poet of Ery- 
thrae. Liv. 56, c. 45. 

Phcenicusa, now Felicudi, one of the iEo- 
lian islands. 

Phcenissa, a patronymic given to Dido as a 
native of Phoenicia. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 529. 

Phoenix, son of Amyntor king of Argos, by 
Cleobule, or Hippodamia, was preceptor to 
young Achilles. When his father proved faith- 
less to his wife, on account of his fondness for 
a concubine, called Clytia, Cleobule, jealous of 
her husband, persuaded her son Phoenix to in- 
gratiate himself into the favours of his father's 
mistress. Phoenix easily succeeded, but when 
Amyntor discovered his intrigues, he drew a 
curse upon him, and the son was soon after de- 
prived of his sight, by divine vengeance. Ac- 
cording to some, Amyntor himself put out the 
eyes of his son, which so cruelly provoked him, 
that he meditated the death of his father. 
Reason and piety, however, prevailed over 
passion, and Phoenix, not to become a parricide, 
fled from Argos to tbe court of Peleus, king of 
Phthia. Here he was treated with tenderness; 
Peleus carried him to Chiron; who restored him 
to his eye-sight, and soon after he was made 
preceptor to Achilles, his benefactor's son. He 
was also presented with the government of 
many cities, and made king of the Dolopes. 
He accompanied his pupil to the Trojan war, 



PH 



PH 



and Achilles was ever grateful for the instruc- 
tions and precepts which he had received from 
Phoenix. After the death of Achilles, Phoenix, 
witu others, was commissioned by the Greeks 
to return into Greece, to bring to the war young 
Pyrrhus. This commission he performed with 
success, and after the fall of Troy, he returned 
with Pyrrhus, and died in Thrace. He was 
buried at JEon, or, according to Strabo,<near 
Trachiiiia, where a small river in the neigh- 
bourhood received the name of Phoenix. Strab. 

9,~Homer. 11. 9, &c Ovid, in lb. v. 259. 

—Apollod. 2, c l.—Virg. JEn. 2, v. 762. . 

A son of Agenor, by a nymph who was called 
Telephassa, according to Apoilodorus and Mos- 
chus, or, according to others, Epimedusa, Peri- 
meda, or Agriope. He was, like his brothers, 
Cadmus and Cilix, sent by his father in pursuit 
of his sister Europa, whom Jupiter hud carried 
away under the form of a bull, and when his i 
inquiries proved unsuccessful, he settled in a : 
country which, according to some, was from ; 
him called Phoenicia From him, as some sup- j 
pose, the Carthaginians were called Pjeni. \ 

JJpollod. S.—Hygin. fab. 178. The father 

of Adonis, according to PJesiod. A Theban, 

delivered to Alexander, &c — — A native of 
Tenedos, who was an officer in the service of 
Eumenes. 

Pholoe, one of the horses of Admetus. 

A mountain of Arcadia, near Pisa. It receiv- 
ed its name from Pholus, the friend of Her- 
cules, who was buried there. It is often con- 
founded with another of the same name in 
Thessaly, near mount Othrys. Plin. 4, c. 6. 
—Lucan. 3, v. 19S, 1. 6, v. 388, 1. 7, v. 449.— 

Ovid. 2. Fast. 2, v. 273. A female servant, 

of Cretan origin, given with her two sons to 
Sergestus by JEueas. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 2S6. 

A courtezan in the age of Horace. Horat. 

1, od. 33, v. 7. 

Pholus, one of the Centaurs, son of Sile- 
nus and Melia, or, according to others, of 
Ixion and the cloud. He kindly entertained 
Hercules when he was going against the boar 
ef Erymanthus, but he refused to give him 
wine, as that which he had belonged to the rest 
of the Centaurs. Hercules, upon this, without 
ceremony, broke the cask and drank the wine. 
The smell of the liquor drew the Centaurs from 
the neighbourhood to the house of Pholus, but 
Hercules stopped them when they forcibly en- 
tered the habitation of his friend, and killed 
the greatest part of them. Pholus gave the 
dead a decent funeral, but he mortally wound- 
ed himself with one of the arrows which were 
poisoned with the venom of the hydra, and 
which be attempted to extract from the body 
of one of the Centaurs. Hercules, unable to 
cure him, buried him when dead, and called 
the mountain where his remains were deposited 
by the name of Pholoe. Jlpollod. 1. — Pans. 3. 
— Virg. G. 2, v. 456. JEn. S, v. 294.— Diod. 
4.— Ilal. 1.— Lucan. 3, 6 and l.—Stat. Theb. 

2. One of the friends of iEneas killed by 

Turnus. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 341. 

Phorbas, a son of Priam and Epithesia, 
killed during the Trojan war by Menelaus. 
The god Somnus borrowed his features when 



he deceived Palinurus, and threw him into the 
sea near the coast of Italy. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 

842. A son of Lapithus, who married Hyr- 

mine, the daughter of Epeus, by whom he had 
Actor. Peiops, according to Diodorus, shared 
his kingdom with Phorbas, who also, says the 
same historian, estahlisned himself at Rhodes, 
at the head of a colony from El is and Thessa- 
ly, by order of the oracle, which premised, by 
his means only, deliverauce from the nume- 
rous serpents which infested the island. Diod. 

2. — Pans. 5, c. 1. A shepherd of Polybus 

king of Corinth. A man who profaned Apol- 
lo's temple, &c. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 414. 

A king of Argos. A native of Syrene, son 

of Methion, killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 5, 
fab. 3. 

Phorcus, or Phorcys, a sea deity, son of 
Poutus and Terra, who married his sister Ceto, 
by whom he had the Gorgons, the dragon that 
kept the apples of the Besperides, and other 

monsters. Hesiod. Theogn. — JJpollod. One 

of the auxiliaries of Priam, killed by Ajax, 

during the Trojan war. Homer. II. 17. A 

man whose seven sons assisted Turnus against 
JEneas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 32S. 

Phormio, an Athenian general, whose fa- 
ther's name was Asopicus. He impoverished 
himself to mainiain and support the dignity 
of his army. His debts were some time after 
paid by the Athenians, who wished to make 
him their general, an office which he refused, 
while he had so many debts, observing that it 
was unbecoming an officer to be at the head 
of an army, when he knew that he was poorer 

than the meanest of his soldiers. A general 

of Crotona. A peripatetic philosopher of 

Ephesus, who once gave a lecture upon the 
duties of an officer, and a military profession. 
The philosopher was himself ignorant of the 
subject which he treated, upon which Planni- 
bal the Great, who was one of his auditors, 
exclaimed that he had seen many doting old 
men, but never one worse than Phormio. Cic. 

de Nat. D. 2. An Athenian archon. A 

disciple of Plato, chosen by the people of Elis, 
to make a reformation in their government, 
and their jurisprudence. 

Phormis, an Arcadian who acquired great 
riches at the court of Gelon and Hiero in Sicily. 
He dedicated the brazen statue of a mare to 
Jupiter Olympius in Peloponnesus, which so 
much resembled nature, that horses came near 
it, as if it had been alive Paus. 5, c. 27. 

Phoroneus, the god of a river of Pelopon- 
nesus, of the same name. He was son of the 
river Inachus ijy Melissa, and he was the se- 
cond king of Argos. He married a nymph 
called Cerdo, or Laodice, by whom he had 
Apis, from whom Argolis was called Apia, and 
Niobe, the first woman of whom Jupiter be- . 
came enamoured. Phoroneus taught his sub- 
jects the utility of laws, and the advantages 
of a social life, and of friendly intercourse, 
whence the inhabitants cf Argolis are often 
called Phoroni'i. Pausanias relates, that Pho- 
roneus, with the Cephisus, Asterion, and Ina- 
chus, were appointed as umpires in a quarrel 
between Neptune and Juno, concerning their 



PH 



PII 



right of patronising Argolis. Juno gained the 
preference, upon which Neptune, in a fit of re- 
sentment, dried up all the four rivers, whose 
decision he deemed partial. He afterwards 
restored them to their dignity and consequence. 
Phoroneus was the first who raised a temple to 
Juno- He received divine honours after death. 
His temple still existed at Argos, under Anto- 
ninus the Roman emperor. Paus. 2, c. 15, &c. 
—Apollod, 2, c. l.—Hygin. fab. 143. 

Phoronis, a patronymic of Io, as sister of 
Phoroneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 625. 

Phoronium, a town of Argolis, built by Pho- 
roneus. 

PhqtInus, an eunuch who was prime minis- 
ter to Ptolemy, king of Egypt. When Pompey 
fled to the court of Ptolemy, after the battle, of 
Pharsalia, Photinus advised his master not to 
receive him, but to put him to death. His ad- 
vice was strictly followed. Julius Caesar some 
time after visited Egypt, and Photinus raised 
seditions against him, for which he was put to 
death. When Caesar triumphed over Egypt and 
Alexandria, the pictures of Photinus, and of 
some of the Egyptians, were carried in the pro- 
cession at Rome. Plut. 

Photiqs, a son of Antonina, who betrayed 
to Belisarius his wife's debaucheries. A pa- 
trician in Justinian's reign. .» 
Phoxus, a general of the Phocaeans, who 

burnt Lampsacus, &c Polycen 8 A tyrant 

of Chalcis, banished by his subjects, &c ^vis- 
tot. Pol. 5, c 4. 

Phraates 1st, a king of Parthia, who suc- 
ceeded Arsaces the 3d, called also Phriapatius. 
He made war against Anliochus, king of Syria, 
and was defeated in three successive battles. 
He left miny children behind him, but as they 
were all too young, and unable to succeed to 
the throne, he appointed his brother Mithri- 
dates king, of whose abilities and military pru- 
dence he had often been a spectator. Justin. 

41, c 5 The 2d, succeeded his father Mi- 

thridates as king of Parthia; and made war 
against the Scythians, whom he called to his 
assistance against Antiocbus king of Syria, and 
whom he refused to pay, on the pretence that 
they came too late. He was murdered by some 
Greek mercenaries, who had been once his 
captives, and who had enlisted in his army, B. 

C. 129. Justin. 42, c \.—Plut. in Pomp. 

The 3d, succeeded his father Pacorus on the 
throne of Parthia, and gave one of his daugh- 
ters in marriage to Tigranes, the son of Ti- 
granes king of Armenia. Soon after be inva- 
ded the kingdom of Armenia, to make his son- 
in-law sit on the throne of his father. His ex- 
pedition was attended with ill-success. He 
renewed a treaty of alliance which his father 
had made with the Romans. At his return in 
Parthia, he was assassinated by his sons Orodes 

and Mlihridates. Justin. The 1 4th, was 

nominated king of Parthia by his father Orodes, 
whom he soon after murdered, as also his own 
brothers. He made war against M. Antony 
with great success, and obliged him to retire 
with much loss. Some time after he was de- 
throned by the Parthian nobility, but he soon 
regained his power, and drove away the usurper, 



called Tiridates. The usurper claimed the pro- 
tection of Augustus, the Roman emperor, and 
Phraates sent ambassadors to Rome to plead 
his cause, and gain the favours of his powerful 
judge. He was successful in his embassy: he 
made a treaty of peace and alliance witto the 
Roman emperor, restored the ensigns and stand- 
ards which the Parthians had taken from Cras* 
sus and Antony, and gave up his four sons with 
their wives as hostages, till his engagements 
were performed. Some suppose that Phraates 
delivered his children into the hands of Augus- 
tus to be confined at Rome, that he might reign 
with greater security, as he knew his subjects 
would revolt, as soon as they found any one of 
his family inclined to countenance their rebel- 
lion, though, at the same time, they scorned to 
support the interest of any usurper, who was 
not of the royal house of the Arsacidae. He 
was, however, at last murdered by one of his 
concubines, who placed her son called Phraatices 
on the throne. Vol. Max. 7, c. 6. — Justin. 42, 
c 5. — Diod. Cas. 51, &c. — Plut. in Anton. &c. 
— Tacit. Jinn. 6, c. 32. — —A prince of Parthia 

in the reign of Tiberius. A satrap of Parthia. 

Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 42. 

Phraatices, a son of Phraates 4tb. He, 
with his mother, murdered his father, and took 
possession of the vacant throne. His reign was 
short, he was deposed by his subjects, whom he 
had offended by cruelty, avarice, and oppres- 
sion. 

Phradates, an officer in the army of Darius 
at the battle of Arbela. 

Phragandje, a people of Thrace. Liv. 26, 
c. 25. 

Phrahates, the same as Phraates. Vid. 
Phraates. 

Phranicates, a general of the Parthian 
armies, &c. Slrab. 16. . 

Phraortes succeeded his father Deioces on 
the throne of Media. He made war against 
the neighbouring nations, and conquered the 
greatest part of Asia. He was defeated and 
kirled in a battle by the Assyrians, after a reign 
of 22 years, B. C. 625. His son Cyaxares suc- 
ceeded him. It. is supposed that the Arphaxad 
mentioned in Judith is Phraortes. Paus. — He- 
rodot. i, c. 102. A king of India remarka- 
ble for his frugality. Philostr. 

Phrasicles, a nephew of Themistocles, 

whose daughter Nicomacha he married. Plut. 

in Them. 

Phrasimus, the father of Praxithea. Apollod. 

Phrasius, a Cyprian soothsayer, sacrificed 

on an altar by Busiris king of Egypt. 

Phrataphernes, a general of the Massa- 
getae, who surrendered to Alexander. Curt 8. 
— -rA satrap who, after the death of Darius, 
fled to Hyrcania, &e. Id. 

Phriapatius, a king of Parthia, who flou- 
rished B. C. 195. 

Phricium, a town near Thermopylae. Liv. 
36, c. 13. 

Phrixus, a river of Argolis. There is also 
a small town of that name in Elis, built by the 
Minyae. Herodot. 4, c. 148. 

Phrovima, a daughter of Etearchus, king of 
Crete- She was delivered to a servant to be 



FH 



PH 



thrown into the sea, by order of her father, at 
the instigation of his second wife. The servant 
was unwilling to murder the child, but as he 
was bound by an oath to throw her into the sea, 
he accordingly let her down into the water by 
a rope, and took her out again unhurt. Phro- 
niraa was afterwards in the number of the con- 
cubines of Polymnestus, by whom she became 
mother of Battus, the founder of Cyrene. Hc- 
rodot. 4, c. "154. 

Phrontis, son of Onetor, pilot of the ship 
of Menelaus, after the Trojan war, was killed 
by Apollo just as the ship reached Sunium. 

Horn. Od, 3, v. 282.— Pans. 10, c 25. One 

of the Argonauts. Jlpollod. 1. 

Phruri, a Scythian nation. 

PhrYges, a river of Asia Minor, dividing 
Phrygia from Caria, and falling into the Her- 
inus. Paus. 

Phrygia, a country of Asia Minor, gene- 
rally divided into Phrygia Major and Minor. 
Its boundaries are not properly or accurately 
denned by ancient authors, though it appears 
that it was situate between Bithynia, Lydia, 
Cappadocia, and Caria It received its name 
from the Bryges, a nation of Thrace, or Ma- 
cedonia, who came to settle there, and from 
their name, by corruption, arose the word Phry- 
gia. Cybele was the chief deity of the coun- 
try, and her festivals were observed with the 
greatest solemnity. The most remarkable 
towns, besides Troy, were Laodice, Hierapo- 
lis, and Synnada. The invention of the pipe 
of reeds, and of all sorts of needle-work, is at- 
tributed to the inhabitants, who are represent- 
ed by some authors as stubborn, but yielding 
to correction (hence Phryx verberatus melior), 
as imprudent, effeminate, servile, and volup- 
tuous; and to this Virgil seems to aliude, JEn. 
9, v. 617. The Phrygians, like all other na- 
tions, were called Barbarians by the Greeks; 
their music (Phrygii cantus) was of a grave 
and solemn nature, when opposed to the brisker 
and more cheerful Lydian airs. Mela, 1, c. 
19._ strdb. 2, &c— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 429, &c. 
'■ — Cic. 7, ad. fara. ep. 16. — Place. 27. — Dio. 
1, c. 50 —Plin. 8, c. 43— Horat. 2, od. 9, v. 

16. — Paus. 5, c. 25, — Herodot. 7, c. 73.- 

A city of Thrace. 

Phryne, a celebrated prostitute, who flour- 
ished at Athens about 328 years before the 
Christian era. She was mistress to Praxiteles, 
who drew her picture. [Vid Praxiteles.] This 
was one of his best pieces, and it was placed in 
the temple of Apollo at Delphi. It is said that 
Apelles painted his Venus Anadyomene after 
he had seen Phryne on the sea-shore naked, and 
with dishevelled hair. Phryne became so rich 
by the liberality of her lovers, that she offered 
to rebuild, at her own expense, Thebes, which 
Alexander had destroyed, provided this inscrip- 
tion was placed on the walls: Alexander diruit, 
sed meretrix Plmjne refecit. This was refused. 

Plin. 34, c. 8. There was also another of 

the same name, who was accused of impiety. 
When she 6aw that she was going to be con- 
demned, she unveiled her bosom, which so in- 
fluenced her judges, that she was immediately 
acquitted. Quintil. 2, c. 15. 



Phrynicus, a general of Samos, who en- 
deavoured to betray his country to the Athe- 
nians, &c A flatterer at Athens. A tra- 
gic poet of Athens, disciple to Thespis. He 
was the first who introduced a female character 
on the stage. Strab. 14. A comic poet. 

Phrynis, a musician of Mitylene, the first 
who obtained a musical prize at the Panathe- 
naea at Athens. He added two strings to the 
lyre, which had always been used with seven by 
all his predecessors, B. C. 438. It is said that 
he was originally a cook at the house of Hiero, 

king of Sicily. A writer in the reign of 

Commodu3, who made a collection in 36 books, 
of phrases and sentences from the best Greek 
authors, &c. 

Phryno, a celebrated general of Athens, 
who died B. C. 590. 

Phryxus, a son of Athamas, king of The- 
bes, by Nephele. After the repudiation of his 
mother, he was persecuted with the most invete- 
rate fury by his step-mother Ino, because he 
was to sit on the throne cf Athamas, in prefer- 
ence to the children of a second wife. He was 
apprized of Ino's intentions upon his life, by his 
mother Nephele, or, according to others, by his 
preceptor; and the better to make his escape, 
he secured part of his father's treasures, and 
privately left Boeotia with his sister Helle, to go 
to their friend and relation iEetes, king of Col- 
chis. They embarked on board a ship, or, ac- 
cording to the fabulous account of the poets and 
mythologists, they mounted on the back of a 
ram whose fleece was of gold, and proceeded on 
their journey through the air. The height to 
which they were carried made Helle giddy, and 
she fell into the sea. Phryxus gave her a de- 
cent burial on the sea shore, and after he had 
called the place Hellespont from her name, he 
continued his flight, and arrived safe in the 
kingdom of iEetes, where he offered the ram 
on the altars of Mars. The king received him 
with great tenderness, and gave him his daugh- 
ter Chalciope in marriage. She had by him 
Phrontis, Melias, Argos, Cylindrus, whom 
some call Cy torus, Catis, Lotus, and Hellen. 
Some time after he was murdered by his father- 
in-law, who envied him the possession of the 
golden fleece; and Chalciope, to prevent her 
children from sharing their father's fate; sent 
them privately from Colchis to Boeotia, as no- 
thing was to be dreaded there from the jealousy 
or resentment of Ino, who was then dead. The 
fable of the flight of Phryxus to Colchis on a 
ram has been explained by some, who observe, 
that the ship on which he embarked was either 
called by that name, or carried on her prow the 
figure of that animal. The fleece of gold is ex- 
plained by recollecting that Phryxus carried 
away immense treasures from Thebes. Phryxus 
was placed among the constellations of heaven 
after death. The ram which carried him to 
Asia, is said to have been the fruit of Nep- 
tune's armour with Theophane, the daughter of 
Altis. This ram had been given to Athamas 
by the gods, to reward his piety and religious 
life, and Nephele procured it for her children, 
just as they were going to be sacrificed to the 
jealousy of Tno. The murder of Phryxus was 



PM 



PH 



some time after amply revenged by the Greeks. 
It gave rise to a celebrated expedition which 
was achieved under Jason and many of the 
princes of Greece, and which had for its object 
the recovery of the golden fleece, and the pun- 
ishment of the king of Colchis for his cruelty to 
the son of Athamas. Diod. 4. — Herodot. 7, c. 
197. — Apollon. Arg . — Orpheus . — Flacc. — 
Stvab. — Apollod. 1, c. 9. — Pindar. Pyth 4. — 
Hygin. fab. 74, 188, &c— Ovid. Harold. 18, 

Met. 4. A smal) river of Argolis. 

Phthia, a town of Phthiotis, ai the east of 
mount Olhrys in Thessaly. where Achilles was 
born, and from which he is often called Phthius 
Heros. Herat. 4. Od. 6, v. 4. — Ovid. Met. 

13, v. 156. — Mela, 2, c. 3. — Proptrt. 2, el. 

14, v. 38.— Cic. Tus. 1, c. 10. A nymph 

of Achaia, beloved by Jupiter, who, to seduce 
her, disguised himself under the shape of a 
pigeon. JElian. V. H. 1, c. 15. A daugh- 
ter of Amphion and Niobe, killed by Diana. 
Apollod. 

Phthiotis, a small province of Thessaly, 
between the Pelasgicus sinus and the Maliacus 
sinus, Magnesia, and mount (Eta. It was also 
called Achaia. Pans 10, c. 8. 

Phya, a tall and beautiful woman of Attica 
whom Pisistratus, when he wished to re-estab- 
lish himself a third time in his tyranny, dressed 
like the goddess Minerva, and led to the city 
on a chariot, making the populace believe that 
the goddess herself came to restore him to 
power. The artifice succeeded. Herodot. 1, 
c. 59. — Polycen. 1, c 40. 

Phycus, (untis), a promontory, nearCyrene, 
now called Ras-al-sem, Lucan. 9. 

Phylace, a town of Thessaly, built by Phy- 
lacus. Protesilaus reigned there, from whence 
he is often called Phylncides. Lucan. 6, v. 

252. A town of Arcadia. Paus. 1, c 54. 

A town of Epirus. Liv. 45, c. 26. 

Phylacus, a son of Deion, king of Phocis. 
He married Clymene, the daughter of Mynius, 
and founded Phylace. Apollod. 

Phylarchus, a Greek biographer, who 
flourished B. C. 221. He is accused of partial- 
ity by Pint, in Jirat. 

Phylas, a king of Ephyre, son of Antiochus, 
and grandson of Hercules. 

Phyle, a well-fortified village of Attica, at 
a little distance from Athens. C. Kep. in 
Thras. 

Phyleis, a daughter of Thespius. Jipollod. 

Phyleus, one of the Greek captains during 

the Trojan war. A son of Augeas. He 

blamed his father for refusing to pay Hercules 
what he had promised him for cleaning his 
stables. He was placed on his father's throne 
by Hercules. 

Phylira. Vid. Philyra. 

Phylla, the wife of Demetrius Poliorcetes, 
and mother of Stratonice, the wife of Seleucus. 

Phyllalia, a part of Arcadia. A place 

in Thessaly. 

Phylleius, a mountain, country, and town 
of Macedonia. Apollon. Arg. \. 

Phyllis, a daughter of Sithon, or, accord- 
ing to others, of Lycurgus, king of Thrace, who 
hospitably received Demophoon the son of 



Theseus, who, at his return from the Trojar 
war, had stopped on her coasts. She became 
enamoured of him, and did not find him insen- 
sible to her passion. After some months of 
mutual tenderness and affection, Demophoon 
set sail for Athens, where his domestic affairs 
recalled him. He promised faithfully to return 
as soon as a month was expired; but either his 
dislike for Phyllis, or the irreparable situation 
of his affairs, obliged him to violate his engage- 
ment, and the queen, grown desperate on ac- 
count of his absence, hanged herself, or, ac- 
cording to others, threw herself down a preci- 
pice into the sea, and perished. Her friends 
raised a tomb over her oody, where there grew 
up certain trees, whose leaves at a particular 
season of the year, suddenly became wet, as if 
shedding tears for the death of Phyllis. Ac- 
cording to an old tradition mentioned by Servius, 
Virgil's commentator, Phyllis was changed by 
the gods into an almond tree, which is called 
Phylla by the Greeks. Some days after this 
metamorphosis, Demophoon revisited Thrace, 
and when he heard of" the fate of Phyllis, he 
ran and clasped the tree, which, though at that 
time stripped of its leaves, suddenly shot forth, 
and blossomed, as if still sensible of tenderness 
and love. The absence of Demophoon from 
the house of Phyllis has given rise to a beauti- 
ful epistle of Ovid, supposed to have been writ- 
ten by the Thracian queen about the fourth 
month after her lover's departure. Ovid. He- 
rald. 2. de. Art, Am. 2. v. 353. Trist. 2, 437. 
— Hygin. fab. 59 A country woman intro- 
duced in Virgil's eclogues, The nurse of the 

emperor Domitian. Suet, in Dom. 17. A 

country of Thrace near mount Pangseus. He- 
rodot. 7, c. 13. 

Phyllius, a young Boeotian, uncommonly 
fond of Cygnus, the son of Hyria, a woman of 
Boeotia. Cygnus slighted his passion, and told 
him that, to obtain a return of affection, he 
must previously destroy an enormous lion, take 
alive two large vultures, and sacrifice on Jupi- 
ter's altars a wild bull that infested the country. 
This he easily effected by means of artifice, and 
by the advice of Hercules he forgot his par- 
tiality for the son of Hyria. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 
372. Nicand. in Heler. 3. A Spartan re- 
markable for the courage with which he fought 
against Pyirhus, king of Epirus. 

Phyllodoce, one of Gyrene's attendant 
nymphs. Virg. G. 4, v. 336. 

Phyllos, a country of Arcadia. A town 

of Thessaly near Larissa, where Apollo had a 
temple. 

Phyllus, a general of Phocis during the 
Phocian or sacred war against the Thebans. 
He had assumed the command after the death 
of his brothers Philomelus and Onamarchus. 
He is called by some Phayllus. ' [Vid. Phocis. 

Physcella, a town of Macedonia. Mela f 
2, c 3. 

Physcion, a famous rock of Boeotia, which 
was the residence of the Sphynx, and against 
which the monster destroyed himself, when his 
enigmas were explained by GLdipus. Plut. 

Physcoa, a woman of Elis, mother of Nar- 
coeus, by Bacchus. Paws. 5, c. 16. 



PI 



PI 



Phtscon, a surname of one of the Ptolemies, 
kings of Egypt, from the great proraineucy of 
belly (<pv>rK» venter). Athtn. 2, c. 23. 

Phy^cos, a town of Cana, opposite Rhodes. 
Stvab. 14. 

Phvsccs. a river of Asia falling into the 
Tigris the ten thousand Greeks crossed it on 
their return from Cunaxa. 

Phytalides, the descendant of Phytalus, 
a man who hospitably received and entertain- 
ed Ceres, when she visited Attica. Plut. in 
Thes 

Phytont, a general of the people of Rhegium 
against Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily. He 
was taken by the enemy and tortured, B. C. 
38 7, and his son was thrown into the sea. 
Diod. 14. 

Phyxium, a town of Elis. 

Pia, or Pialia, festivals instituted in honour 
ef Adrian, by the emperor Antoninus. They 
were celebrated at Puteoli, on the second year 
©f the Olympiads. 

Piasps, a genera! of thePelasgi. Strab. 13. 

Piceki, the inhabitants of Picenum, called 
also Picentes They received their name from 
F$CM9, a bird by whose auspices they had set- 
tled in that part of Italy. Ital. S, v. 425.— 
Strab. 5 .—Mela, 2, c. 4. 

Picentia, the capital of the icentini. 

Pice-vtini, a people of Italy, between Luca- 
nia, and Campania on the Tuscan sea. They 
are different from the Piceni or Picentes, who 
inhabited Picenum. Sil It 8, v. 450. — Tacit. 
H. 4, c. 62. 

Picenum, or Picenus, ager, a country of 
Italy near the Umbrians and Sabines, on the 
borders of the Adriatic. Liv. 21, c, 6, 1 22, c 
9,1.27, c 43.— Sil. 10, v. 313.— HoraL 2, 
sat. 3, v. 722.— Mart. 1, ep. 44. 

Picra, a lake of Africa, which Alexander 
crossed when he went to consult the oracle of 
Amnion. Diod. 

Pict.e, or Picti, a people of Scythia, call- 
ed also Agathyrsoe. They received this name 
from their paiuting their bodies with different 
colours, to appear more terrible in the eyes of 
their enemies. A colony of these, according to 
Servius, Virgil's commentator, emigrated to 
the northern parts of Britain, where they still 
preserved their name and their savage manners, 
but they are mentioned only by later wri:ers. 
Marcell. 27, c. 18. — Claudian. de Hon. cons. 
T. b4.— Plin. 4, c 12.— Mela, 2, c. 1. 

Pictavi, or Ptctontes, a people of Gaul, in 
the modern country of Poictou. Cas. 7, bell. 
G. c. 4. 

Pictavium, a town of Gaul. 

Fabius Pictor, a consul under whom silver 
was first coined at Rome, A. U. C 485. 

Picumntus, and Pilumnus, two deities at 
Rome, who presided over the auspices, that 
were required before the celebration of nuptials. 
Pilumnus was supposed to patronise children, as 
his name seems in some manner to indicate. 
quod pellal mala infantuB. The manuring of 
lands was first invented by Picumnus, from 
which reason he is called Sterquilinius. Pilum- 
nus is also invoked as the god of bakers and 
millers, as he is said to have first invented how 



to grind corn. Turnus boasted of being one of 
his lineal descendants, lirg. JEn. 9, v. 4 — 
Varro. 

Picds, a king of Latium, son of Saturn, who 
married Venilia, who is also called -Canens, by 
whom he had Faunus. He was tenderly loved 
by the goddess Pomona, and he returned a mu- 
tual affection. As he was one day hunting in 
the woods, be was met by Circe, who became 
de ply enamoured of him, and who changed bim 
into a woodpecker, called by the name of picus 
among the Latins. His wife Venilia was so 
disconsolate when she was informed of his 
death, that she pined away. Some suppose that 
Picus was the son of Pilumnus, and that he 
gave out prophecies to his subjects, by means of 
a favourite woodpecker, from which circum- 
stance originated the fable of his being meta- 
morphosed ii.to a bird. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 48. 
171, Sac— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 320, &c. 

Pidorus, a town near mount Athos. Hero- 
dot 7, c. 122. 

Pidytes, a man killed by Ulysses during the 
Trojan war. 

Pielus, a son of Neoptolemus, king of Epi- 
rus, after his father. Paus. 1, c. 11. 

Piera, a fountain of Peloponnesus, between 
Elis andOlympia. Paus. 5, c. 16. 

Pieria, a small tract of country in Thessaly 
or Macedonia, from which the epithet of Pie- 
rian was applied to the Muses, and to poetical 
compositions. Martial 9, ep. 88, v. 3. — flo- 
ra/. 4, od. 8, v. 20.— — A place between Cili- 

cia and Syria. One of the wives of Danaus, 

mother of six daughters, called Actea, Po- 
darce, Dioxippe, Adyte, Ocypete, and Pi- 
large. Avollod. 2. The wife of Oxylus, the 

son of Haemon, and mother of .iEtoIus and 
Laias. Pans. 5, 3. — ~ The daughter of Py- 
thas, a Milesian, &c. 

Pierides, a name given to the Muses, either 
because they were born in Pieria, in Thessaly, 
or because they were supposed by some to be 
the daughters of Picrus, a king of Macedonia, 

who settled in Boeotia. Also the daughters 

of Pierus, who challenged the Muses to a trial 
in Music, in which they were conquered, and 
changed into magpies. It may perhaps be 
supposed, that the victorious Muses assumed 
the name of the conquered daughters of Pierus, 
and ordered themselves to be called Pierides, 
in the same manner as Minerva was called Pal- 
las because she had killed the giant Pallas. 
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 300. 

Pieris, a mountain of Macedonia. Paus. 9, 
c 29. 

Pierus, a mountain of Thessaly, sacred to 
the Muses, who were from thence, as some 

imagine, called Pierides. A rich man of 

Thessaly, whose nine daughters, called Pie- 
rides challenged the Muses, and were changed . 
into magpies when conquered. Paus. 9, c. 29. 

A river of Achaia, in Peloponnesus. 

A town of Thessaly. Paus. 7, c. 21 — — A 
mountain with a lake of the same name in Ma- 
cedonia. 

Pietas, a virtue which denotes veneration 
for the deity, and love and tenderness to our 
friends. It received divine honours among tbe 

4e 



PI 



PI 



Romans, and was made one of their gods. Aci- 
lius Glabrio first erected a temple to this new 
divinity, on the spot where a woman had fed 
with her own miik her aged father, who had 
been imprisoned by the order of the senate, and 
deprived of all aliments. Cic de Div. 1. — 
Val. Max. 5, c. 4 — Plin. 7, c. 36. 

Pigres and Mattyas, two brothers, &c. He- 
rodot. The name of three rivers. 

Pigrum mare, a name applied to the North- 
ern seo, from its being frozen. The word 
Pigra is applied to the Palus Mceotis. Ovid 4, 
Pont. 10, v. 61— Plin. 4, c. 13.— Tacit. 
G. 45. 

Pilumnus, the gods of bakers at Rome, Vid. 
Picumnus 

Pimpla, a mountain of Macedonia with a 
fountain of the same name, on the confines of 
Thessaly, near Olympus, sacred to the Muses, 
who on that account are often called Pimplece 
and PimpleadiS, Horctt. 1, od. 26, v. 9. — 
Strab. 10.— Martial. 12, ep. 11, v. 3.— Stat. 1. 
Sylv. 4, v. 26, Sylv. 2, v. 36. 

Pimfrana, a town on the Indus. Jlrrian. 

Pina&e, an island of the iEgean sea. A 

town of Syria, at the south of mount Amanus. 
Plin. 5, c. 25. Of Lycia, Strab 14 

Pinarius and Potitius, two old men of Ar- 
cadia, who came with Evander to Italy. They 
were instructed by Hercules, who visited the 
court of Evander, how they were to offer sacri- 
fices to his divinity, in the morning, and in the 
evening, immediately at sun-set. The morn- 
ing sacrifice they punctually performed, but on 
the evening Potitius was obliged to offer the sa- 
crifice alone as Pinarius neglected to come till 
after the appointed time. This negligence of- 
fended Hercules, and he ordered, that for the 
future, Pinarius and his descendants should pre- 
side over the sacrifices, but that Potitius, with 
his posterity, should wait upon the priests as 
servants, when the sacrifices were annually of- 
feree! to him on mount Aventine. This was 
religiously observed till the age of Appius 
Claudius, who persuaded the Potitii, by a large 
bribe, to discontinue their sacred office, and to 
have the ceremony performed by slaves. For 
this negligence, as the Latin authors observe, 
the Potitii were deprived of sight, and the fa- 
mily became a little time after totally extinct. 
Liv. 1, c. l.—Virg. JEn. 8, v. 269, kc— Vic- 
tor de orig. 8. 

M. Pinarius Rusca, a pretor, who conquer- 
ed Sardinia, and defeated the Corsicans. Cic. 
de oral. 2. 

Pinarus, or Pindus, now Delifou, a river 
falling into the sea near Issus, after flowing be- 
tween Cilicia and Syria. Dionys. Per. 

Pincum, a town of Mzesia Superior, now 
Gradisca. 

Pindarus, a celebrated lyric poet of Thebes. 
He was carefully trained from his earliest 
years to the study of music and poetry, and he 
was taught how to compose verses with ele- 
gance and simplicity, by Myitis and Corinna. 
When he was young, it is said that a swarm of 
bees settled on his lips, and there left some 
honey-combs as he reposed on the grass. This 
was universally explained as a prognostic of his 



future greatness and celebrity, and indeed he 
seemed entitled to notice when he had con- 
quered Myr-tis in a musical contest. He was 
not however so successful against Corinna, who 
obtained five times, while he was competitor, a 
poetical prize, which according to some, was 
adjudged rather to the charms of her person, 
than to the brilliancy of her genius, or the su- 
periority of her composition. In the public as- 
semblies of Greece, where females were not 
permitted to contend, Pindar was rewarded with 
the prize, in preference to every other com- 
petitor; and as the conquerors at Olympia were 
the subject of his compositions, the poet was 
courted by statesmen and princes. His hymns 
and paeans were repeated before the most 
crowded assemblies in the temples of Greece; 
and the priestess of Delphi declared that it 
was the will of Apollo, that Pindar should re- 
ceive the half of all the first fruit offerings that 
were annually heaped on his altars. This was 
not the only public honour which he received; 
after his death, he was honoured with every 
mark of respect, even to adoration. His statue 
was erected at Thebes in the public place 
where the games were exhibited, and six ceu- 
tusies after it was viewed with pleasure and 
admiration, by the geographer Pausanias. 
The honours which had been paid to him while 
alive, were also shared by his posterity; and at 
the celebration of one of the festivals of the 
Greeks, a portion of the victim which had been 
offered in sacrifice, was' reserved for the de- 
scendants of the poet. Even the most invete- 
rate enemies of the Thebans showed regard for 
his memory, and the Spartans spared the house 
in which the prince of lyrics had inhabited 
when they destroyed the houses and the walls 
of Thebes. The same respect was also paid 
him by Alexander the Great when Thebes was 
reduced to ashes. It is said that Pindar died at 
the advanced age of 86, B. C. 435. The 
greatest part of his works have perished. He 
had written some hymns to the gods, poems in 
honour of Apollo, dithyrambics to Bacchus, 
and odes on several victories obtained at the four 
greatest festivals of the Greeks, the Olympic, 
Isthmian, Pythian, and Nemean games Of 
all these, the odes are the only compositions ex- 
tant, admired for sublimity of sentiments, 
grandeur of expression, energy and magnifi- 
cence of style, boldness of metaphors, harmony 
of numbers, and elegance of diction- In these 
odes, which were repeated with the aid of mu- 
sical instruments, and accompanied by the va- 
rious inflections of the voice, with suitable atti- 
tudes, and proper motions of the body, the poet 
has not merely celebrated the place where the 
victory was won, but has introduced beautiful 
episodes, and by unfolding the greatness of his 
heroes, the dignity of their characters, and the 
glory of the several republics where they flour- 
ished, he has rendered the whole truly beauti- 
ful, and in the highest degree interesting. Ho- 
race has not hesitated to call Pindar inimitable, 
and this penegyric will not perhaps appear too 
offensive, when we recollect that succeeding 
critics have agreed in extolling his beauties, 
his excellence, his fire, animation, and enthu- 



PI 



PI 



siasm-of Lis genius. He has been censured for 
bis affectation in composing an ode, from which 
the letter S was excluded The best editions 
of Pindar are those of Heyne, 4to Gottingen, 
1773; of Glasgow, 12mo. 1774; andofSchmi- 
dius, 4to. Witteberg, 1616. .ithen. — Quiutil. 
10, c. 1 — Horat. 4, od. 2.—JElian. V. H. 3. 
— Pans. 1, c. 8, I. 9, c. 23.— VeA. Max. 9, c. 

■ 12.— Pint, in Alex.— Curt. 1, c. 13. A 

tyrant of Ephesus who killed his master at his 
own request, after the battle of Philippi. Plut. 

A Theban, who wrote a Latin poem on the 

Trojan war. 

Pindasus, a mountain of Troas. 

Pindenissus, a town of Cilicia, on the bor- 
ders of Syria. Cicero, when proconsul in Asia, 
besieged it for 25 days and took it. Cic. ad M. 
Galium, ad Fam. 2, ep. 10. 

Pindus, a mountain, or rather a chain of 
mountains, between Thessaly,- Macedonia, and 
Epirus. It was greatly celebrated as being sa- 
cred to the Muses and to Apollo. Ovid Met. 

1, v. 570.— Strafe. 18.— Virg. Ed. 10.— Lu- 
can. I, v. 674, 1. 6, v. 339.— Mela, 2, c. 3. 

A town of Doris in Greece, called also 

Cyphas. It was watered by a small river of 
the same name which falls into the Cephisus, 
near Lilaea. Herodot- 1, c. 56. 

Pingus, a river of Mysia, falling into the 
Danube Plin. 3, c. 26. 

Pinna, a town of Paly, at the mouth of the 
Matrinus, south of Picenum. Sil. 8, v. 518. 

Pinthias. Vid. Phinthias. 

Pintia, a town of Spain, now supposed to 
be Valladolid. 

Pion, one of the descendants of Hercules, 
who built Pionia, near the Caycus in Mysia 
It is said that smoke issued from his tomb as 
often as sacrifices were offered to him. Paus. 
9, c 18. 

Pione, one of the Nereides. Jlpollod. 

Pionia, a town of Mysia, near the Caycus. 

Pir^us, or Piraeus, a celebrated harbour 
at Athens, at the mouth of the Cephisus, about 
three miles distant from the city It was joined 
to the town by two walls, in circumference 
seven miles and au half, and sixty feet high, 
which Themistocles wished to raise in a double 
proportion. One of these was built by Pericles, 
and the other by Themistocles. The towers 
which were raised on the walls to serve as a 
defence, were turned into dwelling-houses, as 
the population of Athens gradually increased. 
It was the most capacious of all the bari/ours of 
the Athenians, and was naturally divided into 
three large basons called Caatberos, Aphrodi- 
sium, and Zea, improved by the labours of 
Themistocles, and made sufficiently commodious 
for the reception of a fleet of 400 ships in the 
greatest security. The walls which joined it to 
Athens, with all its fortifications, were total- 
ly demolished when Lysander put an end to 
the Peloponnesian war by the reduction of 
Attica. Paus. 1, c. 1. — Strab. 9. — C. JV*e/>. in 
Them — Flor. 3, c. 5.— Julin. 5, c. 8. — Ovid. 
Met. 6, v. 446. 

Piranthus, a son of Argus and Evadne, 
brother to Jasus, Epidaurus, and Perasus, Paus. 

2, c. 16 and 17. — tipQllod. 2. 



Pirene, a daughter of Danaus A daugh- 
ter of (Ebalus or according to others, cf the 
Acheluus. She had by Neptune two sons 
called Leches and Cenchrius, who gave their 
name to two of the harbours of Corinth. Pirene 
was so disconsolate at the death of her son 
Cenchrius, who bad been killed by Diana, that 
she pined away, and was dissolved by her con- 
tinual weeping into a fountain of the same name, 
which was still seen at Corinth in the age of 
Pausanias. The fountain' Pirene was sacred 
to the Muses, and according to some, the horse 
Pegasus was then drinking some of its waters, 
when Bellerophon took it to go and conquer the 
Chimajra. Paus. ... c. 3. — Ovid. Met. 2, r. 
240. 

Pirithous, a son of Ixion and the cloud, or 
according to others, of Dia, the daughter of 
Deioneus. Some make him son of Dia, by 
Jupiter, who assumed the shape of a nurse 
whenever he paid his addresses to his mistress. 
He was king of the Lapithae, and as an ambi- 
tious prince he wished to become acquainted 
with Theseus, king of Athens, of whose fame 
and exploits he had heard so many reports. To 
see him, and at the same time to be a witness 
of his valour, he resolved to invade his territo- 
ries with an army. Theseus immediately met 
him on the borders of Attica, but at the sight of 
one another the two enemies did not begin the 
engagement, but struck with the appearance of 
each other, they stepped between the hostile 
armies. Their meeting was like that of the 
most cordial friends, and Pirithous by giving 
i best us his hand as a pledge of his sincerity, 
promised to repair all the damages which his 
hostilities in Attica might have occasioned. 
From that time, therefore, the two monarchs 
became the n.ost intimate and the most attached 
of friends, so much, that their friendship, like 
that of Orestes and Pylades, is becomeproverbial. 
Pirithous some time after married Hippodamia, 
and invited not only the heroes of his age. but 
also the gods themselves, and his neighbours the 
Centaurs, to celebrate his nuptials. Mars was 
the only one of the gods who was not invited, 
anJ to punish this neglect, the god of war was 
determined to raise a quarrel among ihe guests, 
and to disturb the festivity of the entertainment. 
Eurythion, captivated with the beauty of Hip- 
podamia. and intoxicated with wine, attempted 
to offer violence to the bride, but he was pre- 
vented by Theseus, and immediately killed. 
This irritated the rest of the Ceotaarsj the fcon- 
becaa}'e general, but the valour of Theseus, 
Pirithous-, Hercules, and the rest of the La- 
pithae triumphed over their enemies Many of 
the Centaurs were sla"in, and the res' saved 
their lives by flight. [Vid. Lapithus.] The 
death of Hippodamia left Pirithous very dis- 
consolate, and he resolved, with his friend 
Theseus, who had likewise lost his wife, never 
to marry again, except to a jroddess, or one of 
the daughters of the gods. This determination 
occasioned the rape of Helen by the two friends; 
tho lot was drawn, ai.d it ft 'I to the share of 
Theseus to have the beautiful prize. Pirithous 
upon this undertook wiih his friend to carry 
away Proserpine and to marry her, They dc 



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scended into the infernal regions, but Pluto, 
who was apprised of tbeir machinations to dis- 
turb his eonjugal peace, stopped the two friends 
and confined tbein there. Pirithous was tied 
to his father's wheel, or according to Hyginus, 
he was delivered to the furies to be continually 
tormented. His punishmeni, however, was 
short, and when Hercules visited the kingdom 
of Pluto, he obtained from Proserpine the par- 
don of Pirithous, and brought him back to bis 
kingdom safe and unhurt. Some suppose that 
he was torn to pieces by the dog Cerberus. 
[Vid. Theseus ] Ovid. Met. 12, fab. 4 and 5- 
— Hesiod. in Scut. Her. — Homer. II 2. — Paus 
5, c. 10.— rfpoltod. 1, c C, I. 2, c. b.—Hygin. 
fab. 14, 79, 155.— Diod. A.— Pint in Thes.— 
Horat. 4, od. l.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 304.— Mart. 
7, ep. 23. 

• Pirus, a captain of the Thracians during the 
Trojan war, killed by Thoas, king of iEiolia. 
Homer. II. 4. 

PirustjE, a people of Illyricum. Liv. 45, c. 
26. 

Pisa, a town of Elis on the Alpheus at the 
west of the Peloponnesus, founded by Pisus the 
son of Perieres, and grandson of iEolus. Its in- 
habitants accompanied Nestor to the Trojan 
war, and they enjoyed long the privilege of pre- 
siding at the Olvmpic games which were cele- 
brated near their city. This honourable ap- 
pointment was envied by the people of Elis, 
who made war against the Piseans, and after 
many bloody battles took their city and totally 
demolished it. It was at Pisa that CEnomaus 
murdered the suitors of his daughter, and that 
he himself was conquered by Pelops. The in- 
habitants were called Piscei.- Some have doubt- 
ed the existence of such a place as Pisa, but 
this doubt originates from Pisa's having been 
destroyed in so remote an age. The horses of 
Pisa were famous. The year on which the 
Olympic games were celebrated, was often 
called Pisozus annus, and the victory which was 
obtained there was called Pistce ramus olivce< 
Vid. Olympia. Strab.. 8 — Ovid. Trist 2, v. 
3S6, 1. 4, el. 10, v. 95 — Mela, 2.—Virg. G 3, 
v. 180.— Stat. Theb. 7, v. 417 — Paus. 6, c. 22. 
Pis^e, a town of Etruria, built by a colony 
from Pisa in the Peloponnesus. The inhabit- 
ants were called Pisani. Dionysius of Halicar- 
nassus affirms that it existed before the Trojan 
war, but others support that it was built by a 
colony of Pisaeans who were shipwrecked on the 
coast of Etruria at their return from the Trojan 
war, Pisae was once a very powerful and flou- 
rishing city, which conquered the Baleares, to- 
gether with Sardinia and Corsica. The sea on 
the neighbouring coast was called the bay of 
Pisae. Virg. .JEn. 10, v. 119.— Strab. b.—Lu- 
can. 2, v. 401.— Liv. 39, c. 2, I. 45, c. 13.— 
Plin. 2, c. 103. 

PisiEus, a surname of Jupiter at Pisa. 
Pisander, a son of Belleropbon killed by the 

Solymi. A Trojan chief killed by Meneiaus. 

Homer. II. 13, v. 601. One of Penelope's 

suitors, son of Polyctor. Ovid Hercid. 1. 

A son of Antimachus, killed by Agamemnon 
during the Trojan war. He had had recourse 
to entreaties and promises, but in vain, as the 



Grecian wished to resent the advice of Antima- 
chus, who opposed the restoration of Helen. 

Homer. II. 11, v. 123 An admiral ol the 

Spartan fleet during the Peloponuesian war. 
He abolished the democracy at Athens, and es- 
tablished the aristociatical geverjunent of the 
four hundred tyrants. He was killed in a naval 
battle by Conon the Athenian general near 
Cnidus, in which the Spartans lost 50 galleys, 

8, C. 394. Diod. A poet of Rhodes who 

composed a poem called Htraclea, in which he 
gave an account of all the labours and all the 
exploits of Hercules. He was the first who ever 
represented his hero armed with a club. Paus. 
8, c 22. 

PisATEs,,or Pisaii, the inhabitants of Pisa 
in the Peloponnesus. i 

Pisaurus, now Foglia, a river of Picenum, 
with a town called Pisaurum, now Pesaro, 
which became a Roman colony in the consul- 
ship of Claudius Pulchei. The town was de- 
stroyed by an earthquake in the beginning of 
the reign of Augustus. Mela, 2, c. 4. — Calull. 
82.— Plin. 3— Liv 39, c. 44, 1. 41, c. 27. 

Pisenor, a son of Ixion and the cloud. ■ 

One of the ancestors of the curse of Ulysses. 
Homer. Od. 1. 

Piseus, a king of Etruria, about 260 years 
before the foundation of Rome. Plin. 7, c 26. 

Pisias, a general of the Argives in the age 
of Epaminondas. A statuary at Athens ce- 
lebrated for his pieces. Paus- 

Pisidia, an inland country of Asia Minor, 
between Phrygia, Pamphylia, Galatia, and 
lsauria. It was rich and fertile. The inha- 
bitants were called Pisida. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 
1.— Mela, 1, c. 2.— Strab. 12.— Liv. 37, c. 54 
and 56. 

Pisidice, a daughter of iEolus, who married 

Myrmidon. A daughter of Nestor. A 

daughter of Pelias. The daughter of a kiBg 

ofMethymna in Lesbos. She became ena- 
moured of Achilles when he invaded her fa- 
ther's kingdom, and she promised to deliver the 
city into his hands if he would marry her. 
Achilles agreed to the proposal, but when he 
became master of Methymna, he ordered Pisi- 
dice to be stoned to death for her perfidy. Par- 
then, erot. 21. 

Pisis, a native of Thespis, who gaiued un- 
common influence among the Thebans, and be- 
haved with great courage m defence of their 
liberties. He was taken prisoner by Demetrius, 
who made him governor of Tbespia?. 

Pisistratid.*:, the descendants of Pisistra- 
tus, tyrant of Athens. Vid. Pisistratus. 

Pisistratides, a man sent as ambassador to 
the satraps of the king of Persia by the Spar- 
tans. 

Pisistratus, an Athenian, son of Hippo- 
crates, who early distinguished himself by his 
valour in the field, and by his address and elo- 
quence at home. After he had rendered him- 
self the favourite cf the populace by his liber- 
ality and by the intrepidity with which he had 
fought their battles, particularly near Salamis, 
he resolved to make himself master of his 
country. Every thing seemed favourable to hi* 
views, but Solon alone, who was then at the 



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head of affairs, and who bad lately instituted 
his celebrated laws, opposed him and discover- 
ed his duplicity and artful behaviour before the 
public assembly. Pisistratus was not disheart- 
ened by the measures of his relation Solon, but 
he had recourse to artifice. In returning from 
his country house, he cut himself in various 
places, and after he had exposed bis mangled 
body to the eyes of the populace, deplored his 
misfortunes, and accused his enemies of at- 
tempts upon his life, because he was the friend 
of the people, the guardian of the poor, and the 
reliever of the oppressed, he claimed a chosen 
body of 10 men from the populace to defend his 
person in future from the malevolence and the 
cruelty of his enemies. The unsuspecting people 
unanimously granted his request, though Solon 
opposed it with all his influence; and Pisistra- 
tus had no sooner received an armed band, on 
whose fidelity and attachment he could rely, 
than he seized the citadel of Athens, and made 
himself absolute. The people too late per- 
eeived their credulity; yet, though the tyrant 
was popular, two of the citizens, Megacles and 
Lycurgus, conspired together against him, and 
by their means he was forcibly ejected from 
the city. His house and all his effects were exr 
posed to sale, but there was found in Athens 
only one man who would buy them. The pri- 
vate disseutions of the friends of liberty proved 
favourable to the expelled tyrant, and Megacles, 
who was jealous of Lycurgus, secretly promised 
to restore Pisistratus to all his rights and pri- 
vileges in Athens, if he would marry his daugh- 
ter. Pisistratus consented, and by the assist- 
ance of his father-in-law, he was soon enabled 
to expel Lycuigus, and to re-establish himself. 
By means of a woman called Phya, whose shape 
was tall, and whose features were noble and 
commanding, he imposed upon the people, and 
created himself adherents even among his ene- 
mies. Phya was conducted through the streets 
of the city, and showing herself subservient to 
the artifice of Pisistratus, she was announced as 
Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, and the pa- 
troness of Athens, who was come down from 
heaven to re-establish her favourite Pisistratus 
in a power which was sanctioned by the will of 
heaven, and favoured by the affection of the 
people. In the midst of his triumph, however, 
Pisistratus found himself unsupported, and some 
time after, when he repudiated the daughter of 
Megacles, he found that not only the citizens, 
but even his very troops, were alienated from 
him by the influence, the intrigues, and the 
bribery of his father-in-law. He fled from 
Athens, where he could no longer maintain his 
power, and retired to Euboea. Eleven years 
after, he was drawn from bis obscure retreat, 
by means of his son Hippias, and he was a third 
time received by the people of Athens as their 
master and sovereign. Upon this he sacrificed 
to his resentment the friends of Megacles, but 
he did not lose sight of the public good; and 
while he sought the aggrandizement of his fa- 
mily, he did not neglect the dignity and the ho- 
nour of the Athenian name. He died about 
527 years before the Christian era, after he 
had enjoyed the sovereign power at Athens for 



S3 years, including the years of his banishment, 
and he was succeeded by his son Hipparchus. 
Pisistratus claims our admiration for his justice, 
his liberality, and hi& moderation. If he was 
dreaded and detested as a tyrant, the Athenians 
loved and respected his private virtues and his 
patriotism as a fellow-citizen, and the oppro- 
brium which generally falls on his head may be 
attributed not to the severity of his administra- 
tion, but to the republican principles of the 
Athenians, who hated and exclaimed against 
the moderation and equity of the mildest so- 
vereign, while they flattered the pride and gra- 
tified the guilty desires of the most tyrannical 
of their fellow-subjects. Pisistratus often re- 
fused to punish the insolence of his enemies, 
and when he had one day been virulently ac- 
cused of murder, rather than inflict immediate 
punishment upon the man who had criminated 
him, he went to the areopagus. and there con- 
vinced the Athenians that the accusations of his 
enemies were groundless, and that his life was 
irreproachable. It is to his labours that we are 
indebted for the preservation of the poems of 
Homer, and he was the first, according to 
Cicero, who introduced them at Athens, in the 
order in which they now stand. He also esta- 
blished a public library at Athens, and the 
valuable books which he bad diligently collect- 
ed, were carried into Persia when Xerxes made 
himself master of the capital of Attica. Hip- 
parchus and Hippias the sons of Pisistratus, 
who have received the name of PisistratidcEy 
rendered themselves -as illustrious as their fa- 
ther, but the flames of liberty were too power- 
ful to be extinguished. The Pisistratidae go- 
verned with great moderation, yet the name of 
tyrant or sovereign was insupportable to the 
Athenians. Two of the most respec'able of the 
citizens, called Harmodius and Aristogiton, 
conspired against them, and Hipparchus was 
despatched in a public assembly. This mur- 
der was not however attended with any advan- 
tages, and though the two leaders of the con- 
spiracy, who have been celebrated through every 
age for their patriotism, were supported by the 
people, yet Hippias quelled the tumult by his 
uncommon firmness and piudence, and for a 
while preserved that peace in Athens which his 
father had often been unable to command. This 
was not long to coutinue. Hippias was at last 
expelled by the united efforts of the Athenians 
and of their allies of Peloponnesus, and he left 
Attica, when he found himself unable to main- 
tain his power and independence. The rest of 
the family of Pisistratus followed him in his 
banishment, and after they had refused to ac- 
cept the liberal offers of the princes of Thessaly, 
and the king of Macedonia, who wished them 
to settle in their respective territories, the Pi- 
sistratidae retired to Sigaeum, which their father 
had in the summit of his power conquered and 
bequeathed to his posterity. After the banish- 
ment of the Pisistratidae, the Athenians be- 
came more than commonly jealous of their li- 
berty, and often sacrificed the most powerful of 
their citizens, apprehensive of the influence 
which popularity, and a well directed liberality, 
might gain among a fickle and unsettled po- 



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jpulace. The Pisislratidaj were banished from 
Athens about 18 years after the death of Pisis- 
tiatus, B. C. 510. JElian. V. H. 13, c. 14.— 
Paws. 7, c. 2Q.—Herodot. 1, c. 59,1. 6,c, 103. 

— Cic de orat. 2,— Val. Max. 1, c 2. A 

son of Nestor. Spoiled A king of Orcho- 

merios, who rendered himseif odious by his 
cruelty towards the nobles. He was put to 
death by them, and they carried away his oody 
from the public assembly, by hiding each a 
piece of flesh under their garments to prevent a 
discovery from the people, of which he was a 

great favourite. Plat, in Par. A Thebao 

attacued to the Roman interest, while the con- 
sul Flaminius was in Greece. He assassinated 
the pretor of Boeotia, for which he was put to 
death, &c. 

Piso, a celebrated family at Rome, which 
was a branch of the Calpurmans, descended 
from Calpus the son of Numa. Before the 
death of Augustus, eleven of this family had 
obtained the consulship, and many had been 
honoured with triumphs, on account of their 
victories, in the different provinces of the Ro- 
man empire. Of this family, the most famous 

were Lucius Calpurnius, who was tribune 

of the people, about 149 years before Chrisi, 
and afterwards consul. His frugality procured 
him the surname of Frugi, and he gained the 
greatest honours as an orator, a lawyer, a states- 
man, and an historian. He made a successful 
campaign in Sicily, and rewarded his son, who 
had behaved with great valour during the war, 
with a crown of gold, which weighed twenty 
pounds. He composed some annals and ha- 
rangues, which were lost in the age of Cicero. 

His style was obscure and inelegant. Caius, 

a Roman consul, A U- C. 687, who supported 
the consular dignity against the tumults of the 
tribunes, and the clamours of the people. He 
made a law to restrain the cabals which gene- 
rally prevailed at the election of the chief ma- 
gistrates Cneius, another consul under 

Augustus. He was one of the favourites of 
Tiberius, by whom he was appointed governor 
©f Syria, where he rendered himself odious by 
his cruelty. He was accused of having poison- 
ed Germanicus, and when he saw that he was 
shunned and despised by his friends, he de- 
stroyed himself, A. D. 20, Lucius, a gover- 
nor of Spain, who was assassinated by a peasant, 
as he was travelling through the country. The 
murderer was seized and tortured, but he re- 
fused to confess the causes of the murder.- 

Lucius, a private man, accused of having utter- 
ed seditious words against the emperor Tiberius. 
He was condemned, but a natural death saved 

him from the hands of the executioner. 

Lucius, a governor of Rome for twenty years, 
an office which he discharged with the greatest 
justice and credit. He was greatly honoured 
by the friendship of Augustus, as well'as of his 
successor, a distinction he deserved, both as a 
faithful citizen and a man of learning. Some, 
however, say, that Tiberius made him governor 
of Rome, because he had continued drinking 
with him a night and two days, or two days and 
two nights, according to Pliny. Horace dedi- 
cated his poem de Art* Poeticd, to his two sons, 



whose partiality for literature had distinguished 
them among the rest of the Romans, and who 
were fond of cultivating poetry in their leisure 

hours. Plut. in Cats. — Plin. 18, c. 3. ■ 

Cneius, a factious and turbulent youth, who 
conspired against his country with Catiline. He 

was among the friends of Julius Caesar 

Caius, a Roman who was at the head of a cele- 
brated conspiracy against the emperor Nero. 
He had rendered himself a favourite of the 
people by his private, as well as public virtues, 
by the generosity of his behaviour, his fondness 
of pleasure with the voluptuous, and his auste- 
rity with the grave and the reserved. He had 
been marked by some as a proper person to 
succeed the emperor; but the discovery of the 
plot by a freed-man, who was among the ccn- 
.-.pirators, soon cut him off, with all his partisans. 
He refused to court the affections of the people, 
and of the army, when the whole had been 
made public, and instead of taking proper mea- 
sures for his preservation, either by proclaiming 
himself emperor, as his friends advised, or by 
seeking a retreat in the distant provinces of the 
empire, he retired to his own house, where he 
opened the veins of both his arms, and bled to 

death. Lucius, a senator who followed the 

emperor Valerian into Persia. He proclaimed 
himself emperor after the death of Valerian, 
but he was defeated and put to death a few 

weeks after, A. D. 261, by Valeus, &c. Lu- 

cinianus, a senator adopted by the emperor Gal- 

ba. He was put to death by Otho's orders. 

A son-in-law of Cicero. A patrician, whose 

daughter married Julius Caesar. Horat. — Tacit. 
jinn. Sf Hist — Val. Max.—Liv. — Sueton. — 

Cic. de offic. &c. — Plut in Cces. &c. One 

of the 30 tyrants appointed over Athens by Ly- 
sander. 

Pisunis villa, a place near Baiae in Cam- 
pania, which the emperor Nero often frequent- 
ed. Tacit. Jinn. 1. 

Pissirus, a town of Thrace, near the river 
Nestus. Herod. 7, c. 109, 

Pistor, a surname given to Jupiter by the 
Romans, signifying baker, because when their 
city was taken by the Gauls, the god persuad- 
ed them to throw down loaves from the Tar- 
peian hill where they were besieged, that the 
enemy might from thence suppose, that they 
were not in want of provisions, though in 
reality they were near surrendering through 
famine. This deceived the Gauls, and they 
soon after raised the siege. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 
350, 394, &c. 

Pistoria, new Pistoja, a town of Etruria, at 
the foot of the Apennines, near Florence, where 
Catiline was defeated. Sallust. Cat. 57. — Plin. 
3, c. 4. 

Pisus, a son of Aphareus, or 'according to 
others of Perieres. JUpollod. 3. — Paus. 5, 

Pisuthnes, a Persiau satrap of Lydia, who 
revolted from Darius Nothus His father's 
name was Hystaspes. Pint, in .Art. 

Pitane, a town of /Eolia in Asia Minor. 
The inhabitants made bricks which swam on 
the surface of the water. Lucan. 3, v. 305. — 
Strab. 13 — VUrm. 2,c. 3. —.We/a, l,c. 18.— 



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I. Met. 7, v. 351. — — A town of Laconia. 
Pindar, ol. 6, v. 46. 

Pitaratus, an Athenian archon, duritig whose 
magistracy Epicurus died. Cic. Fast. 9. 

PithecucA, a small island on the coast of 
Etruria, anciently called JEnaria, and Enari- 
na, with a town of the same name, on the top 
of a mountain. The frequent earthquakes to 
which it was subject, obliged the inhabitants to 
leave it. There was a volcano in the middle 
of the island, which has given occasion to the 
ancients to say, that the giant Typhon was bu- 
ried there. Some suppose that it received its 
name from 7rt&»KGt. monkeys, into which the in- 
habitants were changed by Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 
14, v. 90.— Plin. 3~c. 6.— Pindar. Pytfi. I.— 
Slrab 1. 
Pitheus. Vid. Pittheus. 
Pitho, called also Suada, the goddess of 
persuasion among the Greeks and Romans, 
supposed to be the daughter of Mercury and 
Venus. She was represented with a diadem 
on her head, to intimate her influence over the 
hearts of men. One of her arms appears raised 
as in the attitude of an orator haranguing in a 
public assembly, and with the other she holds a 
thunderbolt and fetters, made with flowers, to 
signify the powers of reasoning, and the attrac- 
tions of eloquence. A caduceus, as a symbol 
of persuasion, appears at her feet, with the 
writings of Demosthenes and Cicero, the two 
most celebrated among the ancients, who un- 
derstood how to command the attention of their 
audience, and to rouse and animate their vari- 
ous passions. A Roman courtezan. She re- 
ceived this name on account of the allurements 
which her charms possessed, and of her winning 
expressions 

Pjtholaus and Lycofhron, seized upon the 
sovereign power of Pherae, by killing Alexander. 
They were ejected by Philip of Macedonia. 
Diod. 16. 

Pitholeon. an insignificant poet of Rhodes 
who mingled Greek and Latin in his compo- 
sitions. He wrote some epigrams against J. 
Caesar, and drew upon himself the ridicule of 
Horace, on account of the inelegance of his 
style. Sueton. de cL Rh. — Horat. 1, sat. 10, v. 
2].—Macrob. 2, sat 2. 

Pithon, one of the body guards of Alexan- 
der, put to death by Antiochus. 

Pithys, a nymph beloved by Pan. Boreas 
was also fond of her, but she slighted his ad- 
dresses, upon which he dashed her against a 
rock, and she was changed into a pine tree. 

Pittacus, a native of Mityiene in Lesbos, 
was one of the seven wise men of Greece. His 
father's name was Cyrradius. With the assist- 
ance of the sons of Alcaeus, he delivered his 
country from the oppression of the tyrant Me- 
lanchrus, and in the war which the Athenians 
waged against Lesbos he appeared at the head 
of his countrymen, and challenged to single 
combat Phrynon the enemy's general. As the 
event of the war seemed to depend upon this 
combat, Pittacus had recourse to artifice, and 
when he engaged, he entangled his adversary 
in a net, which he had concealed under his 
shield, and easily despatched him. He was 



amply rewarded for his victory, and his coun- 
trymen, sensible of his merit, unanimously ap- 
pointed hi.u governor of their city with unlimit- 
ed authority. In this capacity Pittacus behaved 
with great moderation and prudence, and after 
he had governed his feliow-citizens with the 
strictest justice, and after he had established 
and, enforced the most salutary laws, he volun- 
tarily resigned the sovereign power after he had 
enjoyed it for 10 years, observing that the vir- 
tues and innocence of private life wevt incom- 
patible with the power and influence of a sove- 
reign. His disinterestedness gained him many 
admirers, and when the Mityieneans wished to 
reward his public services by presenting nitn 
with an immense tract of territory, he refused 
to accept more land than what should be con- 
tained within the distance to which he could 
throw a javelin. He died in the 82d year of 
his age, about 570 years before Christ, after he 
had spent the last ten years of his life in lite- 
rary ease and peaceful retirement. One of his 
favourite maxims was, that man ought to pro- 
vide against misfortunes to avoid them; but that 
if they ever happened, he ought to support them 
with patience and resignation. In prosperity 
friends were to be acquired, and in the hour of 
adversity their faithfulness was to be tried. He 
also observed, that in oar actions it was im- 
prudent to make others acquainted with our 
designs, for if we failed we had exposed our- 
selves to censure and to ridicule. Many of his 
maxims were inscribed on the wails of Apollo's 
temple at Delphi, to show the world how great 
an opinion the Mityieneans entertained of his 
abilities as a philosopher, a moralist, and a man. 
By one of his laws, every fault committed by a 
man when intoxicated, deserved double punish- 
ment. The titles of some of his writings are 
preserved by Laertius, among which are men- 
tioned elegiac verses, some laws in prose ad- 
dressed to his countrymen, epistles, and moral 
precepts called adomena Dicg. — Jlristot Po- 
lit. — Pint, insymp. — Pans. 10, c. 24 — JEUan. 
V. H. 2, &c— Vol. Marc. 6, c 5. A grand- 
son of Porus king of Tndia. 

Pitthea, a town near Troezene. Hence the 
epithet of Pittheus in Ovid. Met. 15, v. 296. 

Pittheus, a king of Troezene in Argolis, 
son of Pelops and Hippodamia. He was uni- 
versally admired for his learning, wisdom, and 
application; fee publicly taught in a school at 
Troezene, and even composed a book, which 
was seen by Pausanias the geographer. He 
gave his daughter .^Sthra in marriage to /Egeus, 
king of Athens, and he himself took particular 
care of the youth and eilucaiion of his grandson 
Theseus. He was buried at Troezene, which 
he had founded, and on his tomb were seen, 
for many ages, three seats of white marble, on 
which he sat, with two other judges, whenever 
he gave laws to his subjects, or settled their 
disputes. Pans. 1 and 2. — Plut. in Thes. — 
Strab. 8. 

Pituanius, a mathematician in the age of 
Tiberius, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, 
&c. Tacit. Ann. 2. 

Pitulani, a people of Umbria. Their chief 
town was called Pitulum. 



PT, 



PL 



TtTXMk, a town of Asia Minor. Apollon. 

Pityassus, a town of Pisielia. Strab. 

Pittonesus, a smail island on the coast of 
Peloponnesus, near Epidaurus. Plin. 

Pityds, (untis), now Pitcldnda, a town of 
Colchis. Plin. 6, c. 5. 

Pityusa, a small island on the coast of Ar- 

golis. Plin 4, c 12. A name of Chios. 

• Two small islands in the- Mediterranean, 

near the coast of Spain, of which the larger was 
called Ebusus, and the smaller Opliiusa. Mela, 
2, c, 7 — Utrab —Plin 3, c. 5. 

Pius, a surname given to the emperor Anto- 
ninus, on account of his piety and virtue. 

A surname given to a son of Metellus, because 
he interested himself so warmly to have his fa- 
ther recalled from banishment. 

Placentia, now called Flacenza, an ancient 
town and colony of Italy, at the confluence 
of the Trebia and Po. Liv. 21, c 25 and 56, 

1, 37, c 10. Another, near Lusitania, in 

Spain. 

Placideianus, a gladiator in Horace's age, 

2, Sot. 7. 
Placidia, a daughter of Theodosius the 

Great, sister to Honorius and Arcadius. She 
married Adolpbus. king of the Goths, and af 
terwards Coustantius, by whom she had Valen- 
tinian the third She died A. D. 449. 

Placidius Julius, a tribune of a cohort, who 
imprisoned the emperor Vitellius, &c. Tacit. H. 

3, c. 35. 
Planasia, a small island of the Tyrrhene sea. 

Another, on the coast of Gaul, where Ti- 
berius ordered Agrippa, the grandson of Augus- 
tus, to be put to death. Tacit. Jinn. 1, c. 3, 
A town on the Rhone. 

Plancina, a woman celebrated for her in 
trigues and her crimes, who married Piso, and 
was accused with him of having murdered Ger- 
manicus, in the reign of Tiberius. She was 
acquitted either by means of the empress Li via, 
or on account of the partiality of the emperor 
for her person. She had long supported the 
spirits of her husband, during his confinement, 
but, when she saw herself freed from the accu- 
sation, she totally abandoned him to his fate. 
Subservient in every thing to the will of Livia, 
she, at her instigation, became guilty of the 
greatest crimes, to injure the character of 
Agrippina. After the death of Agrippina, 
Plaucina was accused of the most atrocious vil- 
lanies, and as she knew she could not elu<!e jus- 
tice, she put herself to death. A. D. 33. Tacit. 
Jinn 6, c 26, &c 

L. ^lantcus Muvatius, a Roman, who ren- 
dered himself ridiculous by his follies and his 
extravagance. He had been consul, and had 
presided over a province in the capacity of go- 
vernor, but he forgot all his dignity, and became 
one of the most servile flatterers of Cleopatra 
and Antony. At the court of the Egyptian 
queen in Alexandria, he appeared in the cha- 
racter of the meanest stage dancer, and, in 
comedy, he personated Glaucus, and painted 
his body of a green colour, dancing on a publit 
stage quite naked, only with a crown of green 
reeds on bis head, while he had tied behind his 
back, the tail of a larse sea fish. Thi9 ex- 



posed him to the public derision, and when An- 
tony bad joined the rest of his friends in censur- 
ing him for his unbecoming behaviour, he de- 
serted to Octavius, who received him with great 
marks of friendship and attention. It was he 
who proposed, in the Roman senate, that the 
title of Augustus should be conferred on bis 
friend Octavius, as expressive of the dignity 
and the reverence which the greatness of his 
exploits seemed to claim, Horace has dedi- 
cated 1 od. 7 to him; and he certainly deserved 
the honour, from the elegance of his letters, 
which are still extant, written to Cicero. He 
founded a town in Gaul, which he called Lug- 
dunum- Pint in Anton. A patrician, pro- 
scribed by the second triumvirate. His ser- 
vants wished to save him from death, l»ut he re- 
fused it, rather than to expose their persons to 
danger. 

Plangon, a courtezan of Miletus, in Ionia. 
PlaTjEA, a daughter of Asupus king of 

Bceotia. Paus. 9. c. 1, &c An island on 

the coast of Africa, in the Mediterranean. It 
belonged to the Cyreueans. Uerodot. 4, c. 157. 
Plat^ea, and m, (arum), a town of Bceotia, 
near mount Cithaeron, on the confines of Me- 
garis and Attica, celebrated for a battle fought 
there, between Mardonius the commander of 
Xerxes king of Persia, and Pausanias the La- 
cedaemonian, and the Athenians. The Persian 
army consisted of 300,000 men, 3000 of which 
scarce escaped with their lives by flight. The 
Grecian army, which was greatly inferior, lost 
but few men, and among these 91 Spartans, 52 
Athenians, and 16 Tegeans, were the only 
soldiers found in the number of the slain. The 
plunder which the Greeks obtained in the 
Persian camp was immense. Pausanias receiv- 
ed the tenth of all the. spoils, on account of his 
uncommon valour during 'the engagement, and 
the rest were rewarded each according to their 
respective merit. This battle was fought on 
the 22d of September, the same day as the bat- 
tle of Mycale, 479, B. C. and by it Greece was 
totally delivered for ever from the continual 
alarms to which she was exposed on accouut of 
the Persian invasions, and from that time none 
of the princes of Persia dared to appear with a 
hostile force beyond the Hellespont. The Pla- 
taeans were naturally attached to the interest 
of the Athenians, and they furnished them with 
a thousand soldiers when Greece was attacked 
by Datis, the general of Darius. Platsea was 
taken by the Thebans, after a famous siege, in 
the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, and 
destroyed by the Spartans. B C. 427 Alex- 
ander rebuilt it, and paid great encomiums to 
the inhabitants, on account of their ancestors, 
who had so bravely fought against the Persians 
at the battle of Marathon, and under Pausanias. 
Flerodot. 8, c 50. — Pans. 9, c. 1. — Plut. in 
Jlex. &c— C. Mp. kc.—Cic. de Offic. 1. c. 
18.— Strab.-^Jus'in. 

Platanius, a river of Bceotia. Paws- 9, c. 
24. 

Plato, a celebrated philosopher at Athens, 
<«on of Ariston and Parectonia. His original 
name was Aristocles, and he received that of 
Plato from the largeness of bis shoulders. As 



PL 



PL 



one of the descendants of Codrus, and as the 
©fFspring of a noble, illustrious, and opulent fa- 
mily, Plato was educated with care, his body 
was formed and invigorated with gymnastic 
exercises, and his mind was cultivated and en- 
lightened by the study of poetry and of geome- 
try, from which he derived that acuteness 
of judgment, and warmth of imagination, 
which have stamped his character as the most 
subtle and flowery writer of antiquity He 
first began his literary career by writing poems 
and tragedies; but he was soon disgusted with 
his own productions, when, at the age of 20, 
he was introduced into the presence of So- 
crates, and when he was enabled to compare 
and examine, with critical accuracy, the merit 
of his compositions with those of his poetical 
predecessors. He therefore committed to the 
flames these productions of his early years, 
which could not command the attention or 
gain the applause of a maturer age. During 
eight years he continued to be one of the pu- 
pils of Socrates; and, if he was prevented by 
a momentary indisposition from attending the 
philosopher's last moments, yet he collected, 
from the conversation of those that were pre- 
sent, and from his own accurate observations, 
the minutest and most circumstantial accounts, 
which can exhibit in its truest colours, the con- 
cern aud sensibility of the pupil, and the firm- 
ness, virtues, and moral sentiments of the 
dying philosopher. After the death of Socrates, 
Plato retired from Athens, and, to acquire that 
information which the accurate observer can 
derive in foreign countries, he began to travel 
over Greece. He visited Megara, Thebes, and 
El is, where he met with the kindest reception 
from his fellow disciples, whom the violent 
death of their master had likewise removed 
from Attica. He afterwards visited Magna 
Graecia, attracted by the fame of the Pythago- 
rean philosophy, and by the learning, abilities, 
and reputation, of its professors, Philolaus, 
Archytas, and Eurytus. He afterwards passed 
into Sicily, and examined the eruptions aud 
.fires of the volcano of that island. He also vi- 
sited Egypt, where then the mathematician 
Theodorus flourished, and where he knew that 
the tenets of the Pythagorean philosophy and 
metempsychosis had been fostered and cherish- 
ed. When he had finished his travels, Plato 
retired to the groves of Academus, in the neigh- 
bourhood of Athens, where his lectures were 
soon attended by a crowd of learned, noble, and 
illustrious pupils; and the philosopher, by re- 
fusing to have a share in the administration of 
affairs, rendered his name more famous, and 
his school more frequented. During forty 
years he presided at the head of the academy, 
and there he devoted his time to the instruction 
of his pupils, and composed those dialogues 
which have been the admiration of every age 
and country. His studies, however, were inter- 
rupted for a while, whilst he obeyed the press- 
ing calls and invitations of Dionysius, and 
whilst he persuaded the tyrant to become a 
man, the father of his people, and the friend of 
liberty. [ Vid. Dionysius 2d.] In his dress the 
philosopher was not ostentatious, his manners 



were elegant, but modest, simple, without af- 
fectation, and the great honours which his 
learning deserved were not paid to his appear- 
ance. When he came to the Olympian games, 
Plato resided, during the celebration, in a fa- 
mily who were totally strangers to him. He 
eat and drank with them, he partook of their 
innocent pleasures and amusements; but though 
be told them h's name was Plato, yet he never 
spoke of the employment he pursued at Athens, 
and never introduced the name of that philoso- 
pher whose doctrines he followed, and whose 
death and virtues were favourite topics of con- 
versation in every part of Greece. When 
he returned home, he was attended by the 
family which had so kindly entertained him; 
and as being a native of Athens, he was de- 
sired to show them the great philosopher whose 
name be bore: their surprise was great when 
he told them that he himself was tne Plato 
whom they wished to behold. In his diet he 
was moderate, and indeed, to sobriety and tem- 
perance in the use of food, and to the want of 
those pleasures which enfeeble the body and 
enervate the mind, some have attributed his 
preservation during the tremendous pestilence 
which raged at Athens with so much fury at 
the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. Plato 
was never subject to any long or lingering in- 
disposition, and though change of climate had 
enfeebled a constitution naturally strong and 
healthy, the philosopher lived to an advanced 
age, and was often heard to say, when his phy- 
sicians advised him to leave his residence at 
Athens, where the air was impregnated by the 
pestilence, that he would not advance one sin- 
gle step to gain the top of mount Athos, were 
he assured to attain the gri at longevity which 
the inhabitants of that mountain were said to 
enjoy above the rest of mankind, Plato died 
on his birth day, in the 81st year of his age, 
about 348 years before the Christian era. His 
last moments were easy and without pain, and, 
according to some, he expired in the midst of 
an entertainment, or, according to Cicero, as 
he was writing. The works of Plato are nu- 
merous; they are all written in the form of a 
dialogue, except 12 letters. He speaks always 
by the mouth of others, and the philosopher has 
no where made mention of himself except once 
fn his dialogue entitled Phaedon, and another 
time, in his apology for Socrates. His writings 
were so celebrated, and his opinions so re- 
spected, that he was called divine; and for the 
elegance, melody, and sweetness of his ex- 
pressions, he was distinguished by the appella- 
tion ol the Athenian bee. Cicero had such an 
e.. ,em for him, that in the warmth of panegy- 
ric he exclaimed errare mehercule malo cum 
Platone, quam cum istis vera sentire; and 
Quintilion said, that when he read Plato, he- 
seemed to hear not a man, but a divinity, 
speaking. His sfvle, however, though admired 
and commended by the best and most refined 
of critics among the ancients, hfs not escaped 
the censure of some of the moderns, and the 
philosopher has been blamed, who supports 
that fire is a pyramid tied to the earth by num- 
bers, that the world is a figure consisting of 1 2 
4 i) 



PL 



PL 



pentagons, and who, to prove the metempsy- 
chosis and the immortality of the soul, asserts, 
that the dead are born from the living, and the 
living from the dead* The speculative mind of 
Plato was employed in examining things divine 
and human, and he attempted to fix and ascer- 
tain, not only the practical doctrine of morals 
and politics, but the more subtle and abstruse 
theory of mystical theogony. His philosophy 
was universally received and adopted, and it 
has not only governed the opinions of the specu- 
lative part of mankind, but it continues still 
to influence the reasoning, and to divide the 
sentiments, of the moderns In bis system of 
philosophy, he followed the physics of Heracli- 
tus, the metaphysical opinions of Pythagoras, 
and the morals of Socrates He maintained the 
existenceof two beings, one self-existeot, and the 
other formed by the hand of a pre-existent 
creature, god and man The world was created 
by that self-existent cause, from the rude un- 
digested mass of matter which had existed from 
all eternity, and which had even been animated 
by an irregular principle of motion. The ori- 
gin of evil could not be traced under the gov- 
ernment of a deity, without admitting a stubborn 
intractability and wildness congenial to matter, 
and from these, consequently, could be demon- 
strated the deviations from the laws of nature, 
and from thence the extravagant passions and 
appetites of men. From materials like these 
were formed the four elements, and the beauti- 
ful structure of the heavens and the earth, and 
into the active, but irrational, principle of mat- 
ter, the divinity infused a rational soul. The 
souls of men were formed from the remainder 
of the rational soul of the world, which had 
previously given existence to the invisible gods 
and demons. The philosopher, therefore, sup- 
ported the doctrine of ideal forms, and the pre- 
existence of the human mind, which he con- 
sidered as emanations of the Deity, which can 
never remain satisfied with objects or things un- 
worthy of their divine original. Men could 
perceive, with their corporeal senses, the types 
of immutable things, and the fluctuating objects 
of the material world; but the sudden changes 
to which these are continually obnoxious, create 
innumerable disorders, and hence arises decep- 
tion, and, in short all the errors and miseries of 
human life. Yet, in whatever situation man 
may be, he is still an object of divine concern, 
and, to recommend himself to the favour of the 
pre-existent cause, he must comply with the 
purposes of his creation, and, by proper care 
and diligence, he can recover those immaculate 
powers with which he was naturally endowed. 
All science the philosopher made to consist in 
reminiscence, and, in recalling the nature, 
forms, and proportions, of those perfect and im- 
mutable essences, with which the human mind 
had been conversant. From observations like 
these, the summit of felicity might be attained 
by removing from the material, and approach- 
ing nearer to the intellectual world, by curbing 
and governing the passions, which were ever 
agitated and inflamed by real or imaginary ob- 
jects. The passions were divided into two 
classes; the first consisted of the irascible pas- 



sions, which originated in pride or resentment, 
and were seated in the breast: the other, 
founded on the love of pleasure, was the concu- 
piscible part of the soul, seated in the belly, 
and inferior parts of the body. These different 
orders induced the philosopher to compare the 
soul to a small republic, of which the reasoning 
and judging powers were stationed in the head, 
as in a firm citadel, and of which the senses 
where its guards and servants. By the irasci- 
ble part of the soul men asserted their dignity, 
repelled injuries, and scorned danger; and the 
concupiscible part provided the support and the 
necessities of the body, and, when governed 
with propriety, it gave rise to temperance. 
Justice was produced by the regular dominion 
of reason, and by the submission of the pas- 
sions; and prudence arose from the strength, 
acuteness, and perfection of the soul, without 
which all other virtues could not exist. But, 
amidst all this, wisdom was not easily attained; 
at their creation all minds were not endowed 
with the same excellence, the bodies which 
they animated on earth were not always in 
harmony with the divine emanation: some 
might be too weak, others too strong, and on 
the first years of a man's life depended his fu- 
ture consequence; as an effeminate and licen- 
tious education seemed calculated to destroy 
the purposes of the divinity, while the contrary 
produced different effects, and tended to culti- 
vate and improve the reasoning and judging fa- 
culty, and to produce wisdom and virtue. Plato 
was the first who supported the immortality of 
the soul upon arguments solid and permanent, 
deduced from truth and experience. He did 
not imagine that the diseases, and the death of 
the body, could injure the principle of life and 
destroy the soul, which, of itself, was of divine 
origin, and of an uncorrupted and immutable 
essence, which, though inherent for a while in 
matter, could not lose that power which was the 
emanation of God. From doctrines like these, 
the great founder of Platonism concluded, that 
there might exist in the world a community of 
men whose passions could be governed with 
moderation, and who, from knowing the evils 
and miseries which arise from ill conduct, 
might aspire to excellence, and attain that per- 
fection which can be derived from the proper 
exercise of the rational and moral powers. To 
illustrate this more fully, the philosopher wrote 
a book, well known by the name of the repub- 
lic of Plato, in which he explains, with acute- 
ness, judgment, and elegance, the rise and re- 
volution of civil society; and so respected was 
his opinion as a legislator, that his scholars 
were employed in regulating the republics of 
Arcadia, Elis, and Cnidus, at the desire of 
those states, and Xeuocrates -gave political 
rules for good and impartial government to the 
conqueror of the east. The best editions of 
Plato are those of Francof. fol. 1602, and Bi- 
pont. 12 vols. Svo. 17S8. Plato. Dial. &c 

Cic. de Offic. 1. de div. 1, c. 36. dt JV. D. 

2, c. 12. Tus. 1, c. n.—Plut. in Sol. &c— 
Seneca, ep. — Quintil. 10, c. 1, &c. — JElian. 

V. H. 2 and A.— Pans. 1, c. 30.— Diog. 

A son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, A 



PL 



PL 



€reek poet, called the prince of the middle 
comedy, who flourished B. C. 445. Some 
fragments remain of his pieces. 

Plator, a man of Dyrrhachium, put to 
death by Piso. Cic. Pis. 34. 

Plavis, a river of Venetia, in Italy. 

Plautla lex, was enacted by M. Plautius, 
the tribune, A. U. C. 664. It required every 
tribe annually \p choose fifteen persons of their 
body, to serve as judges, making the honour 
common to all the three orders, according to 
the majority of votes in every tribe. Ano- 
ther, called also Plotia, A. U. C. 675. It pu- 
nished with the interdictio ignis &f aqiue, ali 
persons who were found guilt) of attempts upon 
the state, or the senators or magistrates, or 
such as appeareu in public armed with any evil 
design, or such as forcibly expelled any person 
from his legal possessions. 

Plautianus Fhlvius, an African of mean 
birth, who was banished for his seditious beha- 
viour in the years of his obscurity. In his ba- 
nishment, Plautianus formed an acquaintance 
with Severus, who, some years after, ascended 
the imperial throne. This was the beginning 
of his prosperity; Severus paid the greatest at- 
tention to him, and, if we believe some authors, 
their familiarity and intercourse were carried 
beyond the bounds of modesty and propriety. 
Plautianus shared the favouis of Severus in ob- 
scurity as well as on the throne. He was in- 
vested with as much power as bis patron at 
Rome, and in the provinces, and indeed, he 
wanted but the name of emperor to be his 
equal. His table was served with more deli- 
cate meats than that of the emperor; when he 
walked in the public streets he received the 
most distinguishing honours, and a number of 
criers ordered the most noble citizens, as well 
as the meanest beggars, to make way for the 
favourite of the emperor, and not to fix their 
eyes upon him. Hr was concerned in all the 
rapine and destruction which was committed 
through the empire, and he enriched himself 
with the possessions of those who had been sa- 
crificed to the emperor's cruelty or avarice. To 
complete his triumph, and to make nimself still 
greater, Plautianus married his favourite 
daughter Plautilla to Caracalla the son of the 
emperor; and so eager was the emperor to in- 
dulge bis inclinations in this, and in every other 
respect, that he declared he loved Plautianus 
so much, that he would even wish to die before 
him. The marriage of Caracalla with Plautilla. 
was attended with serious consequences. The 
son of Severus had complied with great reluc- 
tance, and, though Plaati'la was amiable in her 
manners, commanding in aspect, and of a beau- 
tiful countenance, yet the young prince often 
threatened to punish her haughty and imperious 
behaviour as soon as he succeeded to the throne- 
Plautilla reported the whole to her father, and 
to save his daughter from the vengeance of 
Caracalla, Plautianus conspired against the 
emperor and his son. The conspiracy was dis- 
covered, and Severus forgot his attachment to 
Plautianus, and the favours he had heaped 
upon him, when he heard of his perfidy. The 
wicked minister was immediately put to death, 



and Plautilla banished to the island of Lipari, 
with her brother Plautius, where, seven years 
after, she was put to death by order of Cara- 
calla, AD. 211. Plautilla had two children, 
a son, who died in his childhood, and a daugh- 
ter, whom Caracalla murdered in the arms of 
her mother. Dion Cass. 
, Plautilla, a daughter of Plautianus, the 
favourite minister of Severus. [Vid. Plautia- 
nus.] The mother of the emperor Nerva, 

descended of a noble family. 

Plautius, a Roman, who became so discon- 
solate at the death of his wife, that he threw 
himself upon her burning pile. Val. Max. 4, 
c 6. Caius, a consul sent against the Pri- 

vernates, &c Aulus, a governor of Britain, 

who obtained an ovation for the conquests he 

had gained there over the barbarians. One 

of Otho's friends. He dissuaded him from kill- 
ing himself. Lateranus, an adulterer of 

Messalina, who conspired against Nero, and 

was capitally condemned. Aulus. a general 

who defeated the Umbrians and the Etrurians. 

Caius, another general, defeated in Lusi- 

tania. A man put to dead) by order of Ca- 
racalla M. Sylvanus, a tribune, who made 

a law to prevent seditions in the public assem- 
blies. Rubellius, a man accused before 

Nero, and sent to Asia, where he was assas- 
sinated. 

M. Accius Plautus, a comic poet, born at 
Saisina, in Umbria. Fortune proved unkind to 
him, and, from competence, he was reduced to 
the meanest poverty, by engaging in a commer- 
cial line. To maintain himself, he entered into 
the family of a baker as a common servant, 
and, while he was employed in grinding corn, 
he sometimes dedicated a few moments to the 
comic muse. Some, however, confute this 
account as false, and support that Plautus was 
never obliged to the laborious employments of 
a bakehouse for his maintenance. He wrote 
25 comedies, of which only 20 are extant. He 
died about 184 years before the Christian era; 
and Varro, his learned countryman, wrote this 
stanza, which deserved to be engraved on his 
tomb: 

Postqunm morle captus est Plautus, 
Comcedta luget, scena est dtstrta; 
Dein.de risus, ludus, jocusque, &f numeri 
Tnnumeri siinul omnes ccllacrymdrunt. 
The plays of Plautus were universally esteem- 
ed at Rome, and the purity, the energy, and 
the elegance of his language, were, by other 
miters, considered as objects of imitation; and 
Varro, whose judgment is great, and generally 
decisive, declares, that if the Muses were wil- 
ling to speak Latin they would speak in the 
language of Plautus. In the Augustan age, 
however, when the Roman language became 
more pure and refined, the comedies of Plautur 
did not appear free from inaccuracy. The poet, 
when compared to the more elegant expressions 
of a Terence, was censured for his negligence 
in versification, his low wit, execrable puns, and 
disgusting obscenities. Yet, however, censured 
as to language or sentiments, Plautus continued 
to be a favourite on the stage. If his expres- 
sions were Dot choice or delicate, it was oiii- 



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vcrsally admitted that he was more happy than 
other comic writers in his pictures, the incidents 
of his plays were more varied, the acts more 
interesting, the characters more truly displayed, 
and the catastrophe more natural. In the reign 
of the emperor Diocletian, his comedies were 
still acted on the public theatres, and no great- 
er compliment can be paid to his abilities as a 
comic writer, and no greater censure can be 
passed upon his successors in dramatic compo- 
sition, than to observe, that for 500 years, with 
all the disadvantage of obsolete language and 
diction, in spite of the change of manners, and 
the revolutions of government, he commanded, 
and received, that applause which no other wri- 
ter dared to dispute with him. The best edi- 
tions of Plautus are that of Gronovius, 8vo. L. 
Bat. 1664; that of Barbou, ]2mo. in 3 vols. 
Paris, 1759; that of Ernesti, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 
1760; and that of Glasgow. 3 vols. 12mo. 1763. 
Varro apud Qjdntil. 10, c. 1. — Cic. de Offic. 1, 
&c De Orat 3, &c— Moral 2, ep. 1, v. 58, 

170, de art. poet. 54 and 270. JEIianus, a 

high priest, who consecrated the capitoi in the 
reign of Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 53. 

Pleiades, or Vergili^ a name given to 
seven of the daughters of Atlas by Pleione or 
iEthra, one of the Oceanides. They were placed 
in the heavens after deaih, where they formed 
a constellation called Pleiades, near the back 
of the bull in the Zodiac. Their names were 
Alcyone, Merope, Maia, Eleetra, Taygeta, Ste- 
rope, and Geleno. They all, except Merope, 
who married Sisyphus, king of Corinth, had 
some of the immortal gods for their suitors. On 
that account, therefore, Merope's star is dim 
and obscure among the rest of her sisters, be- 
cause she married a mortal. The name of the 
Pleiades is derived from the Greek word7TA€g/v, 
to sail, because that constellation shows the time 
most favourable to navigators, which is in the 
spring. The name of Vergilice they derive from 
ver, the spring. They are sometimes called 
Jliiautides, from their father, or Hesperides, 
from the gardens of that name, which belonged 
to Atlas. Hygin. fail. 192. P. Ji. 2, c. 21.— 
Ovid. Met. 13, v. 293. Fast. 5, v. 106 and 170. 
— Hesiod. oper. fy dies. — Homer Od. 5. — Ho- 
rat. 4, od. 14.— Virg. G. 1, v. 138, 1, 4, 233. 

Seven poets, who, from their number, have 

received the name of Pleiades, near the age of 
Philadelphus Ptolemy, king of Egypt. Their 
names were Lycophron, Theocritus, Aratus, 
Nicander, Apollonius, Philicus, and Homerus 
the younger. 

P eione, one of the Oceanides, who mar- 
ried Atlas, king of Mauritania, by whom she 
had twelve daughters, and a son called Hyas. 
Seven of the daughters were changed into a 
constellation called Pleiades, and the rest into 
another called Hyades. Ovid. Fasti 5, v. 84. 

Plemmyrium, now Massa Oliveri, a promon- 
tory with a small castle of that name, in the 
bay of Syracuse. Virg. J&n. 3, v. 693. 

Plemneus, a king of Sicyon, son of Pera- 
tus. His children always died as soon as born, 
till Ceres, pitying his misfortune, offered her- 
self as a nurse to his wife, as she was going to 
he brought to bed. The child lived by the care 



and protection of the goddess, and Plemneus 
was no sooner acquainted with the dignity of 
his nurse, than he raised her a temple. Pans. 
2, c 5 and II. 

Ple s jiviosii, a people of Belgium, the inha- 
bitant of modern Tournay. Cats. G. 5, c. 38. 

Pleuratus, a king of Illyricum. Liv. 26, 
c. 24. 

Pleuron, a son of iEtolus*> who married 
Xantippe, the daughter of Dorus, by whom he 
had Agenor. He founded a city in iEtolia on 
the Evenus, which bore bis name. Jlpollod. I, 
c. l.—Plin. 4, c. 2.—SU. 15, v. 310.— Pans. 
7, c. 13.— Ovid. Met. 7, v. 382. 

Plexaure. one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 

Plexippus, a son of Thestius, brother to Al- 
thaea, the wife of (Eneus. He was killed by 
his nephew Meleager, in hunting the Calydo- 
nian boar. His brother Toxeus shared his fate. 

[Vid. Althaea and Meleager.] A son of 

Phineus and Cleopatra, brother to Pandion, king 
of Athens. Jlpallod. 

C. Plinius SECuNDDs,'surnamed the Elder, 
was born at Verona, of a noble family. He 
distinguished himself in the field, and, after he 
had been made one of the augurs at Rome, he 
xvas appointed governor of Spain. In his pub- 
lic character he did not neglect the pleasures 
of literature, the day was employed in the ad- 
ministration of the affairs of his province, and 
the night was dedicated to study. Every mo- 
ment of time was precious to him: at his meals 
one of his servants read to him books valuable 
for their information, and from them he im 
mediately made copious extracts, in a memo- 
randum book. Even while he dressed himself 
after bathing, his attention was called away 
from surrounding objects, and he was either 
employed in listening to another, or in dictating 
himself. To a mind so 'earnestly devoted to 
learning, nothing appeared too laborious, no 
undertaking too troublesome. He deemed every 
moment lost which was not dedicated to study, 
and, from these reasons; he never appeared at 
Rome but in a chariot, and, wherever he went, 
he was always accompanied by his amanuensis. 
He even censured his nephew, Pliny the young- 
er, because he had indulged himself with a 
walk, and sternly observed, that he might' have 
employed those moments to better advantage. 
But if his literary pursuits made him forget the 
public affairs, his prudence, his abilities, and 
the purity and innocence of his character, made 
him Known and respected. He was courted 
aud admired by the emperors Titus and Ves- 
pasian, and he received from them all the fa- 
vours which a virtuous prince could offer, and 
an honest subject receive. As he was at Mi- 
senum, where he commanded the fleet, which 
was then stationed there, Pliny was surprised 
p.t the sudden appearance of a cloud of dust 
and ashes. He was then ignorant of the cause 
which produced it, and he immediately set sail 
in a small vessel for mount Vesuvius, which be 
at last discovered to have made a dreadful erup- 
tion. The sight of a number of boats that fled 
from the coast to avoid the danger, might have 
deterred another, but the curiosity of Pliny ex- 
cited him to advance with more boldness, and, 



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though Lis vessel was often covered with stones 
and ashes, that were continually thrown up by 
the mountain, yet he landed on the coast. The 
place was deserted by the inhabitants, but Pliny 
remained there during the night, the better to 
observe the mountain, which, during the obscu- 
rity, appeared to be one continual blaze. He 
was soon disturbed by a dreadful earthquake, 
and the contrary wind on the morrow prevented 
him from returning to lVlisenum. The erup- 
tion of the volcano increased, and, at last, the 
fire approached the place where the philosopher 
made his observations. Pliny endeavoured to 
fly before it, but though he was supported by 
two of his servants, he was unable to escape. 
He scon fell down, suffocated by the thick va- 
pours that surrounded him, and the insupport- 
able stench of sulphureous matter. His body 
was found three days after and decently buried 
by his nephew, who was then at Misenum with 
the fleet. This memorable event happened in 
the 79th year of the Christian era, and the phi- 
losopher who perished by the eruptions of the 
volcano, has been called by some the martyr of 
nature. He was then in the 56th year of his 
age. Of the works which he composed none 
are extant but his natural history in 37 books. 
It is a work, as Pliny the younger says, full of 
erudition, and as varied as nature itself. It 
treats of the stars, the heavens, wind, rain., hail, 
minerals, trees, flowers, and plants, besides an 
account of all living animals, birds, fishes, and 
beasts; a geographical description of every place 
on the globe, andean history of every art and 
science, of commerce and navigation, with their 
rise, progress, and several improvements. He 
is happy in his descriptions as a naturalist, he 
writes with force and energy, and though many 
of his ideas and conjectures are sometimes ill- 
founded, yet he possesses that fecundity of im- 
agination, and vivacity of expression, which are 
requisite to treat a subject with propriety, and 
to render an history of nature pleasing, inte- 
A resting, and above all, instructive. His style 
possesses not the graces of the Augustan age, 
ne has neither its purity and elegance, nor its 
simplicity, but it is rather cramped, obscure, 
and sometimes unintelligible. Yet for all this 
it has ever been admired and esteemed, and it 
may be called a compilation of every thing 
which had been written before his age on the 
various subjects which he treats, and a judicious 
collection from the most excellent treatises 
which had been composed on the various pro- 
ductions of nature. Pliny was no* ashamed to 
mention the authors which he quoted, he speaks 
of them with admiration, and while he pays the 
greatest compliment to their abilities, his en- 
comiums show, in the strongest light, the good- 
ness, the sensibility, and the ingenuousness of 
his own mind. He had written 160 volumes of 
remarks and annotations on the various authors 
which he had read, and so great was the opi- 
nion in his contemporaries, of his erudition and 
abilities, that a man called Lartius Latinos 
offered to buy his notes and observations for the 
enormous sum of about 3242Z. English money. 
The philosopher, who was himself rich and in- 
dependent, rejected the offer, and his compila- 



tions, after his death, came into the hands of 
his nephew Pliny. The best editions of Plinj 
are that of Harduin, 3 vols. fbl. Paris 1723, 
that of Frantzius, 10 vols. 8vo. Lips, 1778, that 
of Brotier, 6 vols. 12mo. Paris 17 79, and the 
Variorum, 8vo. in 8 vols. Lips. 1778 to 1789. 
Tacit .inn. 1, c. 69, 1. 13, c. 20, 1. 15, c. 53. 

— 'PLin. ep. &c C. Csecilius Secundus, sur- 

named the younger, was son of L. Caecilius by 
the sister of Pliny the elder. He was adopted 
by his uncle whose name he assumed, and 
whose estates and effects he inherited. He 
received the greatest part of his education 
under Quimilian, and at the age of 19 he ap- 
peared at the bar, where be distinguished 
himself so much by his eloquence, that he and 
Tacitus were reckoned the two greatest ora- 
tors of their age. He did not make his profes- 
sion an object of gain like the rest of the Ro- 
man orators, but he refused fees from the rich 
as well as from the poorest of his clients, and 
declared that be cheerfully employed himself 
for the protection of innocence, the relief of the 
indigent, and the detection of vice. He pub- 
lished many of his harangues and orations, 
which have been lost. When Trajan was in- 
vested with the imperial purple, Plioy was cre- 
ated consul by the emperor. This honour the 
consul acknowledged in a celebrated panegyric, 
which at the request of the Roman senate and 
in the name of the whole empire, he pronounc- 
ed on Trajan. Some time after he presided 
over Pontus and Bitbynia, in the office, and with 
the power of pro-consul, and by his humanity 
and philanthropy the subject was freed from the 
burden of partial taxes, and the persecution 
which had /been begun against the Christians of 
his province was stopped when Pliny solemnly 
declared to the emperor that the followers of 
Christ . were a meek and inoffensive sect of 
men, that their morals were pure and innocent, 
that they were free from all crimes, and that 
they voluntarily bound themselves by the most 
solemn oaths to abstain from vice, and to re- 
linquish every sinful pursuit. If he rendered 
himself popular in his province, he was not less 
respected at Rome. He was there the friend of 
the poor, the patron of learning, great without 
arrogance, affable in his behaviour, and an ex- 
ample of good breeding, sobriety, temperance, 
and modesty. As a father and a husband his 
character was amiable; as a subject he was 
faithful to his prince; and as a magistrate, he was 
candid, open, and compassionate. His native 
country shared among the rest his unbounded be- 
nevolence ; and Comum, a small town of Insubria 
which gave him birth, boasted of his liberality 
in the valuable and choice library of books 
which he collected there. He also contributed 
towards the expenses which attended the edu- 
cation of his countrymen, and liberally spent 
part of his estate for the advancement of litera- 
ture, and for the instruction of those whom po- 
verty otherwise deprived of the advantages of a 
public education. He made his preceptor Quin- 
tilian, and the poet Martial, objects of his bene- 
volence, and when the daughter of the former 
was married, Pliny wrote to the father with the 
greatest civility; and while he observed that he. 



rL 



VI. 



was rich in the possession of learning, though 
poor in the goods of fortune, he begged of bini 
to accept as a dowry for his beloved daughter, 
50,000 sesterces, about 300/ I would not, con 
tinued he, be so moderate, were I not assured 
from your modesty and disinterestedness, thai the 
smalltiess of the present will render it acceptable 
He died in the 52d year of his age, A. D. 113. 
He had written an history of his own times, 
which is lost. It is said, that Tacitus aid not 
begin his history till he had found it impossible 
to persuide Pliny to undertake that laborious 
task, and indeed what could not have been ex- 
pected from the panegyrist of Trajan, if Taci- 
tus acknowledged himself inferior to him in de- 
lineating the character of the times. Some 
suppose, but falsely, that Pliny wrote the lives 
of illustrious men, universally ascribed to Cor- 
nelius Nepos. He also wrote poetry, but his 
verses have all perished, aiid nothing of his 
learned works remain, but his panegyric on the 
emperor Trajan, and ten books of letters, which 
he himself collected and prepared for the pub- 
lic, from a numerous and respectable corres- 
pondence. These letters contain many curious 
and interesting facts; rhey abound with many 
anecdotes of the generosity and the humane 
sentiments of the writer They are written with 
elegante and great purity, and the reader every 
where discovers that affability, that condescen- 
sion and philanthropy, which so eminently 
marked the advocate of the Christians. These 
letters are esteemed by some, equal to the vo- 
luminous epistles of Cicero. In his panegyric, 
Pliny's style is florid and brilliant; he has used, 
to (he greatest advantage, the liberties of the 
panegyrist, and the elegance of the courtier. 
His ideas are new and refined, but his diction 
is distinguished by that affectation and pompo- 
sity which marked the reign of Trajan The 
best editions of Pliny, are those of Gesner, Svo. 
Lips. 1770, and of Lailemand, 12uio. Paris 
apud Barbou, and of the panegyric separate, 
that of Schwartz, 4to. 1746, and of the epistles, 
ths Variorum, L Bat. 1669. Svo. Plin. ep. — 
Vosshi:-,. — VidoniuSi 

Plinthwe, a town of Egypt en the Medi- 
terraoean 

Plistvrchus, son of Leonidas of the family 
of the Eurysthenidae, succeeded on the Spartan 
throne at the death of Cleombrotus Herodot. 
9, c. 10. A brother of Cassander. 

PlisthAnus, a philosopher of Elis who suc- 
ceeded in the school of Pbseduo. Diog. 

Plisthemes, a son of Atreus king of Argos, 
father of Menelaus and Agamemnon according 
to Hciod and others. Homer, however, calls 
Menelaus and Agamemnon sons of Atreus, 
though they were in reality the children of 
Plisthenes. The father died very young, and 
the two children were left in the house of their 
grandfather, who took care of them and instruct- 
ed them. From his attention to them, there- 
fore, it seems probable that Atreus was univer- 
sally acknowledged their protector and father, 
and tbence their surname of Jitridoz. Ovid. 
Rem. Jim. v. nS.—Dictiis. Cret. 1. — Homer. 
II. 

PLiSTiNtrs, a brother of Faustulus the shep- 



herd, who saved the life of Romulus and Re- 
mus. He was killed in a scuffle which hap- 
pened between the two brothers. 

Plistoanax and Plistonax, son of Pausanias, 
wa<- general of the LaceJacmonian armies in the 
Pelopouncsian war. Hs was banished from his 
kingdom of Sparta for 19 years, and was after- 
wards recalled by order of the oracle of Delphi. 
He reigned 58 years. He had succeeded Plis- 
tarchus. Thucyd. 

Plistus, a river of Phocis falling into the 
bay of Corinth. Strab 9. 

Plotje, small islands on the coast of iEtolia. 
called aiso Strophades. 

Plotina Pqmpeia, a Roman lady who mar- 
ried Trajan while he was yet a private man. 
She entered Rome in the procession with her 
husband when he was saluted emperor, and dis- 
tinguished herself by the affability of her be- 
haviour, her humanity, and liberal offices to the 
poor and friendless She accompanied Trajan 
in the east, and at his death she brought back 
his ashes to Rome, and 'still enjoyed all the 
honours and titles of a Roman empress under 
Adrian, who, by her means, had succeeded to 
the vacant throne. At her death, A. D. 122, 
she was ranked among the gods, and received 
divine honours, which according to the super- 
stition of the times, ^he seemed to deserve, from 
her regard for the good *iiid the prosperity of 
the Roman empire, and for her private virtues. 
Dion 

Plotintopolis, a town of Thrace built by the 
emperor Trajan, and called after Plotina, the 
founder's wife. Another in Dacia. 

Plotinos, a Platonic- philosopher of Lyco- 
poiis in Egypt. He was for eleven yeaisa pupil 
of Ammonius the philosopher, and- after he had 
profited by all the instructions of his learned 
precep'or, he determined 'to improve his know- 
ledge and to visit the territories of India and 
Persia to receive information. He accompanied 
Gordian in his expedition into the east, but the 
day which proved fatal to the emperor, nearly 
terminated the life of the philosopher. He 
saved himself by flight, and the following year 
he retired to Rome, where he publiciy taught 
philosophy. His school was frequented by peo- 
ple of every sex, age, and quality, by senators, 
i as well as plebeians; and so great was the 
opinion of the public of his honesty and can- 
dour, that many, on their death-bed, left all 
their possessions to his care, and entrusted their 
children to him, as a superior being. He was 
the favourite of all the Romans; and while he 
charmed the populace by the force of his elo- 
quence, and the senate by his doctrines, the 
emperor Gallicnus courted him, and admired 
the extent of his learning. It is even said, that 
the emperor and the empress Salonina intended 
to rebuild a decayed city of Campania, and to 
appoint the philosopher over it, that there he 
might experimentally know, while he presided 
over a colony of philosophers, the validity and 
the use of the ideal laws of the republic of 
Plato. This plan was not executed through the 
envy and malice of the enemies ot Plotinus. 
The philosopher, at last, became helpless and 
infirm, returned to Campania, where the liber- 



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ality of his friends for a while maintained him. 
He died A. D. 270, in the 66th year of his 
age. and as he expired he declared that he 
made his last and most violent efforts to give 
up what there was most divine in him and in 
the rest of the universe. Amidst the great 
qualities of the philosopher, we discover some 
ridiculous singularities. Plotinus never per- 
mitted hjs picture to be taken, and he observed, 
that to see a painting of himself in the fol- 
lowing age was beneath the notice of an en- 
lightened mind. These reasons also induced 
him to conceal the day, the hour, and the place 
of his birth. He never made use of medicines. 
and though his body was often debilitated by 
abstinence or too much study, he despised to 
have recourse to a physician, and thought that 
it would degrade the gravity of a philosopher. 
His writings have been collected by bis pupil 
Porphyry. They consist of 54-different treatises 
divided into six equal parts, written with great 
spirit and vivacity; but the reasonings are ab- 
struse, and the subject metaphysical. The best 
edition is that of Picinus. fol. Basil, 1580. 

Plotius Crispinus, a stoic philosopher and 
poet, whose -verses were very inelegant, and 
whose disposition was morose, for which he has 
been ridiculed by Horace, and called Artalogus. 

Horat 1, sat. 1, v. 4 Gallus, a native of 

Lugdunum, who taught grammar at Rome, and 
had Cicero among his pupils. Cic. de Orat. 
Griphus, a man maae senator by Ves- 
pasian Tacit. Hist. 3. A centurion in Cae- 
sar's army. Cess B. C .3, c. 19, Tucca, a 

friend of Horace and of Virgil, who made him his 
heir. He was selected by Augustus, with Varius, 
to review the JEneid of Virgil. Horat. 1, sat. 

*>, v. 40. Lucius, a poet in the age of the 

great Marius, whose exploits he celebrated in 
his verses. 

Plusios, a surname of Jupiter at Sparta, 
expressive of his power to grant riches. Paus. 
3, c. 19. 

Plutarchus, a native of Chaeronea, descend- 
ed of a respectable family. His father, whose 
name is unknown, was distinguished for his 
learning and virtues, and his grandfather, cailed 
Lamprias, was also as conspicuous for bis elo- 
quence and the fecundity of bis genius. Under 
Ammonius, a reputable teacher at Delphi, 
Plutarch was made acquainted with philosophy 
and mathematics, and so well established was 
his character, that he was appointed by bis 
countrymen, while yet very young, to go to the 
Roman pro-consul in their name, upon an affair 
of the most important nature. This commission 
he executed with honour to himself, and with 
success for his country. He afterwards travelled 
in quest of knowledge, and after he had visited, 
like a philosopher and an historian, the territo- 
ries of Egypt and Greece, he retired to Rome, 
where he opened a school. His reputation 
made his school frequented. The emperor Tra- 
jan admired his abilities, and honoured him 
with the office of consul, and appointed him go- 
vernor of Illyricum. After the death of his 
imperial benefactor, Plutarch removed from 
Rome to Chaeronea, where he lived in the 
greatest tranquillity, respected by his fellow- 



citizens, and raised to all the honours which his 
native town could bestow. In this peaceful and 
solitaiy retreat, Plutarch closely appliea him- 
seil to study, and wrote the greatest part of his 
works, and particularly his lives. He died in 
an advanced age at Chaeronea, about the i40th 
>ear of the Christian era. rlutarcb had five 
children by his wife, called Timoxena. four sons 
and* one daughter. Two of ;he sons and the 
daughter died when young, and those that sur- 
vived were called Plutarch and Lamprias, and 
the latter did honour to his father s memory, by 
giving to the world an accurate catalogue of 
his writings. In his private and puHic charac- 
ter, the historian of Chaeronea was the trienti of 
discipline. He boldly asserted the natural right 
ot mankind, liberty; but he recommended obe- 
dience and submissive deference to magistrates, 
as necessary to pieser\e Ibe peace of society. 
He supported, that the most vioient and dan- 
gerous puuhc factions arose too often from pri- 
vate disputes and from misunderstanding. To 
render himself more intelligent, be always car- 
ried a common place- book with him, ano he 
preserved with the greatest care wnatever ju- 
dicious observations fell in the course of con- 
versation. The most esteemed of his works are 
his lives of illustrious men, of whom be ex- 
amines and delineates the different characters 
with wonderful skill and impartiality. He nei- 
ther misrepresents the virtues, nor hides the foi- 
bles of his heroes. He writes with precision and 
with fidelity, and though his diction is neither 
pure nor elegant, yet there is energy and anima- 
tion, and in many descriptions he is inferior to no 
historian. In some of his narrations, however, 
he is often too circumstantial, his remarks are 
often injudicious; and when he compares the 
heroes of Greece with those of Rome, the can- 
did reader can easily remember which side of 
the Adriatic gave the historian birth. Some 
have accused him of not knowing the geneaiogy 
of his heroes, and have censured him for his 
superstition; yet for ail this, he is the moil en- 
tertaining, the most instructive, and interesting 
of all the writers of ancient hisioiy: and were a 
man of true taste and judgment asked what 
book he wished to save from destruction, of all 
the profane compositions of antiquity, he would 
perhaps without hesitation reply, the Lives of 
Plutarch. In his moral treatises, Plutarch ap- 
pears in a different character, and his misguided 
philosophy, and erroneous doctrines, render 
some of these inferior compositions puerile and 
disgusting. They however contain many useful 
lessons and curious facts, and though they are 
composed without connexion, compiled without 
judgment, and often abound with improbable 
stories, and false reasonings, yet they contain 
much information, and many useful reflections. 
The best editions of Piutarch are that of Franc- 
fort, 2 vols. fol. 1599; that of Stephens, 6 vols. 
Svo. 1572; the Lives by Reiske, 12 vols. 8vo. 
Lips. 1775; and the Moralia, &c. by Wytten- 

bach. Pint. A native of Eretria, during 

the Peloponnesian war. He was defeated by 
the Macedonians. Pint, in Phoc. 

Plutia, a town of Sicily. Cic. in Verr. 

Pr.t'TO. a son of Saturn and Ops, inherited 



PL 



PO 



bis father's kingdom with his brothers, Jupiter 
and Neptune. He received as his lot the king- 
dom of hell, and whatever lies under the earth, 
and as such he became the god of the infernal 
regions, of death and funerals. From his func- 
tions, and the place he inhabited, he received 
different names. He was called Dis, Hades, 
or Ades. Clytopolon, Agelastus, Orcus, &c. As 
the place of his residence was obscure and 
gloomy, all the goddesses refused to marry 
him; but he determined to obtain by force what 
was denied to his solicitations. As he once vi- 
sited the island of Sicily, after a violent earth- 
quake, he saw Proserpine, the daughter of Ce- 
res, gathering flowers in the plains of Enna, 
with a crowd of female attendants. He became 
enamoured of her, and immediately carried 
her away upon his chariot drawn by four 
horses. To make this retreat more unknown, 
he opened himself a passage through the earth, 
by striking it with his trident in the lake of 
Cyane in Sicily, or, according to others, on the 
borders of the Cephisus in Attica. Proserpine 
called upon her attendants for heip, but in vain, 
and she became the wife of her ravisher, and 
the queen of hell. Pluto is generally repre- 
sented as holding a trident with two teeth, he 
has also keys in his hand, to intimate that who- 
ever enters his kingdom can never return. He 
is looked upon as a hard-hearted and inexora- 
ble god, with a grim and dismal countenance, 
and for that reason no temples were raised to 
his honour as to the rest of the superior gods. 
Black victims, and particularly a bull were the 
only sacrifices which were offered to him, and 
their blood was not sprinkled on the altars, or 
received in vessels, as at other sacrifices, but it 
was permitted to run down into the earth, as if it 
were to penetrate as far as the realms of the 
god. The Syracusans yearly sacrificed to him 
black bulls, near the fountain of Cyane, where, 
according to the received traditions, he had 
disappeared with Proserpine. Among plants, 
the cypress, the narcissus, and the maiden- 
hair, were sacred to him, as also every thing 
which was deemed inauspicious, particularly 
the number two. According to some of the an- 
cients, Pluto sat on a throne of sulphur, from 
hich issued the rivers Lethe, Cocytus, Phle- 
ethou, and Acheron. The dog Cerberus 
watched at his feet, the harpies hovered round 
him, Proserpine sat on his left hand, and near 
to the goddess stood the Eumenides, with their 
heads covered with snakes. The Pares occu- 
pied the right, and they each held in their hands 
the symbols of their office, the distaff, the spin- 
dle, and the scissors. Pluto is called by some 
the father of the Eumenides. During the war 
ef the gods and the Titans, the Cyclops made 
a helmet which rendered the bearer invisible, 
and gave it to Pluto. Perseus was armed with 
it when he conquered -the Gorgon's. Hesiod. 
Theog. — Homer- II — Apollod. 1, &c. — Hygin. 
fab 155. P. A. 2 Slat- Theb. S.—Diod. 5. 
Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 6.— Paus. 2, c. 36.— Or- 
pheus Hymn. 17, &c — Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 
26. — Plato, de Rep. — Euripid. in Med. Hippol. 
—JEschyl. in Pers. Prom. — Varro. L. L. 4. — 
Oatull. ep. 3 — Virg. G. 4, v. 502. A£n. 6, v. 



273,1. 8, v. 296.— Lucan. 6, v. 715.— Horat 
2, od. 3 and 18. — Senec in Her. fur. 

Plutonium, a temple of Pluto in Lydia 
Cic. de Div. 1, c. 36. 

Plutus, son of Jasion or Jasius, by Ceres, 
the goddess of corn, has been confounded by 
many of the mycologists with Pluto, though 
plainly distinguished from him as being the god 
of riches. He was brought up by the goddess 
of peace, and on that account, Pax was repre- 
sented at Athens, as holding the god of wealth 
in her lap. The Greeks spoke of him as of a 
fickle divinity. They represented him as blind, 
because he distributed riches indiscriminately; 
he was lame, because he came slow and gradu- 
ally; but had wings, to intimate that he flew 
away with more velocity than he approached 
mankind. Lucian. in Tim—Paus. 9, c. 16 
and 26. — Hygin. P. A. — Aristoph. in Plul. — 
Diod. 5.— Hesiod. Th. VIO.—Diomjs. Hal. 1, 
c. 53. 

Pluvius, a surname of Jupiter as god of 
rain. He was invoked, by that name among 
the Romans, whenever the earth was parched 
up by continual heat, and was in want of re- 
freshing showers. He had an altar in the tem- 
ple on the capitol. Tibull. 1, el. 7, v. 26. 

Plynteria, a festival among the Greeks, in 
honour of Aglauros, or rather of Minerva, who 
received from the daughter of Cecrops the name 
of Aglauros. The word seems to be derived 
from 7r\uvuv, lavare, because, during the so- 
lemnity, they undressed the statue of the god- 
dess, and washed it. The day on which it was 
observed was universally looked upon as unfor- 
tunate and inauspicious, and on that account 
no person was permitted to appear in the tem- 
ples, as they were purposely surrounded with 
ropes The arrival of Alcibiades in Athens 
that day was deemed' very unfortunate; but, 
however, the success that ever after attended 
him, proved it to be otherwise. It was cus- 
tomary at this festival to bear in procession a 
cluster of figs, which intimated the progress of 
civilization among the first inhabitants of the 
earth, as figs served them for food after they 
had found a dislike for acorns. Pollux. 

Pnigeus, a village of Egypt, near Phoenicia. 
Strab. 16. 

Pnyx, a place of Athens, set apart by Solon 
for holding assemblies. C. Nep. Jilt. 3. — Plul, 
in Tkes. SfThem. 

Poblicius, a lieutenant of Pompey in Spaiu. 
Podalirius, a son of iEsculapius and Epione. 
He was one of the pupils of the Centaur Chi- 
ron, and he made himself under him such a 
master of medicine, that during the Trojan 
war, the Greeks invited him to their camp, to 
stop a pestilence which had baffled the skill of 
all their physicians. Some, however, suppose, 
that he went to the Trojan war not in the ca- 
pacity of a physician in the Grecian army, but 
as a warrior, attended by his brother Machaon; 
in 30 ships with soldiers from (Ecalia, Ithome, 
and Trica. At his return from the Trojan war, 
Podalirius was shipwrecked on the coast of Ca- 
ria, where he cured of the falling sickness and 
married a daughter of Pamoates, the king of 
the place. He fixed his habitation there, and 



PO 



PO 



built two towns, one of which he called Syrna, 
by the name of his wife. The Carians, after 
his death, built him a temple, and paid him di- 
vine honours. Oictys. Cret. — Q. >imyrn. 6 sited 
9.— Ovid de Art. Jim. 2. TrisL el. 6 — 

Paur 3. -A Rutulian engaged in the wars 

of iEoe^s and Turnus. Virg. JEn. 12. v. 304. 

Podarce, a daughter eYDanaus, Apollod, 

Podarces, a son of Iphiclus of Thessaly, 

who went to the Trojan war The first name 

of Priam. When Troy was taken by Hercules, 
he was redeemed from slavery by his sister 
Hesione, and from thence received the name of 
Priam. [Vid. Priamus.] 

Podares, a general of Matitwea, io the age 
of Epamioondas. Pans 8, c 9. 

Podarge, one of the Harpies, mother of two 
of the horses of Achilles, by the Zephyrs. The 
word intimates the siviftness of her feet- 

Podargus, a charioteer Of Hector. Homer. 

Pceas, son of Thaumacus, was among the 

Argonauts. -The father of Phiioctetes. The 

son is often called Pceantia proles on account of 
his father. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 45. 

PfficiLE,.a celebrated portico at Athens? 
which received its name from the variety 
(7roiH.iKos) of paintings which it contained, it 
was there that Zeno kept his school, and the 
stoics also received then lessons there, whence 
their name (a go a a porch). The Pcecile was 
adorned with pictures of gods and benefactors, 
and among many others was that of the siege 
and sacking of Troy, the battle of Theseus 
against the Amazons, the fight between the 
Lacedaemonians and Athenians at (Enoe in Ar- 
golis, a<id of Atticus the great friend of Athens. 
The only reward which Miltiades obtained af- 
ter the battle of Marathon, was to have his 
picture drawn more conspicuous than that of 
the rest of the officers that fought with him, in 
the representation which was made of the en- 
gagement, which was hung up in the Pcecile, 
in commemoration of that celebrated victory. 
C. Nep. in Milt. &f in Attic. 3 — Paus. I. 
T-Plin. 35. 

P(eni, a name given to the Carthaginians. 
It seems to be a corruption of the word Phceni, 
or Pluznices, as the Carthaginians were of Phoe- 
nician origin. Serv. ad Virg. 1, v. 302. 

PffiON- [ Vid. Paeon. ] 

Po^onia, a part of Macedonia. [Vid. 
Pseonia.] 

Pceos, a part of mount Pindus. 

Pogon, a harbour of the Troezeneans on the 
coast of the Peloponnesus. It received this 
name on account of its appearing to come for- 
ward before the town of Trcczcne, as the 
beard (ttu^cov) does from the chin. Strab. -8. 
— Mela, 2. 

Pola, a city of Istria, founded by the Col- 
chians, and afterwards made a Rom; n colony, 
and called Pietas Julia. Ptin. 3, c. 9.— Mela, 

2, c 3. — Strab. 1 and 5. 
Polemarchus. [_Vid- Archon.] The as- 
sassin of Polydorus king of Sparta. Paus. 

3, c 3. 

Polemocratia, a queen of Thrace, who fled 
to Brutus after the murder of Caesar. She re- 



tired from her kingdom because her subjects 
had lately murdered her husband. 

Poeemon, a youth of Athens, son of Phi- 
iostraius. He was much given to, debauchery 
and extravagance, and spent the greatest part 
of his life in riot and drunkenness. He once, 
when intoxicated, entered the school of Xe.io- 
crates, while the philosopher was giving his 
pupils a lecture upon the effects of miempe- 
rance, and he was so struck with the eloquence 
of the academician, and the force of his argu- 
ments, that from that moment he renounced the 
dissipated life he had leJ., and applied hiniself 
totally to the study of philosophy. He was 
then in the 30th year of his age, and from that 
time never drank any other liquor but water; 
and after the death of Xenocrates he succeeded 
in the school where his reformation haa been 
effected; He died about 210 ye'jrs before 
Christ, in an extreme old age, Diog. in vita. 
—Horat. 2, sat 3, v. 254.— Vol. Mux. 6, c. 9. 

A son of Zeno the rhetorician, made king 

of Pontus fry Antony. He attended his patron 
in his expedition against Partbia. After the 
battle of Ac'.ium he was received into (a. our 
by Augustus, though he had fought in the cause 
of Antony, He was killed some time after by 
the barbarians near the Paulus Mreotis, against 

whom he had made war. Strab. — Dion. 

His son of the same name, was confirmed on 
his father's throne by the Roman emperors, and 
the province of Cilicia Was also added to his 
kingdom by Claudius. — — An officer in the 
army of Alexander, intimate with Pbilotas, &c. 

Curt. 7 ; c. 1, &c. A rhetorician at Rome, 

who wrote a poem on weights and measures, 
still extant. He was master to Persius, the 
celebrated satirist, and died in the age of Nero. 

A sophist of Laodicea in Asia Minor, in 

the reign of Adrian. He was often sent to the 
emperor with an embassy by bis countrymen, 
which lie executed with great success. He was 
greatly favoured by Adrian, from whom he ex- 
acted much money. In the 56th year 1 -f his 
age, he buried himself alive, as he laboured 
with the gout. He wrote declamations in 
Greek. 

Polemonium, now Vatija, a town of Pontus, 
at fiie east of the mouth of the Thermodon. a 

Polias, a surname of Minerva, as protec- 
tress of cities. 

Polichna, a town of Troas on the Ida. He- 

rodot. 6, c. 28. Another at Crete. Thucxjd. 

2, c 85. 

Polieia, a festival at Thebes in honour of 
Apollo, who was represented there with gray 
hair, {ttoki^), contrary to the practice of all 
other places. The victim was a bull, i-ut when 
it happened once that no bull could be found, 
an ox was taken from the cart and sacrificed. 
From that time the sacrifice of labouring oxen " 
was deemed lawful, though before it was look- 
ed upon as a capital crime. 

Pouorcetes, (destroytr of cities) a surname 
given to Demetrius, son of Antigonus. Pint, 
in Demtt. 

Polisma, a town of Troas, on the Simois. 
Strab. 13. 

Polistratus, an Epicurean philosopher, 
4 E 



PO 



PO 



born the same day as Hippoclides, with whom 
he always lived in the greatest intimacy. They 
both died at the same hour. Diog. — Val. 
Max. 1. 

Polites, a son of Priam and Hecuba, kill- 
ed by Pyrrhus in his father's presence. Virg. 
JEn. 2, v. 526, &c His son, who bore the 
same name, followed iEneas into Italy, and 
was one of the friends of young Ascanius. Id. 
5, v 564. 

PoLrTOftiuM, a city of the Latins destroyed 
by the Romans, before Christ 639. Liv: 1, c 
33. 

Pollinea, a prostitute, &c. Juv. 2, v. 68. 

Polla Argentaria, the wife of the poet 
Lucan. She assisted her husband in correcting 
the three' first books of his Pharsalia. Stat 
Sylv 1 and 2. 

Pollentia, now Polenza, a town of Liguria 
in Italy, famous for wool. There was a cele- 
brated battle fought there between the Romans 
and Alaric, king of the Huns, about the 403d 
year of the Christian era, in which the former 
according to some, obtained the victory. Mela, 
2f c . l.—Plin. 8, c- 48 — Suet. Tib.31.—Sil. 

8, v 598. — Cic. 11, Fam 13. A town of 

Majorca. Plin. &f Mela, of Picenum. 

Liv. 39, c.44, I. 41. c 27. 

Polles, a Greek puet whose writings were 
so obscure and unintelligible that his name be- 
came proverbial. Suidas. 

Pollio, C. Asinius, a Roman consul, under 
the reign of Augustus, who distinguished him- 
self as much by his eloquence and writings as 
by his exploits in the field. He defeated the 
Dalmatians, and favoured the cause of Antony 
against Augustus. He patronised, with great 
liberality, the poets Virgil and Horace, who 
have immortalized him in their writings. He 
was the first who raised a public library at 
Rome, and indeed his example was afterwards 
followed by many of the emperors In his li 
brary were placed the statues of all the learned 
men of every age, and Varro was the only per- 
son who was hononred there during his life- 
time. He was with J. Caesar when he crossed 
the Rubicon. He was greatly esteemed by 
Augustus when he had become one of his ad- 
herents, after the ruin of Antony. Poilio wrote 
some tragedies, orations, and an history, which 
was divided into 17 books. Ad these compo- 
sitions are lost, and nothing remains of his 
writings except a few letters to Cicero. He 
died in the. 80th year of his age, A. D. 4. He 
is the person in whose honour Virgil has in- 
scribed his fourth eclogue, Pollio, as a recon- 
ciliation was effected between Augustus and 
Antonv during his consulship- The poet, it is 
supposed by some, makes mention of a son of 
the consul born about this time, and is lavish in 
his excursions into futurity, and his predictions 
of approaching prosperity. Paterc- 2, c. 86. — 
Horat. 2 od I, Sat. 10, I. 1 —Virg. Eel. 3 

and 4.— Val. Max. 3, c. 13. — Quin*. 10. 

Annius, a man accused of sedition before Ti- 
berius, and acquitted. He afterwards con- 
spired against Nero, &c Tacit. 6, c 9, I. 15, 
c. 56 Vedius, one of the friends of Augus- 
tus, who used to feed his fishes with human 



flesh. This cruelty was discovered when one 
of his servants broke a glass in the presence of 
Augustus, who had been invited to a feast The 
master ordered the servant to be seized; but he 
threw himself at the feet of the emperor, and 
begged him to interfere, and not to suffer him 
to be devoured by fishes. Upon this the causes 
of his apprehension were examined, and Augus- 
tus, astonished at the barbarity of his favourite, 
caused the servant to be dismissed, all the fish- 
ponds to be filled up, and the crystal glasses of 

Pollio to be broken to pieces A man who 

poisoned Britannicus, at the instigation of Nero. 

An historian in the age of Conslantine the 

Great. A sophist in the age of Pompey the 

Great. A friend of the emperor Vespasian. 

Pollis, a commander of the Lacedaemonian 
fleet defeated at Naxos, B. C 377. Diod. 

Pollius Felix, a friend of the poet Statius, 
to whom he dedicated his second Sylva. 

Pollupex, now Final, a town of Genoa. 

Pollutia, a daughter of L. Vetus, put to 
death after ber husband -Rebellius Plautus, by 
order of Nero, &c Tacit. 16. Jinn. c. 10 
and 11. 

Pollux, a son of Jupiter by Leda the wife 
of Tyndarus. He was brother to Castor. 
\_Vid. Castor.] A Greek writer, who flour- 
ished A. D. 186, in the reign of Commodus, 
and died in the 58th year of his age. He was 
born at Naueratis, and taught rhetoric at 
Athens, and wrote an useful work called Ono- 
masticon, of which the best edition is that of 
Hemsterhusius, 2 vols. fol. Amst. 1706. 

Poltis, a king of Thrace, in the time of the 
Trojan war. 

Poltts, a celebrated Grecian actor A 

sophist of Agrigentum. 

Polusca, a town of Latium formerly the 
capital of the Volsci. The inhabitants were 
called Pollustini. Liv. 2, c. 39. 

Poly^nus, a native of Macedonia, who 
wrote eight books in Greek of stratagems, 
whicb he dedicated to the emperors Antoninus 
and Verus, while they were making war against 
the Parthians. He wrote also other books 
which have been lost, among which was an his- 
tory, with a description of the city of Thebes. 
The best editions of his stratagems are those 
of Masvicius. 8vo. L. Bat 1690, and of Mur- 

sinna, 12mo. Berlin. 1756. A friend of Phi- 

lopoemen. An orator in the age of Julius 

Caesar. He wrote in three books an account 
of Antony's expedition in Parthia, and likewise 

published orations. A mathematician, who 

•afterwards followed the tenets of Epicurus, and 
disregarded geometry as a false and useless 
study. Cic- in ./lead, qwr.st. 4. 

Polyanus. a mountain of Macedonia, near 
Pindus vtrab. 

Polyarchus> the brother of a queen of Cy- 
rene, &c. Polyrpn. 8. 

Polybidas, a general after the defeat of 
Agesipolis the Lacedaemonian. He reduced 
Olynthus 

Polybius, or Polybus, a king of Corinth, 
who married Periboea, whom some have call- 
ed Merope. He was son of Mercury by 
Chthonophyle, the daughter of Sieyon, king of 



PO 



PO 



Sicyon. He permitted his wife, who had no 
children, to adopt and educate as her own son, 
CEdipus, who had been found by his shepherds 
exposed in the woods. He had a daughter call- 
ed Lysianassa whom he gave in marriage to 
Talaus, son of Bias king of Argos. As he had 
no male child, he left his kingdom to Adrastus, 
who had been banished from his throne, and 
who had fled to Corinth for protection. Hygin- 
fab. 66.— Pans, 2, c. Q.—SpoUod. 3, c. 5.— 
Seneca, in CEdip. 8 1 2. 

Polybius, a native of Megalopolis in Pelo- 
ponnesus, son of Lycortas. He was early ini- 
tiated in the duties, and made acquainted with 
the qualifications of a statesman by his father, 
who was a strong supporter of the Achaean 
league, and under bim Philopoemen was taught 
the art of war. In Macedonia he distinguished 
himself by his valour against the Romans, and 
when Perseus had been conquered, he was 
carried to the capita! of Italy as a prisoner of 
war. But he was not long buried in the ob- 
scurity of a dungeon. Scipio and Fabius were 
acquainted with his uncommon abilities as a 
warrior and as a mau of learning, and they 
made him their friend by kindness and atten- 
tion. Polybius was not insensible to their 
merit; he accompanied Scipio in his expedi- 
tions, and was present at the taking of Carthage 
and Numantia. In the midst of his prosperity, 
however, he felt the distresses of his country, 
which had been reduced into a Roman province, 
and, like a true patriot, he relieved its wants, 
and eased its servitude, by makii g use of the 
influence which he had acquired by his ac- 
quaintance with the most powerful Romans 
After the death of his friend and benefactor 
Scipio, he retired from Rome, and passed the rest 
of bis days at Megalopolis, where he eujoyed 
the comforts and honours which every good man 
can receive from the gratitude of his citizens, and 
from the self-satisfaction which attends a humane 
and benevoleut heart. He died in the 82 year 
of his age, about 124 years before Christ, of 
a wound which he had received by a fall 
from his horse. He wrote an universal history 
in Greek, divided into 40 books, which bes;an 
with the wars of Rome with the Carthagiuians, 
and finished with the conquest of Macedonia b\ 
Paulus. The greatest part of this valuable 
history is lost; the five first books are extrtnt, 
and of the twelve following the fragments are 
numerous. The history of Polybius is admired 
for its authenticity, and he is, perhaps, the only 
historian among the Greeks who was experi- 
mentally and professedly acquainted with the 
military operations and the political measures 
of which he makes mention. He has been re- 
commended in every age and country as the 
best master in the art of war, and nothing can 
more effectually prove the esteem in which he 
was held among the Romans, than to mentio ; 
that Brutus, the murderer of Caisar, perused 
his history with the greatest attention, epitomi- 
zed it, ar.d often retired from the field where 
he had drawn his sword against Octavius and 
Antony, to read the instructive pages which 
described the great actions of his ancestors. 
Polybius, however great and entertaining, is 



sometimes censured for his unnecessary digres- 
sions, for his uncouth and ill-digested narra- 
tions, for his negligence, and the inaccurate ar- 
rangement of his words. But every where 
there is instruction to be found, information to 
be collected, and curious facts to be obtained, 
and it reflects not much honour upon Livy for 
cajling the historian, from whom he has copied 
whole books almost word for word, without 
gratitude or acknowledgment, haud quaquam 
spernendus nuctor. Dionysius also of Halicar- 
nassus, is one of his most violent accusers; but 
the historian has rather exposed his ignorauce 
of true criticism, than discovered inaccuracy or 
inelegance. The best editions of Polybius are 
those of Gronovius, 3 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1670, of 
Ernesti, 3 vols. 8vo. 1764, and of Schweighaeu- 
ser, 7 vols. Svo. Lips. 1785. Plut in Phil, in 

prazc. — Liv. 30, c 45.— Paus. 8, c. 30. A 

freed-man of Augustus. Suet. A physician, 

disciple and successor of Hippocrates. A 

soothsayer of Connth, who foretold to his sons 
the fate that attended them in the Trojan war. 
Polybcea, a daughter of Amyelas and Dio- 
mede, sister to Hyacinthus Paus. 3, c. 19. 

PoLTBffiTEs. Vid. Polyj'cetes. 

Polfbotes, one of the giants who made war 
against Jupiter. He was killed by Neptune, 
who crushed him under a part of the island of 
Cos, as he was walking across the iEgean. 
Paus. 1. c 2. — Hygin. in prce. fab. 

Polybos, a king of Thebes in Egypt in the 
time of the Trojan war. Horn Od. 22. v. 284. 

One of Penelope's suitors. Ovid Heroid. 

1 A king of Sicyon. A king of Co- 
rinth. Vid. Polybius. 

Polycaon, a son of Lelex who succeeded, 
his brother Myles. He received divine ho- 
nours after death with his wife Mcssene, at 
Lacedremon, where he had reigned. Paus. 4, 

c= 1, &c. A son of Butes, who married a 

daughter of Hylius. 

Polycarpus, a famous Greek writer, born 
at Smyrna, and educated at the expense of a 
rich but pious lady. Some suppose that he was 
St John's disciple. He became bishop of 
Smyrna, and went to Rome to settle the festi- 
val of Easter, but to no purpose. He was con- 
demned to be burnt at Smyrna, A D. 187. His 
epistle to the Philippians is simple and modest, 
yet replete with useful precepts and rules for 
the conduct of life. The best edition of Po!y- 
carp's epistle, is that of Oxop, 8vo- 1708, be- 
ing annexed to the works of Ignatius. 

Polycaste, the youngest of the daughters 
of Nestor. According to some auihors she 
married Telamachus, when he visited her fa- 
ther's court in quest of Ulysses. 

Polyohares, a rich Messenian, said to have 
been the cause of the war which was kindled 
between the Spartans and his countrymen, 
which was called the first Messenian war. 

Polyclea, the mother of Thessalus, &c. 

Polycles, an Athenian in the time of De- 
metrius, &c. Polyam- 5. A famous ath- 
lete, often crowned at the four solemn games of 
the Greeks. He had a st-stue in Jupiter's grove 
at Olympia Paus. 6, c 1. 

Polycletcs, a celebrated statuary of Sicyon, 



PO 



PO 



about 232 years before Christ. He was univer- 
sally reckoned the most skilful artist of his 
profession among ihe ancients, and the second 
rank was given tc Phidias. One of his pieces, 
in which he had represented a body-guard of 
the king of Persia, was so happily executed, 
and so nice and exact in all its proportions, that 
it was looked upon as a most perfect model, and 
according!} called the Rule. He was acquaint- 
ed with architecture, taxis. 2 and 6. — Quin- 

til. 12, c. 10. Another who lived about 30 

years after. A favourite of the emperor 

Nero, put to death by Gaiba. 

Polyclitus, an historian of Larissa. Jlthen. 
12.— JElian. 16, c 41. 

Polycrates, a tyrant of Samos, well known 
for the continual flow of good fortune which at- 
tended him. He became very powerful, and 
made himself master not oniy of the neighbour- 
ing islands, but also of some cities on the coast 
of Asia He had a fleet of a hundred ships of 
war, and was so universally respected, t at 
Amasis, the king of Egypt, made a treaty of 
alliance with him. Tne Egyptian monarch, 
however, terrified by his continued prosperity, 
advised him to chequer his enjoyments, by re- 
linquishing some of his most favourite objects. 
Poiycrates complied, and threw into the sea a 
beautiful seat, the most valuab'e of bis jewels. 
The voluntary loss of so precious a sea] afflict- 
ed him for some time, but a few days after, be 
received as a present a large fish,, in whose beiiy 
the jewel was found. Amasis no sooner heard 
this, than he rejected all alliance with. the tyrant 
of Samos, and observed, that sooner or later 
bis good fortune would vanish. Some time after 
Poiycrates visited Magnesia on the Maeander, 
where he had been invited by Oitetes, the go- 
vernor He was shamefully put to death, 522 
years before Christ, merely because the gover- 
nor wished to terminate the prosperity of Poiy- 
crates. The daughter of Poiycrates had dis- 
suaded her father from going to the house of 
Oroetes, on account of the bad dreams which 
she had had, but her advice was disregarded. 
Paw. 8, c. U.—Slrab. 14 —Herodot. 3, c 39, 

&c. -A sophist of Athens, who, to engage 

the publfe attention, wrote a panegyric on Bu- 

siris and Clyiemnestra. Quintil. 2, c- 17. 

An ancierit statuary 

Polycreta, or Folycrita, a young wonian 
of Naxos, who became the wife of Diugnetus, 
the general of the Erytheans, &c. Poly&n 8 

Another woman of Naxos, who died through 

excess, of joy. Plut. ile clar. Mul. 

Polycrittts, a man who wrote the life of 
Dionysjus, the tyrant of Sicily. Diog. 

Polyctor, the husband of Stygna, one of the 

Dai aides. jJpolIod..2, c. 1 The father of 

Pisander, one of Penelope's suitors. An 

athiete of Elis. It is said that he obtained a 
victory at Olympia by bribing his adversary, 
Sosaader, who was superior to him in strength 
and courage. Paw. 5, c. 21. 

PoLYDiEMON, an Assyrian prince, killed by 
Perseus. Ovid Met. 5, fab. 3. 

Polydamas, a Trojan, son of Anterior by 
Theaoo, the sister of Hecuba. He married 
Lycaste, a natural daughter of Priam. He is 



accused by some of having betrayed his coum 

try to the Greeks. Dares Phry. A son of 

lanthous, norn the same night as Hector. He 
was inferior in valour to none of the Trojans, 
except Hector, aud his prudence, the wisdom 
of his counsels, and the firmness of his mind, 
claimed equal admiration, and proved most sa- 
lutary to his unfortunate and misguided coun- 
trymen. He was at last killed by Ajax, after 
he bad slaughtered a great number of the ene- 
my. Dictys. Cret. 1, &c — Homer. II 12, &c, 

A celebrated athlete, son of Nicias, who 

imitated Hercules in whatever he did. He 
killed a lion with his fist, and it is said that he 
could stop a chariot with his hand in its most 
rapid course. He was one day with some of 
his friends in a cave, when on a sudden, a large 
piece of rock came tumbling down, and while 
all fleu away, he attempted to receive, the fall- 
ing fragment m his arms. His prodigious 
strength, however, was insufficient, and he was 
instantly crushed to pieces under the rock. 

taus. 6, c. 5. One of Alexander's officers, 

intimate with Parmemo. Curt. 4, c. 16. 

Polydamna, a wife of Thorns king of Egypt. 
!t is said'that she gave Helena certain powder, 
which had the wonderful power of driving away 
care and melancholy. Homer. Od. 4, v. 228. 

Polydectes, a king of Sparta, of the family 
of the Proclidse- He was son of Eunomus. Paus. 

3 e. 7. A son of Magnes, king of the island 

of Seriphos. He received with great kindness 
Danae and her son Perseus, who had beer, ex- 
posed on the sea by Acricius. [Vidr. Perseus.] 
He took particular care of the education of 
Perseus; but when he became enamoured of 
Danae, he removed him from his kingdom, ap- 
piehensive of his resentment. Some time after 
he paid his addresses to Danae, and when she 
rejee'ed him, he prepared 'to offer her violence. 
Danae fleu to the altar of Minerva for protection, 
and Dh'tys, the brother of Polydectes, who had 
himself saved her from the sea-waters, opposed, 
her ravisher, and armed himsesf in her defence. 
At this critical moment, Perseus arrived, and 
with Medusa's head he turned into stones Poly- 
dectes, with the associates of his guilt. The 
crown of Seriphos was given to Dictys, who 
had shown himself so active in the cause of in- 
nocence. Ovid. Mel. 5, v. 242. — Hygin. fab. 
63, &c A sculptor of Greece. Plin. 

Polydeucea, a fountain of Laconia, near 
Therapne. Slrab. 9. 

Polydora, a daughter of Peleus king of 
Thessaly, by Antigone, the daughter of Eury- 
tion. She married the river Spercbius, by 

whom she had Mnestheus. JJvollod. One 

of the Oceanides. Hesiod. A daughter of 

Meleager king of Calydon, who married Pro- 
tesilaus. She killed herself when she heard 
that her husband was dead. The wife of Pro- 
tesilaus is more commonly called Laodamia. 
[Vid Protesilaus.] Pans. 4, c. 2. A daugh- 
ter of Perieres An island in the Propontis 

near Cyzicus. 

Polydorus, a son of Alcamenes, king of 
Sparta, He put an end to the war which had 
been carried on during 20 years, between Mes- 
senia and his subjects, and during his reign the 



PO 



PO 



Lacedaemonians planted two colonies, one 
at Crotano, and the other at Locri. He 
was universally respecied. He was assassina- 
ted by a nobleman, called Polymarchus. 
His son Eurycrates succeeded him 7*4 years 
before Christ. Pans. 3.—Herodot. 7, c. 204. 

A celebrated carver of Rhodes, who with 

one stone made the famous statue of Laocoon 

arc his children. Plin. 34, c. 8. A son of 

Hij:j,ome,iou, who went with tie Epigoni to the 

second Tbeban war. Pans. 2. A son of 

Cuamus ami Hermione, who married ]Nycteis, 
by whom be bad Labdacus, the father of Laius. 
He bad succeedea to the throne of Thebes, 
when his father had gone to Ulyncum. Jipol- 

lod. 3. A brother of Jason of Pherae, who 

kii: i bis brother, and seized upon his posses- 
sions. Diod. 15. A son of Priam killed by 

Achilles. — — Another son of Priam by Hecuba, 
or according to others by Laothoe. the daughter 
of Altes, king of Pedasus. As he was young 
and inexperienced when Troy was besieged by 
the Greeks, his father removed him to the 
court of Polymnestor, king of Thrace, and also 
entrusted io the care of the monarch a large sum 
of money, and the greatest part of bis treasures. 
till his country was freed from foreign invasion- 
No sooner was the death of Priam known in 
Thrace than Polymnestor made himself master 
of the riches which were in his possession, and 
to ensure them the better, he assassinated young 
Polydorus, and threw his body into the sea, 
where it was found by Hecuba, ['/id. Hecuba.] 
According to Virgil the body of Polydorus was 
buried near the shore by his assassin, and there 
grew on his grave a myrtle, whose bough', drop 
ped bioo 1, when iEneas, going to Italy, attempt- 
ed to tear tbena froni the tree. [ViU rolym- 
nestor. ] Virg. JEn. 3, v. 21, &c. — Apollod. 
3, c. 12.— Ovid. Mel. 13, v. 432.— Homer. It. 
20.— Dictys, Orel. 2, c. 18. 

Polygius, a surname of Mercury. Pans. 
Polignotus, a celebrated painter of Tha- 
sos, about 422 years before the Christian 
era. His father's name was Agiaophon. He 
adorned one of the public porticos of Athens 
with his paintings, in which he had represented 
the most striking events of the Trojan war. He 
particularly excelled in giving grace, liveliness, 
and expression to his pieces. The Athenians 
were so pleased with him, that they offered to 
reward his labours with whatever he pleased to 
accept. He declined this generous offer, and 
the Amphyctyonic council, which was composed 
of the representatives of the principal cities of 
Greece, ordered that Polygnotus should be 
maintained at the public expense wherever be 
went. Qjdntit 12, c. 10.— Plin. 33 and 34 — 

Pint. in. Cm. — Pans, 10, c. 25, &c. A 

statuary. Plin. 34. 

Polygonum and Telegonus, sons of Pro- 
teus and Coronis, were killed by Hercules. 
Jlpoliod 

Polyhymnia, and Polymnia, one of the 
Muse", daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. 
She presided over singing and rhetoric, and was 
deemed the inventress of harmony. She was 
represented veiled in white, holding a sceptre 
in her left hand, and with her right raised up, 



as if ready to harangue. She had a erown of 
jewels on her head, Hesiod, Thtr.g. 75 and 
915. — PLnt. in Sump. — Horat. 1, od 1 — Ovid. 
Fast. 5, v. 9 and 53 

Polyidius, a physician who brought back to 
life Glaucus, the son of Minos, by applying to 
his body a certain herb, with which he had 
seen, a serpent restore life to another which was 
dead. [Fid. Glaucus] Jlpoliod. 3, c. 3. — 

Paus 1, c. 43. A son of Hercules by one 

of the daughters of Thestius. Jipollod. A 

Corinthian soothsayer, called also Polybius.- 



A dithyrambic poet, painter, and musician. 

Polylaus, a son of Hercules and Crathe, 
daughter of Thespius. 

Polymenes, an officer appointed to take csre 
of Egypt after it had been conquered by Alex- 
ander. Curt- A. c 8. 

Polymede, a daughter of Aufolycus, who 
married ^E-on, by whom she had Jason. She 
survived her husband only a few days. JJpollod. 
l,c. 13. 

Polymedon, one of Priam's illegitimate 
children. 

Polymela, one of Diana's companions. She 
was daughter of Phylas, and had a son by Mer- 
cury. Homer. II. 16. A daughter of iEolus, 

seduced by Ulysses. A 'laughter of Actor. She 

was the first wife of Peleus the father of Achilles. 
Polymnestes, a Greek poet of Colophon. 

Paus. 1, c. 14, A native of Thera, father 

of Battus or Aristocles, by Phronima, the 
daughter of Etearchus, king of Oaxus. Hero- 
dct. 4, c. 150. 

Polymnestor, a king of the Thracian 
Chersonesus, who married Ilione the eldest of 
Priam's daughters. When the Greeks besieged 
Troy, Priam sent the greatest part of Lis trea- 
sures, together with Polydorus, the youngest of 
bis sons, to Thrace, where they were entrusted 
to the care of Polymnestor. The Thracian mo- 
narch paid every aUeidion to his brother-in-law; 
but when he was informed that Priam was 
dead, he murdered him to become master of 
the riches which were in his possession. At that 
time, the Greeks were returning victorious from 
Troy, followed by all the captives, among whom 
was Hecuba, the mother of Polydorus. The 
fleet stopped on the cuast of Thrace, where one 
of the female captives discovered on the shore 
the body of Polydorus, whom Polymnestor had 
thrown into the sea. The dreadful intelligence 
was immediately communicated to the mother, 
and Hecuba, who recollected the frightful 
dreams which she had had on the preceding 
night, did not doubt but Polymnestor was the 
cruel assassin. She resolved to revenge her 
son's death, and immediulely she called out 
Polymnestor, as if wishing to impart to him a 
matter of the most important nature The 
tyrant was drawn into the snare, and was no 
sooner introduced info the apartments of the 
Trojan princess, than the female captives rush- 
ed upon him, and put out his eyes with their 
pins, whiie Hecuba murdered bis two children 
who had accompanied him. According to Eu- 
ripides, the Greeks condemned Polymncstt r to 
be banished into a distant island for his perfidy, 
Hyginus, however, relates the whole differently. 



PO 



PO 



and observes, that when Polydorus was sent to 
Thrace, Ilione, his sister, took him instead of 
her son Deiphilus, who was of the same age, 
apprehensive of her husband's cruelty. The 
monarch was unacquainted with the imposition, 
he looked upon Polydorus as his own son, and 
treated Deiphilus as the brother of Ilione. After 
the destruction of Troy, the conquerors, who 
wished the house and family of Priam to be to- 
tally extirpated, oiFered Electra, the daughter 
of Agamemnon, to Polymnestor, if he would de- 
stroy Ilione and Polydorus. The monarch ac- 
cepted the offer, and immediately despatched 
his own son Deiphilus, whom he had been 
taught to regard as Polydorus Polydorus, who 
passed as the son of Polymnestor, consulted the 
oracle after the murder of Deiphilus, and when 
he was informed that his father was dead, his 
mother a captive in the hands of the Greeks, 
and his country in ruins, he communicated the 
answer of the god to Ilione, whom he had al- 
ways regarded as his mother. Ilione told him 
the measures she had pursued to save his life, 
and upon this he avenged the perfidy of Polym- 
nestor, by putting out his eyes. Eurip. in He- 
cub. — Hygin. fab 109 — Virg JEn- 3, v 45, 

&c— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 430, &c A king of 

Arcadia, succeeded on the throne by Ecmis. 

Pans. 8. A young Milesian who took a hare 

in running, and afterwards obtained a prize at 
the Olympic games. 

Polynices, a son of (Eclipus, king of The- 
bes, by Jocasta. He inherited his father's throne 
with his brother Eteocles, and it was mutually 
agreed between the two brothers that they 
should reign each a year alternately. Eteocles 
first ascended the throne by right of seniority; 
but when the year was expired, he refused to 
resign the crown to his brother. Polynices, 
upon this, fled to Argos, where he married 
Argia, the daughter of Adrastus, the king of 
the country, and levied a large army, at the 
head of which he marched to Thebes. The 
command of this army was divided among seven 
celebrated chiefs, who were to attack the seven 
gates of the city of Thebes. The battle was 
decided by a single combat between the two 
brothers, who both killed one another. [Vid. 
Eteocles.] JEschyl. sept ante Theb — Eurip. 
Phcenis. — Senec. in Theb. — Diod. 4. — Hygin. 
fab. 68, &c— Pans. 2, c. 20, 1. 9, c. b.—Jipol- 
lod. 3, c. 5. 

Polynoe, one of the Nereides, rfpollod. I.e. 2. 

Polypemon, a famous thief, called also Pro- 
crustes, who plundered all the travellers about 
the Cephisus, and near Eleusis in Attica. He 
was killed by Theseus. Ovid calls him father 
of Procrustes, and Apollodorus of Sinis. [Vid. 
Procrustes.] Paus. 1, c. 38. — Ovid, in lb. 409. 
—Diod. 4. — Plut. in Thes. 

PoLYPERCHON, Or Poi.YSPERCHON, OnC of 

the officers of Alexander. Antipater at his 
death, appointed him governor of the kingdom 
of Macedonia, in preference to his own son 
Cassander. Poiyperchon, though old, and a 
man of experience, showed great ignorance in 
the administration of the government. He be- 
came cruel not only to the Greeks, or such as 
opposed his ambitious views, but even to the 



helpless and innocent children and friends of 

Alexander, to whom be was indebted for his 
rise and military reputation. He was killed in 
a battle 309 B. C. Curt.— Diod. 17, &c. Jus- 
tin. 13. 

Polyphemus, a celebrated Cyclops, king 
of all the Cyclops in Sicily, and son of Nep- 
tune and Thoosa, the daughter of Phorcys. He 
is represented as a monster of strength, of a 
tall stature, and one eye in the middle of his 
forehead. He fed upon human flesh, and kept 
his flocks on the coasts of Sicily, when Ulysses, 
at his return from the Trojan war, was driven 
there. The Grecian prince, with twelve of his 
companions, visited the coast, and were seized 
by the Cyclops, who confined them in his cave, 
and daily devoured two of them. Ulysses would 
have shared the fate of his companions, had he 
not intoxicated the Cyclops, and put out his eye 
with a firebrand while he was asleep. Poly- 
phemus was awaked by the sudden pain, he 
stopped the entrance of his cave, but Ulysses 
made his escape by creeping between the legs 
of the rams of the Cyclops, as they were led 
out to feed on the mountains. Polyphemus be- 
came enamoured of Galataea, but his addresses 
were disregarded, and the nymph shunned his 
presence. The Cyclops was more earnest, and 
when he saw Galataea surrender herself to the 
pleasures of Acis, he crushed his rival with a 
piece of a broken rod:. Theocrit. 1 — Ovid. 
Met. 13, v. 112— Homer Od. 19.— Eurip. in 
Cyclop. — Hygin. fab. 125 — Virg. JEn. 3, v. 

619, &c. One of the Argonauts, son of 

Elatus and Hippea. Hygin. 14. 

Polyphonta, one of Diana's nymphs, daugh- 
ter of Hipponus and Thraosa 

Polyphontes, one of the Heraclidae, who 
killed Cresphontes, king of Messenia, and 

usurped his crown. Hygin. fab. 137. One 

of the Theban generals, under Eteocles. JEs- 
chyl. Sept. ante Theb. 

PoLYPffiTEs, a son of Pirithous and Hip- 
podamia at the Trojaa war. Homer. II. 2. — 

Paus. 10, v. 26 A son of Apollo by Py- 

thia. One of the Trojans whom JEtieas saw 

when he visited the infernal regions. Virg. 
JEn 6, v 484. 

Polysperciion. Vid. Poiyperchon. 

Polystratus, a Macedonian soldier, who 
found Darius after he had been stabbed by 
Bessus, and who gave him water to drink, and 
carried the last injunctions of the dying monarch 
to Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 13. An Epicu- 
rean philosopher who flourished B. C. 238. 

Polytecnus, an artist of Colophon, who 
married iEdon, the daughter of Pandarus. 

Polytion, a friend of Alcibiades, with whom 
he profaned the mysteries of Ceres. Pews. 1, 
c. 2. 

Polytimetcs, a river of Sogdiana. Curt. 
6, c. 4. 

Polyfhron, a prince killed by his nephew 
Alexander, the tyrant of Pherae. 

Polytropus, a man sent by the Lacedaemo- 
nians with an army against the Arcadians. He 
was killed at Orchomenus. Diod. 15. 

Polyxena, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, 
celebrated for her beauty and accomplishments. 



PO 



PO 



Achilles became enamoured of her, and solicit- 
ed her hand, and their marriage would have 
been consummated, had not Hector her brother 
opposed it. Polyxena, accordiug to some au- 
thors, accompanied her father when he went to 
the tent of Achilles to redeem the body of his 
son Hector Some time after the Grecian hero 
came into the temple of Apollo to obtain a sight 
of the Trojan princess, but he was murdered 
there by Paris; aud Polyxena, who had returned 
his affection, was so afflicted at his death, that 
she went and sacrificed herself on his tomb. 
Some however suppose, that that sacrifice was 
not voluntary, but that the manes of Achilles 
appeared to the Greeks as they were going to 
embark, and demanded of them the sacrifice of 
Polyxena. The princess, who was in the num- 
ber of the captives, was upon this dragged to 
hor lover's tomb, and there immolated by JNe- 
optolemus, the son of Achilles. Ovid. Met. 13, 
fab. 5, &c. — Diciys. Cret. 3 and 5. — Virg. JEn. 
3, v. 321.— Caluil. ep. 65 —Hygin. fab 90. 

Polyxenidas, a Syrian general, who flour- 
ished B. C. 192. 

Polyxenus, one of the Greek princes during 
the '. rojaa war. His father's name was Agas- 

thenes. Homer. II 2. — Pons. 5, c 3.- A 

son of Medea by Jason. A young Athenian 

who became blind, &c. Pint, in Parall. A 

general of Dionysius, from whom he revolted 

Polyxo, a priestess of Apollo's temple in 
Lemuos. She was also nurse to queen Hypsi- 
pyle. It was by her advice that the Lemnian 
women murdered all their husbands. Apullnn. 

l.—Flacc. 2— Hygin. fab. 15 One of the 

Atlautides A native of Argos, who married 

Tlepolemus, son of Her. ales. She followed 
him to Rhodes, after the murder of his uncle 
Licymnius, aud when be departed for the Tro- 
jan war with the rest of the Greek princes, she 
became the sole mistress of the kingdom. After 
the: Trojan war, Helen fled from Peloponnesus 
to Rhodes, where Polyxo reigned. Polyxo de- 
tained her, and to punish her as being the cause 
of a war, in which Tlepolemus had perished, 
she ordered her to be hanged on a tree by her 
female servants, disguised in the habit of Furies. 

[Fid. Helena.] Pans. 5, c 19 The wife 

of Nycteus. One of the wives of Danaus. 

Polyzelus, a Greek poet of Rhodes. He 
had written a poem on the origin and birth of 
Bacchus, Venus, the Muses, &c. Some of bis 
verses are quoted by Athenaeus. Hygin. P. £.. 
2, c. 14. An Athenian archon. 

Pomax;ethres, a Parthian soldier, who kill- 
ed Crassus according to some. Pint. 

Pometia, Pometii, and Pometia Suessa, a 
town of the Volsci in Latium, totally destroyed 
by the Romans, because it had revolted. Virg. 
JEn- 6, v. 775.— Liv. 2, c 17. 

Pometina, one of the tribes of the people at 
Rome- 

Pomona, a nymph at Rome who was supposed 
to preside over gardens, and to be the goddess 
of all sorts of fruit-trees. She had a temple at 
Rome and a regular priest called Flamen Po- 
monalis, who offered sacrifices to her divinity, 
for the preservation of fruit. She was generally 
represented as sitting on a basket full of flowers 



and fruit, and holding a bough in one hand, and 
apples in the other. Pomona was particularly 
delighted with the cultivation of ihe earth, she 
disdained the toils of the field, and the fatigues 
of hunting Many of the gods of the country 
endeavoured to gain her affection, but she re- 
ceived their addresses with coldness. Vertum- 
nus was the only one who, by assuming different 
shapes, and introducing himself into her com- 
pany, under the form of an old woman, prevail- 
ed upon her to bieak her vow of celioacy and 
to marry him. This deity was unknown among 
the Greeks. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 628, &c— Fes- 
tus del V. sig. 

Pompeia, a daughter of Sextus Pornpey, by 
Scribonia. She was promised to Marcellus, as 
a means of procuring a reconciliation between 
her father ana the triumvirs, but she married 

Scribouius Libo. A daughter of Pompey the 

Great, Julius Caesar's third wife. She was ac- 
cused of incontinence, because Clodius had in- 
troduced himself in women's clothes into the 
room where she was celebrating the mysteries 
of Cybele Caesar repudiated her upon this 
accusation. Plut. The wife of Annaeus Se- 
neca, was the daughter of Pompeius Fauiliuus. 
•There was a portico tit Rome, called Pom- 



peia, much frequented by all orders of people. 
Ovid. Jirt. Am. v. 67. Mart. 11, ep. 48. 

Pompeia lex, by Pompey the Great, At 
ambitu, A. U. C. 701. It ordained that what- 
ever person had been convicted of the crime of 
ambitus, should be pardoned, provided he could 
impeach two others of the same crime, and oc- 
casion the condemnation of one of them. 

Another by the same. A. U C. 701, which for- 
bad the use of laudatores in trials,, or persons 
who gave a good character of the prisoner then 

impeached Another by the same, A. U. C. 

683. It restored to the tribunes their original 
power and authority, of which they had been 

deprived by the Cornelian law. Another by 

the same, A. U. C. 701. It shortened the forms 
of trials, and enacted that the three first days of 
a trial should be employed in examining wit- 
nesses, ami it allowed only one day to the par- 
ties to make their accusation and defence. The 
plaintiff was confined to two hours, and the de- 
fendant to three. This law had for its object 
the riots, which happened from the quarrels of 

Clodius and Milo. Another by the same, A. 

U. C. 698. It required, that the judges should 
be the richest of every century, contrary to the 
usual form. It was however requisite that they 
should be such as the Aurelian law prescribed. 
Another of the same. A. U. C. 701. Pom- 
pey was by this empowered to continue in the 
government of Spain five year? longer. 

Pompeianus Jupiter, a large statue of Ju- 
piter, near Pompey's theatre, whence it receiv- 
ed its name. PUn. 34, c. 7. 

Pompeianus, a Roman knight of Antioch, rais- 
ed to offices of the greatest trust, under the em- 
peror lurelius, whose daughter Liu ilia he mar- 
ried. He lived in great populari.y at Rome, and 
retired from the court when Commodus succeed- 
ed to the impei ml crown He ought, according 
to Julian's opinion, to have been chosen and 
adopted as successor by M. Aurelius. Age- 



PO 



I'O 



neral of Maxentius, killed by Constantine.-— — - 
A Roman put to deaib by Cgracalla. 

Pompeii or ?ompeiom, a town of Campa- 
nia, built, as some. suppose, by 'ilercules, and 
so called because the iiero there exhibited the 
long procession (pompa.) of the heads of Ge- 
ryon, which he had obtained by conquest. It 
was partly demolished by an earthquake. A. D. 
63, and afterwards rebuilt. Sixteen years af- 
ter it was swallowed up by another earthquake, 
which accompanied ot.e of the eruptions of 
mount Vesuvius. Herculaneum, in its neigh- 
bourhood, shared the same fate. The people of 
the town were then assembled in a theatre, 
where public spectacles were exhibited. Vid. 
Herculaneum. Liv. 9, c 38. — Strab. 6. — 
Mela, 2, c. 4. — Dionys- 1 — Seneca. Qucest. 4. 
— Solin 8. 

Pompeiopolis, a town of Cilicia, formerly 

called Soli. J'riela, 1, c. 13. Another in 

Paphlagonia, originally called Eupatoria, which 
name was exchanged when Pompey conquered 
Mithridates. 

Q,. Pompeius, a consul who carried on war 
against the Nuaiantines, and made a shameful 
treaty. He is the first of that nobie family of 

whom mention is m*;de. Flor. 2, c. 18.. 

Cneus, a Roman general, who made war against 
the Marsi, and triumphed over the Pieeni. He 
declared himself agatnst China and Marius, 
and supported the interest of the republic. He 
was surnamed Strabo, because he squinted. 
While he was marching against Marius a 
plague broke out in his army, and raged with 
such violence, that it carried away "11,000 men 
in a lew days. He nas killed by a flash of 
lightning, and as he had behaved with cruelty 
while in power, the people dragged his body 
through the streets of Rome with an iron hook, 
and threw it into the Tiber. Paterc. 2. — Pint. 

in Pomp. Rufns, a Roman consul with Syl- 

la. He was sent ro finish the Marsian war, 
but the army mutinied at the instigation of 
Pompeius Strabo, whom he was to succeed in 
command, and he was assassinated by some of 

the soldiers. Jlppian. Civ. 1. -A general 

who succeeded Metelius in Spain, and was the 

occasion of a war with Numantia. Another 

general taken prisoner, by Mithridates. 



Sextus, a governor of Spain, who cured himself 
of the gout by placing himself in corn above the 

knee. Plin. 22, c. 25 Rufus, a grandson 

ef Syila. A tribune of the soldiers in Nero's 

reign, deprived of his office when Piso's con- 
spiracy was discovered. Tacit. A consul 

praised for his learning and abilities Ovid, ex 

Pont. 4, ep. 1. -A son of Theophanes of 

Mitylene, famous • for his intimacy with Pom- 
pey the Great, and for his writings. Tacit. 

Jinn. 6. A tribune of a pretorian cohort 

under Galba. A Roman knight put to death, 

by the emperor Claudius for his adultery with 
Messaliua. Tacit. 11, Jinn. Cneus, sur- 
named Magnus, from the greatness of his ex- 
ploits, was son of Pompeius Strabo, and Lucilia. 
He early distinguished himself in the field of 
battle, and fought with success and bravery un- 
der his father, whose courage and military pru- 
dence be imitated. He began his career with 



I great popularity, the beauty and elegance of his 
i person gained him admirers, and by pleading 
j at the bar, he displayed his eloquence, and re- 
i ceived the most unbounded applause. In the 
. disturbances which agitated Rome, by the am- 
i bition and avarice of Marius and Sylla, Pom- 
pey followed the interest of the latter, and by 
levying three legions for his service he gaiued 
his friendship and his protection. In the 26th 
year of his age, he conquered Sicily, which was 
in the power of Marius and his adherents, and 
in 40 days he regained all the territories of Af- 
rica, which had forsaken the interest of Sylla. 
This rapid success astonished the Romans, and 
Sylla, who admired and dreaded the rising 
power of Pompey, recalled him to Rome. P..m- 
pey immediately obeyed, and the dictator, by 
saluting him with the appellation of the Great, 
showed to the world what expectations he form- 
ed from the maturer age of his victorious lieu- 
tenant. This sounding title was not sufficient 
to gratify the ambition of Pompey, he demanded 
a triumph, and when Sylla refused to grant it, 
he emphatically exclaimed, that the sun shone 
with more ardour at his rising than at his set- 
ting. His assurance gained what petitions and 
entreaties could not obtain, and he was the first 
Roman knight who, without an office under the 
appointment of the senate, marched in triumph- 
al procession through the streets of Rome. He 
now appeared, not as a dependant, but as a ri- 
val of the dictator, and his opposition to his 
measures totally excluded him from his will. 
After the death of Syila, Pompey supported 
himself against the remains of the Marian fac- 
tion, which were headed by Lepidus. He de- 
feased them, put an end to the war which the 
revolt of Sertorius in Spain had occasioned, and 
obtained a second triumph, though still a pri- 
vate citizen, about 73 years before the Chris- 
tian era. He was soon after made consul, and 
in that office he restored the tribuuitial power 
to its original dignity, and in forty days removed 
the pirates from the Mediterranean, where 
they had reigned for many years, and by their 
continual plunder and audacity, almost destroy- 
ed the whole naval power of Rome. While he 
prosecuted the piratical war, and extirpated 
these maritime robbers in their obscure retreats 
in Cilicia, Pompey was called to greater under- 
takings, and by the influence of his friends at 
Rome, and of the tribune Manlius, he was em- 
powered to finish the war against two of the 
most powerful monarebs of Asia, Mithridates 
king of Pontus, and Tigranes king of Armenia. 
In this expedition Pompey showed himself no 
ways inferior to Lucullus, who was then at the 
head of the Roman armies, and who resigned 
with reluctance an office which would have 
made him the conqaerer of Mithridates and the 
master of all Asia. His operations against the 
king of Pontns were bold and vigorous, and in 
a general engagement, the' Romans so totally 
defeated the enemy, that the Asiatic monarch 
escaped with difficulty from the field of battle. 
[Vid. Mithridaticum bellum ] Pompey did not 
lo^e sight of the advantages despatch would 
ensure; and he entered Armenia, received the 
submission of king Tigranes, and after he had 



PO 



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conquered the Albanians and Iberians, visited 
countries which were scarce known to the Ro- 
mans, and, like a master of the world, disposed 
of kingdoms and provinces, and received ho- 
mage from 12 crowned heads at once; he en- 
tered Syria, and pushed his conquests as far as 
the Red Sea. Part of Arabia was subdued. 
Judaea became a Roman province, and when 
he hid now nothing to fear from Mithriciates, 
who had voluntarily destroyed himself, Pompey 
returned to Italy with all the pomp and majesty 
of an eastern conqueror. The Romans dread- 
ed his approach, they knew his power, and his 
influence among his troops, and they feared the 
return of another tyrannical Sylla. Pompey, 
however, banished their fears, he disbanded 
his army, and the conqueror of Asia entered 
Rome like a private citizen. This modest and 
prudent behaviour gained him more friends and 
adherents than the most unbounded power, aid- 
ed with profusion and liberality. He was ho- 
noured with a triumph, and the Romans, for 
three successive days, gazed with astonishment 
on the riches and the spoils which their con- 
quests had acquired in the east, and expressed 
their raptures at the sight of the different na- 
tions, habits, and treasures, which preceded the 
conqueror's chariot. But it was uot this alone 
which gratified the ambition, and flattered the 
pride of the Romans; the advantages of then- 
conquests were more lasting than an empty 
show, and when 20,000 talents were brought in- 
to the public treasury, and when the revenues 
of the republic were raised from 50 to 85 mil- 
lions of drachmae, Pompey became more pow- 
erful, more flattered, and more envied. To 
strengthen himself, and to triumph over his ene- 
mies, Pompey soon after united his interest 
with that of Caesar and Crassus, and formed 
the first triumvirate, by solemnly swearing that 
their attachment should be mutual, their cause 
common, and their union permanent. The 
agreement was completed by the marriage of 
Pompey with Julia, the daughter of Caesar, and 
the provinces of the republic were arbitrarily 
divided among the triumvirs. Pompey was al- 
lotted Africa and the two Spains, while Crassus 
repaired to Syria, to add Parthia to the empire 
of Rome, and Caesar remained satisfied with 
the rest, and the continuation of his power as 
governor of Gaul for five additional years. 
But this powerful confederacy was soon broken, 
the sudden death of Julia, and the total defeat 
of Crassus in Syria, shattered the political bands 
which held the jarring interest of Caesar and 
Pompey united. Pompey dreaded his father- 
in-law, and yet he affected to despise him; and 
by suffering anarchy to prevail in Rome, he 
convinced his fellow-citizens of the necessity of 
investing him with dictatorial power. But 
while the conqueror of Mithridates was as a 
sovereign at Rome, the adherents of Csesar 
were not silent. Thev demanded that either 
the consulship should be given to him, or that 
he should be continued in the government of 
Gaul. This just demand would perhaps have 
been granted, but Cato opposed it, and when 
Pompey sent for the two legions which he had 
lent to Caesar, the breach became more wide, 



and a civil war inevitable. Caesar was private- 
ly preparing to meet his enemies, while Pom- 
pey remained indolent, and gratified his pride 
in seeing all Italy celebrate, his recovery from 
an indisposition by universal rejoicings But 
he was soon roused from his inactivity, and it was 
now time to find his friends, if any thing could 
be obtained from the caprice and the fickleness 
of a' people whicn he had once delighted and 
amused, by the exhibition of games and spec- 
tacles in a theatre which could contain 20,000 
spectators. Caesar was now near Rome, he had 
crossed the Rubicon, which was a declaration 
of hostilities, and Pompey, who had once boast- 
ed that he could raise legions to his assistance 
by stamping on the ground with his foot, fled 
from the city with precipitation, and retired to 
Brundusium with the consuls and part of the 
senators. His cause, indeed, was popular, he 
had been invested with discretionary power, the 
senate had entreated him to protect the repub- 
lic against the usurpation and tyrauny of Caesar; 
and Cato, by embracing his cause, and appear- 
ing in his camp, seemed to indicate, that he 
was the friend of the republic, and the assertor 
of Roman liberty and independence. But 
Caesar was now master of Rome, and in sixty 
days all Italy acknowledged his power, and the 
conqueror hastened to Spain, there to defeat the 
interest of Pompey, and to alienate the hearts 
of his soldiers. He was too successful, and 
when he had gained to bis cause the western 
parts of the Roman empire, Csesar crossed Italy 
and arrived in Greece, where Pompey had re- 
tired, supported by all the power of the east, 
the wishes of the republican Romans, and by a 
numerous and well Disciplined army. Though 
superior in numbers, he refused to give the 
enemy battle, while Caesar continually harassed 
him, and even attacked his camp. Pompey re- 
pelled him with great success, and be might 
have decided the war, if he had continued to 
pursue the enemy, while their confusion was 
great, and their escape almost impossible. 
Want of provisions obliged Caesar to advance 
towards Thessaly; Pompey pursued him, and 
in the plains of Pharsalia the two armies en- 
gaged. The whole was conducted against the 
advice and approbation of Pompey, and by suf- 
fering his troops to wait for the approach of 
the enemy, he deprived his soldiers of that ad- 
vantage which the army of Caesar obtained by 
running to the charge with spirit, vigour, and 
animation. The cavalry of Pompey soon gave 
way, and the general retired to his camp, over- 
whelmed with grief and shame. But here there 
was no safety, the conqueror pushed on every 
side, and Pompey disguised himself, and fled to 
the sea-ccast, whence he passed to Egypt, 
where he hoped to find a safe asyium, till bet- 
ter and more favourable moments returned, in 
the court of Ptolemy, a prince whom he bad 
once protected and ensured on his throne. 
When Ptolemy was told that Pompey claimed 
his protection, he consulted his ministers, and 
had the baseness to betray and to deceive him. 
A boat was sent to fetch him on shore, and the 
Roman general left his galley, after an affection- 
ate and tender parting with his wife Cornelia. 
4 F 



PO 



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The Egyptian sailors sat iu sullen silence in the 
boai, and when Pompey disembarked, Achillas 
and Septiuiius assassinated him. His wife, who 
had followed him with her eyes to the shore, was 
a spectator of the bloody scene, and she hastened 
away from the bay of Alexandria, not to share 
his miserable fate. He died B. C. 48, in the 
58th or 59th year of his age, the day after his 
birth day. His head was cut off and sent to 
Caesar, who turned away from it with horror, 
and shed a flood of tears. The body was left 
for some time naked on the sea-shore, till the 
humanity of Philip, one of his freed-men, and 
an old soldier, who had often followed his 
standard to victory, raised a burning pile, and 
deposited his ashes under a mound of earth 
Caesar erected a monument on his remains, and 
the emperor Adrian, two centuries after, when 
he visited Egypt, ordered it to be repaired at 
his own expense, and paid particular honour to 
the memory of a great and good man. The 
character of Pompey, is that of an intriguing 
and artful general, and the oris probi., and animo 
inverecundo of Sallust, short and laconic as it 
may appear, is the best and most descriptive 
picture of his character. He wished it to ap- 
pear that he obtained all his honours and dig- 
nity from merit alone, and as the free and un- 
prejudiced favours of the Romans, while he 
secretly claimed them by faction and intrigue; 
and he who wished to appear the patron, and 
an example of true discipline and ancient sim- 
plicity, was not ashamed publicly to bribe the 
populace to gain an election, or to support his 
favourites. Yet amidst all this dissimulation, 
which was perhaps but congenial with the age, 
we perceive many other striking features; Pom- 
pey was kind and clement to the conquered, and 
generous to his captives, and he buried at his 
own expense Mithridates, with all the pomp 
and the solemnity which the greatness of bis 
power, and the extent of his dominions seemed 
to claim. He was an 'enemy to flattery, and 
when his character was impeached by the ma- 
levolence of party, he condescended, though 
consul, to appear before the censorial tribunal, 
and to show that his actions and measures were 
not subversive of the peace and the indepen- 
dence of the people. In his private character 
he was as remarkable; he lived with great 
temperance and moderation, and his house was 
small, and not ostentatiously furnished. He 
destroyed with great prudence the papers which 
were found in the camp of Sertorius, lest mis- 
chievous curiosity should find causes to accuse 
the innocent, and to meditate their destruction 
With great disinterestedness he refufed the 
presents which princes and monarchs offered to 
him, and he ordered them to be added to the 
public revenue. He might have seen a better 
fate, and terminated his days with more glory, 
if he had not acted with such imprudence when 
the flames )f civil war were first kindled; and 
be reflected with remorse, after the battle of 
Pharsalia, upon his want of usual sagacity and 
military prudence, in fighting at such a dis- 
tance from the sea, and in leaving the fortified 
places of Dyrrachium, to meet in the open 
plain an enemy without provisions, without 



friends, and without resources. The misfor- 
tunes which attended him after tie cor.quest of 
Mithridates, are attributed by Christian writers 
to his impiety 'in profaning the temple of the 
Jews, and in entering with the insolence of 
a conqueror the Holy of Holies, where even the 
sacred person of the high priest of the nation 
was not admitted but upon the most solemn oc- 
casions. His duplicity of behaviour in regard 
to Cicero is deservedly censured, and he should 
not have violently sacrificed to party and sedi- 
tion, a Roman whom he had ever found his 
firmest friend and adherent. In bis meeting 
with Lucullus he cannot but be taxed with pride, 
and he might have paid more deference and 
more honour to a general who was as abie and 
more entitled than himself to finish the Mithri- 
datic war. Pompey married four different 
times. His first matrimonial connexion was 
with Antistia, the daughter of the praetor ^n- 
tistius, whom he divorced with great reluctance 
to marry iEmylia, the daughter-in-law of Sylla. 
iEmylia died in child-bed; and Pompey 's mar- 
riage with Julia, the daughter of Caesar, was 
a step more of policy than affection. Yet Ju- 
lia loved Pompey with great tenderness, and 
her death in child-bed was the signal of war 
between her husband and her father. He af- 
terwards married Cornelia, the daughter of 
Metellus Scipio, a woman commended for her 
virtues, beauty, and accomplishments. Plut. 
in vita. — Flor. 4. — Paterc. 2, c. 29 — Dio. 
Cass. — Lucan. — Jlppian. — Cces. bell. Civ. — 
Cic. Orat 68, ad Attic. 7, ep. 25, ad fam. 13, 

ep. 19. — Eutrop. The two sons of Pompey 

the Great, called Cneius and Sexlus, were 
masters of a powerful army, when the death of 
their father was known. They prepared to op- 
pose the conqueror, but Caesar pursued them 
with his usual vigour and success, and at the 
battle of Munda they were defeated, and 
Cneius was left among the slain. Sextus fled 
to Sicily, where he for some time supported 
himself; but the murder of Caesar gave rise to 
new events, and if Pompey had been as prudent 
and as sagacious as his father, he mighf have 
become, perhaps, as great and as formidable. 
He treated with the triumvirs as an equal, and 
when Augustus and Antony had the imprudence 
to trust themselves without arms and without 
attendants in his ship, Pompey, by following the 
advice of his friend Menas, who wished him to 
cut off' the illustrious persons who were masters 
of the world, and now in his power, might have 
made himself as absolute as Caesar; but he re- 
fused, and observed it was unbecoming the son 
of Pompey to act with such duplicity. This 
friendly meeting of Pompey with two of the 
triumvirs was not productive of advantages to 
him, he wished to have no superior, and hosti- 
lities began. Pompey was at the head of 350 
ships, and appeared so formidable to his ene- 
mies, and so confident of success in himself, 
that he called himself the son of Neptune, and 
the lord of the sea. He was, however, soon 
defeated in a naval engagement by Octavius 
and Lepidus, and of all his numerous fleet, only 
17 sail accompanied his flight to Asia. Here 
for a moment he raised seditions, but Antony 



PO 



PO 



ordered him to be seized, and put to death 
about 35 years before the Christian era. Plut . 
in Anton. &c. — JPaterc. 2, c. 55, &c. — Flor. 4, 

e. 2, &.c. Trogus. Vid. Trogus. Sex- 

tus Festus, a Latin grammarian, of whose trea- 
tise, de verborum sigtxificaticne, tbe best edition 
is in 4to. Amst. 1699. 

Pompf.lon, a town of Spain, now Pompeluna, 
the capital of Navarre. Plin. 1, c. 3. 

Pompilius Numa, the second king of Rome. 
[Vid. Numa.] The descendants of the mo- 
narch were called Pompilius Sanguis, an ex- 
pression applied by Horace to the Fisos. Ssit. 

Poet. v. 292. Andronieus, a grammarian of 

Syria, who opened a school at Rome, and had 
Cicero and Caesar among his pupils. Sueton. - 

Pompilia, a daughter of Numa Pompilius. 
She married Numa Martius by whom she had 
Ancus Martius, the fourth king of Rome. 

PomfIlus, a fisherman of ionia. He carried 
into Miletus, Ocyroe the daughter of Chesias, 
of whom Apollo was enamoured, but before he 
had reached the shore, the god changed the 
boat into a rock, Pompilius into a fish of the 
same name, and carried away Ocyroe. Plin. 6, 
C. 29, i. 9, c 15, 1. 32, c 11. 

Pompiscus, an Arcadian. Polyan. 5. 

Pomponia, the wife of Q. Cicero, sister to 
Pomponius Atticus. She punished with the 
greatest cruelty Philologus, the slave who had 
betrayed her husband to Antony, and she or- 
dered him to cut his flesh by piece-meal, and 
afterwards to boil it and eat it in her presence. 

■ A daughter of Pomponius Graecinus, in the 

age of Augustus, &c. Another matron ba- 
nished from Rome by Domitian, and recalled 
by Nerva 

Pomponius, the father of Numa, advised his 
son to accept the regal dignity which the Ro- 
man ambassadors offered to him. A cele- 
brated Roman intimate with Cicero. He was 
surnamed Atticus, from his long residence at 

Athens. [Vid. Atticus.] Flaccus, a man 

appointed governor of Moesia and Syria by Ti- 
berius, because he had coutiuued drinking and 
eating with him for two days without intermis- 
sion. Suet, in Thtb. 42. A tribune of the 

people in the time of Servilius Ahala the con- 
sul. Labeo, a governor of Moesia, accused 

of ill management in his province. He destroy- 
ed himself by opening bis veins. Tacit. Ann. 

6. v. 29. Mela, a Spaniard who wrote a 

book on geography. [Vid. Mela.] A pro- 
consul of Africa accused by the inhabitants of 

his province, and acquitted, &c. A Roman 

who accused Manlius the dictator of cruelty. 
He triumphed over Sardiuia, of which he was 
made governor. He escaped from Rome, and 
the tyranny of tbe triumvirs, by assuming the 
habit of a praetor, and by travelling with his 
servants disguised in the dress of lictors with 
their fasces. Secundus, an officer in Ger- 
many in the age of Nero. He was honoured 
with a triumph for a victory over the barba- 
rians of Germany. He wrote some poems 
greatly celebrated by the ancients for their 

beauty and elegance. They are lost. A 

friend of C. Gracchus. He was killed inattempt- 
ing to defend him, Plut in Grac. An officer 



taken prisoner by Mithridates. A dissolute 

youth, &c. Horat. 1, sat. 4, v. 52. Sextus, 

a lawyer, disciple to Papinian, &c. 

Pomposianus, a Roman put to death by Do- 
mitian. He had before been made consul by 
Vespasian. 

Pomptina. Vid. Pontina. 

C. PoMPTiNtrs, a Roman officer who con- 
quered the Allobroges after the defeat of Cati- 
line. Cic. 4, Jilt. 16, 1. 6, ep. 3. 

Pompus a king of Arcadia. Paus 8, c. 5. 

Pons iEuos was built by the emperor 
Adrian at Rome. It was the second bridge of 
Rome in following the current of the Tiber. It 
is still to be seen, the largest and most beauti- 
ful in Rome. iEmylius, an ancient bridge 

at Rome, originally called Sublicius, because 
built with wood (sublica). It was raised by 
Ancus Martius, and dedicated with great pomp 
and solemnity by tbe Roman priests. It was 
rebuilt with stones by xEmylius Ltpidus, whose 
name it assumed It was much injured by the 
overflowing of the river, and the emperor Anto- 
ninus, who repaired it, made it all with white 
marble. It was tbe last of all the bridges of 
Rome, in following the course of the river, and 

some vestiges of it may still be seen. Anien- 

sis was built across the river Anio, about three 
miles from Rome. It was built by the eunuch 
Narses, and called after him when destroyed by 

the Goths. Cestus was re-built in the reign 

of Tiberius by a Roman called Cestius Gallus, 
from whom it received its name, and carried 
back from an island of the Tiber, to which the 

Fabncius conducted. Aurelianus was built 

with marble by the emperor Antoninus. 

Armoniensis was built by Augustus, to join the 

Flaminian to the iEtmlian road Bojanus 

was built at Baiae in the sea by Caligula. It 
was supported by boats, and measured about 

six miles in length. Janicularis received its 

name from its vicinity to mount Janiculum. It 

is still standing. Milvius was about one mile 

from Rome. It was built by the censor iElius 
Scaurus. It was near it that Constantine defeat- 
ed Maxentius. Fabricius was built by Fa- 

bricius. and carried to an island of the Tiber.- 

Gardius was built by Agnppa. Paiati- 

nus near mount Palatine, was also called Sena> 
torius, because the senators walked over iti 
procession, when they went to consult the Sy- 
billine books. It was begun by M. Fulvius, and 
finished in the censorship of L Mummius, and 

some remains of it are still visible. Trajani 

was built by Trajan across the Danube, cele- 
brated for its bigness and magnificence. — The 
emperor built it to assist more expeditiously the 
provinces against the barbarians, but his suc- 
cessor destroyed it, as he supposed that it 
would be rather an inducement for the barba- 
rians to invade the empire. It was raised on 
20 piers of hewn stones, 150 feet from the foun- 
dation, 60 feet broad, and 170 feet distant one 
from the other, extending in length above a 
mile. Some of the pillars are still standing. 

Another was built by Trajan over the Ta- 

gus, part of which still remains. Of temporary 
bridges, that of Caesar oner the Rhine was 
the most famous. The largest single arch- 



ro 



PO 



ed bridge known is over the river Elaver in 
France, called Pons Veteris Brivalis- The 
pillars stand on two rocks at the distance of 195 
feet. The arch is 84 feet high above the wa- 
ter. Suffragiorum was built in the Campus 

Martius, and received its name because the 
populace were obliged to pass over it wbenever 
they delivered their suffrages at the elections of 

magistrates and officers of the state. Tiren- 

sis, a bridge of Latium between Arpinum and 
Minturnae — Triumphalis was on the way to the 
eapitol, and passed over oy those who triumph- 
ed. Narniensis joined two mountains near 

Narnia, built by Augustus, of stupendous height, 
60 miles from Rome; one arch of it remains, 
about 100 feel high. 

Pontia, a Roman matron who committed 
adultery with Sagitta, &c. Tacit. Ann. 12. 
— — A mother famous for her cruelty. Martial. 

1, ep. 34. A surname of Venus at Hermi- 

one. Paus. 2, c. 34. A woman condemned 

by Nero as guilty of a conspiracy. She killed 
herself by opening her veins She was daugh- 
ter of Petronius, and wife of Bolanus. Juv 6, 

v. 637 -An island in the Tyrrhene sea, 

where Piiate, surnamed Pontius, is supposed 
to have lived. Plin. 3, c. Q.—Ptol. 3, c. 1. 
Vid. CEnotrides. 

Ponticum mare, the sea of Pontus, generally 
called the Euxine. 

Ponticus, a poet of Rome, contemporary 
with Propertius, by whom he is compared to 
Homer. He wrote an account of the Theban 

war in heroic verse ProptH. 1, el. 7. A 

man in Juvenal's age, fond of boasting of the 
antiquity and great actions of his family, yet 
without possessing himself one single virtue. 

Pontina, or Pomptina lacus, a 'ake in the 
country of the Volsci, through which the great 
Appian road passed. Travellers were some- 
times conveyed in a boat, drawn by a mule, in 
the canal that ran aiong the road from Forum 
Appii to Tarraciua. This lake is now become 
so dangerous, from the exhalations of its stag- 
nant water, that travellers avoid passing near 
it. Horat 1, Sat. 5, v. 9. — Lucan. 3, v. 85. 

Pontinus, a friend of Cicero. — -A tribune 
of the people, who refused to rise up when Cae- 
sar passed in triumphal procession. He was 
one of Cjesar's murderers, and was killed at the 
battle of Mutina. Sueton. in Ccesar. 78. — Cic. 

10, ad Jam. A mountain of Argolis, with a 

river of the same name. Paus. 2, c. 73. 

Pontius Aufidianus, a Roman citizen, who 
upon hearing that violence had been offered to 
his daughter, punished her and her ravisher 

with death. Val. Max. 6, c. 1 . Herennius, 

a general of the Samnites, who surrounded the 
Roman army under the consuls T. Veturius and 
P. Posthumius. As there was no possibility of 
escaping for the Romans, Pontius consulted his 
father what he could do with an army that were 
prisoners in his hands. The old man advised 
him either to let them go untouched, or put 
them all to the sword. Pontius rejected his fa- 
ther's advice, and spared the lives of the ene i y, 
after he had obliged them to pass under the 
yoke with the greatest ignominy. He was after- 
wards conquered, and obliged in his turn to 



pass under the yoke. Fabius Maximus defeated 
him, when he appeared again at the head of 
another army, and he was afterwards shamefully 
put to death by the Romans, after he had adorn- 
ed the triumph of the conqueror. Liv. 9, c. 1, 
&c. Coininius, a Roman who gave infor- 
mation to his countrymen who were besieged iu 
the eapitol that Camiilus had obtained a victory 

over the Gauls. Plut. A Roman slave, who 

told Syllain a prophetic strain, that he brought 
him success from Bellona. One of the fa- 
vourites of Albucilla. He was degraded from 
the rank of a senator. Tacit. Titus, a Ro- 
man centurion, whom Cicero de Seneci. men- 
tions as pos ess>ed of uncommon strength. 

Pontus, a kingdom of Asia Minor, bounded 
on the east by Colchis, west by the Halys, north 
by the Euxine sea, and south by part of Arme- 
nia. It was divided into three parts according 
to Ptolemy. Pontus Galaticus of which Amasia 
was the capital, Pontus Polemomacus, from its 
chief town Polernonium, and Pontus Cappado- 
cius, of which Trapezus-was the capital. It was 
governed by kings, the first of whom was Arta- 
bazes, either one of the seven Persian noble- 
men who murdered the usurper Smerdis, or one 
of their descendants. The kingdom of Pontus 
was in its most flourishing state under Mithri- 
dates the Great When J. Caesar had conquer- 
ed it, it became a Roman province, though it 
was often governed by n.onarchs who were tri- 
butary to the power of Rome. Under the em- 
perors a regular governor was always appoint- 
ed over it. Pontus produced castors, whose tes- 
ticles were highly valued among the ancients for 
their salutary qualities in medicinal processes. 
Virg. G 1, v 58.— Mela, 1, c. land 19.^ 
Strab. 12. — Cic. pro Leg — \Jan. — Appian. — 

Ptol. 5, c 6. A part of Mysia in Europe on 

the borders of the Euxine sea, where Ovid was 
banished, and from whence be wrote his four 
books of epistles de Pvnto, and his six books de 

Tnstibm. Ovid, de Pont. An ancient deity, 

father of Phorcys, Thaumas, Nereus, Euribia, 
and Ceto, by Terra. He is the same as Oceauus. 
Apoltod. 1, c. 2. 

Pontus Euxinus, a celebrated sea, situate 
at the west of Colchis, between Asia and Eu- 
rope, at the north of Asia Minor. It is called 
the Black Sea by the moderns. [Vid- Euxinus.] 

M. Popilius, a consul who was informed, as 
he was offering a sacrifice, that a sedition was 
raised in the city against the senate. Upon 
this be immediately went to the populace in his 
sacerdotal robes, and quieted the multitude with 
a speech. He lived about the year of Rome 

404. Liv. 9, c 21.— Val. Max. 7, c 8. 

Caius, a consul, who, when besieged by the 
Gauis, abandoned his baggage to save bis army. 

Cic. ad Heren 1, c. 15. Laenas, a Roman 

ambassador to Antiochus, king of Syria. He 
was commissioned to order the monarch to ab- 
stain from hostilities against Ptolemy, king of 
Egypt, who was an ally of Rome. Antiochus 
wished to evade bim by his answers, but Popi- 
lius, with a stick which he had in bis hand* 
made a circle round him on the sand, and hade 
him, in the name of the Roman senate and peo- 
ple, not to go beyond it before he spoke de- 



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cisively. This boldness intimidated Antiochus; 
he withdrew his garrisons from Egypt, and no 
longer meditated a war against Ptolemy. Val. 
Max. 6, c. A.—Liv. 45, c. 12.— latere. 1, c. 

10. A tribune of the people who murdered 

Cicero, to whose eloquence he was indebted for 
his life when he was accused of parricide. Plut. 

-A praetor who banished the friends of 

Tiberius Gracchus from Italy. A Roman 

consul who made war against the people of Nu- 
mantia, on pretence that the peace had not 
been firmly established. He was defeated by 
them. A senator who alarmed the conspira- 
tors against Caesar, by telling them that the 
whole plot was discovered. A Roman em- 
peror. [Vid Nepotiaous.] 

Poplicola, one of the first consuls. [Vid. 
Publicola.] 

Popp^ea Sabina, a celebrated Roman ma- 
tron, daughter of Titus Ollius; She married a 
Roman knight called Rufus Crispinus, by whom 
she had a son. Het peisonal charms, and the 
elegance of her figure, captivated Otho, who 
was then one of Nero's favourites. He carried 
her away and married her; but Nero, who had 
seen her, and- had often heard her accomplish- 
ments extolled, soon deprived him of her com- 
pany, and sent him out of Italy, on pretence of 
presiding over one of the Roman provinces. 
After he had taken this step, Nero repudiated 
his wife Octavia, on pretence of barrenness, 
and married Poppaea. The cruelty and avarice 
of the emperor did not long permit Poppaea to 
share the imperial dignity, and though she had 
already made him father of a son, he began to 
despise her, and even to use her with barbarity. 
She died of a blow which she received from his 
foot when many months advanced in her preg- 
nancy, about the 65th year of the Christian 
era. Her funeral was performed with great 
pomp and solemnity, and statues were raised to 
her memory. It is said, that she was so anxious 
to preserve her beauty and the elegance of her 
person, that 500 asses were kept on purpose to 
afford her milk in which she used daily to 
bathe. Even in her banishmeut she was at- 
tended by 50 of these animals for the same pur- 
pose, and from their milk she invented a kind of 
ointment, or pomatum, to preserve beauty, 
called pojypczanum from her. Plin. 11, c. 41. 
— Dio. 62. — Juv. 6. — Sueton. in J\"er. & Oth. 

— Tacit. 13 and 14 A beautiful woman at 

the court of Nero. She was mother to the pre- 
ceding. Tacit. Jinn 11, c. 1, &c 

Popp^us Sabinus, a Roman of obscure 
origin, who was made governor of some of the 
Roman provinces. He destroyed himseii, &c. 
Tacit. 6, Ann. 39. Sylvanus, a mac of con- 
sular dignity, who brought to Vespasian a body 

of 600 Dalmatians. A friend of Otho. 

Populonia, or Populanium, a town of Etru- 
ria, near Pisae, destroyed in the civil wars of 
Sylla. Strab. b.— Virg. JEn. 10, v. 172 — 
Jtitla, 2, c. 5. — Plin 3, c. 5. 

Porata, a river of Dacia, now Prulh, fall- 
ing into the Danube a little below Axiopoli. 

Porcia, a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly 
commended by Cicero. A daughter of Ca- 
to of Utica, who married Bibulus, and aftet his 



death, Brutus. She was remarkable for her 
prudence, philosophy, courage, and conjugal 
tenderness. She gave herself a heavy wound 
m the thigh, to see with what fortjiude she 
could bear pain: and when her husband asked 
her the reason of it, she said that she wished to 
try whether she had courage enough to share 
not .only his bed, but to partake of his most 
hidden serrets. Brutus was astonished at her 
constancy, and no longer detained from her 
knowledge the conspiracy which ne and many 
other illustrious Romans had formed against J. 
Caesar Porcia wished them success, and 
though she betrayeu fear, and fell into a swoon 
the day that her husband was gone to assassin- 
ate the dictator, yet she was faithful to her 
promise, and dropped nothing which might af- 
fect the situation of the conspirators. When 
Brutus was dead, she refused to survive him, 
and attempted to end her life as a daughter of 
Cato. Her friends attempted to terrify her; 
but when she saw that every weapon was re- 
moved from her reach, she swallowed burning 
coals and died, about 42 years before the Chris- 
tian era. Valerius M axioms says, that she was 
acquainted with her husband's conspiracy 
against Caesar when she gave herseil the wound. 
VaL Max. 3, c. 2, 1. 4, c. 6.— Plut. in Brut, 
&c. 

Porcia lex, de civitale, by M. Porcius the 
tribune, A. U. C. 453. It ordained that no 
magistrate should punish with death, or scourge 
with rods, a Roman citizen when condemned, 
but only permit him to go into exile. Sallust. 
in Cat. — Liv. 10. — Cic pro Rab 

Porcina, a surname of the orator M. M. 
Lepidus, who lived a little before Cicero's age, 
and was distinguished for his abilities. Cic ad 
Her. 4, c. 5. 

M Porcius Latro, a celebrated orator who 
killed himself when labouring under a quar- 
tan ague, A. U. C. 750. — — Licinius, a Latin 
! poet dunng the time of the third Punic war, 
commended for the elegance, (he graceful ease, 

and happy wit of his epigrams A Roman 

senator who joined the conspiracy of Catiline. 

A son of oato of Utica, given much to 

drinking. 

Pokedorax, one of the 40 Gauls whom Mi- 
thridates ordered to be put to death, and to re- 
main unburied for conspiring against him His 
mistress at Pergamus buried him against the 
orders of (he monarch. Plut. de Vert. Mul. 

Torina, a river of Peloponnesus. Paus. 1, 
c. 85. 

Poroselene, an island near Lesbos. Strab. 
13. Plin. 5, c 31 

Porphykion, a son of Coe'ius and Terra, one 
of the giants who made war against Jupiter. 
He was so formidable, that Jupiter, to conquer 
him, inspired him with love for Juno, and while 
the giant endeavoured to obtain his wishes, he, 
with the assistance of Hercules, overpowered 

him. Horat. 3, od. 4.— Mart. 13. ep. 78 - 

Apollod. 1, c. 6. 

Porphyris, a name of the island Cythera. 
I orphyrius, a Platonic philosopher of Tyre. 
He studied eloquence at Athens under Longinus, 
aud afterwards retired to Rome, where he per- 



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fected himself under Plotinus. Porphyry was a 
man of universal information, and, according to 
the testimony of the ancients, he excelled his 
coo temporaries in the knowledge of history, ma- 
thematics, music, and philosophy. He ex- 
pressed his sentiments with elegance and with 
dignity, and while other philosophers studied 
obscurity in their language, his style was re- 
markable for its simplicity and grace. He ap- 
plied himself to the study of magic, which he 
called a theourgic or divine operation. The 
books that he wrote were numerous, and some 
of his smaller treatises are still extant. His 
mosl celebrated work, which is now lost, was 
against the religion of Christ, and in this theo- 
logical contest, he appeared so formidable, that 
most of tlie fathers of the Church have been 
employed in confuting his arguments, and de- 
veloping the falsehood of his assertions He 
has been universally cal'ed. the greatest enemy 
which the Christian religion had, and indeed 
his doctrines were so pernicious, that a copy of 
his book was publicly burnt by order of Theo- 
dosius, A. D. 388. Porphyry resided for some 
time in Sicily, aud died at the advanced as;e of 
71, A. D. 304. The best edition of his life of 
Pythagoras is that of Kuster, 4to. Amst. 1707, 
that of his treatise De abstinentia, is De Rhoer. 
Traj. ad Rhen. 8vo. 1767, and that De Jintro 

Nympharum is 8vo. Traj. ad Rhen. 1765. 

A Latin poet in the reign of Constantine the 
Great. 

Porrima, one of the attendants of Carmente 
when she came from Arcadia. Ovid. 1. Fast. 
T. 633. 

Porsenna, or Porsena, a king of Etruria, 
who declared war against the Romans, because 
they refused to restore Tarquin to his throne 
and to his royal privileges. He was at first 
successful, the Romans were defeated, and Por- 
seuna WGuld have entered the gates of Rome, 
had not Codes stood at the head of a bridge, 
and supported the fury of the whole Etrurian 
army, while his companions behind were cutting 
off the communication with the opposite shore. 
This act of bravery astonished Porsenna; but 
when he had seen Mutius Scaevola enter his 
camp with an intention to murder him, and when 
he had seen him burn his hand without emotion, 
to convince him of his fortitude and intrepidity, 
he no longer dared to make head against a peo- 
ple so brave and so generous. He made a peace 
with the Romans, and never after supported the 
claims of Tarquin. The generosity of Porsen- 
na 1 s behaviour to the captives was admired by 
the Romans, and to reward his humanity they 
raised a brazen statue to his honour. Liv. 2, c. 
y y &c.—Plut. in Public— Flor. 1, c. 10. — Ho- 
rat. ep. 16 — Virg. JEn. 8, v. 646. 

Porta Capena, a gate at Rome, which leads 

to the Appian road. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 192. 

Aurelia, a gate at Rome, which' received its 



they went to light an enemy, and were killed 

near the river Cremera. Janualis was near 

the temple of Janus. Esquilina was also 

called Metia, Taurica, or Libitinemis, and all 
criminals who weie going to be executed gene- 
rally passed through, as also dead bodies which 
were carried to be burnt on mount Esquiiinus. 
Flaminia, called also Ftumentana, was 



situate between the capitol and mount Quiriua- 
lis, and through it the Flaminian road passed. 
Fontinalis led to the Campus Martius. It 



received its name from the great number of 

fountains that were near it. Navalis was 

situate near the place where the ships came 

from Ostia. Viminalis was near mount Vimi- 

nalis. Trigemina, called also Ostiensis, led 

to the town of Ostia. Catularia was near 

the Carmentalis Porta, at the foot of mount Vi- 
minalis. Collatina received its name from 

its leading to Collatia. Collina, called also 

Quirinalis, Jlgonensis, and Salaria, was near 
Quirinalis Mons. Annibal rode up to this gate 
and threw a spear into the city. It is to be ob- 
served, that at the death of Romulus there were 
only three or four gates at Rome, but the num- 
ber was increased, and in the time of Pliny 
there were 37, when the circumference of the 
walls was 13 miles and 200 paces. 

Portia and Portius. [Vid. Porcia and 
Porcius.] 

Portmos, a town of Eubcea. Demosth. — 
Plin. 3, c. 5. 

Portumnalia, festivals of Portumnus at 
Rome, celebrated on the 17th of August, in a 
very solemn and lugubrious manner, on the 
borders of the Tiber. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 547. — 
Varro de L. L. 5, c. 3.' 

Portumnus, a sea deity. [Vid. Melicerta-] 

Porus, the god of plenty at Rome. He was 

son of Metis or Prudenpe. Plato. A king 

of India, when Alexander invaded Asia. The 



name from Aurelius, a consul who made a road 
.vhich led to Pisa, all along the coast of Etruria. 

Asinaria led to mount Ccelius. It received 

its name from the family of the Asinii. Car- 
mentalis was at the foot of the capitol, built by 
Romulus. It was afterwards called Scelerata, 
because the 300 Fabii marched through when 



conqueror of Darius ordered him to come and 
pay homage to him as a dependant prince. Po- 
rus scorned his commands, and declared he 
would go and meet him on the frontiers of his 
kingdom sword in hand, and immediately he 
marched a large army to the banks of the Hy- 
daspes. The stream of the river was rapid; 
but Alexander crossed it in the obscurity of the 
night, and defeated one of the sons of the In- 
dian monarch. Porus himself renewed the 
battle, but the valour of the Macedonians pre- 
vailed, and the Indian prince retired, covered 
with wounds, on the back of one of his elephants. 
Alexander sent one of the kings of India to de- 
mand him to surrender, but Porus killed the 
messenger, exclaiming, is not this the voice of 
the wretch who has abandoned his country? and 
when he at last was prevailed upon to come 
before the conqueror, he approached him as an 
equal. Alexander demanded* of him how he 
wished to be treated; like a king, replied the 
Indian monarch. This magnanimous answer so 
pleased the Macedonian conqueror, that be not 
only restored him his dominions, but he in- 
creased his kingdom by the conquest of new 
provinces; and Porus, in acknowledgment of 
such generosity and benevolence, became one of 
the most faithful and attached friends of Alex- 



FO 



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ander, and never violated the assurances of' 
peace which he bad given hitn. Porus is repre- 
sented as a mau of uncommon stature, great 
strength, and proportionable dignity. Pint, in 
Mex.—Philostr. 2, c 10— Curt. 8, c. 8, &c. 

— Claud. Cons. Honor. 4. Another king of 

India in the reign of Alexander. A king of 

Babylon. 

Posides, an eunuch and freed-man of the 
emperor Claudius, who rose to honours by the 
favour of his master. Juv. 14, v. 94 

Posideom, a promontory and town of Ionia, 

where Neptuue had a temple. Strab. 14. 

A town of Syria below Libanus. Plin. 5, c. 
20. A town near the Strymon, on the bor- 
ders of Macedonia. Plin. 4, c. 10. 

Posidon, a name of Neptune among the 
Greeks. 

Posidonia, a town of Lucania, better known 
by the name of Paestum. [Vid. Paestum.] 

Posidonium, a town or temple of Neptune, 
near Caenis in Italy, where the straits of Sicily 
are narrowest, and scarce a mile distant from 
the opposite shore. 

Posidonius, a philosopher of Apamea. He 
lived at Rhodes for some time, and afterwards 
came to Home, where, after cultivating the 
friendship of Pompey and Cicero, he died in 
his 84th year. He wrote a treatise on the na- 
ture of the gods, and also attempted to measure 
the circumference of the earth; he accounted 
for the tides from the motion of the moon, and 
calculated the height of the atmosphere to be 
400 stadia, nearly agreeing to the ideas of the 

moderns. Cic Tusc 5, c. 37. — Strab 14. 

Another philosopher, born at Alexandria in 
Egypt. 

Posio, a native of Magnesia, who wrote an 
history of the Amazons. 

Posthomia, a vestal virgin accused of adul- 
tery and acquitted.— — The wife of Servius 
Sulpicius. Cic ep- A daughter of Sylla. 

Posthumius Albinus, a man who suffered 
himself to be bribed by Jugurtha, against whom 

he had been sent with an army. A writer at 

Rome whom Cato ridiculed for composing an 
history in Greek, and afterwards offering apolo- 
gies for the inaccuracy and inelegance of his 

expressions. Tubero, a master of horse to 

the dictator iEinilius Mamercus. He was him- 
self made dictator in the war which the Ro- 
mans waged against the Volsci, and he punish- 
ed his son with death for lighting against his 

orders, A. U. C. 312. Liv. 4, c. 23. Spu- 

rius, a consul sent against the Samnites. He 
was taken in an ambush by Pontius the enemy's 
general, and obliged to pass under the yoke 
with all his army. He saved his life by a shame- 
ful treaty, and when he returned to Rome, he 
persuaded the Romans not to reckon as valid 
the engagements he had made with the enemy, 
as it was without their advice. He was given 
up to the enemy because he could not perform 
his engagements; but he was released by Fon- 
tius for his generous and patriotic behaviour. 

Aulus, a dictator who defeated the Latins 

and the Volsci. Tuhertus, another dictator, 

who defeated the iEqui and Volsci. Lucius, 

a consul sent against the Samnites. A gene- 



ral who defeated the Sabines, and who was the 
first who obtained an ovation. A man poi- 
soned by his wife A general who conquered 

the iEqui, and who was stoned <,y the army, 
because he refused to divide the promised spoils. 

Flor. 22. Lucius, a Roman consul, who was 

defeated by the Boii. He was left among the 
slain, and his head was cut off from his body, 
and* carried in triumph by the barbarians into 
their temples, where they made with the scull 
a sacred vessel to offer libations to their gods. 
— — Marcus Crassus Latianus, an officer pro- 
claimed emperor in Gaul, A. D. 260. He reign- 
ed with great popularity, and gained the affec- 
tion of his subjects by his humanity and mode- 
ration. He took his son of the same name as 
a colleague on the throne. They were both 
assassinated by their soldiers, after a reign of 

six years. Megilthus, a consul against the 

Samnites and Tarentines Quintus, a man 

put to death by Antony. A soothsayer in the 

age of Sylla Spurius, an enemy of Tib. 

Gracchus. Albus, a Roman decemvir, sent 

to Athens to collect the most salutary laws of 

Solon, &c Liv. 3, c. 31 Sylvius, a son of 

/Eneas and Sylvia. 

Postvee-ta, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
sided over the painful travails of women. Ovid. 
Fast. 1, v. 633. 

Postumia via, a Roman road about the town 
of Hostilia. 

Postumius. [Vid. Posthumius.] 

Potamides, nymphs who presided over rivers 
and fountains, as their name (7ro]a,fAos : fluviiis) 
implies. 

Potamon, a philosopher of Alexandria, in 
the age of Augustus. He wrote several trea- 
tises, and confined himself to the doctrines of 
no particular sect of philosophers. 

Potamos, a town of Attica near Sunium. 
Strab. 9. 

Potentia, a town of Picenum. Liv. 39, c. 
44. 

Pothinus, an eunuch tutor to Ptolemy, king 
of Egypt. He advised the monarch to murder 
Pompey, when he claimed his protection after 
the battle of Pharsalia. He stirred up com- 
motions in Alexandria, when Caesar came there, 
upon which the conqueror ordered him to be 
put to death. Lucan. 8, v. 483, 1. 10, v. 95. 

Pothos, one of the deities of the Samothra- 
cians Plin. 36, c 5. 

PoTiDiF.A, a town of Macedonia, situate in 
the peninsula of Pallene. It was founded by a 
Corinthian colony, and became tributary to the 
Athenians, from whom Philip of Macedonia 
took it. The. conqueror gave it to the Olyn- 
tbians to render them more attached to his in- 
terest, Cassander repaired and enlarged it, 
and called it Cassandria, a name which it still 
preserves, and which has given occasion to Livy 
to say, that Cassander was the original founder 
of that city. Liv. 44, c. 11. — Demosth. Olynth. 
—Strab. l.—Paus. 5, c. 23.— Mela, 2, c. 2. 

Potidania, a town of ./Etolia. Liv. 28, c. 8. 

Potina, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
over children's potions. Varro. 

Potitids. [Vid. Pinarius ] 

Potni.£:, a town of Boeotia, where Bacchus 



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had a temple. The Potnians, having oaee mur- 
dered the priest of the god, were ordered by 
the oracle, to appease his resentment, yearly to 
offer on his altars a young man This unnatu- 
ral sacrifice was continued for some years, till 
Bacchus himself substituted a goat, from which 
circumstance he received the appellation of 
JEgobolus and JEgophagus. There was here a 
fountain whose waters made horses i un mad as 
soon as they were touched. There were also 
here certain goddesses called Potniades, on 
whr.se altars, in a grove sacred to Ceres ami 
Proserpine, victims were sacrificed. It was also 
usual, at a certain season of the year, to con- 
duct into the grove, young pigs, which were 
found the following year in the groves of Do- 
dona. The mares of Poiniae destroyed their 
master Glaucus, son of Sisyphus. [_Vid. Glau- 
cus.] Paws. 9, c. 8. — Virg. G. 3, v. 267. — 
Milan. V. H. 15, c 25.— \ town of Mag- 
nesia, whose pastures gave madness to asses, 
according to Pliny. 

Practium, a town and small river of Asia 
Minor on the Hellespont. 

Pr.*xia, a courtezan at Rome, who influenc- 
ed Cethegus, and procured Asia as a consular 
province for Lucullus. Plut. in Luc. 

Piueneste, a town of Latium, about 21 miles 
from Rome, buitt by Telegonus, son of Ulysses 
and Circe, or according to others by Caeculus 
the son of Vulcan. There was a celebrated tem- 
ple of Fortune there with two famous images, as 
also an oracle, which was long in great repute. 
Cic. de Div. 2, c. 41 —Virg. JEn. 7, v. 680.— 
Horat. 3, od. 4. — Stat 1, Sylv 3, v. 80. 

Pr^sos, a small town of Crete, destroyed in 
a civil war by one of the neighbouring cities. 
Prjesti, a uation of India. Curt. 9, c 8. 
Pr.&tor, one of the chief magistrates at 
Rome. The office of Praetor was first instituted 
A. U. C 388, by the senators, who wished by 
some new honour to compensate for the loss of 
the consulship, of which the plebeians had claim- 
ed a share. The praetor received his name a 
prceeundo. Only one was originally elected, and 
another A. U. C 501. One of them was totally 
employed in administering justice among the 
citizens, whence he was called praetor urbanus; 
and the other appointed judges in all causes 
which related to foreigners. In the year of Rome 
520, two more praetors were created to assist the 
consul in the government of the provinces of Si- 
cily and Sardinia, which had been lately con- 
quered, and two more when Spain was reduced 
into the form of a Rotmn province, A. U. C 
551. Sylla the dictator added two more, and 
Julius Caesar increased the number to 10, and 
afterwards to 16, and the second triumvirate to 
64. After this their numbers fluctuated, being 
sometimes 18, 16, or 12, tin, in the decline of 
the empire, their dignity decreased, and their 
numbers were reduced to three. I,u his public 
capacity the praetor administered justice, pro- 
tected the rights of widows and orphans, presid- 
ed at the celebration of public festivals, and in 
the absence of the consul assembled or pro- 
rogued the senate as he pleased. He also exhib- 
ited shows to the people, and in the festivals of 
the Bona Dea, where no males were permitted 



to appear, his wife presided over the rest of the 
Roman matrons. Feasts were announced and 
proclaimed by him, and he had the power to 
make and repeal laws, if it met with the appro- 
bation of the senate and people. The quaestors 
were subject to him, and in the absence of the 
consuls, he appeared at the head of the armies, 
and in the city he kept a register of all the freed- 
men of Rome, with the reasons for which they 
had received their freedom. In the provinces 
the Praetors appeared with great pomp, six lie- 
tors with the fasces walked before them, and 
when the empire was increased by conquests, 
tbey divided like the consuls their government, 
and provinces were given them by lot. When 
the year of their praetorship was elapsed, they 
were called proprcetors, if they still continued at 
the head of the province. At Rome the praetors 
appeared also with much pomp, two lictors pre- 
ceded them, they wore the prcetexta, or the white 
robe with purple borders, they sat in curule 
chairs, and their tribunal was distinguished by a 
sword and a spear, while they administered jus- 
tice. The tribunal was called prcetorium. When 
they rode they appeared on white horses at 
Rome, as a mark of distinction. The praetor 
who appointed judges to try foreign causes, was 
called praetor peregrinus. The praetors Cereales, 
appointed by Julius Caesar, were employed in 
providing corn and provisions for the city. They 
were on that account often called/wmenfam. 

Pretoria, a town of Dacia, now Cronstadt. 
Another, now sloust, in Piedmont. 

Prjetorius, a name ironically applied to As 
Sempronius Rufus, because he was disappointed 
in his solicitations for the praetorship, as being 
too dissolute and luxurious in his manners. He 
was the first who had a stork brought to his ta- 
ble. Horat. 2, Sat. 2, v. 50. 

PrjEtutium, a town. of Picenum. Ital. 15, v. 
568.— Liv 22, c. 9, I. 27', c. 43. 

Prasiane, now Verdant, a large island at the 
mouth of the Indus, Plin. 6, c. 20. 

Prasias, a lake between Macedonia and 
Thrace, where were silver mines. Herodot. 5, 
c. 17. 

Prasii, a nation of India in Alexander's age. 
Curt. 9, c. 2. 

Pratellia lex, was enacted by Pratellius 
the tribune, A. U- C. 398, to curb and check 
the ambitious views of men who were lately ad- 
vanced in the state. Liv 7, c. 15. 

Pratinas, a Greek poet of Phi us, contem- 
porary with iEschylus He was the first among 
the Greeks who composed satires, which were 
represented as farces. Of these 32 were acted, 
as also 1 8 of his tragedies, one of which only ob- 
tained the poetical prize. Some of his verses 
are extant, quoted by Athenaeus Paus. 2, c. 13. 

Praxagoras, an Athenian writer, who pub- 
lished an history of the kings of his own country. 
He was then only 19 years old, and three years 
after, he wrote the life of Constantine the Great. 
He had also written the life of Alexander, all 
now lost. 

Praxias, a celebrated statuary of Athens. 
Paus. 10, c. 18. 

Praxidamas, a famous athlete of iEgina. 
Paws. 6, c. 18. 



PR 



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Praxidace, a goddess among the Greeks, who 
presided over the execution of enterpnzes, and 
who punished all evil actions, Faus. 9, c. 33. 

Praxila, a lyric poetess of Sicyon, who flour- 
ished about 492 years before Christ. Pans. 3, 
G. 13. 

Praxiphanes, a Rhodian, who wrote a learn- 
ed commentary on the obscure passages of So- 
phocles. An historian. Diog 

Praxis, a surname of Venus at Megara. 
Pans. l,c 43. 

Praxiteles, a famous sculptor of Magna 
Graecia, who flourished about 324 years before 
the Christian era. He chiefly worked on Parian 
marble, on account of its beautiful whiteness 
He carried his art to the greatest perfection, 
and was so happy in copying nature, that his 
statues seemed to be animated. The most fa- 
mous of his pieces was a Cupid which he gave 
to Phrytie. This celebrated courtezan, who 
wished to have the best of all the statues of 
Praxiteles, and who could not depend upon her 
own judgment in the choice, alarmed the sculp- 
tor, by telling him his house was on fire. Praxi- 
teles upon this showed his eagerness to save his 
Cupid from the flames, above all his other pie- 
ces; but Pbryne restrained his fears, and by dis- 
covering her artifice, obtained the favourite sta- 
tue. The sculptor employed his chisel in mak- 
ing a statue of this beautiful courtezan, which 
was dedicated in the temple of Delphi, and 
placed between the statues of Arch i dam us, king 
of Sparta, and Philip, king of Macedon. He 
also made a statue of Venus, at the request of 
the people of Cos, and gave them their choice 
of the goddess, either naked or veiled. The for- 
mer was superior to the other in beauty and per- 
fection, but the inhabitants of Cos preferred the 
latter. The Cnidians, who did not wish to pa- 
tronise modesty and decorum with the same ea- 
gerness as the people of C03, bought the naked 
Venus, and it was so universally esteemed, that 
Nicomedes king of Bithynia, offered the Cnidi- 
ans, to pay an enormous debt, under which they 
laboured, if they would give him their favourite 
statue. This offer was not accepted. The fa- 
mous Cupid was bought of the Thespians by 
Caius Caesar, and carried to Rome, but Clau- 
dius restored it to them, and Nero afterwards 
obtained possession of it. Pans- 1, c 40, 1. 8, 
C 9.—Plin. 7, c. 34 and 36. 

Praxithea, a daughter of Phrasimus and 
Diogenea- She married lirechtheus, king of 
Athens, by whom she had Cecrops, Pandarus, 
and Metion, and four daughters, Procris, Cre- 
usa, Chthonia, and Orithyia. Jlpollod. 3, c. 15. 

A daughter of Thestius, mother of some 

children by Hercules. Id. 2, c. 7. A daugh- 
ter of Erechtheus sacrificed by order of the ora- 
cle. 

Prelius, a lake in Tuscany, now Casliglione. 
Cic. Mil. 21.—Plin. 3, c. 5. 

Presbon, a son of Phryxus, father of Cly- 

menus. A son of Clytodora and Minyas, also 

bore the same name. Paws. 9, c. 34 and 37. 

Preugenes, a son of Agenor- Paus. 3, c. 
2, 1. 7, c. 18 and 20. 

Prexaspes, a Persian who put Smerdis to 



death, by order of king Cambyses. Herodot. S, 
c. 30. 

Priamides, a patronymic applied to Paris as 
being son of Priam. It is also given to Hector, 
Deiphobus, and all the other children of the 
Trojan monarch. Ovid. Heroid. — Virg. JEn. 
3, v. 295. 

„Priamus, the last king of Troy, was son of 
Laomedon, by Strymo, called Placia by some. 
When Hercules took the city of Troy [Vid. 
Laomedou] Priam was in the number of his pri- 
soners, but his sister Hesione redeemed him 
from captivity, and he exchanged his original 
name of Podarces for that of Priam, which sig- 
nifies bought or ransomed, \_Vid. Podarces.] He 
was also placed on his father's throne by Her- 
cules, and he employed himself with weil direct- 
ed diligence in repairing, fortifying, and embel- 
lishing the city of Troy. He had married, by 
his father's orders, Aiisba, whom now he divorc- 
ed (or Hecuba, the daughter of Dimas. or Cis- 
seus, a neighbouring prince. He had by Hecu- 
ba 17 children, according to Cicero, or accord- 
ing to Homer, 19; the most celebrated of whom 
are Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, Heienus, Pam- 
mou, Polites, Antiphus, Hipponous, Troilus, 
Creusa, Laodice, Polyxena, and Cassandra. 
Besides these he had many others by concubines. 
Their names, according to Apollodorus, are 
Melampus, Gorgythion, Philaemon, Glaucus, 
Agathou, Evagoras, Hippothous, Chersidamus, 
Hippodamas, Mestor, Atas, Doreylus, Dryops, 
Lycaon, Astygonus, Bias, Evander, Chromius, 
Telestas, Melius, Cebrion, Lactlocus, Idomene- 
us, Archemachus, Echephron, Hyperion, Asca- 
nius, Arrhetus, Democoon, Dejoptes, Echemon, 
Clovius, iEgioneus, Hypirychus, Lisithous, Po- 
lymedon, Medusa, Lysamaehe, Medesicasta. 
and Aristodeme Afier he had reigned for some 
time in the greatest prosperity, Priam expressed 
a desire to recover his sister Hesione, whom 
Hercules had carried into Greece, and married 
to Telamon his friend. To carry this plan into 
execution, Priam manned a fleet, of which he 
gave the command to his son, Paris : with orders 
to bring back Hesione. Paris, to whom the 
goddess of beauty had promised the fairest wo- 
man in the world, \_Vid Paris] neglected in 
some measure his father's injunctions, and as if 
to make reprisals upon the Greeks, he carried 
away Helen the wife of Menelaus, king of Spar- 
ta, during the absence of her husband. Priam 
beheld. this with satisfaction, and he countenan- 
ced his son by receiving in his palace the wife of 
the king of Sparta. This rape kindled the flames 
of war; all the suitors of Helen, at the request 
of Menelaus, [_l^id. Menelaus] assembled to 
revenge the violence offered to his bed, and a 
fleet, according to some, of 140 ships under the 
command of the 69 chiefs that furnished them, 
set sail for Troy. Priam might have averted ' 
the impending blow by the restoration of Helen; 
but this he refused to do, when the ambassadors 
of the Greeks came to him, and he immediately 
raised an army to defend himself. Troy was 
soon besieged, frequent skirmishes took place, 
in which the success was various, and the ad- 
vantages on both sides inconsiderable. The 
sie^e was continued for ten successive years, and 

4 G 



PR 



PR 



Priam had the misfortune to see the greatest 
part of his children massacred by the enemy. 
Hector, the eldest of these, was the only one 
upon whom now the Trojans looked for protec- 
tion and support; but he soon fell a sacrifice to 
his own courage, and was killed by Achilles. 
Priam severely felt his loss, and as he ioved him 
with die greatest tenderness, he wished to ran- 
som his body which was in the enemy's camp. 
The gads, according to Homer, interested them- 
selves in favour of old Priam. Achilles was- 
prevailed upon by his mother, the goddess The- 
tis, to restore Hector to Priam, and the king of 
Troy passed through the Grecian camp conduct- 
ed oy Mercury the messenger of the gods, who 
with his rod had made him invisible. The meet- 
ing of Priam and Achilles was solemn and af 
feeling, the conqueror paid to the Trojan mo- 
narch that attention and reverence which was 
due to bis dignity, his years and his misfortunes, 
and Priam in a suppliant manner addressed the 
prince whose Savours he claimed, and kissed the 
hands that had robbed him of the greatest and 
the best of bis children Achilles was moved by 
his tears and entreaties, he restored Hector, and 
permitted Priam a truce of 12 days for the fune- 
ral of bis son. Some time after Troy was be- 
trayer into the hands of the Greeks by Anteuor 
and iEneas, and Priam upon this resolved to die 
in the defence of his country. He put on his 
armour and advanced to meet the Greeks, but 
Hecuba by her tears and entreaties defamed him 
near an altar of Jupiter, whither she had fled 
for protection. While Priam yielded to the 
prayers of his wife, Polites, one of his sons, fled 
also to the altar before Neoptoiemus, who pur- 
sued him with fury Polites, wounded and over- 
come fell dead at the feet of his parents, and 
the aged father, fired with indignation, vented 
the most bitter invectives against toe Greek, 
who paid no regard to the sanctity of altars and 
temples, and raising his spear darted it upon 
him. The spear, hurled by the feeble hand of 
Priam, touched the buckler of Neoptoiemus, and 
fell to the ground. This irritated the son of 
Achilles, he seized the gray hairs of Priam, and, 
win: out compassion or reverence, for the sanctity 
of the place, he plunged his dagger into bis 
breast his head was cutoff, and the mutilated 
body was loft among the heaps of slain. Dictys. 
Cret 1, &c. — Dares Phryg. — Htrodol. 2, c. 
120 —Paw 10, e. 27.— Homer. 11. 22 ; &c— 
Eurip. in Truad. — Cie. Tusc I, c 35. — Q. 
Smyrn I.— Virg JEn. 2, v 507, &c— Horat. 
Od 10, v. 14— Hygin. fab. 110.— Q. Calaber. 
15, v. 226. 

i nilpus, a deity among the ancients, who 
presided over gardens, and the parts of genera- 
tion in the sexes He was son of Venus by 
Mercury or Adonis; or according to the more 
received opinion, by Bacchus. The goddess 
of beauty, who was enamoured of Bacchus, 
went to meet him as he returned victorious 
from bis Indian expedition, and by him she had 
Priapns. who was born at Lampsacus. Pri- 
apus was so deformed in all his limbs, particu- 
larly the genitals, by means of Juno, who had 
assisted at the delivery of Venus, that the mo- 
ther, ashamed to have given birth to such a 



monster, ordered him to be exposed on the 
mountains. His life, however, was preserved 
by shepherds, and be received the name of 
Priapus propter deformitatem fy membri chilis 
magnitudinem He soon became a favourite 
of the people of Lampsacus, but he was expelled 
by the inhabitants on account of the freedom 
he took with their wives. This violence was 
punished by the son of Venus, and when the 
Lampsacenians had been afflicted with a dis- 
ease in the genitals, Pnapus, was recalled, and 
temples erected to his honour. Festivals were 
also celebrated, and the people, naturally idle 
and indolent, gave themselves up to every las- 
civiousness and impurity during the celebration. 
His worship was also introduced in Rome; but 
the Romans revered him more as a god of 
orchards and gardens, than as the patron of li- 
centiousness. \ crown painted with different 
colours was offered to him in the spring, and 
in the summer a garland of ears of corn. An 
ass was generally sacrificed to him, because 
that animal by its braying awoke the nymph 
Lotis, to whom Priapus was going to offer vio- 
lence. He is generally represented with an hu- 
man face and the ears of a goat; he holds a 
stick in his hand, with which he terrifies birds, 
as also a club to drive away thieves, and a 
scythe to prune the trees and cut down corn. 
He was crowned with the leaves of the vine, 
and sometimes with laurel, or rocket. The 
last of these plants is sacred to him, and it is 
said to raise the passions and excite love. 
Priapus is often distinguished by the epithet of 
phallus, fascinus. Ityphallus, or ruber, or rubi- 
cundus, which are all -expressive of his de- 
formity. Catull. ep. 19 and 20. — Column. 2, 
de Culthort. — Herat. X, sat. 1. — Tibutl. 1, el. 

1, v. IS.— Ovid Fast.. 1, v. 415, 1 6, v 319. 
—Virg. Eel. 7, v. 33 G.' 4, v. 111.— Pans. 9, 

c. 31. — Hygin. fab. 190. — Diod. 1. A town 

of Asia Minor, near Lampsacus, now Caraboa. 
Priapus was the chief dei'y of the place, and 
from him the town received its name, because 
he had taken refuge there when banished 
from Lampsacus. Strab. — 12.— Plin. 5, c. 

32. — Mela, 1, c. 19. An island nearEphe- 

sus. Plin. 5, c. 31. 

Priene, a maritime town of Asia Minor at 
the foot of mount Mycale, one of the twelve in- 
dependent cities of Ionia. It gave birth to Bias, 
one of the seven wise men of Greece. It had 
been built by an Athenian colony. Paus. 7, c. 

2, 1 8, c 24.— Strab. 12. 

Prima, a daughter of Romulus and Hersilia. 

Prion, a place at Carthage. 

Priscianus, a celebrated grammarian at 
Athens, in the age of the emperor Justinian. 

1'riscii.la, a woman praised for her conju- 
gal affection by Slatius, 5 Sylv-'l. 

! j riscus Servilius, a dictator at Rome who 

defeated the Veientes and the Fidenates. A 

surname of the elder Tarquin king of Rome. 

[Vxd. Tarquinius ] A governor of Syria, 

brother to the emperor Philip. He proclaimed 
himself emperor in Macedonia when he was in- 
formed of his brother's death, but he was soon 
after conquered and put to death by Decius, 
Philip's murderer. A friend of the emperor 



PR 



PR 



Severus. A friend of the emperor Julian, 

almost murdered by the populace Helvi- 

dius, a quaestor in Achaia during the reign of 
Nero, remarkable for his independent spirit, 
&c. Tacit Hist. 4, c. 6. — Juvenal.— — An 

officer under Vilellius One of the emperor 

Adrian's friends. -A friend of Domitian. 

An orator whose dissipated and luxurious 

manners Horace ridicules, 1 Sat. 7, v. 9. 

Pristis, the name of one of the ships that en- 
gaged in the naval cnmbat which was exhibited 
by iEneas at the anniversary of his father's death. 
She was commanded by Mnestheus. Virg. 
JEn. 1, v. 116. 

Privernus, a Rutulian, killed by Capys in 
the wars between iEneas and Turn us. Virg.~ 
JEn. 9, v. 576. 

Privernum, now Piperno Vecchio, a town of 
the Volsci in Italy whose inhabitants were call- 
ed Ptivrnates.' It became" a Roman colony. 
Liv. 8, c. 10.— Virg. JEn. 11, v 540.— Cm. 1. 
Div 43. 

Proba, the wife of the emperor Probus. 

A woman who opened the gases of Rome to the 
Goths. 

„ Probus, M. Aurelius Severus, a native of 
Sirmium in Pannouia. His father was origi- 
nally a gardener, who by entering the army 
rose to the rank of a military tribune. His son 
obtained the same offieeiu the 22d year of his 
age, and he distinguished himself so much by 
his probity, his valour, his intrepidity, modera- 
tion, and clemency, that ai the death of the em- 
peror Tacitus, he was invested with the impe- 
rial purple by the voluntary and uninfluenced 
choice of his soldiers. His election was univer- 
sally approved by the Roman senate and the 
people; and Probus, strengthened on his throne 
by the affection and attachment of his subjects, 
marched against the enemies of Rome, in Gaul 
and Germany- Several battles were fought, 
and after he had left 400,000 barbarians dead 
in the field, Probus turned his arms against the 
Sarmatians. The same success attended him, 
and after he had quelled and terrified to peace 
(he uumerous barbarians of the north, he 
marched through Syria against the Blemmyes 
in the neighbourhood of Egypt. The Blem- 
myes were defeated with great slaughter, and 
the military character of the emperor was so 
well established, that the king of Persia sued 
for peace by his ambassador?, and attempted to 
buy the conqueror's favours with the most splen- 
did presents. Probus was then feasting upon 
the most common food when the ambassadors 
were introduced; but without even casting his 
eyes upon them, he said, thai if their master 
did not give proper satisfaction to the Romans, 
he would lay his territories desolate, and as na- 
ked as the crown of his head. As he spoke the 
emperor took off his cap, and showed the bald- 
ness of his head to the ambassadors. His con- 
ditions were gladly accepted by the Persian 
monarch, and Probus retired to Rome to con- 
vince his subjects of the greatness of his con- 
quests, and to claim from them the applause 
which their ancestors had given to the conqueror 
of Macedonia orthedestroyer of Carthage, as he 
passed along the streets of Rome. His triumph 



i lasted several days, and the Roman populace 
were long entertained with shows and combats. 
But the Roman empire, delivered from its fo- 
reign enemies, was torn by civil discord, and 
peace was not re-estuulished till three usurpers 
had been severally defeated. While his sub- 
■ jects enjoyed tranquillity, Probus encouraged 
the liberal aits, he permitted the inhabitants of 
i Gaul and Uiyricum to plant vines in their terri- 
j tories, and he himself repaired 70 cities in dif- 
'. ferent parts of the empite which had been re- 
, duced to ruins He also attempted to drain 
i tne waters which were stagnated in the neigh- 
bourhood of Sirmium, by conveying thereto the 
sea by artificial canals. His armies were em- 
ployed in this laborious undertaking; but as 
they were unaccustomed to such toiis, they soon 
mutinied, aud fell upon the emperor as he was 
passing into one of the towns of iliyricum. He 
fled into an iron tower winch he himself had 
built to observe the marshes, but as he was 
alone and without arms, he was soon over- 
powered and murdered in the 50th year of his 
age, after a reign of six years and four months, 
on the second of November, after Christ 2S2. 
The news of his death was received with the 
greatest consternation; not only his friends, but 
his very enemies deplored ijis fate, and even 
the army which had been concerned in his fall, 
erected a monument over his body, and placed 
upon it this inscription: Hie Probus imperator, 
vere probus, situs est, victor omnium gentium bar- 
bararum, viclvr etiam.tyrmmorwn He was then 
preparing in afew days lo march against the Per- 
sians that had revolted, and his victories there 
might have been as great as those he obtained 
in the two other quarters of the globe. He 
was succeeded by Cams, and his family, who 
had shared his greatness, immediately retired 
from Rome, not to become objects either of 
private or public malice. Zos — Prob. — Sa- 
turn. JEmilius, a grammarian in the age of 

Theodosius. The lives of excellent com- 
manders, written by Cornelius Nepos, have been 

falsely attributed to him, by some authors. 

An oppressive prefect of the pretorian guards, 
in the reign of Valentinian. 

Procas, a king of Alba after his father 
Aventinus, He was father of Amulius and 
Nuraitor Liv. 1, c. 3. — Ovid. Met. 14, v. 
822.— Virg. JEn. 6, v 767. 

Prgchyta, an island of Campania in the 
bay of. Puteoli, now HrocUla. It was situated 
near Inariraa, from which it was said (hat it 
had been separated by an earthquake. It re- 
ceived its name according to Diooysius from 
the nurse of iEneas. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 715. — 
Mela, 2, c 7. — Hionys. Hal. 1. 

Procxius, a Latin historian in the age of 
Porwpey the Great. Varro. 

Procilla J cilia, a woman of uncommon vir- - 
tue, killed by the soldiers of O'ho. Tacit. 
.Hgric 4 

C. Valerius Procillus, a prince of Gaul, 
intimate with Oaesar. 

Proclea, a daughter of Clytius, who mar- 

rie'l Cycnus, a son of Neptune Pans. 10, c. 14. 

Procles, a son of Aristodemus and Argia. 

born at the same birth as Eurysthenes. Ther<c 



PR 



PR 



were continual disseutions between the two 
brothers, who both sat on the Spartan throne. 
[Vid Eurysthenes and Laced aemon] A na- 
tive of Andros in the iEgean sea, who was 
crowned at the Olympic games. Paus 6, c. 

14. A man who headed the lonians when 

they took Samos Id 7, c. 4. A Cartha- 
ginian writer, son of Eucrates. He wrote 
some historical treatises, of which Pausanias 
has preserved some fragments. Id. 4, c 35. 
——A tyrant of Epidaurus, put to death and 
thrown into the sea. Plut de orac A ge- 
neral of the Naxians in Sicily, who betrayed 
his country to Dionysius the tyrant, for a sum 
of money. 

Proclid^, the descendants of Procles, who 
sat on the throne of Sparta together with the 
Eurysthenidae. \_Vid. Lacedsemon and Eu- 
rysthenes.] 

Procne, Vid. Progne. 

Proconnesus, now Marmora, an island of 
the Propoutis, a» the north-east of Cyzicus; also 
called Elaphonnesus and JVewris. It was fa- 
mous for its flue marble. Plin. 5, c. 32. — 
Strab. 1%.—Mela, 2, c. 7. 

Procopius, a celebrated officer of a noble 
family in Cilicia, related to the emperor Ju- 
lian, with whom he lived in. great intimacy. 
He was universally admired for his integrity, 
but he was not destitute of ambition or pride. 
After he had signalized himself under Julian 
and his successor, he retired from the Roman 
provinces among the barbarians in the Thra- 
cian Chersonesus, and some time after he sud- 
denly made his appearance at Constantinople, 
when the emperor Valens had marched into the 
cast, and he proclaimed himself master of the 
eastern empire. His usurpation was universally 
acknowledged, and his victories were so rapid, 
that Valens would have resigned the imperial 
purple, had not his friends intervened. But 
now fortune changed, Procopius was defeated 
iu Phrygia, and abandoned by his army. His 
head was cut off, and carried to Valentinian in 
Gaul, A. D. 366. Procopius was slain the 42d 
year of his age, and he had usurped the title of 
emperor for about eight months. Jlmmian. 

Marcel* 25 and 26. A Greek historian of 

Caesarea in Palestine, secretary to the celebra- 
ted Belisarius, A. D 534. He wrote the his- 
tory of the reign of Justinian, and greatly cele- 
brated the hero whose favours and patr&nage he 
enjoyed. This history is divided into eight 
books, two of which give an account of the Per- 
sian war, two of the Vandals, and four of the 
Goths, to the year 553, which was afterwards 
continued in five books by Agathias till £59. 
Of this performance the character is great, 
though perhaps the historian is often too severe 
on the emperor. The works of Procopius were 
edited in 2 vols, folio. Paris, 1662. 

Procris, a daughter of Erechtheus, king of 
Athens. She married Cephalus. [Vid. Ce- 

phaius.] Virg. JEn. 6, v. 445. A daughter 

of Thestius. 

Procrustes, a famous robber of Attica, 
killed by Theseus, near the Cephisus. He tied 
travellers on a bed, and if their length exceed- 
ed that of the bed, he used to cut it off, but if 



they were shorter he had them stretched to 
make their length equal to it. He is called by 
some Damastes and Folypemon. Ovid. Heroid. 
2, v. 69, Met. 7, v. 43.— Pint, in Tkes. 

Procula, a prostitute in Juvenal's age, 2, y. 
68. 

Proculeius, a Roman knight very intimate 
with Augustus. He is celebrated for his hu- 
manity and fraternal kindness to his brothers 
Muraena and Scipio, with whom he divided his 
possessions, after they had forfeited their estates, 
and incurred the displeasure of Augustus for 
siding with young Pompey. He was sent by- 
Augustus to Cleopatra, to endeavour to bring 
her alive into his presence, but to no purpose. 
He destroyed himself when labouring under a 
heavy disease. Horat 2, od. 2 — Plut. in 

Anton. — Plin. 36, c. 24. A debauchee in 

Nero's reign. Juv. I, v. 40. 

Proculus Julius, a Roman who, after the 
death of Romulus, declared that he had seen 
him iu his appearance more than human, and 
that he had ordered him to bid the Romans to 
offer him sacrifices under the name of Quirinus, 
and to rest assured that Rome was destined, by 
the gods, to become the capital of the world. 

Plut- in Rom. Liv. 1, c. 16. Geganius, 

a Roman consul. Placitius, a Roman wh© 

conquered the Hernici. — —A friend of Vitellius. 

A consul under Nerva. A man accused 

of extortion. An African ih the age of Au- 

relius. He published a book entitled de regions- 
bus, or religionibus, on foreign countries, &c. 
An officer who proclaimed himself empe- 
ror in Gaul, in the reign of Probus. He was 
soon after defeated, and exposed on a gibbet. 
He was very debauched and licentious in his 
manners, and had acquired riches by piratical 
excursions. 

Procyon, a star near Sirius, or the dog 
star, before which it generally rises in July. 
Cicero calls it ftnlicanis, which is of the same 
signification {?rgo num.) Horat 3> od. 29. — 
Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 44. 

Prodicus, a sophist and rhetorician of Cos, 
about 396 years before Christ. He was sent 
as ambassador by his countrymen to Athens, 
where he publicly taught, and had among his 
pupils Euripides, Socrates, Theramenes, and 
Isocrates. He travelled from town to town in 
Greece, to procure admirers and get money. 
He made his auditors pay to hear him harrangue, 
which has given occasion to some of the ancients 
to speak of the orations of Prodicus, for 50 
drachms. In his writings, which were numerous, 
he composed a beautiful episode, in which vir- 
tue and pleasure were introduced, as attempting 
to make Hercules one of their votaries. The 
Hero at last yielded to the charms of virtue, 
and rejected pleasure. This has been imitated 
by Luciau. Prodicus was at last put to death 
by the Athenians, on pretence that he corrupted 
the morals of their youth. Xenophon. Memor. 
Proerna, a town of Phthiotis. Liv. 63, C. 
14. 

Prosrosia, a surname of Ceres. Her fes- 
tivals, celebrated at Athens and Eleusis before 
the sowing of corn, bore the same name. 
Meurs. de myst. Ft. 



lit 



PR 



'pRffifiDEs, the daughters of Proetus, king of 
Argolis, were three in number, Lysippe, Iphinoe 
and Iphianassa. They became insane for neglect- 
ing the worship of Bacchus, or according to others, 
for preferring themselves to Juno, ami tbey ran 
about the fields believing themselves to be cows, 
and flying away not to be barnassed to the 
plough or to the chariot. Proetus applied to 
Melampus to cure his daughters of their in- 
sanity, but he refused to employ him when he 
demanded the third part of his kingdom as a 
reward. This neglect of Proetus was punished, 
the insanity became contagious, and the mo- 
narch at last promised Melampus two parts of 
his kingdom and one of his daughters, if he 
would restore them and the Argian women to 
their senses. Melampus consented, and after 
he had wrought the cure, he married the most 
beautiful of the Proetides. Some have called 
them Lysippe, Ipponoe, and Cyrianassa. Jlpol- 
lod. 2, c. 2.— Virg. Ed. 6, v. 48.— Ovid. Met. 
15. — Lactant. ad Stat. Theb. 1 and 3. 

Proetus, a king of Argos, son of Abas and 
Ocalea. He was twin brother to Acrisius, with 
whom he quarrelled even before their birth. 
(This dissention between the two brothers in- 
creased with their years. After their father's 
death, they both tried to obtain the kingdom of 
Argos; but the claims of Acrisius prevailed, and 
Proetus left Peloponnesus and retired to the 
court of Jobates, king of Lycia, where he mar- 
ried Stenoboea, called by some Autea or Antiope. 
He afterwards returned to Argolis, and by 
means of his father-in-law, he made himself 
master of Tirynthus. Stenoboea had accom- 
panied her husband to Greece, and she became 
by him mother of the Proetides, and of a son 
called Megapenthes, who after his father's 
death, succeeded on the throne of Tirynthus. 
[Vid. Stenobcea.1 Homer. II. 6, v. 160.— 
dpollod. 2, c. 2. 

Progne, a daughter of Pandion, king of 
Athens, by Zeuxippe. She married Tereus king 
of Thrace, by whom she had a son called Ilylus, 
orltys. [Vid. Philomela j 

Prolaus, a native of Elis, father to Philan- 
thus and Lampus, by Lysippe. Paus. 5, c. 2. 
Promachus, one of the Epigoni, son of Par- 

thenopseus. Paus. 2, c 20. A son of Pso- 

phis, daughter of Eryx, king of Sicily. Id. 8, c. 

34. An athlete of Pallcne.- A son of 

/Eson, killed by Pelias. Apollod. 

Promathidas, an historian of Heraclea. 
Promathion, a man who wrote an history 
©f Italy. Plut. in Rom. 

Promedon, a native of the island of Naxos, 
&c. 

Promenjea, one of the priestesses of the tem- 
ple of Dodona. It was from her that Herodotus 
received the tradition that two doves had flown 
from Thebes, in Egypt, one to Dodona, and the 
other to the temple of Jupiter Amnion, where 
they gave oracles. Herodnt 2, c. 55. 

Promethei jugum and antrum, a place on 
the top of mount Caucasus, in Albania. 

Prometheus, a son of Iapetus by Glymcne, 
©ne of the Oceanides. He was brother to Atlas, 
Menoetius, and Epimetheus, and surpassed all 
mankind in cunning and fraud. He ridiculed 



the gods, and deceived Jupiter himself. He 

sacrificed two bulls, and filled their skins, one 
with the flesh and the other with the bones, and 
asked the father of the gods, which ,of the two 
he preferred as an offering. Jupiter became 
the dupe of his artifice, and chose the bones, 
and from that time the priests of the temples 
were ever after ordered to burn the whole vic- 
tims on the altars, the flesh and the bones al- 
together. To punish Prometheus and the rest 
of mankind, Jupiter took fire away from the 
earth, but the son of Iapetus out-witted the fa- 
ther of the gods. He climbed the heavens by 
the assistance of Minerva, and stole tire from 
the chariot of the sun, which he brought down 
upon the earth, at the end of a ferula. This 
provoked Jupiter the more; he ordered Vulcan 
to make a woman of clay, and after he had 
given her life, he sent her to Prometheus, with 
a box of the richest and most valuable presents 
which he had received from the gods. [Vid. 
Pandora.] Prometheus, who suspected Jupiter, 
took no notice of Pandora or her box, but he 
made his brother Epimetheus marry her, and 
the god, now more irritated, ordered Mercury, 
or Vulcan, according to iEschylus, to carry this 
artful mortal to mount Caucasus, and there tie 
him to a rock, where, for 30,000 years, a vul- 
ture was to feed upon his liver, which was never 
diminished, though continually devoured. He 
was delivered from this painful confinement 
about 30 years afterwards by Hercules, who 
killed the bird of prey. The vulture, or ac- 
cording to others, the eagle, which devoured 
the liver of Prometheus, was born from Typhon 
and Echidna. According to Apollodorus, Fro- 
metueus made the first man and woman that 
ever were upon the earth, with clay, which he 
animated by means of the fire which he had stolen 
from heaven. On this account, therefore, the 
Athenians raised him an altar in the grove of 
Academus, where they yearly celebrated games 
in his honour. During these games there was 
a race, and he who carried a burning torch in 
his hand without extinguishing it, obtained the 
prize. Prometheus, as it is universally credited, 
had received the gift of prophecy, and all the 
gods, and even Jupiter himself, consulted him 
as a most infallible oracle. To bira mankind 
are indebted for the invention of many of the 
useful arts; he taught them the use of plants, 
with their physical power, and from him they 
received the knowledge of taming horses and 
different animals, either to cultivate the ground 
or for the purposes of luxury. Hcsiod. Theog. 
510 and 550.— Jpollod. 1 and 2.— Paus. 1, c. 
30, 1 5, c. 11. — Hygin. fab. 144. — JEschyl, in 
Prom. — Virg. Eel. 6. — Ovid- Met. 1, v. 82. — 
Moral. 1, od. 3. — Seneca, in Med. 823. 

Promethis, and pRewF.THiDEs, a patrony- 
mic applied to the children of Prometheus as to 
Deucalion, &c. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 390. 

Promethus and Damasichthov, two sons- 
of Codrus, who conducted colonies into Asia 
Minor. Fans. 1, c. 3. 

Promulus, a Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. 
JEn. 9, v. 574. 

Pronapides, an ancient Greek poet of 
Athens, who was, according to some, preceptor 



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to Homer. It is said that he first taught the 

Greeks how to write from the left to tlie right, 

contrary to the custom of writing from the right 

to the left, which is still observed by some of 

the eastern nations. Diod. 3. 
Pronax, a brother of Adrastus, king of Ar- 

gos, son of Talaus and Lysimaehe. Paus. 3, c. 

18. 
Pronoe, a daughter of Phorbus, mother of 

Pleuroii and Calydon, by /Eolus. 
Pronomus, a Theban who played so skilfully 

on the flute, that the invention of that musical 

instruments attributed to him. Paus. 9, c. 12. 

—Mien. 14. c. 7. t 

ProxVous, a son of Phlegeas, killed by the 

sons of Alcmseon. 
Pronuba, a surname of Juno, because she 

presided over marriages. Virg. JEn. 4, v 166, 
Propertius, (Sextus Aurelius,)a Latin poet 
born at Mevania, in Umbria. His father was 
"a Roman knight, whom Augustus proscribed, 
because he had followed the interest of Antony. 
He came to Rome, where his genius and 
poetical taients soon recommended him to the 
notice of the great and powerful. Mecaenas, 
Gal I us, and Virgil, became his friends, and 
Augustus his patron. Mecxnas wished him to 
attempt an epic poem, of which he proposed the 
emperor for hero; but Propertius refused, ob- 
serving that his abilities were unequal to the 
task. He died about 19 years before Christ. 
in the 40th year of his age. His works consist 
of four books of elegies, which are written with 
so much spirit, vivacity, and energy-, that many 
authors call him the prince of the elegiac poets 
among the Latins His poetry though elegant, 
is not free from faults, and the many lascivious 
expressions which he uses, deservedly expose 
him to censure, Cynthia, who is the heroine 
of all his elegies, was a Roman lady, whose 
real name was Hostia, or Hostilia, of whom the 
poet was deeply enamoured. Though Mevania 
is more generally supposed to be the place of 
his birth, yet four other cities of Umbria have 
disputed the honour of it; Hespillus, Ameria, 
Perusia, and Assisium. The best edition is 
that of Santenius, 4to. Traj ad. Rh. 1180, and 
when published together with Catullus, and 
Tibullus, those of Grsevius, Svo. Utr. 1680, 
and of Vulpius, 4 vols. Patavii, 1737, 1749, 
1755, and the edition of Barbou, 12mo. Paris, 
1754. Ovid. Trist. 2, r 465, 1. 4, el. 10, v. 
53, de Art. Jim. 3, v. 338.— -Martial 8, ep. 73, 
1. 14, ep. 189.— Qjiintil. 10, c. L—Plin. 6, 
ep. r. 9, ep. 22. 

Propoztides, some women of Cyprus, se- 
verely punished by Venus, whose divinity they 
had despised. They sent their daughters to the 
sea-shore, where they prostituted themselves to 
strangers. The poets have feigned that they 
were changed into stones, on account of their 
insensibility to every virtuous sentiment. Justin. 
18, c. 5.— Ovid. Met. 10, v. 238. 

Propontis, a sea which has a communica- 
tion with the Euxine, by the Thracian Bospho- 
rus, and with the iEgean by the Hellespont, 
now called the sea of Marmora It is about 
175 miles long and 62 broad, and it received 
its name from its vicinity to Pontns. Mela, 1, 



■Ovid. 1, Trist. 9, v. 29.— 
She had a 



c. 19.— -Strab. 2.- 

Propert. 3, el. 22. 

Propylea, a surname of Diana, 
temple at Eleus;s in Attica. 

Prosclystius, a surname of Neptune among 
the Greeks. Paus. 2. 

, Proserpina, a daughter of Ceres by Jupiter, 
called by the Greeks Persephone. She was so 
beautiful, that the father of the gods himself 
became enamoured of her, and deceived her by 
changing himself into a serpent, and folding 
her in his wreaths. Proserpine made Sicily 
the place of her residence, and delighted her- 
self with the beautiful views, the flowery mea- 
dows, and limpid streams, which surrounded 
the plains of Enna. in this solitary retreat, as 
she amused herself with her female attendants 
in gathering flowers, Pluto carried her away 
into the infernal regions, of which she became 
the queen. [Vt.d. Piuto.j Ceres was so discon- 
solate at the loss of her daughter, that she tra- 
velled all over the world, but ber inquiries were 
in vain, and she never' could have discovered 
whither she had been carried, had not she found 
'he girdle of Proserpine on the surface of the 
waters of the fountain Cyane, near which the 
ravisher had opened himself a passage to his 
kingdom by striking the eardi wiih his trident. 
Ceres soon learned from the nymph Arethusa 
that her daughter had been carried away by 
Pluto, and immediately she repaired to Jupiter, 
and demanded of him to punish the ravisher. 
Jupiter in vain attempted to persuade the mo- 
ther, that Pluto was not unworthy of her daugh- 
ter, and when he saw that she was inflexible 
for the restitution of Proserpine, he said that 
she might return on earth, ii' she had not taken. 
any aliments in the infernal regions. Her re- 
turn, hoxvever, was impossible. Proserpine, as 
she walked in the Elysian fields, had gathered 
a pomegranate from a tree and eaten it, and 
Ascalaphus was the only one who saw it, and 
for his discovery the goddess instantly turned 
him into an owl. Jupiter, to appease the re- 
sentment of Ceres, and sooth her grief, per- 
mitted that Proserpine should remain six months 
•.vith Pluto in the infernal regions, and that she 
should spend the rest of the year with ber mo- 
ther on earth. As queen of hell, and wife of 
Pluto, Proserpine presided over the death of 
mankind, and, according to the opinion of the 
ancients, no one could die, if the goddess her- 
self, or Atropos, her minister, did not cut oil* 
one of the hairs from the head. From this su- 
perstitious belief, it was usual to cut otf some 
of the hair of the deceased, and to strew it at 
tiic door of the house, as an offering for Pros- 
erpine. The Sicilians were very particular in 
their worship to Proserpine, and as they be- 
lieved that the fountain Cyarie had risen from 
the earth at the very place where Pluto had 
opened himself a passage, they annually sacri- 
ficed there a bull, of which they suffered the 
blood to run into the water. Proserpine was 
universally worshipped by the ancients, and she 
was known by the different names of Core, Theo- 
gamia, FJMtina, Hecate, Juno infema, Anthes- 
phoria, Cotyto, Deois, Libera, &c. Phut, in Luc. 
—Paus. 8, c. 37, 1. 9, c. 31.— Ovid. Met. 5, 



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fab. 6. Fast. 4. v. 417.— Virg. Mn. 4, v. 698, 
1. 6. v. 138.— Strab. 1 —Died. b.—Cic. in 
Verr 4. — Hygin fab. 146. — Hesiod. Theog. — 
•Spoiled. 1, c. 3. — Oipluus Hymn. 28. — Clau- 
dian. de Rapt. Pros. 

Prosopitis, an island in one of the mouths 
of the Nile. Herodot. 2,*c. 4. 

Pro-pkr, one of rue fathers who died A. D. 
466. Hjs works have oeen euited by Maugeant, 
fol Paris,- 1711. 

Pro^ymna, a part of Argolis, where Juno 
was woi shipped. It received its name from a 
nymph of ihe same name, daughter of Asteri- 
on, who nursed Juno. Paus. 2. 

ProtagtCras, a Greek philosopher of Ab- 
dera in Thrace, who was originally a porter. 
He became one of the disciples of Democritus, 
when that philosopher had seen him carrying 
faggots on his head, poised in^a proper equili- 
brium. He soon rendered himself ridiculous 
by his doctrines, and in a book which he pub- 
lished, he denied the existence of a supreme 
being. Tnis doctrine he supported by observing, 
\ that his doubts arose from the uncertainty of the 
existence of a supreme power, and from the 
shortness of human life. This book was pub- 
licly* burnt at Athens, and the philosopher 
banished from the city, as a worthless and con- 
temptible being. Protagoras visited, from 
Athens, different islands in the Mediterranean, 
and died in Sicily in a very advanced age. about 
400 years before the Christian era. He gene- 
rallv reasoned by dilemmas, and always left the 
mind in suspense about all the questions whieh 
he proposed. Some suppose that he was drown- 
ed. Diog. 9.— -Phtf. in Protr.g. A king of 

Cyprus, tributary to the court of Persia.- 

Another. 

Protagorides, an historian of Cyzicus, who 
wrote a treatise on the games of Daphne, cele- 
brated at Antioch. 

Protei Coltjmk-e, a place in the remotest 
parts of Egypt. Virg. *E». 11, v. 262. 

Protesjlai Turris. the monument of Pro- 
tesilaus, on the Hellespont. Plin. 4, c. 11. — 
Mela, 2, c. 2. 

Protesilaus, a king of part of Thessaly, 
son of lphicius, originally called lolaos, grand- 
son of Phylauus, and brother to Alcimede, the 
mother of Jason. He married Laodamia, the 
daughter of Acastus, and some time after he 
departed with the rest of the Greeks for the 
Trojan war with 40 sail. He was the first of 
the Greeks who set foot on the Trojan shore, 
and as such he was doomed by the oracle to 
perish, therefore he was killed, as soon as he 
had leaped from his ship, by /Eneas or Heclor. 
Homer has not mentioned the person who killed 
him. His wife Laodamia destroyed hers« If, 
when she heard of his death. [Vid Laodamia.] 
Protesilaus has received the patronymic of Phy- 
lacides, either because he was descended from 
Phylacus, or because he was a native of Phy- 
lace. He was buried on the Trojan shore, and, 
according to Pliny, there were near his tomb 
certain trees which grew to an extraordinary 
height, which as soon as they could be discover- 
ed and seen from Troy immediately withered 
and decayed, and afterwards grew up again to 



their former height, and suffered the same vicis- 
situde Homer. 11. 2, v. 205.— Ovid. Met. 12, 
fab. l.—Heroid. 13. v. 17.— Propert. 1, el. 19. 

—Hvpa fab. 103, &c. 

I roteus, a sea deity, son of Ocean us and 
Tetnys, or according to some of Neptune and 
Phoenice He had received the gift of prophecy 
from* Neptune because he had tended the mon- 
sters of the sea, and from his knowledge of fu- 
turity mankind received the greatest services. 
He usually resided in the Carpathian sea, and, 
like the rest of the gods, he reposed himself oil 
tfee sea-shore, where such as wished to consult 
him generally resorted. He was difficult of ac- 
cess, and when consulted he refused to give an- 
swers, by immediately assuming different shapes, 
and if not properly secured in fetters, eluding 
the grasp in the form of a tiger, or a lion, or 
disappearing in a flame of fire, a whirlwind, oi 
a rushing stream. Aristaeus and Menelaus were 
in the number of those who consulted him, as 
also Hercules. Some suppose that he was ori- 
ginally king of Egypt, known among his subjects 
by the name of Cetes, and they assert that he 
had two sons, Telegonus and Polygonus, who 
were both killed by Hercules. He had also 
some daughters, among whom were Cabira, 
Eidothea. and Rhetia. Homer. Od. 4, v, 360. 
— Ovid Met. 8, fab. 10. Jim. el. 12, v.. 36.— 
Hesiod. Theog. v. 243.— Virg. G. 4, v. 387.— 
Hygin. fab. 118.— Herodot. 2, c. 112.— Died. 
1. 

Prothenor, a Boeotian who went to the 
Trojan war. Homer- II. 2. 

Protheus, a Greek at the Trojan war. 

A Spartan who endeavoured to prevent a war 
with the Thebans 

Prothous, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. Jlpol- 

lod A son of Agrius 

Proto, one of the Nereides. Apollod. 
Protcgenea, a daughter of Calydon, by 
iEolia the daughter of Amythaon. She had a 
son called Oxillus by Mars. Apollod. 1. 

Protogenes, a painter of Rhodes, who nour- 
ished about 328 years before Christ. He was 
originally so poor that he painted shins to main- 
tain himself. His countrymen were ignorant of 
his ingenuity before Apellcs came to Rhodes, 
and offered to buy all his pieces. This opened 
the eyes of the Rboo'ians, they became sensible 
of the merit of their countryman, and liberally 
rewarded him. Protogenes was employed for 
seven years in finishing a picture of Jalysus, a 
celebrated huntsman, supposed to have been the 
son of Apollo, and the founder of Rhodes. Dur- 
ing oil this time the painter lived only upon 
lupines and water, thinking that such aliments 
would leave him greater flights of fancy; but all 
this did not seem to make him more succe.- il 
in the perfection of his picture. He was to re- 
present in ihe piece a dog panting, and with 
froth at his mouth, but this he never could do 
with satisfaction to himself; nnd when all his 
labours seemed to be without success, he threw 
his sponge upon the piece in a fit of anger. 
Chance alone bt ought to perfection what ?he 
utmost labours of art. could not do, the fall of 
the sponge upon the picture represented the froth 
of the mouth of the dog in the most perfect and 



PR 



PS 



natural manner, and the piece was universally house, he saluted the senators by the name of 
admired. Protogenes was very exact in his re-' visible deities, of saviours and deliverers. 



tations. and copied nature with the great- 

:ety, but this was blamed as a fault by bis 

Apelles. When Demetrius besieged 

s, he refused to set lire to a part of the 

hich might have made him muster of the 

, because he knew that Protogenes was 

working in that quarter. When the town 

aken, the painter was found closeiy em- 

t in a garden in finishing a picture; and 

the conqueror asked him, why he showed 

ore concern at the general calamity, he 

d that Demetrius made war against the 

lans, and not against the fine arts. Paus- 

3.—Plin. 35, c. 10. — /Elian. V. H. 12. 

). 3, v. 120. — Plut. in Dem. One of 

ula's favourites, famous for his cruelty and 

pagance. 

otogenia, a daughter of Deucalion and 

la. She was beloved by Jupiter, by whom 

ad iEthlius, the fattier of Endymion. . fpelr. 

, c. 7. — Paus 5, c. 1. — Hygin.i&b. 155. 

Another. Vid. Protogenea 

.otomedusa, one of the Nereides, called 

imelia by Hesiod, Th. 245. 

oxenus, a Boeotian of great authority at 

■es, in the age of Xenophon. Polyazn. 

iter who published historical accounts of 
. ta. Mhen. 
tuDENTius, (Aurelius Clemens,) a Latin 
who flourished A. D. 392, and was success 
y a soldier, an advocate, and a judge. His 
is are numerous, and all theological, de- 
of the elegance and purity of the Augustan 
am! yel greatly valued." The best editions 
.he Delphin, 4to. Pans 1687; that of Cel- 
s, 12nio. Halae 1703; and that of Parma, 
Is. 4to. 1788 

rumnides, a king of Corinth. 
rusa, a town of B'thynia,- built by king 
iias, from whom it received its name. Slrab. 
-Plin. YO, ep. 16. 
iiusjeus, Dion, flourished A. D. 105. 
rusias, a king of Bithynia, who flourished 

B. C. Another, surnamed Venator, who 

le an alliance with the Romans when they 

;ed war with Antiochus, king of Syria. He 

e a kind reception to Annibal, and by his 

ice he made war against Eumenes. king of 

gamus, and defeated him. Eumenes, who 

an ally of Rome as well as Prusias, com- 

ined before the Romans of the hostilities of 

king of Bithynia. Q. Flaminius was sent 

n Rome to settle the disputes of the two mo- 

chs, and he was no sooner arrived in Bithy- 

, than Prusias,. to gain his favour, prepared 

ieliver to him, at his request, the celebrated 

rthagini m, to whom he was indebted for all 

lu«* advantages he had obtained over Eumenes; 

but Annibal prevented it by a voluntary death. 

Prusias was obliged by the Roman ambassador 

to make a restitution of the provinces lie had 

conquered, and by his meanness he continued 

to enjoy the favours of the Romans. When 

some time after he visited the capital of Italy, 

he appeared in the habit of a manumitted slave, 

calling himself the fteed-man of the Romans; 

and when he was introduced into the senate- 

/ 



Such abject behaviour rendered him contempti- 
ble not only in the eyes of the Romans, but of 
his subjects, and when he returned home the 
Bylhinians revolted, and placed his son Ni- 
comedes on the throne. The banished monarch 
(led to Nicomedia, where he was assassinated 
near the altar of Jupiter, about 149 years be- 
fore Christ. Some say that his son became 
his murderer. Prusias, according to Polybius, 
was the meanest of monarchs, without ho- 
nesty, wniiout morals, virtue, or principle; he 
was cruel and cowardly, intemperate and vo- 
luptaous, and an enemy to all learning He 
was naturally deformed, and he often appeared 
in public in the habit of a woman to render his 
deformities more visible. Polyb — Liv — Jus- 
tin 31, &c. — C. JVep. in Jinib. — Pint, in 
Flam. &c. 

Prymno, one of the Oceamdes. 
Prytanes, certain magistrates at Athens 
who presided over the senate, and had the 
privilege of assembling it when they pleased, 
festivals excepted. They generally met in a 
large hall, called prytaneum, where they gave 
audiences, offered sacrifices, and feasted to- 
gether with all those who had rendered signal 
service to their country The prytanes were 
elected from the senators, which were in num- 
ber 500, fifty of which were chosen from each 
tribe. When they were elected, the names of 
the 10 tribes of Athens were thrown into one 
vessel, and into another were placed nine black 
beans and a white one. The tribe whose name 
was drawn with the white bean, presided the 
first, and the rest in the order In which they 
were drawn. They presided each for 35 days, 
as the year was divided into 10 parts; but it is 
unknown what tribe presided the rest of those 
days which were supernumerary. When the 
number of tribes was increased to 12, each 

of tbe prytanes presided one full month 

Some of the principal magistrates of Corinth 
were aiso called prytanes. 

Prytanis, a king of Sparta, of the family of 

the Prodidae. Paws. 2, c. 36. One of the 

friends of iEneas killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 
9, v. 767. 

Psamathe, one of the Nereides, mother of 
Phocus by iEacus, king of JEgina. ^polled. 3, 
c 12. — (hid Met. 11, v. 398.— Place, v. 364. 

A daughter of Crotopus, king of Argos. 

She became mother of Linus by Apollo, and, to 
conceal her shame from her father, she exposed 
her child, which was found by dogs and torn 

to pieces Paus 1, c 43. A fountain and 

town of Thebes. Flacc. 1, v. 364. 

Psamathos, a town and port of Laconia. 
Paus. 3, c. 25. 

Psammenitus, succeeded his father Amasis 
on the throne of Egypt. Cambyses made war 
against him, and as he knew that .the Egyptians 
paid the greatest veneration to cats, the Persian 
monarch placed some of these animals at the 
head of his army, and the enemy, unable to de- 
fend themselves, and unwilling to kill those ob- 
jects of adoration, were easily conquered. 
Psammenitus was twice beaten at Pelusium 



PS 



PT 



and in Memphis, and became one of the pri- 
soners of Cambyses, who treated him with 
great humanity. Psammenitus however raised 
seditions against the Persian monarch; and at- 
tempted to make the Egyptians rebel, for which 
he was put to death by drinking bull's blood. 
He had reigned about six months. He flou- 
rished about 525 years before the Christian era. 
Herodot. 3, c. 10, &c. 

Psammetichus, a king of Egypt. He was 
one of the 12 princes who shared the kingdom 
among themselves; but as he was more popular 
than the rest, he was banished from his domi- 
nions, and retired into the marsnes near the sea 
shore. A descent of some of the Greeks, upon 
Egypt, proved favourable to his cause; he 
joined the enemy, and defeated the 1 1 pnnees 
who had expelled him from the country. He 
rewarded (he Greeks, by whose valour he had 
recovered Egypt, he allotted- them some terri- 
tory on the sea coast, patronized the liberal 
arts, and encouraged commerce among his sub- 
jects. He made useless inquiries to find the 
sources of the Nile, and he stopped, by bribes 
and money, a large army of Scythians that 
were marching against him. He died 617 
years before the Christian era, and was buried 
in Minerva's temple at Sais. During his reign 
there was a contention among some of the 
neighbouring nations about the antiquity of 
their language. Psammetichus took a part in 
the contest. He confined two young children 
and fed them with milk; the shepherd to whose 
care they were entrusted , was ordered never to 
speak to them, but to watch diligently their ar- 
ticulations. After some time the shepherd ob- 
served, that whenever he entered the place of 
their confinement they repeatedly exclaimed 
Beccos, and he gave information of this to the 
monarch. Psammetichus made inquiries, and 
found that the word Beccos signified bread in 
the Phoenician language, and from that circum- 
stance, therefore, it was universally concluded 
that the language of Phoenicia was of the 
greatest antiquity. Herodot. 2, c. 28, &c. — 

Bolycen. 8. — Strab. 16. A son of Gordius, 

brother to Penander, who held the tyranny at 
Corinth for three years, B. C. 584. Jlristot. 
Polit. 5, c. 12. 

Psammis, or Psammuthis, a king of Egypt, 
B. C 376. 

Psaphis, a town on the confines of Attica 
and Bceotia. There was there an oracle of 
Amphiaraus. 

Psapho, a Libyan, who taught a number of 
birds which he kept to say, Psapho is a god, 
and afterwards gave them their liberty. The 
birds did not forget the words which they had 
been taught, and the Africans paid divine ho- 
nours to Psapho. JElian. 

Psecas, one of Diana's attendant nymphs. 
Ovid. Met. 3. 

Psophis, a town of Arcadia near the river 
Erymanthus, whose uarne it originally bore, 
and afterwards that of Phegia. Stat. Th. 4, v. 
296.— Pans. 8, c. 24.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 607. 

A river and town of El is. A daughter 

of Eryx. A town of Acarnania, Another 

of Libya, 



Psyche, a nymph whom Cupid married and 
carrieu into a place of bliss, where he long en- 
joyed her company. Venus put her to death 
because she had robbed the world of her son; 
but Jupiter, at the request of Cupid, granted 
immortality to Psyche. The word signifies the 
soul, and this personification of Psyche, first 
mentioned by Apuleius, is posterior to the 
Augustan age, though still it is connected with 
ancient mythology. Psyche is generally re- 
presented with the wings of a butterfly to inti- 
mate the lightness of the soul, of which the but- 
terfly is the symbol, and on that account, among 
the ancieuts, when a man had just expired, a 
butterfly appeared fluttering above, as if rising 
from the mouth of the deceased. 

Psyckrus, a river of Thrace. When sheep 
drank of its waters they were said always to 
bring forth black lambs Jlristol. 

Psylli, a people of Libya near the Syrtes, 
very expert in curing the venomous bite of ser- 
pents, which had no fatal effect upon them. 
Strab. 17.— Dio. 51, c 14 — Lucan 9, v. 894, 
937.— Herodot. 4, e. 173.— Pans. 9, c. 28. 

Pteleum, a town of Thessaly on the bor- 
ders of Bceotia. Lucan. 6, y. 852. — Liv. 35, 
c. 43. 

Pterelaus^ a son of Taphios, presented 
with immortality by Neptune, provided he kept 
on his head a yellow lock. His daughter cut it 
off, and he died. He reigned at Taphos in 
Argos, &c. J}"pollod. 2, c- 4. 

Pteria, a well fortified town of Cappadocia. 
It was in the neighbourhood, according to 
some, that Croesus was defeated by Cyrus. 
Herodot. 1, c. 76. 

Ptolederma, a town of Arcadia. Paus. S, 
c. 27. 

Ptolem,eum, a certain place at Athens dedi- 
cated to exercise and study. Cic. 5, rfefin. 

Ptolem^us 1st, surnamed Lagus, a king of 
Egypt, son of Arsinoe, who when pregnant by 
Philip of Macedonia, married Lagus. a man of 
mean extraction. [Vid. Lagus.] Ptolemy was 
educated in the court of the king of Macedo- 
nia, he became one of the friends and associates 
of Alexander, and when that monarch invaded 
Asia, the son of Arsinoe attended him as one of 
his generals. During the expedition, he be- 
haved with uncommon valour; he killed one of 
the Indian monarchs in single combac, and it 
was to his prudence and courage that Alexander 
was indebted for the reduction of the rock 
Aornus. After the conqueror's death, in the 
genera! division of the Macedonian empire, 
Ttolemy obtained as his share the government 
of Egypt, with Libya, and part of the neigh- 
bouring territories of Arabia. In this appoint- 
ment the governor soon gained the esteem of 
the people by acts of kindness, by benevolence, 
and clemency; and though he did not assume 
the title of independent monarch till 19 years 
after, yet he was so firmly established, that the 
attempts of i erdiccas to drive him away from 
his possessions proved abortive: and Ptolemy, 
after the murder of his rival by Grecian sol- 
diers, might have added the kingdom of Mace- 
donia to his Egyptian territories. lie made 
himself master of Ceelosyria, Phoenicia, and 
4 H 



PT 



£ 



the neighbouring coast of Syria, and when he 
had reduced Jerusalem, he carried above 
100,000 prisoners to Egypt, to people the ex- 
tensive city of Alexandria, which became the 
capital of his dominions. After he had render 
ed these prisoners the most attached and faithful 
of'his subjects by his liberality and the grant of 
privileges, Ptolemy assumed the title of king of 
Egypt, and soon after reduced Cyprus under his 
power. He made war with success against 
Demetrius and Antigonus, who disputed his 
fight to the provinces of Syria; and from the 
assistance he gave to the people of Rhodes 
against their common enemies, he received the 
name of Soter. While he extended his do- 
minions, Ptolemy was not negligent of the ad- 
vantages of his people. The bay of Alexandria 
being dangerous of access, he built a tower to 
conduct the sailors in the obscurity of the night, 
[Vid. Pharos] and that his subjects might be 
acquainted with literature, he laid the founda- 
tion of a library, which under the succeeding 
reigns became the most celebrated in the world 
He also established in the capital of his domi- 
nions a society called museum, of which the 
members, maintained at the public expense, 
were employed in philosophical researches, at.d 
in the advancement of science and the liberal 
arts. Ptolemy died in the 84th year of his age, 
after a reign of 39 years, about 284 years be- 
fore Christ. He was succeeded by his son 
Ptolemy Pbiladelphus, who bad been his partner 
on the throne the last ten years of his reign. 
Ptolemy Lagus has been commended for his 
abilities, not only as a sovereign, but as a 
writer, and among the many valuable composi- 
tions which have been lost, we are to lament an 
history of Alexander, the Great, by the king of 
Egypt, greatly admired and valued for ele- 
gance and authenticity. All his successors 
were called Ptolemies from bim. Paus. 10, c 
1.— Justin. 13, &c. — Polyb. 2. — Jirrian. — 

Curt. — Plut. in Mex- -The 2d son of 

Ptolemy the first, succeeded his father on ?he 
Egyptian throne, and was called Philadelphus 
by antiphrasis, because he killed two of his bro- 
thers. He showed himself worthy in every re- 
spect to succeed his great father, and conscious 
of the advantages which arise from an alliance 
with powerful nations, he sent ambassadors t-> 
Italy to solicit the friendship of the Romans, 
ivhosename and military reputation had become 
universally known for the victories which they 
had just obtained over Pyrrhus and the Taren- 
tines. His ambassadors were received with 
marks of the greatest attention, and imme- 
diately after four Roman senators came to 
Alexandria, where they gained the admiration 
of the monarch and of his subjects, and by re- 
fusing the crowns of gold and rich presents 
which were offered to them, convinced the 
world of the virtue and of the disinterestedness 
of their nation. But while Ptolemy strengthen- 
ed himself by alliances with foreign powers, the 
internal peace of his kingdom was disturbed by 
the revolt of Magas his brother, king of Cyrene. 
The sedition however was stopped, though kin- 
dled by Antiochus king of Syria, and the 
death ef the rebellious prince re-established 



PT 

peace for some time in the family of Philadel- 
phus. Antiochus the Syrian king married Bere- 
nice the daughter of Ptolemy, and the father, 
though old and infirm, conducted his daughter 
to her husband's kingdom, and assisted at the 
nuptials. Philadelphus died in the 64th yea- 
of his age, 246 years before the Christian era. 
He left two sons and a daughter, by Arsinoe 
the daughter of Lysimacbus. He had after- 
wards married his sister Arsinoe, whom he loved 
with uncommon tenderness, and to whose me- 
mory he began to erect a celebrated monument. 
[Vid. Dinocrates.] During the whole of his 
reign, Philadelphus was employed in exciting 
industry, and in encouraging the libera! arts 
and useful knowledge among his subjects. The 
inhabitants of the adjacent countries were al- 
lured by promises and presents to increase the 
number of the Egyptian subjects, and Ptolemy 
could boast of reigning over 33,339 well peopled 
cities. He gave every possible encouragement 
to commerce, and by keeping two powerful 
fleets, one in the Mediterranean, and the other 
in the Red Sea, he made Egypt the mart of the 
world His army consisted of 200,000 foot, 
40,000. horse, besides 300 elephants and 2000 
armed chariots. With justice therefore he has 
been called the richest of all the princes and 
monarchs of his age, and indeed the remark is 
not false when it is observed, that at his death 
he left in bis treasury 750,000 Egyptian talents, 
a sum equivalent to two. hundred millions ster- 
ling. His palace was the asylum of learned 
men, whom he admired and patronised. He 
paid particular attention to Euclid, Theocritus, 
Callimacbus, and Lycophron, and by increasing 
the library, which his father had founded, he 
showed his taste for learning, and his wish to 
encourage genius. This celebrated library at 
his death contaiued 200;000 volumes of the best 
and choicest books, and it was afterwards in- 
creased to 700,000 volumes. Part of it was 
burnt by the flames of Caesar's fleet when he 
set it on fire to save himself, a circumstance, 
however, not mentioned by the general, and the 
whole was again magnificently repaired by 
Cleopatra, who added to the Egyptian library 
that of the kings of Pergamus. It is said that 
the Old Testament was translated into Greek 
during bis reign, a translation which has been 
called Septuagint, because translated by the la- 
bours of 70 different persons. Eutrop — Justin. 
17, c 2, &c. — Liv. — Plut, — Theocrit. — Jlthen. 
U.—Plin. 13, c 12.— Dio. 42— Gellius. 6, 
c.17. — The 3d, succeeded his father Philadel- 
phus on the Egyptian throne. He early enga- 
ged in a war against Antiochus Theus, for his 
unkindness to Berenice the Egyptian king's sis- 
ter, whom he had married with the consent of 
Philadelphus. With the most rapid success he 
conquered Syria and Silicia, and advanced as 
far as the Tigris, but a sedition at home stop- 
ped his progress, and he returned to Egypt load- 
ed with the spoils of conquered nations. Among 
the immense riches which he brought he had 
above 2500 statues of the Egyptian gods, which 
Cambyses had carried away into Persia when 
he conquered Egypt. These were restored to 
the temples, and the Egyptians called their so- 



PT 



PT 



Ttreigu Evergcies, in acknowledgment of his at- 
tention, beneficence, and religious zeal for (be 
gods of his country The last years of Ptolemy's 
reign were passed in peace, if we except the re- 
fusal of the Jews to pay the tribute of 20 silver 
talents which their ancestors had always paid 
to the Egyptian mouarchs. He also interested 
kimseif in the affairs of Greece, and assistea 
Cleomenes the Spartan king against the leaders 
of the Achaean league: but he had the mor- 
tification to see his ally defeated, and even a 
fugitive in Egypt. Evergetes died 221 years 
before Christ, after a reign of 25 years, and like 
his two iilostrious predecessors, he was the pa- 
tron of learning, and indeed he ; s the last of the 
Lagides who gained popularity among his sub- 
jects by clemency, moderation, and humanity, 
and who commanded respect even from his ene- 
mies, by valour, prudence, and reputation. It 
is said that he deposited 15 talents in the hands 
of the Athenians to be permitted to translate 
the original manuscripts of iEschylus, Euri- 
pides, and Sophocles. Plut. in Cleom. &c — 
Polyb 2. — Justin. 29, &c. The fourth suc- 
ceeded his father Evergetes on the throne of 
Egjpt, and received the surname of Phiiopater 
by antiphrasis, because, according to some histo- 
rians, hedestrcyed hisfather by poison. He began 
his reign with acts of the greatest cruelty, and 
he successively sacrificed to his avarice his own 
mother, bis wife, his sister, and his brother. 
He received the name of Tiplwn from his ex- 
travagance and debauchery, and that of Gallus. 
because he appeared in the streets of Alexan- 
dria like one of the bacchanals, and with all the 
gestures of the priests of Cybele. Jn the midst 
of his pleasures, Phiiopater was called to war 
against Antiochus king of Syria, and at the head 
of a powerful army he soon invaded his enemy's 
territories, and might have added the kingdom 
of Syria to Egypt, if he had made a prudent use 
of the victories which attended his arms. In 
his return he visited Jerusalem, but the Jews 
prevented him forcibly from entering their tem- 
ple, for which insolence to his majesty the mo- 
narch determined to extirpate the whole nation. 
He ordered an immense number of Jews to be 
exposed in a plain, and trodden under the feet of 
elephants, but by a supernatural instinct, the 
generous animals turned their fury not on those 
that had been devoted to death, but upon the 
Egyptian spectators This circumstance terri- 
fied Phiiopater, and he behaved with more than 
common kindness to a nation which he had so 
lately devoted to destruction. In the latter part 
of his reign, the Romans, whom a dangerous 
war with Carthage had weakened, but at the 
same time roused to superior activity, renewed, 
for political reasons, the treaty of alliance 
which had been made with the Egyptian mo- 
narchs. Phiiopater at last, weakened and ener- 
vated by intemperance and continual de- 
bauchery, died in the S'th year of his age, after 
a reign of 17 years, 204 years before the Chris- 
tian era His death was immediately followed 
by the murder of the companions of his vo- 
luptuousness and extravagance, and their car- 
casses were dragged with the greatest ignominy 
through the streets of Alexandria. Pclyb. — 



Justin. 30, &c. — Plut. in Cleom. The 5Ui, 

succeeded his father Phiiopater as king of 
Egypt, though only in the 4th year of his age. 
During the years of his minority he was under 
the protection of Sosicius ana of Aristomenes, 
by whose prudent administration Antiochus was 
dispossessed of the provinces of Ccelosyria and 
Palestine, which he had conquered by war. The 
Romans also renewed their alliance with him 
after their victories over Annibal, and the con- 
clusion of the second Punic war. This flatter- 
ing embassy induced Aristomenes to offer the 
care of the patronage of the young monarch to 
the Romans, but the regent was confirmed in 
his honourable office, by making a treaty of al- 
liance with the people of Achaia, he convinced 
the Egyptians that he was qualified to wield the 
sceptre and to govern the nation. But now 
that Ptolemy had reached his 14th year, ac- 
cording to the laws and customs of Egypt, the 
years of his minority had expired. He re- 
ceived the surname of Epiphanes, or illustrious, 
and was crowned at Alexandria with the great- 
est solemnity, and the faithful Aristomenes re- 
signed into his hands an empire which he had 
governed with honour to himself, and with credit 
to his sovereign. Young Ptolemy was no 
sooner delivered from the shackles of a supe- 
rior, than he betrayed the same vices which 
had characterized bis father, the counsels of 
Aristomenes were despised, and the minister 
who for ten years had governed the kingdom 
with equity and moderation, was sacrificed to 
the caprice of the sovereign, who abhorred him 
for the salutary advice which his own vicious 
inclinations did not permit him to follow. His 
cruelties raised seditions amoug his subjects,, 
but these were twice quelled by the prudence 
and the moderation of one Polycrates, the most 
faithful of his corrupt ministers. In the midst 
of his extravagance, Epiphanes did not forget 
his alliance with the Romans; above all others 
he showed himself eager to cultivate friendship 
with a nation from whom he could derive so 
many advantages, and duriug their war against 
Antiochus, be offered to assist them with money 
against a monarch, whose daughter Cleopatra 
he had married, but whom he hated on account 
of the seditions he raised in the very heart of 
Egypt. After a reign of 24 years, ISO years 
before Christ, Ptolemy was poisoned by his mi- 
nisters, whom he had threatened to rob of their 
possessions, to carry on a war against Seleucus 
king of Syria. Liv. 35, c. 13, &c. — Justin, 
&c The 6th, succeeded his father Epi- 
phanes on the Egyptian throne, and, received 
the surname cf Philometcr, on account of his 
hatred against his mother Cleopatra. He was 
in the 6 th year of his age when he ascended the 
throne, and during his minority the kingdom 
was governed by his mother, and at her death 
by an eunuch who was one of his favourites. He 
made war against Antiochus Epiphanes king of 
Syria, to recover the provinces of Palestine and 
Ccelosyria, which were part of the Egyptian do- 
minions, and after several successes he fell into 
the hands of the enemy, who retained him in 
confinement. During the captivity of Philome- 
tor, the Egyptians raised to the throne his 



IT 



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younger brother Ptolemy Evergetes, or Phys- 
con, also son of Epiphanes, but he was no 
sooner established in his power than Antiochus 
turned his arms against Egypt, drove the 
usurper, and restored Philometor to all his 
rights and privileges as king of Egypt This 
artful behaviour of Antiochus was soon compre- 
hended by Philometor, and when he saw that 
Pelusium, the key of Egypt, had remained in 
the hands of his Syrian ally, he recalled his 
brother Physcon, and made him partner on the 
throne, and concerted with him how to repel 
their common enemy. This union of interest 
in the two royal brothers incensed Antiochus; 
he entered Egypt with a large army, but the 
Romans checked his progress and obliged him 
to retire. No sooner were they delivered from 
the impending war, than Philometor and Phys- 
con, whom the fear of danger had united, began 
with mutual jealousy to oppose each other's 
views. Physcon was at last banished by the 
superior power of his brother, and as he could 
find no support in Egypt, he immediately re- 
paired to Rome. To excite more effectually 
the compassion of the Romans, and to gain their 
assistance, he appeared in the meanest dress, 
and took his residence in the most obscure 
corner of the city. He received an audience 
from the senate, and the Romans settled the 
dispute between the two royal brothers, by 
maidng them independent of one another, and 
giving the government of Lybia and Gyrene to 
Physcon, and confirming Philometor in the pos- 
session of Egypt, and the isiand of Cyprus. 
These terms of accommodation were gladly ac- 
cepted, but Physcon soon claimed the dominion 
of Cyprus, and in this he was supported by the 
Romans, who wished to aggrandize themselves 
by the diminution of the Egyptian power. Phi- 
lometor refused to deliver up the island of Cy- 
prus, and to call away his brother's attention, 
he fomented the seeds of rebellion in Cyrene. 
But the death of Philometor, 145 years before 
the Christian era, left Physcon master of Egypt, 
and all the dependent provinces. Philometor 
has been commended by some historians for 
his clemency and moderation. Diod. — Liv. — 
Polyb. The 7th Ptolemy, surnamed Phys- 
con, on account of the prominence of his belly, 
ascended the throne of Egypt after the death 
of his brother Philometor, and as he had 
reigned for some time conjointly with him, 
\Vid. Ptoleroaeus 6th,] his succession was ap- 
proved, though the wife and the son of the 
deceased monarch laid claim to the crown. 
Cleopatra was supported in her claims by the 
Jews, and it was at last agreed that Physcon 
should marry the queen, and that her son should 
succeed on the throne at his death. The nup- 
tials were accordingly celebrated, but on that 
very day the tyrant murdered Cleopatra's son 
in her arms. He ordered himself to be called 
Evergel.es, but the Alexandrians refused to do 
it, and stigmatized him with the appellation of 
Kakcrgetes, or evil doer, a surname which he 
deserved by his tyranny and oppression. A se- 
ries of barbarity rendered him odious, but as 
no one attempted to rid Egypt of her tyranny, 
'he Alexandrians abandoned their habitations, 



and fled from a place which continually stream- 
ed with the blood of their massacred fellow- 
citizens. If their migration proved fatal to the 
commerce and prosperity of Alexandria, it was 
of the most essential service to the countries 
where they retired; and the numbers of Egyp- 
tians that sought a safer asylum in Greece and 
Asia, introduced among the inhabitants of those 
countries the different professions that were 
practised with success in the capital of Egypt. 
.Physcon endeavoured tore-people the city which 
his cruelty had laid desolate; but the fear of 
sharing the fate of the former inhabitants, pre- 
vailed more than (he promise of riches, rights, 
and immunities. The king at last, disgusted 
with Cleopatra, repudiated her, and married 
her daughter by Philometor, called also Cleo- 
patra. He still continued to exercise the great- 
est cruelty upon his subjects, but the prudence 
and vigiiance of his ministers kept the people 
in tranquillity, till all Egypt revolted, when the 
king had basely murdered all the young men of 
Alexandria. Without friends or support in 
Egypt he fled to Cyprus, and Cleopatra, the 
divorced queen, ascended the throne. In his 
banishment Physcon dreaded lest the Alex- 
andrians should also place the crown on the 
head of his son, by. his sister Cleopatra, who 
was then governor of Cyrene, and under these 
apprehensions he sent for the young prince, 
caiied Memphitis to Cyprus, and murdered him 
as soon as he had reached the shore. To make 
the barbarity more complete, he sent the limbs 
of Memphitis to Cleopatra, and they were re- 
ceived as the queen was going to celebrate ber 
birth-day. Soon after this he invaded Egypt 
with an army, and obtained a victory over the 
forces of Cleopatra, who, being left without 
friends or assistance, fled to her eldest daughter 
Cleopatra, who had married Demetrius king of 
Syria. This decisive blow restored Physcon to 
his throne, where he continued to reign for, 
some time, hated by his subjects, and feared by 
his enemies. He died at Alexandria in the 67th 
year of his age, after a reign of 29 years, about 
i 1 6 years before Christ. Some authors have ex- 
toiled Physcou for his fondness for literature; 
they have observed, that from his extensive 
knowledge he was called the philologist, and 
that he wrote a comment upon Homer, besides 
an history in 24 books, admired for its elegance, 
and often quoted by succeeding authors whose 
pen was employed on the same subject Diod. 

—Justin. 33, &c. — -Mthen. 2. — Parphyr 

The 8th, surnamed Lalhyrus, from an excres- 
cence like a pea on the nose, succeeded his fa- 
ther Physcon as king of Egypt. He had no 
sooner ascended the throne, than his mother 
Cleopatra, who reigned conjointly with him, 
expelled him to Cyprus, and placed the crown 
on the head of his brother Ptolemy Alexander, 
her favourite son. Lathyrus, banished from 
Egypt, became king of Cyprus, and soon after he 
appeared at the head of a large army, to make 
war against Alexander Jannams, king of Judea, 
through whose assistance and intrigue he had 
been expelled by Cleopatra. The Jewish mo- 
narch was conquered, and 50,000 of his men 
were left on the field of battle. Lathyrus, after 



FT 



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kc had exercised the greatest cruelty upon the 
Jews, and made vain attempts to recover the 
kingdom of Egypt, retired to Cyprus till the 
death ol his brother Alexander restored him to 
his native dominions. Some of the cities of 
Egypt refused to acknowledge him as their so- 
vereign, and Tbebes, for its obstinacy, was 
closely besieged for three successive years, and 
from a powerful and populous city, it was re- 
duced to ruins. In the latter part of his reign 
Lathyrus was called upon to assist the Romans 
with a navy for the conquest of Athens, but Lu- 
cuilus, who had been sent to obtain the wanted 
supply, though received with kingly honours, 
was dismissed with evasive and unsatisfactory 
answers, and the monarch refused to part with 
troops which he deemed necessary to preserve 
the peace of his kingdom. Lathyrus died 81 
years before the Christian era, after a reign of 
36 years since the death of his father Physeon, 
eleven of which he had passed with his mother 
Cleopatra on the Egyptian throne, eighteen in 
Cyprus, and seven after his mother's death. 
He was succeeded by his only daughter Cleo- 
patra, whom Alexander, the son of Ptolemy 
Alexander, by means of the dictator Sylla soon 
after married and murdered. Joseph. Hist. — 
Justin. 39. — Pint, in Luc. — Appian. in Mithrid. 

The 9th. Vid. Alexander Ptolemy 1st; 

for the 10th Ptolemy, vid. Alexander Ptolemy 
2d; for the 11th, vid. Alexander Ptolemy 3d. 

The 12th, the illegitimate son of Lathyrus, 

ascended the throne of Egypt at the death of 
Alexander 3d He received the surname of 
Auletes, because he played skilfully on the flute. 
His rise showed great marks of prudence and 
circumspection, and as his predecessor by his 
will had left the kingdom of Egypt to the Ro- 
mans, Auletes knew that he could not be firmly 
established on his throne, without the approba- 
tion of the Roman senate. He was successful 
in his applications, and Caesar, who was then 
consul, and in want of money, established his 
succession, and granted him the alliance of the 
Romans, after he had received the enormous 
sum of about a million and 162,5002, sterling. 
But these measures rendered him unpopular at 
home, and when he had suffered the Romans 
quietly to take possession of Cyprus, the Egyp- 
tians revolted, and Auletes was obliged to fly 
from his kingdom, and seek protection among 
the most powerful of his allies. His complaints 
were heard at Rome, at first with indifference, 
and the murder of 100 noblemen of Alexandria, 
whom the Egyptians had sent to justify their 
proceedings before the Roman senate, rendered 
him unpopular and suspected. Pompey, how- 
ever, supported his cause, and the senators de- 
creed to re-establish Auletes on his throne; but 
as they proceeded slowly in the execution of their 
plans, the monarch retired from Rome to Ephe- 
sus, where he lay concealed for some time in 
the temple of Diana. Duriug his absence from 
Alexandria, his daughter Berenice had made 
herself absolute, aad established herself on the 
throne by a marriage with Archelaus, a priest 
of Bellona's temple at Comana, but she was 
soon driven from Egypt, when Gabinius, at the 
head of a Roman army, approached to replace 



Auletes on his throne. Auletes was no sooner 
restored to power, than he sacrificed to his am- 
bition his daughter Berenice, and behaved with 
the greatest ingratitude and perfidy to Rabirius, 
a Roman who had supplied him with money 
when expelled from his kingdom. Auletes died 
four years after his restoration, about 51 years 
before the Christian era. He left two sons aad 
two daughters, and by his will ordered the eldest 
of his sons to marry the eldest of his sisters, and 
to ascend with her the vacant throne. As these 
children were young, the dying monarch recom- 
mended them to the protection and paternal 
care of the Romans, and accordingly Pompey 
the Great was appointed by the senate to be 
their patron and their guardian. Their reign 
was as turbulent as that of their predecessors, 
and it is remarkable for no uncommon events, 
only we may observe that the young queen was 
ttie Cleopatra who soon after became so cele- 
brated as being the mistress of J. Caesar, the 
wife of M. Antony, and the last of the Egyptian 
monarchs of the family of Lagus. Cic. pr« 
Rabir. — Strab. 17. — Dion. 39. — Appian. de 
Civ. The 13th, surnamed Dionysvm or Bac- 
chus, ascended the throne of Egypt conjointly 
with his sister Cleopatra, whom he had married, 
according to the directions of his father Auletes. 
He was under the care and protection of Pom- 
pey the Great, [Vid. Ptolemaeus 12tb,] but the 
wickedness anu avarice of bis ministers soon 
obliged him to reign independent. He was 
then in the 13th year of his age, when his 
guardian, after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, 
came to the shores of Egypt, and claimed his 
protection. He refused to grant the required 
assistance, and by the advice of his ministers he 
basely murdered Pompey, after he had brought 
him to shore under the mask of friendship and 
cordiality. To curry the favour of the con- 
queror of Pharsalia, Ptolemy cut off the head 
of Pompey, but Caesar turned with indignation 
from such perfidy, and when he arrived at Alex- 
andria he found the king of Egypt as faithless 
to his cause as to that of his fallen enemy. 
Caesar sat as judge to hear the various claims 
of the brother and sister to the throne; and, to 
satisfy the people, he ordered the will of Au- 
letes to be read, and confirmed Ptolemy and 
Cleopatra in the possession of Egypt, and ap- 
pointed the two younger children masters of the 
island of Cyprus. This fair and candid de- 
cision might have left no room for dissatisfac- 
tion, but Ptolemy was governed by cruel and 
avaricious ministers, and, therefore, he refused 
to acknowledge Caesar as a judge or a mediator. 
The Roman enforced his authority by arms, and 
three victories were obtained over the Egyptian 
forces. Ptolemy, who had been for some time 
a prisoner in the hands of Cassar, now headed 
his armies, but a defeat was fatal, and as he. 
attempted to save his life by flight, he was 
drowned in the Nile, about 46 years before 
Christ, and three years and eight months after 
the death of Auletes. Cleopatra, at the death 
of her brother, became sole mistress of Egypt; 
but as the Egyptians were no friends to female 
government, Caesar obliged her to marry her 
younger brother Ptolemy, who was then in the 



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eleventh year of his age. Jlppian. Civ. — Co&s. 
in dlex. — Strab. IT.— Joseph. Ant. — Dio. — 

Plut- in A 'it. &c. — Sueton.in Cces. Apion, 

king of Gyrene, was the illegitimate son of 
Ptoiemy Pbyscon. After a reign of 20 years 
he tlieui and as he had no children, he made 
the Romajns heirs of his dominions. The Ro- 
mans presented his subjects with their indepen- 
dence. Liv. 70. Ceraunus, a son of Ptole- 
my Soter, by Eurydice the. daughter of Aniipa- 
ter. Unable to succeed to the throne of Eg)pt, 
Ceraunus tied to the court of Seleucus, where " 
he was received with friendly marks of attention. 
Seleucus was then king of Macedonia, an em- 
pire which he had lately acquired by the death 
of Lysimachus in a battle in Phrygsa, but bis 
resgn was short, and Ceraunus -perfidiously 
murdered him and ascended his throne, 280 B. 
C. The murderer, however, could not be firmly 
established in Macedonia, us long as Axsinoe, 
the widow, and the children of Lysimachus 
were alive, and entitled to claim his kingdom 
as the lawful possession of their father To re- 
move these obstacles, Ceraunus made offers of 
marriage to Arsinoe, who was his o&rn sister. 
The queen at first refused, but the protestations 
and solemn promises of the usurper at last pre- 
vailed upon her to consent. The nuptials, how- 
ever, were no sooner celebrated, than Ceraunus 
murdered the two young princes, and confirmed 
his usurpation by rapine and cruelty. But now 
three powerful princes claimed the kingdom of 
Macedonia as their own, Antiochus, the son of 
Seleucus, Autigouus, the son of Demetrius; and 
Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus. These enemies, 
however, were soon removed; Ceraunus con- 
quered Antigouus in the field of battle, and 
stopped the hostilities of his two other rivals by 
promises and money. He did not iong remain 
inactive, a barbarian army of Gauls claimed a 
tribute from him, and the monarch immediately 
marched to meet them in the field.- The battle 
was long and bloody. The Macedonians might 
have obtained the victory, if Ceraunus had 
shown more prudence. ■ He was thrown down 
from his elephant, and taken prisoner by the 
enemy, who immediately tore bis body to pieces. 
Ptolemy had been king of Macedonia only 18 
months. Justin. 24', &c. — Pans 10, c. 10. 



An illegitimate son of Ptolemy Latbyrus, king 
of Cyprus, of which he was tyrannically dispos- 
sessed by the Romans. Cato was at the head 
of the forces which were sent against Ptolemy 
by the senate, and the Roman genera) proposed 
to the monarch to retire from the throne, and 
to pass the rest of bss days in the obscure office 
of high priest in the temple of Venus at Papbos. 
This offer was rejected with the indignation 
which it merited, and the monarch poisoned 
himself at the approach of the enemy. The 
treasures found in the island amounted to the 
enormous sum of 1,356,250/. sterling, which 
were carried to iiome by the conquerors. Flut. 

in Cat. — Vat. Max. 9. — Flor. 3 A man 

who attempted to make himself king of Mace- 
donia, in opposition to Perdiccas. He was ex- 
pelled by Pelopidas. \ son of Pyrrhus king 

of Epirus, by Antigone, the daughter of Berenice. 
He was left governor of Epirus, when Pyrrhus 



went to Italy to assist the Tarentines against 
the Romans, where he presided with great pru- 
dence and moderation. He was killed, bravely 
fighting, in the expedition which Pyrrhus un- 
dertook agaiust Sparta and Argos. An eu- 
nuch, by whose friendly assistance Mithridates 
the Great saved his life after a battle with 

Lucullus. A king of Epirus who died very 

young as he was matching an army against the 
iEtohans, who bad seized part of his dominions, 

Justin. 28 A king of Chalcidica in Syria, 

about 30 years before Christ. He opposed 
Pompey when he invaued Syria, but he was de- 
feated in the attempt, and the conqueror spared 
his itfe only upon receiving 1000 talents. Joseph. 
■Ant 13 A nephew of Antigonus, who com- 
manded an army in the Peloponnesus. He re- 
volted from his uncle to Cassander, and some 
time after be attempted to bribe the soldiers 
of Ptoiemy Lagus, king of Egypt, who had in- 
vited him to his camp. He was seized and im- 
prisoned for this treachery, and the Egyptian 
monarch at last ordered him to drink hemlock. 
•A son of Seleucus, killed in the celebrated 



uattie which was fought at Issus between Darius 

and Alexander the Great. A son of Juba, 

made kmg of Mauritania. He was son of Cleo- 
patra Selene, the daughter of M. Antony, and 
the celebrated Cleopatra. He was- put to death 

byCaius Caligula. Dio. — Tacit. Jinn. 11. 

A friend of Otho. A favourite of Antiochus 

king of Syria. He was surnamed Macron. 

A Jew, famous for his crue'i:y and avarice. He 
was for some time governor of Jericho, about 

135 years before Christ a powerful Jew 

during the troubles which disturbed the peace 

of Judea, in the reign of Augustus. A son of 

Antony by Cleopatra, surnamed Philadelphus 
by his father, and made master of Phoenicia, 
Syria, and all the territories of Asia Minor, 
which were situated between the iEgean and 
the Euphrates. Plut. in Jlnton. — —A general 

of Herod, king of Judea.- A son of Chryscr- 

mus, who visited Cleomenes king of Sparta, 

when imprisoned in Egypt. A governor of 

Alexandria, put to death by Cleomenes. 

Claudius, a celebrated geographer and astrolo- 
ger in the reign of Adrian and Antoninus. He 
was a native of Alexandria, or, according to 
others, of Pelusium, and on account of his 
great learning, he received the name of most 
wise, and most divine among the Greeks. In 
his system of the world, he places the earth in 
the centre of the universe, a doctrine univer- 
sally believed and adopted till the 16th century, 
when it was confuted and rejected by Coperni- 
cus. His geography is valued for its learning, 
and the veiy useful information which it gives. 
Besides his system and his geography, Ptolemy 
wrote other books, in one of which he gives an 
account of the fixed stars, of 1022 of which he 
gives the certain and definite longitude and la- 
titude. The best edition of Ptolemy's geogra- 
phy is that of Bertius, fol. Amst. 1618, and that 
of his treatise dc Judiciis Astrologicis by Ca- 
merar, 4to. 1535, and of the Harmonica, 4to. 
Wallis, Oxon. 1683. 

Ptolemais, a towh of Thebais in Egypt, 
called after the Ptolemies, who beautified it. 



PU* 



PU 



There was also another city of the same name 
ia the territories of Cyrene. It was situate on 
the sea coast, and, according to some, it was 

the same as Barce. [Vid. Barce.] A city 

of Palestine, called also Aeon. J\ltla, 1, c. 8, 
1. 3, c. 8 — Plin. 2, c. 13 — Strab. 14, &c. 

Ptolvcus, a statuary of Corcyra, pupil to 
Critias the Athenian. Paus. 6, c. 3. 

Ptous, a son of Athamas and Themisto, who 
gave his name to a mountain of Boeotia, upon 
which he built a temple to Apollo, surnamed 



A sister of Theodosius, who reigDed absolute 
for some time ia the Roman empire. 

Pulchrum, a promontory near Carthage, now 
Rasafran. Liv 29, c. 27. 

Pcllus, a surname of Numitorius. , 
Pcnicum bellum. The first Punic war was 
undertaken by the Romans against Cariliage, 
B. C. 264. The ambition of Rome was the 
origki of this war. For upwards of 240 years, 
the two nations had beheld with secret jea- 
lousy each other s power, but they had totally 
Ptous. The god had also a celebrated oracle j eradicated every cause of contention, by set- 
on mount Ptous. Plut. de orac. def. — Paus. 9, ! tliog, in three different treaties, the boundaries 
C. 23. — Apollod. 1, c. 9. of their respective territories, the number of 

Publicius, a Roman freed-man, so much like j their allies, and how far one nation might sail 
Pompey the Great, that they were often con- j into the Mediterranean, without giving offe nee 
founded together. Val, Max 9, c. 14. i to the other,. Sicily, an island, of the highest 

Publicia lex forbad any persons to play with j consequence to the Carthaginians as a commer- 



bad or fraudulent designs. 

Publicola, a name given Xo Publius Vale- 
rius, on account of his great popularity. Vid. 
Valerius. Plut. in Pub — Liv. 2, c. 8. — Plin. 
SO, c. 15. 

Publilta lex, was made by Publilius Philo 
the dictator, A. U. C. 445. It permitted one of 
the censors to be elected from the plebeians, 
since one of the consuls was chosen from that 

body. Liv- 8, c. 12. Another, by which it 

was ordained, that all laws should be previous- 
ly approved by the senators, before they were 
proposed by the people. 

Publius Syrus, a Syrian mimic poet, who 
flourished about 44 jears before Christ. He 
was originally a slave sold to a Roman patri- 
cian, called Domithis, who brought him up with 
great attention, and gave him his freedom when 
of age, He gained the esteem of the most 



cial nation, was the seat of the first oisseutions. 
The Mamertini, a body of Italian mercenaries, 
were appointed by the king of Syracuse, to guard 
the town of Messana, but this tumultuous tribe, 
instead of protecting the citizens, basely mas- 
sacred them, and seized their possessions. This 
act of cruelty raised the indignation of all the 
Sicilians, and Hiero, king of Syracuse, who had 
employed them, prepared to punish their perfidy; 
and the Mamertini, besieged in Messana, and 
without friends or resources, resolved to throw 
themselves for protection into the hands of the 
first power that c©uld relieve them. They were, 
however, divided in their sentiments, and while 
some implored the assistance of Carthage, others 
called upon the Romans for protection. With- 
out hesitation or delay, the Carthaginians enter- 
ed Messana, and the Romans also hastened to 
give to the Mamertini that aid which had been 



powerful at Rome, and reckoned J. Caesar ! claimed from them with as much eagerness as 



among his patrons. He soon eclipsed the poet 
Laberius, whose burlesque compositions were 
in general esteem. There remains of Publius, 
a collection of moral sentences, written in Iam- 
bics, and placed in alphabetical order, the 
newest edition of which is that of Patav. Comin. 
1740. 
• Poblius, a prsenomen common among the 

Romans. Caius, a man who conspired with 

Brutus against J. Caesar. A praetor who 

conquered Palaepolis. He was only a plebeian, 
and though neither consul nor dictator, he ob- 
tained a triumph in spite of the opposition of 
the senators. He was the first who was ho- 
noured with a triumph during a praetorship - 

A Roman consul who defeated the Latins, and 

was made dictator. A Roman flatterer in 

the court of Tiberius. A tribune who ac- 
cused Manlius, &c 

Pddicitia, a goddess who, as her name im- 
plies, presided over chastity. She had two tem- 
ples at Rome. Feshis. de V. sig. — Liv. 10, c. 7. 

Pulcheria, a daughter of the emperor Theo- 
dosius the Great, famous for her piety, modera- 
tion, and virtues. A daughter of Arcadius, 

who held the government of the Roman empire 
for many years- She was mother of Valenti- 
nian. Her piety, and her private as well as 
public virtues have been universally admired. 
She died A. D. 452, and was interred at Ra- 
venna, where her tomb is still to be seen — — 



from the Carthaginians. At the approach of 
the Roman troops, the Mamertini, who had im- 
plored their assistance, took up arms, and forced 
the Carthaginians to evacuate Messana. Fresh 
forces were poured in on every side, and though 
Carthage seemed superior in arms and in re- 
sources, yet the valour and intrepidity of the 
Romans daily appeared more formidable, and 
Hiero, the Syracusan king, who hitherto em- 
braced the interest of the Carthaginians, be- 
came the most faithful ally of the republic. 
From a private- quarrel the war became gene- 
ral. The Romans obtained a victory in Siciiy, 
but as their enemies were masters at sea, the 
advantages they gained were small and incon- 
siderable. To make themselves equal to their 
adversaries, they aspired to the dominion of the 
sea, and in sixty days timber was cut down, and 
a fleet of 120 galleys completely manned and 
provisioned. The successes they met with at 
sea were trivial, and little advantage could be 
gained over an enemy that were sailors by 
actual practice and long experience. Duilius 
at last obtained a victory, and he was the first 
Roman who ever received a triumph after a 
naval battle. The losses they had already sus- 
tained induced the Carthaginians to sue for 
peace, and the Romans, whom an unsuccessful 
descent upon Africa, under Regulus, [Vid. Re- 
gulus] had rendered diffident, listened to the 
proposal, and the first Punic war was concluded 



FU 



FU 



B. C. 241, on the following terms: — The Cai- 
thaginians pledged themselves to pay to the Ro- 
mans, within twenty years, the sum of 3000 
Eui>oic talents, they promised to release all the 
Roman captives without ransom, to evacuate 
Sicily, and the other islands in the Medi erra- 
Dean, and not to molest Hiero, king of Syracuse, 
or his allies. After this treaty, the Carthagi- 
nians, who had lost the dominion of Sardinia 
and Sicily, made new conquests in Spain, and 
soon began to repair their losses by industry and 
labour. They planted colonies, and secretly 
prepared to revenge themselves upon their pow- 
erful rivals. The Romans were not insensible 
of their successes in Spain, and to stop their 
progress towards Italy, they made a stipulation 
with the Carthaginians, by which they were not 
permitted to cross the Iberus, or to molest the 
cities of their allies the Saguntiues. This was 
for some time observed, but when Annibal suc- 
ceeded to the command of the Carthaginian 
armies in Spain, he spurned the boundaries 
which the jealousy of Rome had set to his arms, 
and he immediately formed the siege of Sagun- 
tum. The Romans were apprized of the hos- 
tilities which had been begun against their allies, 
but Saguntum was in (he hands of the active 
enemy before they had taken any steps to oppose 
him. Complaints were- carried to Carthage, and 
war was determined on by the influence of An- 
nibal in the Carthaginian senate. Without de- 
lay or diffidence, B. C. 218, Annibal marched 
a numerous army of 90.000 foot and 12,000 
horse towards Italy, resolved to carry on the 
war to the gates of Rome. He crossed the 
Rhone, the Alps, and the Apennines, with un- 
common celerity, and the Roman consuls who 
were stationed to stop his progress, were seve- 
rally defeated. The battle of Trebia, and that 
of the lake of Thrasymenus, threw Rome into 
the greatest apprehensions, but the prudence 
and the dilatory measures of the dictator Fabius, 
soon taught them to hope for better times. Yet 
the conduct of Fabius was universally censured 
as cowardice, and the two consuls who succeed- 
ed him in the command, by pursuing a different 
plan of operations, soon brought on a decisive 
action at Cannae, in which 45,000 Romans 
were left in the field of battle. This bloody 
victory caused so much consternation at Rome, 
that some authors have declared that if An- 
nibal had immediately marched from the 
plains of Cannas to the city, he would have 
met with no resistance, but would have termi- 
nated a long and dangerous war with glory to 
himself, and the most inestimable advantages 
to his country. This celebrated victory at 
Cannae left the conqueror master of two camps, 
and of an immense booty; and the cities which 
had hitherto observed a neutrality, no sooner 
saw the defeat of the Romans, than they ea- 
gerly embraced the interest of Carthage The 
news of this victory was carried to Carthage 
by Mago, and the Carthaginians refused to 
believe it till three bushels of golden rings 
were spread before them, which had been taken 
from the Roman knights in the field of battle. 
After this Annibal called his brother Asdrubal 
frem Spain with a large reinforcement; but the 



march of Asdrubal was intercepted by the Ro- 
mans, his army was defeated, and himself slain- 
Affairs now had taken a different turn, and 
Marcellus, who had the command of the Ro- 
man legions in Italy, soon taught his country- 
men that Annibal was not invincible in the 
field. In different parts of the world the Ro- 
mans were making very rapid conquests, and if 
the sudden arrival of a Carthaginian army in 
Italy, at first raised fears and apprehensions, 
they were soon enabled to dispute with their 
enemies for the sovereignty of Spain, and the 
dominion of the sea. Annibal no longer ap- 
peared formidable in Italy; if he conquered 
towns in Campania or Magna Graecia, he re- 
mained master of them only while his army ho- 
vered in the neighbourhood, and if he marched 
towards Rome the alarm he occasioned was but 
momentary, the Romans were prepared to op- 
pose him, and his retreat therefore the more 
dishonourable The conquests of young Scipio 
in Spain had now raised the expectations of the 
Romans, and he had no sooner returned to 
Rome than he proposed to remove Annibal 
from the capital of Italy by carrying the war to 
the gates of Carthage. This was a bold and 
hazardous enterprize, but though Fabius op- 
posed it, it was universally approved b, the Ro- 
man senate, and young Scipio was empowered 
to sail to Africa Tne conquests of the young 
Roman were as rapid in Africa as in Spain, 
and the Carthaginians, apprehensive for the 
fate of their capital, recalled Annibal from 
Italy, and preferred their safety at home, to the 
maintaining of a long and expensive war in 
another quarter of the globe. Annibal received 
their orders with indignation, and with tears in 
his eyes he left Italy, where for 16 years he 
had known no superior in the field of battle. At 
his arrival in Africa, the Carthaginiau general 
soon collected a large army, and met his ex- 
ulting adversary in the plains of Zama. The 
battle was long and bloody, and though one 
nation fought for glory, and the other for the 
dearer sake of liberty, the Romans obtained 
the victory, and Annibal, who had sworn eternal 
enmity to the gods of Rome, fled from Carthage 
after he had advised his countrymen to accept 
the terms of the conqueror. This battle of 
Zama was decisive, the Carthaginians sued for 
peace, which the haughty conquerors granted 
with difficulty. The conditions were these: Car- 
thage was permitted to hold all the possessions 
which she had in Africa before the war, and to 
be governed by her own laws and institutions. 
She was ordered to make restitution of all the 
ships and other effects which had been taken in 
violation of a truce that had been agreed upon 
by both nations. She was to surrender the 
whole of her fleet, except 10 gaj leys; she was 
to release and deliver up all the captives, de- 
serters, or fugitives, taken or received during 
the war; to indemnify Masinissa for all the 
losses which he had sustained; to deliver up all 
her elephants, and for the future never more 
to tame or break any more of these animals. 
She was not to make war upon any nation 
whatever, without the consent of the Romans, 
and she was to reimburse the Romans, to pay 



PU 



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the sum of 10,000 talents, at the rate of 200 
talents a year for 50 years, and she was to give 
up hostages from the noblest families for the 
performance of these several articles; and iiil 
the ratification of tne treaty, to supply the Ro- 
man forces with money and provisions. These 
humiliating conditions were accepted 201 B. C. 
and immediately 4000 Roman captives were re- 
leased, five hundred galleys were delivered and 
burnt on the spot, but the immediate exaction 
of 200 talents was more severely felt, and many 
of the Carthaginian senators burst into tears. 
During the 50 years which followed the con- 
clusion of the second Punic war, the Cartha- 
ginians were employed in repairing their losses 
by unwearied application and industry; but 
they found still in the Romans a jealous rival, 
and a haughty conqueror, and in Masinissa, the 
ally of Rome, an intriguing and ambitious mo- 
narch. The king of Numidia made himself 
master of one of their provinces; but as they 
we-.e unable to maze war without the consent 
of Rome, the Carthaginians sought relief by 
embassies, and made continual complaints in 
the Roman senate of the tyranny and oppression 
of Masinissa. Commissioners were appointed 
to examine the cause of their complaints; but as 
Masinissa was the ally of Rome, the interest of 
the Carthaginians was neglected, and whatever 
seemed to depress their republic, was agreeable 
to the Romans. Cato, who was in the number 
of the commissioners, examined the capita! of 
Africa with a jealous eye; he saw it with con- 
cern rising as it were from its ruins; and when 
be returned to Rome he declared in full senate, 
that the peace of Italy would never be establish 
ed while Carthage was in being. The senators, 
however, were not guided by his opinion, and 
the delenda est Carthago of Cato did not pre- 
vent the Romans from acting with moderation 
But while the senate were debating about the 
existence of Carthage, and while they consider- 
ed it as a dependant power, and not as an aiiy, 
the wrongs of Africa were without redress, and 
Masinissa continued his depredations. Upon 
this the Carthaginians resolved to do to their 
cause that justice which the Romans had denied 
them; they entered the field against the Nu- 
midians, but they were defeated in a bloody 
battle by Masinissa, who was then 90 years old. 
In this bold measure they had broken the peace; 
and as their late defeat had rendered them des- 
perate, they hastened with all possible speed to 
the capital of Italy to justify their proceedings, 
and to implore the forgiveness of the Roman se- 
nate. The news of Masinissa's victory had alrea- 
dy reached Italy, and immediately some forces 
were sent to Sicily, and from thence ordered to 
pass into Africa. The ambassadors of Carthage 
received evasive and unsatisfactory answers from 
the senate; and when they saw the Romans landed 
at Utica, they resolved to purchase peace by the 
most submissive terms which even the most ab- 
ject slaves could offer. The Romans acted 
with the deepest policy, no declaration of war 
had been made, though hostilities appeared in- 
evitable; and in answer to the submissive offers 
of Carthage the consuls replied, that to pre ent 
every cause of quarrel, the Carthaginians must 



deliver into their hands 300 hostages, all chil- 
dren of senators, and of the most noble and re- 
spectable families. The demand was great and 
alarming, but it was no sooner granted, than 
the Romans made another demand, ,and the 
Carthaginians were told that peace could not 
continue if they refused to deliver up all their 
ships, their arms, engines of war, with ail their 
naval and military stores. The Carthaginians 
complied, and immediately 40,000 suits of ar- 
mour, 20,000 large engines of war, with a plen- 
tiful store of ammunition and missile weapons, 
were surrendered. After this duplicity had 
succeeded, the Romans laid open the final re- 
solutions of the senate, and the Carthaginians 
were then told that to avoid hostilities, they 
must leave their ancient habitations and retire 
into the inland parts of Africa, and found ano- 
ther city, at the distance of not less than ten 
miies from the sea. This was heard with hor- 
ror and indignation; the Romans were fixed and 
inexorable, and Carthage was filled with tears 
and lamentations. But the spirit of liberty 
and independence was not yet extinguished in 
the capital of Africa, and the Cartheginians de- 
termined to sacrifice their lives for the protec- 
tion of their gods, the tombs of their forefathers, 
and the place which had given them birth. Be- 
fore the Roman army approached the city, pre- 
parations to support a siege were made, and the 
ramparts of Carthage were covered with stones, 
to compensate for the weapons and instruments 
of war which they had ignorantly betrayed to 
the duplicity of their enemies. Asdrubal, whom 
the despair of his countrymen had banished 
or. account of the unsuccessful expedition against 
Masinissa, was immediately recalled; and in 
the moment of danger, Carthage seemed to 
have possessed more spirit and more vigour, 
than wheu Annibal was victorious at the gates 
of Rome. The town was blocked up by the 
Romans, and a regular siege begun. Two 
years were spent in useless operations, and Car- 
thage seemed stiil able to rise from its ruins, 
to dispute for the empire of the world; when 
Scipio, the descendant of the great Scipio, who 
fiuished the second Punic war, was sent to con- 
duct the siege. The vigour of his operations 
soon baffled the efforts, and the bold resistance 
of the besieged; the communications which they 
had with the land were cut off, and the city, 
which was twenty miles in circumference, was 
completely surrounded on all sides by the ene- 
my. Despair and famine now raged in the 
city, and Scipio gained access to the city walls, 
where the battlements were low and unguarded. 
His entrance into the streets was disputed with 
uncommon fury, the houses as he advanced 
were set on fire to stop his progress; uu? when 
a body of 50,000 persons of either sex had 
claimed quarter, the rest of the inhabitants 
were disheartened, and such as disdained to" 
be prisoners of war, perished in the flames, 
which gradually destroyed their habitations, 147 
B. C after a continuation of hostilities for 
three years. During II days Carthage was in 
flames; and the soldiers were permitted to re- 
deem from the fire whatever possession they 
could. But while others profited from the de- 
4 I 



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struction of Carthage, the philosophic general, 
struck by the melancholy aspect of the scene, 
repeated two lines from Homer, which contain- 
ed a prophecy concerning the fall of Troy. He 
was asked by the historian Polybius, to what he 
then applied this prediction ? To my country, 
replied Scipio, for her too I dread the vicissitude 
of human affairs, and in her turn she may ex- 
hibit another flaming Carthage, This remarka- 
ble event happened about the year of Rome 
606. The news of this victory caused the 
greatest rejoicings at Rome; and immediately 
commissioners were appointed by the Roman 
senate, not only to raze ihe walls of Carthage, 
but even to demolish and burn the very ma- 
terials with which they were made: and in a 
few days, that city which had been once the 
seat of commerce, ana model of magnificence, 
the common store of the wealth of nations, and 
one of the most powerful states of the world, 
left behind no traces of its spleudour, of its 
power, or even of its existence. Polyb. — Oro- 
sius- — Appian. de Punic, fyc — Flor.—Plut. in 
Cat. &c. — Strab. — Liv. epit. — Diog. 

Pupia lex de senatu, required that the se- 
nate should not be assembled from the 18th of 
the calends of February to the calends of the 
same month, and that before the embassies 
were either accepted or rejected, the senate 
should be held on no account. 

Pupienus, Marcus Claudius Maximus, a man 
of an obscure family, who raised himself by his 
merit to the highest offices in the Roman armies, 
and gradually became a praetor, consul, prefect 
of Rome, and a governor of the provinces. His 
father was a blacksmith. After the death of 
the Gordians, Pupienus was elected with Bal- , 
binus to the imperial throne, and to rid the 
world of the usurpation and tyranny of the 
Maximini, he immediately marched against 
these tyrants; but he was soon informed that 
they had been sacrificed to the fury and resent- 
ment of their own soldiers, and therefore he 
retired to Rome to enjoy the tranquillity which 
his merit claimed. He soon after prepared to 
make war against the Persians, who insulted 
the majesty of Rome, but in this he was pre- 
vented, and massacred A. D. 236, by the prae- 
torian guards. Balbinus shared his fate. Pu- 
pienus is sometimes called Maximus In his 
private character he appeared always grave 
and serious, he was the constant friend of jus- 
tice, moderation, and clemency, and no greater 
encomium can be passed upon his virtues, than 
to say that he was invested with the purple- 
without soliciting for it, and that the Roman 
senate said that they had selected him from thou- 
sands, because they knew no person more wor- 
thy or better qualified to support the dignity of 
an emperor. 

Pupitjs, a centurion of Pompey's army, seiz- 
ed by Caesar's soldiers, &c. Cozs. B. C. 1, c. 
13. 

Puppius,a tragic poet in the age of J. Caesar. 
His tragedies were so pathetic, that when they 
were represented on the Roman stage, the au- 
dience melted into tears, from which circum- j 
stance Horace calls them lacrymosa> 1. ep. v. 
57. 



PuRPURARiiE, two islands of the Atlantic oa 
the African coast, now Lancarota and FortU' 
ventura. -Plin. 6, c. 31, 1. 35, c. 6 

Puteoli, a maritime town of Campania, be- 
tween Baiae and Naples, founded by a colony 
from Cumae It was originally called Dicaear- 
cbia, and afterwards Puteoli, from the great 
number of wells that were in the neighbourhood. 
It was much frequented by the Romans, on ac- 
count of its mineral waters and hot baths, and 
near it Cicero had a villa called Puteolanum. 
It is now called Puzzoli, and contains, instead 
I of its ancient magnificence, not more than, 
10,000 inhabitants. Sil. 13, v. 385.-— Strab. 
5 — Varro. L. L. 4, c. 5. — Cic Phil 8, c. 3, 
fam. 15. ep. 5. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Paus. 8, c 7. 

PimcuL.a2, a place of the Esquiline gate, 
where the meanest of the Roman populace 
were buried. Part of it was converted into a 
garden by Mecaenas, who received it as a pre- 
sent from Augustus. Horat. 1. Sat. 8, v. 8. — 
Varro. L. L. 4. c. 5. 

Pyanepsia, an Athenian festival celebrated 
in honour of Theseus and his companions; who, 
after their return from Crete, were entertained 
with all manner of fruits, and particularly 
pulse. From this circumstance the Pyanepsia 
was ever after commemorated by the boiling of 
pulse, a.7ro <tcw i-^uv TFVAta.. Some, however, 
suppose, that it was observed in commemoration 
of the Heraclidae, who were entertained with 
pulse by the Athenians. 

Pydna, a town of Macedonia, originally call- 
ed Citron, situate between the mouth of the ri- 
vers Aliacmon and Lydius It was in this city 
that Cassander massacred Olympias the mother 
of Alexander the Great, his wife Roxane, and 
his son Alexander. Pydna is famous for a bat- 
tle which was fought thene, on the 226 of June^ 
B. C. 168, between the Romans under Paulus 
and king Philip, in which the latter was con- 
quered, and Macedonia soon after reduced in- 
to the form of a Roman province. Justin. 14, 
c. 6. — Flor — Plut. in Paul — Liv. 44, c. 10. 

Pygela, a seaport town of Ionia. Liv. 37, 
c. 11. 

Pygm.&i, a nation of dwarfs, in the extremest 
parts of India, or according to others, in ^Ethio- 
pia. Some authors affirm, that they were no 
more than one foot high, and that they built 
their houses with egg shells. Aristotle says 
that they lived in holes under the earth, and 
that they came out in the harvest time with 
hatchets to cut down the corn as if to fell a 
forest. They went on goats and lambs of pro- 
portionable stature to themselves, to make war 
against certain birds whom some call cranes, 
which came there yearly from Scythia to plun- 
der them. They were originally governed by 
Gerana a princess, who was changed into a 
crane, for boasting herself fairer than Juno. 
Ovid. Met. 6, v. 90.— Homer. II. 3.— Strab. 7. 
— Aria. Anim. 8, c. 12. — Juv. 13, v. 186. — 
Plin. 4, &c. — Mela, 3, c. 8. — Suet, in Aug. 

83 Philostr. icon. 2, c. 22, mentions that 

Hercules once fell asleep in the deserts of Af- 
rica, after he had conquered Antaeus, and that 
he was suddenly awakened by an attack which 
had been made upon his body by an army of 



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these Lilipulians, who discharged their arrows 
with great fury upon his arms and legs. The 
hero, pleased with their courage, wrapped the 
greatest number of them in the skin of the 
Nemaean iiou, and carried them to Eurystheus. 

Pygm^oNj a surname of Adonis in Cyprus. 
Hesych. 

Pygmalion, a king of Tyre, son of Belus, 
and brother to the celebrated Dido, who founded 
Carthage. At the death of his father he as- 
cended the vacant throne, and soon became 
odious by his cruelty and avarice. He sacrifi- 
ced every thing to the gratification of his pre- 
dominant passions, and he did not even spare 
the life of Sichaeus, Dido's husband, because he 
was the most powerful and opulent of all the 
Phoenicians. This murder he committed in a 
temple, of which Sichaeus was the priest; but 
instead of obtaining the riches which he de- 
sired, Pygmalion was shunned by his subjects, 
and Dido, to avoid further acts of cruelty fled 
away with her husband's treasure, and a large 
colony, to the coast of Africa, where she found- 
ed a city. Pygmalion died in the 56th year of 
his age, and in the 47th of his reign. Virg. 
JEn. 1. v. 347, &c. — Justin. 18, c. 5. — Jlpollod. 

3. Ital. 1. A celebrated statuary of the 

island of Cyprus. The debauchery of the fe 
males of Amathus, to which he was a witness, 
created in him such an aversion for the fair 
sex, that he resolved never to marry. The af- 
fection which he had denied to the other sex, 
he liberally bestowed upon the works of his own 
hands. He became enamoured of a beautiful 
statue of marble which he had made, and at his 
earnest request and prayers, according to the 
mycologists, the goddess of beauty changed the 
favourite statue into a woman, whom the artist 
married, and by whom he had a son called Pa- 
phus, who founded the city of that name in Cy 
prus. Ovid. Met. 10, fab 9. 

Pylades, a son of Strophius, king of Phocis, 
by one of the sisters of Agamemnon. He was 
educated together with his cousin Orestes, with 
whom he formed the most inviolable friendship, 
and whom he assisted to revenge the murder of 
Agamemnon, by assassinating Clytemnestraand 
iEgysthus He also accompanied him to Tau- 
rica Chersonesus, and for his services Orestes 
rewarded him, by giving him his sister Electra 
in marriage. Pylades had by her two sens, 
Medon and Strophius- The friendship of 
Orestes and Pylades became proverbial. [Vid. 
Orestes.] Eurip. in Iphig. — JEschyl. in Jig. 

&c. — Pans. 1, c. 28. A celebrated Greek 

musician, in the age of Philopcemen Plut. in 
Phil. A mimic in the reign of Augustus, ba- 
nished, and afterwards recalled. 

Pyl^, a town of Asia, between Cappadocia 
and Cilicia. Cic. 5, ad. Jltt. The word Pyloz, 
which signifies gates, was often applied by the 
Greeks to any straits or passages which opened 
a communication between one country and ano- 
ther, such as the straits of Thermopylae, of 
Persia, Hyrcania, &c. 

Pyljemenes, a Paphlagonian, son of Melius, 
who came to the Trojan war, and was killed by 
Menelaus. His son, called Harpalion. was 
killed by Meriones. Dictys, Gret. 2, c. 34. — 



Homer. II. 2, v. 368. A king of Maeonia, 

who sent his sons, Mestes and Antiphus, to the 

Trojan war. Another, son of Nicomedes, 

banished from Paphiagonia by Mithridates, and 
restored by Pompey. Eutrop. 5 and 6. 

Pylagor^e, a name given to the Amphictyo- 
nic council, because they always assembled at 
Pylae, near the temple of Deiphi 

Pylaon, a son of Neleus and Chloris, killed 
by Hercules with his brothers. Jlpollod. l,c. 9. 

Pylarge, a daughter of Danaus. Jlpollod. 

Pylartes, a Trojan killed by Patroclue. 
Homer II. 16, v- 695. 

Pylas, a king of Megara. He had the mis- 
fortune accidentally to kill his uncle Bias, for 
which he fled away, leaving his kingdom to 
Pandion, his son-in-law, who had been driven 
from Athens. Jlpollod. 3, c. 15. — Paus. 1, 
c. 39. 

Pylene, a town of iEtolia. Homer. II. 2. 

Pyleits, a Trojan chief, killed by Achilles, 
A son of Clymenus, king of Orchomenos. 

Pylleon, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 42, 
c. 42. 

Pylo, a daughter of Thespius, mother of 
Hippotas. Jlpollod. 

I ylos, now JVavarin, a town of Messenia, 
situate on the western coast of the Peloponne- 
sus, opposite the island Sphacteria in the Ionian 
sea- It was also called Coryphasion, from the 
promontory on which it was erected. It was 
built by Pylus, at the head of a colony from 
Megara. The founder was dispossessed of it 
by Neleus, and fled into Elis, where he dwelt 
in a small town which he also called Pylos. 
A town of Elis, at the mouth of the river 



Alpheus, between the Peneus and Selleis. 
Another town of Elis called Triphyliacha, from 
Triphylia, a province of Elis, where it was 
situate. These three cities which bore the 
name of Pylos, disputed their respective right to 
the honour of having given birth to the cele- 
brated Nestor son of Neleus. The Pylos which 
is situate near the Alpheus, seems to win the 
palm, as it had in its neighbourhood a small vil- 
lage called Geranus, and a river called Geron. 
of which Homer makes mention. Pindar, how- 
ever, calls Nestor king of Messenia, and, there- 
fore, gives the preference to the first mentioned 
of these three cities. Jlpollod 1, c. 19,1. 3, 
c 15 —Paus. l,c. 39.— Strab. 9.— Homer. II. 
2, Od. 3. 

Pylus, a town- [Fid. Pylos] A son of 

Mars by Demonice, the daughter of Agenor. 
He was present at the chase of the Calydonian 
boar. Jlpollod. 1. 

Pyra, part of mount (Eta, on which the body 
of Hercules was burnt. Liv. 36, c. 30. 

Pyracmon, one of Vulcan's workmen in the 
forges of mount iEtna. The name is derived 
from two Greek words, which signify fire and 
an anvil. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 425. 

Pyracmos, a man killed by Caeneus. Ovid 
Met. 12, v. 460. 

PyrjEChmes, a king of Eubcea. A king 

of Paeonia during the Trojan war. 

Pyramus, a youth of Babylon, who became 
enamoured of Thisbe, a beautiful virgin who 
dwelt in the neighbourhood. The flam*. wa r 



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mutual, and the two lovers, whom their parents 
forbad to marry, regularly received each 
other's addresses through the chink of a wall, 
which separated their houses. After the most 
solemn vows of sincerity, they both agreed to 
elude the vigilance of their friends and to meet 
one another at the tomb of Nmus, under a white 
mulberry tree, without the walls of Babylon 
Thisbe came first to the appointed place, but 
the sudden arrival of a lioness frightened her 
away; and as she fled into a neighbouring cave 
she dropped her veil, which the lioness found 
and besmeared with blood. Pyramus soon ar- 
rived, he found Thisbe's veil all bloody, and 
concluding that she had been torn to pieces by 
the wild beasts cf the place, he stabbed himself 
with his sword. Thisbe, when her fears were 
vanished, returned from the cave, and at the 
sight of the dying Pyramus, she fell upon the 
sword which still reel<ecj with his blood. This 
tragical scene happened under a white mulberry 
tree, which, as the poets mention, was stained 
with the blood of the lovers, and ever after bore 
fruit of the colour of blood. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 55, 

&c. — Hygin. fab. 243 A river of Cilicia, 

rising in mount Taurus, and failing into the 
Pamphylian sea. Cic. 3, fam. 11. — Dionys. 
Perieg. 

Pyren^ea Venus, a town of Gallia Narbo- 
nensis. 

Pyrenjei, a mountain, or a long ridge of high 
mountains, which separate Gaul from Spain, 
and extend from the Atlantic to the Mediterra- 
nean sea. They receive their name from Pyrene 
the daughter of Bebrycius, [Fid. Pyrene, or 
from the fire (nvg) which once raged there for 
several days. This fire was originally kindled 
by shepherds, and so intense was the heat which 
it occasioned, that all the silver mines of the 
mountains were melted, and ran down in large 
rivulets. This account is deemed fabulous by 
Strabo and others. Diod. 5. — Strab. 3 — Mela, 
2, c. 6— Hal. 3, v. 415.— Liv. 21, c. 60.— 
Plut. 4, c. 20. 

Pyren^eus, a king of Thrace, who during a 
shower of rain, gave shelter in his house to the 
nine muses, and attempted to offer them vio- 
lence. ■ he goddesses upon this took to their 
wings and flew away. Pyrena?us, who attempt- 
ed to follow them, as if he had wings, threw 
himself down from the top of a tower and was 
killed Ovid. Met. 5, v. 274. 

Pyrene, a daughter of Bebrycius, king of the 
southern parts of Spain. Hercules offered vio- 
lence to her before he went to attack Geryon, 
and she brought into the world a serpent, 
which so terrified her, that she fled into the 
woods, where she was torn to pieces by wild 

beasts. A nymph, mother of Cycnus by 

Mars. JJpollod. A fountain near Corinth. 

-A small village in Celtic Gaul, near which, 

according to some, the river Ister took its rise. 

Pyrgi, an ancient town of Etrnria, on the 
sea coast. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 184.— Liv. 36, 
c. 3. 

Pyrgjon, an historian who wrote on the laws 
of Crete. Jithen. 

Pyrgo, the nurse of Priam's children, who 



followed iEneas in his flight from Troy. Virg. 
JEn. 5, v. 645. 

I yrgoteles, a celebrated engraver on 
gems, in the age of Alexander the Great. He 
had the exclusive privilege of engraving the 
conqueror, as Lysippus was the only sculptor 
who was permitted to make statues of him. 
Plin, 37, c 1. 

Pyrgus, a fortified place of Elis in the Pe- 
loponnesus. 

Pyrippe, a daughter of Thespius. 

Pyro, one of the Oceauides. Hesiod. 

Pyrodes, a son of Cilix, said to be the first 
who discovered and applied to human purposes 
the fire concealed in flints. Plin. 7, c. 56. 

Pyrois, one of the horses of the sun. Ovid. 
Met. 2, v. 153. 

Pyronia, a surname of Diana. Pans- 8, c. 
16. 

Pyrrha, a daughter of Epimetheus and Pan- 
dora, who married Deucalion, the son of Pro- 
metheus, who reigned in Thessaly. In her age 
ail mankind were destroyed by a deluge, and 
she alone, with her husband, escaped from the 
general destruction, by saving themselves in a 
boat which Deucalion had made by his father's 
advice. When the waters had retired from the 
surface of the earth, Pyrrha, with her husband, 
went to the oracle- of Themis, where they were 
directed, to repair the loss of mankind, to tnrow 
stones behind their backs. They obeyed, and 
the stones which Pyrrha threw were changed 
into women, and those of Deucalion into men. 
[Fid. Deucalion.] Pyrrha became mother of 
Amphictyqn, Hellen, and Protogenea, by Deu- 
calion. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 350, &c— - Hygin fab. 
153.— Jlpollon. Rhod. 3, v. 1085.- — A daugh- 
ter of Creon, king of Thebes. Paus. 9, c. 10. 
— — The name which Achilles bore when he 
disguised himse.f in women's clothes, at the 

court of Lycomedes. Hygin. fab. 96.- A 

town o; Eubcea. Mela, 2, c 7. A promon- 
tory of I hthiotis, on the bay of Malia. A 

town of Lesbos. A beautiful courtezan at 

Rome, of whom Horace was long an admirer. 
Tlorat, 1, od 5. 

Pyrrheus, a place in the city of Ambracia. 
Liv- 38, c. 5. 

Pyrrhi castra, a place of Lucania. Liv. 
35, c. 27. 

Pyrrhias, a boatman of Ithaca, remarkable 
for his humanity. He delivered from slavery 
an old man who had been taken by pirates, and 
robbed of some pots full of pitch. The old man 
was so grateful for his kindness, that he gave 
the pots to his deliverer, after he had told him 
that they contained gold under the pitch. Pyrr- 
hias upon this offered the sacrifice of a bull to 
the old man, and retained him in his house, 
with every act of kindness and attention till the 

time of his death. Plut in quazst. G. A 

general of the iEtolians, defeated by Philip, 
king of Macedonia. 

Pyrrhicha, a kind of dance said to be in- 
vented and introduced into Greece by Pyrrhus 
the son of Achilles. The dancers were gene- 
rally armed. Plin. 7, c. 56. 

Pyrrhicus. a free town of Laconia. Paus. 
3, c. 2\.—Jtihtn. 14. 



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Pyrrhidje, a patronymic given to the suc- 
cessors of Neoptolemus in Epirus. 

Pyrrho, a philosopher of Elis, disciple to 
Anaxarchus, and originally a painter. His 
father's name was Plistarchus, or Pistocrates. 
He was in continual suspense of judgment, he 
doubted of every thing, never made any con- 
clusions, and when he had carefully examined 
a subject, and investigated all its parts, he con- 
cluded by still doubting of its evidence. This 
manner of doubting in the philosopher has been 
called Pyrrhonysm, and his disciples have re- 
ceived the appellation of sceptics, inquisitors, 
examiners, &c He pretended lo have acquired 
an uncommon dominion over opinion and pas- 
sions. The former of these virtues he called 
ataraxia. and the latter mairiopathia, and so far 
did he carry his want of common feeling and 
sympathy, that he passed with unconcern near 
a ditch in which his master -Anaxarchus had 
fallen, and where he nearly perished. He was 
once in a storm, and when all hopes were va- 
nished, and destruction certain, the philosopher 
remained unconcerned; and whiie the rest of 
the crew were lost in lamentations, he plainly 
told them to look at a pig which was then feed- 
ing himself on board the vessel, exclaiming, 
This is a true model for a ivise man. As he 
showed so much indifference in every thing, and 
declared that life and death were the same 
thing, some of his disciples asked him, why he 
did not hurry himself out of the world; because, 
says he, there is no difference betxoeen life and 
death. When he walked in the streets he never 
looked behind or moved from the road for a 
chariot, even in its most rapid course; and, in- 
deed, as some authors remark, this indifference 
for his safety often exposed him to the greatest 
and most imminent dangers, from which he was 
saved by the interference of his friends who 
followed him. He flourished B. C. 304, and 
died at the advanced age of 90. He left no 
writings behind him. His countrymen were so 
partial to him, that they raised statues to his 
memory, and exempted all the philosophers of 
Elis from taxes. Diog. 9. — Cic. de Oral. 3, c. 
n.—Aul. Gel. 11, c. 5— Paus 6, c. 24. 

Pyrrhus, a son of Achilles and Deidamia, 
the daughter of king Lycomedes, who received 
this name from the yellowness of his hair. He 
was also called Neoptolemus, or new warrior, 
because he came to the Trojan war in the last 
year of the celebrated siege of the capital of j 

Troas. [Vid. Neoptolemus.] A king of 

Epirus, descended from Achilles, by the side of j 
his mother, and from Hercules by that of his 
father, and son of iEacides and Phthia. He 
was saved when an infant, by the fidelity of his 
servants, from the pursuits of the enemies of 
his father, who had been banished from his 
kingdom, and he was carried to the court of 
Glautias king of lllyricum, who educated him 
with great tenderness. Cassandcr, king of 
Macedonia, wished to despatch him, as he had 
so much to dread from him; but Glautias not 
only refused to deliver him up into the hands 
of his enemy, but he even went with an army, 
and placed him on the throne of Epirus, though 
only 1 2 years of age. About five years after, 



the absence of Pyrrhus, to attend the nuptials 
of one of the daughters of Glautias raised new 
commotions. The monarch was expelled from 
his throne by Neoptolemus, who bad usurped it 
after the death of iEaciries; and being still 
without resources, he applied to his brother-in-- 
law Demetrius for assistance. He accompanied 
Demetrius at the battle of Ipsus, and fought 
there with all the prudence and intrepidity of 
an experienced general. He afterwards passed 
into Egypt, where by his marriage with Anti- 
gone the daughter of Berenice, he soon obtain- 
ed a sufficient force to attempt the recovery of 
his throne. He was successful in the under- 
taking, but to remove ail causes of quarrel, he 
took the usurper to share with him the royalty, 
and some time after he put him to death under 
pretence that he had attempted to poison him. 
In the subsequent years of his reign, Pyrrhus 
engaged in the quarrels which disturbed the 
peace of the Macedonian monarchy, he march- 
ed against Demetrius, and gave the Macedo- 
nian soldiers fresh proofs of his valour and ac- 
tivity. By dissimulation he ingratiated himself 
in the minds of his enemy's subjects, and when 
Demetrius laboured under a momentary illness, 
Pyrrhus made an attempt upon the crown of 
Macedonia, which, if not then successful, soon 
after rendered him master of the kingdom. 
This he shared with Lysimachus for seven 
months, till the jealousy of the Macedonians, 
and the ambition of his colleague, obliged him 
to retire. Pyrrhus was meditating new con- 
quests, when the Tarentines invited him to Italy 
to assist them against the encroaching power of 
Rome. He gladly accepted the invitation, but 
his passage across the Adriatic proved nearly 
fatal, and he reached the shores of Italy, after 
the loss of the greatest part of his troops in a 
storm. At his entrance into Tarentum, B. C. 
2S0, he begau to reform the manners of the 
inhabitants, and, by introducing the strictest 
discipline among their troops, to accustom them 
to bear fatigue and to despise dangers. In the 
first battle which he fought with the Romans, 
he obtained the victory, but for this he was 
more particularly indebted to his elephants, 
whose bulk and uncommon appearance astonish- 
ed the Romans, and terrified their cavalry. The 
number of the slain was equal on both sides, 
and the conqueror said that such another vic- 
tory would totally ruin him. He also sent Cineas, 
his chief minister, to Rome, and though victo- 
rious, he sued for peace. These offers of peace 
were refused, and when Pyrrhus questioned 
Cineas about the manners and the character of 
the Romans, the sagacious minister replied, that 
their senate was a venerable assembly of kings, 
and that to fight against them was to attack an- 
other Hydra. A second battle was fought near 
Asculum, but the slaughter was so great, and. 
the ralour so conspicuous on both sides, that the 
Romans and their enemies reciprocally claimed 
the victory as their own. Pyrrhus still con- 
tinued the war in favour of the Tarentines, 
when he was invited into Sicily by the inha- 
bitants, who laboured under the yoke of Car- 
thage, and the cruelty of their own petty tyrants. 
His fondness of novelty soon determined him t» 



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quit Italy, he left a garrison at Tarentum, and 
crossed over to Sicily, where he obtained two 
victories over the Carthaginians, and took many 
of their towns. He was for a while successful, 
and formed the project of invading Africa, but 
soon his popularity vanished, his troops became 
insolent, and he behaved with haughtiness, and 
showed himself oppressive, so that his return to 
Italy was deemed a fortunate event for ail Sicily. 
He had no sooner arrived at Tarentum than he 
renewed hostilities with the Romans with great 
acrimony, but when his ar.ny of 80,000 men 
had been defeated by 20,000 of the enemy, un- 
der Curitis, he left Italy with precipitation, B. C. 
274, ashamed of the enterprise, and mortified 
by the victories which had been obtained over 
one of the descendants of Achilles. In Epirus 
he began to repair his military character, by 
attacking Antigonus, who was then on the Ma- 
cedonian throne. He gained some advantages 
ovei" his enemy, and was at last restored to the 
throne of Macedonia. He afterwards marched 
against Sparta, at the request of Cleonymus, 
but when all his vigorous operations were in- 
sufficient to take the capital of Laconia, he re- 
tired to Argos, where the treachery of Aristeus 
invited him. The Argives desired him to re- 
tire, and not to interfere in the affairs of their 
republic, which were confounded by the am- 
bition of two of their nobles. He complied with 
their wishes, but in the night he marched his 
forces into the town, and might have made him- 
self master of the place had he not retarded 
his progress by entering it with his elephants 
The combat that ensued was obstinate and 
bloody, and the monarch, to fight with more 
boldness, and to encounter dangers with more 
facility, exchanged his dress. He was attacked 
by one of the enemy, but as he was going to 
run him through in his own defence, the mother 
of the Argive, who saw her son's danger from 
the top of a house, threw down a tile and 
brought Pyrrhus to the ground. His head was 
cut off, and carried to Antigonus, who gave his 
remains a magnificent funeral, and presented 
his ashes to his son Helenus, 272 years before 
the Christian era. Pyrrhus has been deserved- 
ly commended for his talents as a general; and 
not only his friends but also his enemies, have 
been warm in extolling him; and Annibal de- 
clared, that for experience and sagacity the 
kins; of Epirus was the first of commanders. 
He had chosen Alexander the Great for a mo- 
del, and in every thing he wished not only to 
imitate, but to surpass him. In the art of war 
none were superior to him; he not only made 
it his study as a general, but he even wrote 
many books on encampments, and the different 
ways of training up an army, and whatever he 
did was by principle and rule. His uncommon 
understanding, and his penetration, are also 
admired; but the general is severely censored, 
who has no sooner conquered a country, than he 
looks for other victories, without regarding, or 
securing what he had already obtained, by mea- 
sures and regulations honourable to himself, 
and advantageous to his subjects. The Romans 
passed great encomiums upon him, and Pyrrhus 
was no less struck with their magnanimity and 



valour; so much indeed, that he exclaimed, that 
if he had soldiers like the Romans, or if the 
Romans had him for a general, he would leave 
no corner of the earth unseen, and no nation 
unconquered. Pyrrhus married many wives, 
and all for political reasons; besides Antigone, 
he had Lanassa the daughter of Agathocles, as 
also a daughter of Autoleon king of Paeonia. 
His children, as his biographer observes, de- 
rived a warlike spirit from their father, and 
when he was asked by one to which of them he 
should leave the kingdom of Epirus, he replied, 
to him who has the sharpest sword. JElian. 
Hist. an. lO.—Plut. in vita. — Justin. 17, &c. 

— Liv. 13 and 14. — Horat. 3, cd. 6. A king 

of Epirus, son of Ptolemy, murdered by the peo- 
ple of Ambracia. His daughter, called Lau- 
damia, or Deidamia, succeeded him. Paus. 
A son of Daedalus. 

Fyste, the wife of Seleucus, taken prisoner 
by the Gauls, &c. Polyan. 2. 

Pythagoras, a celebrated philosopher, born 
at Samos. His father, Mnesarchus, was a 
person of distinction, and, therefore, the son re- 
ceived that education which was most calculated 
to enlighten his mind, and invigorate his body. 
Like his contemporaries, he was early made 
acquainted with poetry and music; eloquence 
and astronomy became his private studies, and 
in gymnastic exercises he often bore the palm 
for strength and dexterity. He first made him- 
self known in Greece, at the Olympic games, 
where he obtained, in the 18th year of his age, 
the prize for wrestling; and, after he had been 
admired for the elegance and the dignity of his 
person, and the brilliancy of his understanding, 
he retired into the east. In Egypt and Chaldea 
he gained the confidence of the priests, and 
learned from them the artful policy, and the 
symbolic writings, by which they governed the 
princes as well as the people, and after be had 
spent many years in gathering all the informa- 
tion which could be collected from antique tra- 
ditions, concerning the nature of the gods and 
the immortality of the soul, Pythagoras revisit- 
ed his native island. The tyranny of Poly- 
crates at Samos disgusted the philosopher, who 
was a great advocate for national indepen- 
dence; and, though he was the favourite of the 
tyrant, he retired from the island, and a second 
time assisted at the Olympic games. His 
fame was too well known to escape notice; he 
was saluted in the public assembly by the name 
of Sophist, or wise man; but he refused the ap- 
pellation, and was satisfied with that of Philo- 
sopher, or, the friend of wisdom. " At the 
Olympic games, 1 ' said he, in explanation of this 
new appellation he wished to assume, " some 
are attracted with the desire of obtaining 
crowns and honours, others come to expose their 
different commodities to sale, while curiosity 
draws a third class, and the desire of contem- 
plating whatever deserves notice in that cele- 
brated assembly: thus on the more extensive 
theatre of the world, while many struggle for 
the glory of a name, and many pant for the ad- 
vantages of fortune, a few, and indeed but a 
few, who are neither desirous of money, nor 
ambitious of fame, are sufficiently gratified to 



PY 



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be spectators of the wonder, the hurry, and the 
magnificence of the scene." From Olympia, 
the philosopher visited the republics of Elis and 
Sparta, and retired to Magna Grascia, where 
he fixed his habitation in the town of Crotona, 
about the 40th year of his age. Here he 
founded a sect which has received the name of 
the Italian, and he soon saw himself surrounded 
by a great number of pupils, which the recom- 
mendation of his mental, as well as his personal 
accomplishments, had procured. His skill in 
music and medicine, and his knowledge of ma- 
thematics and of natural philosophy, gained 
him friends and admirers; and amidst the vo- 
luptuousness that prevailed among the inhabi- 
tants of Crotona, the Samian sage found his in- 
structions respected, and his approbation court- 
ed: the most debauched and effeminate were 
pleased with the eloquence and the graceful de- 
livery of the philosopher, who boldly upbraided 
them for their vices, and called them to more 
virtuous and manly pursuits. These animated 
harangues were attended with rapid success, 
and a reformation soon took place in the morals 
and the life of the people of Crotona. The fe- 
males were exhorted to become modest, and 
they left off their gaudy ornaments; the youths 
were called away from their pursuits of plea- 
sure, and instantly they forgot their intempe- 
rance, and paid to their parents that submissive 
attention and Reference which the precepts of 
Pythagoras required As to the old, they were 
directed no longer to spend their time in amass- 
ing money, but to improve their understanding, 
and to seek that peace and those comforts of 
mind which frugality, benevolence, and phi- 
lanthropy alone can produce. The sober and 
religious behaviour of the philosopher strongly 
recommended the necessity and importance of 
these precepts. Pythagoras was admired for 
his venerable aspect; his voice was harmonious, 
his eloquence persuasive, and the reputation he 
had acquired by his distant travels, and by being 
crowned at the Olympic games, was great and 
important. He regularly frequented the tem- 
ples of the gods, and paid his devotion to the 
divinity at an early hour; he lived upon the 
purest and most innocent food, he clothed him- 
self like the priests of the Egyptian gods, and, 
by his continual purifications, and regular of- 
ferings, he seemed to be superior to the rest of 
mankind in sanctity. These artful measures 
united to render him an object, not only of re- 
verence, but of imitation. To set himself 
at a greater distance from his pupils, a num- 
ber of years was required to try their va- 
rious dispositions; the most talkative were not 
permitted to speak in the presence of their mas- 
ter before they had been his auditors for five 
years; and those who possessed a natural taci- 
turnity were allowed to speak after a probation 
of two years. When they were capable of re- 
ceiving the secret instructions of the philoso- 
pher, they were taught the use of cyphers and 
hieroglyphic writings; and Pythagoras might 
boast, that his pupils could correspond together, 
though in the most distant regions, in unknown 
characters; and by the signs and words which 
they had received, they could discover, though i 



strangers and barbarians, those that had been 
educated in the Pythagorean school. So great 
was his authority among bis pupils, that to dis- 
pute his word was deemed a crime, and the 
most stubborn were drawn to coincide with the 
opinions of their opponents, when they helped 
their arguments by the words of the master said 
so, an expression which became proverbial in 
jurave in verba magistri. The great influence 
which the philosopher possessed in his school 
was transferred to the world; the pupils divided 
the applause and the approbation of the people 
with their venerated master, and in a short 
time, the rulers and the legislators of all the 
principal towns of Greece, Sicily, and Italy, 
boasted in being the disciples of Pythagoras. 
The Samian philosopher was the first who sup- 
ported the doctrine of metempsychosis, or trans- 
migration of the soul into different bodies; and 
those notions he seemed to have imbibed among 
the priests of Egypt, or in the solitary retreats 
of the Brachmans. More strenuously to sup- 
port his chimerical system, he declared he re- 
collected the different bodies his soul had ani- 
mated before that of the son of Mnesarchus. 
He remembered to have been ^Ethalides, the 
son of Mercury; to have assisted the Greeks dur- 
ing the Trojan war, in the character of 
Euphorbus; [Vid. Euphorbus,] to have been 
Hermotimus: afterwards a fisherman; and last 
of all, Pythagoras. He forbad his disciples to 
eat flesh, as also beans, because he supposed 
them to have been produced from the same pu- 
trified matter from which, at the creation of the 
world, man was formed. In his theological 
system, Pythagoras supported that the universe 
was created from a shapeless heap of passive 
matter, by the hands of a powerful being, who 
himself was the mover and soul of the world, 
and of whose substance the souls of mankind 
were a portion. He considered numbers as the 
principles of every thing, and perceived in the 
universe regularity, correspondence, beauty, 
proportion and harmony, as intentionally pro- 
duced by the Creator. In his doctrines of mo- 
rality, he perceived in the human mind, pro- 
pensities common to us with the brute creation; 
but besides these, and the passions of avarice 
and ambition, he discovered the nobler seeds of 
virtue, aad supported that the most ample and 
perfect gratification was to be found in the en- 
joyment of moral and intellectual pleasures. 
The thoughts of the past he considered as al- 
ways present to us, and he believed that no en- 
joyment could be had where the mind was dis- 
turbed by consciousness of guilt, or fears about 
futurity. This opinion induced the philosopher 
to recommend to his followers a particular mode 
of education. The tender years of the Pytha- 
goreans were employed in continual labour, in 
study, in exercise, and repose; and the philo- 
sopher maintained his well known and impor- 
tant maxim, that many things, especially love, 
are best learnt late. In a more advanced age, 
the adult was desired to behave with caution, 
spirit, and patriotism, and to remember that the 
community and civil society demanded his ex- 
ertions, and that the good of the public, and not 
his own private enjoyments, were the end* of 



FY 



1'Y 



bis creation. From lessons like these, the Py- 
thagoreans were strictly enjoined to call to 
mind, and carefully to review the actions, not 
only of the present, but of the preceding days. 
In their acts of devotion, they early repaired to 
the most solitary places of the mountains, and 
after they had examined their private and pub- 
lic conduct, and conversed with themselves, 
they joined in the company of their friends, and 
early refreshed their body with Sight and frugal 
aliments. Their conversation was of the most 
innocent nature; political or philosophic sub- 
jects were discussed with, propriety, but without 
warmth, and, after the conduct of the following 
day was regulated, the evening was spent with 
the same religious ceremony as the morning, in 
a strict and impartial self-examination. From 
such regularity, nothing but the most salutary 
consequences could arise; and it will not ap- 
pear wonderful that the disciples of Pythagoras 
were so much respected and admired as legisla- 
tors, and imitated for their constancy, friend- 
ship, and humanity. The authors that lived in, 
and after the age of Alexander, have rather 
tarnished than brightened the glory of the 
founder of the Pythagorean school, and they 
have obscured his fame by attributing to him 
actions which were dissonant with his character 
as a man and a moralist. To give more weight 
to his exhortations, as some writers mention, 
Pythagoras retired into a subterraneous cave, 
where his mother sent him intelligence of every 
thing which happened aurmg his absence. Af- 
ter a certain number of months he again re- 
appeared on the earth with a grim and ghastly 
countenance, and declared, in the assembly oi 
the people, that he was returned from hell 
From similar exaggerations, it has been assert- 
ed that he appeared at the Olympic games with 
a golden thigh, and that he could write in let- 
ters of blood whatever he pleased on a looking 
glass, and that, by setting it opposite to the 
moon, when full, all the characters which were 
on the glass became legible on the moon's disk. 
They also support, that, by some magical words, 
he tamed a bear, stopped the flight of an eagle, 
and appeared on the same day and at the same 
instant in the cities of Crotona and Metapontum, 
&c. The time and the place of the death of this 
great philosopher are unknown; yet many sup- 
pose that he died at Metapontum, about 497 
years before Christ; and so great was the vene- 
ration of the people of Magna Graecia for him, 
that he received the same honours as were paid 
to the immortal gods, and his house became a 
sacred temple. Succeeding ages likewise ac- 
knowledged his merits; and when the Romans, 
A. TJ. C. 411, were commanded by the oracle 
of Delphi to erect a statue to the bravest and 
wisest of the Greeks, the distinguished honour 
was conferred on Alcibiades and Pythago- 
ras, Pythagoras had a daughter, called Damo. 
There is now extant a poetical composition as- 
cribed to the philosopher, and called the golden 
verses of Pythagoras, which contain the greatest 
part of his doctrines and moral precepts; but 
many support, that it is a supposititious, and that 
the true name of the writer was Lysis. Pytha- 
goras distinguished himself, also, by his disco- 



veries in geometry, astronomy, and mathema- 
tics; and it is to him that the world is indebted 
for the demonstration of the 47th proposition of 
the first book of Euclid's elements, about the 
square of the hypothenuse. It is said, that he 
was so elated after making the discovery, that 
he made an offering of a hecatomb to the gods; 
but the sacrifice was undoubtedly of small oxen, 
made with wax, as the philosopher was ever an 
enemy to shedding the blood of all animals. 
His system of the universe, in which he placed 
the sun in the centre, and all the planets mov- 
ing in elliptical orbits round it, was deemed 
chimerical and improbable, till the deep in- 
quiries and the philosophy of the 16th century 
proved it, by the most accurate calculations, to 
be true and incontestible. Diogenes, Porphyry, 
Iambi icus, and others, have written an account 
of his life, but with more erudition, perhaps, 
than veracity. Cic de Nat D. 1, c. 5. Tusc 
4, c l—Diog. &c. S.—Hygin. fab. 112. — 
Ovid Met. 15, y. 60, &c— Plato.— Plin. 34, c. 

6. — Gell. 9. — Iamblic.—Porphyr — Plut. 

A soothsayer at Babylon, who foretold the 
death of Alexander, and of Hephaestion, by con- 
sulting the enlrails of victims. A tyrant of 

Ephesus. One of Nero's wicked favourites. 

Pytheas, an archon at Athens. A na- 
tive of Massilia, famous for his knowledge of 
astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and geo- 
graphy. He also distinguished himself by his 
travels, and with a mind that wished to seek in- 
formation in every corner of the earth, he ad- 
vanced far into the northern seas, and discover- 
ed the island of Thule, and entered that then 
unknown sea, which is now called the Baltic, 
His discoveries in astronomy and geography 
were ingenious, and indeed, modern navigators 
have found it expedient to justify and accede to 
his conclusions. He was, the first who establish- 
ed a distinction of climate by the length of days 
and nights. He wrote different treatises in 
Greek, which have been lost, though some of 
them were extant in the beginning of the fifth 
century. Pytheas lived, according to some, in 
the age of Aristotle. Strab. 2, &c — Plin 37. 
An Athenian rhetorician in the age of De- 
mosthenes, who distinguished himself by his 
intrigues, rapacity, and his opposition to the 
measures of Demosthenes, of whom he observ- 
ed, that ins orations smelt of the lamp. Pytheas 
joined Antipater after the death of Alexander 
the Great. His orations were devoid of ele- 
gance, harsh, unconnected aad diffuse, and from 
this circumstance he has not been ranked among 
the orators of Athens. JElian. V. H. 7, c. 7. 
— Plut. in Dem & Polit. pr. 

Pythes. a native of Abdera, in Thrace, son 
of Andromache, who obtained a crown at the 
Olympian games. Plin. 34, c. 7 — Perns. 6, c. 
14. 

Pytheus, a Lydian, famous for his riches in 
the age of Xerxes. He kindly entertained the 
monarch and all his army, when he was march- 
ing on his expedition against Greece, and offer- 
ed him to defray the expenses of the whole 
war. Xerxes thanked him with much gratitude, 
and promised to give him whatever he should 
require. Pytheas asked him to dismiss his son 



PY 



PY 



from the expedition: upon which the monarch 
•ordered the young man to be cut in two, and 
one half of the body to be placed ou the right 
hand of the way, and the other on the left, that 
his army might march between them Pkit. 
de mul virt — Herodot. 

Pythia, the priestess of Apollo at Delphi. 
She delivered the answer of the g<.>d to such as 
came to consult the oracle, and was supposed 
to be suddenly inspired by the sulphureous va- 
pours which issued from the hole of a subter- 
raneous cavity within the temple, over which 
she sat bare on a three legged stool, cailed a 
tripod. In the stool was a small aperture, 
through which the vapour was exhaled by the 
priestess, and at this divine inspiration, her eyes 
suddenly sparkled, her hair stood on end, and 
a shivering ran over all her body. In this con- 
vulsive state she spoke the ovacles of the god, 
often with loud bowlings and^cries, and her ar- 
ticulations were taken down by the priest, and 
set in order. Sometimes the spirit of inspiration 
was more gentle, and not always violent; yet 
Plutarch mentions one of the priestesses who 
was thrown into such excessive fury, that not 
only those that consulted the oracle, but also 
the priests that conducted her to the sacred tri- 
pod, and attended her during the inspiration, 
were terrified and forsook the temple; and so 
violent was the tit, that she continued for some 
days in the most agonizing situation, and at last 
died. The Pythia, before she placed herself 
on the tripod, used to wash her whole body, and 
particularly her hair, in the waters of the 
fountain Castalis, at the foot of mount Parnas- 
sus. She also shook a laurel tree that grew 
near the place, and sometimes eat the leaves 
with which she crowned herself The priestess 
was originally a virgin, but the institution was 
changed when Echecrat.es, a Thessalian, had 
offered violence to one of them, and none but 
women who were above the age of fifty, were 
permitted to enter upon that sacred office. 
They always appeared dressed in the garments 
of virgins to intimate their purity and modesty, 
and they were solemnly bound to observe the 
strictest laws of temperance and chastity, that 
neither fantastical dresses nor lascivious be- 
haviour might bring the office, the religion, or 
the sanctity of the place into contempt. There 
was originally but one Pythia, besides subordi- 
nate priests, and afterwards two were chosen, 
and sometimes more. The most celebrated of 
all these is Phemonoe, who is supposed by some 
to have been the first who gave oracles at Del- 
phi. The oracles were always delivered in 
hexameter verses, a custom which was some- 
time after discontinued. The Pythia was con- 
sulted only one month in the year, about the 
spring. It was always required that those who 
consulted the oracle should make large presents 
to Apollo, and from thence arose, the opulence, 
splendour, and the magnificence of that celebra- 
ted temple of Delphi. Sacrifices were also 
offered to the divinity, and if the omens proved 
unfavourable the priestess refused to give an 
answer. There were generally five priests who 
assisted at the offering of the sacrifices, and 
there was also another who attended the Pythia, 



and assisted her in receiving the oracle. [VU> 
Delphi, Oracuium.] fans 10, c. 5 — Diod. 16. 
— St rub 6 and 9 — Justin. 24, c- 5. — Piut. de 

oral def.—Eniip in In. — Chrysost. Games 

celebrates in honour of Apollo near the temple 
of Delphi. They were first instituted, accord- 
ing to the more received opinion, by Apollo 
himself, in commemoration of the victory which 
heJhad obtained over the serpent Python, from 
which they received their name; though others 
maintain that they were first esta'dished by 
Agamemnon, or Diomedes, or by Amphictyon, 
or lastly by the council of fhe Amphictyons, B. 
C. 1263. They were originally celebrated once 
in nine years, but afterwards every fifth year, 
on the second year of every Olympiad, accord- 
ing to the number of the Parnassian nymphs 
who congratulated Apollo after his victory. The 
gods themselves were originally among the 
combatants, and according to some authors, the 
first prizes were won by Pollux, in boxing; 
Castor, in horse-races; Hercules, in the pan- 
cratium; Zetes, in fighting with the armour; 
Calais, in ruuning; Telamon, in wrestling; and 
Feleus, in throwing the quoit. These illustrious 
conquerors were rewarded by Apollo himself, 
who was present, with crowns and laurel. Some 
however observe, that it was nothing but a mu- 
sical contention, in which he who sung best the 
praises of Apollo, obtained the prize, which was 
presents of gold or silver, which were after- 
wards exchanged for a garland of the palm 
tree, or of the beach leaves. It is said that 
Hesiod was refused admission to these games, 
because he was not able to play upon the harp, 
which was required of all such as entered the 
lists The songs which were sung were called 
7nj&i>tct vo/uot the Pythian modes, divided into 
five parts, which contained a representation of 
the fight and victory of Apollo over Python; 
ctvAKpa<ng . the preparation for the fight; i^.7ni^a.^ 
the first attempt'. x.ix.rdLH.i\iii<r/uos, taking breath 
and collecting courage; ta./uCoi kcci Jolx.tvxci, 
the insulting sarcasms of the god over his van- 
quished enemy; crv^tyyic, an imitation of the 
hisses of tlie serpent; just as he expired under 
the blows of Apollo. A dance was also intro- 
duced; and in the 48th Olympiad, the Amphic- 
tyons, who presided over the games, increased 
the number of musical instruments by the ad- 
dition of a flute, but, as it was more particularly 
used in funeral songs and lamentations, it was 
soon rejected as unfit for merriment, and the 
festivals which represented the triumph of Apol- 
lo, over the conquered serpent. The Romans, 
according to some; introduced them into their 
city, and called them Apollinares ludi. Pans. 
10, c. 13 and Sl.—Strab. 9.— Ovid. Mel. 1, v. 
447.— Plin. l.—Liv. 25. 

Pythias, a Pythagorean philosopher, inti- 
mate with Damon. [Vid. Phintias.] A 

road which led from Thessaly to Tempe. JEMan. 
A comic character, &c. 

Pythion, an Athenian killed, with 420 sol- 
diers, when he attempted to drive the garrison 
of Demetrius from Athens, &c. Poly<?n. 5. 

Pythium, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 42, c 
53, 1.44, c 2. 
4 E 



PY 



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Pythius, a Syracusan, who defrauded Ca- 
nius, a Roman" knight, to whom he had sold his 
gardens, &c. Cic de Off. 3, c. 14. A sur- 
name of Apollo, which he had received for his 
having conquered the serpent Python, or be- 
cause he was worshipped at Delphi; called also 
Pytho. Macrvb. 1, sat. 17.— Propert. 2, el. 23, 
v. 16. 

Pytho, the ancient name of the town of 
Delphi, which it received clko tou TrctQto-Qtti, 
because the serpent which Apollo killed totted 
there. It was also called Parnassia Nape. [Vid'. 
Delphi.] 

Pythocharis, a musician who assuaged the 
fury of some wolves by playing on a musical in- 
strument, &c. JElian. 

Pythocles, an Athenian descended from 
Aratus. It is said, that on his account, and 
for his instruction, .Plutarch wrote the life of 

Aratus. A man put to death with Phoeion.. 

A man ivho wrote on Italy. 

Pythodorus, an Athenian archon in the age 
of Themistocles. 

Pxtholaus, the brother of Theba, the wife 
of Alexander tyrant of Pheras. He assisted his 
sister in despatching her husband. Pint. 

Python, a native of Byzantium, in the age 
of Philip of Macedonia. He was a great fa- 
vourite of the monarch, who sent him to Thebes, 
when that city, at the instigation of Demos- 
thenes, was going to take arms against Philip. 

Plui. in Dem. — Diod. One of the friends 

of Alexander put to death by Ptolemy Lagus. 

A man who killed Cotys king of Thrace, 

at the instigation of the Athenians — — A cele- 
brated serpent sprung from the mud aud stag- 



nated waters which remained on the surface of 
the earth after the deluge of Deucalion. Some, 
however, suppose that it was produced from the 
earth by Juno, 'and sent by the goddess to per- 
secute Latoua, who was then pregnant by Ju- 
piter. Latona escaped his fury by means of 
her lover, who changed her into a quail during 
the remaining months of her pregnancy, and af- 
terwards restored her to her original shape in 
the island of Delos, where she gave birth to 
Apollo and Diana. Apollo, as soon as he was 
born, attacked the monster and killed him with 
his arrows, and in commemoration of the vic- 
tory which he had obtained, he instituted the 
celebrated Pythian games. Strab. 8. — Pans. 
2, c. 7, 1. 10, c. 6.— Hygin.— Ovid. Met. 1. v. 
438, &c. — Lucan. 5, v. 134. 

Pythonice, an Athenian prostitute greatly 
honoured by Harpalus, whom Alexander some 
time before had entrusted with the treasures of 
Babylon. He married her; and according to 
some, she died the very moment that the nup- 
tials were going to be .celebrated. He raised 
her a splendid mouument on the road which led 
from Athens to Eleusis, which cost him 30 
talents. Diod. 17. — Pans. 1. — Athen. 13, &c. 

Pythonissa, a name given to the priestess 
of Apollo's temple at Delphi. She is more 
generally called Pythia. [Vid. Pythia.] The 
word Pythonissa was commonly applied to wo- 
men who attempted to explain futurity. 

Pytna, a part of Mount Ida. 

Pyttalus, a celebrated athlete, son of 
Larnpis of Elis, who obtained a prize at the 
Olympic games. Pans. 9, c. 16. 



Q,u 

gJjUADERNA, a town of Italy, 
^ff^ Qoadi, an ancient nation of Germany, 
near the country of the Marcomanni, on the 
bowers of the Danube, in modern Moravia. 
They rendered themselves celebrated by their 
opposition to the Romans, by whom they were 
often defeated, though not totally subdued. 
Tacit, in Germ. 42 and 43. An. 2, c. 63. 

Quadratus, a surname given to Mercury, 
because some of his statutes were square. The 
number 4, according to Plutarch, was sacred to 
Mercury, because he was born on the 4th day 
of the month. Plut. in Sympos. 9. A go- 
vernor of Syria in the age of Nero. 

Quadrifrons, or Quadriceps, a surname of 
Janus, because he was represented with four 
heads. He had a temple on the Tarpeian rock, 
raised by L. Catulus. l 

QujEstores, two officers at Rome, first crea- 
ted A. U. C. 269. They received their name, 
a quarendo, because they collected the revenues 
of the state, and had the total management of 
the public treasury. The quaestorship was the 
first office which could be had in the state. It 
was requisite that the candidates should be 24 



QU 

or 26 years of age, or according to some 27. 
In the year 332, U. C. two more were added to 
the others, to attend the consuls, to take care of 
the pay of the armies abroad, and sell the plun- 
der and booty which had been acquired by con- 
quest. These were called Peregrini, whilst 
the others, whose employment was in the city, 
received the name of Urlani. When the Ro- 
mans were masters of all Italy, four more were 
created, A. U. C. 439, to attend the pro-con- 
suls and pro-praetors in their provinces, and to 
collect all the taxes and customs which each 
particular district owed to the republic. They 
were called Provinciates. Sylla the dictator 
created 20 quaestors, and J. Caesar 40, to fill up 
the vacant seats in the senate;, from whence 
it is evident that the quaestors ranked as senators 
in the senate. The quaestors were always ap- 
pointed by the senate at Roacie, and if any per- 
son was appointed to the quaestorship without 
their permission he was only called Proqucestor. 
The quaestores urbani were apparently of more 
consequence than the rest, the treasury was en- 
trusted to their care, they kept an account of 
all receipts and disbursements, and the Roman 



Q,U 



QU 



eagles or ensigns were always in their possession 
when the armies were not on an expedition. 
They required every general before he tri- 
umphed to tell them, upon his oath, that he had 
given a just account of the number of the slain 
on both sides, and that be had been saluted im- 
perator by the soldiers, a title which every com- 
mander generally received from his army after 
he had obtained a victory, and which was after- 
wards confirmed and approved by the senate. 
The city quaestors had also the care of the am- 
bassadors, they lodged and received them, and 
some time after, when Augustus was declared 
emperor, they kept the decrees of the senate, 
which had ueen before entrusted with the cdiles 
and the tribunes. This gave rise to two new 
offices of trust and honour, one of which was 
Qucestor palatii, and the other qu<estor principis 
or augusti, sometimes called candidates princi- 
pis. The tent of the quaestor in the camp was 
called qucestorium. It stood near that of the 
general. Varro. de L. L. 4. — Liv- 4, c. 43. — 
Dio. 43. 

Quari, a people of Gaul. 

Quarius, a river of Boeotia. 

Quercens, a Rutulian who fought against 
the Trojans.' Virg. JEn. 9, v. 684. 

Querquetulanus, a name given to mount 
Ccelius at Rome, from the oaks which grew 
there. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 65. 

Quietis fanum, a temple without the walls 
of the city of Rome. Quies was the goddess 
of rest. Her temple was situate near the 
Colline gate. Liv. 4, c. 4. — Jliigust. de Civ. 
D. 4, c. 16. 

L. Quietus, an officer under the emperor 
Trajan, who behaved with great valour in the 
expeditions which were undertaken by the 
army which he commanded. He was put to 
death by Adrian. 

QuiNCTIA PRATA. V'ld. QuiNl^A. 

Quinctianus, a man who conspired against 
Nero, for which he was put to death. 

Quinctilia, a comedian who refused to be- 
tray a conspiracy which had been formed against 
• Caligula. 

Quinctius T. a Roman consul who gained 
some victories over the iEqui and the Volsci, 
and;obtained a triumph for subduing Praeneste. 

Caeso, a man accused before the Roman 

people, and vindicated by his father Cincinna- 
ti^. A Roman celebrated for his frugality 

[Vid. Cincinnatus.] A master of horse. 



A Roman consul when Annibal invaded Italy. 
— — A brother of Flaminius, banished from the 
senate by Cato, for killing a Gaul. An of- 
ficer killed by the Carthaginians An officer 

under Dolabella. Another who defeated the 

Latins. A consul who obtained a victory 

over the Volsci. Hirpinus. Vid. Hirpinus. 

Quinda, a town of Cilicia. 

Quindecimviri, an order of priests whom 
Tarquin the proud appointed to take care of 
the Sibylline books. They were originally 
two, but afterwards the number was increased 
to ten, to whom Sylla added five more, whence 
their name. Vid. Decemviri and Duumviri. 

Quinquatria, a festival in honour of Mi- 
nerva at Rome, which continued during five 



days. The beginning of the celebration was 
the ISth of March. The first day sacrifices 
and oblations were presented, but, however, 
without the effusion of blood. On the second, 
third, and fourth days, shows of gladiators were 
exhibited, and on the fifth day there was a so- 
lemn procession through the streets of the city. 
On the davs of the celebration, scholars obtain- 
ed holidays, and it was usual for them to offer 
prayers to Minerva for learning and wisdom, 
which the goddess patronized; and on their 
return to school, they presented their master 
with a gift, which has received the name of 
Jtiinerval. They were much the same as the 
Panathenaea of the Greeks. Plays were also 
acted and disputations were held on subjects of 
literature. They received their name from the 
five days which were devoted for the cele- 
bration. 

Quinquennales ludi, games celebrated by 
the Chians in honour of Homer every fifth 
year. There were also some games among the 
Romans which bore this name. They are the 
same as the Actian games. Vid. Actia. 

Qointia Prata, a place on the borders of 
the Tiber near Rome, which had been culti- 
vated by the great Cincinnatus. Liv. 3, c. 26. 
Quintilianus, Marcus Fabius, a celebrated 
rhetorician born in Spain. He opened a school 
of rhetoric at Rome, and was the first who ob- 
tained a salary from the state as being a public 
teacher. After he had remained twenty years 
in this laborious employment, and obtained the 
merited applause of the most illustrious Ro- 
mans, not only as a preceptor, but as a pleader 
at the bar, Quintilian, by the permission of the 
emperor Domitian, retired to enjoy the fruits of 
his labours and industry. In his retirement he 
assiduously dedicated bis time to the study of 
literature, and wrote a treatise on the causes of 
the corruption of eloquence. Some time after, 
at the pressing solicitations of his friends, he 
wrote his institutiones oratorica, the most per- 
fect and complete system of oratory extant. It 
is divided into 12 books, in which the author 
explains from observations, as well as from ex* 
perience, what can constitute a good and per- 
fect orator, and in this he not only mentions the 
pursuits and the employments of the rhetori- 
cian, but he also speaks of his education, and 
begins with the attention which ought to be 
shown him even in his cradle. He was ap- 
pointed preceptor to the two young princes 
whom Domitian destined for his successors on 
the throne, but the pleasures which the rhetori- 
cian received from the favours and the atten- 
tion of the emperor, and from the success which 
his writings met in the wcrld, were embittered 
by the loss of his wife, and of his two sons. It 
is said that Quintilian was poor in his retire- 
ment, and that his indigence was relieved by 
the liberality of his pupil, Pliny the younger. 
He died A D. 95. His institutions were dis- 
covered in the 1415th year of the Christian 
era, in an old tower of a monastery of St. Gal, 
by Poggio Bracciolini, a native of Florence- 
The best editions of Quintilian are those of 
Gesner, 4to. Gotting. 1738; of L. Bat. 8vo. 
cum notis variorum, 1665; of ftibson, 4to. 



au 



qjj 



&xon. 1693; and that of Rollin, republished in 
8vo. London, 179*. 

Quintilius Varus, a Roman governor of 
Syria. [Vid. Varus.]- A friend of the em- 
peror Alexander.- -A man put to death by the 

emperor Severus. 

Quintilla, a courtezan at Rome, &c. Juv. 
7, v. 75. 

Quintillus, M. Aurelius Claudius, a bro- 
ther of Claudius who proclaimed himself empe- 
ror, and 17 days after destroyed himself by 
opening his veins in a bath, when he heard that 
Aurelian was marching against him, about the 
270th year of the Christian era. 

Qointus, or Quintctius, one of the names of 

Cincinnatus. Pen. 1, v. 73 Pedius, a 

painter. Vid. Pedius. 

Quinttjs Curtius Rufus, a Latin historian, 
who flourished, as some suppose, in the reign 
of Vespasian or Trajan. He has rendered him- 
self known by his history of the reign of Alex- 
ander the Great This history was divided into 
10 books, of which the two first, the end of the 
fifth, and the beginning of the sixth, are lost. 
This work is admired for its elegance, the 
purity, and the floridness of the style. It is, 
however, blamed for great anachronisms, and 
glaring mistakes in geography, as well as 
history Freinshemius has wriiten a supple- 
ment to Curtius, in which be seems to have 
made some very satisfactory amends for the 
loss which the history has suffered, by a learn- 
ed collection of facts and circumstances from all 
the different authors who have employed their 
pen in writing an account of Alexander, and of 
his Asiatic conquests. Some suppose that the 
historian is the same with that Curtius Rufus, 
who lived in the age of Claudius, under whom 
he was made consul. This Rufus was born of 
an obscure family, and he attended a Roman 
quaestor in Africa, when he was met at Adru- 
metum by a woman above an human shape, as 
he was walking under the porticos in the mid- 
dle of the day. This extraordinary character 
addressed the indigent Roman and told him 
that the day should come in which he should 
govern Africa with consular power. This 
strange prophecy animated Rufus; he repaired 
to Rome, where he gained the favours of the 
emperor, obtained consular honours, and at last 
retired as pro-consul to Africa, where he died. 
The best editions of Curtius are those of 



Elzevir, 8vo. Amst. 1673; of Snakenburg, 4t«. 
L Bat. 1724; and of Barbou, 12mo. Paris., 
1757. Tacit. Jinn. 11, c. 23, &c. 

Quintus Vebanius, a governor of Cappa- 

docia. Cicero, the brother of Cicero > 

Catulus, a Roman consul. A friend of 

Caesar. 

Quirinalia, festivals in honour of Romulus, 
surnamed Quirinus, celebrated on the 13th of 
the calends of March. 

Quirinalis, a hill at Rome, originally called 
Jigonius, and afterwards Collinus. The name 
of Quirinalis it obtained from the inhabitants of 
Cures, who settled there under their king Ta- 
tius. It was also called Cabalinus, from two 
marble statues of a horse, one of which was the 
work of Phidias, and the other of Praxiteles. 
Liv. I, c 44.— Ovid. Fast. 375. Met. 14, v. 

845. One of the gates of Rome near mount 

Quirinalis. 

Quirinus, a surname of Mars among the 
Romans. This name was also given to Romu- 
lus when he had been" made a god by his su- 
perstitious subjects. Ovid.' Fast. 2, v. 475. 

Also, a surname of the god Janus. 

Sulpitius, a Roman consul born at Lanuvium. 
Though descended of an obscure family, he 
was raised to the greatest honours by Augustus. 
He was appointed governor of Syria, and was 
afterwards made preceptor to Caius, the grand- 
son of the emperor. He married iEmiha Le- 
pida, the grand-daughter of Sylla and Pompey, 
out some time after he shamefully repudiated 
l,er. He died A. D. 22. Tacit. Jinn. 3, &c. 

Quiritf.s, a name give.n to the Roman citi- 
zens, because they admitted into their city 
the Sabines, who inhabited the town of Cures, 
and who on that account were called Quirites. 
After this union, the two- nations were indis- 
criminately and promiscuously called by that 
name. If is. however, to be observed that the 
word was confined to Rome, and not used in 
the armies, as we find some of the generals ap- 
plying it only to such of their soldiers as they 
dismissed or disgraced. Even some of the 
emperors appeased a sedition, by calling their 
rebellious soldiers by the degrading appellation 
of Quirites. Sueton. Cats. 70. — Lamprid. 53. 
Luc an. 5, v. 558. — Herat. 4, od. 14, v 1. — 
Varro. de L. L. 4. — Liv. 1, c. 13. — Ovid. Fast. 
2,v. 479. 



ItA 



RA 



RABIRIUS, C. a Roman knight, who lent 
an immense sum of money to Ptolemy 
Auletes, king of Egypt. The monarch after- 
wards, not only refused to repay him, but even 
confined him, and endangered his life. ' Rabiri- 
us escaped from Egypt with difficulty, but at 
his return to Rome : he was accused by the 
senate of having lent money to an African 
prince, for unlawful purposes. He was ably 
defended by Cicero, and acquitted with difficulty. 



Cic. pro Rab. A Latin poet. in the age of 

Augustus, who wrote, besides satires and epi- 
grams, a poem on the victory which the em- 
peror had gained over Antony at Actium Se- 
neca has compared him to Virgil for elegance 
and majesty, but Quintilian is not so favourable 

to his poetry. Au architect in the reign of 

Domitian, who built a celebrated palace for the 
emperor, of which the ruins are still seen at 
Rome. 



HE 



RE 



Racilia, the wife of Cincinnatus. Lw. 3, 
fc 26. 

Racilius, a tribune who complained in the 
senate of the faction of CloUius. Cic. in Verr. 

2, c. 12, ad. Q./r. 2, c. I. 

Rosaces, an officer of Artaxerxes. He re- 
volted from his master and fled to Athens. 

Ramises, a king of Egvpt. Vid. Rhamses. 

Ramnes, or Rhamnenses, one of the three 
centuries instituted by Romulus. After the 
Roman people had been divided into three 
tribes, the monarch elected out of each 100 
young men of the best and noblest families, 
with which be formed three companies of horse. 
One of them was called Ramnes, either from 
the tribe of which it was chosen, or from Ro- 
mulus. Another was called Tatian, and the 
third Luceres. . Varr. de L. L. 4, c. 9. — Liv- 
1, c. 13.— Horat. de Jltt. poet. S40.—Plut. in 
Rom. 

Randa, a village of Persia, where 3000 re- 
bellious Persians were slain by Chiles. Polycen. 
7. 

Rapo, a Rutulian chief, &c. Virg. JEn. 10, 
T. 748. 

Rascipolis, a Macedonian sent to the as- 
sistance of Pompey. Ccesar. Bell. Civ. 3. c. 4 

Ravenna, a town of Italy on the Adriatic, 
which became celebrated under the Roman em- 
perors for its capacious harbour, which could 
contain 260 ships, and for being for some time 
the seat of the western empire. It was difficult 
of access by land, as it stood on a small penin- 
sula; and so ill supplied with water, tbat it sold 
at a higher price than wine, according to Mar- 
tial. The emperors kept one of their fleets 
there, and the other at Miseuum, on the other 
side of Italy. It was founded by a colony of 
Thessalians, or according to others of Sabines 
It is now fallen from its former grandeur, and 
is a wretched town situate at the distance of 
about four miles from the sea, and surrounded 
with swamps aud marshes. Strcb 5.. — Sttet 
in Aug. 49.— PLin. 36, c. 12.— Mela, 2. c. 4. 
Martial. 3, ep 93, v. 8, &c. 
' Ravola, a celebrated oebauchee, &c. Juv. 

Rauraci, a people of Gaul whose chief town 
is now Augst on the Rhiue. Cces- G. 1, c. 5. 

Reate, a pleasant town of Umbria, built as 
some suppose before the Trojan war, about 15 
miles from Fanum Vacunse, near the lake 
Valinus. Cybele was the chief deity of the 
place It was famous for its asses. Strab. 5. 
— Dionys. Hal. 1. — Varro. de R. R. 1. — Liv. 
25, c 7, 1. 26, c. 11, 1. 28, c. 45.— Cic. Cat. 

3, c. 2, JV. 0. 2, c. 2. . 

Rediculus, a deity whose name is derived 
from the word redire, (to return.) The Ro- 
mans raised a temple to this imaginary deity on 
the spot where Annibal had retired when he 
approached Rome, as if to besiege it. Festus 
de V. sig. 

Redones, a nation among the Armorici, now 
the people of Remus and St. JWaloes, in Bri- 
teny. Cces. B. G. 2, c. 41. 

Regilue, or Regiulum, a town in the coun- 
try of the Sabines in Italy, about 20 miles from 
Rome, celebrated for a battle which was fought 
there, A. U. C. 258, between 24,000 Romans, 



and 40,000 Etrurians, who were headed by the 
Tarquins. The Romans obtained the victory, 
and scarce 10,000 of the enemy escaped from 
the field of battle. Castor and Pollux, accord- 
ing to some accounts, were seen mounted on 
white horses, and fighting at the head of the 
Roman army. Liv- 2, c. 16. — Dionys. Hal. 
5.— Pint, in Cor.— Val. Max. 1. — Flor. 1. — 
Suet.- Tib. 1. 

Regillianus, Q. Nonius, a Dacian who en- 
tered the Roman armies, and was raised to the 
greatest honours under Valerian. He was elect- 
ed emperor by the populace, who were dissa- 
tisfied with Gallienus, and was soon after mur- 
dered by his soldiers, A. D. 262. 
, Regillus, a small lake of Latium, whose 
waters fali into the Auio, at the east of Rome. 
The dictator Posthumius defeated the Latin 
army near it. Liv. 2, c. 19. 

Reginum, a town of Germany, now supposed 
Ratisbon or Reginsburg. 

Regium Lepidum, a town of Modena, now 
Regio, at the south of the Po. Plin. 3, c. 15. 
— Cic. 12, fam. 5, 1. 13, ep. 7. 

M. Attilius Regulus, a consul during the 
first Punic war. He reduced Brundusium, and 
in his second consulship he took 64 and sunk 30 
gallies of the Carthaginian fleet, on the coast 
of Sicily. Afterwards he landed in Africa, and 
so rapid was his success, that in a short time he 
defeated three generals, and made himself mas- 
ter of about 200 places of consequence on the 
coast. The Carthaginians sued for peace, but 
the conqueror refused to grant it, and soon after 
he was defeated in a battle by Xauthippus, and 
30,000 of his men were left on the fieicl of bat- 
tle, and 15,000 taken prisoners. Regulus was 
in the number of the captives, and he was car- 
ried in triumph to Carthage. Be was after- 
wards sent by the enemy to Rome, to propose 
an accommodation, and an exchange of pri- 
soners; and if his commission tvas unsuccessful, 
he was bound by the most solemn oaths to re- 
Hirn to Carthage without delay. When he 
came to Rome, Re, uius dissuaded his country- 
men from accepting the terms which the enemy 
proposed, and when his opinion had had due in- 
fluence on the senate, Reguius retired to Car- 
thage agreeable to his engagements The Car- 
thaginians were- told that Iherr offers of peace 
had been rejected at Rome by the means of 
Regulus, and therefore they prepared to punish 
him with the greatest severity. His eye-brows 
were cot, and he was exposed for some days to 
the excessive heat of the meridian sun, aud 
afterwards confined' in a barrel, whose sides 
were every where filled with large iron spikes, 
till he died in the greatest agonies. His suffer- 
ings were heard at Rome, ami the senate per- 
mitted his widow to inflict whatever punishment 
she pleased on some of the most illustrious cap- 
tive« of Carthage, who were in their hands. 
She confined them also in presses filled with 
sharp iron points, and was so exquisite in her 
cruelty, that the senate at last interfered, and 
stopped the barbarity of her punishments. Re- 
gulus died about 251 years before Christ. Sil. 
6, v. 319.— Flor. 2, c. 3.— Horat. 3, od. 5.— 
Cic de Off. 1, c 13.— Val. Max. 1, c. 1,1. 9, 



EH 



itii 



c. 2.—Lw. cp. 16. Memmius, a Roman 

made governor of Greece by Caligula. While 
Regulns was in his province, the emperor wish- 
ed to bring the celebrated statue of Jupiter 
Olympius, by Phidias, to Rome; but this was 
supernaturally prevented, and according to ao- 
cient authors, the ship which was to convey it 
was destroyed by lightning, and the workmen 
who attempted to remove the statue, were ter- 
rified away by sudden noises. Dio. Cass. 

A man who condemned Sejanus. Roseius, 

a man who held the consulship but for one day, 
in the reign of Viteliius. 

Remi, a nation of Gaul, whose principal town 
Duncortorium, is now Rheims, in the north of 
Champagne. Plin. 4, c. 17.— -Cess. B. G. 2, 
C. 5. 

Remmia lex de judiciis, was enacted to pu- 
nish all calumniators. The letter K was mark- 
ed on their forehead. This law was abolished 
by Constantine the Great. Cic. pro. Ros 

Remulus, a chief of Tiber, whose arms 
were seized by the Rutulians, and afterwards 
became part of the plunder which Euryaius ob- 
tained. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 360. A friend of 

Turnus, trampled to death by his horse, which 
Orsilochus had wounded. Id. 11, v. 636, &c. 

Remulus Sylvius, a king of Alba, destroyed 
by lightning on account of his impiety. Ovid. 
Trist. 4, v.^50. 

Remuria, festivals established at Rome by 
Romulus, to appease the manes of his brother 
Remus. They were afterwards called Lemuria, 
and celebrated yearly. 

Remus, the brother of Romulus, was exposed, 
together with him, by the cruelty of his grand- 
father. In the contest which happened between 
the two brothers about building a city, Romulus 
obtained the preference, and Remus, for ridi- 
culing the rising walls, was put to death by his 
brother's orders, or by Romulus himself. [Vid. 
Romulus.] The Romans were afflicted with a 
plague after this murder, upon which the oracle 
was consulted, and the manes of Remus ap- 
peased by the institution of the Remuria. Ovid. 

■ One of the auxiliaries of Turnus against 

^Eneas. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 330. 

REsiENA, a town of Mesopotamia, famous for 
the defeat of Sapor by Gordian. 

Resus, a small river of Asia Minor, falling 
into the Maeander. 

Retina, a village near Misenum. Plin, 6, 
ep. 16. 

Reudigni, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de 
Germ- 40. 

Rha, a large river, now the Volga t of Russia. 
A medical root which grew on its bank was 
called Rha barbarum y Rhubarb. 

Rhacia, a promoutory in the Mediterranean 
«ea, projecting from the Pyrenean mountains. 

Rhacius, a Cretan prince, the first of that 
nation who entered Ionia with a colony. He 
seized Claros, of which he became the so- 
vereign. He married Manto, the daughter of 
Tiresias, who had been seized on his coasts. 
Paus. 7,c. 3. 

Rhacotis, an ancient name of Alexandria, 
1he capital of Egypt, ittrab. — Paus. 5, c .21. 

Rhadamanthus, a son of Jupiter and Euro- 



pa. He was born in Crete, which he aban- 
doned about the 30th year of his age. He passed 
into some of the Cyclades, where he reigned 
with so much justice and impartiality, that the 
ancients have said he became one of the judges 
of hell, and that he was employed in the infer- 
nal regions in obliging the dead to confess their 
crimes, and in punishing them for their offences. 
Rhadamanthus reigned not only over some of 
the Cyclades, but over many of the Greek cities 
of Asia. Paus. 8, c. 53. — Ovid. Met. 9, v. 
435.— Diod. 5.— Plato,— Homer. II. 4, v. 564. 
— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 566. 

Rhadamistus, a son of Pharnasmanes, king 
of Iberia. He married Zenobia, the daughter 
of his uncle Mithridates, king of Armenia, and 
some time after put him to death. He was put 
to death by his father for his cruelties, about 
the year 52 of the Christian era. Tacit. Jinn. 
13, c. 37. 

Rhadius, a son of Neleus. 

Rhjeteum, a city of Phrygia. 

Rhjeti, or R^eti, an ancient and warlike 
nation of Etruria They were driven from their 
native country by the Gauls, and went to settle 
on the other side of the Alps. Vid. Rhaetia. 
Plin. 3, c 10.— Justin. 20, c. 5. 

Rh.3Etia, a country at the north of Italy, be- 
tween the Alps and the Danube, which now 
forms the territories of the Grisons, of Tyrol, 
and part of Italy. It was divided into two parts, 
Rhcetia prima, and Rhcetia secunda. The first 
extended from the sources of the Rhine to those 
of the Licus or Lek, a small river which falls 
into the Danube. The other, called also Vin- 
delicia, extended from the Licus to another 
small river called (Enus, or Inn, towards the 
east. The principal towns of Rhaetia were called 
Curia, Tridentum, Belunum, Feltria. The 
Rhaetians rendered themselves formidable by 
the frequent invasions they made upon the Ro- 
man empire, and were at last conquered by 
Drusus, the brother of Tiberius, and others 
under the Roman emperors. Virg. G. 2, v. 96, 
—Strab. 4.— Plin. 3, c. 20, ]. 14, c. 2, &c— 
Horat. 4, Od. 4 and 14. 

Rhamnes, a king and augur, who assisted 
Turnus against JEneas. He was killed in the 
night by Nisus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 325. 

Rhamnus, a town of Attica, famous for a 
temple of Amphiaraus, and a statue of the 
goddess Nemesis, who was from thence called 
Rhamnusia. This statue was made by Phidias, 
out of a block of Parian marble which the Per- 
sians intended as a pillar to be erected to com- 
memorate their expected victory over Greece. 
Paus. \.—Plin. 36. 

Rhamnusia, a name of Nemesis. Vid. 
Rhamnus. 

Rhampsinitus, an opulent ,king of Egypt, 
who succeeded Proteus. He built a large 
tower, with stones, at Memphis, where his 
riches were deposited, and of which he was 
robbed by the artifice of the architect, who 
had left a stone in the wall easily moveable, 
so as to admit a plunderer. Herodot. 2, c. 121, 
&c. 

Rhamses, or Ramises, a powerful king of 
Egypt, who, with an army of 700,000 men, 



flH 



11H 



conquered Ethiopia, Libya, Persia, and other 
eastern nations. In his reign, according to 
Pliny, Troy was taken. Some authors consider 
him to be the same as Sesostris. Tacit. Jinn. 
2, c. 60.— P/m. 36, c 8. 

Rhanis, one of Diana's attendant nymphs. 
Ovid. Met. 3. 

Rharos, or Rharium, a plain of Attica, 
where corn was first sown by Triptolemus, It 
received its name from the sower's father, who 
was called Rharos. Paus. 1, c, 14 and 38. 

Rhascdtoris, a king of Thrace, who inva- 
ded the possessions of Cctys, and was put to 
death by order of Tiberius, &c Tacit Jinn. 
2, c. 64. 

Rhea, a daughter of Ccelus and Terra, who 
married Saturn, by whom she had Vesta, Ceres, 
Juno, Pluto, Neptune, &c. Her husband, how- 
ever, devoured them all as soon as born, as he 
had succeeded to the throne with the solemn 
promise that he would raise no male children, 
or, according to others, because he had been 
informed by an oracle, that one of his sons 
would dethrone him. To stop the cruelty of 
her husband, Rhea consulted her parents, and 
was advised to impose upon him, or perhaps to 
fly into Crete. Accordingly, when she brought 
forth, the child was immediately concealed, and 
Saturn devoured up a stone which his wife had 
given him as her own child. The fears of Sa- 
turn were soon proved to be well founded. A 
year after, the child, whose name was Jupiter, 
became so strong and powerful, that he drove 
his father from his throne. Ilhea has been con- 
founded by the mythologists with some of the 
other goddesses, and many have supposed that 
she was the same divinity that received adora- 
tion under the various names of Bona Dea, 
Cybele, Dindymena, Magna mater, Ceres, Ves- 
ta, Titaea, and Terra, Tellus, and Ops. [Vid. 
Cybele, Ceres, Vesta, &c.] Rhea, afier the ex- 
pulsion of her husband from his throne, follow- 
ed him to Italy, where he established a king- 
dom. Her benevolence in this part of Europe 
was so great, that the golden age of Saturn is 
often called the age of Rhea. Hesiod. Theog. 
—-Orpheus, in Hymn. — Homer, ib — JEzchyL. 
Prom — Euripid. Bacc &f Elect. — Ovid. Fast. 

4, v. 197.— Jipollod. 1, c. 1, &c. Sylvia, 

the mother of Romulus and Remus. She is also 

called Ilia. Vid. Ilia. A nymph of Italy, 

who is said to have borne a son called Aventi- 
nus to Hercules. Virg. JEn- 7, v. 659. 

Rhebas, or Rhebus, a river of Bithynia, 
flowing from mount Olympus into the Euxine 
sea. Flace. 7, v. 698. 

Rhedoves. Vid. Redones. 

Rhegium, now Rheggio, a town of Italy, in 
the country of the Brutii, opposile Messana in 
Sicily, where a colony of Messenians under 
Alcidamidas settled, B. C. 723. It was ori- 
ginally called Rhegium, and afterwards Rhegium 
Julium, to distinguish it from Rhegium Lepidi, 
a town of Cisalpine Gaul. Some suppose that 
it received its name from the Greek word 
guyw/mi, to break, because it is situate on the 
straits of Charybdis, which were formed when 
ihe island of Sicily, as it were, was broken and 
separated from the continent of Italy. This 



town has always been subject to great earth- 
quakes, by which it has often been destroyed. 
The neighbourhood is remarkable for its great 
fertility, and for its delightful views. Sil. 13, 

v. 94.— Cic pro Arch. 3. Ovid. Met. 14, 

v. 5 and 48. — Justin. 4, c. 1. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — 
Strab. 6. 
Rhegusci, a people of the Alps. 
Rhemi. Vid. Remi. 

Rhene, a small island of the iEgean, about 
200 yards from Delos, 18 miles in circumfe- 
rence. The inhabitants of Delos always buried 
their dead there, and their women also retired 
there during their labour, as their own island 
was consecrated to Apollo, where Latona had 
brought forth, and where no dead bodies were 
to be inhumated. Strabo says, that it was un- 
inhabited, though it was once as populous and 
flourishing as the rest of the Cyclades. Poly- 
crates conquered it, and consecrated it to Apollo, 
after he had tied it to Dems by ir.ee.ns of a long 
chain. Rhene was sometimes called the small 
Delos, and the island of Delos the great Delos. 
Thucyd S.—Strab. 10.— Mela, 2, c. 7. 
Rheni a people on the borders of the Rhine. 
Rhenus, one of the largest rivers of Europe, 
which divides Germany from Gaul. It rises in 
the Rhaitian Alps, and falls into the German 
Ocean. Virgil has called it bicornis, because 
it divides itself into two streams. The river 
Rhine was a long time a barrier between the 
Romans and the Germans, and on that account 
its banks were covered with strong castles. J. 
Caesar was the first Roman who crossed it to 
invade Germany. The waters of that river 
were held in great veneration, and were sup- 
posed by the ancient Germans to have some pe- 
culiar virtue, as they threw their children into 
it, either to try the fidelity of the mothers, or 
to brace and invigorate their limbs. If the 
child swam on the surface, the mother was ac- 
quitted of suspicion, but if it sunk to the bot- 
tom, its origin was deemed illegitimate. In 
modern geography the Rhine is known as divi- 
ding itself into four large branches, the Waal, 
Lech, Issel, and the Rhine. That branch which 
still retains the name of Rhine, loses itself in 
the sands above modern Leyden, and is after- 
wards no longer known by its ancient appella- 
tion, since the year 860, A. D. when inunda- 
tions of the sea destroyed the regularity of its 
mouth. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 258.— Strab. 4. — 
Mela, 2, c. 3, 1. 5, c. 2.— Cozs. de bell. G. 4, c. 
10.— Tacit. Jinn. 2, c. 6.— Virg. JEn. S, v. 

727. A small river of Italy, falling into the 

Po on the south, now Rheno. Sil. 8, v. 600. — 
Plin. 3, c. 16, 1. 16, c. 36. 

Rheomitres, a Persian who revolted from 
Artaxerxes, &c. Diod. 15. A Persian offi- 
cer killed at the battle of Issus. Curt. 2, c. 5. 
Rhesus, a king of Thrace, son of the Stry- 
mon and Terpsichore, or, according to others," 
of Eioneus by Euterpe. After many warlike 
exploits and conquests in Europe, he marched 
to the assistance of Priam, king of Troy, against 
the Greeks. He was expected with great im- 
patience, as an ancient oracle had declared, 
that Troy should never be taken, if the horses 
of Rhesus drank the waters of the Xanthus, and 



1111 



RH 



fed upon the grass of the Trojan plains. This 
oracle was well known to the Greeks, and there- 
fore two of their best generals, Diomeues and 
Ulysses, were commissioned by the rest to in- 
tercept the Thracian prince. The Greeks en- 
tered his camp in the night, slew hira. and car- 
ried away his horses to their camp. Homer It. 
10— Dietys. Cret 2.—Jpollod. l,c. 3.— Virg. 
JEn. 1, v 473.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 98 

Rhetogenes, a prince of Spain who sur- 
rendered to the Romans, and was treated with 
great humanity 

Rhetico, a mountain of Rhaetia 

Rheunus, a place in Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 
23. 

Rhexenor, a son of Nausithous, king of 

Phaeacia. Homer. Od. 7.- The father of 

Caiciope, the wife of ZEgeus, king of Athens. 
A musician who accompanied Antony in 



Asia. 

Rhekibius, an athlete of Opus, who ob r ain- 
ed a prize in the Olympic games, and had a 
statue in the grove of Jupiter. Paus 6, c 18. 

Rhianus, a Greek poet of Thrace, originally 
a slave. He wrote an account of the war be- 
tween Sparta and Messenia, which continued 
for twenty years, as also an history of the prin- 
cipal revolutions and events which had taken 
place in Thessaly. Of this poetical composi- 
tion nothing but a few verses are extant. He 
flourished about 200 years before the Christian 
era. Paus. 4, c. 6. 

Rhidago, a river of Hyrcania falling into 
the Caspian sea. Curt. 6, c. 4. 

Rhimotacles, a king of Thrace, who re- 
volted from Antony to Augustus. He boasted 
of his attachment to the emperor's person at an 
entertainment, upon which Augustus said, pro- 
ditionem amo, proditores vera odi. 

Rhinocolura, a town on the borders of 
Palestine and Egypt. Liv. 45, c. 11. 

Rhion, a promontory of Achaia, opposite to 
Antirrhium in iEtolia, at the mouth of the Co- 
rinthian gulf, called also the Dardanelles of 
Lepanto. The strait between Naupactum and 
Patrae bore also the same name. The tomb of 
Hesiod was at the top of the promontory. Liv 
27, c. 30, 1. 38, c 7.— Plin. 4, c. 2.— Paus. 
7, c. 22. 

Rhipha, or Rhiphe, a town of Arcadia. 
Stat. 4. Tkeb v 286. 

Rhiph.ei, large mountains at the north of 
Scythia, where, as some suppose, the Gorgons 
had fixed their residence. The name of Ri- 
phcean was applied to any cold mountain in a 
northern country, and indeed these mountains 
seem to have existed only in the imagination of 
the poets, though some make the Tanais rise 
there Plin. 4, c. 12. — Lucan. 3, v. 272, 1 3, 
v. 282, 1. 4, v, 418.— Virg G. 1, v. 240, 1. 4, 
V. 518. 

Rhinthon, a Greek poet of Tarentum, in 
the a^e of Alexander. Cic. ad. Mt. ep. 20. 

Rhipheus. one of the Centaurs. Ovid Met. 

A Trojan praised for his justice, &c. Virg. 

JEn. 2, v 426. Vid. Ripheus. 

Rhium. Vid. Rhion. 

Rhizonitje, a people of Hlyricum, whose 



chief town was called Rhiziniunu Liv. 4s, c 
26. 

Rhoda, now Roses, a sea-port town of Spain. 

Liv. 34, c. 8. A town ol the Rhone from 

which the river received its name, it was ruin- 
ed in Pliny's age. Plin. 3, c 4. 

Rhodanus. a river of Gailia Narbonensis, 
rising m ttie Rhastiau Alps, and falling into the 
Mediterranean sea, near Marseilles. It is one 
of the largest and most rapid rivers of Europe, 
now known by the name of the Rhone. Mela, 

2, c. 5, 1. 3, c. 3.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 258— Sil. 

3, v. All.—Marcell. 15, &c— Cmsar. bell. G. 
1, c. 1. — Plin. 3, c. 4. — Strab. 4. — Lucan. 1, 
v 433, I. 6, v. 475. 

Rhode, a daughter of Neptune. Jlpollod. 

Of Danaus. Id. 

Rhodia, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 

A daughter of Danaus., Jlpollod. 

Rhodogyne, a daughter of Phraates, king 
of Parthia, who married Demetrius, when he 
was in banishment at her father's court. Po- 
lyain. 8. 

Rhodope, or Rhodopis, a celebrated cour- 
tezan of Greece, who was feliow servant with 
iEsop, at the court of a king of Samos. She 
was carried to Egypt by Xanthus, and her liber- 
ty was at last bought by Charaxes of Mitylene, 
the brother of Sappho, who was enamoured of 
her, and who married her. She sold her favours 
at Naucratis, where she collected so much mo- 
ney, that, to render her name immortal, she 
consecrated a number of spits in the tempie of 
Apollo at Delphi; or, according to others, erect- 
ed one of the pyramids of Egypt. iElian says, 
that as Rhodope was one day bathing herself, 
an eagle carried away one of her sandals, and 
dropped it near Psammetiehus, king of Egypt, 
at Memphis. The monarch was struck with 
the beauty of the sandal, strict inquiry was 
made to find the owner, and Rhodope, when 
discovered, married Psammetichus. Herodot. 
2, c. 134, k.c.—Ovid. Heroid. 15.— JElian. V. 
H. 13, c. 33. Perizonius supposes there were 
f wo persons of that name. 

Rhodope, a high mountain of Thrace, ex- 
tending as far as the Euxine sea, all across the 
country nearly in an eastern direction. Rho- 
dope, according to the poets, was the wife of 
Haemus, king of Thrace, who was changed into 
this mountain, because she preferred herself to 
Juno in beauty. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 87, &c. — 
Virg. Ed. 8, G. 3, v. 351.— Mela, 2, c. 2— 
Strab. 7 — Ital. 2, v. 73. — Senec. in Here. Oct. 
Rhodopeius, is used in the same signification 
as Thracian, because Rhodope was a mountain 
of that country. Ovid. Ji. A. 3, v. 321— He- 
roid. 2.— Virg. G 4, v 461. 

Rhodunia, the top of mount (Eta. Liv. 36, 
c. 16. 

Rhodus, a celebrated island in the Carpa- 
thian sea, 120 miles in circumference, at the 
south of Caria, from which it is distant about 
20 miles. Its principal cities were Rhodes, 
founded about 408 years before the Christian 
era, Lindus, Camisus, Jalysus. Rhodes was fa- 
mous for the siege which it supported against 
Demetrius, and for a celebrated statue of Apol- 
lo. [Vid. Colossus.] The Rhodians were ori- 



RH 



RO 



finally governed by kings, and were indepen- 
dent Due t:us government was at last exchanged 
for locracy and an aristocracy. They were 

naturally given up to commerce, and during 
ma.r,\ i'^cs (bey were the most powerful nation 
by sea Their authority was respected, and 
their laws were so universally approved, that 
every country made use of them to decide dis- 
pu ; concerning Maritime affairs, and they 
were at last adopted by other commercial na- 
tions, and introduced into the Roman codes. 
from wnence they have been extracted to form 
the basis of the maritime regulations of modern 
Europe. When Alexander made himseif mas- 
ter of Asia, the Rhouians lost their indepen- 
dence, but they soon after asserted their natural 
privileges under his cruel successors, and con- 
tinued to hold that influence among nations to 
which their maritime power and consequence 
entitled them They assisted Pompcy against 
Caesar., and were defeated by Cassius, and be- 
came dependent upon the Romans. The island 
of Rhodes has beert known by the several names 
of Opkiusn Stadia TilehiHis, Corymbia, Tri- 
nacria, JEthrea\ Jlsttria, Poessa. Jltabyria, Olo- 
essu, Maicia : -3.:\0 Pelagia. it received the name 
of Rhodes, either On account of Rhode, a bcau- 
tifu' iymph who dwelt there, and who was one 
of the favourii.es of Apollo, or because roses 
(poS'ov,) grew in great abundance all over the 
island Strab. 14. — Homer. II. 2 — Mela, 2, 
C */. — Dind. 5. — Plm. 2, c. 62 and 87, 1. 5, c 
31.— Flat: 2, c. 7.— Pindar. Ohjmp. 7 — Lu- 
can. 8, v. 248 — Cic. pro. Man. leg. in Brut. 
IS. — L"). 27, c. 30, I 31, c 2. 

Rhcebhs a horse of- Mezentius, whom his 
master addressed with the determination to con- 
quer or to die, when he saw his son Lausus 
brought lifeless from the battle. This beautiful 
address is copied from Homer, where likewise 
Achilles addresses his horses. Virg. JEn. 10, 
v. 861. 

RHffictrs, one of the Centaurs, who attempt- 
ed to offer violence to Atalanta. He was killed 
at the nuptmls of i'iruhous bv Bacchus Ovid. 

Met. 12. v. 301 — Virg. G. 2. One of the 

giants killed by Bacchus, under the form of a 
lion, in the war which these sons of the earth 
waged against Jupiter and the gods. Horat. 2, 
Od 19, v. 23. 

Rhceo, a nymph beloved by Apollo. Diod. 5. 

Rhceteum, or Rhostus, a promontory of 
Troas, on the Hellespont, near which the body 
of \jax was buried. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 197, 4 
Fast. v. 279.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 505, 1. 12, v. 
456 

Rhcetius, a mountain of Corsica, now Rosso. 

Rhostus, a king of the Marubii, who mar- 
ried a woman called Casperia, to whom Ar- 
chemorus, his son by a former wife, offered vio- 
lence. After this incestuous attempt, Arche- 
morns fled to Turnus, king of the Rutuli. Virg. 

JEn 10, v. 388. A Rutulian killed by Eu- 

ryalus in the night. Id. 9, v 344. An 

^Ethiopian killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 
38. 

Rhosaces, a Persian killed by Clitus as he 
was going to stab Alexander at the battle of the 
Granicus. CuH. 8, c. 1. 



Rhosus, a town of Syria, on the gulf of Issu* 7 
celebrated for its earthen ware. Cic. 6, Alt. 1. 

RhoxalIni, a people at the north of the Pa- 
ius ivlseotis. Tacit Hist. 1, c. 79. 

Rhoxana, or Roxana, a mistress of Alexan- 
der, daughter of a Persian satrap. Vid. Rox- 
ana. 

Rhoxaki, a nation against whom Mithridates 
made war 

Rhoteni and Ruthenti, a people of Gaul. 

Rh^ndacus, a large river of Mysia, in Asia 
Minor. Ptito 5, c. 32. 

RHyNTHoN, a dramatic writer of Syracuse, 
who flourished at Tarentum, where he wrote 38 
plays. Authors are divided with respect to the 
ment of his compositions, and the abilities of 
toe writer. Vid Rhinthon 

Rhtp^e, a town. of Achaia, at the west of 
Helice. 

Rigodulum, a village of Germany, now Ri- 
gol, near Cologne. Tacit. H. 4, c. 71. 

RiPHaii. Vid. Rhiphaei. 

Ripheus, a Trojan who joined iEneas the 
night that Troy was reduced to ashes, and was 
at last killed after making a great carnage of 
tiie Greeks. He is commended for his love of 
justice and equity." Virg JEn. 2, v. 339 and 

426. One of the Centaurs killed by Theseus 

at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 
352. 

Rixamare, a people of Illyricum. Liv. 45, 
c. 26. 

Roeigo, or Rubigo, a goddess at Rome, par- 
ticularly worshipped by husbandmen, as she prer 
sided over corn. Her festivals, called Robigalia, 
were celebrated on the 25th of April, and in- 
cense was offered to her, as also the entrails of 
a sheep, and of a dog She was entreated to 
preserve the corn from blights. Ovid. Fast. 4, 

v. 911. Virg G. l,v. 151— Varro. de L. 

L 5, dc R R. I, c. 1. 

Rodumna, now Roanne, a town of the jEdui, 
on the Loire. 

Roma, a city of Italy, the capital of the Ro- 
m^n empire; situate on the banks 'of the river 
Tiber, at the distance of about 16 miles from 
the sea. The name of its founder, and the 
manner of its foundation, are not precisely 
known. Romulus, however, is universally sup- 
posed to have laid the foundations of that cele- 
brated city, on the 20th of April, according to 
Varro, in the year 3961 of the Julian period, 
3251 years after the creation of the world, 753 
before the birth of Christ, and 431 years afier 
the Trojan war, and in the 4th year of the 6th 
Olympiad. In its original state, Rome was but 
a small castle on the summit of mount 'alatinej 
and the founder to give his f Mowers the ap- 
pearance of a nation, or a barbarian horde, was 
obliged to erect a standard as a common asylum 
for every criminal, debtor, or murderer, who 
fled from their native country to avoid the pun- 
ishment wbich attended them. From such an 
assemblage a numerous body was soon collected, 
and before the death of the founder, the Romans 
had covered with their habitations, the Palatine, 
Capitoline, Aventine, Esquiline hills, with 
mount Caelius, and Quirinalis. After many 
successful wars against the neighbouring states 

4 l, 



RO 



ItO 



the views of Romulus were directed to regulate 
a nation naturally fierce, warlike, and unciviliz- 
ed. The people were divided into classes, the 
interests of the whole were linked in a common 
chain, and the labours of the subject, as well as 
those of his patron, tended to the same end, the 
aggrandizement of the state. Under the suc- 
cessors of Romulus, the power of Rome was in- 
creased, and the boundaries of her dominions 
extended; while one was employed in regulating 
the forms of worship, and in inculcating in the 
minds of his subjects a reverence for the deity, 
the other was engaged in enforcing discipline 
among the army, and raising the consequence of 
the soldiers in the government of the state, and 
a third made the object of bis administration 
consist in adorning his capital, in beautifying 
the edifices, and in fortifying it with towers and 
walls. During 244 years, the Romans were 
governed by kings, but the tyranny, the op- 
pression, and the violence of the last of these 
monarchs and of his family, became so atrocious, 
that a revolution was effected in the state, and 
the democratical government was established 
The monarchical government existed under 
seven princes, who began to reign in the follow- 
ing order: Romulus, B. C. 753; and after one 
year's interregnum, Numa, 715; Tullus Hosti- 
lius, 672; \ncus Martius, 840; Tarquin F'riscus, 
616; Servius Tuilius, 578; and Tarquin the 
Proud, 534; expeUed 25 years after, B. C. 509; 
and this regal administration has been properly 
denominated the infancy of the Roman empire. 
After the expulsion of the Tarquins from the 
throne, the Romans became more sensible of 
their consequence: with their liberty they ac- 
quired a spirit of faction, and they became so 
jeilous of their independence, that the first of 
their consuls who had been the most zealous and 
animated in the assertion of their freedom, was 
bauished from the city because he bore the name, 
and was of the family of the tyrants; and an- 
other, to stop their suspicions, was obliged to 
pull down his house, whose stateliness and mag- 
nificence above the rest, seemed incompatible 
with the duties and the rank of a private citizen. | 
They knew more effectually their power when 
they had fought with success against Forsenna, 
the king of Etruria, and some of the ntighbour- 
ing states, who supported the claim of the ty 
rant, and attempted to re-place him on his throne 
by force of arms. A government which is en- 
trusted into the hands of two of the most distin- 
guished of its members, for the limited space of 
one year, cannot but give rise to great men, 
glorious exploits, and tremendous seditions. The 
general who is placed at the head of an army 
during a campaign,- must be active and diligent, 
when he knows that his power is terminated 
with the year, and if he has a becoming ambi- 
tion, he will distinguish his consulship by some 
uncommon act of valour, before he descends 
from the dignity of an absolute magistrate to 
the dependence of a fellow citizen. Yet these 
attempts for the attainment of glouy often fail 
of success, and though the Romans could once 
boast that every individual in their armies could 
discharge with fidelity and honour the superior 
offices of magistrate and consul, there are to be 



found in their annals many years marked by 
overthrows, or disgraced by the ill conduct, the 
oppression, and the wantonness of their generals. 
[Vid. Consul] To the fame which their con- 
quest and daily successes had gair-ed abroad, 
the Romans were not a little indebted for their 
gradual rise to superiority; and to this may be 
added the policy of the census, which every fifth 
year told them their actual strength, and how 
many citizens were able to bear arms. And in- 
deed it was no srrall satisfaction to a people 
who were continually making war, to see that 
in spite of all the losses which they might sus- 
tain in the field, the increase of the inhabitants 
of the city was prodigious, and almost incredible; 
and had Romulus lived after the battle of Ac- 
tium, he would have been persuaded with diffi- 
culty that above four millions of inhabitants 
were contained within those wails, which in the 
most flourishing period of his reign could scarce 
muster an army of 3000 infantry, and 300 horse. 
But when Rome had flourished under the con- 
sular government for about 120 years, and had 
beheld with pleasure the conquests of her citi- 
zens over the neighbouring states and cities, 
which, according to a Roman historian, she was 
ashamed to recollect in the summit of her pow- 
er, an irruption of the barbarians of Gaul ren- 
dered her very existence precarious, and her 
name was nearly extinguished. The valour of 
an injured individual, [Fid. Camillus,] saved it 
from destruction, yet not before its buildings and 
temples were reduced to ashes. This celebrated 
event, which gave the appellation of another 
founder of Rome to Camillus, ha* been looked 
upon as a glorious era to the Romans. The 
huts and cottages which Romulus bad erected, 
and all his successors repaired, were totally 
consumed, and when the city arose again from 
its ruins, the streets were enlarged, conveni- 
ence as well as order was observed, taste and 
regularity were consulted, and the poverty, ig- 
norance and rusticity of the Romans seemed to 
be extinguished with their old habitations. But 
no sooner were they freed from the fears of 
their barbarian invaders, than they turned their 
arms against those states which refused to ac- 
knowledge their superiority, or yield their inde- 
pendence. Their wars with Pyrrhus and the 
Tarentines, displayed their character in a dif- 
ferent view; if they before had fought for free- 
dom and independence, they now drew their 
sword for glory; and here we may see them 
conquered in the field, and yet refusing to grant 
that peace for which their conqueror himself 
had sued. The advantages they gained from 
their battles with Pyrrhus were many. The 
Roman name became known in Greece, Sicily, 
and Africa, and in losing or gaining a victory, 
the Romans were enabled to examine the ma- 
noeuvres, observe the discipline, and contem- 
plate the order and the encampments of those 
soldiers whose friends and ancestors had ac- 
companied Alexander the Great in the conquest 
of Asia. Italy became subjected to the Ro- 
mans at the end of the war with the Tarentines, 
and that period of time has been called the 
second age, or the adolescence of the Roman 
empire. After this memorable era tbey tried 



RO 



HO 



their strength not only with distant nations, but 
also upon a new element; and in the long wars 
which they waged against Carthage, they ac- 
quired territory and obtained the sovereignty of 
the sea, and though Annibal for sixteen years 
kept them in continual aiarms, hovered round 
their gates, and destroyed their armies almost 
before their walls, yet they were doomed to 
conquer, [Vid. Punicum beilum,] and soon to 
add tiie kingdom of Macedonia, [Vid. Mace- 
donicum bei'um,] and the provinces of Asia, 
[Vid. Mithridaticum bellum,] to their empire. 
But while we consider tne Romans as a nation 
subduing their neighbours by war, their man- 
ners, their counsels, aid their pursuits at home 
are not to be forgotten. To be warriors was 
their profession; their assemblies in the Cam- 
pus Martius were a meeting of armed men, 
and very properly denominated an army. Yet 
while their conquests were so-extensive abroad, 
we. find them torn by factions at home; and so 
far was the resentment of the poorer citizens 
"carried, that we see the enemy at the gates of 
the city, while all are Unwilling to take up 
arms and to unite in the defence of their com- 
mon liberty- The senators and nobles were 
ambitious of power, and endeavoured to retain 
in tiieir hands that influence which had been 
exercised with so much success, and such 
cruelty, by their monarchs. This was the con- 
tinual occasion of tumults and sedition. The 
people were jealous of their liberty. The op- 
pression of the nobles irritated them, and the 
stripes to which they were too often exposed 
without mercy, was often productive of revolu- 
tions. The plebeians, though originally the 
poorest and most contemptible citizens of an in- 
digent nation, whose food in the first ages of the 
empire was only bread and salt, and whose 
drink was water, soon gained rights and privi- 
leges by their opposition. Though really slaves 
they became powerful in the state; one conces- 
sion from the patricians produced another, and 
when their independence was boldly asserted 
by their tribunes, they were admitted to share 
in the highest offices of the state, and the laws 
which forbad the intermarriage of plebeian 
and patrician families were repealed, and the 
meanest peasant could, by valour and fortitude, 
be raised to the dignity of dictator and consul. 
It was not till these privileges were obtained by 
the people from the senate, that Rome began to 
enjoy internal peace and tranquillity, her battles 
were then fought with more vigour, her sol- 
diers were more animated, and her sovereignty 
was more universally established. But supreme 
power, lodged in the hands of a factious and 
ambitious citizen, becomes *oo often dangerous. 
The greatest oppression and tyranny took place 
of subordination and obedience; and from those 
causes proceeded the unparalleled slaughter 
and effusion of blood under a Sylla or a Marias. 
It has been justly observed, that the first Ro- 
mans conquered their enemies by valour, tem- 
perance, and fortitude; their moderation also, 
and their justice, were well known among their 
neighbours; and not only private possessions, 
but even mighty kingdoms and empires, were 
left in their power, to be distributed among a 



family, or to be ensured in the hands of a suc- 
cessor. They were also chosen umpires, to de- 
cide quarrels; but in this honourable office 
they consulted their own interest; they artfully 
supported the weaker side, that the more pow- 
erful might be reduced, and gradually become 
their prey. Under J. Caesar and Pompey, the 
rage of civil war was carried to unprecedented 
excess; it was not merely to avenge a private 
injury, but it was a contest for the sovereignty; 
and though each of the adversaries wore the 
mask of pretended sincerity ; and professed him- 
self to be the supporter of the republic, not less 
than the abolition of freedom and the public 
liberty was the aim. What Juiius began, his 
adopted son achieved; the ancient spirit of na- 
tional independence was extinguished at Rome, 
and after the battle of Actium, the Romans 
seemed unable to govern themselves without 
the assistance of a chief, who under the title of 
imperator, an appellation given to every com- 
mander by his army after some signal victory, 
reigned with as much power and as much so- 
vereignty as another Tarquin. Under their 
emperors the Romans lived a luxurious and in- 
dolent life; they had long forgot to appear in 
the field, and their wars were left to be waged 
by mercenary troops, who fought without spirit 
or animosity, and who were ever ready to yield 
to him who bought their allegiance and fidelity 
with the greatest sums of money. Their leaders 
themselves were not the most prudent or the 
most humane; the power which they had ac- 
quired by bribery was indeed precarious, and 
among a people, where not only the highest of- 
fices of the state, but even the imperial purple 
itself, are exposed to sale, there cannot be ex- 
pected much happiness or tranquillity in the pa- 
lace of the emperor. The reigns of the succes- 
sors of Augustus were distinguished by variety; 
one was the most abandoned and profligate of 
men, whom his own vices and extravagance 
hurried out of the world, while his successor, 
perhaps the most clement, just, and popular of 
princes, was sacrificed in the midst of his 
guards and attendants, by the dagger of some 
offended favourite, or disappointed eunuch. 
Few. indeed, were the emperors of Rome whose 
days were not shortened by poison, or the 
sword of an assassin. If one, for some time 
had the imprudence to trust himself in the 
midst of a multitude, at last to perish by his 
own credulity, the other consulted his safety, 
but with no better success, in the innumerable 
chambers of his palace, and changed every day, 
to elude discovery,- the place of his retirement. 
After they had been governed by a race of 
princes remarkable for the variety of their cha- 
racters, 'he Roman possessions were divided 
into two distinct empires, by the enterprising 
Constantine, A. D. 3.28. Constantinople be- 
came the seat of the eastern empire, and Rome 
remained in the possesion of the western em- 
perors, and continued to be the capital of their 
dominions. In the year S00 of the Christian 
era, Rome, with Italy, was delivered by Char- 
lemagne, the then emperor of the west, into the 
hands of the Pope, who still continues to hold 
the sovereignty, and to maintain his indepen 



KO 



110 



deuce under the name of the Ecclesiastical 
States. — The original poverty of the Romans 
has often beeu disguise d by their poets and his- 
torians, who wished it to appear, that a nation 
who were masters of the world, had had better 
hegi lining than to be a race of shepherds and 
robbers. Yet it was to this simplicity they 
were indebted for their successes. Their 
houses were originally destitute of every orna- 
ment: they were made with unequal boards, 
and covered with mud, and these served them 
rather as a shelter against the inclemency of the - 
seasons, than for relaxation and ease. Till the 
age of Pyrrhus, they despised riches, and many 
salutary laws were enacted to restrain luxury, 
and to punish indolence. They observed great 
temperance in their meals: young men were 
not permitted to drink wine till they had at- 
tained their 30th year, and it was totally for- 
bidden to women Their national spirit was 
supported by policy; the triumphal procession 
of a conqueror along, the streets, amidst the ap- 
plause of thousands, was well calculated to 
promote emulation; and the number of gladi- 
ators which were regularly introduced, not only 
in public games and spectacles, but also at 
private meetings, served to cherish their fond- 
ness for war, whilst it steeled their hearts against 
the calls of compassion; and when they could 
gaze with pleasure upon wretches whom they 
forcibly obliged to murder one another, they 
were not inactive in the destruction of those 
whom they considered as inveterate foes, or 
formidable rivals in the field. In their punish- 
ments, civil as well as military, the Romans 
were strict and rigorous; a deserter was se- 
verely whipped, and sold as -a slave; and the 
degradation from the rank of a soldier and dig- 
nity of a citizen, was the most ignominious 
stigma which could be affixed upon a seditious 
mutineer. The transmarine victories of the 
Romans proved at last the ruin of their inno- 
cence and bravery. They grew fond of the 
luxury of the Asialics; and, conquered by the 
vices and indolence of those nations whom 
they had subdued, they became as effeminate 
and as dissolute as their captives. Marcellus 
was the first who introduced a taste for the 
fine arts among his countrymen. The spoils 
and treasures that were obtained in the plunder 
of Syracuse and Corinth, rendered the Romans 
partial to elegant refinement and ornamental 
equipage. Though Cato had despised philoso- 
phy, [Vid. Carneades] and declared that war 
was (he only profession of his countrymen, the 
Romans by their intercourse with the Greeks, 
soon became fond of literature; and though 
they had once banished the sophists of Athens 
from their city, yet they beheld with rapture 
their settlement among them, in the principal 
towns of Italy, after the conquest of Achaia. 
They soon after began to imitate thejr polished 
captives, and to cultivate poetry with success. 
From the valour of their heroes and conquerors, 
indeed, the sublimest subjects were offered to 
the genius of their poets; but of the little that 
remains to celebrate the early victories of 
Rome, nothing can be compared to the nobler 
effusions of the Augustan age. "Virgil has done 



so much for the Latin name that the splendour 
and the triumphs of his country are forgotten 
for a while, when we are transported in (he ad- 
miration of the majesty of his number*, the 
elegant delicacy of his expressions, and tbe fire 
of his muse; and the applauses given to the 
lyric powers of Horace, the softness of Tibullus, 
the vivacity of Ovid, and to the superior composi- 
tions of other respectable poets, shall be un- 
ceasing as long as the name of Rome excites our 
reverence and our praises, and so long as ge- 
nius, virtue, ana abilities are honoured amongst 
mankind. Though they originally rejected 
with horror a law which proposed the building 
of a public theatre, and the exhibition of plays, 
like the Greeks, yet the Romans soon proved 
favourable to the compositions of their country- 
men. Livius was the first dramatic writer of 
consequence at Rome, whose plays began to be 
exhibited A. U C. 514. After him Nsevius 
and Ennius wrote for the stage; and in a more 
polished period Plautus, Terence, Caecilius, and 
Afranius, claimed the public attention, and 
gained the most unbounded applause. Satire 
did not make its appearance at Rome till 100 
years after the introduction of comedy, and so 
celebrated was Lucilius in this kind of writing, 
that he was called the inventor of it. In his- 
torical writing the progress of the Romans was 
slow and inconsiderable, and for many years 
they employed the pen of foreigners to compile 
their annals, till the superior abilities of a Livy 
were made known. In their worship and sa- 
crifices the Romans were uncommonly super- 
stitious, the will of the gods was consulted on 
every occasion, and no general marched to an 
expedition wiihout the previous assurance from 
the augurs, that the omens were propitious, and 
his success almost indubitable. Their sanctua- 
ries were numerous, they raised altars not only 
to the gods, who, as they supposed, presided 
over their city, but also to the deities of conquer- 
ed nations, as well as the different passions and 
virtues. There were no less than 420 temples 
at Rome, crowded with statues, the priests were 
numerous, and each divinity had a particular 
college of sacerdotal servants. Their wars 
were declared in the most awful and solemn 
manner, and prayers were always offered in 
the temples for the prosperity of Rome, when 
a defeat had been sustained, or a victory won. 
The power of fathers over their children was 
very extensive, and indeed unlimited; they 
could seil them or put them to death at plea- 
sure, without the forms of trial, or the inter- 
ference of the civil magistrates. Many of 
their ancient families were celebrated for the 
great men which they had produced, but the 
vigorous and interested part they took in the 
government of the republic exposed them often 
to danger, and some have observed that the 
Romans sunk into indolence and luxury when 
the Cornelii, the Fabii, the iEmylii, the Mar- 
celli, &c. who had so often supported their 
spirit and led them to victory, had been extin- 
guished in the bloody wars of Marius and of 
the two triumvirates. When Rome was be- 
come powerful, she was distinguished from 
other cities by the flattery of her neighbours 



fa 



KO 



HO 



and citizens, a form of worship was establish- 
ed to her as a deity, and temples were raised in 
her houour, not only in the city, bat in the pro- 
vinces. The goddess Roma was represented 
like Minerva, all armed and sitting on a rock, 
holding a pike in her hand, with her head co- 
vered with a helmet, and a trophy at her feet. 
Liv. 1, &c— Cato de R. R.— Virg. JEn. G. &(■ 
Ecl.—Horat. 2, sat. 6, &c— Flor. 1, c 1, 
Sac — Paterc — Tacit. Ann. &f Hist — Tibiill. 
4. — Lucan. — Plut. in Rom. Num. &c. — Cic. 
de Nat D. 1, &.c.—Plin. 7, &c— Justin 43. 
— Varro de L. L. 5 — VahMax. I, &c — Mar- 
tial. 12, ep. 8. A daughter of E\ander. 

A Trojan woman who came to Italy with 

iEneas. A daughter of Italus and Luceria. 

It was after one of these females, according to 
some authors, that the capital of Italy was call- 
ed Roma. 

Romani, the inhabitants of Rome. Vid. 
Roma. 

Romanus, an officer under Theodosius. 

Another poisoned by Nero. A son of Con- 

stans, &c. 

Romilius Marcelltjs, a Roman centurion 
in Galba's reign, &c. Tacit. 1, Hist. 

Romula, a name given to the fig-tree under 
which Romulus and Remus were found. Ovid. 
2, Fast v. 412. 

Romulea, a town of the Samnites. Liv. 10, 
c. 17. 

Romulid-E, a patronymic given to the Ro- 
man people from Romulus their first king, and 
the founder of their city. Virg. «SEn. 8, v. 63S. 
Romulus, a son of Mars and Hia, grandson 
of Numitor king of Alba, was born at the same 
birth with Remus. These two children were 
thrown into the Tiber by order of Amuiius, who 
usurped the crown of his brother Numitor. but 
they were preserved, and according to Florus, 
the river stopped its course, and a she-wolf came 
and fed them with her milk till they were found 
by Faustulus, one of the king's shepherds, who 
educated them as his own children. When they 
knew their real origin, the twins, called Romu- 
lus and Remus, put Amuiius to death, and re- 
stored the crown to their grandfather Numitor. 
They afterwards undertook to build a city, and 
to determine which of the two brothers should 
have the management of it, they had recourse 
to omens and the flight of birds. Remus went 
to mount Aventine, and Romulus to mount Pa- 
latine. Remus saw first a flight of six vullures. 
and soon after Romulus, twelve; and, therefore, 
as his number was greater, he began to lay the 
foundations of the city, hopeful that it would be- 
come a warlike and powerful Lation, as the birds 
from which he bad received the omen were fond 
of prey and slaughter. Romulus marked with 
a furrow the place where he wished to erect the 
walls; but their slenderness was ridiculed by 
Remus, who leaped over them with the greatest 
contempt. This irritated Romulus, and Remus 
was immediately put to death, either by the 
band of his brother or one of the workmen. 
When the walls were built, the city was without 
. inhabitants; but Romulus, by making an asylum 
of a sacred grove, soon collected a multitude of 
fugitives, foreigners, and criminals, whom he 



received as his lawful subjects. Yet however 
numerous these might be, Uiey were despised by 
the neighbouring inhabitants, aud none were 
willing to form matrimonial connexions with 
them. But Romulus obtained by force what 
was denied to his petitions. The Romans cele- 
brateu games in honour of the god Cobsus, ami 
forcibly carried away all the females who had 
assembled there to be spectators of these unu- 
sual exhibitions. These violent measures of- 
fended the neighbouring nations; they made war 
against the ravishers with various success, till 
at last they entered Rome, which had been be- 
trayed to them by one of 'he stolen virgins. A 
violent engagement was begun in the middle of 
the Roman forum; but the Sabines were con- 
quered, or according to Ovid, the two enemies 
laid down their arms when the women had rush- 
ed between the two armies, and by their tears 
and entreaties raised compassion in the bosoms 
of their parents and husbands The Sa nines left 
their original possessions, and came io live in 
Rome, where Tarius, their king, shared the so- 
vereign power with Romulus. The mtroauction 
of the Sabines into the city of Rome, was at- 
tended with the mostsaluraiy consequences, and 
the Romans, by pursuing this plan, ard admit- 
ting the conquered nations among their citizens, 
rendered themselves more powerful and more 
formidable. Afterwards Romulus divided the 
lands which he bad obtained by conquest; one 
part was reserved for religious uses, to maintain 
the priests, to erect temples, and to consecrate 
altars; the other was appropriated for the ex- 
penses of the state; and the thiru part was equal- 
ly distributed among his subjects, who were di- 
vided into three classes or tribes. The most 
aged and experienced, to the number of 100, 
were also chosen, whom the monarch might 
consult in matters of the highest importance, 
and from their age they were called senators, 
and from their authority p aires. The whole 
body of the people was also distinguished by the 
name of patricians and plebeians, patron and 
client, who by mutual interest were induced to 
preserve the peace of the state, and to promote 
the public good. Some time after Romulus dis- 
appeared as he was giving instructions to the 
senators, and the eclipse of the sun, which hap- 
pened at that time, was favourable to the ru- 
mour which asserted that the king had been ta- 
ken up to heaven, 714 B. C. after a reign of 39 
years. This was further confirmed by J. Fro- 
cdus, one of the senators, who solemnly declar- 
ed, that as he returned from Alba, he had seen 
Romulus in a form above human, and that be 
had directed him to tell the Romans to pay him 
divine honours under the name of Quirinus, and 
to assure them that their city was doomed one 
day to become the capital of the world. Th'is 
report was immediately ci edited, and the more 
so as the senators dreaded the resentment of the 
people, who suspected them of having offered 
him violence. A temple was raised to him, and? 
a regular priest, called Flamen Quirinalis, was 
appointed to offer him sacrifices. Romulus wa» 
ranked by the Romans among the 12 great gods r 
and it is not to be wondered that he received 
such distinguished honours, when the Romans 



RO 



RU 



considered him as the founder of their city and 
empire, and the son of the god of war. He is 
generally represented like his father, so much 
that it is difficult to distinguish them. The fable 
of the two children of Rhea Sylvia being nour- 
ished by a she-wolf, arose from Lupa, Faustu- 
lus's wife, having brought them up. [Fid. Ac- 
ca.] Dionys. Hal. 1 and 2. — Liv. 1, c. 4, &c. 
— Justin. 43, c 1 and 2. — Fior. 1, c. 1. — Plut. 
in Romul, — Val. Max. 3, c. 2, 1. 5, c. 3. — 
Plin. 15, c. 18, &c— Virg. JEn. 2, v. 342, 
605.-— Ovid, Mel. 14, v. 616 and 845. Fast. 4, 
&c— Horat. 3, od. 3.— Juv. 18, v. 272. 

Romulus Sylvius, or Alladius, a king of 

Alba. Momyllus AugustuJus, the last of the 

emperors of the western empire of Rome. His 
country was conquered A. D. 476, by the He- 
ruli, under Odoacer, who assumed the name of 
king of Italy. 

Romus, a son of iEneas, by Lavinia. Some 

suppose that he was the founder of Rome. 

A son of vEmathion sent by Diomedes to Italy, 
and also supposed by some to be the founder of 
Rome. 

Roscia lex de theatris, by L. Roscius Otho 
the tribune, A. U. C 685. it required that 
none should sit in the first 14 seats of the thea- 
tre, if they were not in possession of 400 sester- 
tia, which was the fortune required to be a Ro- 
man knight. 

Roscianum, the port of Thurii, now Rossano. 
Q,. Roscius, a Roman actor, born at Lanu- 
vium, so celebrated on the stage, that every 
comedian of excellence and merit has received 
his name. His eyes were naturally distorted, 
and he always appeared on the stage with a 
mask, but the Romans obliged him to act his 
characters withoul, and they overlooked the de- 
formities of his face, that they might the better 
hear bis elegant pronunciation, and be delighted 
with the sweetness of his voice. He was ac- 
cused on suspicion of dishonourable practices; 
but Cicero, who had been one of his pupils, un- 
dertook his defence, and cleared him of the ma- 
levolent aspersions of his enemies, in an elegant 
oration still extant. Roscius wrote a treatise, 
in which he compared with great success and 
much learning, the profession of the orator with 
that of the comedian. He died about 60 years 
before Christ. Horat. 2, ep. 1. — QahitU. — 
Cic pro Ros. de Oral 3, de Div. 1, &c Tusc. 

3, &c — Plut. in Cic. Sextus, a rich citizen 

of Ameria, murdered in the dictatorship of 
Sylla. His son, of the same name, was accused 
of the murder, and eloquently defended by Ci- 
cero, in an oration still extant, A. U. C. 673. 
Cic, pro S. Roscio Jlmer. Lucius, a lieuten- 
ant of Caesar's army in Gaul. — — Otho, a tri- 
bune, who made a law to discriminate the 
knights from the common people at public spec- 
tacles. 

Rosije Campus, or Rosia, a beautiful plain 
in the country of the Sabines, near the lake Ve- 

linum. Varro. R. R. 1, c. 7. Virg. JEn. 

7, v. 712.— Cic. 4, Mt. 15. 

Rosillanus ager, a territory in Etruria 

Rosius, a harbour of Cilicia. A man 

made consul only for one day under Vitellius, 
&c. Tacit. 



Rosulum, a town of Etruria, now Monte Rosi< 
Rotomagus, a tonn of Gaul, now Roiim. 
Roxana, a Persian woman taken prisoner by 
Alexander. The conqueror became enamoured 
of her and married her. She behaved with great 
cruelty after Alexander's death, and she was at 
last put to death by Cassander's order. She 
was daughter of Darius, or, according to others, 
of one of his satraps. Curt. 8, c. 4, I. 10, c. 6. 

— Plut. in Jttex A wife of Mithridates the 

Great, who poisoned herself. 

Roxolani, a people of European Sarmatia, 
who proved very active and rebellious in the 
reign of the Roman emperors. 

Rube.se, the north cape at the north of Scan- 
dinavia. 

Rubellius Blandus, a man who married 

Julia, the daughter of Drusus, &c One of 

the descendants of Augustus, treacherously put 

to death by Nero, &c. Tacit. Plautus, an 

illustrious Roman, who disgraced himself by his 
arrogance and ambitious views Juv. 8, v. 39. 
Rubi, now Ruvo, a town of Apuiia, from 
which the epithet Rubeus is derived, applied to 
bramble bushes which grew there. The inha- 
bitants were called Rubitini. Horat- 1, Sat. 5, 
v. 94. Virg. G. 1, v, 266. 

Rubicon, now Rugone^ a small river of Italy, 
which it separates from Cisalpine Gaul, it rises 
in the Apennine mountains, and falls into the 
Adriatic sea. By crossing it, and thus trans- 
gressing the boundaries of his province, J Caesar 
declared war against the senate and Pornpey, 
and began the civil wars. Lucan. 1, v. 185 and 
213.— Strab. b.-^Suet. in Caes. 32.— PUn. 3, 
C. 15 

Rubienus Lappa, a tragic poet in the age of 
Juvenal, conspicuous as much for his great ge- 
nius as his poverty. Juv. 7, v 72. 
Rubigo, a goddess.- fid. Robigo.^ 
Rubo, the Divina, which falls into the Baltic 
at Riga. 

Rubra saxa, a place of Etruria, near Veii, 
at the distance of about eight miles from Rome. 
Mar. 4, ep. 64, v. 15.— Liv. 3, c. 49. 

Rubria lex was enacted after the taking of 
Carthage, to make an equal division of the iands 
in Africa. 

Rubrius, a Roman knight accused of treason 

under Tiberius, &c. Tacit A man who fled 

to Parfhia on suspicion that the Roman affairs 

were ruined. A friend of Viteilius. An 

obscure Gaul, in great favour with Dornitian. 

Juv. 4, v. 14E. An officer in Caesar's army. 

Rubrum mare, (the Red Sea.) is situate be- 
tween Arabia, Egypt, and ^Ethiopia, and is of- 
ten called Erythraeum mare, and confounded 
with the Arabicus sinus, and. the Indian sea. 
Plin. 6, c. 23 and 24.— Liv. 36, c. 17, 1. 42, 
c 52, I. 45, c. 9.— Virg. JEn. 8, v. 686 — 
Lucan. 8, v. 853. 

Rudi.33, a town of Calabria, near Brundusium, 
built by a Greek colony, and famous for giving 
birth to the poet Ennius. Cic. pro >ftrch. 10. — 
Hal. 12, v. 396.— Mela, 2, c. 4. 

Ruffinits a general of Gaul in the reign of 
Vitellius, &c Tacit. H. 2, c 94. 

Ruffus Crisfinus, an officer of the preto- 
rian guards under Claudius. He was banished 



RU 



RY 



by Agrippina for bis attachment to Britannicus 
and Octavius, the sons of vlessalina, and put 
himself to death. His wife, i J opp?ea Sabina, 
by whom he hod a son called Ruffinus Crispi- 
nus, afterwards married Nero. Tacit. 12. — 
Hist. c. 42, 1. 16, c. 17. A soldier, present- 
ed with a civic crown for preserving the iife of 
a citizen, &c 

Rufiana, a town of Gaul, now Rufash in 
Alsace 

Rufilltjs, a Roman, ridiculed by Horace. 
Sat 2, v. 27, for his effeminacy. 

Jul. Ruffiniantts, a rhetorician, &c 

Rcfinds, a general of Theodosius, &c. 

Rufrjs, a town of Campania, cf which the 
inhabitants were called Rufieni Cic. iO. lam. 
ll.—Sil S, v BSS.—Virg. jEn. 7, v 739. 

Rufrium, a town of Samnium, now Ruvo. 
Liv. 8, c. 25. 

Rufus, a Latin historian. [Vid. Q,u:ntius.] 

A friend of Commodus, famous for his 

avarice and ambition. One of the ancestors 

of Sylla, degraded from the rank of a senator, 
because ten pounds weight of gold was found 

in his house. A governor of Juda. A 

man who conspired against Domitian. A 

poet of Ephesus, in the reign of Trajan. He 

wrote six books on simples, now lost. A 

Latin poet. Sempronius. Vid Praetorius. 

Rugia, now Rugen, an island of the Baltic. 

Rugii, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de 
Germ 43. 

RupiLins, an officer surnamed Rex, for his 
authoritative manners. He was proscribed by 
Augustus, and fled to Brutus. Horat. 1, sat. 

7, '■■ 1. A writer, whose treatises dejlguris 

senteiitiarum,lkc. were edited by Runken, 8vo. 
L. Bat. 1786. 

Ruscino, a town of Gaul, at the foot of the 

Pyrenees. Liv 21, c. 24. A sea-port town 

of Africa. Id. 30, c 10. 

Ruscius, a town o. Gaul. 

Rusconia, a town of Mauritania. Liv. 21, 
c 24. 

RuselljE, an inland town of Elruria, destroy- 
ed by the Romans. Liv. 28, c. 45 

Ruspxna, a town of Africa, near Adrumetum. 
Sil. It 3, v. 260.— Flirt. Jf 640. 

Rusticus, L Jun. Arulenus, a man pufto 
death by Domitian He was the friend and pre- 
ceptor of Pliny the younger, who praises his 
abilities; and he is likewise commended by 
Tacitus, 16, H. c. 26. — Plin. l,ep. 14.— Suet. 
in L)om. A friend of M. Aurelius. 

Rusucorrum, a town of Mauritania, believ- 
ed moo em Algiers. 

Ruteni, a people of Gaul, now Ruvergne, in 
Guienna. Cvs- B. G. 

Rutila, a deformed old woman, who lived 



near 100 years, &c. Plin. 7, c. 48. — Juv. 10, 
v. 294. 

Rutilus, a rich man reduced to beggary by 
bis extravagance. Juv. 11, v. 2. 

P. Rutilius Rtjftjs, a Roman consul in the 
age of Syila, celebrated for his virtues and 
writings. He refused to comply with the re- 
quests of his friends because they were unjust. 
When- Sylla had banished him from Rome he 
retired to Smyrna, amidst the acclamations and 
praises of the people; anci when some of his 
friends wished him to be recalled home by 
means of a civil war, he severely reprimanded 
them, and said that he wished rather to see his 
country blush at his exile, than to plunge it into 
distress by his return. He was the first who 
taught the Roman soldiers the principles of 
fencing, and by thus mixing dexterity with va- 
lour, rendered their attacks more certain, and 
more irresistible. During his banishment he 
employed his time in study, and wrote an his- 
to. y of Rome in Greek, and an account of his 
own life in Latin, besides many other works. 
Ovid. Fast. 6. v. 563. — Seneca de Benef — Cic. 
in Brut, de Oral. 1, c 53. — Val. Max. 2, c. 3, 
1. 6, c. 4. — Palerc 2, c. 9. A Roman pro- 
consul, who is supposed to have encouraged 
Mithridates to murder all the Romans who 

were in his provinces. Lupus, a praetor who 

fled away with three cohorts from Tarraciua. 
A rhetorician. Quintil. 3, c. 1 A 



man who went against Jugurtha. A friend 

of Nero. Claud. Numantianus, a poet of 

Gaul, in the reign of Honorius. According to 
some, he wrote a poem on mount ./Etna. He 
wrote also an itinerary, published by Burman 
in the poetaj Latini minores. L. Bat. 4to 1731. 
Ruttjba, a river of Liguria, falling from 
the Apennines into the Mediterranean. Lucan. 

2, v 422. Of Luthium, faliing into the 

Tiber. Lucan. 2, v. 422. 

Rutueus, a gladiator, &c. Horat. 2, Sat. 7, 
v. 9.6. 

Rutuli, a people of Latium, known as well 
as the Latins, by the name of Jlborigines. When 
iEneas came into Italy, Turnus was their king, 
and they supported him in the war which he 
waged against this foreign prince. The capital 
of their dominions was called Ardea. Ovid. 
Fast. 4, v. 883. Met. 14, v. 455, &c — Virg. 
JEn. 7, &c.— Plin. 3, c. 5. 

RuttjPjE, a sea-port town on the southern 
coasts of Britain, abounding in excellent oysters, 
whence the epithet of Rutupinus. Some sup- 
pose that it is the modern town of Dover, but 
others Richborougk or Sandwich. Lucan. 6, ?. 
67.— Juv- 4, v. 141. 

Rypii^Ei montes. Vid- Rhipeei. 



SA 



SA 



^ ABA, a town of Arabia, famous for frank- Romans, to avenge the rape of their females at 
k-7 incense, myrrh, and aromatic plants. The a spectacle where they had been invited. After 
inhabitants were calied Sdb<ei. Strab. 16. — 
Diod. 3.—Vi,rg. G. I, v. 57. JEn. 1, v 420. 

Sabachus, or Sabacon, a kiny; of ^Ethiopia, 
who invaded Egypt and reigned there, afier the 
expedition of king of Amasis. After a reign 
of 50 years he was terri/ied by a dream, and 
retired into his own kingdom. Herodot. 2, c. 
137, &c. 

Sab.ei, a people of Arabia. Vid. Saba. • 

Sabata, a town of Liguria with a safe ant! 
beautiful harbour, supposed to be the modern 

Savona. SU, 8, v. 461. — Strab. 4. A town 

of Assyria. 



Sabatjia, a town of Arabia, now Sanaa. 

Sabathra, a town of Syria. $il. 3, v. 256. 

Sabat-ini, a people of Sampium, living on 
the banks of the Sabatus, a riier which falls 
into the Vulturous. Liv. 26, c. 33. 

Sabazius, a surname of Bacchus, as also of 
Jupiter. Lie de J\". I). 3, c. 23 —Amob, 4. 

Sabbas, a king of India. 

Sabella, the nurse of the poet Horace. 1. 
Sat. 9, v. 29. 

Sabelli, a people of Italy, descended from 
the Sabines, or according to some from the 
Sammies. They inhabited that part of the 
Country which lies between the Sabmes and the 
Mar si. Hence the epithet of Sabellicus. Ho- 
rat. 3, od 6.— Virg. G. 3, v. 255. 

Sabellus, a Latin poet in the reign of Do- 
miiian and Nerva. 

Julia Sabina, a Roman matron, who mar- 
ried Adrian by means of Plotina the wife of 
Trajan. She is celebrated, for her private as 
well as public virtues. Adrian treated her with 
the greatest asperity, though he had received 
from her the imperial purple; and the empress 
was so sensible of his utikindness, that she 
boasted in his presence that she had disdained 
to make him a father, lest his children should 
become more odious or more tyrannical than 
he -dmself was. The behaviour of Sabina at 
last so exasperated Adrian that he poisoned her, 
or according to some, obliged her to destroy 
herself. The emperor at that time laboured 
under a mortal disease, and therefore he was 
the more encouraged to sacrifice Sabina to his 
resentment, that she might not survive him. 
Divine honours were paid to her memory. She 
died after she had been married 3S years to 
Adrian, A. D. 138. 

Sabini, an ancient people of Italy, reckoned 
among the Aborigines, or those inhabitants 
whose origin was noi known. Some su r pose 
that they were originally a Lacedaemonian co- 
lony who settled in that part of the country. 
The possessions of the Sabines were situated in 
the neighbourhood of Rome, between the river 
Nar and the Anio, and bounded on^he north by 
the Apennines and Umbria south by Latium, 
east by the iEqui, and Etruria on the west. 
The greatest part of the contiguous nations 
were descended from them, such as the Umbri- 
ans, the Campanians, the Sabelli, the Osci, 
Samnites, Hernici, JEqui, Marsi, Brutii, &c 
The Sabines are celebrated in ancient history 
as being the first who took up arm9 against the I commanded in the Roman armies 35 years, and 



some engagements the greatest part of the Sa- 
bines left their ancient possessions and migrated 
to Home, where they settled wicb their new al- 
lies. They were at last totally subdued, about 
the year of Rome 373, and ranked as Roman 
citizens. Their chief cities were Cures> Fi- 
delia?, Reate, Crustrumerium, Corniculum, No- 
mentum, Collalia, &c. The character of the 
nation for chastity, for purity of morals, and for 
the knowledge of herbs and incantations, was 
very great. Bank 17, ep. 28. — Cic Vat. 15. 
—Ptin. 3, c. 12— Lit?. 1, c. 9 and 18.— Di- 
ojys. 2, c. 51— Strab. b.—FLor. 1, c. 1, 1. 3, 
c. 18 —liai. 8, v. 424.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 775 
and 797. Am. 1, v. 101, 13, 8, v. 61.— Juv. 
10, v 197. 

Sabinianus, a general who revolted in Africa, 
in the reign of Gordian, and was defeated soon 

after, A. D. 240.- A general of the eastern 

empire, &c. 

Sabinus Aulus, a. Latin poet intimate with 
Ovid. He wrote some epistles and elegies, in 
the number of which were mentioned, an epistle 
from iEueas to Dido, from Hippolytus to Phae- 
dra, and from Jason to Hipsipyle. from De- 
mophoon to Phyllis, from Paris to (Euone, from 
Ulysses to Penelope; the three last of which, 
ihough said to be his composition, are spurious. 

Ovid. Am, 2, el. 18, v 27. A man from 

whom the Sabines received their name. He 
received divine honours after death, and was 
one of those deities whom iEneas invoked when 
he entered Italy. He was supposed to be of 
Lacedaemonian origin. . Virg. JEn. 7, v. 171. 

An officer of Caesar's army defeated by the 

Gauls. Julius, an officer, who proclaimed 

himself emperor in the beginning of Vespasian's 
reign. He was soon after defeated in a battle; 
and to escape from the conqueror he hid him- 
self in a subterraneous cave, with two faithful 
domestics, where he continued unseen for nine 
successive years. His wife found out his re- 
treat, and spent her time with him., till ber fre- 
quent visits to the cave discovered the place of 
his concealment He was dragged before Ves* 
pasian, and by bis orders put to death, though 
his friends interested themselves in his cause, 
and his wife eudeavoured to raise the emperor's 
pity by showing him the twins whom she had 

brought forth in their subterraneous retreat. 

Corn, a man who conspired against Caligula, 

and afterwards destroyed himself. Titius, a 

Roman senator shamefully accused and con- 
demned by Sejanus. His body, after execution, 
was dragged through the streets of Rome, and 
treated with the greatest indignities. His dog 
constantly followed the body, and when it was 
thrown into the Tiber, the- faithful animal 
plunged in after it, and was drowned. Plin. 

8, c. 40. Poppaeus, a Roman consul, who 

presided above 24 years over Mcesia, and ob- 
tained a triumph for his victories over the bar- 
barians. He was a great favourite of Augustus 
and of Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. Flavius, a bro- 
ther of Vespasian, kilted by tbe populace. He 
was well known for his fidelity to Vitellius. He 



SA 



SA 



was governor of Rome for 12. A friend -of 

Domitian. A Roman who attempted to 

plunder the temple of the Jews A friend 

of the emperor Alexander. A lawyer. 

Sabis, now Sambre, a river of Belgic Gaul, 
falling into the Maese at Numar. Cces. 2, c. 
16 and 18. 

Sabota, the same as Sabatha. 

SabracjE, a powerful nation of India. Curt. 
9, c. 8. 

Sabrata, a maritime town of Africa, near 
the Syrtes It was a Roman colony, about 70 
miles from the modern Tripoli. llal. 3, v. 256 
—Plin. 5, c. 4. 

Sabrina, the Severn in England. 

Sabura, a general of Juba, king of Numi- 
dia, defeated and killed in a battle. Lucan. 
4, v. 722_ 

Saeukanus, an officer of the praetorian 
guards. When'he was appointed to this office 
by the emperor Trajan, the prince presented 
him with a sword, saying, Use this w.aponin 
my service as long as my commands are just; but 
turn it against my oxen breast, whenever 1 become 
cruel or malevolent. 

Sabus, one of (he ancient king-, of the Sa- 
bine-; the same as Sabinus. Vid. Sabiuus. 

A king of Arabia. 

Sacadas, a musician and poet of Argos, who 
obtained three several times the prize at the 
Pythian games. Plut. de mus. — Paus. 6, c. 14. 

Sacje, a people of Scythia, who inhabited 
the country that lies at the east of Bactriana 
and Sogdiana, and towards the north of mount 
Imaus. The name of Sacae was given iu gene- 
ral to all the Scythians, by the Persians. They 
had no towns, according to some writers, but 
lived in tents. Ptol 6. c. 13 — Herodot. 3, c. 
93, I. 7, c. 63— Plm. 6, c. 17— Solin. 62 

Sacer mons, a mountain near Rome. Vid 
Mons sacer. 

Sacer lucus, a wood of Campania, on the 
Liris. 

Sacer portus, or Sacri portus, a place of 
Italy, near Prameste, famous for a battle that 
Was fought there between Sylla and Marius, in 
which the former obtained the victory. Paierc. 
2, e 26.— Lucan. 2, v. 134. 

Sacrani, a people of Latium, who assisted 
Turuus against iEneas. They were descended 
from the Pelasgians, or from a priest of Cybele 
Virg. Mn. 7, v. 796. 

Sacrator, one of the friends of Turnus. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 747. 

Sacra via. a celebrated street of Rome, 
where a treaty of peace and alliance was made 
between Romulus and Tatius. It led from the 
amphitheatre to the eapitoi, by the temple of 
the goddess of peace, and the temple of Caesar 
The triumphal processions passed through it to 
go to the cspitol. ~Horat. 4, od. 2, I. 1, sat. 9. 
— Liv. 2, c. 13. — Cic Plane 7 — ML 4,ep. 3. 

Sacrata lex, militaris, A U. C. 411, by 
the dictator Valerius Corvus, as some suppose, 
enacted that the name of no soldier which had 
been entered in the muster roll should be struck 
out but by bis consent, and that no person who 
had been a military tribune should execute the 
office of ductor ordinum 



M. Sacrativir, a friend of Caesar, killed at 
DyrrHchiuui. Cces. bell. G. 

Sacri tortus. Vid. Sucer portus. 

Sacrum bellum, a name given to the wars 
carried on concerning the temple of Delphi. 
The first began B. C. 448, and in it the Athe- 
nians and Lacedaemonians were auxiliaries on 
opposite sides. The second war began 357 B. 
C. and finished nine years after by Philip of 
Macedonia, who destroyed all the cities of the 

Phocians. [Vid. Phocis J Promontorium, a 

promontory of Spain, now Cape St. Vincent, 
called by Strabo the most westerly part of the 
earth. 

Sadales, a son of Cotys, king of Thrace, 
who assisted Pompey with a body of 500 horse- 
men. Cces. Bell G. 3. — Cic. Ver. 1. 

Sadus, a river of India. 

Sadtates, one of the Mermnadae, who reign- 
ed in Lydia 12 years after bis father Gyges. 
He made war against the Milesians for six 
years. Herodot. 1, c. 16, &c. 

S-aiTABis, a town of Spain near the Lucro, 
on a rising hill, famous for its fine linen. Sil. 
3, v. 373. 

Sagalassus, a town of Pisidia on the bor- 
ders of Phrygia, now Sadjaklu. Liv 38, c. 15. 

Sagana, a woman acquainted with magic 
and enchantments. Horat epod. 5, v. 25. 

Sagaris, a river of Asia, rising from mount 
Dindymus in Phrygia. and falling into the Eux- 
ine. [Vid. Sangaris] Ovid, ex Pont. 4, ep. 

10, v. 47. One of the companions of iEneas, 

killed by Turnus. Virg. Mn. 5, v. 263, 1. 9, 
v 575. 

C. Sagitta, an officer who encouraged Piso 
to rebel against the emperor Nero, &c. Tacit. 
Hist 4, c. 49. 

Sagra, a small river of Italy in the country 
of the Brutii, where 130,000 Crotoniatoe were 
routed by 10.000 Locrians and Rhegians. Cic. 
Nat. 0.2, c 2.—Strab. 6. 

Saguntum, or Saguntus, a town of Hispa- 
nia Tarraconensis at the west of the Iberus, 
about one mile from the sea shore, now called 
Morvedro. It had been founded by a colony of 
Zacynthians, and by some of the Rutuli of Ar- 
dea. Saguntum is celebrated for the clay in its 
neighbourhood, with which cups, pocula Sagun- 
tina, were made, but more particularly it is 
famous as being the cause of the second Punic 
war, and for the attachment of its inhabitants 
to the interests of Rome. Hannibal took it after 
a siege of about eight months; and the inhabit- 
ants, not to fall into the enemy's hands, burnt 
themselves with their houses, and with all their 
effects. The conqueror afterwards rebuilt it, 
and placed a garrison there, with ill the noble- 
men whom he detained as hostages from the se- 
veral neighbouring nations of Sp ;in. Some sup- 
pose that he called it Spartagene. Flor. 2, c 6. 
— Liv. 21, c. 2, 7. 9. — Sil. 1, v. 271. — Lucan. 
3, v. 250.— Slrab. 3.— Mela. 2, c. 6. 

Sais, now Sa. a town in the Delta of Egypt, 
situate between the Caoopic ant' Sebennytican 
mouths of the Nile, and anciently the capital 
of Lower Egypt. There was there a celebra- 
ted temple dedicated to Minerva, with a room 
cut out of one stone, which had been conveyed 
4 M 



SA 



SA 



by water from Elephantis by the labours of 
2000 men in three years. The stone measured 
on the outside 21 cubits long, 14 broad, and 8 
high. Osiris was also buried near the town of 
Sais. The inhabitants were called Suites One 
of the mouths of the Nile, which is adjoini g 
to the town, has received the name of Saiticum. 
Strab. 11.— Herodot. 2, c. 17, &c. 

Sala, a town of Thrace, near the mouths of 

the Bebrus. A town of Mauritania of 

Phrygia. A river of Germany falling into 

the Elbe, near which are salt pits. Tacit. Ann. 

13, c. 57. Another falling into the Rhine, 

now the Issel. 

Salacon, a poor man who pretended to be 
uncommonly rich, &c Cic ad. Div. 7, c. 24. 

Salaminia, a name given to a ship at Athens, 
which was employed by the republic in convey- 
ing the officers of state to their different admi- 
nistrations abroad, &c. : A name given to the 

island of Cyprus, on account of Salamis, one 
of its capital cities. 

Salamis, a daughter of the river Asopus, by 
Methone. Neptune became enamoured of her, 
and carried her to an island of the iEgean, 
which afterwards bore her name, and where 
she gave birth to a son called Cenchreus. Diod. 
4. 

Salamis, Salamins, or Salamina, now 
Colouri, an island in the Saronicus Sinus, on 
the southern coast of Attica, opposite Eleusis, 
at the distance of about a league, with a town 
and harbour of the same name. It is about 50 
miles in circumference. It was originally peo- 
pled by a colony of Ionians, and afterwards by 
some of the Greeks from the adjacent islauds 
and countries. It is celebrated for a battle 
which was fought there between the fleets of 
the Greeks and that of the Persians, when 
Xerxes invaded Attica. The enemy's ships 
amounted to above 2000, and those of the Pe- 
loponnesians, to about 380 sail. In this en- 
gagement, which was fought on the 20th of Oc- 
tober, B. C 480, the Greeks lost 40 ships, and 
the Persians about 200, besides an immense 
number which were taken, with all the ammu- 
nition they contained. The island of Salamis 
was anciently called Sciras Cychria, or Cen- 
chria, and its bay the gulf of Engia- It is said 
that Xerxes attempted to join it to the continent. 
Teucer and Ajax, who went to the Trojan war, 
were natives of Salamis. Strab. 2. — Herodot. 
3, c. 56, &c— Plut. fy C. Mp. in Them &c. 
■ — Diod. 4. — Val.Max. 5, c. 3. — Pans. l,c. 
35, &c — Mela, 2, c. 7. — Lucan. 5, v. 109. — 
Sil. 14, v. 283. 

Salamis, or Salamina, a town at the east 
of the island of Cyprus. It was built by Teucer, 
who gave it the name of the island Salamis, 
from which he had been banished about 1270 
years before the Christian era; and from this 
circumstance the epithets of ambigua and altera 
were applied to it, as the mother country was 
also called vera, for the sake of distinction. His 
descendants continued masters of the town for 
above 800 years. It was destroyed by an earth- 
quake, and rebuilt in the 4th century, and called 
Constantia. Strab. 9. — Herodot. 8, c. 94 3 &c — 



Horat. 1, od. 7, v* 21. — Paterc. l,c. 1.— Lucan. 
3, v. 183. 

Salapia, or SALAPiiE, now Salpe, a town of 
Apulia, where Annibal retired after the baitle 
of Cannis, and where he devoted himself to 
licentious pleasure, forgetful of his fame, and 
of the interests of his country. It was taken 
from the Carthaginian general by Marcellus. 
Some remains of this place may be traced near 
a lake called Salwpina Palus, now used for 
making salt, which, from the situation near the 
sea, is easily conveyed by small boats to ships 
of superior burden. Lucan. 5, v. 377. — Val. 
Max. 3, c. 8 — Plin. 3, c. 11. 

Salara, a town of Africa propria, taken by 
Scipio. Liv. 29, c. 34, &c. 

Salaria, a street and gate at Rome, whieh 
led towards the country of the Sabines. It 
received the name of Salaria, because salt, 
(sal,) was generally conveyed to Rome that 

way. Mart. 4. ep. 64 A bridge, called 

Salarius, was built four miles from Rome 
through the Salarian gate on the river Anio. 

Salassi, a people of Cisalpine Gaul, who 
were in continual war with the Romans. They 
cut off 10,000 Romans under Appius Claudius, 

A. U. C. 610, and were soon after defeated, 
and at last totally subdued and sold as slaves 
by Augustus. Their country, now called Val 
D'Aousta, after a colony settled there, and call- 
ed Augusta Praztoria, was situate in a valiey 
between the Alps Graiaj and Penninae, or Great 
and Little St. Bernard. Liv. 21, c. 38.— Plin. 
3, c. 17. — Strab. 4. 

Saleius, a poet of great merit in the age of 
Doraitian, yet pinched by poverty, though born 
of illustrious parents, and distinguished by pu- 
rity of manners and integrity of mind. Juv. 
7, v. 80.— Quint. 10, c. 1. 

Saleni, a people of Spain. Mela, 3, c. I. 

Salentini, a people of Italy, near Apulia, 
on the southern coast of Calabria. Their chief 
towns were Brundusium, Tarentum, and Hy- 
druntum. Ital. 8, v. 579. — Virg. AZn. 3, v. 
400.— Varro. de R. R. 1, c. 24.— Strab. 6.— 
Mela, 2, c. 4. 

Salerkum, now Salerno, a town of the Pi- 
centini, on the shores of tbe Tyrrhene sea, south 
of Campania, and famous for a medical school 
in the lower ages. Plin. 13, c. 3. — Liv. 34, 
c. 45. — Lucan. 2, v. 425. — Paterc. 1, c. 15. — 
Horat. 1, ep 15. 

Salganeus, or Salganea, a town of Bceotia, 
on the Euripus Liv. 35, c. 37, &c. 

Salia, a town of Spain, where Prudentius 
was born. Mela, 

Salica, a town of Spain. 

Salh, a college of priests at Rome instituted 
in honour of Mars, and appointed by Numa, t© 
take care of the sacred shields called Ancylia, 

B. C. 709. [Vid. Ancyle.] They were twelve 
in number, the three elders among them had 
the superin tendance of all the rest; the first was 
called prcesut, the second vates, and the third 
magister. Their number was afterwards doubled 
by Tullus Hostilius, after he had obtained a 
victory over the Fidenates, in consequence of ft 
vow which he had made to Mars. The Salii 
were all of patrician families, and the office wa? 



\ 



SA 



SA 



very honourable. The first of March was the 
day on which the Salii observed their festivals 
in honour of Mars. Tr-ey were generally dress- 
ed in a short scarlet (unic, of which only the 
edges were seen; they wore a iaige purple co- 
loured belt a "out the waist, which was fastened 
with >rass buckles. They had on (neir heads 
round bonnets with two comers standing up and 
they wore in their right hand a small rod* and 
in their left a small buckler. In the observa- 
tion of their solemnity they first ottered sacri- 
fices, and afterwards went through the streets 
dancing in measured motions, sometimes ail to- 
gether, or at other times separately, while 
musical instruments were playing nefore them. 
They placed their body in different attitudes, 
and struck with their rods the shields which they 
held in their hands. They also sung hymns in 
honour of the gods, particularly of Mars, Juno, 
Venus, and Minerva, and they were accompa- 
nied in the chorus by a certain uumber of vir- 
gins, habited like themselves, and called Satioz 
The Salii instituted by Numa were called Pala- 
tini, in contradistinction from the others, be- 
cause they lived on mount Palatine, and offered 
their sacrifices there. Those that were added 
by Tullus were called Collini, rfgonales, or 
Quiiia.Jes, from a mountain of the saint name, 
where they had fixed their residence Their 
name seems to have been derived a saliendo, or 
saltando, because, during their festivals, it was 
particularly requisite that they should leap ami 
dance. Their feasts and entertainments were 
uncommonly rich and sumptuous, whence dapes 
saliares is proverbially applied \o such repasts 
as are most splendid and costly. It was usual 
among the Romans when they declared war, for 
the Saiii to shake their shields with great vio- 
lence, as if to call upon the god Mars to come 
to their assistance. Liv. 1, c 20. — Varro. de 
L. L. 4, c. 15. — Ovid Fast. 3, v 387. — Dio- 
nys.3—Flor. 1, c. 2. &c— Virg &n. 8, v. 

285 A nation of Germany who invaded 

Gaul, and were conquered by the emperor Ju- 
lian. Jlmm. Mar. 17. 

' Salinator, a surname common to the family 
©f the Livii, and others. 

Salius, an Acarnanian at the games exhi- 
bited by iEneas in Sicily, and killed in the. wars 
with Turnus. It is said by some that he taught 
the Latins those ceremonies, accompanied with 
dancing, which afterwards bore his name in the 
appellation of the Salii. Virg. JFm. 5, v. 298, 
1. 10, v. 753. 

Crispps Sallustius, a Latin historian born 
at Amitemum, in the country of the Sabines. 
He received his education at Rome, and made 
himself known as a public magistrate in the of- 
fice of qusestor and consul. His licentiousness 
and the depravity of his manners, however, did 
not escape the censure of the age, and Sallust 
was degraded from the dignity of a senator, 
B. C. 50. His amour with Fausta, the daugh- 
ter of Sylla, was a strong proof of his de- 
bauchery; and Milo, the husband, who disco- 
vered the adulterer in his house, revenged the 
violence offered to his bed, by beating him with 
stripes, and selling him his liberty at a high 
price. A continuation of extravagance could 



not long be supported by the income of Salius.*, 
but he extricated himself from all difficulties by 
embracing the cause of Caesar. He was re- 
stored to the rank of senator, and made go- 
vernor of Numidia. In the administration of 
his province Sallust behaved with unusual ty- 
ranny; he enriched himself by plundering the 
Africans, and at his return to Rome he built 
bimV. If a magnificent house, and bought gar- 
dens, which from their delightful and pleasant 
situation, still preserve the name of the gardens 
of Sallust. He married Terentia. the divorced 
wife of Cicero; and from this circumstance, 
according to some, arose an immortal hatred 
between the historian and the orator. Sallust 
died in the 5 1st year of his age, 35 years be- 
fore the Christian era. As a writer he is pe- 
culiarly distinguished. He had composed a 
history of Rome, but nothing remains of it ex- 
cept a few fragments, and his only compositions 
extant are his history of Catiline's conspiracy, 
and of the wars of Jugurtha king of Numidia. 
In these celebrated works the author is greatly 
commended for his elegance, the vigour and 
animation of his sentences: he every where dis- 
plays a wouderful knowledge of the human 
heart, and paints with a masterly hand the 
causes that gave, rise to the great events which 
he relates. No one was better acquainted with 
the. vices that prevailed in the capital of Italy, 
and no one seems to have been more severe 
against the follies of the age, and the failings 
of which he himself was guilty in the eyes of 
the world. His descriptions are elegantly cor- 
rect, and his harangues are nervous and ani- 
mated, and well suiting the character and the 
different pursuits of the great men in whose 
mouth they are placed. The historian, how- 
ever, is blamed for tedious and insipid exor- 
diums, which often disgust the reader without 
improving him; his affectation of old and obso- 
lete words and phrases is also censured, and 
particularly his unwarrantable partiality in some 
of his narrations. Though faithful in every 
other respect, he has not painted the character 
of Cicero with all the fidelity and accuracy 
which the reader claims from the historian; 
and in passing in silence over many actions 
which reflect the greatest honour on the first 
husband of Terentia, the rival of Cicero has 
disgraced himself, and rendered his composi- 
tions less authentic. There are two orations 
or epistles to Cagsar, concerning the regulations 
of the sta'e, attributed to him, as also an ora- 
tiou against Cicero, whose authenticity some of 
the moderns have disputed. The best editions 
of Sallust, are those of Haverkamp, 2 vols. 4to. 
Amst. 1742; and of Edinburgh, 12mo. 1755. 
Quint'd. 10, c. 1 — Suet, de Gram, in C&s. — 
Martial. 14, ep. 191 A nephew of the his- 
torian, by whom he was adopted. He imita- 
ted the moderation of Maecenas, and remained 
satisfied with the dignity of a Roman knight, 
when he could have made himself powerful by 
the favours of Augustus and Tiberius. He was 
very effeminate and luxurious Horace dedica- 
ted 2, od 2, to him. Tacit. Ann 1 —Plin. 

34, c Secundus Promotus, a native of 

Gaul, very intimate with the emperor Julian- 



SA 



SA 



He is remarkable for his integrity, and the 
soundness of his counsels. Julian made him 
prefect of Gaul. There is also another Sallust, 
called Secundus, whom some have improperly 
confounded with Promotus. Secundus was also 
one of Julian's favourites, and was made by him 
prefect of the east. He conciliated the good 
graces of the Romans by the purity of his 
morals, bis fondness for discipline, and his reli- 
gious principles. After the death of the empe- 
ror Jovian, he was universally named by the 
officers of the Roman empire to succeed on the 
imperial throne: but he refused (his great 
though dangerous honour, and pleaded infirmi- 
ties of body and old age. The Romans wished 
upon this to invest his son with the imperial 
purple, but Secundus opposed it, and observed 
that he was too young to support the dignity. 

A prefect of Rome ir* the reign of Valen- 

tinian. An officer in Britain. 

Salmacis, a fountain of Caria, near Hali- 
carnassus, which rendered effeminate all those 
who drank of its waters. It was there that 
Hermapbroditus changed his sex, though he 
still retained the characteristics of his own. 
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 285, 1. 15, v. 319.— Hygin. 
fab. 211— Festus. de V. fig. 

Salmantica, a town of Spain, now Sala- 
manca. 

Salmone, a town of Eiis in Peloponnesus, 
with a fountain, from which the Enipeus takes 
its source, and falls into the Alpheus, about 40 
stadia from Olympia, which on account of that 
is called Salmonis. Ovid. 3, Smor. el. 6, v. 

43. A promontory at the east of Crete. 

Dionys. 5. 

Salmoneus, a king of Elis, son of iEolus 
and Enarette, who married Alcidice, by whom 
he had Tyro. He wished to be called a god, 
and to receive divine honours from his subjects; 
therefore, to imitate the thunder, he used to 
drive his chariot over a brazen bridge, and 
darted burning torches on every side, as if to 
imitate the lightning. This impiety provoked 
Jupiter Salmoneus was struck with a thunder- 
bolt, and placed in the infernal regions near 
his brother Sisyphus. Homer. Od. 11, v. 
235.— Jpollod. 1, c 9. — Hygin. fab. 60. — 
Diod. 4 — Virg JEn. 6, v. 585. 

Salmonis, a name given to Olympia. Vid. 
Salioone. The patronymic of Tryo, daugh- 
ter of Salmoneus Ovid. Jim. 3, el. 6, v 43. 
Salmus, (nntis) a town of Asia near the 
Red Sea, where Alexander saw a theatrical 
representation. Diod. 17. 

Salmydessus, a bay on the Euxine sea. 
Salo, now Xalon, a river in Spain, falling 
into the Iberus. Marl. 10, ep. 20. 

Salodurum, now Soleure, a town of the 
Helvetii. 

Salome, a queen of Judaea. This name was 
common to some of the princesses in 1 the family 
of Herod, &c. 

Salon, a country of Bithynia. 
Salona, or Salon*, a town of Dalmatia, 
about 10 miles distant from the coast of the 
Adriatic, conquered by Pollio, who on that ac- 
count called his son Saloninus, in honour of 
the victory. It was the native place of the em- 



peror Dioclesian, and he retired there to enjoy 
peace and tranquillity, after be had abdicated 
the imperial purple, and built a stately palace, 
the ruins of which were still seen in the 18th 
century. A small village of the same name 
preserves the traces of its fallen grandeur. 
Near is Spalatro. Lucan. 4, v. 404. — Cces. 
Bel. Civ. 9. — Mela, 2, c 3. 

Salonina, a celebrated matron who mar- 
ried the emperor Galhenus, and distinguished 
herself by her private as well as public virtues. 
She was a patroness of all the fine arts, and to 
her clemency, mildness, and benevolence, 
Rome was indebted some time for her peace 
and prosperity. She accompanied her husband 
in some of his expeditions, and often called him 
away from the pursuits of pleasure to make 
war against the enemies of Rome. She was 
put to death by the hands of the conspirators, 
who also assassinated her husband and family 
about the year 268 of the Christian era. 

Saloninus, a son of Asinius Pollio. He re- 
ceived his name from the conquest of Salone 
by his father. Some suppose that he is the he* 
ro of Virgil's fourth eclogue, in which the re- 
turn of the golden age is so warmly and beauti- 
fully anticipated. P. Licinius Cornelius, a 

son of Gallienus, by Solonina, sent into Gaul, 
there to be taught the art of war. He re- 
mained there some time, till the usurper Post- 
humius arose and proclaimed himself emperor. 
Saloninus was upon this delivered up to his 
enemy, and put to death in the 10th year of 
his age- 

Salonius, a friend of Cato the censor. The 
daughter of Ceusorius married Salonius in his 

old age. Flut. A tribune and centurion of 

the Roman army hated by the populace for his 
strictness. 

Salpis, a colony of Etruria. whose inhabit- 
ants are called Salpinates. Liv. 5, c. 31. 
Salsum, a river in Spain. C<es. 
Salvian, one of the fathers of the 5th cen- 
tury, of whose works the best edition is the 
12mo. Paris, 1684. 

SALvmiENrrs, an officer of the army of 
Augustus. He was betrayed by Antony, and 

put to death. A Latin writer in the age of 

the emperor Probus. 

Salvius, a flute player saluted king by the 
rebellious slaves of Sicily in the age of Marius. 
He maintained for some time war against the 

Romans. A nephew of the emperor Otho. 

A friend of Pompey. — — A man put to 

death by Domitian. A freed man of Atti- 

cus. Cic. ad Div. c. 11. Another of the 

sons of Hortensius. Id. 

Salus, the goddess of health at Rome, wor- 
shipped by the Greeks under the name of Hy- 
gieia. Liv. 9 and 10 

Salves, a people of Gaul on the Rhone. 
Liv. 5, c 84 and 35, I 21, c. 26. 

Samara, a river of Gaul, now called the 
Somme, which falls into the British channel 
near Abbeville. 

Samaria, a city and country of Palestine, 
famous in sacred history. The inhabitants, 
called Samaritans, were composed of Hea- 
thens and rebellious Jews, and on having a 



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temple built there after the form of that of Je- 
rusalem, a lasting enmity arose between the 
people of Judaea and of Samaria, so that no 
intercourse took place between the two coun- 
tries, and the name of Samaritan became a 
word of reproach, and as if it were a curse. 

Samarobriva, a town of Gaul, now Amiens, 
in .Picardy. 

Sambulos, a mountain near Mesopotamia, 
where Hercules was worshipped. Tacit. A. 
12, c. 13. 

Sambus, an Indian king defeated by Alex- 
ander Dlod 17 A river of India. 

Same, or Samos, a small island in the Ionian 
sea near Ithaca, called also Cephallenia. Virg. 
JEn. 3, v. 271. 

Samia, a daughter of the river Maeander. 

Pans. 7, c. 4. A surname of Juno, because 

she was worshipped at Samos. 

Sam.vit^e, or AmnitjE, a people of Gaul. 

Samnites, a people of Italy, who inhaoited 
the country situate between Picenum, Cam- 
pania, Apulia, and ancient Latiura. They dis- 
tinguished themselves by their implacable ha- 
tred against the Romans, in the first ages of 
that empire, tjll they were at last totally extir- 
pated, B. C. 272, after a war of 71 years. 
Their chief town was called Samnium or Sam- 
nis. Liv. 7, &c. — Flor. 1, c. 16, &c. 1. 3, c. 
18.— Strab. b.—Lucan. 2. — Eutrop. 2. 

Samnium, a town and part of Italy inhabited 
by the Samnites. Vid. Samnites. 

Samochonites, a small lake of Palestine. 

Samonium, a promontory of Crete. 

Samos, an island in the *Iigean sea, on the 
coast of Asia Minor, from which it is divided by 
a narrow strait, with a capital of the same name, 
built B C 986. It is about 87 miles in cir- 
cumference, and is famous for the birth of Py- 
thagoras It has been anciently called /'artke- 
nia, Anlhemusa, Stephane, Melamphyllus, An- 
theinus, Cyparissia. and Dryusa. It was first in 
the possession of the Leleges, and afterwards of 
the lonians. The people of the Samos were at 
first governed by kings, and afterwards the form 
of their government became democratical and 
oligarchical. Samos was in its most flourishing 
situation under Polycrates, who had made him- 
self absolute there. The Samians assisted the 
Greeks against the Persians when Xerxes in- 
vaded Europe, and were reduced under the pow- 
er of Athens after a revolt, by Pericles, B. C. 
441. They were afterwards subdued by Eu- 
menes, king of Pergamus, and were restored to 
their ancient liberty by Augustus. Under Ves- 
pasian, Samos became a Roman province Juno 
was held in the greatest veneration there; her 
temple was uncommonly magnificent, and it was 
even said that the goddess had been born there 
under a willow tree, on the banks of the Imbra- 
sus. Mela, 2, c. 7. — Paus. 7, c. 2 and 4. — 
Plut.in Per.—Plin. 5, c. SI.— Virg. JEn. 1, 

v. 20. — Thucyd. The islands of Samothrace 

and Cephallenia, were also known by the name 
of Samos. 

Samosata, a town of Syria, near the Eu- 
phrates, below mount Taurus, where Lucian 
was born. 

Samothracb, or Samothracia, an island in 



the iEgean sea, opposite the mouth of the He- 
brus, on the coast of Thrace, from which it is 
distant about 32 miles. It was known by the 
ancient names of Leucosia, Melitis, Ele.ctria, 
Leucania, and Dardania. It was afterwards 
called Samos, and distinguished from the Samos 
which lies on the coast of Ionia, by the epithet 
of Thracian, or by the name of Samothrace. It 
is about 38 miles in circumference, according to 
t'liny, or only 20 according to modern travel- 
lers. The origin of the first inhabitants of Sa- 
mothrace is unknown. Some, however, suppose 
that they were Thracians, and that the place 
was afterwards peopled by the colonies of the 
Pelasgians, Samians, and Phoenicians. Samo- 
thrace is famous for a deluge which inundated 
the country, and reached the very top of the 
highest mountains. This inundation, which hap- 
pened before the age of the Argonauts, was ow- 
ing to the sudden overflow of the waters of the 
Euxine, which the ancients considered merely 
as a iake. The Samothracians were very reli- 
gious; and as all mysteries were supposed to 
have taken their origin there, the island receiv- 
ed the surname of sacred, and was a safe and 
inviolable asylum to all fugitives and criminals. 
The island was origiually governed by kings, 
but afterwards the government became demo- 
cratical. It enjoyed all its rights and immuni- 
ties under the Romans till the reign of Vespa- 
sian, who reduced it with the rest of the islands 
in the iEgean into the form of a province. Plin. 
4, c. 12— Strab. 10.— Herod. 7, c. 108, &c— 
Virg JEn. 7, v. 20S.— Mela, 2, c l.—Paus. 
7, c. 4.— Flor. 2, c. 12. 

Samus, a son of Ancaeus and Samia, grandson 
of Neptune. Paus. 7, c. 4. 

Sana, a town of mount Athos, near which 
Xerxes began to make a channel to convey the 
sea. 

Sanaos, a town of Phrygia. Strab. 

Sanchoniathon, a Phoenician historian born 
at Berytus, or, according to others, at Tyre. He 
flourished a few years before the Trojan war, 
and wrote, in the language of his country, an 
history in nine books, in which he amply treated 
of the theology and antiquities of Phoenicia, and 
the neighbouring places. It was compiled from 
the various records found in cities, and the an- 
nals which were usually kept in the temples of 
the gods among the ancients. This history was 
translated into Greek by Philo, a native of 
Byblus, who lived in the reign of the emperor 
Adrian. Some few fragments of this Greek 
translation are extant. Some, however, suppose 
them to be spurious; while others contend that 
they are true and authentic. 

Sancds, Sangus, or Sanctcs, u deity of the 
Sabines, introduced among the gods of Rome 
under the name of Dius Fidius. According to 
some, Sanctis was father to Sabus, or Sabinus, 
the first king of the Sabines. llat. 8, v. 421. — 
Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 10. — Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 
213. 

Sandace, a sister of Xerxes. 

Sandaliotis, a name given to Sardinia from 
its resemblance to a sandal. Plin- 3, c. 7. 

Sandalium, a small island of the iEgean, 
near Lesbos, A port of Pisidia. Strab. 



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SA 



Sandanis, a Lydian who advised Croesus not 
fo make war against the Persians. 

Sandanus, a river of Thrace near PaDene. 

Sandrocottus, an Indian of a mean origin. 
His impertinence to Alexander was the begin- 
ning of his greatness; the conqueror ordered him 
to be seized, but Sandrocoitus fled away, and 
at last dropped down overwhelmed with fatigue. 
As he slept on the ground a lion came to him 
and gently licked the sweat from his faee. Tins 
uncommon tameness of the anima! appeared su- 
pernaiural to Sandrocottus, and raised his am>- 
bition. He aspired to the monarchy, and after 
the death of Alexander be made himself master 
of a part of the country which was in the hands 
of Seleucus. Justin 15, c. 4. 

Sane, a towu of Macedonia. 

Sangala, a town of India destroyed by Alex- 
ander. Jhrian. 5. 

Sang\rius, or Sangaris, a river of Pbrygia, 
rising in mount Dindymus, and falling into the 
Euxine. The daughter of the Sangarius became 
pregnant of Altes only from gathering the 
boughs of an almond tree on the banks of the 
river. Hecuba, according to some, was daugh- 
ter of this river. Some of the poets call it Sa- 
garis. Ovid, ex Punt. 4, el. 10. Claudtan in 
Eutrop. 2. — Paus. 7, c. 17. 

Sangdinius, a man condemned for ill lan- 
guage, kc. Tacit. Jinn. 6, c. 7. 

Sannyrion, a tragic poet of Athens. He 
composed many dramatic pieces, one of which 
was called lo, and another Danae. Jithen, 9. 

Santones, and SantoNjE, now Saintonge, a 
people with a town of the same name in Gaul. 
Lucan. 1, v 422. — Martial. 3, ep. 96. 

Saon, an historian. Dion. Hal A man 

who first discovered the oracle of Trophonius. 
Paus. 9, c. 40. 

Sap^i, or Saph^ei, a people of Thrace, call- 
ed also Sintii. Ovid Fast. 1, v. 389. 

Sapjrene, an island of the Arabic gulf. Plin. 
6, c. 29. 

Sapis, now Savio, a river of Gaul Cispadana, 
falling into the Adriatic. Lucan. 2, v. 406. 

Sapor, a king of Persia, who succeeded his 
father Artaxerxes about the 238th year of the 
Christian era. Naturally fierce and ambitious, 
Sapor wished to increase his paternal dominions 
by conquest; and as the indolence of the empe- 
rors of Rome seemrd favourable to his views, 
he laid waste the provinces of Mesopotamia, 
Syria, and Cilicia: and be might have become 
master of all Asia, if Odenatus had not stopped 
his progress. If Gordian attempted to repel him, 
his efforts were weak, and Philip, who succeed- 
ed him on the imperial throne, bought the peace 
of Sapor with money. Valerian, who was af- 
terwards invested with the purple, marched 
against the Persian monarch, but he was de- 
feated and taken prisoner. Odenatus no sooner 
heard that the Roman emperor was 'a captive in 
the hands of Sapor, than he attempted to release 
him by force of arms. The forces of Persia 
were cut to pieces, the wives and the treasures 
of the monarch fell into the bands of the con- 
queror, and Odenatus penetrated, with little op- 
position, into the very heart of the kingdom. 
Sapor, soon after this defeat, was assassinated 



by his subjects, A. D. 273, after a reign of S2 
years. He was succeeded by his son, called 
Hormisdas. Marcellin, &c- — The 2d of that 
name succeeded his father Hormisdas on the 
throne of Persia. He was as great as his an- 
cestor of the same name; and by undertaking 
a war against the Romans, he attempted to en- 
large his dominions, and to add the provinces 
on the west of the Euphrates to his empire. His 
victories alarmed the Roman emperors, ami Ju- 
lian wouid have perhaps seized him in the capi- 
ta! of his dominions, if he had not received a 
mortal wound. Jovian, who succeeded Julian, 
made peace with Sapor; but the monarch, al- 
ways restless and indefatigable, renewed hos- 
tilities, invaded Armenia, and defeated the em- 
peror Valens. Sapor died A D. 308, after a 
reign of 70 years, in which he had often been 
the sport of fortune. He was succeeded by Ar- 
taxerxes, and Artaxerxes by Sapor the third, a 
prince who died after a reign of five years, A. 
D 389, in the age of Theodosius the Great. 
Marcellin. &e. 

Sappho, or Sapho, celebrated for her beauty, 
her poetical talents, and her amorous disposition, 
was born in the island of Lesbos, about 600 
years before Christ. Her father's name, ac- 
cording to Herodotus, was Scamandronymus, 
or, according to others^ Symon, or Semus, or 
Etarchus, and her mother's name was Cleis. 
Her tender passions were so violent, that some 
have represented her attachments with three of 
her female companions, Telesiphe, Atthis, and 
Megara. as criminal, and on that account, have 
given her the surname of Tribas. She conceived 
such a passion for Phaqn, a youth of Mitylene, 
that upon his refusal to gratify her desires, she 
threw herself into the sea from mount Leucas. 
She had composed nine books in lyric verses, 
besides epigrams, elegies, &c. Of all these 
compositions, nothing now remains but two frag- 
ments, whose uncommon sweetness and ele- 
gance show how meritoriously the praises of the 
ancients have been bestowed upon a poetess who 
for the sublimity of her genius was called the 
tenth Muse. Her compositions were all extant 
in the age of Horace. The Lesbians were so 
sensible of the merits of Sappho, that after her 
death they paid her divine honours, and raised 
her temples and altars, and stamped their mo- 
ney with her image. The poetess has been cen- 
sured for writing with that licentiousness and 
freedom which so much disgraced her character 
as a woman. The Sapphic verse has been call- 
ed after her name. Ovid. Heroid. 15. Trist.2, 
v. 36 5. —flora*. 2. Od. 13.— Her odot. 2, c. 135. 
—Stat. 5. Sylv 3, v. 155.—JElian. V. H. 12, 
c 18 and 29.— Plin. 22, c. 8. 

Saptine, a daughter of Darius, the last king 
of Persia, offered in marriage tp Alexander. 

Saracene, part of Arabia Petraea, the coun- 
try of the Saracens who embraced the religion 
of Mahomet. 

Saracori, a people who go to war riding on 
asses. JElian. V. H. 12. 

Sarang^:, a people near Caucasus. Plin. 
6, c 16. 

Saranges, a river of India, falling into the 
Hydraotes, and thence into the Indus. 



SA. 



SA 



Sarapani, a people of Colchis. Strab. 

Sarapus, a surname of Pittacus, one of tlie 
seven wise men of Greece. 

Sarasa, a fortified place of Mesopotamia, on j 
the Tigris. Strab. 

Saraspades, a son of Phraates king of Par- 
thia, sent as an hostage to Augustus, &c. Strab. 

Saravds, now the Soar, a river of Belgium 
falling into the Moselle 

Sardanapalus, the 40th and last king of As- 
syria, celebrated for his luxury and voluptuous- 
ness. The greatest part of his time was spent 
in the company of his eunuchs, and the monarch 
generally appeared in the midst of his concu- 
bines, disguised in the habit of a female, and 
spinning wool for his amusement. This effemi- 
nacy irritated his officers; Belesis and Arsaces 
conspired against him, and collected a numer- 
ous force to dethrone him. Sardanapalus quit- 
ted his voluptuousness for a while, and appeared 
at the head of his armies. The rebels were 
defeated in three successive battles, but at last 
Sardanapalus was beaten and besieged in the 
city of Ninus, for two years. When he despair- 
ed of success, he burned himself in his palace 
with his eunuchs, concubines, and all his trea- 
sures, and the empire of Assyria was divided 
among the conspirators. This famous event 
happened B. C. 820, according to Eusebius; 
though Justin and others, with less probability, 
place it 80 years earlier. Sardanapalus was 
made a god after death. Herodct. 2, c. 150. — 
Diod. 2.— Strab. 14.— Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 35. 

Sardi, the inhabitants of Sardinia. Vid. 
Sardinia. 

Sardes. Vid. Sardis. 

Sardinia, the greatest island in the Medi- 
terranean after Sicily, is situate between Italy 
and Africa, at the south of Corsica. It was 
originally called Sandalioiis or Icnnusa, from 
its resembling the human foot, (^v©") and it 
received the name of Sardinia from Sardus, a 
son of Hercules, who settled there with a colony 
which he had brought with him from Libya. 
Other colonies, under Aristaeus, Norax, and 
Iolas, also settled there. The Cathaginians 
were long masters of it, and were dispossessed 
by the Romans in the Punic wars, B. C. 231. 
Some call it with Sicily, one of the granaries of 
Rome. The air was very unwholesome though 
the soil was fertile in corn, in wine, and oil. 
Neither wolves nor serpents are found in Sar- 
dinia, nor any poisonous herb, except one, 
which, when eaten, contracts the nerves, and is 
attended with a paroxysm of laughter, the fore- 
runner of death, hence risus Surdonicus, or Sar- 
dous. Cic. Fam. 7, c. 25 — Servius ad Virg. 
7, eel. 41.— Tacit. Jinn. 2, c. 85.— Mela, 3. c. 
7. — Strab. 2 and 5. — Cic. pro Manil. ad Q. 
frat. 2, ep. 3. — Plin. 3, c. 7. — Paus. 10, c. 17. 
"—Varro. de R. R.— Val. Max. 7, c. 6. 

Sardica, a town of Thrace, at the north of 
mount Hsemus. 

Sardis, or Sardes, now Sart, a town of Asia 
Minor, the capital of the kingdom of Lydia, 
situate at the foot of mount Tmolus, on the 
banks of the Pactolus. It is celebrated for the 
many sieges it sustained against the Cimme- 
rians, Persians, Medes, Macedonians, Ionians, 



and Athenians, and for the battle in which, 
B. C. 262, Antiochus Soter was defeated by 
Eumenes, king of Pergamus. It was destroyed 
by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius, who 
ordered it to be rebuilt. It fell into 'the bands 
of Cyrus, B C. 548, and was burnt by the 
Athenians, B. C. 504, which became the cause 
of the invasion of Attica by Darius. Pint, in 
Alex.— Ovid. Met. 11, v. 137, 152, &c. — 
Strab 13- — Herodot. 1, c 7, &c. 

Sardones, the people of Roussilon in France 
at the foot of Hie Pyrenees. Plin. 3, c. 4, 

Sardus, a son of Hercules, who led a colony 
to Sardinia, and gave it his name. 

Sarephta, a town of Phoenicia between 
Tyre and Sidon, now Sarfand. 

Sariaster, a son of Tigranes, king of Ar- 
menia, who conspired against his father, &c. 
Val. Max 9, c. 11. 

Sariphi, mountains at the east of the Cas- 
pian. 

Sarmatje, or SauromatjE, the inhabitants 
of Sannatia. Vid. Sarmatia. 

Sarmatia, an extensive country at the north 
of Europe and Asia, divided into European and 
Asiatic. The European was bounded by the 
ocean on the north of Germany and the Vistula 
on the west, the Jazygse on the south, and 
Tanais on the east. The Asiatic was bounded 
by Hyrcania, the Tanais, and the Euxine sea. 
The former contained the modern kingdom of 
Russia, Poland, Lithuania, and Little Tartary; 
and the latter, Great Tartaiy, Circassm, and 
the neighbouring country. The Sarmatians 
were a savage uncivilized nation, often con- 
founded with the Scythians, naturally warlike, 
and famous for painting their bodies to appear 
more terrible in the field of battle. They were 
well known for their lewdness, and they passed 
among the Greeks and Latins by the name of 
barbarians. Iu the time of the emperors they 
became very powerful, they disturbed the peace 
of Rome by their frequent incursions; till at 
last, increased by the savage hordes of Scythia, 
under the barbarous names of Huns, Vandals, 
Goths, Alans, &c. they successfully invaded 
and ruined the empire ih the 3d and 4th cen- 
turies of the Christian era. They generally 
lived on the mountains without any habitation, 
except their chariots, whence they have been 
called Hamaxobii; they lived upon plunder, 
and fed upon milk mixed with the blood of 
horses. Strab. 7, &c. — Mela, 2, c 4. — Diod. 
2.— Flor.4, c. 12.— Lucan. 1, &c — Juv. 2.— 
Ovid. Trist. 3,&c 

Sarmaticum Mare, a name given to the 
Euxine sea, because on the coast of Sarmatia. 
Ovid, 4, ex Pont. ep. 10, v. 38. 

Sarmentus, a scurrilous person, mentioned 
by Florat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 56. 

Sarnius, a river of Asia, near Hyrcania. 

Sarnus, a river of Picenum, dividing it from 
Campania, and falling into the Tuscan sea. 
Stat. 1, Sylv. 2, v. 265. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 738. 
—Strab. 5. 

Saron, a king of Trcezene, unusually fond 
of hunting. He was drowned in the sea, 
where he had swum for some miles in pursuit 
of a stag. He was made a sea-god by Neptune. 



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and divine honours were paid to him by the 
Troezenians. It was customary for sailors to 
offer him sacrifices before they embarked. That 
part of the sea where he was drowned, was 
called Saronicus sinus, on the coast of Achaia 
near the isthmus of Corinth. Saron built a 
temple to Diana at Trcezene, and instituted 
festivals to her honour, called from himself 
Saronia. Pans. 2, c. 30. — Mela, 2, c. 3. — 
Strab. 8. 

Saronicus Sinus, now the gulf of Engia, 
a bay of the /Egean sea, lying at the south of 
Attica, and on the north of the Peloponnesus. 
The entrance into it is between the promontory 
of Sunium and that of Scyllaeum. Some sup- 
pose that this part of the sea received its name 
from Saron, who was drowned there, or from 
a small river which discharged itself on the 
coast, or from a small harbour of the same 
name. The Saronic bay is about 62 miles in 
circumference, 23 miles in its broadest, and 
25 in its longest part, according to modern cal- 
culation. 

Sarpedon, a son of Jupiter by Europa, the 
daughter of Agenor. He banished himself 
from Crete, after he had in vain attempted to 
make himself king in preference id his elder j 
brother Minos, and he retired to Caria, where J 
he built the town of Miletus. He went to the 
Trojan war to assist Priam against the Greeks, 
where he was attended by his friend and com- 
panion Glaucus. He was at last killed by 
Patroclus, after he had made a great slaughter 
of the enemy, and his body by order of Jupiter 
was conveyed to Lycia by Apollo, where his 
friends and relations paid him funeral honours, 
and raised a monument to perpetuate his valour. 
According to some mythologists, the brother of 
king Minos, and the prince who assisted Priam, 
were two different persons. This last was king 
of Lycia, the son of Jupiter, by Loadamia, the 
daughter of Bellerophon, and lived about a 
hundred years after the age of the son of 
Europa Jipollod 3, c 1 — Herodot. 1, c. 173. 

—Strab. 12.— Homer. 11. 16. A son of 

Neptune killed by Hercules, for his barbarous 

treatment of strangers. A learned preceptor 

of Cato at Utica. Plut. in Cat A town of 

Cilicia, famous for a temple sacred to Apollo 

and Diana. Also a promontory of the same 

name in Cilicia, beyond which Antiochus was 
not permitted to sail by a treaty of peace which 
he had made with the Romans. Liv 38, c. 

38. Mela, 1, c. 13 A promontory of 

Thrace. A Syrian general who flourished 

B. C. 143. 

Sarra, a town of Phoenicia, the same as 
Tyre. It receives this name from a small 
shell-fish of the same name, which was found 
in the neighbourhood, and with whose blood 
garments were dyed. Hence came the epithet 
uf sarranus, so often applied to Tyrian colours, 
as well as to the inhabitants of the colonies of 
the Tyrians, particularly Carthage. Sil. 6, v. 
662, 1. 15, v. 205.— Virg. G. 2, v. 506.— 
Justus, de V. sig 

Sarrastes, a people of Campania on the 
Sarnus, who assisted Turnus against JEneas. 
Virg. JEn. 7, V. 738, 



Sarron, a king of the CeWae, so famous for 
his learning, that from him philosophers were 
called Savronidde. Diod- 6. c 9 

Sars, a town of Spain, near cape Finisterre. 

Sarjina, an ancient town of Umbria, where 

the poet Plautus was born. The inhabitants are 

called Sarsinates. Martial. 9, ep. 59 - Plin. 

3, c. 14 — Jtal. 8, v 462. 

Sarus, a river of Cappadocia. Liv. 33, c. 
41. 

Sasanda, a town of Caria. Diod. 14. 

Sason, an island at the entrance of the 

Adriatic sea, lying between Brundusium and 

Aulon on the coast of Greece. It is barren 

and inhospitable. Strab 6. — Lucan. 2, v. 627, 

and 5, v 650. — SiL It. 7, v. 480 A river 

falling into the Adriatic. 

Satarchje, a people near the Palus Mseotis, 
Mela, 2, c. l.—Flacc. 6, v. 144. 

Sataspes, a Persian hung on a cross by 
order of Xerxes, for offering violence to the 
daughter of Megabyzus. His father's name 
was Theaspes. Herodot. 4. 

Satibarzanes, a Persian made satrap of the 
Arians by Alexander, from whom he after- 
wards revolted. Curt. 6 and 7. 

Saticula and Saticulus, a town near Ca- 
pua. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 729.— Liv. 9, c 21, I. 
23. c 39. 

Satis, a town of Macedonia. 
Satr^i, a people of Thrace. Herodot. 7, c. 
111. 

Satrapeni, a people of Media, under Ti- 
granes. Plut. 

Satricum, a town of Italy, taken by Ca- 
millus. Liv. 6, c. 8. 

Satropaces, an officer in the army of Da- 
rius, &c. Curt. 4, c 9. 

Satura, a lake of Latium, forming part of 
the Ponfine lakes. Sil. S, v. 382. — Virg. JEn. 
7, v. 801. 

Satureium, or Satureum, a town of Cala- 
bria, near Tarentum, with famous pastures, 
and hordes, whence the epithet of satureianus 
in Horat. 1, Sat 6. 

Satureicjs. one of Domitian's murderers. 
Saturnalia, festivals in honour of Saturn, 
celebrated the 1 6th or the 17th, or, according 
to others, the 18th of December. They were 
instituted long before the foundation of Rome, 
in commemoration of the freedom and equality 
which prevailed on earth in the golden reign of 
Saturn. Some however suppose, that the Sa- 
turnalia were first observed at Rome in the 
reign of Tullus Hostilius, after a victory ob- 
tained over the Sabines, while others support 
that Janus first instituted them in gratitude to 
Saturn, from whom he had learnt agriculture. 
Others suppose, that they were first celebrated 
in the year of Rome 257, after a victory ob- 
tained over the Latins by the dictator Posthu- 
mius. The Saturnalia were originally cele- 
brated only for one day, but afterwards the so- 
lemnity continued for 3, 4, 5, and at last for 7 
days. The celebration was remarkable for the 
liberty which universally prevailed. The slaves 
were permitted to ridicule their masters, and to 
speak with freedom upon every sulject. It was 
usual for friends to make presents one to ano- 



SA 



SA 



ther, all animosity ceased, no criminals were 
executed, schools were shut, war was never de- 
clared, but all was mirth, riot, and debauchery. 
In the sacrifices the priests made their offerings 
with their heads uncovered, a custom which 
was never observed at other festivals. Senec. 
ep. 18. — Cato de R. R. 57. — Sueton. m Vesp. 
19 — Cic ad Attic- 5, ep. 20. 

Saturnia, a name given to Italy, because 
Saturn had reigned there during the golden 

age Virg. C. 2, v 173 A name given to 

Juno, as being the daughter of Saturn Virg. 

C\ 2, v. 173, JEn. 3, v 380. An ancient 

town of Italy, supposed to be built by Saturn 
on the Tarpeiau rock. Virg JEn. 8, v. 358. 
■ A colony of Etrui ia. Liv. 39, c. 55. 

Saturninus, P. Sempronius, a general of 
Valerian, proclaimed emperor in Egypt by his 
troops after he had rendered himself celebrated 
by Ins victories ovur the barbarians. His in- 
tegrity, his complaisance and affability, had 
gained him the affection ±)f the people, but his 
fondness of ancient discipline provoked his sol- 
diers, who wantonly murdered him in the 43d 

yea? of his age, A. D. 262. Sextius Junius, 

a G ml, intimate with Aurelian The emperor 
esteemed him greatly, not only for his private 
virtues, but for his abilities as a general, and 
for the victories which he had obtained in dif- 
ferent parts of the empire. He was saluted 
emperor at Alexandria, and compelled by the 
clamorous army to accept of the purple, which 
he rejected with disdain and horror. Probus, 
who was then emperor r marched his forces 
against him, and besieged him in Apamea, 
where he destroyed himself when unable to 

make head against his powerful adversary 

Appuleius, a tribune .of the people, who raised 
a sedition at Rome, intimidated the senate, and 
tyrannized for three years. Meeting at last 
with opposition, he seized tbecapitol, but being 
induced by the hopes of a reconciliation (o trust 
himself amidst the people, he was suddenly torn 
to pieces. His sedition has received the name 

of vJppuhiana in the Roman annals. Flor. 

Lucius, a seditious tribune, who supported the 
oppression of Marius He was at last put to 
death on account of his tumultuous disposition. 

PhU. in Mario. — Flor. 3, c 16. An officer 

in the court of Thcodosius, murdered for obey- 
ing the emperor's orders, &c. Pompeius, a 

writer in the reign of frajan. He was greatly 
esteemed by Pliny, who speaks of him with 
great warmth and approbation, as an historian, 
a poet, and an orator. Pliny always consulted 
the opinion of Saturninus before he published 
his compositions. Sentius, a friend of Au- 
gustus and Tiberius. He succeeded Agrippa 
in the government of the provinces of Syria and 

Phoenicia. Vitelhus, an officer among the 

friends of the emperor Otho. 

Saturnius, a name given to Jupiter, Pluto, 
and Neptune, as being the sons of Saturn. 

Saturnus, a son of Coelus, or Uranus, by 
Terra, called also Titea, Thea, or Titheia. 
He was naturally artful, and by means of his 
mother, he revenged himself on his father, 
whose cruelty to his children had provoked the 
anger of Thea. The mother armed her son 



with a scythe, which was fabricated with the 
metals drawn from her bowels, and as Coelus 
was going to unite himself to Thea, Saturn mu- 
tilated him, and for ever prevented him from 
increasing the number of his children, whom he 
treated with unkindness and confined in the in- 
fernal regions After this the sons of Ccelus 
were, restored to liberty, and Saturn obtained 
his father's kingdom by the consent of his bro- 
ther, provided he did not bring up any male 
children, Pursuant to this agreement, Saturn 
always devoured his sons as soon as born, be- 
cause, as some observe, he dreaded from them 
a retaliation of his unkindness to his father, till 
his wife Rhea, unwilling to see her children 
perish, concealed from her husband the birlh of 
Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, and instead of the 
children, she gave him large stones, which he 
immediately swallowed without perceiving the 
deceit. Titan was sometime after informed 
that Saturn had concealed his male children, 
therefore he made war against him, dethroued 
and imprisoned him with Rhea; and Jupiter, 
who was secretly educated in Crete, was no 
sooner grown up, than he flew to deliver his fa- 
ther, and to replace him on his throne. Saturn, 
unmindful of his son's kindness, conspired 
against him, when he heard that he raised cabals 
against him, but Jupiter banished him from his 
throne, and the father tied for safety intoltaly, 
where the country retained f he name of Latium, 
as being the place of his concealment (lateo). 
Janus, who was then king of Italy, received 
Saturn with marks of attention, he made him 
his partner oa the throne; and the king of hea- 
ven employed himself in civilizing the barba- 
rous manners of the people of Italy, and in 
teaching them agriculture and the useful and 
liberal arts. His reign there was so mild and 
popular, so beneficent and virtuous, that man- 
kind have called it the goldtn age, to intimate 
the happiness and tranquillity which the earth 
then enjoyed. Saturn was father of Chiron the 
centaur by Plnlyra, whom he had changed into 
a mare, to avoid the importunities of Rhea. The 
worship of Saturn was not so solemn or so uni- 
versal as that of Jupiter. It was usual to offer 
human victims on his altars, but this barbarous 
custom was abolished by Hercules, who sub- 
stituted small images of clay. In the sacrifices 
of Saturn, the priest always performed the 
ceremony with bis head uncovered, which was 
unusual at other solemnities. The god is ge- 
nerally represented as an old man bent through 
age and infirmity. . He holds a scythe in his 
right hand, with a serpent which bites its own 
tail, which is an emblem of time and of the re- 
volution of the year. In his left hand he holds 
a child, which he raises up as if instantly to de- 
vour it. Tatius, king of the Sabines, first built 
a temple to Saturn on the Capito'.ine hill, a se- 
cond was afterwards added by Tullus Hostilius, 
and a third by the first consuls. On his statues 
were generally hung fetters in commemoration 
of the chains he had worn when imprisoned by 
Jupiter. From this circumstance all slaves 
that obtained their liberty, generally dedicated 
their fetters to him. During the celebration of 
the Saturnalia, the chains were taken from the 
4 N 



SA 



SC 



statues to intimate the freedom and the inde- 
pendence which mankind enjoyed during the 
golden age. One of his temples at Rome was 
appropriated for the public treasury, and it was 
there also that the names of foreign ambassa- 
dors were enrolled. Hesiod. Theog — Jjpollod. 
1, c. I.— Virg. JEn. 8, v. 119.— Paus. 8, c. 8. 
— Tibull. el. 3, v. 35.— Homer. II — Ovid. 
Fast. 4, v, 197. Met. 1, v. 123. 

Saturum, a town of Calabria, where stuffs 
of all kinds were dyed in different colours with 
great success. Virg. G. 2, v. 197, 1. 4, v. 335. 

Satyri, demigods of the country whose ori- 
gin is unknown. They are represented like 
men, but with the feet and the legs of goats, 
short horns on the head, and the whole body 
covered with thick hair. They chiefly attended 
upon Bacchus, and rendered themselves known 
in his orgies by their riot and lasciviousness. 
The first fruits of every thing were generally 
offered to them. The Romans promiscuously 
called them Fauui Panes, and Sylvani. It is 
said that a Satyr was brought to Syila, as that 
general returned from Thessaly. The monster 
had been surprised asleep in a cave; but his 
voice was inarticulate when brought into the 
presence of the Roman general, and Sylla was 
so disgusted with it; that he ordered it to be 
instantly removed. The monster answered in 
every degree the description which the poets 
and painters have given of the Satyrs. — Paus. 

I, c. 23.—Plut. in Syll —Virg. Eel. 5, v. 13. 
■ — Ovid. Heroid. 4, v. 171. 

Satyrus, a king of Bosphorus, who reigned 
14 years, &c His father's name was Sparta- 
cus. Diod. 20 An Athenian who attempt- 
ed to eject the garrison of Demetrius from the 

citadel, &c Polyoen. A Greek actor who 

instructed Demosthenes, and taught him how to 

have a good and strong delivery. A man 

who assisted in murdering Timophanes, by or- 
der of his brother Timoleon. ; A Rhodian 

sent by his countrymen to Rome, when Eu- 
menes had accused some of the allies of inten- 
tions to favour the interest of Macedonia against 

the republic A peripatetic philosopher and 

historian who flourished B. C. 14S. A ty- 
rant of Heraclea, 346 B. C. An architect 

who, together with Petus, is said to have 
planned and built the celebrated tomb which 
Artemisia erected to the memory of Mausolus, 
and which became one of the wonders of the 
world. The honour of erecting it is ascribed 
to others. 

Savera, a village of Lycaonia. 

Saufeius Trogus, one of Messalina's favour- 
ites, punished by Claudius, &c. Tacit. Ann- 

II, c. 35. — Appius, a Reman, who died on 

his return from the bath upon taking mead, &c. 
Plin. 7, c. 53. 

Savo, or Savona, a town with a small river 
of the same name in Campania: Stat. 4. — 
Plin 3, c. 5 A town of Liguria. 

Sauromat^e, a people in the northern parts 
of Europe and Asia. They are called Sarmatce 
by the Latins. Vid. Sarmatia. 

Saurus, a famous robber of Elis, killed by 

Hercules, Paus. 6, c. 21 A statuary. 

Plin. 36, c. 5. 



Savus, a river of Pannonia, rising in Noii- 
cum, at the north of Aquileia, and falling into 
the Danube, after flowing through Pannonia, in 

an eastern direction. Claudius de Stil- 2. 

A small river of Numidia, falling into the Me- 
diterranean. 

Saxones, a people of Germany, near the 
Chersonesus Cimbrica. JPlol. 3, 11. — Claud. 
1, Eutr.x. 392. 

Saziches, an ancient legislator of Egypt. 

Sc^ea, one of the gates of Troy, where the 
tomb of Laomedon was seen. The name is de- 
rived by some from <rx.ciios, (sinister) because 
it was through this avenue that the fatal horse 
was introduced. Homer. II. — Sil. 13, v. 73. 

One of the Danaides. Her husband's 

name was Dayphron. Jipollod. 

Scjeva, a soldier of Caesar's army, who be- 
haved with great courage at Dyrrachium . Lu- 
can. 6, v. 144. — — Memor, a Latin poet in the 

reign of Titus and Domitian. A man who 

poisoned his own mother. Horat. 2, Sat. 1, v. 

53. A friend of Horace, to whom the poet 

addressed 1 ep. 17. He was a Roman knight. 

Scjevola. Vid. Mutius. 

Scalabis, now St. Irene, a town of ancient 
Spain. 

Scaldis, or Scaldium, a river of Belgium, 
now called The Scheld, and dividing the mo- 
dern country of the Netherlands from Holland. 

Cces. G. 6, v. 33. Pons, a town on the 

same river, now called Conde. Cces. 

Scamander, or Scamandros, a celebrated 
river of Troas, rising at the east of mount Ida, 
and falling into the sea below Sigaeum. It re- 
ceives the Simois in its course, and towards its 
mouth it is very muddy, and flows through 
marshes. This river, according to Homer, was 
called Xanthus by the gods, and Scamander by 
men. The waters of -the Scamajjder had the 
singular property of giving a beautiful colour to 
the hair or the wool of such animals as bathed 
in them; and from this circumstance the three 
goddesses, Minerva, Juno, and Venus, bathed, 
there before they appeared before Paris, to ob- 
tain the golden apple. It was usual among all 
the virgins of Troas to bathe in the Scamander, 
when they were arrived to nubile years, and to 
offer to the god their virginity in these words, 

AcLJZi (AOV, 'S.KCtfXCtvS'^i TitV TTO-^iVlCtV. The 

god of the Scamander had a regular priest, and 
sacrifices offered to him. Some suppose that 
the river received its name from Scamander, 
the son of Carybas. JElian. Jinim. 8, c. 21. — 
Strab. 1 and 13.— Plin. 5, c. 30.— Mela, 1, c. 
18. — Homer. II. 5. — Plut. — JEschin. ep. 10. 

A son of Corybas and Demodice, who 

brought a colony from Crete into Phrygia, and 
settled at the foot of mount Ida, where he in- 
troduced the festivals of Cybele, and the dances 
of the Corybantes. He some time after lost the 
use of his senses, and threw himself into the 
river Xanthus, which ever after bore his name. 
His son-in-law Teucer succeeded him in the 
government of the colony. He had two daugh- 
ters, Thymo and Caliirhoe. Jipollod. 3, c. 12. — 
Diod. 4. 

Scamandria, a town on the Scamander. 
Plin. 4, c. 30. 



sc 



sc 



Scamandrius, one of the generals of Priam, 
son of Strophius. He was killed by Menelaus. 
Homer. II. 5, v. 49. 

Scandaria, a promontory in the island of 
Cos. Strab. 14. 

Scandinyvia, a name given by the ancients 
to that tract of territory which contains the 
modern kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, Den- 
mark, Lapland, Finland, &c. supposed by them 
to be an island. Plin. 4, c. 13. 

Scantia Sylva, a wood of Campania, the 
property of the Roman people. Cic. 

Scantilla, the wife of Didius Juiianus. It 
was by her advice that her husband bought the 
empire which was exposed to sale at the death 
of Pertinax. 

Scantinia lex. Vid. Scatinia. 

Scaptestle, a town of Thrace, near Abdera, 
abounding in silver and gold mines, belonging 
to Tbucydides, who is supposed there to have 
written bis history of the Peioponnesian war. 
Lucret. 6, v. 810. — Phit. in Cim. 

Scaptia, a town of Latium. Sil. 8, v. 396. 
— Plin. 3, c 5. — Liv. 8, c 17. 

Scaptius, an intimate friend of Brutus. Cic. 
ep. ad. Attic- 5, &c. His brother was a mer- 
chant of Cappadocia. 

Scapula, a native of Corduba, who defend- 
ed that town against Caesar, after the battle of 
Munda. When he saw that all his efforts were 
useless against the Roman general he destroyed 

himself. Cces. Bell. H. 33. An usurper. 

Cic. ad. Jilt. 12, ep. 37. 

Scardon, a town on the confines of Dal- 
snatia. 

Scardii, a ridge of mountains of Macedonia, 
which separate it from lllyricum. Liv. 43, c 20. 

Scaraphia, or Scarfhe, a town near Ther- 
mopylae, on the confines of Phthiotis. Senec. 
in. Tr. 

Scatinia lex de pudicilid, by C. Scatinius 
Aricinus, the tribune, was enacted against those 
who kept catamites, and such as prostituted 
themselves to a^y vile or unnatural service. 
The penalty was originally a fine, but it was af- 
terwards marie a capital crime under Augustus. 
It is sometimes called Scantinia, from a certain 
Scant inius upon whom it was first executed.. 

Scaurus, (M iEmilius) a Roman consul who 
distinguished himself by his eloquence at the 
bar, and by his successes in Spain, in the capa- 
city of commander. He was sent against Ju- 
gurtha, and some time after accused of suffer- 
ing himself to be bribed by the Numidian 
prince. Scaurus conquered the Ligurians, and 
in his censorship he built the Milvian bridge at 
Rome, and began to pave the road, which from 
him was called the iEmylian. He was origi- 
nally very poor. He wrote some books, and 
among these an history of his own life, all now 
lost. His son, of the same name, made himstlf 
known by the large theatre he built during his 
edileship. This theatre, which could contain 
30.000 spectators, was supported by 360 co- 
lumns of marble, 38 feet in height, and adorned 
with 3000 brazen statues. This celebrated edi- 
fice, according to Pliny, proved more fatal to 
the manners and the simplicity of the Romans, 
than the proscriptions and wars of Sylla had 



done to the inhabitants of the city. Scaurus 
married Murcia. Cic. in Brut. — Val. Max. 4, 

c. 4. — Plin. 34, c 7, 1. 36, c. 2. A Roman 

of consular dignity. When the Cimbri invaded 
Italy, the son of Scaurus behaved with great 
cowardice, upon which the father sternly order- 
ed him never to appear again in the field of bat- 
tle. The severity of this command rendered 
young Scaurus melancholy, and he plunged a 
sword into his own heart, to free himself from 
farther ignominy. Aurelius, a Roman con- 
sul, taken prisoner by the Gauls. H« was put 
to a cruel death because he told the inng of the 
enemy not to cross the Alps to invade Italy, 
which was universally deemed unconquerable. 
M. yEmihus, a man in the reign of Tibe- 



rius, accused of adultery with Livia, and put to 
death. He was an eloquent orator, but very 

lascivious and debauched in his morals. 

?vlainercus, a man put to death by Tiberius. 

-Maximus, a man who conspired against 

Nero- Terentius, a Latin grammarian. He 

had been preceptor to the emperor Adrian. A. 
Gellius. 11, c. 15. 

Scedasus, a native of Leuctra in Boeotia. 
His two daughters, Meletia and Molpia, whom 
some call Theano or Hippo, were ravished by 
some Spartans, in the reign of Cleombrotus, and 
after this they killed themselves, unable to sur- 
vive the loss of their honour. The father be- 
came so disconsolate, that when he was unable 
to obtain relief from his country, he killed him- 
self on their tomb. Pans. 9, c. 13. — Plut. in 
Amat. 3. 

Sceleratus, a plain at Rome near the Col- 
line gate, where the vestal Minucia was buried 
alive, when convicted of adultery, Lxv. 8, c. 

15. One of the gates of Rome was called 

Scelerata, because 300 Fabii, who were killed 
at the river Crimera, had passed through it 
when they went to attack the enemy. It was 

before named Carmentalis. There was also 

a street at Rome formerly called Cyprius, which 
received the name of ihe Sceleratus vicus, be- 
cause, there Tullia ordered her postilion to drive 
her chariot over the body of her father, king 
Servius. Liv. 1, c. 48. Ovid. Po. 365. 

Scena, a town on the confines of Babylon. 

Strab. 16. A river of Ireland, now the Shan- 

non. Orosius. t, c. 2. 

Scenit-«, Arabians who live in tents. Plin. 
5. c. II. 

Scepsis, a town of Troas where the works of 
Theophrastus and Aristotle were long concealed 
under ground, and damaged by the wet, &c. 
Strab. 10. 

Schedia, a small village of Egypt, with a 
dock-yard, between the western mouths of the 
Nile and Alexander. Strab. 

Schedius, one of Helen's suitors. Paus. 10, 
C. 4, I. 30 

Scheria, an ancient name of Corcyra. Paus. 
2, c. 5.— Plin 4. c. 12. 

Schosneus, a son of Athamas. The father 

of Atalanta. . 

Schcenus, or Scheno, a port of Peloponne- 
sus on the Saronicus sinus.- A village near 

Thebes, with a river of the same name. 

A river of Arcadia. Another near Athens 



sc 



Sciastes, a surname of Apollo at Lacedae- 
mon, from the village Scias, where he was par- 
ticularly worshipped. Lycoph. 562.— Tzetzes. 
loco. 

Sciathis, a mountain of Arcadia. Pans. 8, 
C 14. 

Sciathos, an island in the iEgean sea, op- 
posite mount Peiion, on the coast of Tbessaly. 
Val. Flacc. 2. 

Scidros, a town of Magna Graecia. 

Scillus, a town of Peloponnesus, near Olym- 
pia, where Xenophon wrote his history. 

Scilurus, a king of Scythia, who had 80 sons. 
Vid. Scylurus. 

Scinis, a cruel robber who tied men to the 
boughs of trees, which he had forcibly brought 
together, and which he afterwards unloosened 
so that their limbs were torn in an instant from 
their body. Ovid Met, 7, v. 440. 

Scjnthi, a people of Germany. 

Scione, a town of Thrace, in the possession 
of the Athenians. It revolted and passed into 
the hands of the Lacedaemonians during the Pe- 
loponnesian war. It was built by a Grecian co- 
lony in their return from the Trojan war. Thu- 
cyd. 4. — Mela, 2, c. 2. — Plin. 4, c. 10. 

Scipiad^:, a name applied to the two Sci- 
pios, who obtained the surname of Africanus, 
from the conquest of Carthage. Virg. JEn. v. 
843. 

Scipio, a celebrated family at Rome, who ob- 
tained the greatest honours in the republic- The 
name seems to be derived from Scipio, which 
signifies a stick, because one of the family had 
conducted his blind father, and had been to him 
as a stick, The Scipios were a branch of the 
Cornelian family. The most illustrious were— 
P. Corn, a man made masier of horse by Camil- 

lus, &c— — A Roman dictator. L. Cornel. 

a consul A. U. C. 464, who defeated the Etru- 
rians near Volaterra.— — Another consul A. U. 

C. 493. Cn. surnamed Asina, was consul 

A. U. C. 492 and 498. He was conquered in 
bis first consulship in a naval battle, and lost 17 
ships. The following year he took Aleria, in 
Corsica, and defeated Hanno, the Carthaginian 
general, in Sardinia. He also took 200 of the 
enemy's ships, and the city of Panormum., in 
Sicily. He was father to Pubiius and Cneus 
Scipio. Pubiius, in the beginning of the second 
Punic war, was sent with an army to Spain to 
oppose Annihal; but when he heard (bat his 
enemy had passed over into Italy, he attempted 
by his quick marches and secret evolutions to 
stop his progress. He was conquered by Anni- 
bal near the Ticinus, where he nearly lost his 
life, had not his son, who was afterwards sur- 
named Afrieanus, courageously defended him. 
He again passed into Spain, where he obtained 
some memorable victories over the Carthagin- 
ians, and the inhabitants of the country. His 
brother Cneus shared the supreme command 
with him, but their great confidence proved their 
ruin. - They separated their armies, and soon 
after Pubiius was furiously attacked by the two 
Asdrubals and Mago, who commanded the Car- 
thaginian armies. The forces of Pubiius were 
too few to resist with success the three Cartha- 
ginian generals. The Romans were cut to 



pieces, and their commander was left on the 
field of battle. No sooner- had the enemy ob- 
tained this victory than they immediately march- 
ed to meet Cneus Scipio, whom the revolt of 
30,000 Celtiberians had weakened and alarmed. 
The general, who was already apprized of his 
brother's death, secured an eminence, where he 
was soon surrounded on all sides. After despe- 
rate acts of valour he was left among the slain, 
or according to some, he fleu into a tower, where 
he was burnt with some of bis friends by the 
victorious enemy. Liv. 21, &c. — Polyb. 4. — 
Flor. 2, c. 6, kc.—Eutrop. 3, c. 8, &c. -Pub- 
iius Cornelius, surnamed Jifncanns, was son of 
Pubiius Scipio, who was killed in Spain. He 
first distinguished himself at the battle of Tici- 
nus, where he saved his father's life by deeds of 
unexampled valour and boldness. The battle of 
Cannae, which proved so fatal to the Roman 
arms, instead of disheartening Scipio, raised 
his expectations, and lie no sooner heard that 
some of his desperate countrymen wished to 
abandon Italy, and to. fly from the insolence of 
the conqueror, than wittrhis sword in his hand, 
and by his firmness and example, he obliged 
them to swear eternal fidelity to Rome, and to 
put to immediate death the first man who at- 
tempted to retire from his country. In his 21st 
year, Scipio was made an edile, an honourable 
office, which was never given but to such as bad 
reached their 27th year. Some time after, the 
Romans were alarmed by the intelligence that 
the commanders of their forces in Spain, Pub- 
iius and Cneus Scipio, had been slaughtered, 
and immediately young Scipio was appointed to 
avenge the death of his father, and of his uncle, 
and to vindicate the military honour of the re- 
public. It was soon known how able he was to 
be at the head of an army; the various nations 
of Spain were conquered, and in four years the 
Carthaginians were banished from that part of 
the continent, the whole province became tribu- 
tary to Rome; new Carthage submitted in one 
day, and in a battle 54,000 of the enemy were 
left dead on the field. After these signal victo- 
ries, Scipio was recalled to Rome, which still 
trembled at the continual alarms of Annibal, 
who was at her gates. The conqueror of the 
Carthaginians tn Spain was looked upon as a 
proper general to encounter Annibal in Italy; 
but Scipio opposed the measures which his coun- 
trymen wished to pursue, and he declared in the 
senate that if Annibal was to be conquered he 
must be conquered in Africa. These bold mea- 
sures were immediately adopted, though oppos- 
ed by the eloquence, age, and experience of the 
great Fabius, and Scipio was empowered to con- 
duct the war on the coasts of Africa. With the 
dignity of consul he embarked for Carthage. 
Success attended his arms, his' conquests were 
here as rapid as in Spain; the Carthaginian ar- 
mies were routed, the camp of the crafty Asdru- 
bal was set on fire during the night, and his 
troops totally defeated in a drawn battle. These 
repeated losses alarmed Carthage; Annibal, who 
was victorious at the gates of Rome, was in- 
stantly recalled to defend the walls of his coun- 
try, and the two greatest generals of the age 
met each other in the field. Terms of accom- 



sc 



sc 



modation were proposed; but in the parley which 
the two commanders had together, nothing satis- 
factory was offered, and while the one enlarged 
on the vicissitudes of fctyaan affairs, tne other 
wished to dictate like a conqueror, and recom- 
mended the decision of the controversy to the 
sword. This celebrated battle was fought near 
Zama, and both generais displayed their mili- 
tary knowledge in drawing up their armies and 
in choosing their ground. Their courage and 
intrepidity were not less conspicuous in charg- 
ing the enemy; a thousand acts of valour were 
performed on both sides, and ibougB the Car- 
thaginians fought in their own defence and the 
Romans for fame and glory, yet the conqueror 
of Italy was vanquished. About 20,000 Car- 
thaginians were slain, and the same number 
made prisoners of war, B. C. 202. Only 200 
of the Romans were killed This battle was de- 
cisive; the Carthaginians sued for peace, which 
Scipio at last granted on the most severe and 
humiliating terms. The conqueror after this 
returned to Rome, where he was received with 
the most unbounded applause, honoured with a 
triumph, and dignified with the appellation of 
JHfricanus. Here he enjoyed for some time the 
tranquillity and the honours which his exploits 
merited, but in him also, as in other great men, 
fortune showed herself inconstant. Scipio of- 
fended the populace in wishing to distinguish 
the senators from the rest of the people at the 
public exhibitions, and when he canvassed for 
the consulship for two of his friends, he had the 
mortification to see his application slighted, and 
the honours which he claimed, bestowed on a 
man of no character, and recommended by nei- 
ther abilities nor meritorious actions. He re- 
tired from Rome no longer to be a spectator of 
the ingratitude of his countrymen, and in the 
capacity of lieutenant he accompanied his bro- 
ther against Antiochus, king of Syria. In this 
expedition his arms were attended with usual 
success, and the Asiatic monarch submitted 
to the conditions which the conquerors dic- 
tated. At his return to Rome, Africanus found 
the malevolence of bis enemies still unabated. 
Cato, his inveterate rival, raised seditions 
against him, and the Petilii, two tribunes of the 
people, accused the conqueror of Annibal of 
extortion in the provinces of Asia, and of living 
in an indolent and luxurious manner. Scipio 
condescended to answer to the accusation of his 
calumniators; the first day was spent in hear- 
ing the different charges, but when he again 
appeared on the second day of his trial, the ac- 
cused interrupted his judges, and exclaimed, 
Tribunes and fellow citizens, on this day, this 
very day, did I conquer Annibal and the Car- 
thaginians; come, therefore, with me, Romans; 
let us go to the capitol, and there return our 
thanks to the immortal gods for the victories 
which have attended our arms. These words 
had the desired effect, the tribes and all the as- 
sembly followed Scipio, the court was deserted, 
and the tribunes were left alone in the scat of 
judgment. Yet when this memorable day was 
past and forgotten, Africanus was a third time 
summoned to appear; but he had fled before 
the impending storm, and retired to his country 



house at Liternum. The accusation was there- 
lore stopped, and the accusers silenced, when 
one of the tribunes, formerly distinguished for 
his malevolence against Scipio, rose to defend 
bim, and declared in the assembly, that it re- 
flected the liiguest disgrace on the Roman peo- 
ple, that the conqueror of Annibal should be- 
come the sport of the populace, and be exposed 
to the malice and envy of disappointed ambition. 
Some time after Scipio died in the place of his 
retreat, about 184 years before Christ, in the 
48th year oi his age; and so great an aversion 
did he express, as he expired, for the depravity 
of the Romans, and the ingratitude of their se- 
nators, that he ordered his bones not to be con- 
veyed to Rome. They were accordingly in- 
humaled at Liternum, where his wife iEmiiia, 
the daughter of Paulus iEmilius, who feil at the 
battle of 'Cannae, raised a mausoleum on his 
tomb, and placed upon it his statue; with that 
of the poet Ennius, who had been ihe companion 
of his peace and of his retirement. If Scipio 
was robbed during his life time of the honours 
which belonged to him as a conqueror of Af- 
rica, he was not forgotten when dead. The 
Romans viewed his character with reverence; 
with raptures, they read of his warlike actions, 
and Africanus was regarded in the following 
age as a pattern of virtue, of innocence, cour- 
age, and liberality. As a general, the fame 
and the greatness of his conquests explain his 
character, and indeed we hear that Annibal de- 
clared himself inferior to no general that ever 
lived except Alexander the Great, and Pyrrhus 
king of Epirus; and when Scipio asked him 
what rank he would claim if he had conquered 
him, (he Carthaginian general answered, If I 
had conquered you, Scipio, I ivould call myself 
greater than ihe conqueror of Darius and the al- 
ly of the Tatentines. As an instance of Scipio's 
continence, ancient authors have faithfully re- 
corded that the conqueror of Spain refused to 
see a beautiful princess that had fallen into his 
bands after the taking of New Carthage, and 
that he not only restored her inviolate to her 
parents, but also added immense presents for 
the person to whom she was betrothed. It was 
to the artful complaisance of Africanus that the 
Romans owed .tneir alliance with Masinissa, 
king of Numidia, and also that with king Sy- 
ptiax. The friendship of Scipio and Lselius is 
well known. Polyb. 6. — Plut. — Flor. 2, c. 6. 
— Cic. in Brut. &c. — Eutrop. Lucius Cor- 
nelius, surnamed Jlsiaticus, accompanied his 
brother Africanus in his expeditions in Spain 
and Africa. He was rewarded with the con- 
sulship A. U. C. 562, for his services to the 
state, and he was empowered to attack An- 
tiochus king of Syria, who had declared war 
against the Romans. — Lucius was accompanied 
in this campaign by his brother Africauus; and by 
his own valour, and the advice of the conqueror 
of Annibal, he soon routed the enemy, and in a 
battle near the city of Sardes he killed 50,000 
foot and 4000 horse. Peace was soon after 
settled by the submission of Antiochus, and the 
conqueror, at his return home, obtained a 
triumph, and the surname of Asiaticus. He did 
not, however, long enjoy his prosperity, Cafe?- 



sc 



sc 



after the death of Africanus, turned his fury | son of Paulus, the conqueror of Perseus, was 
against Asiaticus, and the two Petilli, his de- I adopted by the son of Scipio Africanus. He 
voted favourites, presented a petition to the j received the same surname as his grandfather, 



people, in which they prayed that an inquiry 
might be made to know what money nad been 
received from Antiochus and his allies. The 
petition was instantly received, and Asiaticus, 
charged to have suffered himself to be corrupted 
by Antiochus, was summoned to appear before 
the tribunal of Terentius Culeo, who was on 
this occasion created praetor. The judge, who 
was an inveterate enemy to the family of the 
Scipios, soon found Asiaticus, with his two lieu- 
tenants and his quaestor, guilty of having re- 
ceived, the first 6000 pounds weight of gold, 
and 480 pounds weight of silver, and tbe others 
nearly an equal sum, from the monarch against 
whom, in the name of the Roman peopie, they 
were enjoined to make war. Immediately they 
were condemned to pay large fines; but while 
the others gave security, Scipio declared that 
he had accounted to the public for all the money 
which he had brought from Asia, and, there- 
fore, that he was innocent. For this obstinacy 
Scipio was dragged to prison, but his cousin 
Nasica pleaded his cause before the people, and 
the praetor instantly ordered the goods of the 
prisoner to be seized and confiscated. The 
sentence was executed, but the effects of Scipio 
were insufficient to pay the fine, and it was the 
greatest justification of his innocence, that 
whatever was found in his house, had never 
been in the possession of Antiochus or his sub- 
jects. This, however, did not totally liberate 
him, he was reduced to poverty, and lefused 
to accept the offers of his friends and of his 
clients. Some time after he was appointed to 
settle the disputes between Eumenes and Se- 
leucus, and at his return the Romans ashamed 
of their severity towards him, rewarded his 
merit with such uncommon liberality, that 
Asiaticus was enabled to celebrate games in 
honour of his victory over Antiochus, for ten 
successive days, at his own expense. Liv. 38, 



and was called .#/Vic&..its the younger, on ac- 
count of his victories over Carthage. iEmilianus 
first appeared in the Roman aimies under his 
father, and afterwards distinguished himself as 
a legionary tribune in the Spanish provinces; 
where he killed a Spaniard of gigantic stature, 
and obtained a mural crown at tbe siege of 
Intercatia. He passed into Africa to demand 
a reinforcement from king Masinissa, the ally of 
Rome, and he was the spectator of a long and 
bloody battle which was fought between that 
monarch and the Carthaginians, and which soon 
produced the third punic war. Some time after 
iEmilianus was made edile, and next appointed 
consul, though under the age required for that 
important office. The surname which he had 
received frcm his grandfather, he was doomed 
lawfully to claim as his own. He was em- 
powered to finish the war with Carthage, and 
as he was permitted by. the senate to choose his 
colleague, he took with him his friend Laeiius, 
whose father of the same name had formerly 
enjoyed the confidence and shared the victories 
of the first Africanus. The siege of Carthage 
was already begun, but the operations of the Ro- 
mans were not continued with vigour. Scipio 
had no sooner appeared before the walls of the 
enemy than every communication with the land 
was cut off, and that they, might not have the 
command of the sea, a stupendous mole was 
thrown across the harbour with immense la- 
bour and expense. This, which might have 
disheartened the most active enemy, rendered 
the Carthaginians more eager in the cause of 
freedom and independence; all the inhabitants, 
without distinction of rank, age, or sex, em- 
ployed themselves without cessation to dig 
another harbour, and to build and equip another 
fleet. In a short time, in spite of the vigilance 
and activity of iEmilianus, the Romans were 
astonished to see another harbour formed, and 



c. 55, &c — Eutrop. 4. Nasica was son of 50 galleys suddenly issuing under sail, ready 



Cneus Scipio, and cousin to Scipio Africanus 
He was refused the consulship, though support- 
ed by the interest and the fame of the conqueror 
of Annibal; and he afterwards obtained it, and 
in that honourable office conquered the Boii, 
and gained a triumph. He was also successful 
in an expedition which he undertook in Spain. 
When the statue of Cybele was brought to 
Rome from Phrygia, the Roman senate dele- 
gated one of their body, who was the most re- 
markable for the purity of his manners, and the 
innocence of his life, to go and meet the god- 
dess in the harbour of Oslia. Nasica was tbe 
object of their choice, and as such he was en- 
joined to bring the statue of the goddess to 
Rome with the greatest pomp and solemnity. 
Nasica also distinguished himself by' the active 
part he took in confuting the accusations laid 
against the two Scipios, Africanus and Asia- 
ticus. There was also another of the same 
name who distinguished himself by his enmity 
against the Gracchi, to whom he was nearly 
related. Paterc. 2, c. 1, &c. — Flor. 2, c. 15 
— Liv. 29, c. 14, &c. Publ. ^milianus, 



for the engagement This unexpected fleet, 
by immediately attacking the Roman ships, 
might have gained the victory, but the delay of 
the Carthaginians proved fatal to their cau>e, 
and the enemy had sufficient time to prepare 
themselves. Scipio soon got the possession of 
a small eminence in the harbour, and, by his 
subsequent operations, he broke open one of the 
gates of the city, and entered tbe streets, where 
he made his way by fire and sword. The sur- 
render of about 50,000 men was followed by 
the reduction of the citadel, and the total sub- 
mission of Carthage, B. C. 147. The captive 
city was set on fire, and though Scipio was ob- 
liged to demolish its very walls to obey the or- 
ders of the Romans, yet he wept bitterly over 
the melancholy and tragical scene; and in be- 
wailing the miseries of Carthage, he expressed 
his fears lest Rome in her turn, in some future 
ages, should exhibit such a dreadful conflagra- 
tion. The return of iEmilianus to Rome was 
that of another conqueror of Annibal, and. like 
him he was honoured with a magnificent tri- 
umph, and received the surname of Africanus. 



sc 



sc 



He was not long left in the enjoyment of his 
glory, before he was called to obtain fresh ho- 
nours. He was chosen consul a second time, 
and appointed to finish the war which the Ro- 
mans had hitherto carried on without success or 
vigorous exertions against Numantia. The fall 
of Numantia was more noble than that of the 
capital of Africa, and the conqueror of Car- 
thage obtained the victory only when the ene- 
mies had been consumed by famine, or by self- 
destruction, B. C 133. From his conquests in 
Spain, iEniiliauus was honoured with a second 
triumph, and with a surname of Numantinus. 
Yet his popularity was short, and, by telling the 
people that the murder of their favourite, his 
brother-in-law Gracchus, was lawful, since he 
was turbulent and inimical to the peace of the 
republic, Scipio incurred the displeasure of the 
tribunes, and was received with hisses. His 
authority for a moment quelled their sedition, 
when he reproached them for their cowardice, 
and exclaimed, Factious wretches, do you think 
that your clamows can intimidate me; me whom 
the fury of your enemies never daunted? Is this 
the gratitude that you owe to my father Paulus, 
who conquered Macedonia, and to me? Without 
my family you were slaves. Is this the respect 
you owe to your deliverers? Is this your affection? 
This firmness silenced the murmurs of the as- 
sembly, and some time after Scipio retired 
from the clamours of Rome to Caieta, where, 
with his friend Laelius, he passed the rest of 
his time in innocent pleasures and amusement; 
in diversions which had pleased them when 
children; and the two greatest men that ruled 
the state, were often seen on the sea-shore 
picking up light pebhles, and throwing them on 
the smooth "surface of the waters. Though 
fond of retirement and literary ease, yet Scipio 
often interested himself in the affairs of the 
state. His enemies accused him of aspiring to 
the dictatorship, and the clamours were most 
loud against him, when he had opposed the 
Sempronian law, and declared himself the pa- 
tron of the inhabitants of the provinces of Italy. 
This active part of Scipio was seen with plea- 
sure by the friends of the republic, and not only 
the senate, but also the citizens, the Latins, and 
neighbouring states, conducted their illustrious 
friend and patron to his house. It seemed also 
the universal wish that the troubles might be 
quieted by the election of Scipio to the dicta- 
torship, and many presumed that that honour 
would be on the morrow conferred upon him. 
In this, however, the expectations of Rome were 
frustrated, Scipio was found dead in his bed to 
the astonishment of the world; and those who 
inquired for the causes of this sudden death, 
perceived violent marks on his neck, and con- 
cluded that be had been strangled, B. C. 128 
This assassination, as it was then generally be- 
lieved, was committed by the triumvirs, Papi- 
rius Curbo, C Gracchus, and Fulvius Flaccus, 
who supported the Sempronian law, and by his 
wife Sempronia, who is charged with having 
introduced the murderers into his room. No 
inquiries were made after the authors of his 
death; Gracchus was the favourite of the mob, 
and the only atonement which the populace 



made for the death of Scipio was to attend his 
funeral, and to show their concern by their 
cries and loud lamentations. The second Afri- 
canus has often been compared to the first of 
that name; they seemed to be equally great 
and equally meritorious, and the Romans were 
unable to distinguish which of the two was en- 
titled to the greatest share of their regard and 
admiration, iEmilianus, like his grandfather, 
was fond of literature, and he saved from the 
flames of Carthage many valuable compositions, 
written by Phoenician and Punic authors. la 
the midst of his greatness he died poor, and his 
nephew, Q. Fabius Maximus, who inherited his 
estate, scarce found in his house thirty-two 
pounds weight of silver, and two and a half of 
gold. His liberality to his brother and to his 
sisters deserves the greatest commendations, 
and indeed no higher encomium can be passed 
upon his character, private as well as public, 
than the words of his rival Metellus, who told 
his sons, at the death_of Scipio, to go and at- 
tend the funeral of the greatest man that ever 
lived or should live in Rome. Liv. 44, &c. — 
Cic. de Senect. Orat in Brut. &c — Polyh. 

Jippian. — latere 1, c. 12, &c. Flor. A son 

of the first Africanus, taken captive by An- 
tiochus king of Syria, and restored to his father 
without a ransom. He adopted as his son 
young iEmilianus, the son of Paulus iEmilius, 
who was afterwards surnamed Africanus. Like 
his father Scipio. he distinguished himself by 
his fondness for literature, and his valour in 

the Roman armies. Metellus, the faiher-in- 

law of Pompey, appointed commander in Ma- 
cedonia. He was present at the battle of 
Pharsalia, and afterwards retired to Africa 
with Cato. He was defeated by Caesar at 

Thapsus. Plut. Salutio, a mean person in 

Cassar's army in Africa. The general appoint- 
ed him his chief commander, either to ridicule 
him, or because there was an ancient oracle 
that declared that the Scipios would ever be 

victorious in Africa. Pint. L. Cornelius, 

a consul who opposed Sylla. He was at last 

deserted by his army, and proscribed. The 

commander of a cohort in the reign of Vitellius. 
Sciru, an anual solemnity observed at 
Athens in honour of Minerva, or according 
to others, of Ceres and Proserpine. It received 
its name either from Sciras, a small town of 
Attica, or from a native of Eleusis, called 
Scirus. 

Sciradium, a promontory of Attica on the 
Saronicus sinus. 

Sciras, a name of iEgina. Minerva was 
also called Sciras. Strub. 9. 

Sciressa, a mountain of Arcadia. Plin. 4, 
c 5 

Sciron, a celebrated thief of Attica, who 
plundered the inhabitants of the country, and 
threw them down from the highest rock into the 
sea, after he had obliged them to wait upon 
him and wash his feet. Theseus attacked him, 
and treated him as he treated travellers. Ac- 
cording to Ovid, the earth as well as the sea 
refused to receive the bones of Sciron, which 
remained for some time suspended in the air, 
till they were changed into large rocks called 



sc 



sc 



Scironia Saxa, situate between Megara and 
Corinth. There was a road near them which 
bore the same name of Sciron, naturally small 
and narrow, but afterwards enlarged by the 
emperor Adrian. Some suppose that Ino threw 
herself into the sea from one of these rocks. 
Sciron had married the daughter of Cychreus a 
king of Salamis. He was brother-iu-law to 
Telamon the son of JEacus. Ovid. 7, Met. v. 
444. Heroid. 2, v. 69 —Strab. 9. — Mela, 2, 
C. 13 — Plln. 2, c. 47 — Uiod. 4. — Hvgin 
fab. 38 —Propert. 3, el 14, v. 12.— Paws. 1, 
C. 44. — Seneca. JY. Q 5, c. 17. 

Scirus, a village of Arcadia, of which the 

inhabitants are called Sciritoe. A plain and 

river of Attica near Megara. Paus. 1, c 33. 
Scissis, a town of Spain. Liv. 21, c. 60. 
Scodra, a town of liljricum, where Gen- 
tius resided. Liv 43, c 20. 

Scolus, a mountain of Boeotia. \ town 

of Macedonia near Olynthus. Strab. 

Scombrus, a mountain of Thrace near Rho- 
dope. 

Scopas, an architect and sculptor of Epbe- 
sus, for some time employed in making the 
mausoleum which Artemisia raised to her hus- 
band, and which was reckoned one of the seven 
wonders of the world. One of his statues of 
Venus was among the antiquities with which 
Rome was adorned. Scopas lived about 430 
years before Christ. Paus 1, c. 43., &c. — Uo~ 
rat. 4, Od. 8.— Virg. 9, -c. 9.— Plin. 34, c. 8, 

]. 36, c. 5. An iEtolian who raised some 

forces to assist Ptolemy Epiphanes, king of 
Egypt, against his enemies Antiocbus and his 
allies. He afterwards conspired against the 
Egyptian monarch, and was put to death, B. C. 
196. An ambassador to the court of the em- 
peror Domitian. 

Scopium, a town of Thessaly. 
Scordisci and Scordiscjs, a people of Pan- 
noniaand Thrace, well known during the reign 
of the Roman emperors for their barbarity and 
uncivilized manners, They were fond of drink- 
ing human blood, and tliey generally sacrificed 
their captive enemies to their gods. Liv. 41, 
c )9— Strab. l.—Flor. 3, c. 4. 

Scoti, the ancient inhabitants of Scotland, 
mentioned as different from the Picts. Clau- 
dian. de Hon- 3, cons. v. 54. 

Scotinus, a surname of Heraclitus. Slrab. 
15, 

Scotussa, a town of Thessaly, at the north 
of Larrissa and of the Peneus, destroyed by Al- 
exander of Pherae. Liv. 28, c 5 and 7, 1. 36, 
c. 14. — Strab. 7 and 9 — Paxes. 6, c- 5. An- 
other in Macedonia Plin. 4, c. 10. 

Scribonia, a daughter of Scribonius, who 
married Augustus after he had divorced Clau- 
dia. He had by her a daughter, the celebrated 
Julia. Scribonia was some time after repudia- 
ted, that Augustus might marry Livia. She 
had been married twice before she became the 

wife of the emperor. Sueton. in Aug. 62. 

A woman who married Crassus. 

Scriboniancs, a man in the age of Nero. 
Some of his friends wished him to be competi- 
tor for the imperial purple against Vespasian, 
which he declined. Tacit. H. 4, c. 39 



There were also two brothers of that name, who 
did nothing without each other's conseut. Id. 4, 
c. 41. 

Scribonius, a man who made himself mas- 
ter of the kingdom of Bosphorus- A phy- 
sician in the age of Augustus and Tiberius. 

A man who wrote annals, A. D. 22. The best 
edition of Scribonius is that of Pativ. 4to. 1655. 
A friend of Pornpey, &c. 

Scultenna, a river of Gaul Cispadana fall- 
ing into the i'o, now called Panaro. Liv. 41, 
c. 12 and 18— Pun. 3, c. 16 

Scylaceum, a town of the Brutii, built by 
Mnestheus at the head of an .Hbenian colony. 
As Virgil has applied the epithet Navifragum 
to Scylaceum, some suppose that either the poet 
was mistaken in his knowledge of the place, 
because there are no apparent dangers to navi- 
gation there, or that he confounds this place 
with a promontory of the same name on the 
Tuscan sea Servius explains this passage by 
supposing that the houses of the place were 
originally built with the shipwrecked vessels of 
Ulysses' fleet, (a most "puerile explanation!) 
Virg. JEn. 3, v. 553.— Strab. 6. 

Scylax, a geographer and mathematician of 
Caria, in the age of Darius, son of Hystaspes, 
about 550 years before Christ. He was com* 
missioned by Darius to make discoveries in the 
east, and after a journey of 30 months he visited 
Egypt. Some suppose that he was the first who 
invented geographical tables. The latest edition 
of the Periplus of Scylax is that of Gronovius, 
4to. L. Bat 1597.— Herodot. 4, c. 44.— Strab. 
A river of Cappadocia 

Scylla, a daughter of Nisus, king of Me- 
gara, who became enamoured of Minos, as that 
monarch besieged her father's capital. To 
make him sensible of her passion, she informed 
him that she would deliver Megara into his 
hands if he promised to marry her. Minos con- 
sented, and as the prosperity of Megara de- 
pended on a golden hair, which was on 'the 
head of Nisus, Scylla cut it off'as her father was 
asleep, and from that moment the sallies of the 
Megareans were unsuccessful, and the enemy 
easily became masters of the place. Scylla was 
disappointed in her expectations, and Minos 
treated her with such contempt and ridicule, 
that she threw herself from a tower into the 
sea, or according to other accounts, she was 
changed into a lark by the gods, and her father 
into a hawk. Ovid. Trisl. 2, v. 393. — Paus. 
2, c. 34.— Propert 3, el. 19, v. 21.— Hygin. 

fab. 198.— Virg. G. 1, v. 405, &c. A 

daughter of Typhon, or, as some say, of Phor- 
cys, who was greatly loved by Glaucus, one of 
the deities of the sea. Scylla scorned the ad- 
dresses of Glaucus, and the god, to render her 
more propitious, applied to Circe,, whose know- 
ledge of herbs and incantations was universally 
admired. Circe no sooner saw him than she 
became enamoured of him, and instead of giv- 
ing him the required assistance, she attempted 
to make him forget Scylla, but in vain. To 
punish her rival, Circe poured the juice of some 
poisonous herbs into the waters of the fountain 
where Scylla bathed, and no sooner had the 
nymph touched the place, than she found every 



sc 



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part of her body below the waist changed into 
frightful monsters like dogs, which never ceased 
barking. The rest of her body assumed an 
equally hideous form. She found herself sup- 
ported by twelve feet, and she had six different 
heads, each with three rows of teeth. This 
sudden metamorphosis so terrified ber, that she 
threw herself into that part of the sea which 
separates the coast of Italy and Sicily, where 
she was changed into rocks, which continued to 
bear her name, and which were universally 
deemed by the ancients as very dangerous to 
sailors, as well as the whirlpool of Charybdis 
•n the coast of Sicily. During a tempest the 
waves are described by modern navigators as 
roaring dreadfully when driven into the rough 
and uneven cavities of the rock. Homer. Od. 
12, v 85.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 66, &c— Paus 

2, c. 34. — Hygln- fab. 199 Some authors, 

as Propert. 4. eL 4, v. 39, and '> irg. Eel. 6, 
v. 74, with Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 500. have confound- 
ed the daughter of Typhon with '.be daughter 

of Nisus. Vvrg JEn. 3, v. 424 &:•. A ship 

in the fleet of iEneas, commanded by Cloanthus, 
&c Virg. JEn. 5, v. 122. 

Scyj.l,eum t a promontory of Peloponnesus 

•n tne coast of Argolis. A promontory of 

the Brutii in Italy, supposed to be the same as 
Scylaceum, near which was the famous whirl- 
pool Scylla, from which the name is derived. 

Scyllias, a celebrated swimmer, who en- 
riched himself by diving after the goods which 
ha«' been shipwrecked in the Persian ships near 
Pelium. It is said that he cou.d dive SO stadia 
under the water. Herodot. 3, c. 8. — Paus. 10, 
C. 19 

Scyllis and Dipcenus, statuaries of Crete 
before the age of Cyrus king of Persia. They 
were said to be sons and pupils of Daedalus, and 
they established a school at Sicyoa, where they 
taught the principles of their profession. Paus. 
—Plin. 36, c. 4. 

Scyllus, (untis,) a town of Achaia, given 
to Xenophon by the Lacedaemonians. Strab. 

.Scylurus, a monarch who left 80 sons. He 
called them to his bed-side as he expired, and 
by enjoining them to break a bunole of sticks 
tied together, and afterwards separately, he 
convinced them that when altogether firmly 
united, their power would be insuperable, but if 
ever disunited, they would fall an easy prey to 
their enemies. Plut- dc gnrr. 

Scyppium, a town in the neighbourhood ol 
Colophon. Pans. 7, c. 3. 

Scyras, a river of Laconia. Puus. 3, c. 25. 

Scyrias, a name applied to Deidamia as a 
native of Scyros. Ovid. Ji. 1, v. 682. 

Scyros, a rocky and barren island in the 
JEgean, at the distance of about 28 miles north- 
east from Euboea, sixty miles in circumference. 
It was originally in the possession of the Pelas- 
gians and Carians. Achilles retired there not 
to go to the Trojan war, and became father of 
Neoptolemus by Deidamia, the daughter of king 
Lycomedes. Scyros was conquered by the 
Athenians under Cimon. Homer. Od. 10, v. 
508 —Ovid. Met. 7, v. 464, I. 13, v. 156.— 
Pans. 1, c 7.— Strab. 9. 



Scythe, the inhabitants of Scythia. fid * 
Scythia 

Scythes, or Scytha, a son of Jupiter by a 
daughter of Tellus. Half his body was that of 
a man, and the rest that of a serpent. He be- 
came king of a country which he called Scythia. 
Diod. 2. A son of Hercules and Echidna. 

Scythia, a large country situate on the most 
northern parts of Europe and Asia, from which 
circumstance it is generally denominated Eu- 
ropean and Asiatic. The most northern parts 
of Scythia were uoinhabitej <;n account of the 
extreme coldness of the climate. The more 
southern in Asia that were inhabited, were dis- 
tinguished by the name of Scythia intra 8f extra 
Imaum, &c. The boundaries of Scythia were 
unknown to the ancients, as no traveller Lad 
penetrated beyond the vast tracts of land which 
la} at the north, east, and west. Scythia com- 
prehended the modern kingdoms of Tartary, 
Russia in Asia, Siberia, Muscovy, the Crimea, 
Poiand, part of Hungary, Lithuania, the north- 
ern parts of Germany, Sweden, Norway, &c. 
The Scythians were divided into several nations 
or tribes, they had no cities, but continually 
changed their habitations They inQred them- 
selves to bear labour and fatigue; they despised 
money, and lived upon milk, and covered them- 
selves with the skins of their cattle. The vir- 
tues seemed to flourish among them, and that 
philosophy and moderation which other nations 
wished to acquire by study, seemed natural to 
them. Some authors however represent them 
as a savage and barbarous people, who fed upon 
human flesh, who drank the blood of their ene- 
mies, and used the skulls of travellers as vessels 
in their sacrifices to their gods. The Scythians 
made several irruptions upon the more southern 
provinces of Asia, especially B. C 624, wnen 
they remained in possession of Asia Minor for 
28 years, and we find them at different periods 
extending their conquests in Europe, and pene- 
trating as far as E^ypt. Their government was 
monarchical, and the deference which they paid 
to their sovereigns was unparalleled. When 
the king died, his body was carried through 
every province, where it was received in solemn 
procession, and afterwards buried. In the first 
centuries after Christ they invaded the Ivoman 
empire with the" Sarmatians. Vid. Sarmatia. 
Herodot 1, c 4, &c— Strab. 7 —Diod 2.— 
Vol. Max 5. c. 4 — Justin. 2, c. I, &c. — Ovid. 
Met. 1, v 64, I. 2, v. 224. 

ScYTHiNus, a Greek poet of Teos in Ionia, 
who wrote Iambics.. Dicg. in Herac. — Jithen. 
11. 

Scython, a man changed into a woman. 
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 280. 

Scythopolis, a town of Syria, said to have 
been nuilt by Bacchus. Strab. 16. — Plin. 5, 
c. 18. 

Scythotatjri, a people of Chersonesus Tau- 
rica. Plin 4, c. 12. 

Sebasta, a town of Judaea. Another in 

Cilicia The name was common to Severn*! 

cities, as it was in honour of Augustus. 

Seba c tia, a city of Armenia. 

Sebennytus, a (own of the Delta jb Egypt'. 
4 o 



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That branch of the Nile which flows near it has 
been called the Sebennytic. Plin. 5, c. 10. 

Sebetus, a small river of Campania, falling 
into the bay of Naples, whence the epithet 
Sebethis, given to one of the nymphs who fre- 
quented its borders and became mother of (Eba- 
lus by Telon. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 734. 

Sebusiani, or Segusiani, a people of Celtic 
Gaul. 

Sectanus, an infamous debauchee in the age 
of Horace. 1, Sat. 4, v. 112. 

Secdndus Julius, a man who published some 
harangues and orations in the age of the em- 
peror Titus. A favourite of Nero.- One 

of the associates of Sejanus. 

Seditani, or Sebentani, a people of Spain. 
Ual 3, v. 372. 

Sebuni, an ancient nation of Belgic Gaul. 
Cces. Bell. G. 3. 

Sedusii, a people of Germany near the Suevi. 
Cces. 

Segesta, a town of Sicily founded by i£ne- 
as, or according to some by Crinisus. Vid. 
iEgesta. 

Segestes, a German, friendly to the Roman 
interest in the time of Germanicus. His daugh- 
ter married Arminius. Tacit. Ji. 1, c. 55. 

Segetia, a divinity at Rome, invoked by the 
husbandmen tha,t the harvest might be plentiful. 
Jlug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 8,—Macrob. 1, c 16.— 
Plin. 18, c. 2. 

Segni, a people with a town of the same 
name in Belgic Gaul. Cces. B. G. 6. 

Segobrica, a town of Spain near.Saguntum. 
Plin. 3, c. 3. 

Segonax, a prince in the southern parts of 
Britain, who opposed Caesar by order of Cas- 
sivelaunus, &c. Cces. Bell. G. 5, c. 22. 

Segontia, or Seguntia, a town of Hispania 
Tarraconensis. Liv. 34, c. 10. 

Segontiaci, a people of Belgic Gaul, who 
submitted to J. Cassar. 

Segovia, a town of Spain, of great power in 
the age of the Caesars. -There was also an- 
other of the same name in Lusitania. Both had 
been founded by the Celtiberi, 

Seguntium, a town of Britain, supposed to 
be Carnarvon in Wales. Cm. G. 5, c. 21. 

Segusiani, a people of Gaul on the Loire. 
Cm. G. 1, c. 10.— Plin 4, c. 18, 

Segusio, a town of Piedmont on the Durias. 
PM. 3, c. 17. 

jElius Sejanus, a native of Vulsinum in 
Tuscany, who distinguished himself in the court 
of Tiberius. His father's name was Seius 
Strabo, a Roman knight, commander of the 
praetorian guards. His mother was descended 
from the Junian family. Sejanus first gained 
the favours of Cuius Caesar, the grandson of 
Augustus, but afterwards he attached himself 
to the interest and the views of Tiberius, who 
then sat on the imperial throne. The emperor, 
who was naturally of a suspicious temper, was 
free and open with Sejanus, and while he dis- 
trusted others, he communicated his greatest 
secrets to this fawning favourite. Sejanus im- 
proved this confidence, and when he had found 
that he possessed the esteem of Tiberius, he 
next endeavoured to become the favourite of 



the soldiers and the darling of the senate. As 
commander of the praetorian guards be was 
the second man in Rome, and in that important 
office he made use of insinuations and every 
mean artifice to make himself beloved and 
revered. His affability and condescension gain- 
ed him the hearts of the common soldiers, and 
by appointing his own favourites and adherents 
to places of trust and honour, all the officers 
and centurions of the army became devoted to 
his interest. The views of Sejanus in this were 
well known; yet to advance with more success, 
he attempted to gain the affection of the sena- 
tors. In this he met with no opposition. A man 
who has the disposal of places of honour and 
dignity, and who has the command of the pub- 
lic money, cannot but be a favourite of those 
who are in need of his assistance. It is even 
said, that Sejanus gained to his views all the 
wives of the senators, by a private and most 
secret promise of marriage to each of them, 
whenever he had made himself independent 
and sovereign of Rome, Yet however successful 
with the best and noblest families in the empire, 
Sejanus had to combat numbers in the house of 
the emperor; but these seeming obstacles were 
soon removed. All the children and grand- 
children of Tiberius were sacrificed to the am- 
bition of the favourite under various pretences; 
and Drusus the son of the emperor, by striking 
Sejanus, made his destruction sure and inevita- 
ble. Livia, the wife of Drusus, was gained by 
Sejanus, and though the mother of many child- 
ren, she was prevailed upon to assist her adul- 
terer in the murder of her husband*, and she 
consented to marry him when Drusus was dead. 
No sooner was Drusus poisoned than Sejanus 
openly declared his wish to marry Livia. This 
was strongly opposed by Tiberius; and the em- 
peror, by recommending Germanicus to the 
senators for his successor, rendered Sejanus bold 
and determined. He was more urgent in his 
demands; and when he could not gain the con- 
sent of the emperor, he persuaded him to re- 
tire to solitude from the noise of Rome, and the 
troubles of the government. Tiberius, naturally 
fond of ease and luxury, yielded to his repre- 
sentations, and retired to Campania, leaving 
Sejanus at the head of the empire. This was 
highly gratifying to the favourite, and he was 
now without a master. Prudence and modera- 
tion might have made bim what he wished to 
be, but Sejanus offended the whole empire when 
he declared that he was emperor of Rome, and 
Tiberius only the dependent prince of the island 
of Capreae, where he had- retired. Tiberius 
was upon this fully convinced of the designs of 
Sejanus, and when he had been informed that 
his favourite had had the meanness and auda- 
city to ridicule him by introducing him on the 
stage, the emperor ordered him to be accused 
before the senate. Sejanus was deserted by all 
his pretended friends, as soon as by fortune; and 
the man who aspired to the empire, and who 
called himself the favourite of the people, the 
darling of the praetorian guards, and the com- 
panion of Tiberius, was seized without resist- 
ance, and the same day strangled in prison, A. 
D. 31. His remains were exposed to the furr 



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and insolence of the populace, and afterwards 
thrown into the Tiber, His children and all his 
relations were involved in bis ruin, and Tibe- 
rius sacrificed to his resentment and suspicions 
a!) those who were even connected with Seja- 
nus, or had shared his favours and enjoyed his 
confidence. Tacit. 3, Ann. &c. — Dio. 58. — 
S<ut. in Tib- 

Cn, Seius, a Roman who had a famous horse, 
of large size and uncommon beauty. He was 
put to death by Antony, and it was observed, 
that whoever obtained possession of his horse, 
which was supposed to be of the same race as 
the horses of Diomedes destroyed by Hercules, 
and which was called Sejanws equus, became 
unfortunate, and lost all his property, with every 
member of his family. Hence arose the pro- 
verb, Hie homo haUt Sejanwn equum, applied 
to such as were oppressed with misfortunes. 
Au. Gellius, 3, c. 9. 

Seius Strabo, the father of Sejanus, was a 
Roman knight, and commander of the prseio- 
rian "guards. 

Selasia. Vid Sellasia. 

Selemnus, a river of Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 
23. Vid. Selimnus 

Selene, the wife of Antiochus king of Syria; 
put to death by Tigranes, king of Armenia. 
She was daughter of Physcon, king of Egjpt, 
and had first married her brother Lathurus, ac- 
cording to the custom of her country, and after- 
wards by desire of her mother, her other brother 
Gryphus. At the death of Gryphus, she had 
married Antiochus, surnamed Eusebes, the son 
of Antiochus Cyzicenus, by whom she had two 
sons. According* to Appian, she first married 
the father, and after his death, his son Eusebes. 
Appian. Syr &c 

Seleucena, or Seleucis, a country of Syria, 
in Asia. Vid Seleucis 

SeleucTa, a town of Syria, on the sea shore, 
generally called Pieria, to distinguish it from 
others of the same name. There were no less 
than eight other cities which were called Seleu- 
cia, and which had all received their name from 
'Seleucus Nicator. They were all situate in the 
kingdom of Syria, in Cilicia, and near the Eu- 
phrates. Ftor. 3, c. 11. — Plat, in Dem. — Mela, 
1, c \2.—Strub 11 and 15.— Plin 6. c. 26. 

Also the residence of the Parthian kings. 

Cic. 8, /am. 14. 

SeleuciDjE, a surname given to those mo- 
narchs who sat on the throne of Syria, which 
was founded by Seleucus the son of Antiochus, 
from whom the word is derived. The era of 
the Seleucidse begins with the taking of Babylon 
by Seleucus, B. C. 312, and ends at the con- 
quest of Syria by Pompey, B. C 65. The or- 
der in which these monarchs reigned, is shown 
in the account of Syria. Vid. Syria. 

Seleucis, a division of Syria, which receiv- 
ed its name from Seleucus, the founder of the 
Syrian empire after the death of Alexander the 
Great. It was also called Tetrapolis from the 
four cities it contained, called also sister cities: 
Seleucia called after Seleucus, Antioch called 
after his father, Laodicea after his mother, and 
Apamea after his wife. Strab. 16. 

Seleucus, 1st, one of the captains of Alex- 



ander the Great, surnamed Ntcator, or Vicldti- 
qus, was son of Antiochus. After the king's 
death, he received Babylon as his province; but 
his ambitious views, and his attempt to destroy 
Eumenes as he passed through his territories, 
rendered him so unpopular that he fled for safe- 
ty to the court of his friend rtolemy king of 
Egypt. He was soon after enabled to recover 
Baftyion, which Antigonus had seized in his ab- 
sence, and he increased his dominions by the 
immediate conquest of Media, and some of the 
neighbouring provinces. When he had strength- 
ened himself in his empire, Seleucus imitated 
the example of the rest of the generals of Alex- 
ander, and assumed the title of independent mo- 
narch. He afterwards made war against An- 
tigonus, with the united forces of Ptolemy, Cas- 
sanuer, and Lysimachus; and after this monarch 
had been conquered and slain, his territories 
were divided among his victorious enemies. 
When Seleucus became master of Syria, he 
built a city there, which he called Antioch, in 
honour of his father, and made it the capital of 
his dominions. He also made war against De- 
metrius and Lysimachus, though he had origi- 
nally married Stratonice, the daughter of the 
former, and had lived in the closest friendship 
with the latter. Seleucus was at last murdered 
by one of his servants called Ptolemy Ceraunus, 
a man on whom be bestowed the greatest fa- 
vours, and whom he had distinguished by acts of 
the most unbounded confidence. According to N 
Arrian, Seleucus was the greatest and most 
powerful of the princes who inherited the Ma- 
cedonian empire after the death of Alexander. 
His benevolence has been commended; and it 
has been observed, that he conquered not to en- 
slave nations, but to make them more happy. 
He founded no less than 34 cities in different 
parts of his empire, which he peopled with 
Greek colonies, whose national industry, learn- 
ing, religion, and spirit, were communicated to 
the indolent and luxurious inhabitants of Asia. 
Seleucus was a great benefactor to the Greeks, 
he restored to the Athenians the library and 
statues which Xerxes had carried away from 
their city when he invaded Greece, and among 
them were those of Harmodius and Aristogiton. 
Seleucus was murdered 280 years before the 
Christian era," in the 32d year of his reign, and 
the 78th, or, according to others, the 13d year 
of his age, as he was going to conquer Macedo- 
nia, where he intended to finish his days in 
peace and tranquillity in that province where he 
was born. He was succeeded by Antiochus 
Soter. Justin. 13, c. 4, 1. 15, c. 4, 1. 16, c. 3, 
&c— Plut. in Dem.— Plin. 6, c. 17.— Paus. 8, 

c 51. — Joseph. Ant. 12. The 2d, surnamed 

Callinicus, succeeded his father Antiochus 
Theus on the throne of Syria. He attempted to 
make war against Ptolemy, king of Egypt, but 
his fleet was shipwrecked in a violent storm, and 
his armies soon after conquered by his enemy. 
He was at last taken prisoner by Arsaces, an 
officer who made himself powerful by the dis- 
tentions which reigned in the house of the Se- 
•cucidae. between the two brothers, Seleucus and 
An och'is; and after he had been a prisoner for 
some time in Parthia, he died of a fall from Ufa 



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horse, B. C. 226, after a reign of 20 years. 
Seleucus had received the surname of Pogon, 
from his long beard, and that of Callinicus, 
ironically to express his very unfortunate reign. 
He had married Laodice, the sister of one of 
his generals, by whom he had two sons, Seleu- 
cus and Antiochus, and a daughter whom he 
gave in marriage to Mithridates king of Pontus 
Strab. 16 — hislin 27 — Jlppian de Syr 



The 3d, succeeded his father Seleucus 2d, on 
the throne of Syria, and received the surname 
of Ceraunus, by antiphrasis, as he was a very 
weak, timid, and irresolute monarch. He was 
murdered by two of bis officers after a reign of 
three year?,' B. C. 223, and his brother Antio- 
chus, though only 15 years old, ascended the 
throne, and rem* red himself so celebrated that 
he acquired the name of the Great. Jlppian. 

The 4th, succeeded his father Antiochus 

the Great, on the throne of Syria. He was sur- 
named Pkilopator, or according to Josepbus, 
Soter. His empire had been weakened by the 
Romans when he became monarch, and the 
yearly tribute of a thousand talents to these vic- 
torious enemies concurred in lessening his pow- 
er and consequence among nations. Seleucus 
was poisoned after a reign of 12 years, B. C. 
175. His son Demetrius had been sent to 
Rome, there to receive his education, arid he 
became a prince of great abilities Strab. 16. 

— Justin. 32 — rfppian, The 5th, succeeded 

his father Demetrius Nicator on the throne of 
Syria, in the 20th year of his age. He was put 
to death in the first year of his reign by Cleo- 
patra his mother, who bad also sacrificed her 
husband to her ambition. He is not reckoned 
by many historians in the number of the Syrian 

monarchs. The 6th, one of the Seleucidse, 

son of Antiochus Gryphus, killed his uncle An- 
tiochus Cyzicenus, who wished to obtain the 
crown of Syria He was some time after ban- 
ished from his kingdom by Antiochus Pius, son 
of Cyzicenus, and fled to Cilicia, where he was 
burnt in a palace by the inhabitants, B. C. 93 
Jippian. — Joseph. — : — A prince of Syria, to 
whom the Egyptians offered t! e crown of winch 
they had robbed Auletes. Seleucus accepted 
it, out lie sooo disgusted his subjects, and re- 
ceived the surname of Cybiosacles, or Scullion, 
for his meanness and avarice. He was at last 
murdered by Berenice, whom he had married. 

A servant of Cleopatra, the last queen of 

Egypt, who accused his mistress before Octa- 
vianus, of having secreted part of her jewels and 

treasures. A mathematician intimate with 

Vespasian the Roman emperor. A part of 

the Alps A Ruman consul A celebrat- 
ed singer. Jim. 10, v. 211 A king of the 

Bosphorus, who died B. C. 429. 

Selgje. a tOwn of Pamphylia, made a colony 
bv »he Lacedaemonians. Liv. 35, c. 13. — 
Strabo. ' 

•inup, a shepherd of Achaia, who for 
some time ei joyed the favours of the nymph 
Argyra. without interruption. Argyra was at 
last disgusted with her lover, and the shepherd 
died through melancholy, and was changed into 
a river of (he same name. Argyra was also 
changed into a fountain, and was fond of min- 



gling her waters with those of the Selironus, 
Pans. 7, c 23. 

Selinuns, or Selinus, (untis,) a town on 
the southern parts of Sicily, founded A. U C. 
127, by a colony from Megara. It received its 
name from o-zhtvov, parsley, which grew there 
in abundance. The marks of its ancient conse- 
quence are visible in the venerable ruins now 
found in its neighbourhood. Vivg. JEn. 3. v. 

705.— Pans. 6, c 19. A river of Elis in 

Peloponnesus, which watered the town of Scil- 

lus. Pans. 5, c. 6. Another in Achaia 

Another in Sicily A river and town of Ci- 
licia, where Trajan died. Liv. 33, c. 20.— 

Strab. 14. Two small rivers near Diana's 

temple at Ephesus. Plin. 5, c. 29. A lake 

at the entrance of the Cayster. Strab. 14. 

Sellasia, a town of Laconia where Cleo- 
menes was defeated by the Achaeans. B. C. 222. 
Scarce 200 of a body of 5000 Lacedaemonians 
survived the battle. Plut. 

Selleis, a river of Peloponnesus falling into 
the Ionian sea. Homer.- IL 

Sbllet,e, a people of Thrace near mount 
Hsemus. Liv. 38, c. 40. 

Selli, an ancient nation of Epirus near Do- 
dona. Lucan. 3, v. 180. — Strab. 7. 

Selymbria, a town of Thrace, on the Pro- 
pontis. Liv. 39, c. 39. 

Semele, a daughter of Cadmus by Hermione, 
the daughter of Mars and Venus. She was ten- 
derly beloved by Jupiter; but Juno, who was al- 
ways jealous of her husband's amours, and who 
hated the house of Cadmus, because they were 
related to the goddess of beauty, determined to 
punish this successful rival. She borrowed the 
girdle of Ate, which contained every wicked- 
ness, deceit, and perfidy, and in the form of 
Beroe, Semele's nurse, she visited the bouse of 
Jupiter's mistress. Semete listened with atten- 
tion to the artful admonitions of the false Beroe, 
and was at last persuaded to entreat her lover 
to come to her arms with the same majesty as 
he approached Juno. This rash request was 
beard with horror by Jupiter; but as he had 
sworn by the Styx to grant Semele whatever 
she required, he came to her bed, attended by 
the clouds, the lightning, and thunderbolts. The 
mortal nature of Semele could not endure so 
much majesty, and she was instantly consumed 
with fire. The child, however, of which she 
was pregnant, was saved from the flames by 
Mercury, or according to others, by Dirce, one 
of the nymphs of the Achelous, and Jupiter 
placed him in his thigh the rest of the time 
which he ought to have been in his mother's 
womb. This child was called Bacchus, or Dio- 
nysius. Semele immediately after death was 
honoured with immortality under the name of 
Thyone. Some, however, suppose that she re- 
mained in the infernal regions till Bacchus her 
son was permitted to bring her back. There 
were in the temple of Diana, at Trcezene, two 
altars raised to the infernal gods, one of which 
was over an aperture, through which, as Pausa- 
nias reports, Bacchus returned from hell with 
his mother. Semele was particularly worship- 
ped at Brasiae in Laconia, where, according to 
a certain tradition, she had been driven by the 



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winds with her son, after Cadmus had exposed 
her on the sea, on account of her incontinent 
amour with Jupiter. The mother of Bacchus, 
though she received divine honours, had no tem- 
ples; she had a statue in a tempie of Ceies, at 
Thebes, in Bceotia. Pans. 3, c. 24, 1. 9, c. 5. 
—Hesiod. Theog.— Homer. It. 14, v. 323.— 
Orpheus. Hymn — Eurip in Bacch. — Apollod. 
3, c 4.— Ovid. Met. 3, v. 254. Fast. 3, v. lib. 
— Diod 3 and 4. 

Semigermani, a name given to the Helvetii, 
a people of Germany. Liv. 21, c. 38 

Semigunttjs, a general of the Cherusci, 
taken prisoner by German icus, &c. Strab. 7. 

Semiramis, a celebrated queen of Assyria, 
daughter of the goddess Derceto, by a young 
Assyrian. She was exposed in a desert, but her 
life v«as preserved by doves for one whole year, 
till Simmas, one of the shepherds of Niuus, 
found her and brought her up- as his own child. 
Semiramis, when grown up, married Menones, 
the governor of Nmeveh, and accompanied him 
to the siege of Bactra, where, by her advice and 
prudent directions, she hastened the king's ope- 
rations and took the city. These eminent ser- 
vices, but chiefly her uncommon beauty, endear- 
ed her to Ninus. The monarch asked her of 
her husband, and offered him instead, his daugh- 
ter Sosana; but Menones, who tenderly loved 
Semiramis, refused, and when Ninus had added 
threats to entreaties, he hung himself No soon- 
er was Menones dead than Semiramis, who was 
of an aspiring soul, married Ninus, by whom 
she had a son called Ninyas Ninus was so fond 
of Semiramis, that at her request he resigned 
the crown to her, and commanded her to be 
proclaimed queen and sole empress of Assyria. 
Of this, however, he had cause to repent; Se- 
miramis put him to death, the better to establish 
her-elf on the throne, and when she had no ene- 
mies to fear at home, she began to repair the 
capital of her empire, and by her means Baby- 
lon became the most superb aad magnificent 
city in the world. She visited every part of her 
dominions, and left every where immortal mo- 
numents of her greatness and benevolence. To 
render the roads passable, and communication 
easy, she hollowed mountains and filled up val- 
lies, and water was conveyed at a great expense 
by large and convenient aqueducts, to barren 
deserts and unfruitful plains. She was not less 
distinguished as a warrior, many of the neigh- 
bouring nations were conquered; and when Se- 
miramis was once told, as she was dressing her 
hair, that Babylon had revolted, she left her 
toilette with precipitation, and though only half 
dressed, she refused to have the rest of her head 
adorned before the sedition was quelled, and 
tranquillity re-established. Semiramis has been 
accused of licentiousness, and some authors have 
observed, that she regularly called the strongest 
and stoutest men in her army to her arms, and 
afterwards put them to death that they might 
not be living witnesses of her incontinence. Her 
passim for her son was also unnatural, and it 
was this criminal propensity which induced Nin- 
yas to destroy bis mother with his own hands. 
Some say that Semiramis was changed into a 
dove after death, aDd received immortal honours 



in Assyria. It is supposed that she lived about 
1965 years before the Christian era, and that 
she died in the 62d year of her age, and the 
25th of ner reign. Many fabulous reports have 
been propagated about Semiramis, and some 
have declared that for some time she disguised 
herself" and passed for her son Ninyas. Val. 
Max. 9, c 3.— Uerodot. 1, c. 184.— Diod 2 — 
Mela, 1, c 3.— Strab. b.—Paterc 1, c. 6. — 
Justin. 1, c. 1, &c— Propert. 3, el. 11. v. 21. 
— Pint, de Fort, £cc. — Ovid. Amor. 1, el. 5, v. 
11. Met 4, v. 58. Marcell. 14, c. 6. 

Semnones, a people of Italy on the borders 

of Umbna. Of Germany, on the Elbe and 

Oder. 

Semones, inferior deities of Rome, that were 
not in the number of the 12 great gods. Among 
these were Faunus, the Satyrs, Priapus, Ver- 
tumnus, Janus, Pan, Silenus. and all such illus- 
trious heroes as had received divine honours af- 
ter death. The word seems to be the same as 
semi homines, because they were inferior to the 
supreme gods, and superior to men. Ovid. Fast. 
6, v. 213. 

Semosancius, one of the gods of the Romans 
among toe Indigetes, or such as were born and 
educated in their country. 

Sempronia, a Roman matron, mother of the 
two Gracchi, celebrated for her learning, and 
her private as well as public virtues. — ■. — Also 
a sister of the Gracchi, who is accused of hav- 
ing assisted the triumvirs Carbo, Gracchus, and 
Flaccus, to murder her husband, Scipio Africa- 
nus the younger. The name of Sempronia was 
common to the female descendants of the fami- 
ly of the Sempronii, Gracchi, and Scipios. 

Sempronia lex de magistratibus, by C. Sem- 
pronius Gracchus, the tribune, A U. C. 630, 
ordained that no person who had been legally 
deprived of a magistracy for misdemeanors, 
should be capable of bearing an office again. 
This law was afterwards repealed by the author. 

Another, de civitate, by the same, A. U. 

C. 630. It ordained that no capital judgment 
should be passed over a Roman citizen, without 
the concurrence and authority of the senate. 
There were also some other regulations inclu- 
ded in this law. Another, de comitiis, by the 

same, A. U. C. 635. It ordaineu that in giv- 
ing their votes, "the centuries should be chosen 
by lot, and not give it according to the order of 

their classes. Another, de comiliis, by the 

same, the same year, which granted to the Latin 
allies of Rome, the privilege of giving their 
votes at elections, as if they were Roman citi- 
zens Another, de provinciis, by the same, 

A. U. C. 630. It enacted that the senators 
should be permitted before the assembly of die 
consular comitia, to determine as they pleased 
the particular provinces which should be propo- 
sed to the consuls, to be divided by lot, and 
that the tribunes should be deprived of the p» w- 
er of interposing against a decree of the senate. 

Another, called Agraria prima, by T. Sem- 

pronius Gracchus the tribune, A. U. C. 620. 
It confirmed the lex agraria JAcinia, and enact- 
ed that all such as were in possession of 'nore 
lands than that law allowed, should immediate- 
ly resign them, to be divided among the poorer 



SE 



SE 



citizens. Three commissioners were appointed 
to put this law into execution, and its consequen- 
ces were so violent, as it was directly made 
against the nobles and senators, that it cost the 

author his life. Another, called Jigraria 

alter a, by the same. It required that all the 
ready money which was found in the treasury 
of Attalus king of Pergamus, who had left the 
Romans his heirs, should be divided among the 
poorer citizens of Rome, to supply them with 
all the various instruments requisite in husband- 
ry, and that the iands of that monarch should be 
farmed by the Roman censors, and the money 
drawn from thence should be divided among the 

people. Another, frumentaria, by C. Sem- 

proiiius Gracchus. It required that a certain 
quantity of corn should be distributed among 
the people, so much to every individual, for 
which it was required that they should only pay 

the trifling sum of a semissis and a triens- 

Another, de usurd, by M. Sempronius the tri- 
bune, A. U. C. 560. It ordained that in lend- 
ing money to the Latins and the allies of Rome, 
the Roman laws should be observed as well as 

among the citizens. Another, de jiuhcibus, 

by the tribune C. Sempronius, A. U C. 630 
It required that the right of judging, which had 
been assigned to the Senatorian order by Romu- 
lus, should be transferred from them to the Ro- 
man knights. Another, militaris, by the 

same, A. U. C. 630. It enacted that the^sol- 
diers should be clothed at the public expense, 
without any diminution of their usual pay. It 
also ordered that no person should be obliged to 
serve in the army before the age of 1 7 

Sempronius (A. Atratinus,) a senator who 
opposed the Agrarian law, which was proposed 
by the consul Cassius, soon after the election of 

the tribunes L. Atratinus, a consul, A. U 

C. 311. He was one of the first censors with 

his colleague in the consulship, Papirius 

Caius, a consul summoned before an assembly 
of the people, because he had fought with ill 
success against the Volsci- Blsesus, a con- 
sul who obtained a triumph for some victories 

gained in Sicily. Sophus, a consul against 

the iEqui He also fought against the Picentes, 
and during the engagement there was a dread- 
ful earthquake. The soldiers were terrified hut 
Sophus encouraged them, and observed that the 
earth trembled only for fear of changing its old 

masters. A man who proposed a law that no 

person should dedicate a temple or altar, with- 
out the previous approbation of the magistrates, 
A. U. C. 449. He repudiated his wife because 
she had gone to see a spectacle without his per- 
mission or knowledge Rufus. a senator, 

banished from the senate because he had killed 

a crane to serve him as food. Tuditanus, a 

man sent against Sardinia by the Romans.— 
A legionary tribune, who led away from Cannae 
the remaining part of tbe soldiers who had not 
been killed by the Carthaginians. He was af- 
terwards consul, and fought in the field against 
Annibal with great success. He was killed in 

Spain. Tiberius Longus, a Roman consul 

defeated by the Carthaginians in an engage- 
ment which he had begun against the approba 
tton of his colleague C. Scipio. He afterwards 



obtained victories over Hanno and the Gauls. 

Tiberius Gracchus, a consul who defeated 

the Carthaginians and the Campanians. He 
was afterwards betrayed by FuWius, a Lugani- 
an, into the hands of the Carthaginians, and 
was killed after he had made along and bloody 
resistance against the enemy. Hannibal show- 
ed great honour to his remains; a funeral pile 
was raised at the head of the camp, and the 
enemy's cavalry walked round it in solemn pro- 
cession. Gracchus, a man who had debauch- 
ed Julia. [Vid. Gracchus.] An eunuch, 

made governor of Rome by Caracalla Den- 

sus, a centurion of a pretorian cohort who de- 
fended the person of Galba against the assassins. 

He was killed in the attempt. The father of 

the Gracchi [Vid Gracchus.]-, A censor, 

who was also sent as ambassador to the court of 

Egypt. A tribune of the people, &c. Tacit. 

— Flor. — Liv. — Plut. — Cces — Jippian. — --An; 
emperor. [Vid. Saturniuus ] 

Semurium, a place near Rome, where Apol- 
lo had a temple. Cic.Pkil. 6, 6. 

Sena, or Senogallia, a town of Umbria in 
Italy, on the Adriatic, built by the Senones, af- 
ter they had made an irruption into Italy, A. U. 
C S9G; and on that account called Gallica. 
There was also a small river in the neighbour- 
hood which bore the name of Sena. It was 
near it that Asdrubal was defeated by CI. Nero. 
C.Nep. in Catone. — Sil. 8, v. 454. — JLAv. 27, 
c. 46. Cic. Brut 18 

Senatus, the chief council of the state among 
the Romans. The members of this body, called 
stnatores on account of their age, and patres, on 
account of their authority, were of the greatest 
consequence in the republic. The senate was 
first instituted by Romulus, to'govern the city, 
and to preside over the affairs of the state dur- 
ing his absence. This 'was continued by his 
successors; but Tarquin the Second disdained 
to consult them, and by having his own council 
chosen from his favourites, and men who were 
totally devoted to his interest, he diminished 
the authority and the consequence of the sena- 
tors, and slighted the concurrence of the people. 
The senators whom Romulus created were an 
hundred, to whom he afterwards added the same 
number when the Sabines had migrated to 
Rome. Tarquin the ancient made the senate 
consist of 300, and this number remained fixed 
for a long time. After the expulsion of the last 
Tarquin, whose tyranny had thinned the patri- 
cians as well as the plebeians, 164 new senators 
were chosen to complete the 300; and as they 
were called conscripts, the senate ever after- 
wards consisted of members who were denomi- 
nated patres, and conscripti. The number con- 
tinued to fluctuate during the times of the re- 
public, but gradually increased to 700, and af- 
terwards to 900 under Julius Caesar, who filled 
the senate with men of every rank and order. 
Under Augustus the senators amounted to 1000, 
but this number was reduced to 300, which be- 
ing the cause of complaints, induced the empe- 
ror to limit the number to 600. The place of a 
senator was always bestowed upon merit; the 
monarchs had the privilege of choosing the mem- 
bers, and after the expulsion of the Tarquins it 



SE 



was one of the rights of the consuls, till the elec- 
tion of the censors, who from their office seemeu 
most capable of making choice of men whose 
character was irreproachable, whose morals 
were pure, and relations honourable. Some- 
times the assembly of the people elected sena- 
tors but it was only upon some extraordinary 
occasions; there was also a dictator chosen to 
fill up the dumber of the senate after the battle 
of Cannae. Only particular families were ad- 
mitted into the senate; and when the plebeians 
were permitted to share the honours of the state, 
it was then required that they should be born of 
free citizens. It was also required that the can- 
didates should be knights before their admission 
into the senate. They were to be above the age 
of 25, and to have previously passed through 
the inferior offices of quaestor, tribune of the 
people, edile, pretor, and consul. Some, how- 
ever, suppose that the senators ivhom Romulus 
chose were all old men; yet his successors ne- 
glected this, and often men who were below the 
age of 25 were admitted by courtesy into the 
senate. The dignity of a senator could not be 
supported without the possession of 80,000 ses- 
terces, or about 7000/. English money, and 
therefore such as squandered away their money, 
and whose fortune was reduced below this sum, 
were generally struck out of the list of senators. 
This regulation was not made in the first ages of 
the republic, when the Romans boasted of their 
poverty. The senators were not permitted to 
be of any trade or profession. They were dis- 
tinguished from the rest of the people by their 
dress; they wore the- laticlave, half boots of a 
black colour, with a crescent or silver buckle in 
the form of a C; but this last honour was con- 
fined only to the descendants of those hundred 
senators who had been elected by Romulus, as 
the letter C seems to imply. Tbey had the sole 
right of feasting publicly in the capital in cere- 
monial habits; they sat in curule chairs, and at 
the representation of plays and public specta- 
cles, they were honoured with particular seats. 
"Whenever they travelled abroad, even on their 
own business, they were maintained at the pub- 
lic expense, and always found provisions for 
themselves and their attendants ready prepared 
on the road; a privilege that was generally 
termed free legation. On public festivals they 
wore the prcetexta^ or long white robe with pur- 
ple borders. The right of convocating the sen- 
ate belonged only to the monarchs ; and after 
the expulsion of the Tarquins, to the consuls, 
the dictator, master of the horse, governor of 
Rome, and tribunes of the people; but no magis- 
trate could exercise this privilege except in the 
absence of a superior officer, the tribunes ex- 
cepted. The time of meeting was generally 
three times a month, on the calends, nones, and 
ides. Under Augustus they were not assem- 
bled on the nones. It was requisite that the 
place where they assembled should have 
been previously consecrated by the augurs. 
This was generally in the temple of Con- 
cord, of Jupiter Capitolinus, Apollo, Castor, 
and Pollux, &c. or in the Curiae called 
Hostilia, Julia Pompeia, &c. When audi- 
ence was given to foreign ambassadors, the sena- 



tors assembled without the wall9 of the city ; 
either in the temples of Bellona or of Apollo; 
and the same ceremony as to their meeting 
was also observed when they transacted bu- 
siness with their generals, as the ambassadors 
of foreign nations; and the commanders of ar- 
mies, while in commission, were not permitted 
to appear without the walls of the city. To 
render their decrees valid and authentic, a cer- 
tain number of members was requisite, and 
such as were absent without some proper cause, 
were always fined. In the reign of Augustus, 
400 senators were requisite to make a senate. 
Nothing was transacted before sun-rise, or after 
sun- set. In their office the senators were the 
guardians of religion, they disposed of the pro^- 
vinces as tbey pleased, they prorogued the as- 
semblies of the people, they appointed thanks- 
givings, noniiuated their ambassadors, distri- 
buted the public money, and in short, had the 
management of every thing political or civil in 
the republic, except the creating of magistrates, 
the enactment of laws, and the declarations of 
war or peace, which were confined to the as- 
semblies of the people. Rank was always re- 
garded in their meetings; the chief magistrates 
of the state, such as the consuls, the pre tors, 
and censors, sat first, after these the inferior 
magistrates, such as the ediles and questors, 
and last of all, those that then exercised no of- 
fice in the state. Their opinions were ori- 
ginally collected, each according to his age; 
but when the office of censor was instituted, 
the opinion of the prince.ps senalus, or the per- 
son whose name stood first on the censor's list, 
was first consulted, and afterwards those who 
were of consular dignity, each in their respec- 
tive order. In the age of Cicero the consuls 
elect were first, consulted; and in the age of 
Caesar, he was permitted to speak first till the 
end of the year, on whom the consul had ori- 
ginally conferred that honour. Under the. em- 
perors the same rules were observed, but the 
consuls were generally consulted before all 
others. When any public matter was intro- 
duced into the senate, which was always called 
referre ad senatum, any senator whose opinion 
was asked, was permitted to speak upon it as 
long as he pleased, and on that account it was 
often usual for the senators to protract their 
speeches till it was too late to determine. 
When the question was put, they passed to the 
side of that speaker, whose opinion they ap- 
proved, and a majority of votes was easily col- 
lected, without the" trouble of counting the 
numbers. This mode of proceeding was called 
pedibus in alicujus sententiam ire, and therefore 
on that account, the senators who had not the 
privilege of speaking, but only the right of 
giving a silent vote, such as bore some curule 
honours, and on that accouut were permitted to 
sit in the senate, but not to deliberate, were 
denominated pedarii senatores. After the ma- 
jority had been known, the matter was deter- 
mined, and the senatus consullum was imme- 
diately written by the clerks of the house, at 
the feet of the chief magistrates, and it was 
signed by all the principal members of the 
house. When there was not a sufficient miftF 



SE 



SE 



ber of members to make a senate, the decision 
was called senatus autoritas, but it was of no 
consequence if it did not afterwards pass into 
a senatus consultvm. The tribunes of the peo- 
ple, by the word veto, could stop the debates, 
and the decrees of the assembled senate, as 
also any one who was of equal authority with 
him who had proposed the matter. The sena- 
tus consulta were left in the custody of the con- 
suls, who could suppress or preserve them; but 
about the year of Rome 304, they were al- 
ways deposited in the temple of Ceres, and af- 
terwards in the treasury, by the ediles of the 
people. The degradation of the senators was 
made by the censor, by omitting their names 
when he called over the list of the senate. 
This was called prcetcrire. A senator could be 
again introduced into the senate if he conld re- 
repair his character, or fortune, which had 
been the causes why the censor had lawfully 
called him unqualified, and had challenged his 
opposition. The meeting of the senate was of- 
ten sudden, except the particular times already 
mentioned, upon any emergency. After the 
death of J. Caesar, they were not permitted to 
meet on the ides of March, which were called 
parricidium, because on that day the dictator 
had been assassinated. The sons of senators, 
after they had put on the toga virilis, were per- 
mitted to come into the senate, but this was af- 
terwards limited. [Vid. Papirius ] The rank 
and authority of the senators, which were so 
conspicuous in the first ages of the republic, 
and which caused the minister of. Pyrrhus to 
declare, that the Roman senate was a venera- 
ble assembly of kings, dwindled into nothing 
under the emperors. Men of the lowest cha- 
racter were admitted into the senate; the em- 
perors took pleasure in robbing this illustrious 
body of their privileges and authority, and the 
senators themselves by their meanness and ser- 
vility, contributed as much as the tyranny of 
the sovereign to diminish their own consequence; 
and by applauding the follies of a Nero, and the 
cruelties of a Domitian, they convinced the 
world that they no longer possessed sufficient 
prudence or authority to be consulted on matters 
of weight and importance. In the election of 
successors to the imperial purple after Augus- 
tus, the approbation of the senate was consult- 
ed, but it was only a matter of courtesy, and 
the concurrence of a body of men was little re- 
garded who were without power, and under the 
control of a mercenary army. The title of 
Clarissimus was given to the senators under the 
emperors, and indeed this was the only distinc- 
tion they had in compensation for the loss of 
their independence. The senate was abolished 
by Justinian, 13 centuries after its first institu- 
tion by Romulus. 

Seneca, M. Ann^us, a native of Corduba 
in Spain, who married Helvia, a woman of 
Spain, by whom he had three sons, Seneca the 
philosopher, Annaeus Novatus, and Annaens 
Mela, the father of the poet Lucan. Seneca 
made himself known by some declamations of 
which he made a collection from the most cele- 
brated orators of the age, and from that cir- 
"trmstancG, and for distinction, he obtained the 



appellation of declamator. He left Corduba 
and went to Rome, where he became a Roman 
knight. His son L. Annaeus Seneca, who was 
born about six years before Christ, was early 
distinguished by his extraordinary taleuts. He 
was taught eloquence by his father, and receiv- 
ed lessons in philosophy from the best and most 
celebrated stoics of the age. As one of the fol- 
lowers of the Pythagorean doctrines, Seneca 
observed the most reserved abstinence, and in 
his meals never eat the flesh of animals; but 
this he abandoned at the representation of his 
father, when Tiberius threatened to punish some 
Jews and Egyptians, who abstained from certain 
meats. In the character of a pleader, Seneca 
appeared with great advantage, but the fear of 
Caligula, who aspired to the name of an elo- 
quent speaker, and who consequently was jea- 
lous of his fame, deterred him from pursuing 
his favourite study, and he sought a safer em- 
ployment in canvassing for the honours and of- 
fices of the state. He was made quaestor, out 
the aspersions which were thrown upon him on 
account of a shameful amour with Julia Livilla, 
removed him from Rome, and the emperor ba- 
nished him for some time into Corsica. During 
his banishment the philosopher wrote some spi- 
rited epistles to his mother, remarkable for 
elegance of language and sublimity; but he 
soon forgot his philosophy, and disgraced him- 
self by his flatteries to the emperor, aud in wish- 
ing to be recalled, even at the expense of his 
innocence and character. The disgrace of 
Messalina at Rome, and the marriage of Agrip- 
pina with Claudius, proved favourable to Se- 
neca, and after he had remained five years in 
Corsica, he was recalled by the empress to take 
care of the education of her son Nero, who was 
destined to succeed to. the empire. In the ho- 
nourable duty of preceptor, Seneca gained ap- 
plause, and as long as Nero followed his ad- 
vice, Rome enjoyed tranquillity, and believed 
herself safe and happy under the administration 
of the son of Agrippina- Some, however, are 
clamorous against the philosopher, and observe 
that Seneca initiated his pupil in those unnatu- 
ral vices, and abominable indulgences, which 
disgraced him as a monarch and as a man. 
This may be the language of malevolence, or 
the insinuation of jealousy. In the corrupted 
age of Nero, the preceptor had to withstand 
the clamours of many wicked and profligate mi- 
nisters, and if he had been the favourite of the 
emperor, and shared his pleasures, his de- 
bauchery and extravagance, Nero would not 
perhaps have been so anxious of destroying a 
man whose example, from vicious inclinations, 
he could not follow, and whose salutary pre- 
cepts his licentious associates forbad him to 
obey. Seneca was too well acquainted with the 
natural disposition of Nero to think himself se- 
cure; he had been accused of having amassed 
the most ample riches, and of having built 
sumptuous houses, and adorned beautiful gar- 
dens, during the four years in which he had at- 
tended Nero as a preceptor, and therefore he de- 
sired his imperial pupil to accept of the riches, 
and the possessions which his attendance on his 
person had procured, and to permit him to re- 



SE 



SE 



tire to solitude and study. Nero refused with 
artful duplicity, and Seneca, to avoid further 
suspicions, kept himself at home for some time 
as if labouring under a disease. In the con- 
spiracy of Piso, which happened some time 
after, and in which some of the most noble of 
the Roman senators were concerned, Seneca's 
name was mentioned by Natalis, and Nero, 
who was glad of an opportunity of sacrificing 
him to his secret jealousy, 01 dered him to de- 
stroy himself. Seneca verv probably was not 
accessary to the conspiracy, and the oaiy thing 
which could be produced against him as a cri- 
mination, was trivial and unsatisfactory. Piso, 
as Natalis declared, had complained that he 
never saw Seneca, and the philosopher had ob- 
served in answer, that it was not proper or con- 
ducive to their common interest, to see one 
another often. He further pleaded indisposi- 
tion, and said that his own life depended upon 
the safety of Piso's person. Seneca was at 
table with his wife Paulina and two of Ins 
friends, when the messenger from Nero arrived. 
He heard the words which commanded him to 
destroy himself, with philosophical firmness, 
and even with' joy, and observed, that such a 
mandate might have long been expected from 
a man who had murdered his own mother, and 
assassinated all his friends. He wished to dis- 
pose of his possessions as he pleased, but this 
was refused, and when he heard this, he turn- 
ed to his friends who were weeping at his me- 
lancholy fate, and told them, that since he 
could not leave them whal he believed his own. 
he would leave them at least his own life for an 
example, an innocent conduct which they 
might imitate, and by which they might ac- 
quire immortal fame. Against their tears and 
waitings he exclaimed with firmness, and asked 
them whether they had not learnt better to 
withstand the attacks of fortune, and the vio- 
lence of tyranny? As for his wife, he attempted 
to calm her emotions, and when she seemed re- 
solved to die with him, he said he was glad to 
find his example followed with so much con- 
stancy. Their veins were opened at the same 
moment, but the life of Paulina was preserved, 
and Nero, who was partial to her, ordered the 
blood to be stopped, and from that moment, ac- 
cording to some authors, the philosopher's wife 
seemed to rejoice that she could still enjoy the 
comforts of life Seneca's veins bled but slowly, 
and it has been observed, that the sensible and 
animated conversation of bis dying moments 
was collected by bis friends, and that it has 
been preserved araoag his works. To hasten 
his death he drank a dose of poison, but it had 
no effect, and therefore he ordered himself to 
be carried into a hot bath, to accelerate the 
operation of the draught, and to make the blood 
flow more freely. This was attended with no 
better success, and as the soldiers were clamo- 
rous, he was carried into a stove, and suffocated 
by the steam, on the 12th of April, in the 65th 
year of the Christian era, in his 53d year. His 
body was burnt without pomp or funeral cere- 
mony, according to his will, which he had made 
when he enjoyed the most unbounded favours of 
Nero. The compositions of Seneca were nu- 



merous, and chiefly on moral subjects. He is 
so much admired for his refined sentiments and 
virtuous precepts, for his morality, his constancy, 
and his innocence of manners, that St. Jerome 
has not hesitated to rank him among Christian 
writers. His style is nervous, it abounds with 
ornaments, and seems well suited to the taste 
of the age in which he lived. The desire of 
recommending himself and his writings to the 
world, obliged him too often to depreciate the 
merit of the ancients, and to sink into obscurity. 
Hit treatises are de bd, de consolatione, de pro- 
videntid, de tranquillitute animi, de dementia, 
de sapientis constantid, de otio sapientis, de bre- 
vitate vit<e, de benefices, de vita beatd, besides 
his naturales quizstiones, ludus in Claudium, 
moral letters, &c. There are also some tragedies 
ascribed to Seneca. Quintilian supposes that 
the Medea is his composition, and according to 
others, Troas and the Hippolylus were also 
written by hi v., and the Agamemnon, Hercules, 
furens Thyestes 8f Hercules in Oeta by his fa- 
ther Seneca the declaimer. The best editions 
of Seneca are those of Antwerp, fol 1615, and 
of Gronovius, 3 vols. Amst. 1672; and those 
of his tragedies, are that of Schroder's, 4to. 
Delph. 1728, and the 8vo. of Gronovius, L. Bat. 
1682. Tacit, .inn. 12, &c.-r-Dio.— Sueton. 
in Ner- &c. — Qointil. 

Claudius Senecio, one of Nero's favour- 
ites, and the associate of his pleasure and de- 

bauchery. Tullius, a man who conspired 

against Nero, and was. put to death though he 
turned informer against the rest of the conspi- 
rators. A man put to death by Domitian, 

for writing an account of the life of Helvidius, 

one of the emperor's enemies- One of Con- 

stantine's enemies. A man who from a 

restless and aspiring disposition acquired the 
surname of Grandin. Seneca, suas. 1. 

Sentia, a town of Liburnia, now Segna. 
Plin. 3, c.21. 

Senna, or Sena, a river of Umbria, Vid. 
Sena. Lucan. 2, v. 407. 

Senones, an uncivilized nation of Gallia 
Transalpina, who left their native possessions, 
and under the conduct of Brennus invaded Italy, 
and pillaged Rome. They afterwards united 
with the Umbri, Latins, and Etrurians, to make 
war against the Romans, till they were totally 
destroyed by DolabeHa. The chief of their 
towns in that part of Italy where they settled 
near Umbria, and which from them was call- 
ed Senogallia, were Fanum Fortunae, Sena, 
Pisaurum, and Ariminum. [Vid. Cimbri.] 
Lucan. 1, v. 254. — Sil. 8, v. 454. — Iav. 5, c. 

35, &c — Flor. A people of Germany near 

the Suevas. 

Sentia lex de senatu, by C. Sentius the 
consul, A. U. C. 734, enacted the choosing of 
proper persons to fill up the number of senators. 

Sentinum, a town of Umbria. Liv. 10, c. 
27 and 30. 

Sentius Cn. a governor of Syria, under the 

the emperors. A governor of Macedonia. 

Septimius, one of the soldiers of Pompey, 

who assisted the Egyptians in murdering him, 
A Roman emperor. [Vid. Severus.j- 



A writer in the reign of the emperor Alexan* 
4 p 



SE 



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der, of whose life he wrote an account in Latin, 
or, according to others, in Greek. 

Sepias, a cape of Magnesia in Thessaly, at 
the north of Eubcea, now St. George. 

Seplasia, a piace of Capua, wbere ointments 
were sold. Cic. Pis. 7 and 11. 

Septem aqujE, a portion of the lake near 
Reate. Cic 4, Alt. 15. Fratres, a moun- 
tain of Mauritania, now Gebel-Mousa. Strab. 

17. Maria, the entrance of tbe seven mouths 

of the Po. 

Septempeda, a town of Picenum. 
Septerion, a festival observed once in nine 
years at Delphi, in honour of Apollo. It was 
a representation of the pursuit of Python by 
Apollo, and of a victory obtained by the god. 

Tit. Septimius, a Roman knight distin- 
guished by his poetical compositions both lyric 
and tragic. He was intimate with Augustus 
as well as Horace, who has addressed the 6 of 

his 2 lib. ol Odes to him. A centurion put to 

death. &c. Tacit. A. 1, c. 32. A native 

of Africa, who distinguished himself at Rome as 
a poet. He wrote among oiher things an hymn 
in praise of Janus Only 1.1 of his verses are 
preserved. M. Terent. — Crinitus in vita. 

L. Septimuleius. a friend of C. Gracchus. 
He suffered himself to be bribed by Opimius, 
and had the meanness to carry his friend's head 
fixed to a pole through the streets of Rome. 

Sepyra, a town of Cilicia taken by Cicero 
when he presided over that province. Cic. ad 
Div. 15, c 4. 

Sequana, a river of Gaul, which separates 
the territories of the Belgae and the Celt*, and 
is now called la Seine. Strab. 4. — Mela, 3, c. 
2. — Lucan. 1. v. 425. 

Sequani, a people of Gaul near the territo- 
ries of the iEdui ? between the Soane and mount 
Jura, famous for their wars against Rome, &c. 
[Vid. jEdui.] Tbe country which they inha- 
bited is now called Franche Comptt, or Upper 
Burgundy. Cas. Bell. G. 

Sequinius, a native of Alba, who married 
one of his daughters to Curialius of Alba, and 
the other to Horatius, a citizen of Rome- The 
two daughters were brought to bed on the same 
day, each of three male children. 

Serapio, a surname given to one of the 
Scipios because he resembled a swine herd of 

that name. A Greek poet who flourished in 

the age of Trajan. He was intimate with Plu- 
tarch. An Egyptian put to death by Achillas, 

when he came at the head of an embassy from 
Ptolemy, who was a prisoner in the hands of 

J, Caesar. A painter- Plin. 35, c. 10. 

Sekapis, one of the Egyptian deities, sup- 
posed to be the same as Osiris. He had a 
magnificent temple at Memphis, another very 
rich at Alexandria, and a third at Canopus. 
The worship of Serapis was introduced at 
Rome, by the emperor Antoninus Pius, A. D. 
14G, and the mysteries celebrated on the 6th 
of May, but with so much licentiousness that 
the senate were soon after obliged to abolish 
it. Herodotus, who speaks in a very circum- 
stantial manner of the deities, and of the reli- 
gion of tbe Egyptians, makes no mention of 
the god Serapis. Apollodorus says it is the 



same as the bull Apis. Paus. 1, c. 18, 1. 2, c- 
34.— Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 83.— Strab. 17.— Jtfar- 
tial. 9, ep. 30. 

Serbonis, a lake between Egypt and Pa- 
lestine. 

Serena, a daughter of Theodosius who 
married Stilicho. She was put to death, &c. 
Claudian. 

Serenianus, a favourite of Gallus, the bro- 
ther of Julian. He was put to death. 

Serenus Samonicus, a physician in the 
age of the emperor Severus and Caracalla. 
There remains a poem of his composition on 
medicine, the last edition of which is that of 

1706, in 8vo. Amst. Vibius, a governor of 

Spain accused of cruelty in the government of 
his provinces, and put to death by order of 
Tiberius. 

Seres, a native of Asia, according to Pto- 
lemy, between the Ganges and the eastern 
ocean in the modern Thibet. They were na- 
tnrally of a meek disposition. Silk, of which 
the fabrication was unknown to the ancients, 
who imagined that the materials were collected 
from the leaves of trees, was brought to Rome 
from their country, and on that account it re- 
ceived the name of Sericum, and thence a gar- 
ment or dress of silk is called serica vestis. 
Heliogabalus, the Roman emperor, was the 
first who wore a silk dress, which at that time 
was sold for its weight in gold. It afterwards 
became very cheap, and consequently was the 
common dress among the Romans. Some sup- 
pose that the Seres are the same as the Chinese. 
Ptol. 6, c. 16. — Horat. l,od. 29, v. 9. — Lucan. 
1, v. 19, 1. 10, v. 142 and 292— Ovid. Am. 1, 
el. 14, v. 6 — Virg. G. 2, v. 121. 

Sergestus, a sailor in the fleet of iEneas, 
from whom tbe family, of the Sergii at Rome 
were descended Virg. Mn. 5, v. 121. 

Sergia, a Roman matron. She conspired 
with others to poison their husbands. The plot 
was discovered, and Sergia, with some of her 
accomplices, drank poison and died. 

Sergius, one of the names of Catiline. 

A military tribune at the siege of Veii. 

The family of the Sergii was patrician, and 
branched out into the several families of the 
Fidenates, Sili, Catilince, Notice, Ocellce, and 
Planci. 

Sergius and Sergiolus, a deformed youth, 
greatly admired by the Roman ladies in Juve- 
nal's age. Juv. 6, v. 105 and seq. 

Seriphus, an island in the iEgean sea, 
about 36 miles in circumference, according to 
Pliny only 12, very barren and uncultivated. 
The Romans generally sent their criminals 
there in banishment, and it was there that Cas- 
sius Severus the orator was exiled, and there he 
died. According to iElian the frogs of this 
island never croaked, but when they were re- 
moved from the island to another place, they 
were more noisy and clamorous than others, 
hence the proverb of seriphia rana applied to a 
man who neither speaks nor sings. This how- 
ever is found to be a mistake by modern tra- 
vellers. It was on the coast of Seriphos that 
the chest was discovered in which Acrisius had 
exposed his daughter Danae, and her son Per- 



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seus. Strab. 10. JElian. Anim. 3, c. 37. 

—Mela, 2, c. 7. — Qpollod. 1, c. 9.— Tad*. 
Jinn. 4, c 21.— Ot5td. Jtfef. 5, v. 242, 1. 7, 
v. 65. 

Sermyla, a town of Macedonia. Herodot. 7, 
e. 122. 

Seron, a general of Antiochus Epiphanes. 

Serranus, a surname given to Cincinnatus, 
because he was found sowing bis fields when 
told that he had been elected dictator. Some 
however suppose that Serranus was a different 
person from Cincinnatus. Piin. 18, c. 3. — 

Liv. 3, c. 26.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 844. One 

of the auxiliaries of Turnus, killed in the night 
by Nisus. Virg JEn. 9, v. 335.-- — A poet of 
some merit in Domitian's reign. Juv. 7, v. 80. 

Serrheum, a fortified place of Thrace. Liv. 
31, c 16. 

Quintus Sertorius, a Roman general, son 
©f Quintus and Rhea, born at Nursia. His first 
campaign was under the great Marias, against 
the Teutones and Cimbri. He visited the 
enemy's camp as a spy, and had the misfortune 
to lose one eye in the first baUle he fought. 
When Marius and China entered Rome and 
slaughtered ail their enemies, Sertorius ac- 
companied them, but he expressed his sorrow 
and concern at the melancholy death of so 
many of his countrymen. He afterwards fled 
fov safety into Spain, when Sylla had proscribed 
him, and in this distant province he behaved 
himself with so much address and valour that 
he was looked upon as the prince of the country. 
The Lusitanians universally revered and loved 
him, and the Roman general did not show him- 
self less attentive to their interest, by establish- 
ing public schools, and educating the children 
of the country in the polite arts, and the litera- 
ture of Greece and Rome. He had established 
a senate, over which he presided with consular 
authority, and the Romans who followed bis 
standard, paid equal reverence to his person. 
They were experimentally convinced of his va- 
lour and magnanimity as a general, and the 
artful manner in which he imposed upon the 
credulity of his adherents in the garb of religion, 
did not diminish his reputation. He pretended 
to hold commerce with heaven by means of a 
white hind which he had tamed with great suc- 
cess, and which followed him every where, even 
in the field of battle. The success of Sertorius 
in Spain, and his popularity among the natives 
alarmed the Romans. They sent some troops 
to oppose him, but with little success Four 
armies were found insufficient to crush or even 
hurt Sertorius; and Fompey and Metellus, tvbo 
never engaged an enemy without obtaining the 
victory, were driven with dishonour frcm the 
field. But the favourite of the Lusitanians was 
exposed to the dangers which usually attend 
greatness. Perpenna, one of his officers who 
was jealous of his fame, and tired of a superior, 
conspired against him. At a banquet the con- 
spirators began to open their intentions by 
speaking with freedom and licentiousness iti the 
presence of Sertorius, whose age and character 
had hitherto claimed deference from others. 
Perpenna overturned a glass of wine, as a sig- 
nal to the rest of the conspirators, and imme- 



diately Antonias, one of his officers, stabbed 
Sertorius, and the example was followed by all 
the rest, 73 years before Christ. Sertorius has 
been commended fur his love of justice and 
moderation. The flattering description he 
heard of the Fortunate Islands when he passed 
into the west of Africa, almost tempted him to 
bid adieu to the world, and perhaps be would 
have retired from the noise of war, and the cla- 
mours of envy, to end his days in the bosom of 
a peaceful and solitary island, bad not the 
stronger call of ambition and the love of fame 
prevailed over the intruding reflections of a mo- 
ment. It has been observed, that in his latter 
days Sertorius became indolent and fond of 
luxury aud wanton cruelty; yet we must confess, 
that in affability, clemency, complaisance, ge- 
nerosity, and military valour, he not only sur- 
passed his contemporaries, but the rest of the 
Romans. Pint, in vita. — latere. 2, c 30, 
&c — Flor. 3, c. 21, &c. — Appian de Civ. — 
Vol. Max 1, c. 2, 1. 7, c. 3. — Eutrop. — Aid. 
Gell. 15, c. 22. 

Servjeus, a man accused by Tiberius of be- 
ing privy to -the conspiracy of Sejanus. Tacit. 
A. 6, c. 7. 

Servianus, a consul in the reign of Adrian. 
He was a great favourite of the emperor Tra- 
jan. 

Servilia, a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly 
enamoured of J. Caesar, though her brother was 
one of the most inveterate enemies of her lover. 
To convince Caesar of .her affection, she sent 
hira a letter filled with the most tender expres- 
sions of regard for his person. The letter was 
delivered to Caesar in the senate bouse, while 
they were debating about punishing the associ- 
ates of Cataline's conspiracy; and when Cato 
saw it, he exclaimed that it was a letter from 
the conspirators, and insisted immediately on 
its being made public. Upon this Caesar gave 
it to Cato, and the stern senator had no sooner 
read its contents, than he threw it back with the 
words of take it, drunkard. From the intimacy 
which existed between Servilia and Caesar, some 
have supposed that the dictator was the father 
of M. Brutus. Plut. in Coes—C. Nep. in At- 
tic Another sister of Cato, who married Si- 

lanus. Id. A daughter of Trasea, put to 

death by order of Nero, with her father. Her 
crime was the consulting of magicians, only to 
know what would happen in her family. 

Servilia lex de pecuniis repetundis, by C. 
Servilius the praetor, A. U. C. 653. It punish- 
ed severely such as were guilty of peculation and 
extortion in the provinces. Its particulars are 

not precisely known. Another, de judicibus, 

by Q. Servilius Caepio, the consul, A. U. C. 
648. It divided the right of judging between the 
senators and the eqnites, a privilege which, 
though originally belonging to the senators, 
had been taken from them and given to the 
equites. Another, de civitate, by C. Servili- 
us, ordained that if a Latin accused a Roman 
senator, so that he was condemned, the accuser 
should be honoured with the name and the privi- 
leges of a Roman citizen. Another, Agraria, 

by P. Servilius Rullus, the tribune. A. U. C. 
690. It required the immediate sale of certain 



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houses and lands which belonged to the people, 
for the purchase of others in a different part of 
Italy. It required that ten commissioners should 
be appointed to see it carried into execution, 
but Cicero prevented its passing into a law by 
the three orations which he pronounced against 
it. 

Servilianus, a Roman consul defeated by 
Viriathus. in Spain, && 

Servilius Quintus, a Roman who in his 

dictatorship defeated the iEqui. Publius, a 

consul who supported the cause of ihe people 
against the nobles, and obtained a triumph in 
spite of the opposition of the senate, after de- 
feating the Volsci. He afterwards changed his 
opinions, and very violently opposed the people, 
because they had illiberally treated him. — — A 
proconsul killed at the battle of Cannae by An- 
nibal. Ahala, a master of horse to the dic- 
tator Cincinnatus. Wlien Maelius refused to 
appear before the dictator, to answer the accu- 
sations which were brought against him on sus- 
picion of his aspiring to tyranny, Ahala slew him 
in the midst of the people, whose protection he 
claimed. Ahala was accused for this murder, 
and banished, but his sentence was afterwards 
repealed. He was raised to the dictatorship, 

Marcus, a man who pleaded in favour of 

Paums iEmilius, &c. An augur prosecuted 

by Lucullus for his inattention in his office He 
was acquitted. A praetor ordered by the sen- 
ate to forbid Sylla to approach Rome. He 
was ridiculed and insulted by the conqueror's 
soldiers. A man appointed to guard the sea- 
coast of Pontus, by Pompey. Publius, a pro- 
consul of Asia during the age of Mithridates. 
He conquered Isauria, for which service he was 
surnamed Isauricus, and rewarded with a tri- 
umph. A Roman general who defeated an 

army of Etrurians. An informer in the court 

of Tiberius. A favourite of Augustus 

Geminus, a Roman consul who opposed Annibal 

with success. Nonianus, a Latin Historian 

who wrote an history of Rome in the reign of 
Nero. There were more than one writer of this 
name, as Pliny speaks of a Servilius remarka- 
ble for his eloquence and learning; and Quin- 
tilian mentions another also illustrious for his 

genius and literary merit. Casca, one of 

Caesar's murderers. The family of the Ser- 

vilii was of patrician rank, and came to settle 
at Rome after the destruction of Alba, where 
they were promoted to the highest offices of the 
state. To the several branches of this family 
were attached the different surnames of Jlhalu, 
Jlxilla, Priscus, Ccepio, Structus, Geminus, Pu- 
lex, Vatin, Casea, Fidenas, Longus, and Tucca. 

Lacus, a lake near Rome. Cic. S. Ros. 

32. 

Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, 
was son of Ociisia, a slave of Corniculura, by 
Tullius, a man slam in the defence of his coun- 
try against the Romans. Ocrisia was given by 
Tarquin to Taoaquil his wife, and she brought 
up her son in the king's family, and added the 
name of Servius to that which he had inherited 
from his father to denote his slavery. Youn^ 
Servius was educated in the palace of the noon 
arch with great care, and though originally a 



slave, he raised himself so much to consequence, 
that Tarquin gave him his daughter in marriage. 
His own private merit and virtues recommended 
him to notice not less than the royal favours, 
and Servius, become the favourite of the peo- 
ple and the darling of the soldiers by his lib- 
erality and complaisance, was easily raised to 
the throne on the death of his father-in-law. 
Home had no reason to repent of her choice. 
Servius endeared himself still more as a war- 
rior and as a legislator. He defeated the Vei- 
ntes and the Tuscans, and by a proper act of 
policy he established the census, which told him 
that Rome contained about 84 thousand inhab- 
itants. He increased the number of the tribes, 
he beautified and adorned the city, and enlarged 
its boundaries by taking within its walls the hills 
Quirinalis, Viminalis, and Esquilinus. He also 
divided the Roman people into tribes, and that 
he might not seem to neglect the worship of the 
gods, he built several temples to the goddess of 
fortune, to whom he deemed himself particu- 
larly indebted for obtaining the kingdom. He 
also built a temple to Diana on mount Aven- 
tine, and raised himself a palace on the hill Es- 
quilinus. Servius married his two daughters to 
the grandsons of his father-in-law; the elder to 
Tarquin, and the younger to Arunx. This uni- 
on, as might be supposed, tended to ensure the 
peace of his family; but if such were his expec- 
tations, he was unhappily deceived. The wife 
of Arunx, naturally fierce and impetuous, mur- 
dered her own husband to unite herself to Tar- 
quin, who had likewise assassinated his wife. 
These bloody measures were no sooner pursued, 
than Servius was murdered by his own son-in- 
law, and his daughter Tullia showed herself so 
inimical to filial gratitude and piety, that she 
ordered her chariot to be driven over the man- 
gled body of her father, B; C. 534. His death 
was universally lamented, and the slaves annu* 
ally celebrated a festival in his honour, in the 
temple of Diana, on mount Aventine, the day 
that he was murdered. Tarquinia his wife bu- 
ried his remains privately, and died the follow- 
ing day. Liv. 1, c. 41. — Dionys. Hal 4 — Flor. 
1, c. 6. — Cic. deDiv. 1, c. 53. — Val. Max. 1, 
c. 6— Ovid Fast. 6, v. 601. Galba. a se- 
ditious person, who wished to refuse a triumph 
to Paulus iEuiylius after the conquest of Mace- 
donia. Claudius, a grammarian. Sutt. de 

cl. Gr. A friend of Sylla, who applied for the 

consulship to no purpose. Cornelius, a con- 
sul in the first ages of the republic, &c. Sul- 

pitius, an orator in the age of Cicero and Hor- 
tensius. He was sent as ambassador to M. An- 
tony, and died before his return. Cicero ob- 
tained a statue for him from the senate and the 
Roman people, which was raised in the Cam- 
pus Martius. Besides orations he wrote verses, 
which were highly censured for their indelicacy. 
His works are lost. Cic. in Brut. Phil. &c — 

Plin. 5, ep. 3. A despicable informer in the 

Augustan age. Horat. 2, sat. 1, v. 47. 

Honoratus Maurus, a learned grammarian ic 
the age of young Theodosius. He wrote Latin 
commentaries upon Virgil, still extant. 

SESARA,a daughter of Celeus, kingofEleu- 
sis, sister of Triptolemus. Pans. 1, c 38. 



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SE 



Sesostris, a celebrated king of Egypt some 
ages before the Trojan war. His father order- 
ed all the children in his dominions who were 
born on the same day with him to be publicly 
educated, and to pass their youth in the com- 
pany of his son. This succeeded in the highest 
degree, and Sesostris had the pleasure to find 
himself surrounded by a number of faithfiu min- 
isters and active warriors, whose education and 
intimacy with their prince rendered them in- 
separably devoted to his interest. When Se- 
sostris had succeeded on his father's throne, he 
became ambitious of military fame, and after he 
had divided his kingdom iuto 36 different dis- 
tricts, he marched at the head of a numerous 
army to make the conquest of the world Libya, 
^Ethiopia, Arabia, with all the islands of the 
Red Sea, were conquered, and the victorious 
monarch marched through Asia, and penetrated 
farther into the east than the conqueror of Da- 
rius. He also invaded Europe, and subdued 
the Thracians; and that the fame of bis con- 
quests might long survive him, he placed col- 
umns in the several provinces he had subdued; 
and many ages after, this pompous inscription 
was read in- many parts of Asia, Sesostris, the 
king of kings, has conquered this territory by 
his arms. At his return home the monarch em- 
ployed his time in encouraging the fine arts, and 
in improving the revenues of his kingdom. He 
erected 100 temples to the gods for the victo- 
ries he had obtained, and mounds of earth were 
heaped up in several parts of Egypt, where ci- 
ties were built for the reception of the inhabit- 
ants during the inundations of the Nile. Some 
canals were also dug near Memphis, to facilitate 
navigation, and the communication of one pro- 
vince with another. In his old age Sesostris, 
grown infirm and blind, destroyed himself, af- 
ter a reign of 44 years according to some. His 
mildness towards the conquered has been ad- 
mired, while some have upbraided him for his 
cruelty and insolence in causing his chariot to 
be drawn by some of the monarchs whom he 
had conquered. The age of Sesostris is so re- 
'mote from every authentic record, that many 
have supported that the actions and conquests 
ascribed to this monarch are uncertain and to- 
tally fabulous. Herodot. 2, c. 102, fyc—Diod. 
\.— Val. Place 5, v. 419.— 'Plin. 33, c 3.— 
Lucan. 10, v. 276. —Strab. 16. 

Sesites, now Sessia, a river of Cisalpine 
Gaul, falling into the Po. Plin. 3, c. 16. 

Sestias, a name applied to Hero, as born at 
Sestos. Stat 6, Theb. 547. 

Sestius, a friend of Brutus, with whom he 
fought at the battle of Philippi. Augustus re- 
signed the consulship in his favour, though he 
still continued to reverence the memory of Bru- 
tus. A governor of Syria. 

Sestos, or Sestus, a town of Thrace on the 
shores of the Hellespont, exactly opposite Aby- 
dos on the Asiatic side. It is celebrated for the 
bridge which Xerxes built there across the Hel- 
lespont, as also for being the seat of the amours 
of Hero and Leander. Mela, 2, c. 2. — Strab. 
13.— Musceus de L. 8f H.— Virg. G. 3, v. 258. 
— Ovid. Her oid. 18. v. 2. 



Sesuvh, a people of Celtic Gaul. Cces. beli. 
G. 

Setabis, a town of Spain between New Car- 
thage and Saguntum, famous for the manufac- 
ture of linen. There was also a small river of 
the same name in the neighbourhood. Sit. 16, 
v. 474.— -Strab. 2.— Mela, 2, c, 6.— Plin. 3, c 
3, J. 19, c. 1. 

Sethon, a priest of Vulcan, who made him- 
self king of Egypt after the death of Anysis. He 
was attacked by the Assyrians and delivered 
from this powerful enemy by an immense num- 
ber of rats, which in one night gnawed their 
bow strings and thongs, so that on the morrow 
their arms were found to be useiess. From 
this wonderful circumstance Sethon had a statue 
which represented him with a rat in his hand, 
with the incription of Whoever fives his eyes upon 
me, let him be pious. Herod. 2, c. 141. 

Setia, a town of Latium above the Pontine 
marshes celebrated for its wines, which Augus- 
tus is said to have preferred to all others. Plin. 
14, c. 6.— Juv. 5, v. 34. Sat. 10, v. 27.— 
Martial. 13, ep. 112. 

Severa, Julia Aquilia, a Roman lady, whom 
the emperor Heliogabalus married. She was 
soon after repudiated, though possessed of all 
the charms of mind and body which could cap- 
tivate the most virtuous- Valeria, the wife 

of Valentinian, and the mother of Gratian, was 
well known for her avarice and ambition. The 
emperor, her husband, repudiated her, and af- 
terwards took her again. Her prudent advice 
at last ensured her son Gratian on the imperial 
throne. The wife of Philip the Roman em- 
peror. 

Severianus, a governor of Macedonia, fa- 
ther-in-law to the emperor Philip. A gene- 
ral of the Roman armies in the reign of Valen- 
tinian, defeated by the Germans. A son of 

the emperor Severus. 

Severus, Lucius Septimius, a Roman empe- 
ror born at Leptis in Africa, of a noble family. 
He gradually exercised ail the offices of the 
state, and recommended himself to the notice of 
the world by an ambitious mind, and a restless 
activity, that could, for the gratification of ava- 
rice, endure the most complicated hardships. 
After the murder of Pertinax, Severus resolved 
to remove Didius Julianus, who had bought the 
imperial purple when exposed to sale by the li- 
centiousness of the pretorians, and therefore he 
proclaimed himself emperor on the borders of 
Illyricum, where he was stationed against the 
barbarians. To support himself in this bold 
measure, he took as his partner in the empire 
Albinus, who was at the head of the Roman for- 
ces in Britain, and immediately marched to- 
wards Rome, to crush. Didius and all his parti- 
sans. He was received as he advanced through 
the country with universal acclamations, and 
Julianus himself was soon deserted by his fa- 
vourites, and assassinated by his own soldiers. 
The reception of Severus at Rome was sufficient 
to gratify his pride; the streets were strewed 
with flowers, and the submissive senate were 
ever ready to grant whatever honours or titles 
the conqueror claimed. In professing that he had 
assumed the purple only to revenge the death of 



SE 



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the virtuous Pertinax, Severus gained many ad- 
herents, and was enabled not only to disarm, 
but to banish the pretorians, whose insolence 
and avarice were become alarming, not only to 
the citizens, but to the emperor. But while he 
was victorious at Rome, Severus did not forget 
that there was another competitor for the impe- 
rial purple. Pescennius Niger was in the east 
at the head of a powerful army, and with the 
name and ensigns of Augustus. Many obstinate 
battles were fought between the troops and of 
fleers of the imperial rivals, till on the plains of 
Issus, which had been above five centuries be- 
fore covered with the blood of the Persian sol- 
diers of Darius, Niger was totally ruined by the 
loss of 20,000 men. The head of Niger was 
cut off and sent to the conqueror, who punished 
in a most cruel manner all the partisans of his 
unfortunate rival. Severus afterwards pillaged 
Byzantium, which had shut her gates against 
him; and after he had conquered several nations 
in the east, he returned to Rome, resolved to 
destroy A'binus, with whom he had hitherto re- 
luctantly shared the imperial power. He at- 
tempted to assassinate him by his emissaries; 
but when this had failed of success, Severus had 
recourse to arms, and the fate of the empire 
was again decided on the plains of Gaul. Al- 
binus was defeated, and the conqueror was so 
elated with the recollection, that he had now no 
longer a competitor for the purple, that he in- 
sulted the dead body of his rival, and ordered it 
to be thrown into the Rhone, after he had suf- 
fered it to putrify before the door of his tent, 
and to be torn to pieces by his dogs. The fa- 
mily and the adherents of Albinus, shared his 
fate; and the return of Severus to the capital 
exhibited the bloody triumph? of Marius and 
Sylla. The richest of the citizens were sacri- 
ficed, and their money became the property of 
the emperor. The wicked Commodus received 
divine honours, and his murderers were punish- 
ed in the most wanton manner. Tired of the 
inactive life he led in Rome, Severus marched 
into the east, with his two sons, Caracalla and 
Geta, and with uncommon success made himself 
master of Seleucia, Babylon, and Ctesiphon; 
and advanced without opposition far into the 
Parthian territories. From Parthia the empe- 
ror marched towards the more southern provin- 
ces of Asia; after he had visited the tomb of 
Pompey the Great, he entered Alexandria; and 
after he had granted a senate to that celebrated 
city, he viewed with the most criticising and in- 
quisitive curiosity the several monuments and 
ruins which that ancient kingdom contains. The 
revolt of Britain recalled him from the east. 
After he had reduced it under his power, he 
built a wall across the northern parts of the is- 
land, to defend it against the frequent invasions 
of the Caledonians. Hitherto successful against 
bis enemies, Severus now found the peace of his 
family disturbed. Caracalla attempted to mur- 
der his father as he was concluding a treaty of 
peace with the Britons; and the emperor was so 
shocked at the undutifulness of his son, that on 
his return home he called bim into his presence, 
and after he had upbraided him for his ingrati- 
tude and perfidy, he offered him a drawn sword, 



adding, If yon are so ambitious of reigning alone, 
now imbrue your hands in the blood of yunr fa" 
ther, and let not the eyes of the world be witnesses 
of your toant of filial tenderness. If these words 
checked Caracalla, yet he did not show himself 
concerned, and Severus, worn out with infirmi- 
ties, which the gout and the uneasiness of his 
mind increased, soon after died, exclaiming he 
had been every thing man could wish, but that 
he was then nothing. Some say that he wished 
to poison himself, but that when this was denied, 
be eat to great excess, and soon after expired 
at York on the fourth of February, in the 21 1th 
year of the Christian era, in the 66th year of 
his age, after a reign of 17 years 8 months and 
3 days. Severus has been so much admired 
for his military talents, that some have called 
him the most warlike of the Roman emperors. 
As a monarch he was cruel, and it has been ob- 
served that he never did an act of humanity, or 
forgave a fault. In his diet he was temperate, 
and he always showed himself an open enemy 
to pomp and splendour. He loved the appella- 
tion of a man of letters, and he even composed 
an history of his own reign, wbich some have 
praised for its correctness and veracity. How- 
ever cruel Severus may appear in his punish- 
ments and in his revenge, many have endea- 
voured to exculpate him, and observed that there 
was need of severity in an empire whose morals 
were so corrupted, and where no less than 3000 
persons were accused of adultery during the 
space of 17 years. Of him, as of Augustus, 
some were fond to say, that it would have been 
better for the world if he had never been born, 
or had never died. Dio. — Herodian. — Victor, 

&c. Alexander, (Marcus Aureiius) a native 

of Phoenicia, adopted by Helioaabalus His 
father's name was Genesius Marcianus, and his 
mother's Julia Maminaea, and he received the 
surname of Alexander because he was born in a 
temple sacred to Alexander the Great. He was 
carefully educated, and his mother, by paying 
particular attention to his morals, and the cha- 
racter of his preceptors, preserved him from 
those infirmities, and that licentiousness which 
old age too often attributes to the depravity of 
youth. At the deatb of Heliogabalus, who had 
been jealous of his virtues, Alexander, though 
only in the 14th year of his age, was proclaim- 
ed emperor, and his nomination was approved 
by the universal shouts of the army, and the 
congratulations of the senate. He had not been 
long on the throne before the peace of the em- 
pire was disturbed by the incursions of the Per- 
sians. Alexander marched into the east without 
delay, and soon obtained a decisive victory over 
the barbarians. At his return to Rome he was 
honoured with a triumph, but the revolt of the 
Germans soon after called him away from the 
indolence of the capital. His expedition in 
Germany was attended with some success, but 
the virtues and the amiable qualities of Alex- 
ander were forgotten in the stern and sullen 
strictness of the disciplinarian. His soldiers, 
fond of repose, murmured against his severity; 
their clamours were fomented by the artifice of 
Maximinus, and Alexander was murdered in his 
tent, in the midst of his camp, after a reign of 



SE 



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13 years and 9 days, on the 18th of March, A. 
D. 235. His mother Mammsea shared his fate 
with all his friends; but this was no sooner 
known than the soldiers punished with immedi- 
ate death ali such as had been concerned in the 
murder, except Maximinus. Alexander has 
been admired for his many virtues, and every 
historian except Herodian, is bold to assert, that 
if he had lived, the Roman empire might soon 
have been freed from those tumults and abuses 
which continually disturbed her peace, and kept 
the lives of her emperors and senators in per- 
petual alarms. His severity in punishing offen- 
ces was great, and such as had robbed the pub- 
lic, were they even the most intimate friends of 
the emperor, were indiscriminately sacrificed to 
the tranquillity of the state which they had vio- 
lated. The great offices of the state, which had 
before his reign been exposed to sale, and oc- 
cupied by favourites, were now bestowed upon 
merit, and Alexander could itoast that ail his 
officers were men of trust and abilities. He was 
a patron of literature, and he dedicated the 
hours of relaxation to the study of the best 
Greek and Latin historians, orators, and poets; 
and in the public schools which his liberality and 
the desire of encouraging learning had founded, 
he often heard with pleasure and satisfaction the 
eloquent speeches and declamations of his sub- 
jects. The provinces were well supplied with 
provisions, and Rome was embellished with ma- 
ny stately buildings and magnificent porticos. 

Alex. vit. — Herodian. — Zosim. — Victor. ■ 

Flavius Valerius, a native of lllyricum, nomi- 
nated Caesar by Galerius. He was put to death 
by Maximianus, A. D 307. Julius, a go- 
vernor of Britain, under Adrian. A general 

of Valens. Libius, a man proclaimed empe- 
ror of the west, at Ravenna, after the death of 

Majorianus. He was soon after poisoned. 

Lucius Cornelius, a Latin poet in the age of 
Augustus, for some time employed in the judi- 
cial proceedings of the forum. Cassius, an 

orator banished into the island of Crete by Au- 
gustus, for his illiberal language. He was ban- 
ished 17 years, and died in Seriphos He is 
eommended as an able orator, yet declaiming 
with more warmth than prudence. His writings 
were destroyed by order of the senate. Suet- 

in Oct. — Quint. Sulpitius, an ecclesiastical 

historian, who died A. D. 420. The best of his 
works is his Historia Sacra, from the creation of 
the world to the consulship of Stilicho, of which 
the style is elegant, and superior to that of the 
age in which he lived. The best edition is in 
2 vols. 4to. Patavii- 1741. An officer un- 
der the emperor Julian. Aquilius, a native 

of Spain, who wrote an account of his own life 
in the reign of the emperor Valens An offi- 
cer of Valentinian, &c. A prefect of Rome, 

&c. A celebrated architect employed in 

building Nero's golden palace at Rome, after 
the burning of that city A mountain of Ita- 
ly, near the Fabaris. Virg. JEn. 7, v 713. 

Sevo, a ridge of mountains between Norway 
and Sweden, now called Fiell, or Dofre Ptin. 
4,'c. 15. 

Seuthes, a man who dethroned his monarch, 
&c= A friend of Perdiccas, one of Alexan- 



der's generals A Thracian king, who en- 
couraged his countrymen to revolt, &c. This 
name is common to several of the Thracian 
princes. 

Sextia, a woman celebrated for her virtue 
and her constancy, put to death by Nero. Ta- 
cit. Jinn. 16, c. 10. 

Sextia Licinia Lex, de Magistratibus, by C. 
Licinius and L. Sextius the tribunes, A. U. C. 
386. It ordained that one of the consuls should 
be elected from among the plebeians. An- 
other, de religione, by the same, A. U- C 385. 
It enacted that a decemvirate should be chosen 
from the patricians and plebeians instead of the 
decemviri sacris faciundis. 

Sextle Aqile, now Mx, a place of Cisal- 
pine Gaul, where the Cimbri were defeated by 
Marius. It was built by C. Sextius, and is fa- 
mous for its cold and hot springs. Liv. 61. — 
Veil. Paterc. 1, c. 15. 

Sextilia, the wife of Vitellius. She became 
mother of two children. Suet, in vit. An- 
other in the same family. Tacit. H. 2, c. 64. 
Sextilius, a governor of Africa, who order- 
ed Marius when he landed there to depart im- 
mediately from his province- Marius heard 
this with some concern, and said to the messen- 
ger, Go and tell your master thai you have seen 
the exiled Marius sitting on the ruiiiS of Car- 
thage. Plut. in Mar. — —A Roman preceptor, 
who was seized and carried away by pirates, 

&c. — — One of the officers of Lucullus. 

Haena, a poet. [Vid. Haena.] An officer 

sent to Germany, &c . Tacit. H. 3, c. 7. 
Sextius, a lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul. 

A seditious tribune in the first ages of the 

republic. Lucius was remarkable for his 

friendship with Brutus; he gained the confi- 
dence of Augustus, and was consul. Horace, 
who was in the number of his friends, dedica- 
ted 1 od 4, to him. The first plebeian con- 
sul. A dictator. One of the sons of Tar- 

quin. Vid. Tarqmnius. 

Sextus, a praenomen given to the sixth son 

of a family. A son of Pompey the Great. 

Vid. Pompetus. A stoic philosopher, born at 

Cheronae in Boeotia. Some suppose that he was 
Plutarch's nephew. He was preceptor to M. 
Aurelius, and L. Verus. A governor of Sy- 
ria. A philosopher in the age of Antoninus. 

He was one of the followers of the doctrines of 
Pyrrho. Some of his works are still extant. 
The best edition of the treatise of Sextus Pom- 
peius Festus de vcrborum significatione, is that 
of Amst. 4to. 1699. 

Sib^e, a people of India. Strabo. 
Sibaris. Vid. Sybaris. 
Sibini, a people near the Suevi. 
Sieurtius, a satrap of Arachosia, in the age 
of Alexander, &c. 

Sibylla, certain women inspired by heaven, 
who flourished in different parts of the world.. 
Their number is unknown. Plato speaks of one, 
others of two, Pliny of three, /Elian of four, 
and Varro of ten, an opinion which is univer- 
sally adopted by the learned. These ten Sibyls 
generally resided in the following places, Persia, 
Libya, T)elpbi, Cumae in Italy, Erythraea, Sa- 
mos, Cumae in iEolia, Marpessa on the Hellcs- 



aii 



pont, Ancyra in Pbrygia, and Tiburtis. The 
most celebrated of the Sibyls is that of Cumae 
in Italy, tvhom some bave called oy the different 
names of Amalthaea, Deraophile, Herophile, 
Daphne, Manto, Pheraonoe, and Deiphobe. It 
is said that Apollo became enamoured of her, 
and that, to make her seusiole of his passion, 
he offered to give her whatever she should ask. 
The Sibyl demanded to live as many years as 
she had grains of sand in her band, but unfor- 
tunately forgot to ask for the enjoyment of the 
health, vigour, and bloom, of which she was 
then in possession. The god granted her her 
request, but she refused to gratify iht passion 
of her lover, though he offered her perpetual 
youth and beauty. Some time after she became 
old and decrepit, her form decayed, melancholy 
paleness and haggard looks succeeded to bloom 
and cheerfulness. She had already lived about 
700 years, when iEneas came to Italy, and, as 
some have imagined, she had three centuries 
more to live before her vears were as numerous 
as the grains of sand which she had in her hand. 
She gave iEneas instructions how to find his 
father in the infernal regions, and even con- 
ducted him to the entrance of hell. It was 
usual in the Sibyl to write her prophecies on 
leaves which she placed at the entrance of her 
cave, and it required particular care in such as 
consulted her to take up these leaves before 
they were dispersed by the wind, as their mean- 
ing then became incomprehensible. According 
to the most authentic historians of the Roman 
republic, one of the Sibyls came to the palace 
of Tarquin the Second, with nine volumes, 
which she offered to sell for a very high price. 
The monarch disregarded her, and she imme- 
diately disappeared, and soon after returned, 
when she had burned three of the volumes 
She asked the same price for the remaining six 
books; and when Tarquin refused to buy them, 
she burned three more, and still persisted in 
demanding the same sum of money for the three 
that were left. This extraordinary behaviour 
astonished Tarquin; he bought the books, and 
the Sibyl instantly vanished, and never after 
appeared to the world. These b'joks were pre- 
served with great care by the monarch, and 
called the Sibylline verses. A college of priests 
was appointed to have the care of them; and 
such reverence did the Romans entertain for 
these prophetic books, that they were consulted 
with the greatest solemnity, and only when the 
state seemed to be in danger When the capi- 
to! was burnt in the troubles of Sylla, the Sibyl- 
line verses, Avhich were deposited there, perish- 
ed in the conflagration; and o repair the loss 
which the republic seemed to have sustained, 
commissioners were immediately sent to diffe- 
rent parts of Greece, to collect whatever verses 
could be found of the inspired writings of the 
Sibyls. The fate of these Sibylline verses, 
which were collected after the conflagration of 
the capitol, is unknown. There sre now eight 
books of Sibylline verses extant, but they are 
universally reckoned spurious. They speak so 
plainly of our Saviour, of his sufferings, and of 
his death, as even to surpass far the sublime 
prediction of Isaiah in description, and there- , 



fore from this very circumstance it is evident 

that they were composed in the second century, 
by some of the followers of Christianity, who 
wished to convince the heathens of their error, 
by assisting the cause of truth, with the arras of 
pious artifice. The word Sibyl seems to be de- 
rived from crtou Police for Aioc Jovis, and fiovKn 
consilium. Piut. in Phced. — JEtian. V. H 12, 
c. 35.— Paw 10, c. 12, &c.—Diod. 4.— Ovid. 
Met. 14, v. 109 and 140.— Virg. ASn. 3, v. 445, 
I. 6, v. 36.— Lucan. 1, v. 564 —Plin. 13, c. 
13 —Flor. 4, c. l.—Salkist.—Cic. Catil. 3.— 
Val. Max. 1, c. 1, 1. 8, c. 15, &c- 

Sic a, a man who showed much attention to 
Cicero in his banishment. Some suppose that 
he is the same as the Vibius Siculus mentioned 
by Plutarch in Cic. Cic. ad Attic. 8, ep. 12, 
ad div. 14, c. 4, 15. 

Sicambri, or Sygambri, a people of Ger- 
many, conquered by the Romans. They re- 
volted against Augustus, who marched against 
them, but did not totally reduce them. Drusus 
conquered them, and they were carried away 
from their native country to inhabit some of the 
more westerly provinces of Gaul. Dio. 54. — 
Strab. 4.—Horat. 4.—Od. 2, v. 36. Od. 14, v. 
51— Tacit. 2, Jin. 26. 

Sicambria, the country of the Sicambri, 
formed the modern province of Guelderland. 
Claud, in Eutrop. 1, v. 383. 

Sicani, a people of Spain, who left their 
native country and passed into Italy, and after- 
wards into Sicily, which, they called Sicania. 
They inhabited the neighbourhood of mount 
./Etna, where they built some cities and villages. 
Some reckoned them the next inhabitants of 
the island after the Cyclops. They were after- 
wards driven from their ancient possessions by 
the Siculi, and retired into the western parts of 
the island. Dionys. Hal. 1. — Ovid. Met. 5 and 
13.— Virg. Eel. 10. JEm 7, v. 795.— Diod. 5. 
—Horat. ep. 17, v. 32. 

Sicania and Sicania, an ancient name of 
Italy, which it received from the Sicani, or from 
Sicanus, their king, or from Sicanus, a small 
river in Spain, in the territory where they lived, 
as some suppose. The name was more gene- 
rally given to Sicily. Vid. Sicani. 

Sicca, a town of Numidia, at the west of 
Carthage. Sat. in Jug. 56. 

Sicelis, (Sicelides, plur.) an epithet ap- 
plied to the inhabitants of Sicily. The Muses 
are called Sicelides by Virgil, because Theocri- 
tus was a native of Sicily, whom the Latin poet, 
as a writer of Bucolic poetry, professed to imi- 
tate. Virg. Ec. 4. 

Sich^us, called also Sichai has and Aherbas. 
was a priest of the temple of Hercules in Phoe- 
nicia. His father's name was Plisthenes. He 
married Elisa the daughter of Belus, and sister 
of king Pygmalion, better known ty the name 
of Dido. He was so extremely rich, that his 
brother-in-law murdered him to obtain his pos- 
sessions. This murder Pygmalion concealed 
from his sister Dido; and he amused her by 
telling her that her husband was gone upon an 
affair of importance, and that he would soon 
return This would have perhaps succeeded 
had not the shades of Sichacus appeared to Dido, 



SI IL, 



SI 



antl related to her the cruelty of Pygmalion, 
and advised her to fly from fyre, after she had 
previously secured some treasures, which, as he 
mentioned, were concealed in an obscure and 
unknown place. According to Justin, Acerbas 
was the uncle of Dido. Virg. Mn. 1, v. 347, 
&c. — Pater c. 1, c. 6. — Justin, 18, c. 4. 

Sicilia, the largest and most celebrated island 
in the Mediterranean sea, at the bottom of Italy 
It was anciently called Sicania, Trinacria, and 
Triquetra. It is of a triangular form, and has 
three celebrated promontories, one looking to- 
wards Africa, called Lilybaeum; Pachynum, 
looking towards Greece; and Pelorutn towards 
Italy. Sicily is about 600 miles in circumfe- 
rence, celebrated for its fertility, so much that 
it was called one of (he granaries of Rome, and 
Pliny says that it rewards the husbandman an 
hundred fold. Its most famous cities were Sy- 
racuse, Messana, Leontini, Lilybaeum, Agri- 
gentum, Gela, Drepanum, Eryx, &c The 
highest and most famous mountain in the island 
is iEtna, whose frequent eruptions are danger- 
ous, and often fatal to the country and its in- 
habitants, from which circumstance the ancients 
supposed that the forges of Vulcan and the Cy- 
clops were placed there. The poets feign that 
v the Cyclops "were the original inhabitants of 
this island, and that after them it came into the 
possession of the Sicani, a people of Spain, and 
at last of the Siculi, a nation of Italy. [Vid. 
Siculi ] The plains of Enna are Well known 
for their excellent honey, and, according to Dio- 
dorus, the hounds lost their scent in hunting, on 
account of the many odoriferous plants that pro- 
fusely perfumed the air. Ceres and Proserpine 
were the chief deities of the place, and it was 
there, according to poetical tradition, that the 
latter was carried away by Pluto The Phoeni- 
cians and Greeks settled some colonies there, 
and at last the Carthaginians became masters 
of the whole island, till they were dispossessed 
of it by the Romans in the Punic wars. Some 
authors suppose that Sicily was originally join<= 
ed to the continent, and that it was separated 
from Italy by an earthquake, and that the straits 
of the Charybdis were formed. The inhabit- 
ants of Sicily were so fond of luxury, that Si- 
eu/ce mensce became proverbial. The rights of 
citizens of Rome were extended to them by M. 
Antony. Cic. 14. Jilt. 12. Verr. 2, c. 13.— 
Homer. Od. 9, &c. — Justin. 4, c. 1, &c. — Virg. 
JEn. 3, v. 414, kc.—Ital. 14, v. U,&jc.—Plin. 

3, c 8, &c. The island of Naxos, in the 

iEgean, was called Little Sicily, on account of 
its fruitfulness. 

L, Sicinius Dentatus, a tribune of Rome, 
celebrated for his valour and the honours he 
obtained in the field of battle during the period 
of 40 years, in which he was engaged in the 
Roman armies. He was present in 121 battles; 
he obtained 14 civic crowns; 3 mural crowns; 
8 crowns of gold; 83 golden collars; 60 brace- 
lets; 18 lances; 23 horses with all their orna- 
ments, and all as the reward of his uncommon 
services. He could show the scars of 45 wounds, 
which he had received all in his breast, parti- 
cularly in opposing the Sabines when they took 
fhe capitot The popularity of Sicinius became 



odious to Appius Claudius, who wished to make 
himself absolute at Rome, and therefore to re- 
move him from the capital, he sent him to the 
army, by which, soon after his arrival, he was 
attacked and murdered. Of 100 men who were 
ordered to fall upon him, Sicinius killed 15 and 
wounded 30; and according to Dionysius, the 
surviving number had recourse to artifice to 
overpower him, by killing him with a shower 
of stones and darts thrown at a distance, about 
405 years before the Christian era. For this 
uncommon courage Sicinius has been called 
the Roman Achilles. Val. Max. 3, c. 2. — 
Dionys. 8. — — Vellutus, one of the first tri- 
bunes in Rome He raised cabals against Co- 
riolanus, and was one of his accusers. Plut. in 
Cor. Sabinus, a Roman general who de- 
feated the Volsci. 

Sicinus, a man privately sent by Themisto- 
cles to deceive Xerxes, and to advise him to 
attack the combined forces of the Greeks. He 

had been preceptor to Themistocles. Plut. — 

An island, &c. 

Sicorus, now Segre, a river of Hispania 
Tarraconensis, rising in the Pyrenaean moun- 
tains, and falling into the Iberus, a little above 
its mouth. It was near this river that J. Caesar 
conquered Afranius and Petreius, the partisans 
of Pompey. Lucan. 4, v. 14, 130, &c. — Plin. 
3, c. 3. 

Siculi, a people of Italy, driven from their 
possessions by the Opici. They fled into Sica- 
nia. or Sicily, where they settled in the territo- 
ries which the Sicani inhabited. They soon 
extended their borders, and after they had con- 
quered their neighbours, the Sicani, they gave 
their n3me to the island. This, as some sup- 
pose, happened about 300 years before Greek 
colonies settled in the island, or about 1059 
years before the Christian era. Diod, 5. — 
Dionys Hal. — Strab. 

Siculum fretum, the sea which separates 
Sicily fiom Italy, is 15 miles long, but in some 
places so narrow, that the barking of dogs can 
be heard from shore to shore. This strait is 
supposed to have been formed by an earthquake, 
which separated the island from the continent. 
Plin. 3, c. 8. 

Sicyon, now Basilico, a town of Pelopon- 
nesus, the capital of Sicyonia- It is celebra- 
ted as being the most ancient kingdom of 
Greece, which began B. C. 2089, and ended 
B. C. 1088, under a succession of monarchs of 
whom little is known except the names. 
iEgialeus was the first king. Some ages after, 
Agamemnon made himself master of the place, 
aid afterwards it fell into the hands of the He- 
raclidae. It became very powerful in the time 
of the Achaean league, which it joined B. C. 
251, at the persuasion of Aratus. The inha- 
bitants of Sicyon are mentioned by some au- 
thors as dissolute, and fond of luxury, hence the 
Sicyonian shoes, which were once very cele-- 
brated, were deemed marks of effeminacy. 
Jlpollod. 3, c. 5. — Lucref. 1, v. 1118. — JAv r 
32, c 19, 1. 33, c. 15.— Strab. S.—Mela, 2, c. 
3. — Plut. in Dem. — Paus. 2, c. 1. &c. — Cic. 
de Orat. 1, c 64 Virg. G. 2, v. 519. 

Sicyonia, a province of Peloponnesus, o"fi 
4 Q 



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the bay of Corinth, of which Sicyon was the 
capital It is the most eminent kingdom of 
Greece, and in its flourishing situation not only 
its dependent states, but also the whole Pelo- 
ponnesus were called Sicyonia. The territory 
is said to abound with corn, wine, and olives, 
and also with iron mines. It produced many 
celebrated men, particularly artists. Vid. 
Sicyon. 

Side, the wife of Orion, thrown into hell 
by Juno for boasting herself fairer than the 

goddess. Jipollod. 1, c. 4. A daughter of 

Belus. A daughter of Danaus. -A towrr 

of Pamphylia. Liv. 37, c, 23.— Cic. 3,/«m. 6. 

Sidero, the stepmother of Tyro, killed by 
Pelias. 

Sidicinum, a town of Campania, called 
also Teanum. [Vid. Teanum.] Virg. JEn. 
7, v. 727. 

Sid on, an ancient city of Phoenicia, the 
capital of the country, with a famous harbour, 
now called Said. It is situate on the shores of 
the Mediterranean, at the distance of about 50 
miles from Damascus, and 24 from Tyre. The 
people of Sidon are well known for their in- 
dustry, their skill in arithmetic, in astronomy, 
and commercial affairs, and in sea voyages. 
They however have the character of being very 
dishonest, Their women were peculiarly hap- 
py in working embroidery The invention of 
glass, of linen, and of a beautiful purple dye, is 
attributed to them. The city of Sidon was 
taken by Ochus, king of Persia, after the inha- 
bitants had burnt themselves and the city, B. C. 
351; but it was afterwards rebuilt by its inha- 
bitants. Lucan. 3, v. 217,1. 10, v. 141. — 
Diod. 16.— Justin. 11, c. 10. — Plin. 36, c 26. 
—Homer Od. 15, v. 411.— Mela, 1, c. 12. 

Sidoniorttm insula, islands in the Persian 
Strab. 16. 

Sidonis, is the country of which Sidon was 
the capital, situate at the west of Syria, on the 
coast of the Mediterranean. Ovid, Met. 2, fab. 
19. — -Dido as a native of the country, is often 
called Sidonis. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 80. 

Sidonius Caius Sollius Apollinaris, a 
Christian writer, born A. D. 430. He died 
in the 52d year of his age. There are re- 
maining of his compositions some letters, and 
different poems consisting chiefly of panegyrics 
on the great men of his time, written in heroic 
verse, and occasionally in other metre, of which 
the best edition is that of Labbaeus, Paris, 4to. 
1652. — The epithet of Sidonius is applied not 
Bnly to the natives of Sidon, but it is used to ex- 
press the excellence of any thing, especially 
embroidery or dyed garments. Carthage is 
called Sidonia urbs, because built by Sidonians. 
Virg. JEn. 1, v. 682. 

Siena Julia, a town of Etruria. Cic. Brut. 
18. Tacit. 4. Hist. 45. 

Siga, now Ned-Roma, a town of Numidia, 
famous as the palace of Syphax. , Plin. 5, 
c. 11. 

Sic&um, or Sigeum, now cape Incihisari, a 
town of Troas, on a promontory of the same 
name, where the Scamander falls into the sea, 
extending six miles along the shore. It was 
near Sigzeuni that the greatest part of the bat- 



gulf. 



ties between the Greeks and Trojans were 
fought, as Homer mentions, and there AchiUes 
was buried. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 312, 1. 7, v. 294. 
—Ovid. Met. 12, v. 71.— Lucan. 9, v. 962. 
— Mela, 1, c. 18. — Strab. 13. — Dictys CreU 
5,c 12. 

Signia, an ancient town of Latium, whose 
inhabitants were called Sigfini. The wine of 
Signia was used by the ancients for medicinal 
purposes. Martial 13, ep. 116. A moun- 
tain of Phrygia. Plin. 5, c. 29. 

Sigovessus, a prince among the Celtae, in 
the reign of Taiquin. Liv. 5, c 34. 

Sigyni, Sigun^e, or Sigyntn.e, a nation of 
European Scythia, beyond the Danube. Hero- 
dot. 5, c. 9. 

Sila, or Syla, a large wood in the country 
of the Brutii near tbe Apennines, abounding 
with much pitch. Strab. 6. — Virg. JEn. 12, 
v. 715. 

Silana Julia, a woman at the court of Ne-,. 
ro, remarkable for her licentiousness and impu- 
rities. Sbe had married C. Julius, by whom 
she was divorced. 

D. Silanus, a son of T. ManliusTorquatus, 
accused of extortion in the management of the 
province of Macedonia. The father himself 
desired to hear tbe complaints laid against his 
son, and after he had spent two days in ex- 
amining the charges of the Macedonians, he 
pronounced, on the third day, his son guilty of 
extortion, and unworthy to be called a citizen of 
Rome. He also banished him from his pre- 
sence, and so struck was the son at the severity 
of his father, that he hanged himself on the fol- 
lowing night. Liv. 54. — Cic. de Finib. — Val. 
Max: 5, c. 8. C. Junius, a consul under Ti- 
berius, accused of extortion, and banished to 

the island of Citheraea. Tacit. Marcus, a 

lieutenant of Caesar's armies in Gaul. The 

father-in-law of Caligula. Suet. Cal. 22. 

A pro-praetor in Spain, who routed the 

Carthaginian forces there while Annibal was in 

Italy. Turpilius, a lieutenant of Metellus 

against Jugurtha. He was accused by Marius, 
though totally innocent, and condemned by the 

malice of his judges. Torquatus, a man put 

to death by Nero. Lucius, a man betrothed 

to Octavia, the daughter of Claudius. Nero 
took Octavia away from him, and on the day of 
her nuptials Silanus killed himself. An au- 
gur in the army of the 10,000 Greeks, at their 
return from Cunaxa. 

Silarus, a river of Picenum, rising in the 
Apennine mountains, and falling into tbe Tyr- 
rhene sea. Its waters, as it is reported, petri- 
fied all leaves that fell into it. Strab. 5. — 
Mela, 2, c. 4.— Virg. G. 3, v. 146.— Plin. 2, 
C 103.— Silv. 2, v. 582. 

Sileni, a people on the banks of the Indus. 
Plin. 6, c. 20. 

Silenus, a demi-god, who bec&me the nurse, 
the preceptor, and attendant of the god Bac- 
chus. He was, as some suppose, son of Pan, 
or according to others, of Mercury, or of Terra. 
Malea in Lesbos was the place of his birth. 
After death he received divine honours, and 
had a temple in Elis. Silenus is generally re- 
presented as a fat and jolly old man, riding on 



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an ass, crowned with flowers, and always in- 
toxicated. He was once found by some pea- 
sants in Phrygia, after he bad lost his way, and 
could not follow Bacchus, and he was carried 
to king Midas, who received him with great 
attention. He detained him for ten days and 
afterwards restored hira to Bacchus, for which 
he was rewarded with the power of turning into 
gold whatever he touched. Some authors as- 
sert, that Silenus was a philosopher, who ac- 
companied Bacchus in his Indian expedition, 
and assisted him by the soundness of his coun- 
sels. From this circumstance, therefore, he is 
often introduced speaking with all the gravity 
of a philosopher concerning the formation of 
the world, and the nature of things. The Fauns 
in general, and the Satyrs, are often called Si- 
leni. Poms. 3, c. 25, I. 6, c. 24.—Philost. 
23— Ovid. Met. A.—Hygin. fab. 191.— Diod. 
3, &c— Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 4S.—Mlian. V. H. 
3, c. 18.— Virg. Eel. 6, v. 13- A Cartha- 
ginian historian who wrote an account of the 
affairs of his country in the Greek language, 

An historian who wrote an account of 

Sicily. 

Silicense, a river of Spain. 

Silicis mons, a town near Padua. 

Silis, a river of Venetia in Italy, falling into 
the Adriatic Plin. 3, c. 18. 

C. Silius Italicus, a Latin poet, who was 
originally at the bar, where he for some time 
distinguished himself, till he retired from Rome 
more particularly to consecrate his time to 
study. He was consul the year that Nero was 
murdered. Pliny has observed, that when 
Trajan was invested with the imperial purple, 
Silius refused to come to Rome, and congratu- 
late him like the rest of his fellow citizens, a 
neglect which was never resented by the empe- 
ror, or insolently mentioned by the poet. Silius 
was in possession of a house where Cicero had 
lived, and another in which was the tomb of 
Virgil, and it has been justly remarked, that he 
looked upon no temple with greater reverence 
than upon the sepulchre of the immortal poet, 
whose steps he followed, but whose fame he 
could not equal. The birth day of Virgil was 
yearly celebrated with unusual pomp and so- 
lemnity by Silius; and for his partiality, not 
only to the memory, but to the compositions of 
the Mantuan poet, he has been called the ape 
of Virgil Silius starved himself when labour- 
ing under an imposthume, which his physicians 
were unable to remove, in the beginning of 
Trajan's reign, about the 15th year of his age. 
There remains a poem of Italicus, on the second 
Punic war, divided into 17 books, greatly com- 
mended by Martial. The moderns have not 
been so favourable in their opinions concerning 
its merit. The poetry is weak and inelegant, 
yet the author deserves to be commended for 
his purity, the authenticity of his narrations, 
and his interesting descriptions. He has every 
where imitated Virgil, but with little success. 
Silius was a great collector of antiquities. His 
son was honoured with the consulship during 
his life-time. The best editions of Italicus 
will be found to be Drakenborch's in 4to. Utr. 
1717, and that of Cellarius, Svo. Lips. 1695.— 



Mart. 11, ep. 49, &c. Caius, a man of con- 
sular dignity, greatly loved by Messalina for his 
comely appearance and elegant address. Mes- 
salina obliged him to divorce his wife that she 
might enjoy his company without intermission. 
Silius was forced to comply though with great 
reluctance, and he was at last put to 'death for 
the adulteries which the empress obliged him 

to commit. Tacit. Suet- — Dio. A tribune 

in .Caesar's legions in Gaul. A commander 

in Germany, put to death by Sejanus. Tacit- 
A. 3 and 4. 

Silphium, a part of Libya. 

Silpia, a town of Spain. Liv. 28, c. 12. 

Silvanus, a rural deity, son of an Italian 
shepherd by a goat. From this circumstance 
he is generally represented as half a man and 
half a goat. According to Virgil, he was son 
of Picus, or, as others report, of Mars, or ac- 
cording to Plutarch, of Valeria Tusculanaria, a 
young woman, who introduced herself into her 
father's bed, and became pregnant by him. 
The worship of Silvanus was established only 
in Italy, where, as some authors have imagined, 
he reigned in the age of Evander. This deity 
was sometimes represented holding a cypress in 
his hand, because he became enamoured of a 
beautiful youth called Cyparissus, who was 
changed into a tree of the same name. Silva- 
nus presided over gardens and limits, and he 
is often confounded with the Fauns, Satyrs, and 
Silenus. Plut. in par all. — Virg. Eel. 10, G. 
1, v. 20, 1. 2, v. 493.— JElian. Jinim. 6, c 42. 
— Ovid. Met. 10. — Horat. ep. 2. — Dionys. 

Hal A man who murdered his wife Apro- 

nia, by throwing her down from one of the win- 
dows of his chambers. One of those who 

conspired against Nero. An officer of Con- 

stantinus, who revolted and made himself em- 
peror. He was assassinated by his soldiers. 

Silvium, a town of Apulia, now Gorgolionje. 
Plin. 3, c. 11. A town of Istria. 

Sjlures, the people of South Wales in Bri- 
tain. 

Simbrivius, or Simbruvius, a lake of Lati- 
um, formed by the Anio. Tacit. 14, Jin. 22. 

Simena, a town of Lycia near Chimaera. 
Plin. 5, c. 27. 

Simethus, or Symethus, a town and river 
at the east of Sicily, which served as a bounda- 
ry between the territories of the people of Ca- 
tana and the Leontini. In its neighbourhood 
the gods Palici were born. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 
584. 

Similes, a grove at Rome where the orgies of 
Bacchus were celebrated. Liv. 39, c. 12. 

Similis, one of the courtiers of Trajan, who 
retired from Rome into the country to enjoy 
peace and solitary retirement. 

Simmies, a philosopher of Thebes who wrote 

dialogues. A grammarian of Rhodes. A 

Macedonian suspected of conspiracy against 
Alexander, on account of his intimacy with Phi- 
lotas. Curt. 7, c. 1. 

Simo, a comic character in Terence. 

STmois, (entis,) a river of Troas which rises 
in mount Ida, and falls into the Xanthus. It is 
celebrated by Homer, and most of the ancient 
poets, as in its neighbourhood were fought man) 



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butties during tbe Trojan war. It is found to 
be but a small rivulet by modern travellers, and 
even some have disputed its existence- Homer. 
Il.— firg. JEn. I. v. 104, 1. 3, v. 302, &c— 
Ovid. Met. 13, v. S24.—Mela, 1. c. 18. 

Simoisius, a Trojan prince, son of Anthemi- 
on, killed by Ajax. Homer. II. 4, v. 473. 

Simon, a currier of Athens, whom Socrates 
often visited on account of his great sagacity 
and genius. He collected all the information 
he could receive from ihe conversation of the 
philosopher, and afterwards published it with his 
own observations in 33 dialogues He was the 
first of the disciples of Socrates who attempted 
to give an account of the opinions of his master 
concerning virtue, justice, poetry, music, ho- 
nour, &c. These dialogues were extant in the 
age of the biographer Diogenes, who has pre- 
served their title. Dlog. 2, c. 14. Another 

who wrote on rhetoric. Id. A sculptor. Id. 

The name of Simon was common among 



the Jews. 

Simonides, a celebrated poet of Cos, who 
flourished 538 years B. C. His father's name 
was Leoprepis, or Theoprepis. He wrote ele- 
gies, epigrams, and dramatical pieces, esteemed 
for their elegance and sweetness, and composed 
also epic poems, one on Cambyses, king of Per- 
sia, &c. Simonides was universally courted by 
the princes of Greece and Sicily, and according 
to one of the fables of Phsedrus, he was such a 
favourite of the gods, that his life was miracu- 
lously preserved in an entertainment when the 
roof of the house fell upon all those who were 
feasting. He obtained a poetical prize in the 
80th year of his age, and he lived to his 90th 
year. The people of Syracuse, who had hospi- 
tably honoured him when alive, erected a mag- 
nificent monument to his memory Simonides, 
according to some, added the four letters n, a>, 
f , 4> to tne alphabet of the Greeks. Some 
fragments of his poetry are extant. According 
to some, the grandson of the elegiac poet of Cos 
was called Simonides. He flourished a few 
years before the Peloponnesian war, and was the 
author of some books of invention, genealogies, 
&c. Quiniil. 10, c. l.—Phcedr. 4, fab. 21 and 
24.—Horat. 2, Od. 1, v. 38.— Horat. 5, c. 102. 
—Cic de Oral, &c — Arist. — Pindar. Isth. 2. 
—Catull. 1, ep. 39.— ^Lucan. de Macrob. — 
JElian. V. H. 8, c, 2. 

SiMPLicius, a Greek commentator on Aristo- 
tle, whose works were all edited in the 16th cen- 
tury, and the latter part of the 15th, but without 
a Latin version. 

Simulus, an ancient poet who wrote some 
verses on the Tarpeian rock. Plut. in Rom. 

Sjmus, a king of Arcadia after Phialus. Paus. 
8, c. 5. 

Simyra, a town of Phoenicia. Mela, 1, c 12. 

Sinje, a people of India called by Ptolemy the 
most eastern nation of the world. 

Sindia, islands in the Indian ocean,, supposed 
to be tbe Nicabar islands. 

Sindi, a people of European Scythia, on the 
Palus Maeotis. Flacc. 6, v. 86. 
_/ Sincei, a people on the confines of Macedo- 
nia and Thrace.. 



Singara, a city at the north of Mesopotamia^ 
now Sinjar. 

Singulis, a river of Spain falling into the 
Guadal quiver. 

Singds, a town of Macedonia. 
Sinis, a famous robber. \_Vid. Scinis.] 
Sinnaces, a Parthian of an illustrious fami- 
ly, who conspired against his prince, &c Tacit. 
6, Ann. c 31. 

Sinnacha, a town of Mesopotamia, where 
Crassus was put to death by Surena. 

Sinoe, a nymph of Arcadia who brought up 
Pan. 

Sinon, a son of Sisyphus who accompanied 
the Greeks to ihe Trojan war, and there distin- 
guished himself by his cunning and fraud, and 
his intimacy with Ulysses. When the Greeks 
had fabiicaied the famous woodeu horse, Sii.on 
went to Troy with his hands bound behind his 
back, and by the most solemn protestations, as- 
sured Priam, that the Greeks were gone from 
As;a, and that they had been ordered to sacri- 
fice one of their soidiers, to render the wind fa- 
vourable to their return, and that because the 
lot had fallen upon him, at the instigation of 
Ulysses, he had fled away from their camp, not 
to be cruelly immolated. These false assertions 
were immediately credited by the Trojans, and 
Sinon advised Priam to bring into his city the 
wooden horse which the Greeks had left behind 
them, and to consecrate it to Minerva His ad- 
vice was followed, and Sinon in the night, to 
complete his perfidy, opened the side of the 
horse, from which issued a number of armed 
Greeks, who surprised the Trojans, and pillaged 
their city. Dares Phryg. — Homer. Od 8, v. 
492, I, 11, v. 521.— Virg. JEn. 2, v. 79, &c. 
— Paus. 10, c, 27.— Q. Smyrn. 12, &c. 

Sinope, a daughter of the Asopus by Me- 
throne She was beloved by Apollo, who car- 
ried her away to the borders of the Euxine sea, in 
Asia Minor, where she gave birth to a Son call- 
ed Syrus. Diod. 4. A sea port town of Asia 

Minor, in Pontus now Sinafe, foucded or re-built 
by a colony of Milesians. It was long an inde- 
pendent state, till Pharnaces, king of Pontus, 
seized it. It was the capital of Pontus, under 
Mitliri dates, and was the birth place of Dioge- 
nes, the cynic philosopher. It received its name 
from Sinope, whom Apollo married there. Ovid. 
Pont. 1, el. 3, v. 67.— Strab 2,&c. 12.— Diod. 

4. — Mela, 1, c. 19. The original name of 

Sinuessa. 

Sinorix, a governor of Gaul, &c. Polyczn. 8. 
Sintice, a district of Macedonia. 
Sintii, a nation of Thracians, who inhabited 
Lemnos, when Vulcan fell there from heaven. 
Homer. 11. 1. v. 594. 

Sinuessa, a maritime town of Campania, 
originally called Sinope. It was celebrated for 
its hot-baths and mineral waters, which cured 
people of insanity, and rendered women prolific. 
Ovid. Met. 15, v. 715.— Mela, 2, c. 4.— Strab. 
b.—Liv. 22, c. 13— Mart. 6, ep. 42,1. 11, ep. 
8. — Tacit. Ann. 12. 

Sion, one of the hills on which Jerusalem was 
built. 

Siphnos, now Sifano, one of the Cyclades. si- 
tuate at the west of Paros, twenty miles in cir- 



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eumference, according to Pliny, or, according to 
modern travellers, forty. Siphnos had many 
excellent harbours, and produced great plenty of 
delicious fruit. The inhabitants were so depra- 
ved, that their licentiousness became proverbi- 
al. They, however, behaved with spirit in the 
Persian wars, and refused to give earth and wa- 
ter (o the emissaries of Xerxes in token of sub- 
mission. There were some gold mines in 
Siphnos, of which Apollo demanded the tenth 
part. When the inhabitants refused to continue 
to offer part of their gold to the god of Delphi, 
the island was inundated, and the mines disap- 
peared. The air is so wholesome that many of 
the natives live to their 120th year. Paus. 10, 
c. 11. — Herodot. 8, c. 46. — Mela, 1, c. 7. — 
Strab. 10 

Sii'-ontum, Sipus, or Sepus, a maritime town 
in Apulia in Italy, founded by Diomeues, after 
his return from the Trojan war. Sirab. 6. — 
Lucan. 5, v. 377. — Mela, 2, c. 4. 

Sipylum and Sipylus, a town of Lydia with 
a mountain of the same name near the Meander, 
formerly caiied Ceraunius. The town was de- 
stroyed by an earthquake with 12 others in the 
neighbourhood, in the reign of Tiberius Strab. 
1 and 12.— Paus. 1, c. 20. — ipollod. 3, c. 5.— 
Homer. II. 24. — Hygin. fab. 9. — Tacit. Ann. 

2, t 47 One of Niche's children, killed by 

Apollo. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 6. 

Sirbo, a lake between Egypt and Palestine, 
now Sebachet Bardoil. Plin. 4, c. 13, 

Sirenes, sea nymphs who charmed so much 
with their melodious voice, that all forgot their 
employments to listen with more attention, and 
at last uied for want of food. They were daugh- 
ters of the Achelous, by the muse Calliope, or 
according to others, by Melpomene or Terpsi- 
chore. They were three in number, called 
Parthenope, Ligeia , and Leucosia, or, according 
to others, Molpe, Aglaophonos, and Thelxiope, 
or Thelxione, and they usually lived in a small 
island near cape Pelorus in Sicily. Some au- 
thors supposed that they were monsters, who bad 
the form of a woman above the waist, and the 
rest of the body like that of a bird; or rather 
that the whole body was covered with feathers, 
and had the shape of a bird, except the head, 
which was that of a beautiful female. This 
monstrous form they had received from Ceres, 
who wished to punish them, because they had 
not assisted her daughter when carried away by 
Pluto. But according to Ovid, they were so dis- 
consolate at the rape of Proserpine, that they 
prayed the gods to give them wings that they 
might seek her in the sea as well as by land. 
The Sirens were informed by the oracle, that as 
soon as any persons passed by them without suffer- 
ing themselves to bejcbarmed by their songs they 
should perish; and their melody had prevailed in 
calling the attention of all passengers, till Ulys- 
ses, informed of the power of their voice by 
Circe, stopped the ears of his companions with 
wax, and ordered himself to be tied to the mast 
of his ship, and no attention to be paid to his 
commands should he wish to stay and listen to 
the song. This was a salutary precaution. 
Ulysses made signs for his companions to stop, 
but they were disregarded, and the fatal coast 



was passed with safety. Upon this artifice of 
Ulysses, the Sirens were so disappointed that 
they threw themselves into the sea and perished. 
Some authors say, that the Sirens challenged 
the Muses to a trial of skill in singing, and that 
the latter proved victorious, and plucked the 
feathers from the wings of their adversaries, 
with which they made themselves crowns. The 
place where the Sirens destroyed themselves, 
was afterwards called Sirenis, on the coast of 
Sicily. Virgil, however, J£n. 5, v. 864, places 
the Sirenum Scopuli on the coast of Italy, near 
the island of Caprea. Some suppose that the 
Sirens were a number of lascivious women in 
Sicily, who prostituted themselves to strangers, 
and made them forget their pursuits while 
drowned in>unlawful pleasures. Tbe Sirens are 
often represented holding, one a lyre, a second 
a flute, and the third singing. Paus. 10, c. 6. 
—Homer. Od. 12, v. 167.— Strab 6. — immi- 
an. 29, c. 2. — Hygin. fab. 141 —Apollod. 2, c. 
4. — Ovid. Met. 5, v. 555, de Art. Am. 3, v. 
311.— It al. 12, v. 33. 

Sirenus^;, three small rocky islands near the 
coasts of Campania, where the Sirens were sup- 
posed to reside. 

Siris, a town of Magna Grecia, founded by 
a Grecian colony after the Trojan war, at the 
mouth of a river of the same name. There was 
a battle fought near it between Pyrrhusand the 

Romans. Dionys. Perieg. v. 221. ihe 

iEthiopians gave that name to the Nile, before 
its divided streams united into one current. Plin. 
5, c 9. A town of Pseonia in Thrace. 

Sirius, or Canicitla, the dog star, whose ap- 
pearance as the ancients supposed, always 
caused great heat on the earth. Virg. AZn. 3. 
v. 141. 

Sirmio, now Sermione, a peninsula in the 
lake Benacus, where Catullus had a villa. 
Carm. 29. 

Sirmium, the capital of Pannonia at the con- 
fluence of the Savus and Bacuntius, very cele* 
brated during the reign of the Roman emperors. 

Sisamnes, a judge flayed alive for his parti- 
ality, by order of Cambyses. His skin was nail- 
ed on the bench of the other judges to incite 
tbein to act with candour and impartiality, 
Herodot. 5, c. 25. 

Sisapho, a Corinthian who had murdered 
his brother because he had put his children to 
death. Ovid, in lb. 

Sisapo. a town of Spain, famous for its ver- 
milion mines, whose situation is not well ascer- 
tained. Plin. 33. c. l.—Cic. Phil. 2. c. 19. 

Siscia, a town of Pannonia, now Sisseg. 

Sisenes, a Persian deserter who conspired 
against Alexander. &c. Curt 3, c. 7. 

L. Sisenna, an ancient historian among the 
Romans, 91 B. C. He wrote an account of the 
republic, of which Cicero speaks with great 
warmth, and also translated from the Greek, 
tbe Milesian fables of Aristides. Some frag- . 
ments of his compositions are quoted by differ- 
ent authors. Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 443. — Cicin 

Brut. 64 and 67.— Paterc 2, c. 9. Corn, a 

Roman, who on being reprimanded in the se- 
nate for the ill conduct and depraved manners of 
his wife, accused publicly Augustus of unlaw- 



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ful commerce with her. Dio. 54. The fami- 
ly of the Cornelii and Apronii received the sur- 
name of Sisenna, They are accused of intem- 
perate loquacity in the Augustan age, by Horat. 
1, Sat. 7, v. 8. 

Sisigambis, or Sisygambis, the mother of 
Darius the last king of Persia. She was taken 
prisoner by Alexander the Great, at the battle 
of Issus, with the rest of the royal family. The 
conqueror treated her with uncommon tender- 
ness and attention; he saluted her as his own 
mother, and what he had sternly denied to the 
petitions of his favourites and ministers, he of- 
ten granted to the intercession of Sisygambis. 
The regard of the queen for Alexander was un- 
common, and, indeed, she no sooner heard that 
he was dead, than she killed herself, unwilling 
to survive the loss of so generous an enemy; 
though she had seen with less concern, the fall 
of her son's kingdom, the ruin of his subjects, 
and himself murdered by his servants. She had 
also lost in one day, her husband and 80 of her 
brothers, whom Ochus had assassinated to make 
himself master of the kingdom of Persia. Curt. 
4, c. 9. 1. 10, c. 5. 

Sisimithr.®, a fortified place of Bactriana, 
15 stadia high, 80 in circumference, and plain 
at the top. Alexander married Roxana there. 
Strab. 11. 

Sisocostus, one of the friends of Alexander, 
en 'rusted with the care of the rock Aornus. Curt. 
8, c. 11. 

Sisyphus, a brother of Athamas and Salmo- 
neus, son of iEolus and Enaretta, the most craf- 
ty prince of the heroic ages. He married Me- 
rope the daughter of Atlas, or according to others, 
of Pandareus, by whom he had several children. 
He built Ephyre, called afterwards Corinth, and 
he debauched Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus, 
because he had been told. by an oracle that his 
children by his brother's daughter would avenge 
the injuries whioh he had suffered from the ma- 
levolence of Salmoneus. Tyro, however, as 
Hyginus says, destroyed the two sons whom 
she had had by her uncle. It is reported that 
Sisyphus, mistrusting Autolycus, who stole the 
neighbouring flocks, marked his bulls under the 
feet, and when they had been carried away by 
the dishonesty of his friend, he confounded and 
astonished the thief by selecting from his numer- 
ous flecks those bulls, which by the mark he 
knew to be his own. The artifice of Sisyphus 
was so pleasing to Autolycus, who had now found 
one more cunning than himself, that he permit- 
ted him to enjoy the company of his daughter 
Anticlca, whom a few days after he gave in 
marriage to Laertes of Ithaca. After his death, 
Sisyphus was condemned in hell, to roll to the 
top of a hill a large stone, which had no sooner 
reached the summit than it fell back into the 
plain with impetuosity, and rendered his punish- 
ment eternal. The causes of this rigorous sen- 
tence are variously reported. Some attribute 
it to his continual depredations in the neigh- 
bouring country, and his cruelty in laying heaps 
of stones on those whom he had plundered, and 
suffering them to expire in the most agonizing 
torments. Others, to the insult offered to Pluto, 
in chaining death in his palace, and detaining 



her till Mars, at the request of the king of heli, 
went to deliver her from confinement. Others 
suppose that Jupiter inflicted this punishment 
because he told Asopus where his daughter 
iEgina had been carried away by her ravisher. 
The more followed opinion however is, that 
Sisyphus, on his death-bed, entreated his wife 
to leave his body unburied, and when he came 
into Pluto's kingdom, he received the permis- 
sion of returning upon earth to punish this seem- 
ing negligence of his wife, but, however, on 
promise of immediately returning. But he was 
no sooner out of the infernal regions, than he 
violated his engagements, and when he was at 
last brought back to hell by Mars, Pluto, to pun- 
ish his want of fidelity and honour, condemned 
him to roll a huge stone to the top of a mountain. 
The institution of the Pythian games is attribu- 
ted by some to Sisyphus. To be of the blood of 
Sisyphus was deemed disgraceful among the 
ancients. Homer. Od. 11, v. 592. — Virg. JEn. 
6, v. 616— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 459, 1. 13, v. 32. 
Fast. 4, v. 175, in Ibid. 191.— Paus 2, &c.~- 
Hygin. fab. 60.— Horat. 2, od. 14, v. 20 — 

J]pollod. 3, c. 4. A son of M. Antony, who 

was born deformed, and received the name of 
Sisyphus, because he was endowed with genius 
and an excellent understanding. Horat. 1, sat. 
3, v. 47. 

Sitalces, one of Alexander's generals, im- 
prisoned for his cruelty and avarice in the go- 
vernment of his province. Curt 10, c. 1. 

A king of Thrace, B. C 436. 

Sithnides, certain nymphs of a fountain in 
Megara. Paus. l,c 40. 

Sithon, a king of Thrace. An island in 

the TEgean. 

Sithonia, a country of Thrace between mount 
Haemus and the Danube. Sithonia is often ap- 
plied to all Thrace, and thence the epithet Sitho- 
■nis, so often used by the poets. It received its 
name from king Sithon. ' Horat. 1, od. 18, v. 
9.— Ovid. Met. 6, v. 588, 1. 7, v. 466, 1. 13, 
v. 571.— Herodot. 7, c. 122. 

Sitius, a Roman who assisted Caesar in Af- 
rica with great success. He was rewarded with 
a province of Numidia. Sallust. Jug. 21. 

Sitones, a nation of Germany, or modern 
Norway, according to some. Tacit, de Germ. 
45. 

Sittace, a town of Assyria. Plin. 6, c. 27. 

Smaragdus, a town of Egypt on the Arabian 
gulf, where emeralds (smaragdi) were dug. 
Strab. 16. 

Smenus, a river of Laconia rising in mount 
Taygetes, and falling into the sea near Hypsos. 
Paus 3, c. 24. 

Smerbis, a son of Cyrus, put to death by or- 
der of his brother Cambyses. As his execution 
was not public, and as it was only known to one 
of the officers of the monarch, one of the Magi 
of Persia, who was himself called Smerdis, and 
who greatly resembled the deceased prince, de- 
clared himself king at the death of Cambyses. 
This usurpation would not perhaps have been 
known, had not he taken too many precautions 
to conceal it. After he had reigned for six 
months with universal approbation, seven no- 
blemen of Persia conspired to dethrone him , 



so 



so 



and when this had been executed with success, 
thej chose one of their number to reign in the 
usurper's place, B. C. 521. This was Darius the 
son of Hystaspes. Herodot. 3, c. 30. — Justin. 
1, c 9. 

Smilax, a beautiful shepherdess who became 
enamoured of Crocus. She was changed into 
a flower, as also her lover. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 
283 

Smilis, a statuary of JEgina in the age of 
Daedalus. Paus. 7. 

Smindyrides, a native of Sybaris, famous 
for his luxury. JElian. V. H. 9, c. 24 and 12, 
C 24. 

Sminthefs, one of the surnames of Apollo 
in Phrygia, where the inhabitants raised him a 
temple, because he bad destroyed a number of 
rats that infested the country. These rats were 
called <ry.iv&&t i in the language of Phrygia, 
whence the surname. There is another story 
similar to this related by the Greek scholiast of 
Homer. II. 1, v. 39.— ijtrab. 13.— Ovid Met. 
12, v. 585. 

Smyrna, a celebrated sea-port town of Ionia 
in Asia Minor, built, as some suppose, by Tan- 
talus, or, according to others, by the iEoiians. 
It has been subject to many revolutions, and 
been severally in the possession of the i£olians, 
lonians, Lydians, aha Macedonians. Alexan- 
der, or according to Strabo, Lysimacbus, rebuilt 
it 400 years after it kad been destroyed by the 
Lydians. It was one of the richest and most 
powerful cities of Asia, dud became one of the 
twelve cities of the Ionian confederacy. The 
inhabitants were given much to luxury and indo- 
lence, but they were universally esteemed for 
their valour and intrepidity when called to ac- 
tion. Marcus Aurelius repaired it after it had 
been destroyed by an earthquake, about the 
180th year of the Christian era. Smyrna still 
continues to be a very commercial town. The 
river Meles flows near its walls. The inhabi- 
tants of Smyrna believe that Homer was born 
among them, and to confirm this opinion, they 
not only paid him divine honours, but showed a 
place which bore the poet's name, and aiso had 
a brass coin in circulation which was called Ho- 
merium. Some suppose that it was called Smyr- 
na from an amazon of the same name who took 
possession of it. Herodot. 1, c. 16, &c. — iStrab. 
12 and 14.— Ital. 8, v. 565 —Pans. 5, c S.— 
Mela. 1, c. 17. \ daughter of Thias, mo- 
ther of Adonis. An Amazon The name 

of a poem which Cinna, a latin poet, composed 
in nine years, and which was worthy of admira- 
tion, according to Catullus, 94. 

Smyrn^us, a Greek poet of the third century, 
called also Calaber. [Vid. Calaber.] 

Soana, a river of Albania. Ptol. 

Soanda, a town ol Armenia. 

Soaves, a people of Colchis, near Caucasus, 
in whose territories the rivers abound with gold- 
en sands, which the inhabitants gather in wool 
skins, whence, perhaps, arose the fable of the 
golden fleece. Strab. 1 1 . — Ptin. 33, c. 3. 

Socrates, the most celebrated philosopher 
of all antiquity, was a native of Athens. His 
father Sopbnmiscus was a statuary, and his mo- 
ther Phenarete was by profession a midwife. 



For some time he followed the occupation of his, 
father, and some have mentioned the statue of 
the Graces, admired for their simplicity and 
elegance, as the work of his own hands. He 
was called away from this meaner employment, 
of which, however, he never blushed, b,y Crito, 
who admired his genius and courted his friend- 
ship. Philosophy soon became the study of So- 
crates,jand under Archelaus and Anaxagoras he 
laid the foundation of that exemplary virtue 
which succeeding ages have ever loved and 
venerated. He appeared like the rest of his 
countrymen in the field of battle; he fought with 
boldness and intrepidity, and to his courage two 
of his friends and disciples, Xenophon and Al- 
cibiades, owed the preservation of their life. 
But the character of Socrates appears more con- 
spicuous as a philosopher and moralist than as 
that of a warrior. He was fond of labour, he 
inured himself to suffer hardships, and he acquir- 
ed that serenity of mind and firmness of counte- 
nance which the most alarming dangers could 
never destroy, or the most sudden calamities 
alter. If be was poor, it was from choice, and 
not the effects of vanity, or the wish of appear- 
ing singular. He bore injuries with patience, 
and the insults of malice or resentment, he not 
only treated with contempt, but even received 
with a mind that expressed some concern, and 
felt compassion for the depravity of human na- 
ture. So single and so venerable a character 
was admired by the most enlightened of the 
Athenians. Socrates was attended by a number 
of illustrious pupils, whom he instructed by his 
exemplary life, as well as by his doctrines. He 
had no particular place where to deliver bis lec- 
tures, but as the good of his countrymen, and 
the reformation of their corrupted morals, and 
not the aggregation of riches, was the object of 
his study, he was present every where, and drew 
the attention of his auditors either in the groves 
of Academus, the Lyceum, or on the banks of 
the Ilyssus. He spoke with freedom on every 
subject, religious as well as civil, and had the 
courage to condemn the violence of his country- 
men, and to withstand the torrent of resentment 
by which the Atheni?n generals were capitally 
punished for not burying the dead at the battle 
of Arginusa? This independence of spirit, and 
that visible superiority of mind and genius over 
the rest of his countrymen, created many ene- 
mies to Socrates; but as his character was irre- 
proachable, and his doctrines pure, and void of 
all obscurity, the voice of malevolence was si- 
lent. Yet Aristophanes soon undertook, at the 
instigation of Melitus, in his comedy of the 
Clouds, to ridicule the venerable character of 
Socrates on the stage; and when once the way 
was open to calumny and defamation, the fickle 
and licentious populace paid no reverence to the 
philosopher whom they had before regarded as 
a being of a superior order. When this had 
succeeded, Melitus stood forth to criminate him, 
together with Anitus and Lycoo, and the philo- 
sopher was summoned before the tribunal of the 
five hundred. He was accused of corrupting 
the Athenian youth, of making innovations in 
the religion of the Greeks, and of ridiculing the 
many gods which the Athenians worshipped; yet 



SO 

false as this might appear, the accusers relied 
for the success of their cause upon the perjury 
of false witnesses, and the envy of the judges, 
whose ignorance would readily yield to misrep- 
resentation, and be influenced and guided by 
eloquence and artifice. In this their expecta- 
tions were not frustrated, and while the judges 
expected submission from Socrates, and that 
meanness of behaviour and servility of defence 
which distinguished criminals, the philosopher 
perhaps accelerated his own fall by the firmness 
of his mind, and his uncomplying integrity. Ly 
sias, one of the most celebrated orators of the 
age, composed an oration in a laboured and pa- 
thetic style, which he offered to his friend to be 
pronounced as his defence in the presence of 
his judges. Socrates read it, but after he had 
praised the eloquence and the animation of the 
whole, he rejected it, as neither manly nor ex- 
pressive of fortitude, and comparing it to Sicyo- 
nian shoes, which though fitting, were proofs of 
effeminacy, he observed, that a philosopher 
ought to be conspicuous for magnanimity and 
for firmness of soul. In his apology he spoke 
with great animation, and confessed that while 
others boasted that they were acquainted with 
every thing, he himself knew nothing. The 
whole discourse was full of simplicity and noble 
grandeur, the energetic language of offended in- 
nocence. He modestly said, that what he pos- 
sessed was applied for the service of the Athe- 
nians; it was his wish to make his fellow citi- 
zens happy, and it was a duty he performed by 
the special command of the gods, wlwse autho- 
rity, said he emphatically to his judges, 1 regard 
more than yours. Such language from a man 
who was accused of a capital crime, astonished 
and irritated the judges. Socrates was condemn- 
ed, but only by a majority of three voices; and 
when he was demanded, according to the spirit 
of the Athenian laws, to pass sentence on him- 
self, and to mention the death he preferred, the 
philosopher said, For my attempts to teach the 
Athenian youth justice and moderation, and to 
render the rest of my countrymen more happy, 
let me be maintained at the public expense the re- 
maining years of my life in the Prytaneum, an 
honour, Athenians, which J deserve more than 
the victors of the Olympic games. They make 
thei y countrymen more happy in appearance, but 
1 have made you so in reality. This exasperated 
the judges in the highest degree, and he was 
condemned to drink hemlock. Upon Ihis he ad- 
dressed the court, and more particularly the 
judges who had decided in his favour in a pa- 
thetic speech. He told them that to die was a 
pleasure, since he was going to hold converse 
with the greatest heroes of antiquity, he recom- 
mended to their paternal care his defenceless 
children, and as he returned to the prison, he 
exclaimed: I go to die, you to live; but which is 
the best the Divinity alone can know. The so- 
lemn celebration of the Delian festivals [Vid. 
Delia,] prevented his execution for thirty days, 
and during that time he was confined in the pri- 
son and loaded with irons. His friends, and i 
particularly his disciples, were his constant at- 
tendants; he discoursed with them upon different 
subjects with all his usual cheerfulness and se- 



SO 

renity. He reproved them for their sorrow, 'and 
when one of them was uncommonly grieved, be- 
cause he was to suffer though innocent, the phi- 
losopher replied, would you then have me die 
guilty? With this composure he spent his last 
days; he continued to be a preceptor till the 
moment of his death, and instructed his pupils 
on questions of the greatest importance; he told 
them his opinions in support of the immortality 
of the soul, and reprobated with acrimony the 
prevalent custom of suicide. He disregarded 
the intercession of his friends, and when it was 
in his power to make his escape out of prison, 
he refused it, and asked with his usual pleasant- 
ry, where he could escape death; where, says 
he to Crito, who had bribed the gaoler, and 
made bis escape certain, where shall I fly to 
avoid this irrevocable doom passed on all man- 
kind? When the hour to drink the poison was 
come, the executioner presented him the cup 
with tears in his eyes. Socrates received it with 
composure, and after he had made a libation to 
the gods, he drank it with an unaltered counte- 
nance, and a few moments after he expired. 
Such was the end of- a man whom the uninflu- 
enced answer of the oracle of Delphi had pro- 
nounced the wisest of mankind. Socrates died 
400 years before Christ, in the 70th year of his 
age. He was no sooner buried than the Athe- 
nians repented of their cruelty, his accusers 
were universally despised and shunned, one suf- 
fered death, some were banished, and others, 
with their own hands, put an end to the life, 
which their severity to the best of the Athenians 
had rendered insupportable. The actions, say- 
ings, and opinions of Socrates have been faith- 
fully recorded by two of the most celebrated of 
his pupils, Xenopbon and Plato, and every thing 
which relates to the life and circumstances of 
this great philosopher is now minutely known. 
To his poverty, his innocence, and his example, 
the Greeks were particularly indebted for their 
greatness and splendour; and the learning whicli 
was universally disseminated by his pupils, gave 
the whole nation a consciousness of their supe- 
riority over the rest of the world, not only in the 
polite arts, but in the more laborious exercises, 
ivhich their writings celebrated. The philoso- 
phy of Socrates forms an interesting epoch in 
the history of the human mind. The son of So- 
phroniscus derided the more abstruse inquiries 
and metaphysical researches of his predecessors, 
and by first introducing moral philosophy, he in- 
duced mankind to consider themselves, their 
passions, their opinions, their duties, actions, 
and faculties. From this it was said, that the 
founder of the Socratic school drew philosophy 
down from heaven upon the earth. In his at- 
tendance upon religious worship, Socrates was 
himself an example, he believed the divine ori- 
gin of dreams and omens, and publicly declared 
that he was accompanied by a 'daemon or invisi- 
ble conductor [Vid. Dsemen] whose frequent in- 
terposition stopped him from the commission of 
evil, and theguilt of misconduct. This familiar 
spirit, however, according to some, was nothing 
more than a sound judgment assisted by pru- 
dence and long experience, which warned him 
at the approach of danger, and from a genera! 



SOS 



so 



speculation of mankind could foresee what suc- 
cess would attend an enterprise, or what cala- 
mities would follow an ill-managed aunjimstra- 
tion. As a supporter of the immortality of the 
soul, he allowed the perfection of a supreme 
knowledge, from which he deduced the govern- 
ment of the universe. From the resources of 
experience as well as nature and observation, 
he perceived the indiscriminate dispensation of 
good and evil to mankiod by the hand of heaven, 
and he was convinced that nothing but the most 
inconsiderate would incur the displeasure of 
their creator to avoid poverty or sickness, or 
gratify a sensual appetite, which must at the end 
harass their soul with remorse and the consci- 
ousness of guilt. From this natural view of 
things, he peiceived the relation of one nation 
with another, and how much the tranquillity of 
civil society depended upon the proper discharge 
of these respective duties The actions of men 
furnished materials also for his discourse; to in- 
struct them was his aim, and to render them 
happy was the ultimate object of his daily les- 
sons. From principles like these, which were 
enforced by the unparalleled example of an af- 
fectionate husband, a tender parent, a warlike 
soldier, and a patriotic citizen in Socrates, soon 
after the celebrated sects of the Platonists, the 
Peripatetics, the Academies, Cyreuaics. Stoics, 
&c. arose. Socrates ue\er wrote for the public 
eye, yet many support that the tragedies of his 
pupil Euripides were partly composed by him. 
He was naturally of a licentious disposition, and 
a physiognomist observed, in looking iu the face 
of the philosopher, that his heart was the most 
depraved, immodest, and corrupted that ever 
was in the human breast. This nearly cost the 
satirist his life, but Socrates upbraided bis dis- 
ciples, who wished to punish the physiognomist, 
and declared that his assertions were true, but 
that all his vicious propensities had been duly 
corrected and curbed by means of reason So 
crates made a poetical version of iEsop's fables, 
while in prison. Laert — Zenoph. — Plato. — 
Pans, 1, c. 22. — Pint, de op. Phil. &c. — Cic. 
de Oral. 1, c 54.— Tusc. 1, c. 41, &c— Val. 

Mix. 3, c. 4 A leader of the Achceans. at 

the battle of Cuuaxa. He was seized and put 

to death by order of Artaxerxes. A governor 

of Cilicia under Alexander the Great A 

painter A Rhodian in the age of Augustus. 

He wrote an account of the civil wars. A 

scholiast born A. D. 380, at Constantinople- 
He wrote an ecclesiastical history from the year 
309, where Eusebius ended, down to 440, with 
great exactness and judgment, of which the best 
edition is that of Reading, fol. Cantab. 1120. 

An island on the coast of Arabia. 

So3mias, (Julia) mother of the emperor He- 
liogabalus, was made president of a senate of 
women, which she had elected to decide the 
quarrels and the affairs of the Roman matrons. 
She at last provoked the people by her de- 
baucheries, extravagance, and cruelties, and 
was murdered with her son and family. She 
was a native of Apamea; her father's name was 
Julius A vitus, and her mother's Masa. Her 
sister Julia Mammsea married the emperor Sep- 
fimius Severus. 



Sogdiana, a country of Asia, bounded on the 
north by Scythia, east by the SaiEe, south by 
Bactriana, and west by Margiana, anu now 
known by the name of Zugatay, or Usbec. The 
peop'e are called Sogdiani. The capital was 
called Marcanda. Hervdot 3, c 93. 7— Curt. 7, 
c. 10. 

Sogdianus, a son of Artaxerxes Longimanus, 
who murdered his elder brother, king Xerxes, 
to make himself master of the Persian throne. 
He was but seven months in possession of the 
crown. His brother Ochus, who reigned under 
the name ol Darius Nothus, conspired against 
him, an-1 suffocated him in a tower full of warm 
ashes, 

Sol, (the sun) was an object of veneration 
among the ancients. It was particularly wor- 
shipped by the Persians, under the name of Mi- 
thras; and was the Baal or Bel of the Chal- 
deans, the Beiphtgor of the Moabites, the Mo- 
loch of the Canaanites, the Osiris of the Egyp- 
tians, and the Adonis of the Syrians. The Mas- 
sagetae sacrificed horse- to the sun on account of 
their swiftness. According to some of the an- 
cient poets, Sol and Apollo were two different 
persons Apollo, however, and Phoebus and 
Sol, are universally supposed to be the same 
deity. 

Solicinium, a town of Germany, now Suftz, 
on the Neckar. 

Solinds. (C. Julius) a grammarian at the 
end of the first century, who wrote a book called 
Poluhistor, which is a collection of historical re- 
marks and geographical annotations on the most 
celebrated places of" every country. He has 
lieen called Pliny's ape, because he imita'ed 
that well known naturalist. The last edition of 
the Polyhistor is that of Norimb. ex editione 
Salmosii. 1777. 

Solis Fons, a celebrated fountain in Libya. 
[Vid Ammon ] 

Soloe or Soli, a town of Cyprus, built on 
the borders of the Clarius by an Athenian co- 
lony. It was originally called JEpeia, til! So- 
lon visited Cyprus, and advised Philocyprus, 
one of the princes of the island, to change the 
situation of his capital. His advice was follow- 
ed, and a new town was raised in a beautiful 
plain, and called after the name of the Athe- 
nian philosopher. Strub. 14. — Plut. in Sol. 

A town of Cilicia on the sea coast, built 

by the Greeks and Rhodians. It was after- 
wards called Pompeiopolis, from Pompey, who 
settled a colony of pirates there. Plin. 5, c. 
27. — Dioitys Some suppose that the Greeks, 
who settled in either of these two towns, forgot 
the purity of their native language, and thence 
arose the term Solccismus, applied to an inele- 
gant or improper expression. 

Solosis or Soi.OENTiA, a promontory of Li- 
bya at the extremity of mount Atlas, now cape 

Cantin. A town of Sicily, between Pauor- 

mus and Himera, now Solanto. Cic. Ver. 3, 
c. 43. — Thucxjd. 6. 

Solon, one of the seven wise men of Greece, 
was born at Salamis and educated at Athens. 
His father's name was Euphorion, or Exeche- 
stides, one of the descendants of king Codrus, 
and by his mother's side he reckoned among m> 

4 R 



so 



so 



relations the celebrated Pisistralus. After he 
had devoted part of his time to philosophical 
and political studies, Solon travelled over the 
greatest part of Greece: but at his return home 
he was distressed with the dissentions which 
were kindled among his countrymen. All fixed 
their eyes upon Solon as a deliverer, ami he 
was unanimously elected archon and sovereign 
legislator. He might have become absolute, 
but he refused the dangerous office of kiug of 
Athens, and in the capacity of lawgiver he be- 
gan to make a reform in every department. 
The complaints of the poorer citizens found re- 
dress, all debts were remitted, and no one was 
permitted to sieze the person of his debtor if 
unable to make a restoration of bis money Af- 
ter he had made the most salutary regulations 
in the state, and bound the Athenians by a so- 
lemn oath, that they would faithfully observe 
his laws for the space of 100 years, Solon re- 
signed the office of legislator, and removed him- 
self from Athens. He visited Egypt, and in the 
court of Croesus king of Lydia, he convinced 
the monarch of the instability of fortune, and 
told him, when he wished to know whether he 
was not the happiest of mortals, that Tellus, 
an Athenian, who had always seen his country 
in a flourishing state, who had seen his chil- 
dren lead a virtuous life, and who had himself 
fallen in defence of his country, was more -en- 
titled to happiness than the possessor of riches, 
and the master of empires. After ten years 
absence Solon returned to Athens, but he had 
the mortification to find the greatest part of his 
regulations disregarded by the factious spirit of 
his countrymen, and the usurpation Of Pisistra- 
tus. Not to be longer a spectator of the divi- 
sions that reigned in his country, he retired to 
Cyprus, where he died at tbe court of king Phi- 
locyprus, in the 80th year of his age, 558 years 
before tbe Christian era. The salutary conse- 
quences of the laws of Solon can be discovered 
in the length of time they were in force in the 
republic of Athens. For above 400 years they 
flourished in full vigour, and Cicero, who was 
himself a witness of their benign influence, 
passes the highest encomiums upon the legisla- 
tor, whose superior wisdom framed such a code 
of regulations. It was the intention of Solon to 
protect the poorest citizens, and by dividing the 
whole body of the Athenians into four classes, 
three of which were permitted to discharge the 
most important offices and magistracies of the 
state, and at last to give their opinion in the as- 
semblies, but not have a share in the distinc- 
tions and honours of their superiors, the legisla- 
tor gave the populace a privilege which, though 
at first small and inconsiderable, soon rendered 
them masters of the republic, and of all the af- 
fairs of government. He made a reformation 
in the Areopagus, he increased the authority of 
the members, and permitted them yearly to in- 
quire how every citizen maintained himself, 
and to punish such as lived in idleness, and were 
not employed in some honourable and lucrative 
profession. He also regulated the Prytaneum, 
and fixed the number of its judges to 400. The 
sanguinary laws of Draco were all cancelled, 
except that against murder, and the punish- 



ment denounced against every offender was 
proportioned to his crime; but Solon made n» 
law against parricide or sacrilege. The former 
of these crimes, he said, was too horrible to hu- 
man nature for a man to be guilty of it, and the 
latter could never be committed, because the 
history of Athens had never furnished a single 
instance. Such as had died in the service of 
their country, were buried with great pomp, 
and their family was maintained at the public 
expense; but such as had squandered away 
their estates, such as refused to bear arms in 
defence of their country, or paid no attention 
ro the infirmities and distress of their parents, 
were branded with infamy. The laws of mar- 
riage were newly regulated, it became an 
union of affection and tenderness, and no longer 
a mercenary contract. To speak with ill Ian- 
gunge against the dead as well as the lining, 
was made a crime, and the legislator wished 
that the character of his fellow citizens should 
be freed from the aspersions of malevolence 
and envy. A person that had no children was 
permitted to dispose of his estates as hepieased 5 
and the females were not allowed to be extra- 
vagant in their dress or expenses To be guilty 
of adultery was a capita! crime, and the friend 
and the associate of lewdness and debauchery 
was never permitted to speak in public, for, as 
the philosopher observed, a man who has no 
shame, is not capable of being entrusted with 
the people. These celebrated laws were en- 
graved on several tables, and that they might 
be better known and more familiar to the 
Athenians, they were written in verse. The in- 
dignation which Solon expressed on seeing the 
tragical representations of Thespis, is well 
known, and he sternly observed, that if false- 
hood and fiction were tolerated on the st^ge, 
they would soon find their way among tbe com- 
mon occupations of men.- According to Plu- 
tarch, Solon was reconciled to Pisislratus, but 
this seems to be false, as the legislator refused 
to live in a country where the privileges of his 
fellow citizens weie trampled upon by the 
usurpation of a tyrant. [Vid. Lycurgus.] PluL 
in Sol. — Herodot. 1, c. 29. — Diog. 1. — Paws. 
1, c 40 —Cic. 

Solona, a town of Gaul Cispadana on the 
Utens. 

Solonium, a town of Latium on the borders 
of Etruria. Plut. in .Mar. — Cic. de Div. 1. 

Solva, a town of Noricum. 

Solus, (untis) a maritime town of Sicily. 
[Fid. Soioeis] Strab. 14. 

Solyma, and SolyMjE, a town of Lycia. 
The inhabitants, called Solymi, were anciently 
called Milyades, and afterwards Termili and 
Lycians. Sarpedon settled among them. Strab. 

14. Homer. It. 6 —Plin. 5, c. 27 and 29. 

■An ancient name of Jerusalem. [Vid. Hie- 



rosolyma. j Juv. 6, v. 543 

Somnus, son of Erebus and Nox, was one of 
the infernal deities, and presided over sleep. 
His palace, according to some mythologists, is 
a dark cave, where the sun never penetrates. 
At the entrance are a number of poppies and 
somniferous herbs. The god himself is repre- 
sented as asleep on a bed of feathers with black 



so 



so 



eurtains. The dreams stand by him, and Mor- 
pheus as his principal minister watches to pre- 
vent the noise fiorii awaking him. The Lace- 
daemonians always placed the image of Somnus 
near that of death. Hesiod. Theog. — Hoaxer. 
Il \4.— Virg. Mn. 6, v. 893.— Ovid. Met. 11. 

Sonchis, an Egyptian priest in the age of So- 
lon, ft was he who told thai celebrated phi- 
losopher a number of traditions, particularly 
about the Atlantic isles, which he represented as 
more extensive than the continent of Africa and 
A=ia united. This island disappeared, as it is 
said, in one day and one night. Plut. in Isid. 
&c. 

Sontiates, a people in Gaul. 

Sopater, a philosopher of Apamea, in the age 
of the emperor Constantine. He was one of 
the disciples of lamblicus, and after his death 
he was at the head of the Platonic philosophers. 

Sophax, a son of Hercules and Tinga, the 
widow of Antaeus, who founded the kingdom of 
Tingis, in Mauritania, and from whom were de- 
scended Diodorus, and Juba king of Mauritania. 
Strab. 3. 

Sophene, a country of Armenia, on the bor- 
ders of Mesopotamia. Lucan. 2, v. 593. 

Sophocles, a celebrated tragic poet of 
Atheus, educated in the school of iEschylus: 
He distinguished himself not only as a poet, but 
also as a statesman. He commanded the Athen- 
ian armies, and in several battles he shared the 
supreme command with Pericles, and exercised 
the office of ai chon with credit and honour. The 
first appearance of Sophocles as a poet reflects 
great honour on his abilities. The Athenians 
had taken the island of Scyros and to celebrate 
that memorable event, a yearly contest for tra- 
gedy was instituted. Sophocles on this occa- 
sion obtained the prize over many competitors, 
in the number of whom was iEschylus, his friend 
and bis master. This success contributed to en- 
eourage the poet, he wrote for the stage with ap- 
plause, and obtained the poetical prize 20 dif- 
ferent times. Sophocles was the rival of Eu- 
ripides for public praise, they divided the ap- 
plause of the populace, and while the former 
'surpassed in the sublime and majestic, the other 
was not inferior in the tender and pathetic. The 
Athenians were pleased with their contention, 
and as the theatre was at that time an object of 
importance and magnitude, and deemed an es- 
sential and most magnificent part of the religious 
worship, each had his admirers and adherents; 
but the two poets, captivated at last by popular 
applause, gave way to jealousy and rivalship. 
Of 120 tragedies which Sophocles composed, 
only seven are extant; Ajax, Electra,(Edipus the 
tyrant, Antigone, the Trachiniae, Philoctetes, and 
CEdipus at Colonos. The ingratitnde of the chil- 
dren of Sophocles is well known They wished to 
become immediate masters of their father's pos- 
sessions, and therefore tired of his long life, they 
accused him before the Areopagus of insanity. 
The only defence the poet made was to read his 
tragedy of (Edipus at Colonos, which he had late- 
ly finished, and then he asked his judges whether 
the author of such a performance could be taxed 
with insanity? The father upon this was ac- 
quitted, and the children returned home cover- 



ed with shame and confusion. Sophocles died 
in the 91st year of his age, 406 years before 
Christ, through excess of joy, as some authors 
report, of having obtained a poetical prize at the 
Olympic games. Athenaeus has accuse^ Sopho- 
cles of licentiousness aud debauchery , particularly 
when he commanded the armies of Athens. The 
best editions of Sophocles are those of Capperoni- 
er, 2 vols 4to. Paris, 1780; of Glasgow, 2 vols. 
12mo. 1745; of Geneva, 4to. 1603; and that by 
Brunck, 4 vols 8vo. 1786. Cic. in Cat de Div. 
1, c. 25. — Plut in Cim. &c. — Quintil. 1, c. 
10. 1, 10 c 1.— VaL Max. 8, c. 7, 1. 9, c. 
12.— Plin 7, c 53.— Mien. 10, &c. 

Sophonisba, a daughter of Asdrubal the Car- 
thaginian, celebrated for her beautv. She mar- 
ried Scyphax, a prince of Numidia, and when 
her husband was conquered by the Romans and 
Masinissa, she fell a captive into the hands of 
the enemy. Masinissa became enamoured of 
her, and married her. This behaviour displeas- 
ed the Romans: and Scipio, who at that time 
had the command of the armies of the republic 
in Africa, rebuked the monarch severely, and 
desired him to part with Sophonisba. This was 
an arduous task for Masinissa; yet he dreaded 
the Romans. He entered Sophonisba's tent with 
tears in his eyes, and told her that as he could 
not deliver her from captivity and the jealousy 
of the Romans, he recommended her as the 
strongest pledge of his love and affection for her 
person, to die like the daughter of Asdrubal. 
Sophonisba obeyed, and drank with unusual 
composure and serenity, the cup of poison which 
Masinissa sent to her, about 203 years before 
Christ. Liv. 30, c. 12, &c. — Sallust. de Jug. — 
Justin. 

Sophron, a comic poet of Syracuse, son of 
Agathocles and Damasyllis. His compositions 
were so universally esteemed, that Plato is said 
to have read them with rqpture. Val. Max. 8, 
c. 1.— Quintil. 1, c 10. 

Sophroniscus, the father of Socrates. 

Sophronia, a Roman lady whom Maxentius 
took by force from her husband's house and 
married. Sophronia killed herself when she 
saw her affections were abused by the tyrant. 

SorHROsyNE, a daughter of Dionysius, by 
Dion's sister. 

Sopolis, the father of Hermolaus. Curt. 8, 

c. 7. A painter in Ciceto's age. Cic. Jilt. 

4, ep. 16. 

Sora, a town of the Volsci, of which the in- 
habitants were called Sorani. Ital. 8, v. 395. 
— Cic "pro PI. 

Soractes and Soracte. a mountain of Etru- 
ria, near the Tiber, seen from Rome, at the 
distance of 26 miles. It was sacred to Apollo, 
who is from thence surnamed Soractis; and it 
is said that the priests of the god could walk 
over burning coals without hurting themselves. 
There was, as some report, a fountain on mount 
Soracte, whose waters boiled at sun-rise, and 
instantly killed all such birds as drank of them. 
Strab. 5.— Plin. 2, c. 93, I. 7, c. 2.—Horat. 
1, Od. 9 —Virg JEn 11, v. 785 Ital. 5. 

Soranus, a man put to death by Nero. [Vid. 

Valerius.] The father of Atilia, the first 

wife of Cato. 



so 



SP 



Sorex, a favourite of Sylla, and the com- 
panion of hss debaucheries. Plut. 

Sorge, a daughter of (Eneus king of Caly- 
don, by iEthea, daughter of Thestius. She 
married Andremon, and was mother of Oxilus. 
Apollod 1 and 2. 

Soritia, a town of Spain. 

Sosi* Galla, a woman at the court of Ti- 
berius, banished, &c. Tacit Jinn. 4, c. 19 

Sosibius, a grammarian of Lacoma, B. C. 
255. He was a great favourite of Ptolemy 
Philopator, and advised him to murder his 
brother, and the queen his wife, called Arsi- 
noe. He lived to a great age, and was on that 
account called Polychronos. He was after- 
wards permitted to retire from the court, and 
spend the rest of his days in peace and tran- 
quillity, after he had disgraced the name of 
minister by the most abominable crimes, and 
the murder of many of the royal family. His 
son of the same name, was preceptor to king 

Ptokmy Epiphanes The preceptor of Bri- 

tannicus, the son of Claudius. Tacit. A. 11, 
c. i. 

Sosicles, a Greek, who behaved with great 
valour when Xerxes invaded Greece. 

Sosicratf.*, a noble senator among the Achae- 
ans, put to death because he wished his country 
men to 'Make peace with the Romans. 

Sosjgenes, an Egyptian mathematician, who 
assisted J. Caesar in regulating the Roman cal- 
endar. Suet. — Diod. — Plin. 18, c. 25. A 

commander of the fleet of Eumenes. Polycen. 
4- A friend of Demetrius Poliorcetes. 

Sosii, celebrated booksellers at Rome, in the 
age of Horace, 1, ep 20, v 2. 

Sosilus, a Lacedaemonian in the age of An- 
nibal. He lived in great intimacy with the 
Carthaginian, taught him Greek, and wrote the 
history of his life. C Nep. in Annib. 

Sosjpater, a grammarian in the reign of 
Honorius. He published five books of observa- 
tions on grammar. A Syracusan magistrate 



-A general of Philip king of Macedonia. 



Sosis, a seditious Syracusan, who raised tu- 
mults ag>inst Dion, When accused before the 
people, he saved himself by flig< t, and thus es- 
caped a capital punishment. 

Sosistratus, a tyrant of Syracuse, in the age 
of Agathocles He invited Pyrrhus into Sicily, 
and afterwards revolted from him. He was at 

last removed by Hermocrates. Polyoma. 1. 

Another tyrant. Id. 

Sosius, a consul who followed the interest of 

Mark Antony A governor of Syria. A 

Roman of consular dignity, to whom Plutarch 
dedicated his lives. 

Sospita, a surname of Juno in Latium. Her 
most famous temple was at Lanuvium. She 
had also two at Rome, and her statue was co- 
vered with a goat-skin, with a buckle, &c Liv. 
3, 6. 8, &c Feslus. de V sig. 

Sosthenes, a general of Macedonia, who 
flourished B C. 281. He defeated the Gauls 
under Brennus, and was killed in the battle. 

Justin. 24, c. 5. A native of Cnidos, who 

wrote an history of Iberia. Plut. 

Sostratus, a friend of Hermolaus, put to 
death for conspiring against Alexander. Curt. 



8, c. 6. A grammarian in the age of Au- 
gustus. He was Strabo's preceptor. Strab. 14. 

A statuary An architect of Cnidos, 

B. C. 284, who built the white tower of Pharos, 
in the bay of Alexandria He inscribed his 
name upon it. [Vid. Pharos.] Strab. IT. — 
Plin. 30, c. 12. — — A priest of Venus at Pa- 
phos, among the favourites of Vespasian. Tacit. 

Hist. 2, c. 7. A favourite of Hercules. 

A Greek historian who wrote an account of 

Etrun'a. A poet, who wrote a poem on the 

expedition of Xerxes into Greece. Juv 10, v. 
178. 

Sotades, an athlete. A Greek poet of 

Thrace. He wrote verses against ^hiladelphus 
Ptolemy, for which he was thrown into the sea 
in a cage of lead. He was called Cincedus, 
not only because he was addicted to the abomi- 
nable crime which the surname indicates but 
because he wrote a poem in commendation of 
it. Some suppose that instead of the word 
Socraticos in the 2d satire, verse the 10th of 
Juvenal, the word Soladicos should be inserted, 
as the poet Sotades, and not the philosopher 
Socrates, deserved the appellation of Cinaedus. 
Obscene verses were generally called Sotadea 
carmina from him. They could be turned and 
read different ways without losing their measure 
or sense, such as the following, which can be 
read backwards: 

Roma libi sub do motihus ibit amor. 

Si bene te tua laus taxat, sua laute tenebis. 

Sole medere pede, ede, perede meios. 
QuiittiL 1, c 8, I. 9, c. 4. — Plin. 5, ep. 3. — 
Anson ep. 17, v. 29. 

Soter, a surname of the first Ptolemy. 

It was also common to other monarchs. 

Soteria, days appointed for thanksgivings 
and the offerings of sacrifices for deliverance 
from danger. One of these was observed at 
Sicyon, to commemorate' the deliverance of 
that city from the hands of the Macedonians, 
by Aratus. 

Sotericus, a poet and historian in the age 
of Dioclesian. He wrote a panegyric on that 
emperor, as also a life of Apollonius Thyanaeus. 
His works, greatly esteemed, are now lost, ex- 
cept some few fragments preserved by the scho- 
liast of Lycophron. 

Sothis, an Egyptian name of the constella- 
tion called Sirius, which received divine honours 
in that country. 

Sotiates, a people of Gaul, conquered by 
Caesar. Cos. Bell G. 3, c 20 and 21. 

Sotion, a grammarian of Alexandria, pre- 
ceptor to Seneca, B. C. 204. Senec. ep. 49 
and 58 

Sonus, a philosopher in the reign of Tibe- 
rius. 

Sous, a king of Sparta, who made himself 
known by his valour, &c. 

Sozomen, an ecclesiastical historian who 
died 450 A. D. His history extends from the 
year 324 to 439, and is dedicated to Theodo- 
sius the younger, being written in a style of in- 
elegance and mediocrity The best edition is 
that of Reading, fol. Cantab. 1720. 

Spaco, the nurse of Cyrus. Justin. 1, c. 4 
— Herodot. 



SP 



SP 



Sparta, a celebrated city of Peloponnesus, 
the capital of Lacouia, situate on the Eurotas, 
at the distance of about 30 miles from its mouth 
It received its name from Sparta, the daughter 
of Eurotas, who married Lacedaemon. It was 
also called Lacedaemon. [Vid. Lacedaemon.] 

Spartacus, a king of t'outus. Another, 

king of Bospliorus, wno died B. C 433. His 
sou and successor of the same name died B. C. 

407. Another, who died 284 B. C. A 

Thracian shepherd, celebrated for his abilities 
and the victories he obtained over the Romans. 
Being one of the gladiators who were kept at 
Cnpua in the bouse of Lentulus, be, escaped 
from the piace of his confinement with 30 of 
bis companions, and took up arms against the 
Romans. He soon found himself with 10,000 
men equally resolute with himself, and though 
at first obliged to hide himself in the woods and 
solitary retreats of Campania, he soon laic* 
waste the country; and when his followers were 
inert ased by additional numbers, and better 
disciplined, and more completely armed, he 
attacked the Roman generals in the field of 
battle. Two consuls and other officers were 
defeated with much loss; and Spartacus, supe- 
rior in counsel and abilities, appeared more 
terrible, though often deserted by his fickle at- 
tendants. Crassus was sent against him, but 
this celebrated general at first despaired of suc- 
cess A uloody battle was fought, in which, at 
last, the gladiators were defeated. Spartacus 
behaved with great valour; when wounded in 
the ieg, he fought on his knees, covering him- 
self with his buckler in one band, and using his 
sword with the other; and when at last he fell, 
he fell upon a heap of Romans, whom he nad 
sacrificed to his fury. B. C. 71. In this battle 
no less than 40,000 of the rebels were slain, 
and the war totally finished. Flor. 3, c. 20. — 
Liv 95. — Eulrop 6, c 2. — Plut. in Crass. — 
Pate-c. 2, c. 30 — rfppian. 

Sparta, or Sparti, a name given to those 
men who sprang from the dragon's teeth which 
Cadmus sowed. They all destroyed one another 
except five, who survived, and assisted Cadmus 
in building Thebes. 

Sparta.ni. or Spartiatje, the inhabitants of 
Sparta. [Vid Sparta, Lacedaemon ] 

Spartianus ^Elius, a Latin historian, who 
wrote the lives of all the Human emperors, 
from J. Caesar to Dioclesian. He dedicated 
them to Dioclesian, to whom, according to some 
he was related. Of these compositions, only 
the life of Adrian, Verus, Didius Julianus, Sep- 
timus Severus, Caracalla, and Geta, are extant, 
published among the Scriptores Historiae Au- 
gustas. Spartianus is not esteemed as an his- 
torian or biographer. 

Spechia, an ancient name of the island of 
Cyprus. 

Spendius, a Campanian deserter, who re- 
belled against the Romans, and raised tumults, 
and made war against Amilcar the Carthaginian 
general. 

Spendon, a poet of Lacedaemon. 

Sperchia, a town of Thessaly on the banks 
of the Spenhius. Ptol 

Sperchius, a river of Thessaly, rising on 



mount (Eta, and falling into the sea in the bay 
of MaWa, near Anticyra. The name is sup- 
posed to be derived from its rapidity (<r7ri£%ziv t 
festinare) Peleus vowed, to the god of this 
river, the hair of his son Achilles, if ever he 
returned safe from the Trojan war. 'Herodot. 
7, c. 198.— Strab. 9.— Homer. II. 23, v. 144 — 
Jlpollod. 3 c. 13. — Mela, 2, c. 3. — Ovid. Met 
1, v., 557, 1. 2, v. 250, 1. 7, v. 230. 

Spermatophagi, a people who lived in the 
extremest parts of Egypt. They fed upon the 
fruits that fell from tne trees. 

Speusippus, an Athenian philosopher, ne« 
phew, as also successor of l J lato. His father's 
name was Eurymedon, and his mother's Potone. 
He presided in Plato's school for eight years, 
and disgraced himself by his extravagance and 
debauchery. Plato attempted to check him, 
but to no purpose. He died of the lousy sick- 
ness, or killed himself -according to some ac- 
counts, B. C. 339. Plut. in Ly>. — Diog. 4. — 
Val. Max 4, c. 1. 

Sphacterije, three small islands opposite 
Pylos, on the coast of Messenia. They are 
also called SphagicE. 

Spherus, an arm bearer of Pelops, son of 
Tantalus He was buried in a small island 
near the isthmus of Corinth, which from bim 

was called Spheria'. Pnu*. 5, c. 10. A 

Greek philosopher, disciple to Zeno of Cyprus, 
243 B C- He came to Sparta in the age. of 
\gis and Cleomenes, aod opened a school there. 
Plut. in .fig. — Diog. 

Sphinx, a monster which had the bead and 
breasts of a woman, the body of a dog, the tail 
of a serpent, the wings of a bird, the paws of a 
lion, and an human voice. It sprang from the 
union of Orthos with the Chimaera, or of Ty- 
phon with Echidna. The Sphinx bad been sent 
into the neighbourhood of Thebes by Juno, who 
wished to punish the famiiy of Cadmus, which 
she persecuted with immortal hatred, and it laid 
this part of Boeotia under continual alarms by 
proposing enigmas, and devouring the inhabit- 
ants if unable to explain thetn. In the midst 
of their consternation the Thebans were told 
by the oracle, that the Sphinx would destroy 
herself as soon as one of the enigmas she pro- 
posed was explained. In this enigma she wished 
to know what animal walked on four legs in the 
morning, two at noon, and three in the evening. 
Upon this Creon king of Thebes promised his 
ciown, and his sister Jocasta in marriage, to 
him who could deliver his country from the mon- 
ster, by a successful explanation of the enigma. 
It was at last happily explained by (Edipus, who 
observed that man walked on his hands and feet 
when young or in the morning of life, at the 
noon of life he walked erect, and in the evening 
of his days he supported his infirmities upon a 
stick. [Vid. (Edipus.] The Sphinx no sooner 
heard this explanation than she dashed her head 
against a rock, and immediately expired. Some 
mythologists wish to unriddle the fabulous tra- 
ditions about the Sphinx, by the supposition 
that one of the daughters of Cadmus, or Laius, 
infested the country of Thebes by her continual 
depredations, because she had been refused a 
part of her father's possessions. The lion's paw 



SP 



ST 



expressed, as they observed, her cruelty, the 
body of the dog her lasciviousness, her enigmas 
the snares she laid for strangers and travellers, 
and her wings the despatch she used in her ex- 
peditions Plut — Hesiod. Theog. v. 326. — 
Ilygin.fab- 68. — Jipollod. 3, c. 5 — Diod. 4. — 
Ovid, in lb. 378. — Strab. 9. — Sophocl- in (Edip. 
tyr. 

Sphodrias, a Spartan, who, at the instiga- 
tion of Cleombrotus, attempted to seize the 
Piraeus. Diod. 15 

Sphragidium. a retired cave on mount Ci- 
thaeron in Boeotia. The nymphs of the place, 
called SpliragUides, were early honoured with 
a sacrifice by the Athenians, by order of the 
oracle of Delphi, because they had lost few 
men at the battle of Plataea. Plin. 35, c. 6. 
— Paus. 9, c. 3. — Plut in Aiist 

Spicillus, a favourite of Nero. He refused 
to assassinate his master, for which he was put 
to death in a cruel manner. 

Spina, now Primaro, a town on the most 
southern mouth of the i'o. Plin 3, c. 16. 

Spintharus, a Corinthian architect, who 
built Apollo's temple at Delphi. Paus. 10, c. 

5. -A freed man of Cicero. Ad. Alt. 13. 

ep. 25. 

Spinther, a Roman consul. He was one 
ofPompey's friends and accompanied him at 
the battle of Pharsalia, where he betrayed his 
meanness by being too confident of victory, and 
contending for the possession of Caesar's offices 
and gardens before the action. Plut. 

Spio, one of the Nereides. Virg JEn. 5, 
v. 826. 

Spitamenes, one of the officers of king Da- 
rius, who conspired against the murderer Bes- 
sus, and delivered him to Alexander. Curt. 
7, c 5. 

Spithobates, a satrap of Ionia, son-in-law 
of Darius. He was killed at the battle of the 
Granicus Died. 17. 

Spithridates, a Persian killed by Clitus as 

he was going to strike Alexander dead. A 

Persian satrap in the age of Lysander. 

Spoletium, now Spoleto, a town of Umbria, 
which bravely withstood Annibal while he was 
in Italy. The people were called Spoletani. 
Water is conveyed to the town from a neigh- 
bouring fountain by an aqueduct of such a great 
height, that in one place the topis raised above 
the foundation 230 yards. An inscription over 
the gates still commemorates the defeat of An- 
nibal Mart. 13. ep. 120. 

Sporades, a number of islands in the M- 
gean sea They received their name a <r7rugu> 
spargo, because they are scattered in the sea, 
at some distance from Delos, and in the 
neighbourhood of Crete. Those islands that 
are contiguous to Delos, and that encircle it, 
are called Cyclades. Mela, 2, c. 7. — Strab 2. 

Spuriva, a mathematician and astrologer, 
who told J. Caesar to beware of the ides of 
March. As he went to the senate-house on the 
morning of the ides, Caesar said to Spurina, the 
ides are at lasl come. Yes, replied Spurina but 
not yet past, Caesar was murdered a few mo- 
ments after. Suet, in Cas. Bl.—Val Max. 1 
and 8. 



Spurius, a praenomen common to many of the 

Romans. One Of Cajsar's murderers- ■ 

Lartius, a Roman who defended the oridge over 

the Tiber against Porsenna's army. A friend 

ofOtho, Stc. 

L. Staberius, a friend of Pompey, set over 
Apol Ionia, which he was obliged to yield to 
Caesar, because the inhabitants favoured his 
cause. Caesar. B. G. An avaricious fel- 
low, who wished it to be known that he was un- 
commonly rich. Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 89. 

Stabile, a maritime town of Campania on 
the bay of Puteoli, destroyed by Sylla, and con- 
verted into a villa, whither Pliny endeavoured 
to escape from the eruption of Vesuvius, in 
which he perished. Plin. 3, c. 5, ep. 6, c. 
16. 

Stabultjm, a place in the Pyrenees, where a 
communication was open from Gaul into Spain. 

Stagira, a town on the borders of Macedo- 
nia, near the bay into which the Strymon dis- 
charges itself, at the south of Amphipolis; found- 
ed 665 years before Christ Aristotle was 
born there, from which circumstance he is call- 
ed Stagirites. Thucyd. 4.— Paus, 6, c. 4. — 
Laert. in Sol- JElian. V. H. 3, c. 46. 

Staius, an unprincipled wretch in Nero's 
age, who murdered all his relatious. Pers. 2, 
v. 19. 

Stalenus, a senator who sat as judge in the 
trial of Cluentius, &c. Cic. pro. Cluent. 

Staphylus, one of the Argonauts, son of 
Theseus, or according to others, of Bacchus and 
Ariadne. Jipollod, 1, c. 9. 

Stasander, an officer of Alexander, who 
had Aria at the general division of the provinces. 
Curt. 8, c 3. 

Staseas, a peripatetic philosopher, engaged 
to instruct young M. Piso in philosophy. Cic. 
in Orat. 1. c. 22. 

Stasicrates a statuary and architect in the 
wars of Alexander, who offered to make a sta- 
tue of mount Athos, which was rejected by the 
conqueror, &c. 

Stasileus, an Athenian killed at the battle 
of Marathon. He was one of the 10 praetors. 

Statielli, a people of Liguria, between the 
Taenarus and the Apennines. Liv 42, c. 7.— • 
Cic. 11. Jam. 11. 

Statilia, a woman who lived to a great age, 

as mentioned by Seneca, ep. 77. Another. 

[Vid MessaUna.] 

Statilius, a young Roman celebrated for 
his courage and constancy. He was an invet- 
erate enemy to Caesar, and when Cato murder- 
ed himself, he attempted to follow his example, 
but was prevented by his friends. The conspira- 
tors against Caesar wished him to be in the num- 
ber, but the answer which he gave displeased 
Brutus. He was at last killed by the army of the 

triumvirs. Plut. Lucius, one of the friends 

of Catiline. He joined in his conspiracy, and 

was put to death. Cic. Cat. 2. A young 

general in the war which the Latins undertook 
against the Romans. He was killed, with 

25,000 of his troops. A general who fought 

against Antony. Taurus, a pro-consul of 

Africa. He was accused of consulting ma- 



ST 



ST 



gicians, upon which he put himself to death 
Tacit. JL 12, c. 59. 

Stating, islands on the coast of Csyaipania, 
raised from the sea by an earthquake. tlin. 
2, c. 88. 

Statira, a daughter of Darius, who married 
Alexander. Tlje conqueror had formerly re- 
fuser, her, but when she had fallen into his hands 
at issus, the uuptials were celebrated with un- 
common spleudour. No less than 9000 persons 
attended, to each of whom Alex aider gave a 
golueu cup, to be offered to the gods. Statira had 
nochiluren by Alexander. She was cruelly put 
to death by Roxana, after the conqueror's death. 

Justin, 12 c. 12.- A sister of Darius, the 

la&t king of Persia She also became his wife, 
according to the manners of the Persians. She 
died after an abortion, in Alexander's camp, 
where she was detained as a prisoner. She 
was buried with great pomp by the conqueror 
Plut. in Jilex. — —A wife of Artaxerxes Mem- 
Bon, poisoned by her mother-in-law, queen Pa- 

rysatis. tiul.in Art. A sister of Mith 

ridates the Great. Plut. 

Statius, i^Caecilius,) a comic poet in the age 
of Enuius. He was a native of Gaul, and ori- 
ginally a slave. His latinity was bad, yet he 
acquired great reputation by his comedies. He 

died a little after Ennius. Cic. de ten- An- 

naeusa, physician, the friend of the philosopher 

Seneca. Tacit. A. 15, c. 64. P. Papinius, 

a poet born at Naples, in the reign of the em- 
peror Domitian. His father's name was Sta- 
tius of Epirus, and his mother's Agelina. Sta- 
tiua has made himself known by two epic poems, 
the Thebais in 12 books and the Achilieis in 
two books, which remained unfinished on account 
of his premature death. There are besides 
other pieces composed on several subjects, 
which are extant, and well known under the 
name of Sylvce, divided into four books. The 
two epic poems of Statins are dedicated to 
Domitian, whom the poet ranks among the 
gods They were universally admired in his 
age at Home, but the taste of the times was 
conuptett, though some of the moderns have 
called them inferior to no Latin compositions 
except Virgil's. The style of Statius is bom- 
bastic und affected; be often forgets the poet to 
become the declaimer and the historian. In 
his Sylvee, which were written generally extem- 
pore, are many beautiful expressions and strokes 
of genius. Statius, as some suppose, was poor, 
and he was obliged to maintain himself by 
writing for the stage. None of his dramatic 
pieces are extant. Martial has satirised him, 
and what Juvenal has written in bis praise, 
some have interpreted as an illiberal reflection 
upon him. Statius died about the lOOib year 
of die Christian era. Toe best editions of his 
works i.re that of Barthius, 2. vols 4to. Cyg 
1664. and that of ihe Variorum. 8vo L. But. 
167 1, and of the Thebais, separate, that of 

Warrington, 2 vols. l2mo. 1778 -Domiliu 

a tribune in tbe age of Nero, deprived of his 
office when Piso's conspiracy was discovered 

Tacit !nn. 15, c. 17. A general of the 

Saftmiu 5. mi officer of the pretonan guards, 

who conspired against Nero. 



Stator, a surname of Jupiter, given him by 
Romulus : because he stopped '^sto) the flight of 
the tiouians in a batUe against the Sabioes. 
The conqueror erected him a temple under that 
name. Liv. 1, c. 12. 

Stellatis, afield remarkable for its fertility, 
in Campania. Cic. Aug. 1, c. 70. — Suet. Cues. 
20. 

Sjellio, a youth turned into an elf by Ce- 
res, because he derided the goaoess, who drank 
with avidity when tired and afflicted in her vain 
pursuit of her daughter Proserpine. Ovid. Met. 
5, v. 445. 

Stena, a narrow passage on the mountains 
near Antigonia, in Chaonia Liv 32. c. 5. 
Stenobosa. Vid. Sthenoboea. 
Stenocrates, an Athenian, who conspired 
to murder the commanuer of the garrison which 
Demetrius had placed in the citadel, &c. 
Polyaai. 5. 

Stentor, one of the^Greeks who went to 
the Trojan war. His voice alone was louder 
than that of 50 men together. Homer. II. 5, 
v, 784.— Juv 13, v. 112. 

Stentoris lacus, a lake near Enos, in 
Thrace. Herodot. 7, c. 58. 

Stephanos, a musician of Media, upon 
whose body Alexander maue an experiment in 
burning a certain sort of bitumen called naph- 

the. Strab. 16. — Plut. in Jilex. A Greek 

writer of Byzantium, known for his dictionary, 
giving an account of tbe towns and places of 
the ancient world, of which the best edition is 
that of Gronovius, 2 vois. fol. L. Bat. 1694. 

Sterope, one of the Pleiades, daughters of 
Atlas. She married CEnomaus, king of Fisae, 

by whom she had Hippo.iamia. &c. A 

daughter of "Parthaon, supposed by some to be 

the mother of the Sirti.s. A daughter of 

Cepheus -A daugbur of Fleuron, of 

Acastus, of Dauaus, of Cebrion. 

Steropes, one of the Cyclops. Virg. JEn. 
8, v, 425. 

Stlrsichorus, a lyric Greek poet of Hi- 
inera, in Sicily. He was originally called 
TisiaSj and obtained the name of Stersichorus 
from the alterations he made in music and aan- 
cing. His compositions were written in the Do- 
rse dialect, and comprised in 26 books, all now 
lost except a few fragments. Some say he 
lost his eye-sight for writing invectives agaiust 
Helen, ami that he received it only upon making 
a recantation of what he had said He was 
tbe first inventor of that fable of the horse and 
the stag, which Horace and some other poets 
have imitated, and. this he wrote to prevent his 
countrymen from making an alliance with Phal- 
aris. According to seme, he was the first who 
wrote an epithalamium He flourished 556 B. 
C. and died at Catana, in the 85th year of his 
age hoc) at, in Hei — Aiistut, rhet. — Strab 3. 
— Lvcian. in Macr. — Cic. in I err. 3, c. 35/ 
— PlutdcMus. — Quinlil. 10. c. 1. — Paus. 3, 
c. 19, I. 10, c. 26. 

Stertinius, a stoic philosopher, ridiculed by 
Horace, 2 Sat. 3. He wrote in Latin verse 
220 hooks on the philosophy of the stoics. 

Stesagoras, a brother of Miltiades. Vi3 a 
Miltiadcs. 



ST 



ST 



Stesilea, a beautiful woman of Athens, &c. 
Stesileus, a beautiful youth of Cos, loved 
by Thernistocles and Aristides, and the cause 
of jealousy and dissention between these cele- 
brated men Plut. in Cim 

Stesimbrotus, an historian very inconsist- 
ent in his narrations. He wiote an account of 

Cimon's exploits. Plut. in Vim. \ son of 

Epaminondas put to death by his father, be- 
cause he had fought the enemy without his or- 
ders, &c. Plut A musician ofThasos 

Sthenele, a daughter of Acastus, wife of 

Menoetius. .ipollod. 3, c. 13. A daughter 

of Dauaus, by Memphis. Id. 2, c. 1. 

Sthemelus, a king of Mycenae, son of Per- 
seus and Andromeda. He married Nicippe the 
daughter of Pelops, by whom he had two daugh- 
ters, and a son called Eurystheus, who was born, 
by Juno's influence, two months before the na- 
tural time, that he might obtain a superiority 
over Hercules, as being older. Sthenelus made 
war against Amphitryon, who had killed Elec- 
tryon and seized his kingdom. He fought with 
success, and took his enemy prisoner, whom he 
transmitted to Eurystheus. Homer II. 19, v. 

91. — Apollod. 2, c. 4. -One of the sons of 

.SEgyptus by Tyria A son of Capaneus. He 

was one of the Epigoni, and of the suitors of He- 
len He went to the Trojan war, and was one 
of those who were shut up in the wooden horse, 

according to Virgil. Paus. 2, c. 18. Virg. 

JEn. 2 and 10. A son of Androgeus the son 

of Minos. Hercules made him king of Thrace. 
Jlpollod. 2. c. 5. A king of Argos, who suc- 
ceeded his father Crotopus. Paus..2, c. 16. — 
■ — A son of Actor, who accompanied Hercules 
in his expedition against the \mazons. He was 

killed by one of these females. A son of 

Melas, killed by Tydeus. Jipollod. 1, c. 8. 

Sthenis, a statuary of Olvnthus. An ora- 
tor of Himera, in Sicily, during the civil wars 
of Pompey. Plut. in Pomp. 

Stheno, one of the three Gorgons. 
Sthenobosa, a daughter of Jobates king of 
Lycia, who married Proetus, king of Argos. — 
She became enamoured of Bellerophon, who 
had taken refuge at her hiisband's court, after 
the murder of his brother, and when he refused 
to gratify her criminal passion, she accused him 
before Proetus of attempts upon ber virtue. Ac- 
cording to some she killed herself after his de- 
parture. Homer. II. 6, v. 162. — Hygin. fab. 

■57. Many mycologists call her Antaea. 

Stilbe, or Stilbia, a daughter of Peneus 
by Creusa, who became mother of Centaurus 
and Lapithus, by Apollo. Diod. 4. 

Stilbo, a name given to the planet Mercury 
by the ancients, for its shining appearance. Cic. 
4eJY D. 2, c. 20. 

Stilicho, a general of the emperor Theodo- 
«ius the Great. He behaved with much cour- 
age, but under the emperor Honorius be showed 
laimself turbulent and disaffected. As being of 
barbarian extraction, he wished to see the Ro- 
man provinces laid desolate by his countrymen, 
but in this he was disappointed. Honorius dis- 
covered his intrigues, and ordered him to be be- 
headed, about the year of Christ 408. His 
family were involved in his ruin. Claudian has 



been loud in his praises, and Zosimus Hist. 5, 
denies the truth of the charges laid against him. 
Stilpo, a celebrated philosopher of Megara, 
who flourished 336 years befoie Christ, and was 
greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Soter. He was 
naturally addicted to riot and debauchery, but 
he reformed his manners when he opened a 
school at Megara. He was universally respect- 
ed, his schooi was frequented, and Demetrius, 
when he plundered Megara. ordered the house 
of the philosopher to be left safe and unmolested. 
It is said that he intoxicated himself when ready 
to die, to alle\ iate the terrors of death. He was 
one of the chiefs of the Stoics. jPlut. in Dem. 
— Diog. 2. — Seneca de Const. 

Stimicon, a shepherd's name ia Virgil's 5th 
eclogue. 

Stiphilus, one of the Lapithae, killed in the 
house of irithous. Ovid. Met. 12 

Stob^us, a Greek writer who flourished A. 
D. 405. His work is valuable for the precious 
relics of ancient literature he has preserved. — 
The best edition is that of Aurel. Allob. fol. 
1609. 

Stobi, a town of Poeoniain Macedonia. Liv. 
33, c 19, I. 40, c. 21. 

Stoechades, five small islands in the Medi- 
terranean, on the coast of Gaul, now the Hieres, 
near Marseilles. They were called Ligustides 
by some, but Pliny speaks of them as only three 
in number. Stepli. Byzant. — Lucan 3, v. 516. 
—Strab. 4. 

Stoeni, a people living among the Alps. Liv. 
ep 62. 

Stoici, a celebrated sect of philosophers 
founded by Zeno of Citiuui. They received the 
name from the portico, coa, where the philoso- 
pher delivered his lectures. They preferred 
virtue to every thing else, and whatever was op- 
posite to it, they looked upon as the greatest of 
evils. They required, as well as the disciples 
of Epicurus, an absolute command over the pas- 
sions, and they supported thai man alone, in the 
present state of his existence, could attain per- 
fection and felicity. They encouraged suicide, 
and believed that the doctrine of future punish- 
ments and rewards was unnecessary to excite or 
intimidate their followers. Vid. Zeno 

Strabo, a name among the Romans, given 
to those whose eyes were naturally deformed or 
distorted. Pompey's father was distinguished 

by that name. A native of Amasia, on the 

borders of Cappadocia, who flourished in the age 
of Augustus and Tiberius. He first studied un- 
der Xenarchus, the peripatetic, and afterwards 
warmly embraced the tenets of the Stoics. Of 
all his compositions nothing remains but his geo- 
graphy, divided into 17 books, a work justly 
celebrated for its elegance, purity, the erudition 
and universal knowledge of the author. It con- 
tains an account, in Greek, of the most celebra- 
ted places of the world, the origin, the manners, 
religion, prejudices, and government of nations ; 
the foundation of cities, and the accurate history 
of each separate province. Strabo travelled 
over great part of the world in quest of informa* 
tion, and to examine with the most critical in- 
quiry, not only the situation of the places, hut 
also the manners of the inhabitants, whose his- 



ST 



ST 



tory he meant to write. In the two first books 
the author wishes to show the necessity of geo- 
graphy; in the 3a he gives a description of Spain; 
in the 4th of Gaul and the British isles. The 
5th and 6th contain an account of Italy and the 
neighbouring islands; the 7th, which is mutila- 
ted at the end, gives a full description of Ger- 
many, and the country of the Getae, Illyncum, 
Taurica Cbersonesus, and Epirus. The affairs 
of Greece and the adjacent islands are sepa- 
rately treated in the 8tb, 9th, and 10ih; and in 
the four next, Asia within mount Taurus; and 
in the 15th and 16th, Asia without Taurus, In- 
dia, Persia, Syria, and Arabia; the last book 
gives an account of Egypt, ^Ethiopia, Carthage, 
and other places of Africa. Among the books 
of Strabo which have been lost, were historical 
commentaries. This celebrated geographer died 
A. D. 25 The best editions of his geography 
are those of Cassaubon, fol. Pans, 1620; of 
Amst 2 vols. fol. 1707. A Sicilian, so clear- 
sighted that he could distinguish objects at the 
distance of 130 miles, with the same ease as if 
they had been near. 

Stratarchas, the grandfather of the geo- 
grapher Strabo. His father's name was Dory- 
laus. Strab. 10. 

Strato, or' Straton, a king of the island 
Aradus, received into alliance by Alexander. 

Curl. 4, c. 1- A king of Sidon, dependant 

upon Darius. Alexander deposed him, because 
he refused to surrender. Curt, ib- A phi- 
losopher of Lampsacus, disciple and successor 
in the school of Theophrastus, about 289 years 
before the Christian era He applied himself 
with uncommon industry to the study of nature, 
and was surnamed Phisicus, and after the most 
mature investigations, he supported that nature 
was inanimate, and that there was no God but 
aature. He was appointed preceptor to Ptole- 
my Philadelphus, who not only revered his abi- 
lities aDd learning, but also rewarded his la- 
bours with unbounded liberality. He wrote 
different treatises, all now lost. Diog. 5. — Cic- 

-Acad. 1, c. 9, I. 4, c. 38, &c. A physician. 

A peripatetic philosopher. A native of 

Epirus, very intimate with Brutus, the murderer 
of Caesar. He killed his friend at his own re- 
quest. -A rich Orchomenian who destroyed 

himself because he could not obtain in marriage 

a young woman of Haliartus. Plut A 

Greek historian, who wrote the life of some of 

the [Macedonian kings. An athlete of Achaia, 

twice crowned at the Olympic games. Paus- 
7, c 23. 

Stratocles, an Athenian general at the bat- 
tle of Cheronaea, &c. Polycen. A stage 

player in Domitian's reign. Juv. 3, v. 99. 

Straton. Vid Strato. 

Stratonice, a daughter of Thespius. Jlpol- 

lod. A daughter of Pleuron. Id. A 

daughter of Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia, 
who married Eumenes, king of Pergamus, and 

became mother of Attalus. Strab. 13. A 

daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who mar- 
ried Seleucus, king of Syria. Antiochus, her 
husband's son by a former wife, became ena- 
moured of her, and married her with his fa- 
ther's consent, when the physicians had told him 



that if he did not comply his son's health would 
be impaired. Plut. in Dem. — Val Mux. 5, c. 

7 A concubine of Mithrioates, Ling o( Pon- 

tus. Plut. in Pomp. The wife of Antigo- 

nus, mother of Demetrius Poliorcetes A 

town of Caria, made a Macedonian colony. 

Strab. 14. — Liv. 33, c 18 and 33 Another 

in Mesopotamia. And a third near mount 

Taurus. 

Stratonicus, an opulent person in the reign 
of Philip, and of bis son Alexander, whose riches 

became proverbial. Plut. A musician of 

Athens in the age of Demosthenes Athen. 6, 
c. 6, 1. 8, c. 12. 

Stratonis turris, a city of Judea, after- 
wards called Caesarea by Herod in honour of 
Augustus. 

Stratos, a city of iEolia. Liv- 36, c. 11, 
I. 38, c 4. Of Acarnauia. 

Strenua, a goddess at Rome who gave vig- 
our and energy to the weak and indolent. Aug. 
de Civ D 4," c. 11 and 16. 

Strongyle, now Strombolo, one of the isl- 
ands called iEolides in the Tyrrhene sea. near 
the coast of Sicily. It has a volcano, 10 miles 
in circumference, which throws up flames con- 
tinually, and of which the crater is on the side 
of the mountain. Mela, 2, c. 7. — Strab. 6. — 
Paus. 10, c. 11. 

Strophades, two islands in the Ionian sea, 
on the western coast of the Peloponnesus. They 
were anciently called Ptotce. and received the 
name of Strophades from c£e<t>iu.. veHo, because 
Zethes and Calais the sons of Boreas, returned 
from thence by order of Jupiier, after they had 
driven the Harpyies (here from the tables of 
Phineus. The fleet of iEneas stopped near the 
Strophades The largest of these two islands 
is not above five miles in circumference. Hy- 
gin. fab. 19 — Mela, 2, c l.—Ovid. Met. 13, 
v 709 — Virg JEn. 3, v. 210 —Strab. 8. 

Strophius, a son of Crisus, king of Phocis. 
He married a sister of Agamemnon, called An- 
axibia, or Astyochia, or, according to others, 
Cyudragora, by whom he had Pylades, celebra- 
ted for his friendship with Orestes. After the 
murder of Agamemnon by Clytemnestra and 
iEgysthus, the king of Phocis educated at his 
own house, with the greatest care, his nephew 
whom Electra had secretly removed from the 
dagger of his mother, and her adulterer. Ores- 
tes was enabled by means of Strophius, to re- 
venge the death of his father. Paus. 2, c. 29. 

— Hygin. fab. 1, 17. A son of Pylades by 

Electra the sister of Orestes. 

Strothophagi, a people of /Ethiopia, who 
feed on sparrows, as 'their name signifies. 

Strothus, a general of Artaxerxes against 
the Lacedaemonians, B. C 393 

Stryma, a town of Thrace, founded by a Tha- 
sian colony. HeroJot.l,c. 109. 

Strymno, a daughter of the Scamander, who 
married I aomedon. Apollod. 3, c. 12, 

Strymon, a river which separates Thrace 
from Macedonia, and falls into a part of the 
iEgian sea, which has been called Stry mo ni cut 
sinus. A number of cranes, as the poets say, 
resorted on its banks in the summer time. Its 
eels were excellent. Mela f 2, c. 2, — Apollod, 

4 s 



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su 



2, c. 5 Virg. G. 1, v. 120, 1. 4, v. 508.— 

JEn. 10, v. 265.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 251. 

Stubera, a town of Macedonia, between the 
Axius and Erigon. Liv. 31, c 39. 

Stura, a river of Cisalpine Gaul falling into 
the Fo. 

Stdrni, a town of Calabria. 

Stymphalia, Stymphalis, a part of Mace- 
donia. Liv. 45, c. 30 A surname of Di- 
ana. 

Stymphalus, a king of Arcadia, son of Ela- 
tus and Laodice. He made war against Pelops, 
and was killed in a truce, Jipollod. 3, c. 9.— 

Paus. 8, c. 4. A town, river, lake, and 

fountain of Arcadia, which receives its name 
from king Stymphalus. The neighbourhood of 
the lake Stymphalus was infested with a num- 
ber of voracious birds, like cranes or storks, 
which fed upon human flesh, and which were 
called Stymphalides. They were at last des 
troyed by Hercules, with the assistance of Mi- 
nerva Some have confounded them with the 
Harpyies, while others pretend that they never 
existed but in the imagination of the poeis. — 
Pausanius, however, supports, that there were 
carnivorous birds like the Stymphalides, in Ara- 
bia. Paus. 8, c. 4.— Stat Theb. 4, v. 298.— 
—A lofty mountain of Peloponnesus in Arcadia. 

Stynge, a daughter of Danaus. Stat. Syl. 
4, 6.— — Jipollod. 

Styra, a town of Euboea. 

Styrus, a king pf Albania, to whom iEetes 
promised his daughter Medea in marriage, to 
obtain his assistance against the Argonauts. 
Flacc. 3, v. 497, 1. 8, v. 358. 

Styx, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. 
She married Pallas, by whom she had three 
daughters, Victory, Strength,' and Valour. He- 
siod. Theog. 363 and 384.— tfpollod. 1, c. 2 — 
— A celebrated river of hell, round which it 
flows nine times. According to some writers 
the Styx was a small river of Nonacris in Arca- 
dia, whose waters were so cold and venomous, 
that they proved fatal to such as tasted them. 
Among others Alexander the Great is mention- 
ed as a victim to their fatal poison, in conse- 
quence of drinking them. They even consum- 
ed iron, and broke all vessels. The wonder- 
ful properties of this water suggested the idea, 
that it was a river of hell, especially, when it 
disappeared in the earth a little below its foun- 
tain bead. The gods held the waters of the 
Styx in such veneration, that they always swore 
by them; an oath which was inviolable. If any 
of the gods had perjured themselves, Jupiter 
obliged them to drink the waters of the Styx, 
which lulled them for one whole year into a 
senseless stupidity; for the nine following years 
they were deprived of the ambrosia and the nec- 
tar of the gods, and after the expiration of the 
years of their punishment, they were restored 
to the assembly of the deities, and to all their 
original privileges. It is said that this venera- 
tion was shown to the Styx, because it received 
its name from the nymph Styx, who with her 
three daughters assisted Jupiter in his war 
against the Titans. Hesiod. Theog. v. 384, 
775.— Homer. Od. 10, v. 513 —Hcrodot. 6, c. 
74.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 323, 439, &c Apollod. 



1, c. 3.— Ovid. Met. 3, v. 29, &c. — Lucan. 6, 
v. 378, &c— Paus. 8, c. 17 and 18.— Curt. 
10, c 10. 

Suada, the goddess of persuasion, called Pi- 
tho by the Greeks. She had a form of worship 
established to her honour first by Theseus. — 
She had a statue in the temple of Venus Praxis 
at Megara. Gic. de el Oral. 15. — Paus. l,c. 
22 and 43, 1. 9, c 35 

Suana, a town of Etruria. 

Suardones, a people of Germany. Tacit. 
G. 40. 

Suasa, a town of Umbria. 

Subatrii, a people of Germany over whom 
Drusus triumphed. Strab. 7. 

Subi, a small river of Catalonia. 

Sublicius, the first bridge erected at Rome 
over the Tiber- Fid. Pons. 

Submontorium, a town of Vindelicia, now 
iflugsburg. 

Subota, small islands at the east of Athos. 
Liv. 44, c. 28. 

Subur, a river of Mauritania. A town of 

Spain. 

Sdburra, a street in Rome where all the li- 
centious, dissolute, and lascivious Romans and 
courtezans resorted. It was situate between 
mount Viminalis and Quirinalis, and was re- 
markable as having been the residence of the 
obscurer years of J. Caesar. Suet, in Cces. — 
Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 8. — Martial. 6, ep 66. — 
Juv. 3, v. 5. 

Sucro, now Xucar, a river of Hispania Tar- 
raconensis, celebrated for a battle fought there 
between Sertoiius and Pompey, in which the 

former obtained the victory. Plut. -A Ru- 

tulian killed by iEneas. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 505. 

Sudertum, a town ofEtruria. Liv. 26, c. 23. 

Suessa, a town of Campania, called also 
Jlurunca, to distinguish it from Suessa Pometia, 
the capital of the Volsci s Strab. 5. — Plin. 3, 
c. 5. — Dionys. Hal. 4. — Liv. 1 and 2. — Virg. 
JEn, 6, v. 775,— Cic. Phil. 3, c. 4, 1. 4, c. 2. 

Suessitani, a people of Spain- Liv. 25, c. 
34. 

Suessones, a powerful nation of Belgic Gaul, 
reduced by J. Csesar. Cces Bell. G. 2. 

Suessula, a town of Campania. Liv. 7, c. 
37, 1. 23, c. 14. 

Suetonius, C. Paulinus, the first Roman 
general who crossed mount Atlas with an army, 
of which expedition he wrote an account. He 
presided over Britain as governor for about 20 
years, and was afterwards made consul. He 
forsook the interest cf Otbo, and attached him- 
self to Vitellius. C. Tranquillus, a Latin his- 
torian, son of a Roman knight of the same name. 
He was favoured by Adrian, and became his 
secretary, but he was afterwards banished from 
the court for want of attention and respect to the 
empress Sabina. In his retirement Suetonius 
enjoyed the friendship and correspondence of 
Pliny the younger, and dedicated his time to 
study. He wrote an history of the Roman kings, 
divided into three books; a catalogue of all the 
illustrious men of Rome, a book on the games 
and spectacles of the Greeks, &c, which are all 
now lost. The only one of his compositions ex- 
tant is the lives of the twelve first Caesars, and 



su 



su 



M)me fragments of his catalogue of celebrated 
grammarians. Suetonius, in his lives, is praised 
for his impartiality and correctness His ex- 
pressions, however, are often too indelicate, and 
it has been justly observed, that while he expo- 
sed the deformities of the Caesars, he wrote with 
all tne licentiousness and extravagance with 
which they lived. The best editions of Sue j o- 
nius are that of Pitiscus, 4to 2 vols. Leovard 
1714; that of Gudendorp, 2 vols. 8vo. L. Bat. 
1751; and that of Ernesti, Svo. Lips, 1775. 
Plin. I, ep. 18, I. 5, ep. 11, &c. 

Suetri, a people of Gaul near the Alps. 
Suevi, a people of Germany, between the 
Elbe and the Vistula, who mad'- frequent ex- 
cursions upon the territories of Rome under the 
emperors, l.ncan. 2, v. 51. 

Suevius, a Latin poet in the age of Etmius. 
Sufetala, an inland town of Mauritania. 
SuFFExvas, a Latin poet in tbe age of Catul- 
lus. He was but of moderate abilities, but 
puffed up with a high idea of his own excellence, 
and theiefore deservedly exposed to the ridicule 
of his contemporaries Calull. 22. 

Suffetius, or Sufetjus. Vid. Metius. 
Suidas. a Greek writer who flourished A. D. 
1100. The best edition of his excellent Lexi- 
con, is that of Kuster, 3 vols. fol. Cantab. 1705. 
Pub. Suilius, an informer in the court of 
Claudius, banished under Nero, by means of 
Seaeea, and sent to the Balcares. Tacit. A. 

14, c. 42, &c. Caesorinus, a guilty favourite 

of Messalma. Id. ib. 11, c. 36. 

Suiones, a nation of Germany, supposed the 
modern Sivedes Tacit de Germ. c. 44. 

Sulchi, a town at the south of Sardinia. 
Mela, 2, c. 7. — Ctaudian, de Gild. 518. — 
Strab. 5. 

Sulcius, an informer whom Horace describes 
as hoarse with the number of defamations he 
daily gave. Horat. 1, Stat. 4, v. 65. 

Sulga, now Sorgue, a small river of Gaul, 
falling into tbe Rhone- Strab. 4. 
Sui.la, Vid. Sylla. 

Sulmo, now Suhnona, an ancient town of the 
Peligni, at the distauce of about 90 miles from 
Rome, founded by Solymus, one of the follow- 
ers of iEneas. Ovid was bora there. Ovid. 

passim. — Hal 8, v. 511. — Strab. 5. A Latin 

chief killed in the night by Nisus, as he was go- 
ing with his companions to destroy Euryalus. 
Virg. JEm. 9, v. 412. 

Sulpitia, a daughter of Paterculus, who 
married Fulvius Flaccus. She was so famous 
for her chastity, that she consecrated a temple 
to Venus Verticordia, a goddess who was implor- 
ed to turn the hearts of the Roman women to 

virtue. Plin 7, c 35. A poetess in the 

age of Domitian, against whom she wrote a 
poem, because he had banished the philosophers 
from Rome. This composition is still extant. 
She had also written a poem on conjugal affec- 
tion, commended by Martial, ep. 35, now lost. 

A daughter of Serv. Sulpitius, mentioned 

in the 4th book of elegies, falsely attributed to 
Tibullus. 

Sulpitia Lex, militaris, by C. Sulpicius the 
tribune, A. U. C. 665, invested Marius with 
the full power of the war against Mithridates, 



of which Sylla was to be deprived. Another, 

de Senatu, by Servius Sulpicius the tribune, A. 
U. C. 665. It required that no senators should 

owe more than 2000 drachmae 'Another, de 

civitate, by P. Sulpicius the tribune, A. U. C. 
665. It ordered that ttie new citizens who com- 
posed the eight tribes lately created, should be 
divided among the 35 old tribes, as a greater 

honour. Another called also Sempronia de 

religtone, by P. Sulpicius Saverrio, and P. 
Sempronius Sophus, consuls, A. U. C. 449. It 
forbad any person to consecrate a temple or al- 
tar without the permission of the senate and the 
majority of the tribunes. Another to em- 
power the Romans to make war against Philip 
of Macedonia. 

Sulpitios. or Sulpicius, an illustrious fami- 
ly at Rome, of whom the most celebrated are 

Peticus, a man chosen dictator against the 

Gams. His troops mutinied when first he took 
the field, but soon after he engaged the enemy 

and totally defeated them. Liv. 7. Sever- 

rio, a consul who gained a victory over the iEqui. 
Id. 9, c. 45. — i — C. Paterculus, a consul sent 
against the Carthaginians. He conquered Sar- 
dinia and Corsica, and obtained a complete vic- 
tory over the enemy's fleet. He was honoured 
with a triumph at his return to Rome. Id. 17. 
•Spurius, one of the three commissioners 



whom the Romans sent to collect the best laws 
which could be found in the different cities and 

republics of Greece. Id. 3, c, 10. One of 

the first consuls who received intelligence that 
a conspiracy was formed in Rome to restore the 

Tarquins to power, &C. A priest who died 

of the plague in the first ages of the republic at 
Rome. P. Galba, a Roman consul who sig- 
nalized himself greatly during the war which 
his countrymen waged against the Achaeans and 
the Macedonians.-- — Severus, a writer. Vid. 

Scverus Publius, one of the associates of 

Marius, well known for his intrigues and cruelty. 
He made some laws in favour of the allies of 
Rome, and he kept about 3000 young men in 
continual pay, whom he called his anti-senato- 
rial band, and with these he had often the im- 
pertinence to attack the consul in the popular 
assemblies. He became at last so seditious, 
that he was proscribed by Sylla's adherents, 
aud immediately murdered. His head was fix- 
ed on a pole in the rostrum, where he had often 
made many seditious speeches in the capacity 

of tribune. Liv. 77. A Roman consul who 

fought against Pyrrhus, and defeated him 

C, Longus, a Roman consul, who defeated the 
Samnites, and killed 30,000 of their men. He 
obtained a triumph' for this celebrated victory. 
He was afterwards made dictator to conduct a 
war against the Etrurians. Rufus, a lieuten- 
ant of Cssar in Gaul. One of Messalina's 

favourites, put to death by Claudius. P. 

Quirinus, a consul in the age of Augustus 

Camerinus, a pro-consul of Africa, under Nero, 

accused of cruelty, &c. Tacit. 13, An. 52. 

Gallus, a celebrated astrologer in the age of 
Paulus. He accompanied the consul in his ex- 
pedition against Perseus, and told the Roman 
army that the night before the day on which 
they were to give the enemy battle, there would 



su 



SY 



be an eclipse of the moon. This explanation 
encouraged the soldiers, which on the contrary 
would have intimidated them, if not previously 
acquainted with the causes of it. Sulpitius was 
universally regarded, and he was honoured a 
few years after with ihe consulship. Liv. 44, 
c. 37 — Plin. 2, c. 12. Apollinaris, a gram- 
marian in the age of the emperor M. Aurelius. 
He left some letters and a few grammatical ob- 
servations now lost. Cic— Liv.- — Plut. — Po~ 
lyb . — Flor , — Eutrop. 

Summanus, a surname of Pluto, as prince of 
the dead, summits manium. He had a temple 
at Rome elected dining the wars with Pyrrhus, 
and the Romans believed that the thunderbolts 
of Jupiter were in his power during the night 
Cic tie div. — Ovid. Fast. 6. v. 731. 

SuMiCi, a people of Germany on the shores 
of the Rhine. Tacit. H. 4, c 66. 

Sunides, a soothsayer in the army of Eu- 
menes. Polycen. 4. 

Sunium, a promontory of Attica about 45 
miles distant from the Piraeus. There was 
there a small harbour, as also a town. Mi- 
nerva had there a beautiful temple, whence she 
was cailed Sunias. There are still extant some 
ruins of this temple. Plin. 4, c. 7 — Strab. 9. 
— Pans. 1, c. 1. — Cic. ad Jitlic. 7, ep. 3, 1. 13, 
ep. 10. 

SirovETAURiLiA, a sacrifice among the Ro- 
mans, which consisted of the immolation of a 
sow (sits), a sheep (ovis), and a bull (taurus), 
wheuce the name. It was generally observed 
every fifth year. 

Superum mare, a name of the Adriatic sea, 
because it was situate above Italy. The name 
of Mare Inferum was applied for the opposite 
reasons to the sea below Italy. Cic. pro (fluent. 
&c. 

Sdra, ^Emylius, a Latin writer. &c. V. Pat 

1, c. 6. L. Licinius, a favourite of Trajan, 

honoured with the consulship. A writer in 

the age of the emperor Gallienus. He wrote 

an history of the reign of the emperor. A 

city on the Euphrates. Another in Iberia. 

A river of Germany, whose waters fall 

into the Moselle. Jlus. in Mos. 

Surena, a powerful officer in the armies of 
Orodes king of Parthia. His family had the 
privilege of crowning the kings of Parthia. He 
was appointed to conduct the war against the 
Romans, and to protect the kingdom of Parthia 
against Crassus. who wished to conquer it He 
defeated the Roman triumvir, and after he had 
drawn him perfidiously to a conference, he or- 
dered his head to be cut off. He afterwards 
returned to Parthia. mimicking the triumphs of 
the Romans. Orodes ordered him to be put to 
death, B. C 52. Surena has been admired for 
his valour, his sagacity as a general, and his 
prudence and firmness in the execution of his 
plans; hut his perfidy, his effeminate manners, 
and his lasciviousness have been deservedly 
censured. Polycen. l.—PLut in Crass. 

StjRiuM, a town at the south of Colchis. 

Surrentum, a town of Campania, on the 
bay of Naples, famous for the wine which was j 
made in the neighbourhood. Mela, 2, c. 4. — 



Strab. 5. — Horat. 1, ep. 17, v. 52. — Ovid. Met. 
15, v 710.— Mart. 13, ep. 110. 

Surus, one of the iEdui, who made war 
against Caesar. Cces. G. 8, c. 45. 

Susa (orum), now Suster, a celebrated city 
of Asia, the chief town of Susiana, and the 
capital of the Persian empire, built by Titho- 
nus the father of Memnon Cyrus took it. The 
walls of Susa were above 120 stadia in circum- 
ference. The treasures of the kings of Persia 
were generally kept there, and the royal palace 
was built with white marble, and its pillars 
were covered with gold and precious stones. It 
was usual with the kings of Persia to spend 
the summer at Ecbatana, and the winter at 
Susa, because the climate was more warm there 
than at any other royal residence. It had been 
called Memnonia, or the palace of Memnon, 
because that prince reigned there. Plin. 6, c. 
26, &c— Lucan. 2, v. 49.— Strab. 15 — Xen- 
oph. Cyr. — Propert 2, el. 13. — Claudian. 

Susana, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. 
SU. 3, v. 384. 

Susarion, a Greek poet of Megara, who is 
supposed with Dolon to be the inventor of come- 
dy, and to have first introduced it at Athens on 
a moveable stage, B. C. 562, 

Scsiani, or Susis, a country of Asia, of which 
the capital was called Susa, situate at the east 
of Assyria. Lilies grow in great abundance in 
Susiana. and it is from that plant that the pro- 
vince received its name, according to some, as 
Susan is the name of a lily in Hebrew. 

SnsiDjE pyljE, narrow passes over mountains, 
from Susiana into Persia. Curt. 5, c. 3. 

Suthul, a town of Numidia. where the king's 
treasures were kept. Sail. Jug. 37. 

Sutrium, a town of Etruria, about twenty- 
four miles north-west of Rome. Some suppose 
that the phrase Ire SuHum, to act with despatch, 
arises from the celerity with which Camillus 
recovered the place, but Festus explains it dif- 
ferently. Plaut. Cos. 3, 1, v. JO — Liv. 26, c. 
34— Paterc. 1, c. U.—Liv. 9, c. 32. 

Syagrus, an ancient poet, the first who wrote 
on the Trojan war. He is called Sagaris, by 
Diogenes Laertius, who adds that he lived in 
Homer's age, of whom he was the rival. JEli 
an. V H. 14, c. 21. 

Sybaris, a river of Lucania in Italy, whose 
waters were said to render men more strong 
and robust. Strab. 6. — Plin. 3, c. 11, I. 31, c. 
2. — There was a town of the same name on 
its banks on the bay of Tarentum, which had 
been founded by a colony of Achaeans. Sy- 
baris became very powerful, and in its most 
flourishing situation it had the command of four 
neighbouring nations, of 25 towns, and could 
send an army of 300,000 men into the field. 
The walls of the city were said to extend six 
miles and a half in circumference, and the 
suburbs covered the banks of the Crathis for 
the space of seven miles. It made a long and 
vigorous resistance against the neighbouring 
town of Crotona, till it was at last totally re- 
duced by the disciples of Pythagoras, B. C. 508. 
Sybaris was destroyed no less than five times, 
and always repaired. In a more recent age 
the inhabitants became so effeminate, that the 



SY 



SY 



word Sybarite became proverbial to intimate a 
man devoted to pleasure. There was a small 
town built in the neighbourhood about 444 years 
before the Christian era, and called Thurium, 
from a small fountain called Thuria, where it 
was built. Diod. 12.— Strab. 6. — JElian. V. H. 
9, c. 24. — Martial 12, ep. 96. — Plut. in Pe- 

lop &jc. — PUn. 3, c. 10, &c. Afrieudof 

iEneas killed by Turnus. — Virg. JEn. 12, v. 

363 A youth enamoured of Lydia, &c. — 

Herat 1, od. 8, v. 2. 

Sybarita, an inhabitant of Sybaris. [Vid. 
Sybaris ] 

Sybota, a harbour of Epirus. Cic. 5, Jltt. 
9.— Strab. 7. 

Sybotas, a king of the Messenians in the 
age of Lycurgus, the Spartan legislator. Pans. 
4, c. 4. 

Sycinnus, a slave of Themistocles, sent by 
his master to engage Xerxes to fight against the 
fleet of the Peloponnesians. - 

St curium, a town of Thessaly at the foot of 
Ossa. Liv. 42, c. 54. 

Syedra, a town of Cilicia. 

Syeve, now Jlssuan, a town of Thebais, on 
the extremities of Egypt- Juvenal the poet 
was banished- there on pretence of commanding 
a praetorian cohort stationed in the neighbour- 
hood. It was famous for its quarries of marble. 
Strab. 1 and 2.— Mela.. 1, c. 9. — Plin. 36, c. 
S.—Ovid ex Pont. 1, el. 5, v. 19.— Met. 5, v. 
74.— Lucan. 2, v. 587, 1. 8, v. 851, 1. 10, v. 
234. 

Synesius, a Cilician, who, with Labinetus 
of Babylon, concluded a peace between Aly- 
attes, king of Lydia, and Cyaxares, king of 
Media, while both armies were terrified by a 
sudden eclipse of the sun, B. C. 585. Herodot. 
l,c 74. 

Syennesis, a satrap of Cilicia, when Cyrus 
made war against his brother Artaxerxes. He 
wished to favour both the brothers by sending 
one of his sons in the army of Cyrus, and an- 
other to Artaxerxes. 

Sylea, a daughter of Corinthus. 

Syledm, a town of Pamphylia. 
' Syleus, a king of Aulis. 

Sylla, (L- Cornelius) a celebrated Roman 
of a noble family. The poverty of his early 
years was relieved by the liberality of the cour- 
tezan Nicopolis, who left him heir to a large 
fortune; and with the addition of the immense 
wealth of his mother-in-law, he soon appeared 
one of the most opulent of the Romans. He 
first entered the army under the great Marius, 
whom he accompanied in Numidia, in the ca- 
pacity of quaestor. He rendered himself con- 
spicuous in military affairs; and Bocchus, one 
of the princes of Numidia, delivered Jugurtha 
into his hands for the Roman consul. The 
rising fame of Sylla gave umbrage to Marius, 
who was always jealous of an equal, as well as 
of a superior; but the ill language which he 
might use, rather inflamed than extinguished 
the ambition of Sylla. He left the conqueror 
of Jugurtha, and carried arms under Catullus. 
Some time after he obtained the pr?etorship, 
and was appointed by the Roman senate to 
place Ariobarzanes on the throne of Cappa- 



docia, against the views and interest of Mi- 
tbridates king of Pontus. This he easily effect- 
ed, one battle left him victorious; and before 
he quitted the plains of Asia, die Roman prae- 
tor had the satisfaction to receive in his camp 
the ambassadors of the king of Parthia, who 
wished to make a treaty of alliance with the 
Romans. Sylla received them with haughti- 
ness, and behaved with such arrogance, that 
one' of them exclaimed, Surely this inanis mas- 
ter of the world, or doomed to be such! At his 
return to Rome, he was commissioned to finish 
the war with the Marsi, and when this was suc- 
cessfully ended, he was rewarded with the con- 
sulship in the 50th year of his age. In this 
capacity be wished to have the administration 
of the Mithridatic war; but he found an ob- 
stinate adversary in Marius, and he attained 
the summit of his wishes only when he had en- 
tered Rome sword in hand. After he had 
slaughtered all his enemies, set a price upon 
the head of Marius, and put to death the tri- 
bune Sulpitius, who had continually opposed 
his views, he marched towards Asia, and dis- 
regarded the flames of discord which he left 
behind him unextinguished. Mithridates was 
already master of the greatest part of Greece; 
and Sylla, when he reached the coast of Pelo- 
ponnesus, was delayed by the siege of Athens, 
and of the Piraeus. His operations were car- 
ried on with vigour, and when he found his 
money fail, he made no scruple to take the 
riches of the temples of the gods, to bribe his 
soldiers and render them devoted to his service. 
His boldness succeeded, the Piraeus surrender- 
ed; and the conqueror as if struck with reve- 
rence at the beautiful porticos where the phi- 
losophic followers of Socrates and Plato had 
often disputed, spared the city of Athens, which 
he had devoted to destruction, and forgave the 
living for the sake of the dead. Two celebra- 
ted battles at Cheronsea and Orchomenos, ren- 
dered him master of Greece. He crossed the 
Hellespont, and attacked Mithridates in the 
very heart of his kingdom. The artful monarch, 
who well knew the valour and perseverance of 
his adversary, made proposals of peace; and 
Sylla, whose interest at home was then decreas- 
ing, did not hesitate to put an end to a war 
which had rendered him master of so much ter- 
ritory, and which enabled him to return to 
Rome like a conqueror, and to dispute with his 
rival the sovereignty of the republic with a vic- 
torious array. Murcena was left at the head of 
the Roman forces in Asia, and Sylla hastened 
to Italy. In the plains of Campania be was 
met by a few of his adherents, whom the suc- 
cess of his rivals had banished from the capital, 
and he was soon informed, that if he wished to- 
contend with Marius he must encounter fifteen, 
generals, followed by 25 well disciplined le- 
gions. In these critical circumstances he had. 
recourse to artifice, and while he proposed terms 
of accommodation to his adversaries, he secretly 
strengthened himself, and saw with pleasure his 
armies daily increase by the revolt of soldiers 
whom his bribes or promises had corrupted. 
Pompey, who afterwards merited the surname 
of Great, embraced his cause, and marched to 



SY 



SY 



his camp with three legions. Soon after he 
appeared in the field with advantage; the con- 
fidence of Man us decayed with his power, and 
Sylia entered Rome like a tyrant and a con- 
queror. The streets were daily filled with dead 
bodies, and 7000 citizens, to whom the con- 
queror had promised pardon, were suddenly 
massacred in the circus. The senate, at that 
time assembled in the temple of Bellona, heard 
the shrieks of their dying countrymen ; and when 
tbey inquired into the cause of it, Sylla coolly 
replied, They are only a few rebels whom I have 
ordered to be chastised. If this had been the 
last and most dismal scene. Rome might have 
been called happy; but it was only the begin- 
ning of her misfortunes, each succeeding day 
exhibited a greater number, of slaughtered bo- 
dies, and when one of the senators had the bold- 
ness to ask the tyrant when he meant to stop 
his cruelties, Sylla, with an air of unconcern, 
answered, that he had not yet determined, but 
that he would take it into his consideration. 
The slaughter was continued, a list of such as 
were proscribed was daily stuck in the public 
streets. The slave was rewarded to bring his 
master's head, and the son was not ashamed to 
imbrue his hands in the biood of his father for 
money. No less than 4700 of the most power- 
ful and opulent were slain, and Sylla wished 
the Romans to forget his cruelties in aspiring 
to the title of perpetual dictator In this ca- 
pacity he made new laws, abrogated such as 
were inimical to his views, and changed every 
regulation where his ambition was obstructed. 
After he hai fiui.sbed whatever the most abso- 
lute sovereign may do, from his own will and 
authority, Sylla abdicated the dictatorial power 
and retired to a solitary retreat at Puteoli, 
where he spent the rest of his days, if not in 
literary ease and tranquillity, yet far from the 
noise of arms, in the midst of riot and de- 
bauchery. The companions of his retirement 
were the most base and licentious of the popu- 
lace, and Syila took pleasure still to wallow in 
voluptuousness, though on the verge of life, and 
covered with infirmities. His intemperance 
hastened his end, his blood was corrupted, and 
an imposthume was bred in his bowels. He at 
last died in the greatest torments of the lousy 
disease, about 78 years before Christ, in the 
60th year of his age; and it has been observed, 
that like Marius, on his death-bed, be wished 
to drown the s"tings of conscience and remorse 
by continual intoxication. His funeral was very 
magnificent; his body was attended by the senate 
and the vestal virgins, and hymns were sung to 
celebrate his exploits and to honour his memory. 
A monument was erected in the field of Mars, 
on which appeared an inscription written by 
himself, in which he said, the good services he 
had received from his friends, and the injuries 
of his enemies, had been returned with unex- 
ampled usury. The character of Sylla is that 
of an ambitious, dissimulating, credulous, tyran- 
nical, debauched, and resolute commander. He 
was revengeful in the highest degree, and the 
surname of Felix, or the fortunate, which he 
assumed, showed that he was more indebted to 
fortune than to valour for the great fame he had 



acquired. But in the midst of all this, ivho 
cannot admire the moderation and philosophy 
of a man, who when absolute master of a re- 
public, which he has procured by his cruelty 
and avarice, silently abdicates the sovereign 
power, challenges a critical examination of bis 
administration, and retires to live securely in 
the midst of thousands, whom he has injured 
and offended? The Rosr.ans were pleased and 
astonished at his abdication; and when the in- 
solence of a young man had been vented against 
the dictator, he c ilmly answered. This wage 
may perhaps deter another to resign his power to 
follow my example, if ever he becomes absolute. 
Sylla has been commended for the patronage 
he gave to the arts and sciences. He brought 
from Asia the extensive library of Apeliicon, 
the Peripatetic philosopher, in which were the 
works of Aristotle and Theophirastus, and he 
himself composed 22 books of memoirs con- 
cerning himself. Cic. in Verr. &c. — C. Nep. 
in clitic. — Paterc. 2, c. 17, &c — Liv. 75, &c. 
—Paws. 1, c. 20.— Flor. 3, c. 5, &c. 1. 4, c. 2, 
k.c.— Val. Max. 12, &c.—Polijb. 5. —Justin. 
37 and 38— Eutrop. 5,' c. 2. — Pint in vild. 

A nephew of the dictator, who conspired 

against his country, because he had been de- 
prived of his consulship for bribery.— An- 
other relation who also joined in the same con- 
spiracy. — A man put to death by Nero at 
Marseilles, where he had been banished. — — « 
A friend of Cato, defeated and killed by one 

of Caesar's lieutenants. -A senator banished 

from the senate for his prodigality by Tiberius. 

Syllis, a nymph, mother of Zeuxippus by 
Apollo. Paus. 2. c. 6. 

Svloes, a promontory of Africa. 

Svloson, a man who gave a splendid gar- 
ment to Darius, son of Hystaspes, when a pri- 
vate man Darius, when raised to the throne 
of Persia, remembered the' gift of Syloson with 
gratitude. Strab. 14. 

Sylvanus, a god of the woods. [Vid. Sil- 
vanus. J 

Sylvia, or Ilia, the mother of Romulus. 

[Vid. Rhea.] A daughter of Tyrrhenus, 

whose favourite stag was wounded by Ascanius. 
Virgin 7, v. 503. 

Sylvius, a son of iEneas by Lavinia, from 
whom afterwards all the kings of Alba were 
called Sylvii. Virg. JEn 6, v, 763. 

Syma, or Syme, a town of Asia. A 

nymph, mother of Chthonius, by Neptune. Diod. 
5. 

Symbolum, a place of Macedonia, near 
Philippi, on the confines of Thrace. 

Symmachus an officer in the army of Agesi- 

laus, A celebrated orator in the age of 

Thedosius the Great. His father was prefect 
of Rome. He wrote against the Christians, 
and ten books of his letters are extant, which 
have been refuted by Ambrose and Prudentius. 
The best editions of Symmachus are that of 
Genev. 8vo, 1598, and that of Paris, 4to. 1604. 
A writer in the second century. He trans- 
lated the bible into Greek, of which few frag- 
ments remain. 

Symplegades, or Cyanje, two islands or 



SY 



SY 



rocks at the entrance of the Euxine sea. [Vid. 
Cyaneaj.] 

Symus, a mountain of Armenia, from which 
the A raxes flows. 

Svxcellu=, one of the Byzantine historians, 
whuse works were edited in fol, Paris, 1652. 

Synesius, a bishop of Cyrene in the age of 
Theodosius the younger, as conspicuous for his 
learning as his piety. He wrote 155 epist!es be- 
sides other treatises in Greek, in a style pure and 
elegant, and bordering much upon the poetic. 
The last edition, is in Svo. Paris, 1605; inferior, 
however, to the cditio princtps by Petavius fol. 
Paris, 1612. The best edition of Synesius de 
febribus is that of Bernard, Amst. 1749. 

Synnas, (adis.) or Synnada, (plur.) a town 
of Pbrygia, famous for its marble quarries. 
Slrub, 12 — Claudian, in Emir. 2. — Martial. 9, 
ep. 77.— Stat. 1, Sylv. 5, v. 41. 

Synnalaxis, a nymph of Ionia, who had a 
temple at Heraclea, in Eiis. Faus. 6. c, 22. 

Synnis, a famous robber of Attica. [Vid 
Scinis.] 

Synope, a town on the borders of the Eux- 
ine. [Vid. Sinope.] 

Syph.eum, a town of the Brutii in Italy. Liv. 
SO, c. 19. 

Syphax, a king of the Massesyllii in Libya, 
who married Sopuonisba, the daughter of 
Asdrubal, and forsook the alliance of the Ro- 
mans to join himself to the interest of his father- 
in-law, and of Carthage. He was conquered 
in a battle by Masinissa, the ally of Rome, and 
given to Scipio the Roman general. The con- 
queror carried him to Rome, where be adorned 
his triumph. Syphax died in prison 201 years 
before Christ, and his possessions were given 
to Masinissa. According to some, the descend- 
ants of Syphax reigned for some time over a 
part of Numidia, and continued to make oppo- 
sition to the Romans. Liv 24, &c. — Piut. in 
Scip.—Flor. 2.c %.—Polyb.—ltal. 16, v. 171. 
and 118.— Gvid Fast. 6. v. 769. 

Syraces, one of the Sacae, who mutilated 
himself, and by pretending to be a deserter, 
brought Darius, who made war against his coun- 
try, into many difficulties. Poly an. 7. 

Syracosia, festivals at Syracuse, celebrated 
during ten days, in which women were busily 

employed in offering sacrifices. Another, 

yearly observed near the lake of Syracuse, 
where as. they supposed Pluto had disappeared 
with Proserpine. 

Syracuse, a celebrated city of Sicily, found- 
ed about 732 years before the Christian era, 
by Archias, a Corinthian, and one of the Hera- 
clidse. In its flourishing state it extended 22 1-2 
English miles in circumference, and was divi 
ded into 4 districts, Ortygia, Acradina, Tycha, 
and Neapolis, to which some add a fifth divi- 
sion Epipolae, a district little inhabited. These 
were of themselves separate cities, and were 
fortified with three citadels, and three-folded 
walls. Syracuse had two capacious harbours 
separated from one another by the island of 
Ortygia. The greatest harbour was above 5000 
paces in circumference, and its entrance 500 
paces wide. The people of Syracuse were very 
opulent and powerful, and though subject to 



tyrants, they were masters of vast possessions 
and dependeut states The city of Syracuse 
was' well built, its houses were stately and 
magnificent; and it has been saiu, that it pro- 
duced the best and most excellent of men when 
they were virtuous, but the most wicked and 
depraved when addicted to vicious pursuits. 
The women of Syracuse were not permitted 
to adorn themselves with gold, or wear costly 
ganaents, except such as prostituted themselves. 
Syracuse gave birth to Theocritus and Archi- 
medes. It was under different governments; 
and after being freed from the tyranny of 
Thrasybulus, B. C 446, it enjoyed security for 
61 years, til! the usurpation of the Dionysii, 
who were expelled by Timoleon, B, C 343. 
In the age of the elder Dionysius, an army of 
lOO.OOOlbot and 10,000 horse, and 400 sbips 
were kept in constant pay. It fell into the 
hands of the Romans, under the consul Mar- 
eellus, after a siege of three years, B, C. 212. 
Cic. in Verr. 4 c 52 and 53. — Strab. 1 and 
S—C.Mp. — Mela,2. c l.—Liv. 23. &c— 
Pint, in Marcell, kc.—Flor. 2. c. 6.—Ital. 14, 
v. 273. 

Syria, a large country of Asia, whose boun- 
daries are not accurately ascertained by the an- 
cients. Syria, generally speaking, was bound- 
ed on the east by the Euphrates, north by 
mount Taurus, west by the Mediterranean, 
and south by Arabia. It was divided into se- 
veral districts and provinces, among which, 
were Phoenicia, Seleucis, Judea or Palestine, 
Mesopotamia, Babylon, and Assyria. It was 
also called Jussyria; and the words Syria and 
Assyria, though distinguished and defined by 
some authors, were often used indiffereutly, 
Syria was subjected to themonarchs of Persia; 
but after the death of Alexander the Great, Se- 
leucus, surnamed Nicator, who had received 
this province as his lot in the division of t':e 
Macedonian dominions, raised it into an em- 
pire, known in history by the name of the king- 
dom of Syria or Babylon, B. C. 312. Seleucus 
tiicd after a reign of C2 years, and his succes- 
sors, surnamed the SeLutidce, ascended the 
throne in the following order: Antiochus, sur- 
named Soter, 280 B. C. Antiochus Theos, 261; 
Seleucus Callinicus, 246; Seleucus Ceraunus, 
226; Antiochus the Great, 223; Seleucus Phi- 
lopator, 187; Antiochus Epiphancs, 175; An- 
tiochus Eupator, 164; Demetrius Soter, 162; 
Alex, Balas, 150; Demetrius Nicator, 146; 
Antiochus the Sixth, 144; D.odotus Tryphon, 
143: Antiochus Sidetes, 139; Demetrius Ni- 
cator restored, 130; Alexander Zebina, 127, 
who was dethroned* by Antiochus Grypus, 123; 
Antiochus Cyzicenus, 142, who takes part of 
Syria, which he calls Coelesyria: Philip and 
Demetrius Eucerus93, and in Coelesyria, An- 
tiochus Pius; Aretas was king of Coelesyria, 
85, Tigranes, king of Armenia. 83; and An- 
tiochus Asiaticus, 69, who was dethroned by 
Pompey, B. C. 65; in consequence of which 
Syria became a Roman province. Herodot. 
2, 3, and l.—Apollod. 1, Jlrg.— Strab. 12 and 
16.— C. Mp, in Dat.—Mela. 1. c. 2,—Plol. 
5, c. 6. — Curt. 6. — Dionys. Perieg. 

Syriacttm mare, that part of the Mediterra- 



SY 



SY 



nean sea which is on the coast of Phoenicia and 
Syria. 

Syrinx, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter of the 
rim Ladon. Pan became enamoured of her, 
and attempted to offer her violence; but Syrinx 
escaped, and at her own request was changed 
by the gods into a reed called Syrinx by the 
Greeks. The god made himself a pipe with 
the reeds into which his favourite nymph had 
been chauged. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 691. Mar- 
tial. 9, ep. 63. 

Syrophqlnix, the name of an inhabitant of 
the maritime coast of Syria. Juv 8. 

Syros, one of the Cyclades in theiEgean sea, 
at the east of Delos, about 20 miles in circum- 
ference, very fruitful in wine and corn of all 
sorts. The inhabitants lived to a great old age, 
because the air was wholesome. Homer. Od. 

15, v. 504.— Strab. 10.— Mela, 2, c. 7. A 

town of Caria. Paus. 3, c 26. 

Syrtes, two large sand banks in the Medi- 
terranean, on the coast of Africa, one of which 
was near Leptis, and the other near Carthage. 
As they often changed places, and were some- 
times very high or very low under the, water, 



they were deemed most dangerous in naviga- 
tion, and proved fatal to whatever ships touched 
upon them. From this circumstance, therefore, 
the word has been used to denote any part of 
the sea of which the navigation was attended 
with danger either from whirlpools or bidden 
rocks. Mela, 1, c 7, 1. 2, c. 7. — Virg. JEn. 4. 
v. 41. — Lucan. 9, 303. — Sallust. in J. 

Syrus, an island. [Vid. Syros.] A son 

of Apollo, by Sinope, the daughter of the Aso- 
pus, who gave his name to Syria. Plut. in Luc. 
A writer. [Vid. Publius.] 

Sysigambis, the mother of Darius. [Vid. 
SisygamHis ] 

Sysimethres, a Persian Satrap, who had 
two children by his mother, an incestuous com- 
merce tolerated by the laws of Persia He op- 
posed Alexander with 2000 men, but soon sur- 
rendered. He was greatly honoured by the 
conqueror. Curt. 8, c. 4. 

Sysinas, the elder son of Datames, who re- 
volted from his father to Artaxerxes. 

Sythas, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing 
throtigh Sicyonia into the bay of Corinth. Paus. 
2, c 7. 



TA 



TA 



TAAUTES, a Phoenician deity, the same as 
the Saturn of the Latins, and probably the 
Thoth or Thaut, the Mercury of the Egyptians. 
Cic. de JV. D. 3, c 22.— Varro 

Tabje, a town of Pisidia. Liv. 38, c. 13. 

Tabellari.3: leges, laws made by suffrages 
delivered upon tables (tabellce) and not viva voce. 
There were four of these laws, the Gabima lex, 
A. U. C. 614, by Gabinius; the Cassia, by Cas- 
sius, A. U. C. 616, the Papiria, by Carbo, A. 
U. C. 622, and the Ccelia, by Caelius, A. U. C. 
646. Cic de Leg. 3, c. 16 

Tabernje nov^e, a street in Rome where 

shops were built. Liv. 3, c 48 Rhenanae, 

a town of Germany on the confluence of the 

Felbach and the Rhine, now Rhin-Zabtrn. 

Riguae, now Bern-Castel, on the Moselle. 

Tiboccorum, a town of Alsace in France, now 
Saverne. 

Tabor, a mountain of Palestine. 

Tabraca, a maritime town of Africa, near 
Hippo, made a Roman colony. The neigh- 
bouring forests abounded with monkeys. Juv. 
40, v. 194.— Plin. 5, c. 3.— Mela, 1, c. 7.— 
Ital. 3, v. 256. 

Tabuda, a river of Germany, now the Scheldt. 
Ptol. 

Taburnus, a mountain of Campania, which 
abounded with olives. Virg. G. 2, v. 38. JEn. 
12, v. 715. 

T ac ape, a town of Africa. > 

Tacatua, a maritime town of Numidia. 

Tacfarinas, a Numidian who commanded 
an army against the Romans in the reign of Ti- 
berius. He had formerly served in the Roman 
legions, but in the character of an enemy, he 
displayed the most inveterate hatred against his 



benefactor. After he had severally defeated 
the officers of Tiberius, he was at last routed 
and killed in the field of battle, fighting with 
uncommon fury, by Dolabella. Tacit. Jinn. 2, 
&c. 

Tachampso, an island in the Nile, near The- 
bais. The Egyptians held one half of this 
island, and the rest was in the hands of the 
/Ethiopians. Herodot. 2. , 

Tachos, or Tachus, a king of Egypt, in the 
reign of Artaxerxes Ochus, against whom he 
sustained a long war. He was assisted by the 
Greeks, but his confidence in Agesilaus king of 
Lacedaemon, proved fatal to him. Chabrias, 
the Athenian, had been entrusted with the fleet 
of the Egyptian monarch, and Agesilaus w&s left 
with the command of the mercenary army. — 
The Lacedaemonian disregarded his engage- 
ments, and by joining with Nectanebus, who 
had revolted from Tachus, he ruined the affairs 
of the monarch, and obliged him to save his life 
by flight. Some observe that Agesilaus acted 
with that duplicity to avenge himself upon Ta- 
chus, who had insolently ridiculed his short and 
deformed stature. The expectations of Tachus 
had been raised by the fame of Agesilaus; but 
when he saw the lame monarch, he repeated on 
the occasion the fable of the mountain which 
brought forth a mouse, upon which Agesilaus 
replied with asperity, though he called him a 
mouse, yet he soon should find him to be a lion. 
C. Jfep. in JJges- 

Tacina, a river of the Brutii. 

Tacita, a goddess who presided over silence. 
Numa, as some say, paid particular veneration 
to this divinity. 

Tacitus, (C. Cornelius) a celebrated Latin 



TA 



TA 



historian, born in the reign of Nero. His father 
was a Roman knight, who had beeu appointed 
governor of Belgic Gaul. The native genius, 
and the rising talents of Tacitus, were beheld 
with rapture by the emperor Vespasian, and as 
he wished to protect and patronise merit, he 
raised the young historian to places of trust and 
honour. The succeeding emperors were not 
less partial to Tacitus, anu Domitian seemed to 
forget his cruelties, when virtue and innocence 
claimed his patronage. Tacitus was honoured 
with the consulship, and he gave proofs of his 
eloquence at the bar, by supporting the cause of 
the injured Africans against the proconsul Ma- 
rius i'riscus, and in causing him to be condemned 
for his avarice and extortion The friendly in- 
tercourse of Pliny and Tacitus has often been 
admired, and many have observed, that the fa- 
miliarity of these two great men, arose from 
similar principles, and a perfect conformity of 
manners and opinions. Yet Tacitus was as 
much the friend of a republican government, as 
Pliny was an admirer of the imperial power, 
and of the short-lived virtues of his patron Tra- 
jan. Pliny gained the hearts of his adherents 
by affability, and all the elegant graces which 
became the courtier and the favourite, while 
Tacitus conciliated the esteem of the world by 
his virtuous conduct, which prudence and love 
of honour ever guided. The friendship of Ta- 
citus and of Pliny almost became proverbial, 
and one was scarce mentioned without the other, 
as the tollowing instance may indicate. At the 
exhibition of the spectacles in the circus, Taci- 
tus held a long conversation on different subjects 
with a Roman knight, with whom he was unac- 
quainted; and when the knight asked him whe- 
ther he was a native of Italy, the historian told 
him that he was not unknown to him, and that 
for their distant acquaintance, be was indebted 
to literature. Then you are, replied : he knight, 
either Tacit::s or Pliny The time of Tacitus 
was not employed in trivial pursuits, the orator 
might have been now forgotten if the historian 
had not flourished. Tacitus wrote a treatise on 
the manners of the Germans, a composition ad- 
mired for the fidelity and exactness with which 
it is executed, though some have declared that 
the historian delineated manners and customs 
with which he was not acquainted, and which 
never existed. His life of Cn. Julius Agricola, 
whose daughter he had married, is celebrated 
for its purity, elegance, and the many excellent 
instructions and important truths which it re- 
lates. His history of the Roman emperors is 
imperfect; of the 2S years of which it treated, 
that is from the 69th to the 96th year of the 
Christian era, nothing remains but the year 69 
and part of the 70th. His annals were the 
most extensive and complete of his works. — 
The history of the reign of Tiberius, Caius, 
Claudius, and Nero, was treated with accura- 
cy and attention, yet we are to lament the loss 
of the history oCthe reign of Caius, and the be- 
ginning of that of Claudius. Tacitus had re- 
served for his old age, the history of the reign of 
Nerva and Trajan, and he also proposed to give 
to the world an account of the interesting ad- 
ministration of Augustus; but these important 



subjects never employed the pen of the historian, 
and as some of the ancients observe, the only 
compositions of Tacitus were contained in 30 
books, of which we have now left oulj 16 of his 
annals, and five of his history. The style of 
Tacitus has always been admired for peculiar 
beauties; the thoughts are gteal, there is sub- 
limity, force, weight, ana energy every thing is 
treated wstb precision and dignity, yet many 
have called him obscure, because he was fond 
of expressing bis ideas in few words This was 
the fruit of experience and judgment, the history 
appears copious and diffuse, while tbe annals, 
which were written in his old age, are less flow- 
ing as to style, more concise, and more heavily 
laboured. His Latin is remarkable for being 
pure and classical; and though a writer in the 
decline of the Roman empire, he has not used 
obsolete words, antiquated phrases, or barbarous 
expressions, but with him every thing is sanc- 
tioned by the authority of the writers of the Au- 
gustan age. In his biographical sketches he 
displays an uncommon knowledge of human na- 
ture, he paints every scene with a masterly hand, 
and gives each object its proper size and becom- 
ing colours. Affairs of importance are treated 
with dignity, the secret causes of events and re- 
volutions are investigated from their primeval 
source, and the historian every where shows his 
reader that he was a friend of public liberty and 
national independence, a lover of truth, and of 
the general good and welfare of mankind, and 
an inveterate enemy to oppression, and to a ty- 
rannical government. Tbe history of the reign 
of Tiberius is his master-piece: the deep policy, 
the dissimulation and various intrigues of this 
celebrated prince, are painted with all the fidel- 
ity of the historian, and Tacitus boasted in say- 
ing that he neither would flatter the follies, or 
maliciously or partially represent the extrava- 
gance of the several characters he delineated. 
Candour and impartiality were his standard, 
and his claim to these essential qualifications of 
an historian have never been disputed. It is 
said that the emperor Tacitus, who boasted in - 
being one of the descendants of the historian, 
ordered the works of his ancestor to be placed 
in all public libraries, and directed that ten co- 
pies well ascertained for accuracy and exactness, 
should be yearly written, that so great and so 
valuable a work might not be lost. Some ec- 
clesiastical writers have exclaimed against Ta- 
citus for the partial manner in which he speaks 
of the Jews and Christians; but it should be re- 
membered, that he spoke tbe language of the 
Romans, and that the peculiarities of the Chris- 
tians could not but draw upon them the odium, 
and the ridicule of the Pagans, and the imputa- 
tion of superstition. Among the many excellent 
editions of Tacitus, these may pass for the best; 
that of Rome, fol. 1515; that in 8vo. 2 vols. L. 
Bat. 1673; that in usum Delphini, 4 vols. 4to. 
Paris, 1682; that of Lips, 2 vols. 8vo. 1714; of 
Gronovius, 2 vols. 4to. 1721; that of Brotier, 7 
vols. 12mo. Paris, 1776; that of Ernesti, 2 vols. 
Svo. Lips. 1777; and Barbou's, 3 vols. 12mo. 

Paris, 1760. M.Claudius, a Roman, cho- 

s:en emperor by the senate, after the death of 
Aurelian. He would have refused this import- 
4 T 



TA 



TA 



ant and dangerous office, but the pressing solici- 
tations of the senate prevailed, and in the 70th 
year of his age, he complied with the wishes of 
his countrymen, and accepted the purple. The 
time of his administration was very popular, the 
good of the people was his care, and as a pattern 
of moderation, economy, temperance, regularity, 
and impartiality, Tacitus found no equal. He 
abolished the several brothels which under the 
preceding reigns had filled Rome with licen- 
tiousness and obscenity; and by ordering all the 
public baths to be shut at sun-set he prevented 
the commission of many irregularities, which the 
darkness of the night had hitherto sanctioned. 
The senators under Tacitus seemed to have re- 
covered their ancient dignity, and long lost pri- 
vileges. They were not only the counselors of 
the emperor, but they even seemed to be his 
masters; and when Florianus, the brother-in-law 
of Tacitus, was refused the consulship, the em- 
peror said, that the senate, no doubt, could fix 
upon a more deserving object. As a warrior, 
Tacitus is inferior to few of the Romans, and du- 
ring a short reign of about six months, he not only 
repealed the barbarians who had invaded the 
ten-stories of Rome in Asia, but he prepared to 
make war against the Persians and Scythians. 
He died in Cilicia as he was on his expedition, 
of a violent distemper, or, according to some, he 
was destroyed by the secret dagger of an assas- 
sin, on the 13th of April, in the 276th year of 
the Chrisrian era. Tacitus has been commend- 
ed for his love of learning, and it has been ob- 
served, that he never passed a day without con- 
secrating some part of his time to reading or J 
writing. He has been accused of superstition, { 
and authors have recorded, that he never stu- 
died on the second day of each month, a day 
which he deemed inauspicious and unlucky. 
Tacit, vita. — Zozim. 

Tader, a river of Spain, near New Carthage. ' 

T^dia, a prostitute at Rome, &c. Juv. 2, j 
v. 49. 

T^enarus, now Maiapan, a promontory of : 
Laconia, the most southern point of Europe, 
where Neptune had a temple There was there ! 
a large and deep cavern, whence issued a black 
and unwholesome vapour, from which circum- 
stance the poets have imagined that it was one 
of the entrances of hell, through which Hercu- 
les dragged Cerberus from the infernal regions. 
This fabulous tradition arises, according to Pau- 
sanias, from the continual resort of a large ser- 
pent near the cavern of Taenarus, whose bite 
was mortal. This serpent, as the geographer 
observes, was at last killed by Hercules, and 
carried to Eurystheus. The town of Taenarus 
was at the distance of about 40 stadia from the 
promontory, and was famous for marble of a 
beautiful green colour. The town, as well as 
the promontory, received its name from Taena- 
rus, a son of Neptune. There were some fes- 
tivals celebrated there, called Tcenaria, in ho- 
nour of Neptune, surnamed Tvnarms. Homer. 
Hymn, in Jlpoli. 4\Z,—Paus. 3, c. 14. — Lu- 
can. 6, v. 648.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 247, 1. 10, v 
13 and 83.— Pan* 3, c. 25.—J]poUod. 2, c. 5. 
Mela, 2,c. 3.— Strab. 8. 

TiENiAs, a part of the lake Masotis. Strab. 



TaeGASTE, a town of Numidia. Plin. 5, c. 4» 

Tages, a son of Genius, grandson of Jupiter, 
was the first who taught the 12 nations of the 
Etrurians the science of augury and divination. 
It is said that he was found by a Tuscan plough- 
man in the form of a clod, and that he assumed 
an human shape to instruct this nation, which 
became so celebrated for their knowledge of 
omens and incantations. Cic de Div- 2, c. 23. 
— Ovid. Met. 15, v 558 — Lucan. 1, v 673. 

Taconihs, a river of Hispania Tarraconen- 
sis. 

Tagtjs, a river of Spain, which falls into the 
Atlantic after it has crossed Lusitania or Portu- 
gal, and now bears the name of Tap The 
sands of the Tagus, according to the poets, were 
covered with gold. Mela. 2,c. 1. — Ovid. Met. 
2, v 251.—SU, 4, v. 234.— Lucan 7, v. 755. 

Martial. 4, ep. 55,&c- A Latian chief, killed 

by Nisus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 418. A Trojan 

killed by Turnus Id. 12, v. 513. 

Talasius [Vid. Thalasius.] 

Talaus, a son of Bias and Pero, father of 
Adrastus by Lysimache. He was one of the 
Argonauts. Apollod. 1, c 9, 1. 3, c 6 

Talayra, the sister of Phoebe. She is also 
called Hilaira. [Vid Phoebe.] 

Talettjm, a temple sacred to the sun on 
mount Taygetus in Laconia. Horses were gen- 
erally offered there for sacrifice. Paus. 

Talthybius, a herald in the Grecian camp 
during the Trojan war, the particular minister 
and friend of Agamemnon. He brought away 
Briseis from the tent of Achilles by order of his 
master. Talthybius died at iEgium in Achaia. 
Homer U. 1, v'. 320, &c— Paus. 7, c 23 

Talus, a youth, son of'the sister of Daedalus, 
who invented the saw, compasses, and other me- 
chanical instruments His uncle became jea- 
lous of his growing fame, and murdered him pri- 
vately; or, according to others, he threw him 
down from the citadel of Athens. Talus was 
changed into a partridge by the gods. He is 
also called Calus, Jlcalus, Perdix, and Taliris. 
Apollod. 3, c. 1. — Paus. 1, c. 21. — Ovid Met. 

8.— j — A son of (Enopion. Paus. 7, c. 4. 

A son of Cres, the founder of the Cretan nation. 

Paus. 8, c. 53. A friend of iEneas killed by 

Turnus. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 513. 

Tamaris, a river of Spain. 

Tamarus, a mountain of Epirus, called also 
Tmarus and Tomarus. Strab. 

Tamasea, a beautiful plain of Cyprus, sacred 
to the goddess of beauty. It was in this place 
that Venus gathered the golden apples with 
which Hippomanes was enabled to overtake Ata- 
lanta. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 644 —Plin. 5— 
Strab. 14. 

Tamesis, a river of Britain, now the Thames. 
Cces G. 5. c. 11. 

Tamos, a native of Memphis, made governor 
of Ionia, by young Cyrus. After the death of 
Cyrus, Tamos fled into Egypt, where he was 
murdered on account of his immense treasures. 

Diod. 14 A promontory of India near the 

Ganges 

Tampitts, a Roman historian. 

Tamyras, a river of Phoenicia, between Tyre 
and Sidon. 



TA 



TA 



Tamyris, a queen. [Vid. Thomyris.] 

Tanagra, a town of Boeotia, near the Euri- 
pus, between the Asopus and Tbermodon, fa- 
mous for fighting cocks. It was . founded by 
Poeaiandros, a son of Chaeresilaus, the son of 
Jasius, who married Tanagra, the daughter of 
JEolus; or, according to some, of the Asopus. 
Conuna was a native of Tanagra. Strab. 9. — 
Paus 9, c 20 and 23 — JElian. V. H. 13, v. 
25. 

Tanagrtjs, or Tanager, now Negro, a river 
of Lucania in Italy, remarkable for its cascades, 
and the beautiful meanders of its streams, 
through a fine picturesque country. Virg. G. 
3, v. 151. 

Tanais, an eunuch, freed-man to Maecenas. 

Horat. 1, sat. 1, v. 105. A river of Scythia, 

bow the Don, which divides Eur&pe from Asia, 
and falls into the Palus Maeotis, after a rapid 
course, and after it has received the additional 
streams of many small rivulets. A town at its 
mouth bore the same name. Mela, 1, c. 19. — 
Strab. 11 and 16— Curt 6, c. 2.— Lucan. 3, 

8, &c A deity among the Persians and Ar- 

meiii-ius, who patronised slaves; supposed to be 
the same as Venus. The daughters of the no- 
blest of the Persians and Armenians prostituted 
themselves in honour of this deity, and were re- 
ceived with greater regard and affection by their 
suitors. Artaxerxes. the son of Darius, was 
the first who raised statues to Tanais in the 
different provinces of his empire, and taught his 
subjects to pay her divine honours. Curt 5, c. 
1.— Strab. 11. 

Tanaquil, called also Cain Ccecilia, was the 
wife of Tarquin the 5th king of Rome. She 
was a native of Tarquinia, where she married 
Lucumon, better known by the name of Tarquin, 
which he assumed after he had come to Rome 
at the representation of his wife, whose know- 
ledge of augury promised him something uncom- 
mon. Her expectations were not frustrated; 
her husband was raised to he throne, and she 
shared with him the honours of royalty. After 
the murder of Tarquin, Tanaquil raised her son- 
in-law Servius Tullius to the throne, and ensur- 
ed him the succession. She distinguished her- 
self by her liberality; and the Romans in suc- 
ceeding ages had such a veneration for her cha- 
racter, that the embroidery she h;'d made, her 
girdle, as also the robe of her son-in-law, which 
she had worked with her own hands, were pre- 
served with the greatest sanctity. Juvenal be- 
stows the appellation of Tanaquil ou all such 
women as were imperious, and had the com- 
mand of their husbands. Liv. 1, c. 34, &c — 
Diowjs Hal. 3, c 59 — Flor. 1, c. 5 and 8. — 
Itut 13, v 818. 

Tanas, a river of Numidia. Sallusl. J 90. 

Tanetum, a town of Italy, now Tonedo, in 
the dntchy of Modena. 

Tanfan^ lucus, a sacred grove in Germa- 
ny, in the country of the Marsi, between the 
Ems and Lippe. Tacit A. 1, c. 51. 

Tanis, a city of Egypt, on one of the eastern 
mouths of the Nile. 

Tantalides, a patronymic applied to the de- 
scendants of Tantalus, such as Niobe, llermi- 
one, &c. Agamemnon and Menelaus, as 



grandsons of Tantalus, are called Tantalida>fra- 
tres. Ovid. Heroid. 8, v. 45 and 122. 

Tantalus, a king of Lydia, son of Jupiter, 
by a nymph called Pluto. He was father of 
Niobe, Pelops, &c by Dione, one of the Atian- 
tides, called by some Euryanassa. ; anUlus is 
represented by the poets as punished in hell, 
with an insatiable thirst, and placed up to the 
chimin the midst of a pool of water, which how- 
ever flows away as soon as he attempts to taste 
it There hangs also above bis bead, a bough, 
richly loaded with delicious fruit; which, as 
soon as he attempts to seize, is carried away 
from his reach by a sudden blast of wind. Ac- 
cording to some mythologists, his punishment is 
to sit under a huge stone hung at some distance 
over his head, and as it seems every moment 
ready to fall, be is kept under continual alarms 
and never ceasing fears. The causes of this 
eternal punishment are variously explained. 
Some declare that it was inflicted upon him be- 
cause he stole a favourite dog, which Jupiter 
had entrusted to his care to keep his lempie in 
Crete. Others say that he stole away the nec- 
tar and ambrosia from the tables of the gods, 
when he was admitted into the assemblies of 
heaven, and that he gave it to mortals on earth. 
Others support that this proceeds from his cruelty 
and impiety in killing his son Pelops, and in 
serving his limbs as food before the gods, whose 
divinity and power he wished to try, when they 
had stopped at his house as tbey passed over 
Phrygia. There were also others who impute 
it to his lasciviousuess in carrying away Gany- 
medes to gratify the most unnatural of passions. 
Pindar. Olijmp. 1. — Homer. Od. 11, v. 5S1. — 
Cic. Tuic I, c. 5, 1. 4, c, 16- — Eurip. in Ifjliig. 
—Propert. 2, el 1, v 66 —Horat. 1, Sat. 1, 

v. 68. A son of Thyestes, the first husband 

of Clytemnestra. Paus. 2. One of Niobe's 

children. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 6. 

Tanusius Germinus, a Latin historian inti- 
mate with Cicero Seneca 93. — Suet. Cats. 9. 

Taphije, islands in the Ionian sea, between 
Achaia and Leucadia. Tbey were also called 
Teleboides. They received these names from 
Taphius and Telebous, the sons of Neptune, 
who reigned there. The Taphians made war 
against Electryon king of Mycenae, ai;d killed 
all his sons; upon which the monarch promised 
his kingdom and his daughter in marriage to 
whoever could avenge the death of bis children 
upon the Taphians. Ampbictryon did it with 
success, and ootained the promised reward — 
The Taphians were expert sailors, but too fond 
of plunder and piratical excursions. Homer* 
Od. 1, v. 181 and 419, I. 15, v. 426.— Jipollod. 
2, c A.— Plin. 4, c 12. 

Taphius, a son of Neptune by Hippothoe the 
daughter of Npstor. He was king of the Ta- 
phiae, to which he gave his name. Strab. 16. — 
Jipollod. 2, c. 4. 

Taphius, or Taphiassus, a mountain of Lo- 
cris on the confines of yEtolia 

Taphiusa, a place near Leucas, where a 
stone is found called Tapkiusius. Pirn 36, c. 21. 

Taphr/e, a town on the Isthmus of the Tau- 
rica Chersonesus, now Precop. Mela, 2, c. 1- 
—Plin. 4,c. 12. 



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killed by Pollux. 
Hyrcania. Dio. 



Taphros, the strait between Corsica and 
Sardinia, now Bonifacio. 

Taprobane, an island in the Indian ocean, 
now called Ceylon Its inhabitants were very 
rich and lived to a great age. Their country 
was visited by two summers and two winters. 
Hercules was their chief deity, and as the so- 
vereignty was elective, and only from among 
unmarried men, the monarch was immediately 
deposed if be became a father. Ptol 6. — Strab. 
I.— Ovid, ex Pont. 8. el. 5, v 80. 

Tapsus, a maritime town of Africa. Sil It. 

3. A small and lowly situated peninsula on 

the eastern coast of Sicily. Virg Mn. 3. v. 

689. A man of Cyzicus. 

V. Flacc. 2, v. 191. 

Tapyri, a people near 
Perieg. 

Taranis, a name of Jupiter among the Gauls, 
to whom human sacrifices were offered, Lucan. 
1, v. 446. 

Taras, a son of Neptune, who built Tarentum 
as some suppose. 

Tarasco, a town of Gaul, now Tarascon in 
Provence. 

Taraxippus, a deity worshipped at Elis. 
His statue was placed near the race ground, 
and his protection was implored, that no harm 
might happen to the horses during the games. 
Pans, 6, c 20, &c. — Dionys. Hal 2. 

Tarbelli, a people of Gaul, at the foot of 
the Pyrenees, which from thence are sometimes 
called Tarbdlx Tibull. 1, el. 7, v. 13.— 
Lucan. 4. v. 121.— Cats. G. 3, c. 27. 

Tarchetius, an impious king of Alba. Plut. 
in Rom. 

Tarchon, an Etrurian chief, who assisted 
iEneas, against theRutuli. Some suppose that 
he founded Mantua. Virg. Mn. 8, v. 693. 
• A prince of Cilicia. Lucan. 9, v, 219. 

Tarchondimotus, a prince of Cilicia. Lu- 
ian. 11, v. 219. 

Tarentum, Tarentus, or Taras, a town of 
Calabria, situate on a bay of the same name, 
near the mouth of the. river Galesus. It was 
founded, or rather repaired, by a Lacedaemonian 
colony, about 707 years before Christ, under 
the conduct of Phalanthus. Long independent, 
it maintained its superiority over 13 tributary 
cities; and could once arm 100,000 foot and 
3,000 horse. The people of Tarentum were 
very indolent, and as they were easily supplied 
with all necessaries as well as luxuries from 
Greece, they gave themselves up to voluptuous- 
ness, so that the delights of Tarentum became 
proverbial. The war which they supported 
against the Romans, with the assistance of 
Pyrrhus king of Epirus, and which has been 
called the Tarenline war, is greatly celebrated 
in his history. This war, which had been un- 
dertaken B. C. 281, by the Romans to avenge 
the insults the Tarentines had offered to their 
ships when near their harbours, was terminated 
after ten years; 30,000 prisoners were taken, 
and Tarentum became subject to Rome. The 
government of Tarentum wasdemocratical ; there 
were, however, some monarchs who reigned 
there. It was for some time the residence of 
Pythagoras, who inspired the citizens with the 



love of virtue, and rendered them superior to 
their neighbours in the cabinet as well as in the 
field of battle. The large, beautiful, and capa- 
cious harbour of Tarentum is greatly commend- 
ed by ancient historians. Tarentum, now called 
Tarento, is inhabited by about 18,000 souls, 
who still maintain the character of their fore- 
fathers in idleness and effeminacy and live 
chiefly by fishing. Flor 1, c. 18 — Val. Max. 
2, c. 2 — Plut. in Pyr.—Plin 8, c. 6, 1. 15, c. 

10, 1. 34, c. 7 — Liv. 12, c. 13. &c Mela. 2. 

c. 4. — Strab. 6. — Horat. 1. ep. 7, v. 45.— JElian 
V. H. 5, c. 20. 

Tarich^dm, a fortified town of Judea Cic, 

ad Uiv. 12. c. 11 Several towns on the 

coast of Egypt, bore this name from their 
pickling fish. Herodot. 2, c. 15, fyc. 

Tarn-s, a town mentioned by Homer. lL 
5.- A fountain of Lydia, near Tmolus. Strab. 



A river of Aquitania. 

Tarpa, Spurius Maetius, a critic at Rome in 
the age of Augustus. He was appointed with 
four others in the temple of Apollo, to exa- 
mine the merit of every poetical composition, 
which was to be deposited in the temple of the 
Muses In this office he acted with great im- 
partiality, though many taxed him with want 
of candour. All the pieces that were repre- 
sented on the Roman stage had previously re- 
ceived his approbation. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 
38. 

Tarpeia, the daughter of Tarpeius, the go- 
vernor of the citadel of Rome, promised to open 
the gates of the city to the Sabines, provided 
they gave her their gold bracelets, or, as she 
expressed it, what they carried on their left 
hands. Tatius, the king of the Sabines, con- 
sented, and as he entered the gates, to punish 
her perfidy, he threw not only his bracelet but 
his shield upon Tarpeia. His followers imita- 
ted his example, and Tarpeia was crushed un- 
der the weight of the bracelets and shields of 
the Sabine army. She was buried in the ca- 
pital, which from her has been called the Tar- 
peian rock, and there afterwards many of the 
Roman malefactors were thrown down a deep 
precipice. Plut. in Rom — Ovid. Fast. 1. v. 
261. Amor, 1, el. 10, v. 50.— Liv. 1, c. 11. 

— Propert. 4, el. 4 -A vestal virgin in the 

reign of Numa. One of the warlike female 

attendants of Camilla, in the Rutulian war, 
Virg.JEn. 11, v. 665. 

Tarpeia lex, was enacted A. U. C. 269, by 
Sp. Tarpeius, to empower all the magistrates 
of the republic to lay fines on offenders. This 
power belonged before only to the consuls. 
The fine was not to exceed two sheep and thir- 
ty oxen. 

Sp. Tarpeius, the governor of the citadel 
of Rome, under Romulus. His descendants 
were called Montani and Capitotini. 

Tarpeius mons, a hill at Rome about SQ 
feet in perpendicular height, from whence the 
Romans threw down their condemned criminals. 
It received its name from Tarpeia, who was 
buried there, and is the same as the Capitoline 
hill. Liv. 6, c. 20.— Lucan. 7, v. 758.— Virg, 
Mn. 8, v. 347 and 652. 

Tarquinii, now Turchina, a town of Etruria, 



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built by Tarcbon, who assisted iEneas against 
Turnus. Tarquinius Priscus was born or ed- 
ucated there, and he made it a Roman colony 
when he ascended the throne. Strab. 5. — Plin 
2, c. 95.— Liv 1, c. 34, I. 27, c. 4. 

Tarquinia, a daughter of Tarquinius Priscus, 
who married Servius Tullius. When her hus- 
band was murdered by Tarquin.us Superbus, 
she privately conveyed away his body by night, 
and buried it. This preyed upon her mind, 
and the following night she died. Some have 
attributed her death to excess of grief, or suicide, 
while others, perhaps more justly, have suspect- 
ed Tullia, the wife of young Tarquin, with the 
murder. A vestal virgin, who, as some sup- 
pose, gave the Roman people a large piece of 
land, which was afterwards called the Campus 
Martius. 

Tarquinius Priscus, the 5th king of Rome, 
was sou of Demaratus, a native of Greece. 
His first name was Lucumon, but this he chang- 
ed when by the advice of his wife Tanaquil, lie 
had come to Rome. He called himself Lucius, 
and assumed the surname of Tarquinius, be- 
cause born in the town of Tarquinii in Etruria. 
At Rome he distinguished himself so much by 
his liberality land engaging manners, that Ancus 
Martius. the reigning monarch, nominated him, 
at his death, the guardian of his children . This 
was insufficient to gratify the ambition of Tar- 
quin; the princes were young, and an artful 
oration delivered to the people, immediately 
transferred the crown of the deceased monarch 
on the head of Lucumon. The people bad 
every reason to be satisfied with their choice. 
Tarquin reigned with moderation and populari- 
ty. He increased the number of the senate, 
and made himself friends by electing 100 new 
senators from the plebeians, whom he distin- 
guished by the appellation of Patres minorum 
gentium, from those of the patrician body, who 
were called Patres majorum gentium. The 
glory of the Romans arms, which was suppoited 
with so much dignity by the former monarchs, 
was not neglected in this reign, and Tarquin 
showed that he possessed vigour and military 
prudence in the victories which he obtained 
over the united forces of the Latins and Sabines, 
and in the conquest of the 12 nation* of Etruria. 
He repaired, in the time of peace, the walls of 
the capital; the public places were adorned with 
elegant buildings and useful ornaments and 
many centuries after, such as were spectators of 
the stately mansions and golden palaces of Nero, 
viewed with more admiration and greater plea- 
sure, the more simple, though not less magni- 
ficent edifices ofTarquin. He laid the founda- 
tions of the capitol, and to the industry and the 
public spirit of this monarch the Romans were 
indebted for their aqueducts and subterraneous 
sewers, which supplied the city with fresh and 
wholesome water, and removed ail the filth and 
erdure, which in a great capital too often breed 
pestilence and diseases. Tarquin was the first 
who introduced among the Romans the custom 
to canvass for offices of trust and honour; he 
distinguished the monarch, 1hc senators, and 
other inferior magistrates, with particular robes 
and ornaments, with ivory chairs at spectacles; 



and the hatchets carried before the public ma- 
gistrates were by his order surrounded with bun- 
dles of sticks, to strike more terror, and to be 
viewed with greater reverence. Tarquin was 
assassinated uy the two sons of his predecessor, 
in the 80th year of his age, 38 of which he had 
sat on the throne, 578 years before Christ, 
Dionys Hal. 3, c. 59— Val. Max. I, c. 4, l. 
3, c, 2 — Flor. I, c. 5, &c— Liv. I, c. 31.— 

Virg. JEn. 6, v. 817. The second Tarquin, 

surnamed Superbus, from his pride and inso- 
lence, was grandson of Tarquinius Priscus. 
He ascended the throne of Rome after his fa- 
ther-in-law Servius Tullius, and was the seventh 
and last king of Rome. He married Tullia, 
the daughter of Tullius, and it was at her in- 
stigation that he murdered his father-in-law, 
and seized the kingdom The crown which he 
had obtained with violence, he endeavoured to 
keep by a continuation of tyranny. Unlike his 
royai predecessors, he paid no regard to the 
decisions of the senate, or the approbation of 
the public assemblies, and by wishing to dis- 
regard both, he incurred the jealousy of the one, 
and the odium of the other. The public trea- 
sury was soon exhausted by the continual ex- 
travagance ofTarquin, and to silence the mur- 
murs of his subjects, he resolved to cali iheir 
attention to war. He was successful in his 
military operations; the neighbouring citirs sub- 
mitted; but while the siege of Ardea was con- 
tinued, the wantonness of the son of Tarquin at 
Rome for ever stopped the progress of his armsj 
and the Romans, whom a series of barbarity 
and oppression had hitherto provoked, no soon- 
er saw the virtuous Lucretia stab herself, not to 
survive the loss of her honour, [Vid Lucretia] 
than the whole city and camp arose with indig- 
nation against the monarch. The gates of 
Rome were shut against him, and Tarquin was 
for ever banished from his throne, in the year 
of Rome 244. Unable to find support from 
even one of his subjects, Tarquin retired 
among the Etrurians, who attempted in vain to 
replace him ou his throne. The republican 
government was established at Rome, and all 
Italy refused any longer to support the cause 
of an exiled monarch against a nation, who 
heard the name ofTarquin, of king, and tyrant, 
mentioned with equal horror and indignation. 
Tarquin died in the 90th year of his age, about 
14 years after his expulsion from Rome. He 
had reigned about 25 years. Though Tarquin 
appeared so odious among the Romans, his 
reign was not without its share of glory; his 
conquests were numerous; to beautify the build- 
ings and porticos at Rome was his wish; and 
with great magnificence and care he finished 
the capitol, which his predecessor of the same 
name had begun. He also bought the Sibyl" 
line books which the Romans consulted with 
such religious solemnity. [Vid Sibylla:.] Cic: 
pro. Rab & Tus. 3, c. 27. —Liv. 1, c. 46, &c. 
— Dionys. Hal 3, c.48,&c. — Flor, 1, c. 7 and 
8.— Plin. 8. c 41— Plut— Val. Max. 9, c. IK 
— Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 687. — Virg. JEn. 6. v. 817. 

Eutrop. Collatinus, one of the relations of 

Tarquin the proud, who married Lucretia, [Vid, 
Collatinus.] Sextius, the eldest of the sons 



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of Tarquin the proud, rendered himself known 
by a variety of adventures When his father 
besieged Gabii. young Tarquin publiclj declar- 
ed that he was at variance with the monarch, 
and the report was the more easily believed 
when he came l>efore Gabii with his body all 
mangled and bloody with stripes. This was an 
agreement between the father and the son, and 
Tarquin had no sooner declared that this pro- 
ceeded from the tyranny and oppression of his 
father, than the people of Gabii entrusted him 
with the command of their armies, fully con- 
vinced that Rome could never have a more in- 
veterate enemy. When he had thus succeeded, 
he despatched a private messenger to his father, 
but the monarch gave no answer to be returned 
to bis son. Sextius inquired more particularly 
about his father, and when he heard from the 
messenger thai when the message was deliver- 
ed, Tarquin cut off with a stick the tallest 
poppies in his garden, the son followed the ex- 
ample, by putting to death the most noble am! 
powerful citizens of Gabii. The town soon fell 
into the hands of the Romans. The violence 
which some time after Tarquinius offered to 
Lueretia, was the cause of his father's exile, 
and the total expulsion of his family from 
Rome. [Vid. Lueretia.] Sextius was at last 
killed, bravely fighting in a battle during the 
war which the Latins sustained against Rome 
in the attempt of re-establisbing the Tarquins 
on their throne. Ovid. Fast.-r—Liv. A Ro- 
man senator who was accessary to Catiline's 
conspiracy. 

Takquitius Crescens, a centurion under 
Caesennius Paetus. Tacit. Ji. 15, c. 11. — 



Priscus, an officer in Africa, ,who accused the 
proconsui, &c. Id. 12, c. 59, 1 14, c. 46. 

Tarquitus, a son of Faunus aud Dryope, 
who assisted Turnus against iEneas. He was 
killed by .Eneas. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 550. 

T rracina, a town of the Volsci in Latium, 
between Rome and Neapolis. It was also called 
Anxur because the infant Jupiter was" worship- 
ped there under that name, which signifies 
beardless. Liv. 4, c 29 — Strab. 5. — Mela, 2, 
C. 4. — Festus de V. sig. 

Tarraco, now Tarragona, a city of Spain, 
situate on the "hores of the Mediterranean, 
founded by the two Scip;os, who planted a Ro- 
tnan colony there. The province of which it 
was the capital was called Tarraconensis, and 
was famous for its wines. Hispania Tarraco- 
nenf-is, which was also called by the Romans 
Hispania Citerior, was bounded on the east by 
the Mediterranean, the ocean on the west, the 
Pyrenean mountains and the sea of the Canta- 
bra on the north, and Lusitania and Baeiica on 
the south. Martial. 10, ep. 104, 1, 13, ep. 118. 
—Mela, 2, c 6— Sil. 3, v 339, I. 15, v. 177. 

Tarrutius. Vid Acca Laureutia. 

Tarsa, a Thracian, who rebelled finder Ti- 
berius, &c. Tacit. Jinn. 4, c. 50 

Tarsius, a river of Troas. Strab. 

Tarsus, now Tarasso, a town of Cilicia, on 
the Cydnus, founded by Triptolemus and a co- 
lony of Argives, or, as others say, by Sardana- 
palus, or by Perseus. Tarsus was celebrated 
for the great men it produced. It was once the 



rival of Alexandria and Athens in literature and 

the study of the polite arts. The people of Tar- 
sus wished to ingratiate themselves into the fa- 
vour of J. Caesar by giving the name of Julio- 
polis to their city, but it was soon lost Lucan. 
3, v. 225.— Mela, I, c. 13.— Strab. 14. 

Tartarus, (pi. a, orum,) one of the regions 
of hell, where, according to the ancients, the 
most impious and guilty among mankind were 
punished. It was surrounded with a brazen 
wall, and its entrance was continually hidden 
from the sight by a cloud of darkness, which is 
represented three times more gloomy than the 
obscurest night. According to Hesiod it was a 
separare prison, at a greater distance from the 
earth than the earth is from the heavens Vir- 
ail says, that it was surrounded by three impen- 
etrable wails, and by the impetuous and burn- 
ing streams of the river Fhlegethon. The en- 
trance is by a large and lofty tower, whose gates 
are supported by columns of adamant, which 
neither gods nor men can open. In Tartarus, 
according to Virgil, were punished such as had 
been disobedient to their- parents, traitors, adul- 
terers, faithless ministers, and such as had un- 
dertaken unjust and cruel wars, or had betrayed 
their friends for the sake of money. It was also 
the place where Ixion, Tityus, the Danaides, 
Tantalus, Sisyphus, &c were punished, accord- 
ing to Ovid. Hesiod. Theog. v. 720.— Sil. 13, 
v 591 — Virg. JEn. 6.— Homer. Od. 11. — 
Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 13. -A small river of Ita- 
ly, near Verona. Tacit. H 3, c. 9. 

Tartessus, a town in Spain near the co- 
lumns of Hercules, on the Mediterranean. — 
Some suppose that it was afterwards called Car- 
tela, and it was better known by the name of 
Gades, when Hercules had setup his columns on 
the extremity of Spain and Africa. There is 
aiso a town called Tartessus, in a small island 
formed by a river of the same name, near Gades 
in Iberia. Tartessus has been called the most 
distant town in the extremities of Spain, by the 
Romans, as also the palace where the poets im- 
agined the sun unharnessed his tired horses. 
Sil. 3, v. 399 and 41.1, I. 10, v. 538 —Mela, 2, 
c. 6.— Pans. 6, c. 19.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 416. 
—Strab. 3. 

Taruana, a town of Gaul, now Terrouen in 
Artois. 

L. Taruntius Spurina, a mathematician 
who flourished 61 years B. C. Cic ad Div. 2, 
c. 47. 

Tarus, a river of Gaul falling into the Po. 

Tarusates, a people of Gaul, now Tursan. 
Cxs. G 3, c. 23 and 27 

Taruscum, a town of Gaul. 

Tarvisium, a town of Italy, now Treviso, in 
the Venetian states. 

Tasgetius Cornutus, a prince of Gaul, as- 
sassinated in the age of Caesar. Cces. B. G. 5, 
c.25. 

Tatian, one of the Greek fathers, A D. 1 72. 
The best edition, of his works is that of Worth, 
8vo. Oxon. 1700. 

Tatienses, a name given to one of the tribes 
of tae Roman peofjle by Romulus, in honour of 
Tatius, king of the Sabines. The Tatienses, 
who were partly the ancient subjects of the king 



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of the Sabines, lived on mount Capitolinus and 
Quirinalis. 

Tatios, (Titus) king of Cures among the Sa- 
bines, made war against the Romans after the 
rape of the Sabines. The gates of the city were 
betrayed into his hands by Tarpeia, am' the ar- 
my of the Sai'ines advanced as far as the Ro- 
man forum, where a bloody battle was fought. 
The cries of the Sabine virgins at last stopt the 
fury of the combatants, and an agreement Wcis 
made between the two nations. Tatius con- 
sented to leave his ancient possessions, and with 
his subjects of Cures to come and live in Rome 
which, as stipulated, was permittee siill to bear 
the name of its founder, whilst the inhabitants- 
adopted the name of Quirite* in compliment to 
the new citizens. After he had for six years 
shared the royal authority with Romulus, in the 
greatest union, he was murdered at Lanuvium 
B. C. 742, for an act of cruelty to the ambassa- 
dors of the Laurentes. This was done by order 
of his royal colleague, according to some au- 
thors. Liv. I, c. 10, &c. — t'lut. in Rom, — 
Cic pro Balb. — Ovid. Met. 14, v. 804.— Flor 
1, c 1 

Tatta, a large lake of Phrygia, on the con- 
fines of Pisidia. 

Tavola, a river of Corsica. 

Taua, a town of the Delta in Egypt 

Taulantii, a people of lllyricum on the Adri- 
atic Liv. 45, c 26. Lucan. 6, v 16. 

Taunus, a mountain in Germany, now Hey- 
rich or Hoche, opposite Mentz. Tacit. 1, Jinn. 
c 56 

Taurania, a town of Italy in the country of 
the Brutii. 

Taurantes, a people of Armenia, between 
Artaxata and Tigranocerta. Tacit. Jinn. 14, 
c 24. 

Taum, a people of European Sarmatia, who 
inhabited Taurica Cbersonesus, and sacrificed 
all strangers to Diana. The statue of this god- 
dess, which they believed to have fallen down 
from heaven, was carried away to Sparta by 
Iphigenia and Orestes. Strab. 12. — Herodot. 
4 v c 99, &c —Mela, 2. c. l.—Paus. 3, c. 16. 
— Eurip Iphig. — Ovid, ex Pont. 1, el. 2, v. 
80.— Sit. 14, v. 260.— Juv, 15, v. 116. 

Taurica Chersonesus, a large peninsula of 
Europe, at the south-west of the Palus Maeotis, 
now called the Crimea. It is joined by an isth- 
mus to Scythia, and is bounded by the Cimme- 
rian Bosphorus, the Euxine sea, and the Palus 
Maeotis. The inhabitants, called Tauri, were 
a savage and uncivilized nation. Strab. 4. — 
Plin. 4, c. 12. [Fid Tauri ] 

Taurica, a surname of Diana, because she 
was worshipped by the inhabitants of Taurica 
Chersonesus. 

Taurini, the inhabitants of Taurinum, a 
town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called Turin, in 
Piedmont. Sil. 3, v 646 —Plin, 3, c 17. 

Taurisci, a people of Mysia. Strab. 7. 

Of Noricum, among the Alps. Id. 4. 

Tauriscus, a sculptor [Vid. Apollonius.] 

Taurium, a town of the Peloponnesus. Po- 
lyb. 

Taurominium. a town of Sicily, between 
Messana and Catania, built by the Zancleans, 



Sicilians, and Hybleans, in the age of Diony- 
sius the tyrant of Syracuse. The hills in the 
neighbourhood were famous for the fine grapes 
wbich they produced, and they surpasseu almost 
the whole world for the extent and beauty of 
their prospects. There is a small river near it 
called Taurominius. Diod 16. 

Taurus, the largest mountain of Asia, as to 
extent. One of its extremities is in Caria, and 
it extends not only as far as the most eastern 
extremities of Asia, but it also branches in se- 
veral parts, and runs far into the north. Mount 
Taurus was known by several names, particu- 
larly in different countries. In Cilicia, where 
it reaches as far as the Euphrates, it was called 
Taurus. It was known by the name of Amanus 
from the bay of lssus as far as the Euphrates; 
of Jintitaurus from the western boundaries of 
Cilicia up to Armenia; of Monies Matieni in the 
country of the Leucosyrians; of Mons Moschicus 
at the south of the river Phasis; of Amur onto, 
at the north of the Phasis; of Caucasus between 
(he Hyrcanian and Euxine seas; of Hyrcanii 
Monies near Hyrcania; of Imaus in the mere 
eastern parts of Asia. The word Taurus was 
more properly confined to the mountains which 
separate Phrygia and Pamphylia from Cilicia. 
The several passes wbich were opened in the 
mountain were called Pylte, and hence frequent 
meution is made in ancient authors of the Ar- 
menian Py!ae, Cilician Pylae, &c. Mela, 1, c. 

15, 1. 3, c 7 and 8.— Plin. 5, c. 27 A 

mountain in Germany. Tacit. Ann 6, c. 41. 
Of Sicily. Titus Statilius, a consul dis- 
tinguished by his intimacy with Augustus, as 
well as by a theatre which be built, and the tri- 
umph he obtained after a prosperous campriga 
in Africa. He was made prefect of Italy by his 
imperial friend. A pro-consul of Africa, ac- 
cused by Agrippina, who wished him to be con 
demned, that she might become mistress of his 

gardens. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 59 An officer 

of Minos, king of Crete. He had an amour with 
Pasiphae, whence arose the fable of the Mino- 
taur, from the son, who was born some time af- 
ter. [Vid. Minotaurus.] Taurus was van- 
quished by Theseus, in the games which Minos 
exhibited in Crete. Pint. if; Thes. 

Taxila. (plur.) a large country in India, be- 
tween the Indus and the Hyda c pes. Strab. 15. 

Taxilus, or Taxiles, a king of Taxila, in 
the age of Alexander, called also Omphis He 
submitted to the conqueror, who rewarded him 
with great liberality. Diod. 17. — Plut.inAkx. 

—Attian. V. H 5, c 6.— Curt. 8, c. 14. 

A general of Mithridates, who assisted Arche- 
laus against the Romans in Greece He was 
afterwards conquered by Muraena, the lieuten- 
ant of Sylla. 

Taximaquilus, a king in the southern parts 
of Britain when Czesar invaded it. Ccs. 5, G. 
c. 22. 

Taygete, or Taygeta. a daughter of Atlas 
and Pleione, mother of Lnceda?mon by Jupiter. 
She became one of the Pleiades, after death. 
Hygin.fab. 155 and 192. Pans, in Cic. 1 and 
18. 

Taygetus, or Taygeta, (orum,) a mountain 
of Laconia, in Peloponnesus, at the west of the 



TE 



TE 



river Eurotas. It hung over the city of Lace- 
dsemon, and it is said that once a part of it fell 
down by an eaithquake, and destroyed the sub- 
urbs. It was on this mountain that the Lace- 
daemonian women celebrated the orgies of Bac- 
chus. Mda. 2, c. 5. — Paus. 3, c 1 . — Strab. S. 
— Lucan. 5, v. 52. — Virg G.2,v. 488 

Teancm, a town of Campania, on the Appian 
road, at the east of the Liris, called also Stdici- 
num, to be distinguished from another town of 
the same name at the west of Apulia, at a small 
distance from the coast of the Adriatic. The 
rights of citizenship were extended to it under 
Augustus. Cic. Clueni. 9 and 69, Phil 12, c. 
11. — Horat. 1, ep. 1. — Plin 31, c. 2 — Liv. 
22, c. 27. 

Tearus, a river of Thrace, rising in the same 
rock from 38 different sources, some of which 
are hot and others cold. Darius raised a column 
there when he niarehea against the Scythians, 
as if to denote the sweetness and salubrity of 
the waters of that river. Herodot. 4, c 90. &c. 
—Plin. 4, c. 11. 

Teatea, Teate, or Tegeate, a town of La- 
tium. Sil It. 8, v. 522, 1. 17, v. 457. 

Teches, a mountain of Pontus, from which 
the 10,000 Greeks had first a view of the sea. 
Xenoph. Anab. 4. 

Techmessa, the daughter of a Phrygian 
prince called by some Teuthras, and by others 
Teleutas. When her father was killed in war 
by Ajax, son of Telamon, the young princess 
became the property of the conqueror, and by 
him she had a son called Eurysaces. Sopho- 
cles, in one of his tragedies, represents Tech- 
messa as moving her husband to pity by ner 
tears and entreaties, when he wished to stall 
himself. Horat. 2, Od. 1, v. 6 —Dictys Cret. 
— Sophocl. in Ajac. 

Tecmon, a town of Epirus. Liv. 45, c. 26. 
Tecnatis, a king of Egypt. 
Tectamus, son of Dorus, grandson of Hel- 
len, the son of Deucalion, went to Crete with 
the jEtolians and Pelasgians, and reigned there. 
He had a son called Asterius, by the daughter 
of Cretbeus. 

Tectosages, or Tectosag^;, a people of 
Gallia Nar^onensis. whose capital was the mo- 
dern Toulouse. They received the name of 
Tectosagae quod sagis tegerentur. Some of them 
passed into German), where they settled near 
the Uercynian forest, and another colony pass- 
ed into Asia, where they conquered Phrygia, 
Paphlagonia, and Cappadocia. The Tectosagae 
were among those Gauls who pillaged Rome 
under Brennus, and who attempted some time 
after to piunder the temple of Apollo at Delphi. 
At their return home from Greece they were 
visited by a pestilence, and ordered, to stop it, 
to throw into the river all the riches and plun- 
der they had obtained in their distant excur- 
sions. Cces Bell G. 6, c. 23. — Strab. 4 — Cic. 
de Mat. D. 3 —Liv. 38, c. 16.— Flor. 2, ell. 
— Justin. 32. 

Tecum, a river of Gaul falling from the Py- 
renees into the Mediterranean. 

Tedanius, a river of Liburnia. Plin. 3, c. 

fl '- - 

Tegea, or Teg2ea, now Moklia, a town of | 



Arcadia in the Peloponnesus, founded by Te- 
geates, a son of Lycaon, or, according to others, 
by Altus. The gigantic bones of Orestes were 
found buried there and removed to Sparta. 
Apoilo and Pan were worshipped there, and 
there also Ceres, Proserpine, and Venus, had 
each a temple. The inhabitants were called 
Tegeates; and the epithet Tegiea is given to 
A'alanta, as a native of the place. Ovid. Met. 
8, fab. 7 Fast 6, v. b3l.-Virg.JEn. 5, v. 
293.— Strab 8.— Paus. 8, c. 45, &c. - 

Tegula, P. Licin. a comic poet who flourish- 
ed B. C. 198. 

Tegyra, a town of Beeotia, where Apollo 
Tegyrceus was worshipped There was a bat- 
tle fought there between the Thebans and the 
Peleponnesians. 

Teios. Vid. Teos. 

Teium, a town of Paphlagonia on the Eux- 
ine sea. 

Tela, a town of Spain. 

Telamon, a king of the island of Salamis, 
son of iEaeus and Endeis. He was brother to 
Peleus, and father to Teucer and Ajax, who 
on that account is often called Telamonius heros. 
He fled from Megara, his native country, after 
he had accidentally murdered his brother Pho- 
cus in playing with the quoit, and he sailed to 
the island of Salamis, where he soon after mar- 
ried Glauce, the daughter of Cychreus. the king 
of the place At the death of his father-in-law, 
who had no male issue, Telamon became king 
of Salamis. He accompanied Jason in his ex- 
pedition to Colchis, and was arm-bearer to Her- 
cules, when that hero took Laomedon prisoner, 
and destroyed Troy. Telamon was rewarded 
by Hercules for his services with the hand of 
Hesione, whom the conqueror had obtained 
among the spoils of Troy, and with her he re- 
turned to Greece. He also married Peribcea, 
whom some call Eriboea Ovid. Met- 13, v. 
151. — Sophocl. in .1j — Pindar. Isthm. 6. — 
Stat. Theb 6. — ipollod. 1, 2, &c— Paxus. in 

Cor — Hygin. fab. 97, &c. A sea-port town 

of Etruria. Mela, 2, c. 4. 

Telamoniades, a patronymic given to the 
descendants of Telamon. 

Telchines, a people of Rhodes, said to have 
been originally from Crete. They were the 
inventors of many useful arts, and according to 
Diodorus, passed for the sons of the sea. They 
were the first who raised statues to the gods. 
They had the power of changing themselves 
into whatever shape they pleased, and accord- 
ing to Ovid they could poison and fascinate all 
objects with their eyes, and cause rain and hail 
to fall at pleasure. The Telchinians insulted 
Venus, for which the goddess inspired them 
with a sudden fury, so that they committed the 
grossest crimes, and offered violence even to 
their own mothers. Jupiter destroyed them all 
by a deluge. Diod. — Ovid. Met. 7, v. 365, &c. 

Telchinia, a surname of Minerva at Teu- 
rnessa in Boeotia, where she had a temple. 

Paus. 9, c. 19. Also a surname of Juno in 

Rhodes, where she had a statue at Ialysus rais- 
ed by the Telchinians, who settled there. 
Also an ancient name of Crete, as the place 



TE 



TE 



from whence the Telchines of Rhodes were 
descended. Stat. 6, Sylv. 6, v. 47. 

Telchinius, a surname of Apollo among the 
Rho<!ians. Diod. 5. 

Telchis, a son of Europs the son of JEgia- 
leus. He was one of the first kings of the Pe- 
loponnesus. 

Telea, a surname of Juno in Boeotia. 

Teleboas, a son of Ixion and the cloud. 
Ovid. Met 11 A son of Lycaon Jipollod 

Telebo^;, or Teleboes, a people of iEtolia, 
callei also Taphians; some of whom left their 
native country, and settled in the island of 
Caprae. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 715. [Vid. Taphias.] 

Teleboides, islands opposite Leucadia. Piin 
4, c. 12 

Telecles, or Teleclus, a Lacedaemonian 
king, of the family of the -\2;idae, who reigned 
40 years, B. C. 813. Htrodot. 7, c 205.— 

Pans. 3, c 2. A philosopher, disciple of 

Lacidas, B. C 214. A Milesian. 

Teleclides, an Athenian comic poet in the 
age of Peru'les, one of whose plays called the 
Amphictyons, is mentioned by ancient authors. 
Pint, in Nicid. — Jlthen. 8. 

Telegonus, a son of Ulvsses and Circe, 
born in the island of iEaea, where he was edu- 
cated. When arrived to the years of manhood, 
he went to Ithaca to make himself known to 
bis father, but he was shipwrecked on the coast, 
and being destitute of provisions he plundered 
some of the inhabitants of the island. Ulysses 
and Telemachus came to defend the property 
of their subjects against this unknown invader; 
a quarrel arose, and Telegonus killed his father 
without knowing who he was. He afterwards 
returned to his native country, and according to 
Hvginus he carried thither his father's body, 
where it was buried Telemachus and Pene- 
lope also accompanied him in his return, and 
soon after the nuptials of Telegonus and Pene- 
lope were celebrated by order of Minerva. 
Penelope had by Telegonus a son called Italus, 
who gave his name to Italy. Telegonus found- 
ed Tuscnlum and Tiber or Prseneste, in Italy, 
and according to some he left one daughter, 
called Mamilia, from whom the patrician family 
of the Mamilii at Rome were descended. Ho- 
rat. 3, od. 29, v 8. — Ovid. Fast. 3 and 4. 
Trist. 1, el 1. — Plut. in Par. — Hygin fab. 

127. — Diod. 7. A son of Proteus killed by 

Hercules. Jipollod. A king of Egypt who 

married lo after she had been restored to her 
original form by Jupiter. Id. 

Telemachus, a son of Ulysses and Pene- 
lope. He was still in the cradle when his father 
went with the rest of the Greeks to the Trojan 
war. At the end of this celebrated war, Te- 
lemachus, anxious to see his father, went to 
seek him, and as the place of his residence, and 
the cause of his long absence were then un- 
known, he visited the court of Menelaus and 
Nestor to obtain information. He afterwards 
returned to Ithaca, where the suitors of his mo- 
ther Penelope had conspired to murder him, 
but he avoided their snares, and by means of 
Minerva, he discovered his father, who had 
arrived in the fsland two. days before him, and 
was then in the house of Eumaeus. With this 



faithful servant and Ulysses, Telemachus con- 
certed how to deliver his mother from the im- 
portunities of her suitors, and it was effected 
with success. After the death of his father, 
Telemachus went to the island of iEaea, where 
he married Circe, or according to others Cassi- 
phone, the daughter of Circe, by whom he had 
a son called Latinus. He some time after had 
the misfortune to kill his mother-in-law Circe, 
and fled to Italy, where he founded Clusium. 
Telemachus was accompanied in his visit to 
Nestor and Menelaus, by the goddess of wisdom, 
under the form of Mentor. It is said, that when 
a child. Telemachus fell into the se«, and that 
a dolphin brought him safe to shore, after he 
had remained some time under water From 
this circumstance Ulysses had the figure of a 
dolphin engraved on the seal which he wore on 
his ring. Hi;gin- fab. 95 and 125. — Ovid. He- 
roid. 1, v. 98. — Herat. 1, ep. 7, v. 41. — Ho- 
mer. Od 2, &c. — Lycophr. in Cass- 

Telemus, a Cyclops who was acquainted 
with futurity. He foretold to Polyphemus all 
the evils which he some time after suffered 
from Ulysses. Ovid. Met 13. v. 771. 

Telephassa, the mother of Cadmus, Phoe- 
nix, and Cilix, by Agenor. She died in Thrace, 
as she was seeking her daughter Europa, whom 
Jupiter had carried away. Jipollod. 3, c. 1 and 
4. 

Telephus, a king of Mysia, son of Hercules 
and Auge, the daughter of Aleus He was ex- 
posed as soon as horn on mount Parthenius, but 
his life was preserved bv a goat and by some 
shepherds.. According to Apollodorus, he was 
exposed, not on a mountain, but in the temple 
of Minerva, at Tegea, or according to a tradi- 
tion mentioned by Pausanias. he was left to the 
mercy of the waves with his mother, by the 
cruelty of Aleus, and carried by the winds to 
the mouth of the Caycus, where he was found 
by Teuthras, king of the country, who married, 
or rather adopted as his daughter, Auge, and 
educated her son. Some, however, suppose 
that Auge fled to Teuthras to avoid the anger 
of her father on account of her amour with 
Hercules. Yet others declare that Aleus gave 
her to Nauplius to be severely punished for her 
incontinence, and that Nauplius, unwilling to 
injure her, sent her to Teuthras, king of Bi- 
thynia, by whom" she was adopted. Telephus, 
according to the more received opinions, was 
ignorant of his origin, and be was ordered by 
the oracle if he wished to know his parents, to 
go to Mysia. Obedient to this injunction, he 
came to Mysia, where Teuthras offered him his 
crown and his adopted daughter Auge in mar- 
riage, if he would deliver bis country from the 
hostilities of Idas, the son of Aphareus. Tele- 
phus readily complied, and at the head of the 
Mysians he soon routed the enemy and received 
the promised reward. As he was going to unite 
himself to Auge, the sudden appearance of an 
enormous serpent separated the two lovers; 
Auge implored the assistance of Hercules, and 
was soon informed by the god that Telephus 
was her own sou. When this was known, the 
nuptials were not celebrated, and Telephus some 
time after married one of the daughters ©f king 

4rr 



TE 



TE 



Priani. As one of the sons of the Trojan mo- 
narch, Telephus prepared to assist Priam against 
the Greeks, and with heroic valour he attacked 
them when they had landed on his coast. The 
carnage was great, and Telephus was victori- 
ous, had not Bacchus, who protected the Greeks, 
suddenly raised a vine from the earth, which 
entangled the feet of the monarch, and laid him 
flat on the ground- Achilles immediately rush- 
ed upon him, and wounded him so severely that 
he was carried away from the battle. The 
wound was mortal, and Telephus was informed 
by the oracle, that he alone who had inflicted 
it, could totally cure it. Upon ibis, applications 
were made to Achilles, but in vain; the hero 
observed that he was no physician, till Ulysses, 
who knew that Troy could not be 'aken without 
the assistance of one of the sons of Hercules, 
and who wished to make Telephus the friend of 
the Greeks, persuaded Achilles to obey the di- 
rections of the oracle. Achilles consented, and 
as the weapon which bad given the wound could 
alone cure it, the hero scraped the rust from 
the point of his spear, and by applying it to the 
sore, gave it immediate relief. It is said that 
Telephus showed himself so grateful to the 
Greeks, that he accompanied them to the Tro 
jan war, and fought with them against his father- 
in-law. Hygin. fab. 101. — Paus 8, c. 48. — 
Jipollod. 2, c. 7, &c— JElian. V. H. 12. c. 42. 
—Diod. A.— Ovid. Fast. 1, el. 1, &c —Philostr. 
her — Plin. A friend of. Horace, remark- 
able for his beauty and the elegance of his per- 
son. He was the favourite 1 of Lydia, the mis- 
tress of Horace, &c. Horat. 1, od. 12, 1. 4. 

od. II, v. 21. A slave who conspired against 

Augustus. Sue ton. in Jlug. — ; — L. Verus wrote 
a book on the rhetoric of Homer, as also a com- 
parison of that poet with Plato, and other trea- 
tises, all lost 

Telesia, a town of Campania, taken by An- 
nibal. Liv. 21, c. 13, I. 24, c. 20. 

Telesicles, a Parian, father to the poet Ar- 
chiiochus, by a slave called Enippo. JElian. V. 

H. 10, C; 13. 

Telesilla, a lyric poetess of Argos, who 
bravely defended her country against the Lace- 
daemonians, and obliged them to raise theseige. 
A statue was raised to her honour in the temple 
of Venus. Paus. 2, c. 20. 

Telesinictts, a Corinthian auxiliary at Sy- 
racuse, &c Poly an. 5. 

Telesinus, a general of the Samnites, who 
joined the interest of Marius, and fought against 
the generals of Sylla. He marched towards 
Rome and defeated Sylla with great loss. He 
was afterwards routed in a bloody battle, and 
left in the number of the slain after he had gi- 
Ten repeated proofs of valour and courage. 
Plut. in Mar. &c— — A poet of considerable 
merit in Domitian's reign. Juv. 7, v. 25 

Telesippds, a poor man of Pherae,, father to 
the tyrant Dinias. Polycen. 2. 

Telestagoras, a man of Naxos, whose 
daughters were ravished by some of the nobles 
of the island, in consequence of which they were 
expelled by the direction of Lygdamis, &c. 
JIthen. 8. 

Telestas, a son of Priam. Jipollod. 3, c. 



12. An athlete of Messenia. Paus. 6, c. 

14. A king of Corinth, who died 779 B. C. 



Telestes, adithyrambic poet, who flourished 
B. C 402. 

Telesto, one of the Oceaoides. Hes Theo. 

Telethus, a mountain in Euboea. 

Telethusa, the wife of Lygdus or Lyctus, 
a native of Crete. She became mother of a 
daughter, who was afterwards changed into a 
boy [Fid Iphis] Ovid. Met 9, v. 681. 

Teleurias, a prince of Macedonia, &c Xe~ 
nophon. 

Teleutias, the brother of Agesilaus, who 
was killed by the (Jlynthians, &c. 

Teleute, a surname of Venus among the 
Egyptians. Plut de Is. &f Os 

Tellen^e, a town of Laiium, now destroyed. 
Liv 1, c 33. 

Telles, a king of Achaia, son of Tisamenes. 
Paus. 7. c. 6. 

Tellias, a famous soothsayer of Elis, in the 
age of Xerxes. He was greatly honoured in 
Phocis, where he had settled, and the inhabit- 
ants raised him a statue in the temple of Apol- 
lo, at Delphi. Paus. 10, v, 1. — Herodot- 8, c. 
27. 

Tellis, a Greek lyric poet, the father of Bra- 
sidas. 

Tellus, a divinity, the same as the earth, 
the most ancient of all the gods after Chaos. 
She was mother by Ccelus of Oceanus, Hype- 
rion, Ceus, Rhea, Japetus, Themis, Saturn, 
Phoebe, Tethys, &c Tellus is the same as the 
divinity, who is honoured under the several 
names of Cybele, Rhea, Vesta, Ceres, Tithea, 
Bona Dea, Proserpine. &c. She was generally 
represented in the character of Tellus, as a wo- 
man with many breasts, distended with milk, to 
express the fecundity of the earth. She also 
appeared crowned with turrets, holding a scep- 
tre in one nand, and a key in the other, while 
at her feet was lying a tame lion without chains, 
as if to intimate that every part of the earth can 
be made fruitful by means of cultivation. He- 
siod. Theng. v. 130. — Virg. JEn. 7, v. 137. — 

Jlpollod 1, c. 1. A poor man, whom Solon 

called happier than Croesus, the rich and ambi- 
tious king of Lydia. Tellus had the happiness 
to see a strong and healthy family of children, 
and at last to fall in the defence of his country. 

Herodot. 1, c. 30. An Italian who is said to 

have had commerce with his mares, and to have 
had a daughter called Hippone, who became 
the goddess of horses. 

Telmessus, or Telmissus, a town of Caria, 
whose inhabitants were skilled in augury and 
the interpretation of dreams. Oic dediv.l.— 

Strab. 14. — Liv. 37, c. 16. Another in Ly- 

cia A third in Pisidia. 

Tei o Martius, a town at the south of Gaul, 
now Toulon. 

Telon, a skilful pilot of Masilia, killed du- 
ring the siege of thaf city by Caesar. Lucan. 
3, v 592 A king of the Teleboae, who mar- 
ried Sebethis, by whom he had (Ebalus. Virg. 
JEn 7, v. 734. 

Telos, a small island near Rhodes. 
Telphusa. a nymph of Arcadia, daughter of 
the Ladon, who gave her name to a town ami 



TE 



TE 



fountain of that place. The waters of the foun- 
tain Tetphusa were so cold, that Tiresias died 
by drinking them. Diod. 4. — Strab. 9. — Lycro- 
plion. 1040. 

Tklxiope, one of the muses according to Cic. 
de JV'. D 3, c. 21. 

Telys, a tyrant of Sybaris. 

Temathea, a mountain of Messenia. Pans. 
4, c. 34. 

Temenium, a pJace in Messene, where Te- 
menus was buned. 

TemenItes, a surname of Apollo, which he 
received at Temenos, a small place near Svra- 
cuse, where he was worshipped. Cic. m Verr. 

Temenos, a place of Syracuse, where Apollo, 
called Temenites, had a sta'ue. Cic. in Verr. 
4, c 53. Suet. Tib. 74. 

Temenus, the son of Aristomachus, was the 
first of me Heraclidae who returned to Pelopon- 
nesus with his brother Ctesiphontes in the reign 
of Tisamenes, king of Argos. Temenus made 
himself master of the throne of Argos, from 
which he expelled the reigning sovereign. Af- 
ter death he was succeeded by his son-in-law 
Dcdphon, who had married his daughter Hyrne- 
tho, and this succession was iri preference to his 
own son. Jipollod. 2, c 7. — Paus, 2, c 18 and 

19. A son of Pelasgus who was entrusted 

with the care of Juno's infancy Paus 8, c. 22. 

Temerind\, the name of the Palus Maeotis 
among tbe natives. 

Temesa, a town of Cyprus. Another in 

Calabria in Italy, famous for its mines of cop- 
per, which were exhausted in the age of Strabo. 
Cic. Verr. 5, c. 15. — Lxv. 34, c. 35. — Homer. 
Od 1, v. 184.— Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 441.— Met. 
7, v. 207.— Me,a, 2, c. 4 —Strab. 6. 

Temnes, a king of Sidon. 

Temnos, a town of ;9iolia, at the mouth of 
the Hermus. Herodot l,c 49. — Cic Flacc 18 

Tempe, (plur.) a valley in Thessaly. be- 
tween mount Olympus at the north, and Ossa at 
the south, through which the river i'eneus flows 
into the iEgean. The poets have described it 
as the most delightful spot on tbe earth, with 
continua ly cool shades, and verdant walks, 
which the warbling of birds rendered more plea- 
sant and romantic, and which the gods often 
honoured wi'h their presence. Tempe extended 
about five miles in length, but varied in the di- 
mensions of its breadth, so as to be in some pla- 
ces scarce one acre and a half wide. AH val- 
leys that are pleasant, either for their situation 
or the mildness of their climate, are called 
Tempe by the poets. Strab 9. — Mela, 2, c 3. 
— Diod. 4. — Dionys. Perieg 219. — JElian. V. 
H. 3. c. l.—Plut. de Mus—Virg. G 2, v. 
469.— Ovid. Mel. 1, v 569 

Tenchtheri, a nation of Germany, who fre- 
quently changed the p'ace of their habitation. 
Tacit. Jinn 13, c. 56. H. 4, c. 21. 

Tendeba, a town of Caria. Liv. 33. c. 18. 

Tene/v, a part of Corinth. Mela, 2, c. 3. 

Tenedia securis. Vid. Tenes. 

Tentedos, a small and fertile island of the 
./Egean sea, opposite Troy, at the distance of 
about 12 miles from Sigxum, and 56 miles 
north from Lesbos. It was anciently called Leu- 
cophrys, till Tenes, the son of Cycnus, settled 



there and built a town, which he called Tene- 
dos, from which the whole island received its 
name It became famous during the Trojan war, 
as it was there that the Greeks concealed thern^ 
selves the more effectually to make the Trojans 
believe that they were returned home, without 
finishing the shge. Homer. Od 3, v. 59. — 
Diod. 5.— Strab 13.— Virg, JEn. 2, v. 21.— 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 540, I. 12, v. 109.— Mela, 2, 

c. y. 

Tenerus, son of Apollo and Melia, received 
from his father the knowledge of futurity. Paus. 
9, c 10. 

Tenes, a son of Cycnus and Proclea. He 
was exposed on the sea on the coast of Troas, 
by his father, who credulously believed his wife 
Phiionome, who had fallen in love with Cycnus, 
and accused him of attempts upon her virtue, 
when he refused to gratify her passion. Ter.es 
arrived safe in Leucophrys, which he called Te- 
nedos, and of which he became the sovereign. 
Some time after, Cycnus discovered the guilt of 
his wife Phdonome, and as he wished to be re- 
conciled to bis son whom he had so grossly injur- 
ed, he went to Teneuos. But when he had 
tied his ship to the shore, Tenes cut off the cable 
with a hatchet, and suffered his father's ship to 
de tossed about by tbe sea. From this circum- 
stance the hatchet of Tenes is become proverb- 
ial to i,.timaie a resentment that cannot be paci- 
fied. Some, however, suppose that the proverb 
arose from the severity of a law made by a 
king of Tenedos against adultery, by which the 
guilty were both put to death by a hatchet. The 
hatchet of Tenes was carefully preserved at Te- 
nedos, and afterwards deposited by Periclytus 
son of Eutymachus in the temple of Delphi, 
where it was still seen in the age of Pausanias. 
Tenes, as some suppose, was killed by Achilles, 
as he defended his country against the Greeks, 
and he received divine honours after death. 
His statue at Tenedos was earned away by Ver- 
res. Strab. 13.— Paus. 10, c 14. A gene- 
ral of 3000 mei senary Greeks sent by the Egyp- 
tians to assist the Phoenicians. D'wd. 16. 

Tenesis, a part of Ethiopia. Strab. 

Tennes, a king of Sidon, who when his coun- 
try was besieged by the Persians, burnt himself 
and the city together, B. C. 351. 

Tennum, a town of /Eolia. 

Tenos, a small island in the iEgean, near 
*\ndros, called Opkiussa, and also Hydrussa, 
from the number of its fountains. It was very 
mountainous, but it produced excellent wines, 
universally esteemed by the ancients. Tenos 
was about 15 miles in extent. The capital was 
also called Tenos • Strab. 10. — Mela, 2, c. 7. 
—Ovid. Met. 7, v. 469. 

Tentyra, (plw.) and Tentyris. a small town 
of Egypt, on the Nile, whose inhabitants were 
at enmity with the crocodiles, and made war 
against those who paid them adoration. Seneca. 

JV*. Q. 4, c. 2.— Strab. 17 —Juv. 15. Plin. 

25, c 8. 

Tentyra, (melius Tempyra,) a place of 
Thrace, opposite Samothrace. Ovid. Trist. 1, 
el. 9, v. 21. 

Teos, or Teios, now Sigagik, a maritime 
town on the coast of Ionia in Asia Minor, oppo- 



TE 



site Samos. It was one of the 12 cities of the 
Ionian confederacy, and gave birth to Anacreon 
and Hecatseus, who is by some deemed a native 
of Miletus. According to Pliny, Teos was an 
island. Augustus repaired Teos, whence he is 
often called the fouuder of it on ancient medals. 
Sirab. 14.— Mela, 1, c. ll.—Paus. 7, c. 3. — 
Milan. V. H. 8, c. b.—Horat. 1, Od. 17, v. 18, 
— Plin. 5, c. 31. 

Teredon, a town on the Arabian gulf. Dio. 
Per. 982. 

Terentia, the wife of Cicero. She became 
mother of M Cicero, and of a daughter called 
Tuliiola Cicero repudiated ber, because she 
had been faithless to his bed, when he was ban- 
ished in Asia. Tereniia married Sallust, Cice- 
ro's enemy, and afterwards Messala Corvinus. 
She lived to her 103d, or according to Pliny, to 
her 117th year Pint in Cic — Val. Max. 8, 

c. 13.— Cic. ad Attic. 11, ep. 16, &c. The 

wife of Scipio Africanus. The wife of Me- 

caenas, with whom it is said that Augustus car- 
ried on an intrigue 

Terentia lex, called also Cassia, frumen- 
taria, by JVl. Terentius Varro Lucullus, and C. 
Cassius, A. U. C 680. It ordered that the 
same price should be given for all corn bought 
in the provinces, to hinder the exactions of the 

quse-tors. Another by Terentius the tribune, 

A. U. C. 291, to elect five persons to define the 
power of the consuls, lest they should abuse the 
public confidence by violence or rapine. 

Terentianus, a 'Roman, to whom Longinus 

dedicated his treatise on the sublime. Mau- 

rus, a writer who flourished A. D. 240. The 
last edition of his treatise dt Uteris, Syllabis. 
hmetris Horatii, is by Mycillua,, Francof. 8vo. 
1584. Martial, 1, ep. 70. 

Terentius Publius, a native of Carthage 
in Africa, celebrated fur the comedies he wrote. 
He was sold as a slave to Terentius Lucanus, 
a Roman senator, who educated him with great 
care and manumitted hirn for the brilliancy of 
his genius, lie bore the name of his master 
and benefactor, and was called Terentius. He 
applied himself to the study of Greek comedy 
with uncommon assiduity, and merited the 
friendship and patronage of the learned and 
powerful. Scipio, the elder Africanus, and 
his friend Laslius, have been suspected, on ac- 
count of their intimacy, of assisting the poet in 
the composition of his comedies; and the fine 
language, the pure expressions, and delicate 
sentiments with which the plays of Terence 
abound, seem perhaps to favour the supposition. 
Terence was in tne 25th year of his age when 
his first play appeared on the Roman stage. 
All his compositions were received with great 
applause, but when the words, 

Homo sum, humani nil a me alienum puto, 
were repeated, the plaudits were reiterated, 
and the audience, though composed of foreigners, 
conquered nations, allies, and citizens of Rome, 
were unanimous, in applauding the poet, who 
spoke, with such elegance and simplicity, the 
language of nature, and supported the native 
independence of man. The talents of Terence 
were employed rather in translation than in the 
effusions of originality. It is said that he trans- 



) lated 108 of the comedies of the poet Menan- 
der, six of which only are extant, his Andria, 
Eunuch, Heautontimorumenos, Adelphi, Pbar- 
mio, and Hecyra. Terence is admired for the 
purity of his language, and the artless elegance 
and siuplicity of his diction, aud for a conti- 
; nued delicacy of sentiments. There is more 
I originality in Plautus, more vivacity in the in- 
i trigues, and more surprise in the catastrophes 
of his plays; but Terence will ever be admired 
I for his taste, bis expressions, aud his faithful pic- 
tures of nature and manners, and the becoming 
dignity of his several characters. Quintilian, 
who candidly acknowledges the deficiencies of 
the Roman comedy, declares that Terence was 
; the most elegant and refined of all the come- 
dians whose writings appeared on the stage. 
The time and the manner of his death are un- 
known. He left Rome in the 35th year of his 
age, and never afrer appeared there. Some 
suppose that he was drowned in a storm as he 
returned from Greece, about 155 before Christ, 
though others imagine be died in Arcadia, or 
Leucadia, and that his death was accelerated by 
the loss of his property, and particularly of his 
plays, which perished in a shipwreck. The 
best editions of Terence are those of Wester- 
hovius, 2 vols, 4to. Amst. 1726; of Edin. 12mo. 
1758; of Cambridge, 4to. 1723; Hawkey's 
12mo. Dublin, 1745; and that of Zeunius, Svo. 
Lips. 1774. Cic. ad Attic 7. ep. 3. — Paterc- 
1, c. 17. — Quintil. 10. c 1. — Herat. 2, ep. 1, 

v. 59 Culeo, a Roman senator, taken by 

the Carthaginians, and redeemed by Africanus. 
When Africanus triumphed, Culeo followed his 
chariot with a pileus on his bead. He was some 
time after appointed judge between his deliver- 
er and the people of Asia, and had the mean- 
ness to condemn him and his brother Asiaticus, 

though both innocent. Liv. 30. c. 45. A 

tribune who wished the number of the citizens 
of Rome to be increased. — Evocatus, a man 
who, as it was supposed, murdered Galba. 

Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 41 Lentinus, a Roman 

knight condemned for perjury. Varro, a 

writer. [Vid. Vsrro.] A consul with ^Emilius 

Paulus at the battle of Cannae. He was the 
son of a butcher, and had followed for some time 
the profession of his father. He placed himself 
totally in the power of Hannibal, by making an 
improper disposition of his army. After he had 
been defeated, and his colleague slain, he re- 
tired to Canusinm, with the remains of his 
slaughtered countrymen, and sent word to the 
Roman senate of his defeat. He received the 
thanks of this venerable body, because he had 
engaged the enemy, however improperly, and 
not despaired of the affairs of the republic. He 
was offered the dictatorship, which he declined. 

Pint— Liv. 22, &c. Au ambassador sent 

to Philip king of Macedonia. Massaliora, an 

edile of the people, &c. Marcus, a friend 

of Sejanus, accused before the senate for his 
intimacy with that discarded favourite. He 
made a noble defence, and was acquitted. 
Tacit. Ann. 6. 

Terentus, a place in the Campus Martius 
near the capitol, were the infernal deities had 
an altar. Ovid. Fast. I. v. 504. 



TE 



TE 



Tereus, a king of Thrace, son of Mars and 
Bistonis. He married Progne, the daughter of 
Paudion, knig of Athens, whom he had assisted 
in a war against Megara. He offered violence 
to his sister-iii-law Philomela, whom he conduct- 
ed to Thrace by desire of Progne. Vid. Philo- 
mela and Progne J A friend of iEneas, 

killed by Camilla. Virg. JEn 11. v. 675. 

Tergeste and Tergestum, now Tritste, a 
town of Itaij on the Adriatic sea, made a Ro- 
man colony. Mela. 2, c. 3, &c. — Dionys. Per- 
ieg. v. 380.— Paterc 2, c. 110 —Plin- 3, c, 18. 

Terias, a river of Sicily near Catana. 

Teribazus, a nobleman of Persia, sent with 
a fleer against Evagoras, king of Cyprus. He 
was accused of 'reason, and removed from of- 
fice, &c. Polyozn. 7. 

Teridar, a concubine of Menelaus. 

Terid&tes, a favourite eunuch at the court 
of Artaxerxe*. At his death the monarch was 
in tears for three days, and was consoled at last 
only by the arts and the persuasion of Aspasia, 
one of his favourites. JElian. V. H. 12. c. 1. 

Terigum, a town of Macedonia. 

Tfi&tNA, a town of the Brutii. 

Terioli. now Tirol, a fortified town at the 
north of Italy,- n the country of the Grisons. 

Termentia, or Fermes, a town of Hispania 
Tarraconensis. 

Termkra, a town of Claria. 

Termertjs, a robber of Peloponnesus, who 
killed people by crushing their head against his 
own. He was slain by Hercules in the same 
manner. Plut. in Thess. 

Termesus, a river of Arcadia. 

Termil^, a name given to the Lycians. 

Terminals a, annual festivals at Rome, ob- 
served in honour of the god Terminus, in the 
month of February It was then usual for pea- 
sants to assemble near the principal land marks 
which separated their fields, and after they bad 
crowned them with garlands and flowers, to 
make libatious of milk and wine, and to sacri- 
fice a lamb or a young pig. They were origin- 
ally established by Numa, and though at first 
it was forbidden to shed the blood of victims, 
yet in process of time land marks were plenti- 
fully sprinkled with it. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 641. 
— Cic. Phil. 12. c. 10. 

Terminalis, a surname of Jupiter, because 
he presided over the boundaries and lands of 
individuals, before the worship of the god Ter- 
minus was introduced. Dionys. Hal. 2. 

Terminus, a divinity at Rome who was sup- 
posed to preside over bounds and limits, and to 
punish all unlawful usurpation of land. His 
worship was at first introduced at Rome by Nu- 
ma, who persuaded his subjects that the limit of 
their lands and estates were under the immedi- 
ate inspection of heaven. His temple was on 
the Tarpeian rock, and he was represented with 
an human head without feet or arms, to intimate 
that he never moved, wherever he was placed. 
The people of the country assembled once a 
year with their families, and crowned with gar- 
lands and flowers the stones which separated 
their ''ifferent possessions, and offered victims 
to the god who presided over their boundaries. 
It is said that when Tarquin the proud wished 



to build a temple en the Tarpeian rock to Ju- 
piter, the gou Terminus refused to give way, 
though the other gods resigueci their seats with 
cheerfulness; whence Ovid has said, 

Restitit, & magno cum Jove templa tenet. 
Dionys, Hal 2.— Ovid Fast 2, v. 641.— Plut. 
in Num — Liv 5. — Virg. JEn. 9. 

Termissus, or Termessus, a town of Pisidia. 

Terpander, a lyric poet and musician of 
Lesbos, 67a B. C. It is said that he appeased 
a tumult at Sparta by the meloc.y ami sweet- 
ness of his notes. He added three strings to 
the lyre, winch before Ins time had only four. 
JElian. V. H 12, c, 60.— Plut. de Mus 

Terpsichore, one of the Muses, daughter 
of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over 
-dancing, of which she was reckoned the inven- 
tress, as her name intimates, and with which 
she delighted her sisters She is represented 
like a young virgin crowned with laurel, and 
holding in her hand amusical instrument. Juv. 
7, v. 35.— Jlpdlod. i—Eustat. in II. 10. 

Terpsicrate, a daughter of Thespius. JlpoU 
lod. 2, c. 7. 

Terra, one of the most ancient deities in 
mythology, wife of Uranus, and mother of 0;e- 
auus, the Titans, Cyclops, Giants, Thea.Rhea, 
Themis, Phoebe, Thetys, and Mnemosyne. 
By the \ir she had Grief, Mourning, Oblivion, 
Vengeance, &c, According to Hyginus, she is 
the same as Tellus. [Vid. Teilus.] 

Terracina, [Vid Tarracina.] 

Terrasidius, a Roman knight in Caesar's 
army in Gaul. Cces. B. G. 3, c. 7 and 8. 

Terror, an emotion of the mind which 
the ancients have made a deity, and one of 
the attendants of the god Mars, and of Bel- 
lona. 

Tertia, a sister of Clcdius the tribune, &c. 

A daughter of Paulus, the conqueror of 

Perseus. Cic ad Div. 1, c. 46. A e.augh- 

ter of isidorus. Cic in Verr. 3, c. 34 A 

sister of Brutus who married Cassias. Sh~ was 
also called Trrlulla and Jurda; Tacit JL. 3, c. 
76. — Suet, in Cces. 50. — Cic. ad B. 5 and 6, ad 
Atl. 15, ep. 11, 1. 16, ep. 20. 

Tertius Julianus, a lieutenant in Caesar's 
legions. 

Tertullianus, (J. Septimius Florens.) a 
celebrated Christian writer of Carthage, who 
flourished A. D. 196. He was originally a 
Pagan, but afterwards embraced Christianity, 
of which he became an able, advocate by his 
writings, which showed that he was possessed 
of a lively imagioalion, impetuous eloquence, 
elevated style, and strength of reasoning. The 
most famous and esteemed of his numerous 
works, are his Jlyolvgy for the Christians, and 
his Prescriptions. The best edition of Tertul- 
lian is that of Scuilerus, 4 vols. 8vo Hal. 1770: 
and of his Apology, that of Havercamp, Svo. L. 
Bat. 1718. 

Tethys, the greatest of the sea deities, was 
wife of Oceauus, and daughter of Uranus and 
Terra. She was mother of the chiefest rivers 
of the universe, such as the Nile, the Alpheus, 
the Maeander, Simois, Peneus, Evenus, Sca- 
mander, &c and about 3000 daughters called 
Oceanides, Tethys is confounded by some 



TE 



TH 



mythologists with her grand-daughter Thetis, 
the wife of Peleus, and the mother of Aehille . 
The word Tethys, is poetically used to express 
the sea. Jlpotlod. 1. c. l,&c. — Virg. G. 1, v. 
31.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 509, 1. 9, v. 498. Fust. 
2, v. 19! — Hesiod. Theogn. v. 336— Homer. 
11. 14. v. 302. 

Tetis, a river of Gaul flowing from the Py- 
renees. Mela, 2, c 5. 

Tetrapolis, a name given to the city of 
Antioch, the capital of Syria, because it was 
divided into four separate districts, each - f 
which resembled a city. Some apply the 
Word to Seltucis, which contained the foui 
large cities of Antioch near Daphne, Laodicea. 

Apamea, and Seleucia in r'ieria. Theflame 

of four (owns at the north of Attica. Sb ab 
8. 

Tetrica, a mountain of the Sabines near the 
river Fabaris. It was very rugged and difficult 
of access, whence the epithet Tetricus was ap- 
plied to persons of a niorose and melancholy 
disposition. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 713 

Tetricus, a Roman senator, saluted empe- 
ror in the reign of Aureiian. He was led in 
triumph by his successful adversary, who after- 
wards heaped the most unbounded nouours upon 
him and his son of the same name. 

Teucer, a king of Phrygia, son of the Sca- 
mander by Idea. According to some authors, 
he was the first who introduced among his sub- 
jects the worship of Cybele, and the dances of 
the Corybantes. The country where he reigned 
was from him called Teucria, and his subjects 
Ttucri. His daughter Batea married Darda- 
nus, a Ss.moihracian prince, who succeeded him 
in the government of Teucria, Apotlod. 3, c 

12.— Virg. JEn 3, v. 108. A son of Tela- 

mon, king of Salamis, by Hesione the daughter 
of Laomedon. He was one of Helen's suitors, 
and accordingly accompanied the Greeks to the 
Trojan war, where he signalized himself by his 
valour and intrepidity. It is said that his father 
refused to receive him into his kingdom, because 
he had left the death <)f his brother Ajsx unre- 
venged. This severity of ihe father diu not dis- 
hearten the son; he left Salamis, and retired to 
Cyprus, where, with the assistance of Beius king 
of Sidon, he built a town which he called Sala- 
mis, after his native country. He attempted to 
no purpose to recover the island of Salamis, al- 
ter his father's death. He built a temple to Ju- 
piter in Cyprus, on which a man was annually 
sacrificed till the reign of the Antonines. Some 
suppose that Teucer did not return to Cyprus 
but that, according to a less received opinion, 
he went to settle in Spain, where new Carthage 
was afterwards built, and tuence into Galatia. 
Homer. It. 1, v. 281.;— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 623.— 
Jlpollod. 3, c. 12. — Pans. 2, c. 29. — Justin. 
44, c. 3 — Paterc. 1, c. 1. One of the ser- 
vants of Phalaris of Agrigentum- 

Teucri, a name given to the Trojans, from 
Teucer their king. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 42 and 
239. 

Teucria, a name given to Troy, from Teu- 
cer one of its kings. Vi'g. JEn. 2, v. 26. 

Teucteri, a people of Germany, at the east 
of the Rhine. Tacit, de Germ. c. 22. 



Teumessus, a mountain of Bceotia with a vil- 
lage of the same name, wheie Hercules, when 
\oung, killed an enormous lion. Stat. Theb. 1, 
v. 331. 

Teuta, a queen of Illyricum, B. C 231, who 
ordered some Roman ambassadors to be put to 
death This unprecedented murder was the 
(•.'.use of a war, which ended in her disgrace. 
Flor. 2, c. b.—Plin. 34, c. 6. 

Teutamias, or I eutamis, a king of Larissa. 
He instituted games in honour of his father, 
where Perseus killed his grandfather Acrisius 
with a quoit. 

Teutamus, a king of Assyria, the same as 
Tithonus, the father of Memnon. Diod. 5. 

i edtas, or eutates, a name of Mercury 
among the Gauls. The people oifereu human 
victims to this deity. Lucan. 1, v. 445. — Cae- 
sar. Bell. G. 

Teuthrania, a part of Mysia where the Cay- 
cus rises. 

Tedthras, a king of Mysia on the borders 
of the Caycus. He adopted as his daughter, or, 
according to others, married Auge the daughter 
of Aleus, when she fled away into Asia, from 
her father, who wished to punish her for her 
amours with Hercules. Some time after his 
kingdom was invaded by Idas the son of Apha- 
reus, and to remove this enemy, he promised 
Auge and his crown to any one who could re- 
store tranquillity to his subjects. This was exe- 
cuted by Telephus, who afterwards proved to 
he the son of Auge, who was promised in mar- 
riage to him by right of his successful expedi- 
tion. The 50 daughters of Teuthras who be- 
came mothers by Hercules, are called Teuthran- 
tia turba. Jlpollod. 2, c. 7, &c. — Pans 3, c. 
25. — Ovid. Tiist. 2, v. 19 — Heroid. 9, v. 51. 

— Hygin fnb 100. — ■ — A river's -name. 

One of the companions of /Eneas in Italy. Virg. 
JEn. 10, v 402. 

Teutoburgiensis Saltus, a forest of Ger- 
many, between the Ems and Lippa, where Va- 
rus and his legions were cut to pieces. Tacit. 
Jin 1, c 60. 

Teutomatus, a prince of Gaul, among the 
allies of Rome. 

Teutoni, and Teutones, a people of Ger- 
many, who with the Cinibri made incursions 
upon Gaul, and cut to pieces two Roman armies. 
They were at last defeated by the consul Ma- 
rius, and an infinite number made prisoners. 
[Vid. Cinibri.] Cic. pro Manil. Flor. 3, c. 
3 —Pint, in Mar.— Martial. 14, ep. 26.— Plin. 
4, c 14. 

Thabenna, an inland town of Africa. Hirt. 
Jlfric 77. 

Thabusium, a fortified place of Phrygia. 
Liv 38, c. 14. 

Thais, a famous courtezan of Athens, who 
accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic conquests, 
and gained such an ascendant over him, that 
she made him burn Ihe royal palace of Perse- 
polis. After Alexander's death, she married 
Ptolemy king of Egypt. Menander celebrated 
her charms, both mental and personal, which 
were of a superior nature, and on this account 
she is called Menandrea, by Propert. 2, el- 6.— 
Ovid, de Art. Jim. 3, v. 604, de Rem. Am. v. 



TH 



TH 



384.— Plut. in Alex.—Juv. 3, v. 93. — 9then. 
13, c 13 

Thala, a town of Africa. Tacit. Ann 3, 
c. 21. 

Thalame, a town of Messenia, famous for a 
temple and oracle of Pasiphae. Plut inJigid. 

Thalassius. a beautiful young Roman in the 
reign of Romulus. At the rape of the Salines, 
one of these virgins appeared remarkable for 
beauty and elegance, and her ravisher, afraid 
of many competitors, exclaimed as he carried 
her away, that it was for Thalassius. The 
name of Thalassius was no sooner mentioned, 
than ali were eager to preserve so beautiful a 
prize for him Their union was attended with 
so much happiness, that it was ever after usual 
at Rome to make use of the word Thalassius at 
nuptials, and to wish those that were married 
the felicity S Thalassius. He is supposed by 
some to be the same as Hymen, as he was made 
a deity. Plut. in Rom. — Martial. 3, ep. 92. 
— Liv 1, c. 9. 

Thales, one of the seven wise men of Greece, 
boru at Miletus in Ionia. He was descended 
from Cadmus; his father's name was Exantius, 
and bis mother's Cleobula. Like the rest of 
the ancients, -he travelled in quest of knowledge, 
and for some time resided in Crete, Phoenicia, 
and Egypt- Under the priests of Memphis he 
was taught geometry, astronomy, and philoso- 
phy, and enable*! to measure with exactness the 
vast height ami extent of a pyramid, merely t>y 
its shadow. His discoveries in astronomy were 
•great and ingenious; he was the first who calcu- 
lated with accuracy a solar eclipse. He disco- 
vered the solstices and equinoxes, he divided 
the heavens into five zones, and recommended 
the division of the year into 365 days, which 
was universally adopted by the Egyptian philo- 
sophy. Like Homer he looked upon water as 
the principle of every thing. He was the founder 
of the Ionic sect, which distinguished itself for 
its deep and abstruse speculations under the suc- 
cessors and papils of the Milesian philosopher, 
Anaxitnander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and 
Archelaus the mas er of Socrates. Thales was 
never married; and when his mother pressed 
him to choose a wife, he said he was too young. 
The same exhortations were afterwards repeat- 
ed, but the philosopher eluded them by observing 
that he was then too old to enter the matrimo- 
nial state. He died in the 96th year of his age, 
about 548 years before the Christian era. His 
compositions on philosophical subjects are lost. 
Heiodnt. 1, c 7. — Plato. — Diog. 1 — Cic. de 

JYat D. &c. A lyric poet of Ciete. intimate 

with Lycurgus. He prepared by his rhapsodies 
the minds of the Spartans to n ceive the rigor- 
ous institutions of his friend, and inculcated a 
reverence for the peace of civil society. 

Thalestria, or Thalkstris, a queen of the 
Amazons, who. accompanied by 300 women, 
came 35 days journey to meet Alexander in his 
Asiatic conquests, to raise children by a man 
whose fame was so great, and courage so un- 
common. Cart. 6, c. 5. Strab. 1 1. — Justin. 

2, c 4. 

Thaletes, a Greek poet of Crete, 900 B.C. 

Thalia, one of the Muses, who presided over 



festivals, and over pastoral and comic poetry. 
She is represented leaning on a column, hold- 
ing a mask in her rijj;ht hand, by which she is 
distinguished from her sisters, as also by a shep- 
herd's crook. Her dress appears shorter, and 
not so oruamemed as that of she other Muses. 
Horat. 4 — Od. 6. v. 25. — Mart 9, ep. 75. — 

Plut. in S b mp. &c. — Vug. Ec 6, v. 2. 

One of the JNei ernes. Hesiod. Theog. — Virg. 

JEu. 5, v 826. An island in the Tyrrhene 

sea. 

Thai.lo, one of the Horse or seasons who pre- 
sided over the spring Paus. 9, c. 35. 

Thalpios, a son of Eurytus one of Helen's 
suitors, Apollod 3,c. 10. 

Thalyssia, Greek festivals celebrated by the 
pf-ople of the country in honour of Ceres, to 
whom the first fruits were regularly offered. 
Sckol. Theocr. 5. 

Thamiras. a Cilician who first introduced 
the art of augury in Cyprus, where it was reli- 
giously preserved in hrs family for many years. 
Tacit 2, Hist, c 3. 

Thamuda, a part of Arabia Felix. 

Thamyras, or Thamyris, a celebrated mu- 
sician of I'hrace. Hi* father's name was Phi- 
lammon, and his mother's Argiope. He be- 
came enamoured of the Muses, and challenged 
t.iem to a trial of skill. His challenge was ac- 
cepted, and it was mutually agreed, that the 
conquered should be totally at ihe disposal of 
his victorious adversary. He was conquered, 
and the Muses deprived him of his eye-sight 
and of his melodious voice, and broke his lyre. 
His poetical compositions are lost. Some accu- 
sed him of h >viug first introduced into the world 
the unnatural vice of which Socrates is accused. 
Homer II 2, v. 594, 1. 5, v. 599 — ipollod. 1, 
c. 3. — Ovid. Amor. 3, el. 7, v. 62, Art. Am. 
3 v 399. — I'aus. 4, c. 33. 

Thamyris, one of the petty princes of the 

Dacae. in the age of Darius, &c. A queen 

of the Massagetae. [Vid Thomyris.] A 

Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 12, v, 
341. 

' hapsacus, a city on the Euphrates. 

Thapsus, a trwn of Africa Propria-, where 
Scipio and Juba were defeated by Caesar. Sil. 

3, v. 261 —Liv. 29, c. 30, 1. 33, c. 48. A 

town at the north of Syrac'use in Sicily 

Thargelia, festivals in Greece in honour of 
Apollo and Diana. They lasted two days, and 
the youngest of both sexes carried olive branches, 
on which were suspended cakes and fruits. — 
Athen. 12. 

Thariades, one of the generals of Antio- 
chus. &c. 

Tharops, the father of (Eager, to whom Bac- 
chus gave the kingdom of Thrace, after the 
death of Lycurgus. Diod. 4 

Thasids, or Thrasius, a famous soothsayer 
of Cyprus, who told Busiris, king of Egvpt, that 
to stop a dreadfui plague which affl cted his 
country he must offer a foreigner to Jupiter. 
Upon this the tyrant ordered him to be seized 
and sacrificed to the god, as he was not a native 

of Egypt. Ovid, de Art. Am. 1, v. 549. A 

surname of Hercules, who was worshipped at 
Thasos. 



TH 



TH 



Thasos, or Thasus, a small island in the 
iEgean, or. the coast of Thrace, opposite the 
mouth of the Nestus, anciently known by the 
name of JEria, Odonis, JEtkria, *3cte, Ogygia, 
Ckryse, and Ceresis. It received that of rha- 
sos from Thasus the son of Agenor, who settled 
there when he despaired of finding his sister 
Europa. It was about 40 miles in circumfer- 
ence, and so uncommonly fruitful, that the fer- 
tility of Thasos became proverbial. Its wine 
was universally esteemed, and its marble quar- 
ries were also in great repute, as well as its 
mines Of gold and silver The capital of the 
island was also called Thasos. Liv. 33, c. 30 
and 55. — Heiodot. 2, c. 44. — Mela, 2, c. 7. — 
Pans. 5, c 2b.—JElian V. H. 4, &c— Virg 
G. 2, v. 91,— C. Jfep- Cim. 2. 

Thasus, a son of Neptune, who went with 
Cadmus to seek Europa He built the town of 
Thasus in Thrace. Some make him brother of 
Caurnus. -.ipcllod. 3, c. 1 

Thacmaci, a town of Thessaly on the Ma- 
liac gulf. Liv. 32, c 4. 

Thaumant/as, orTHAUMANTis, a name giv- 
en to Iris, the messenger of Juno, because she 
was .the daughter of Thaumas, the son of Ocea 
nus and Terra, by one of the Oceanides — He- 
siod. Theog—Virg JEn. 9, v. 5.— Ovid. Met 
4, v 479, I. 14, v. 845. 

Thaumas, a son of Neptune and Terra, who 
married Electra, one of the Oceanides, by whom 
he had Iris and the Harpies, &c. Jlpoll-od. 1, 
C. 2. 

Thaumasius, a mountain of Arcadia, on 
whose top, according to some accounts, Jupiter 
was born. 

Thea, a daughter of Uranus and Terra. She 
married her brother Hyperion, by whom she had 
the sun, the moon, Aurora, &c. She is also 

called Thia, Tita?a, Rhea, Tetbys, &c One 

of the Snorades. 

Theagenes, a man who made himself mas- 
ter of Megara, &c. \n athlete of Thasos, 

famous for bis strength. His father's name was 
Timosthenes, a friend of Hercules. He was 
crowned above s thousand times at the public 
games of the Greeks, and became a god after 

death. Pans. 6, c. 6 and 11. — Plut. A 

Theban officer, who distinguished himself at 

the battle of Cheronaea Plut. A writer 

who published commentaries on Homer's works. 
Theages, a Greek philosopher, disciple of 
Socrates. Plato.— JElian. V. H 4, &c. 
Theangela, a town of Caria. 
Theano, the wife of Metapontus son of 
Sisyphus, presented some twins to her husband, 
when he wished to repudiate her for her bar- 
renness. The children were educated with the 
greatest care, and some time afterwards, The- 
ano herself became mother of twins. When 
they were grown up, she encouraged them to 
murder the supposititious children who were to 
succeed to their father's throne in preference to 
them. They were both killed in the attempt, 
and the father, displeased with the conduct of 
Theano, repudiated her to marry the mother of 
the children whom he had long considered as his 

own. Hygin fab. 186. A daughter of Cis- 

seus, sister to Hecuba, who married Antenor, 



and was supposed to have betrayed the Palla- 
dium to the Greeks, as she was priestess of Mi- 
nerva Homer. II. 6, v. 298 Pans 10, c. 27. 

— Dictys. Cret. 5, c. 8, One of <he Danai- 

des. Her husband's name was Phantes. Jlpol- 
lod. 2, c. 1. The wife of the philosopher Py- 
thagoras, daughter of Pythanax of Crete, or ac- 
cording to others, of Brontinus of Crotona. 
?H«g 8, c. 42. The daughter of Pythago- 
ras. A poetess of Locris. A priestess of 

Athens, daughter of Menon, who refused to pro- 
nounce a curse upon Alcibiades, when he was 
accused of having mutilated all the statues of 

Mercury. Plut. The mother of Pausanias. 

She was th< first, as it is reported, who brought 
a sfone to the entrance of Minerva's temple to 
shut up her son when she heard of bis crimes 

and perfidy to his country. Polycen. 8. A 

daughter of Scedasus, to whom some of the La- 
cedaemonians offered violence at Leuctra.- 



A Trojan matron, who became mother of Mimas 
by Amycus, the same night that Paris was born. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 703. 

Theanum, a town of Italy. [Vid. Teanum.] 

Thearidas, a brother of Diouysi us the elder. 
He was made admiral of bis fleet. Diod. 14. 

Thearius, a surname of Apollo at Trcezene. 
Pans. 2, c. 51. 

Theatetes, a Greek epigrammatist. 

Theba, or There, a town of Cilicia. [Vid. 
Thebae ] 

Theb,e, (arum,) a celebrated city, the ca- 
pital of Boeotia, situate on the banks of the 
river Ismenus. The manner of its foundation 
is not precisely known Cadmus is supposed 
to have first begun to found it by building the 
citadel Cadmea. It was. afterwards finished by 
Amphion and Zethus, but according to Varro, 
it owed its origin to Ogyges. The government 
of Thebes was monarchical, and many of the 
sovereigns are celebrated for their misfortunes, 
such as Laius, CEdipus, Polynices, Eteocles, &c. 
The war which Thebes supported against the 
Argives is famous, as well as that of the Epigo- 
ni. The Thebans were looked upon as an in- 
dolent and sluggish nation, and the words of 
Theban pig, became proverbial to express a 
man remarkable for stupidity and inattention. 
This, however, was not literally true; under 
Epaminondas, the Thebans, though before de- 
pendent, became masters of Greece, and every 
thing was done according to their will and plea- 
sure. When Alexander invaded Greece, he 
ordered Thebes to be totally demolished, be- 
cause it had revolted against him, except the 
house where the poet Pindar had been born 
and educated. In this dreadful period 6000 of 
its inhabitants were slain, and 30,000 sold for 
slaves. Thebes was afterwards repaired by 
Cassander, the son of Antipater, but it never 
rose to its original consequence, -and Strabo, in 
his age, mentions it merely as an inconsidera- 
ble village. The monarchical government was 
abolished there, at the death of Xanthus, about 
1 1 90 years before Christ, and Thebes became 
a republic. It received its name from Thebe 
the daughter of Asopus, to whom the founder 
Amphion was nearly related. Jlpollod. 2, c. 4, 
&c— -Jlfeia, 2, c. 3.—.PMts. 2, c 6, I. 9, c. 5. 



TH 



TH 



*—Strab. 9. — Pint, in Pel. Flam, and Jilex&- 
C. Nep. in Pel. Epam &c. — Horat. Jlri. Poet. 

394. — Ovid. Met. A town at the south of 

Troas, built by Hercuies, and also called Pla- 
cia and Hypoplacia. It fell into the hands of 
the Cilicians, who occupied it during the Tro- 
jan war. Curt. 3, c. 4 — Liv. 37, c. 19. — Slrab 

11. An ancient celebrated city of Thebais 

in Egypt, called also Hfcatomjnjlos, on account 
of its hundred gates, and Diospolis, as being 
sacred to Jupiter. In the time of its splendour 
it extended above 23 miles, and upon any emer- 
gency could send into the field by each of its 
hundred gates 20,000 fighting men, and 200 
chariots, Thebes was ruined by Cambyses king 
of Persia, and few traces of it were seen in the 
age of Juvenal. Plin 5, c 9. — Juv. 15, v. 16. 
— Tacit. Jinn. 2.— Herodot. 2 and 3.— Died. 2 
— Homer. II. 9, v 38\.—Strab. n.—Mela, 1, 

c. 9. A town of Africa built by Bacchus 

— — Another in Tbessaly. Liv 28, c. 7. 

Another in Phthiotis. 

Thebais, a country in the southern parts of 

Egypt, of which Thebes was the capital. 

There have been some poems which have borne 
the name of Tiiebais, but of these the only one 
extant is the -Thebais of Statius. 1- gives an 
account of the war of the Thebans against the 
Argives, in consequep.ee of the dissention of 
Eteocles with his brother Polynices The poet 

was twelve years in composing it. A river 

of Lydia. -A name given to a native of 

Thebes. 

Thebe, a daughter of the Asopus, who mar- 
ried Zethus Jlpollod 3,.c 5 Paus. 2 c. 

5 The wife of Alexander, tyrant of Pherse. 

She was persuaded by Pelopidas to murder her 
husband. 

Theia, a goddess. [Vid. Thea.] 

Theias, a son of Belus, who bad an incestu- 
ous intercourse with his daughter Smyrna. 

Thelephassa, the second wife of Agenor, 
called also Telaphassa. 

Thelpusa, a nymph of Arcadia. [Vid. Tel- 
pusa.] 

Thelxion, a son of Apis, who conspired 
against his father who was king of Peloponne- 
sus. Paus. 2, c. 5. — Jlpollod. 2, c. 1. 

Thelxiope, one of the Muses according to 
some writers. Cic.de fin. 

Themenus, a son of Aristomachus, better 
known by the name of Temenus. 

Themesion, a tyrant of Eretria. Diod. 15. 

Themillas, a Trojan, &c. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 
376. 

Themis, a daughter of Ccelus and Terra, 
who married Jupiter against her own inclina- 
tion. She became mother of Dice, Irene, Eu- 
nomia, the Pareae and Horae; and was the first 
to whom the inhabitants of the earth raised 
temples. Her oracle was famous in Attica in 
the age of Deucalion, who consulted it with 
great solemnity, and was instructed how to re- 
pair the loss of mankind. She was generally 
attended by the Seasons. Among the moderns 
she is represented as holding a sword in one 
hand, and a pair of scales in the other. Ovid. 
Met. 1, v. 321. A daughter of Ilus who 



married Capys, and became mother of Ancbises. 
Jlpollod. 3, c. 12. 

Themiscyra, a town of Cappadocia, at the 
mouth of the Thermodon, belonging to the 
Amazons. The territories round it bore the 
same name. 

Themison, a famous physician of Laodicea, 
disciple to Asclepiades. He was founder of a 
sect called methodists, because he wished to 
introduce methods to facilitate the learning and 
the practice of physic. He flourished in the 

Augustan age. Plin- 29, c. 1. — Juv 10 

One of the generals and ministers of Antiochus 
the Great. He was born at Cyprus. JElian. 
V. H. 2, c. 41. 

Themista, or Themistis, a goddess, the 
same as Themis. 

Themistjus, a celebrated philosopher of 
Papblagonia in the age of Constantius, greatly 
esteemed by the Roman emperors, and called 
Euphrades, the fine speaker, from his eloquent 
and commanding delivery He was made a 
Roman senator, and always distinguished for 
his liberality and munificence. His school was 
greatly frequented He wrote, when young, 
some commentaries on Aristotle, fiagmentsof 
which are sfill extant, and 33 of his orations. 
He professed himself to be an enemy to fl.ittery, 
and though he often deviates from this general 
rule in his addresses to the emperors, yet he 
strongly recommends humanity, wisdom, and 
clemency. The best edition of Theinistius, is 
that of Harduin, fol. Paris, 1684. 

Themisto, daughter of Hypseus, was the 
third wife of Athamas, king of Thebes, by 
whom she had four sons, called- Ptous, Leucon, 
Schceneus, and Ery throes. She endeavoured 
to kill the children of loo, her husband's second 
wife, but she killed her own by means of Ino, 
who lived in her house in the disguise of a ser- 
vant maid, and to whom she entrusted her bloody 
intentions, upon which she destroyed herself. 

Paws 9, c. 23. — Jlpollod. 1, c 9 A woman 

mentioned by Polyaeaus The mother of the 

poet Homer, according to a tradition mention- 
ed by Pausanias, 10, c. 24. 

Themistocles, a celebrated general born 
at Athens. His father's name was Neocles, 
and his mother's Euterpe, or Abrotonum, a 
native of Halicarnassus, or of Thrace, or Acar- 
nania. The beginning of his youth was marked 
by vices to flagrant, and an inclination so in- 
corrigible, that his father disinherited him. 
This, which might have disheartened others, 
roused the ambition of Themistocles, and the 
protection which he was denied at home, he 
sought in courting the favours of the populace, 
and in sharing the administration of public af- 
fairs. When Xerxes invaded Greece, Themis- 
tocles was at the head of the Athenian republic, 
and in this capacity the fleet was entrusted to 
his care While the Lacedemonians under 
Leonidas were opposing the Persians at Ther- 
mopylae, the naval operations of Themistocles, 
and the combined fleet of the Peloponnesians 
were directed to destroy the armament of 
Xerxes, and to ruin his maritime power. The 
obstinate wish of the generals to command the 
Grecian fleet, might have proved fatal to the 

4 x 



TH 



TH 



interest of the allies, had not Themistocles freely 
relinquished his pretensions, and by nominating 
his rival Eurybiades master of the expedition, 
shown the world that his ambition could stoop 
when bis country demanded his assistance. The 
Persian fleet was distressed at Artemisium by a 
Tiolent storm, and the feeble attack of the 
Greeks; but a decisive battle had never been 
fought, if Themistocles had not used threats 
and entreaties, and even called religion to his 
aid, and the favourable answers of the oracle 
to second his measures. The Greeks, actuated 
by different views, were unwilling to make head 
by sea against an enemy whom they saw victo- 
rious by land, plundering their cities, and de- 
stroying all by fire and sword; but before they 
were dispersed, Themistocles sent intelligence 
of their intentions to the Persian monarch. 
Xerxes, by immediately blocking them with 
his fleet in the bay of Salamis, prevented their 
escape, and while he wished to crush them all 
at one blow, he obliged them to fight for their 
safety, as well as for the honour of their coun- 
try. This battle, which was fought near the 
island of Salamis, B C. 480, was decisive; the 
Greeks obtained the victory, and Themistocles 
the honour of having destroyed the formidable 
navy of Xerxes. Further to insure the peace 
of his country, Themistocles informed the Asi- 
atic monarch, that the Greeks had conspired to 
cut the bridge which he had built across the 
Hellespont, and to prevent his retreat into Asia. 
This met with equal success: Xerxes hastened 
away from Greece, and while he believed, on 
the words of Themistocles, that his return would 
he disputed, he left his forces without a general, 
and his fleets an easy couquest to the victorious 
Greeks. These signal services to his country, 
endeared Themistocles to the Athenians, and 
he was universally called the most warlike and 
most courageous of all the Greeks who fought 
against the Persians. He was received with 
the most distinguished honours and by his pru- 
dent administration, Athens was soon fortified 
with strong walls, her Pireus was rebuilt, and 
her harbours were filled with a numerous and 
powerful navy, which rendered her the mistress 
of Greece Yet in the midst of that glory, the 
conqueror of Xerxes incurred the displeasure of 
his countrymen, which had proved so fatal to 
many of his illustrious predecessors. He was 
banished from the city, and after he had sought 
in vain a safe retreat among the republics of 
Greece, and the barbarians of Thrace, he threw 
himself into the arms of a monarch, whose 
fleets he had defeated, and whose father he had 
ruined. Artaxerxes, the successor of Xerxes, 
received the illustrious Athenian with kindness; 
and though he had formerly set a price upon 
his head, yet he made him one of his greatest 
favourites, and bestowed three rich cities upon 
him, to provide him with bread, wine, and 
meat. Such kindnesses from a monarch, from 
whom he, perhaps, expected the most hostile 
treatment, din not alter the sentiments of The- 
mistocles. He still remembered that Athens 
gave him birth, and, according to some writers, 
the wish of not injuring his country, and there- 
fore his inability of carrying on war against 



Greece, at the request of Artaxerxes, obiigeC 
him to destroy himself by drinking bull's blood. 
The manner of his death, however, is uncer- 
tain, am) while some affirm that he poisoned 
himself, others declare that he fell a prey to a 
violent distemper in the city of Magnesia, where 
lie had fixed his residence, while in the domi- 
nions of the Persian monarch. His bones were 
conveyed to Attica, aud honoured with a mag- 
nificent tomb by the Athenians, who began to 
repent too late of their cruelty to the saviour of 
his country. Themistocles died in the 65th \ear 
of his age, about 449 years before the Christian 
era. He has been admired as a man naturally 
courageous, of a disposition fond of activity, 
ambitious of glory and enterprise. Blessed 
with a provident and discerning mind, he seem- 
ed to rise superior to misfortunes, and in the 
midst of adversity, possessed of resources which 
could enable him to regain his splendour, and 
even to command fortune Plut. &f C Nep. in 
vita. — Puus 1, c. I. 8, c. 52. — JElian. V. H. 

2, c 12, I. 9. c. 18, I. 13, c. 40. A writer, 

some of whose letters are extant. 

Themistogenes, an historian of Syracuse, 
in the age of Artax< rxe« Memnon. He wrote 
on the wars of Cyrus the younger, a subject ably 
treated afterwards by Xenophon. 

Theocles, an opulent citizen of Corinth,, 
who liberally divided his riches among the poor. 
Tbrasonides, a man equally rich with himself, 
followed the example. JElian. V. H. 14, c. 

24. A Greek statuary. Paus. 6, c. 19. 

Theoclus, a Messenian poet and soothsayer, 
who died B. C. 671. Pavs 4, c. 15, &c. 
Theoclvmenus, a soothsayer of Argolis, de- 
I scende,: from Me«ampus. His father's n*me 
! was Thestor. He foretold the speedy return of 
j Ulysses to Penelope and Telemachus. Homer. 
| Od. 15, v 225. &c.—Hygin fab. 128. 

Theocritus, a Greek- poet who flourished at 
| Syracuse in Sicily, 282 B C. His father's 
I name was Fraxagoras or Simichus, and his mo- 
ther's Philina He lived in the age of Ptolemy 
i Philadelphus, whose praises he sung and whose 
j favours he enjoyed. Theocritus distinguished 
I himself by his poetical compositions, of which 
30 idyliia and some epigrams are extant, writ- 
I ten in the Doric dialect, and admired for their 
j beauty, elegance, and simplicity. Virgil, in his 
eclogues, has imitated and often copied him. 
Theocritus has been blamed for the many inde- 
licate and obscene expressions which he uses, 
and while he introduces shepherds and peasants, 
with all the rusdcity and ignorance of nature, 
he often disguises their character by making 
them speak on high and exalted subjects It is 
said he wrote some invectives against Hiero 
king of Syracuse, who ordered him to be stran- 
gled He also wrote a ludicrous poem called 
Syrinx, and placed his verses in such order that 
they represented the pipe of the god Pan. The 
best editions of Theocritus are Warton's, 2 ols. 
4to. Oxon. 1770; that of Heinsius, 8vo Oxon. 
1699; that of Vaikenaer, Svo. L. Bat. 1781; 
and that of Reiske, 2 vols. 4to Lips. 1760. 
Quintil. 10, c. 1. — Laert. 5 A Greek his- 
torian of Chios, who wrote an account of Lybia 
Plut 



TH 



TH 



Theodamas, or Thiodamas, a king of My- 
sia, in Asia Minor He was killed by Hercu- 
les, because be refused to treal him and bis son 
Hyllus with hospitality. Ovid, in lb. v. 438. 
—Jpollod. 2, c. 7 —Hygin- fab. 271. 

Theodectes, a Greek orator and poet of 
Phaselis in Pamphylia, son of Aristander, and 
disciple of Isocrates. He wrote 50 tragedies 
besides other works now lost. He had such a 
happy memory that he could repeat with ease 
whatever verses were spoken in his presence 
When Alexander passed through Phaselis, he 
crowned with garlands the statue that had been 
erected to the memory of the deceased poet 
Cic Tusc. 1, c 24. in Or at. 51, &c. — Pint. 
— Quintil. 

Theodonis, a town of Germany, now Thion- 
ville, on the Moselle. 

Theodora, a daughter-in-law of the empe 

ror Maxirrtian, who married Constantius. A 

daughter of Constantine. A woman who from 

being a prostitute became empress to Justinian, 
and distinguished herself by her intrigues and 
enterprises The name of Theodora is com- 
mon to the empresses of the east in a later pe- 
riod. 

Theodoretus, one of the Greek fathers who 
flourished A. D. 425, whose works have been 
edited, 5 vols. fol. Paris 1642, and 5 vols. Ha- 
lae 1769 to 1774 

Theodoritus, a Greek ecclesiastical histo- 
rian, whose works hare been best edited by 
Reading, fol. Cantab. 1720, 

Theodorus, a Syracusan of great authority 
among his countrymen, who severely inveighed 
against the tyranny of Dionysius A philo- 
sopher, disciple to Aristippus He denied the 
existence of a god. He was banished from Cy- 
rene, and fled to Athens, where the friendship 
©f Demetrius Phalereus saved him from the ac- 
eusations which were carried to the Areopagus 
against him. Some suppose that he was at last 
condemned to death for his impiety, and that he 
drank poison. A preceptor lo one. of the sons 



of Ao tony, whom he betrayed to Augustus. 

A consul in the reign of Honorius Claudian 

wrote a poem upon him, in which he praises him 

with great liberality. A secretary of Valens. 

He conspired against the emperor, and was be- 
headed. A man who compiled an history of 

Rome. Of this nothing but his history of the 
reigns of Constantine and Constantius is extant 

A comic actor. \ player on the flute 

in the age of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who con- 
temptuously rejected the favours of Lamia the 

mistress of the monarch. A Greek poet of 

Colophon, whose compositions are lost- A 

sophist of Byzantium called Logodailon, by Pla- 
to. A Greek poet in the age of Cleopatra 

He wrote a book of metamorphosis, which Ovid 

imitated, as some suppose. An artist of Sa- 

mos about 700 years B. C. He was the first 
who found out the art of melting iron, with which 
he made statues. A priest, father of Iso- 
crates. A Greek writer, called also Prodm- 

mus. The time in which he lived is unknown. 
There is a romance of his composition extant, 
called the amours of Rhodanthe and Dosicles. 



The only edition of which was by Gaulminus. 
8vo. Paris, 1625. 

Theodosia, now Cnffa, a town in the Cim- 
merian Bosphorns. Mela. 2, c. 1. 

Theodosmpolis, a town of Armenia, built 
by Theodosius. &c, 

Theodosius Flavius, a Roman emperor sur- 
named Magnus, from the greatness of his ex- 
ploits. He was invested with the imperial pur- 
ple by Gratian, and appointed over Thrace and 
the eastern provinces, which had been in the 
possession of Valentinian. The first years of 
his reign were marked by different conquests 
over the barbarians; The Goths were defeated 
in Thrace, and 4000 of their chariots, with an 
immense number of prisoners of both sexes, were 
-the reward of the victory. This glorious cam- 
paign intimidated the inveterate enemies of 
Rome: they sued for peace, and treaties of al- 
liance were made with distant nations, who 
wished to gain the favours and the friendship of 
a prince whose military virtues were so conspi- 
cuous. Some conspiracies were formed against 
the emperor, but Theodosius totally disregarded 
them; and while he punched his competitors for 
the imperial purp<e, he thought himself suffi- 
ciently secure in the love and the affection of 
his subjects. His reception at Rome was that 
of a conqueror; he triumphed over the barba- 
rians, and restored peace in every part of the 
empire. He died of a dropsy at Milan, in the 
60th year of his age, after a reign of 16 years, 
the 17th of January, A. D. 395. His body was 
conveyed to Constantinople, and buried by his 
son Arcadius, in the tomb of Constantine. The- 
odosius was the last of the emperors who was 
the sole master of 'he whole Roman empire, 
lie left three children, Arcadius and HoDorius 
who succeeded him, and Pulcheria. Theodo- 
sius has been commended by ancient writers as 
a prince blessed with every virtue, and debased 
by no vicious propensity. Though master of the 
world he was a stranger to that pride and arro- 
gance which too often disgrace the monarch; he 
was affable in his behaviour, benevolent and 
compassionate, and it was his wish to treat his 
subjects as himself was treated when a private 
man, and a dependent. Men of merit were 
promoted lo places of trust and honour, and the 
emperor was fond of patronizing the cause of 
virtue and learning. His zeal as a follower of 
Christianity has been applauded by all the ec- 
clesiastical writers, and it was the wish of The- 
odosius to support the revealed religion, as much 
by his example, meekness, and Christian cha- 
rity, as by his edicts and ecclesiastical institu- 
tions. His want of clemency, however, in one 
instance, was too openly betrayed, and when the 
people of Thessalonica had unmeaningly, per- 
haps, killed one of his officers, the emperor or- 
dered his soldiers to put all the inhabitants to 
the sword, aud no less than 6000 persons with- 
out distinction of rank, age, or sex, were cruelly 
butchered in that town in the space of three 
hours. This violence irritated the ecclesiastics, 
and Theodosius was compelled by St. Ambrose 
to do open penance in the church, and publicly 
to make atonement for an act of barbarity which 
had excluded bim from the bosom of the church, 



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and the communion of the faithful. In his pri- 
vate character Theodosius was an example of 
soberness ami temperance, his palace displayed 
becoming grandeur, but still with moderation. 
He never indulged luxury or countenanced su- 
perfluities. He was fond of bodily exercise, 
and never gave himself up to pleasure and ener- 
vating enjoyments. The laws and regulations 
which he introduced in the Roman empire, were 
of the most salutary nature. Socrat. 5, &c. — 
Zosim. 4. &c — .Qmbros. Jlugustin Claudian- 

&c. The 2d, succeeded his father Areadius. 

as emperor of the western Roman empire, 
though only in the eighth year of his age. He 
was governed by his sister Pulcheria, and by his 
ministers and eunuchs, in whose hands was the 
disposal of the offices of state, and ad places of 
trust and honour. He married Eudoxia, the 
daughter of a philosopher called Leontius. a wo- 
man remarkable for Iter virtues and piety. The 
territories of Theodosius were invaded by the 
Persians, but the emperor soon appeared at the 
head of a numerous force, and the two hostile 
armies met on the frontiers of the empire. The 
consternation was universal on both sides; with- 
out even a battle, the Persians fled, and no less 
than 100,000 were lost in the waters of the Eu- 
phrates. Theodosius raised the siege of Nisi- 
bis, where his operations faded of success, and 
he averted the fury of the Huns and Vandals by 
bribes and promises. He died on the 29th of 
July, in the 49th year of his age, A. D. 450, 
leaving only one daughter, Licinia Eudoxia, 
whom he had married to the emperor Valenti- 
nian 3d. The carelessness and inattention of 
Theodosius to public affairs are well known. He 
signed all the papers that were brought to him 
without even opening them or reading them, till 
his sister apprised him of his negligence, and 
rendered him more careful and diligeot, by mak- 
ing him sign a paper, in which he delivered 
into her hands Eudoxia his wife as a slave and 
menial servant. The laws and regulations 
which were promulgated under him, and select- 
ed from the most useful and salutary institutions 
of his imperial predecessors, have been called 
the Theodosian code. Theodosius was a warm 
advocate for the Christian religion, but he has 
been blamed for his partial attachment to those 
who opposed the orthodox faith. Sozom. — Soc. 

&c. A lover of Antonina the wife of Belisa- 

rius. A mathematician of Tripoli, who flour- 
ished 75 B C. His treatise called Spuaenca, 

is best edited by Hunt, 8vo. Oxon. 1707. A 

"Roman general, father of Theodosius the great; 
he died A. D. 376. 

Theodota, a beautiful courtezan of Elis, 
whose company was frequented by Socrates. 
Xenoph. de Socr.—Mlian V. H. 13, c. 32. 
A Roman empress, &c. 

Ti-ieodotian, an interpreter in the reign of 
Commodus. 

Theodotus, an admiral of the Rhodians 
sent by his countrymen to make a treaty with 

the Romans. A native of Chios, who as 

preceptor and counsellor of Ptolemy advised 
the feeble monarch to murder Pompey. He 
carried the head of the unfortunate Roman to 
Caesar, but the resentment of the conqueror was 



such that the mean assassin fled and after a 
wandering and miserable life in the cities of 
Asia, he was at last put to death by Brutus. Plut. 

in Brut. & Pomp. A Syracusan, accused 

of a conspiracy against Hieronymus the tyrant 

of Syracuse. A governor of Bactriana in 

the. age of Antiochus. who revolted ami made 
himself king, B. C. 250 A friend of the em- 
peror Julian A Phoenician historian. 

Ooe of the generals of Alexander. 

ThEognetes, a Greek tragic poet. Jllhen. 

Theugnis, a Greek poet of Megara, who 
flourished about 549 years before Christ. He 
wrote several poems; of which only a few sen- 
tences are now extant, quoted by Plato, and 
other Greek historians and philosophers, and 
intended as precepts for the conduct of human 
life. The morais of the poet have been cen| 
sured as neither decorous nor chaste. The best 
edition of Theognis, is that of Blackwall, 12mo. 

London 1706. There was also a tragic poet 

of the same name, whose compositions were so 
lifeless and inanimate*!, that they procured him 
the name of Chian or snow). 

Theomnestus, a rival of Niclas in the ad- 
minstration of public affairs at Athens. Slrab. 
14. — —A statuary of Sardinia Paus. 6, c, 

15 An Athenian philosopher, among the 

followers of Plato's doctrines. He had Brutus, 

Caesar's murderer, among his pupils. A 

painter, Plin. 35. 

Theon, a philosopher who used frequently 

to walk in his sleep. Diog. An astronomer 

of Smyrna, in the reign of Adrian. A pain- 
ter of Samos. JElian. V. H. 3,c. 44 Ano- 
ther philosopher. Ding.— — An infamous re- 
viler, floral. 1, ep, 19. 

Theonoe, a daughter of Thestor, sister to 
Caicbas. She was carried away by sea pirates, 
and sob! to Icarus, king of Caria, &c. Hygin. 
fab. 190. A daughter of Proteus and a Ne- 
reid who became enamoured of Canobus, the 
pilot of a Trojan vessel, &c. 

Theope, one of the daughters of Leos. 

Theophane, a daughter of Bisaltus, whom 
Neptune changed into a sheep, to remove her 
from her numerous suitor*, and conveyed to the 
island Crumissa. The god afterwards assumed 
the shape of a ram, and under this transforma- 
tion he had by the nymph a ram with a golden 
fleece, which carried Phryxus to Colchis. Ovid. 
Met. 6. v. Wl.—Hygin. fab. 188. 

Theophane 1 :, a Greek historian horn at 
Mitylene. He was very intimate with Pom- 
pey, and from his friendship with the Roman 
general, his countrymen derived many advan- 
tages. After the battle of Pbarsalia, he advis- 
ed Pompey to retire to the court of Egypt. Cic. 
pro Arch. & JPaterc. ~-Plut. in Oic. & Pomp. 
His son, M. Pompeius Tbeophanes, was 



made governor of Asia, and enjoyed the inti- 
macy of Tiberius. The only edition of Theo- 

phanes, the Byzantine historian, is at Paris, fol. 
1649. 

Theophania, festivals celebrated at Delphi 
in honour of Apollo. 

Theophilus, a comic poet of Athens.- 

A governor of Syria in the age of Julian. 

A friend of Pis©. A physician, whose trea- 



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tise de Urinis is best edited by Guidotius. L. 
Bat. 1728, and another by Moreil, 8vu. Paris, 

255i3. o ue { aie Grtek lathers whose work 

ad jiuiolycum is best euited in 12mo. by Wolf, 

Hanib. 1 124.- The name of Tueophilus is 

conjuijii among the primitive Christians. 

Tkeopkrastus, a native of Eresus, in Les- 
bos, s..>n of a fuller. He studied under Plato, 
and afterwards under Aristotle, whose friend- 
ship he gained, ana whose warmest commen- 
dations lie deserved. His original name was 
Tyit'amusj but this the philosopher made him ex- 
change for ibat of Euphrastus, to intimate his 
exceneuce in speaking, and afterwards for that 
of Taeopkiaslus, which he deemed still more ex- 
pressive of ins eloquence, tbe brilliancy of bis 
genius, and tlie eiegauce of his language. Af- 
ter the death of Socrates, when the malevolence 
of the Athenians drove all the philosopher's 
friends from the city, Theopbrastus succeeded 
Aristotle in tue Lyceum, and rendered himself 
so conspicuous, that in a short time the number 
of his auditors was increased to two thousand. 
Not oniy his countrymen courted bis applause, 
but kings and princes were desirous of his friend- 
ship; aud Cassander and Ptolemy, two of the 
most powerful of the successors of Alexander, 
regarded biro witb more than usual partiality. 
Theophra.itus composed many books, and Dio- 
genes lias enumerated the titles of above 200 
treatises, which he wrote with great elegance 
anu copiousness. About 20 of these are ex- 
tant, among wtiich are his history of stones, his 
treatise on planes, on the winds, on tbe signs of 
fair weather, &.c. and his Characters, an ex- 
cellent morai treatise, which was begun in tbe 
99th year of his age. He died ioaded witb 
years ana infirmities,in the 101th year of his age, 

B. C. 288, lamenting the shortness of life, and 
complaining of the partiality of nature in 
granting longevity io the crow aud to the stag, 
but not to man. To his care we are indebted 
for tbe works of Aristotle, which the dying phi- 
losopher entrusted to him. The best edition of 
Theo^hrastus is that of Heinsius, fol. L. Bat. 
1613; and of bis Characters, that of Need- 
Mam, 8vo. Cantab 1712, and that of Fischer, 
Svo. Coburg. 1763. Cic. Tusc. 3, c, 28. in 
Brut c 31 in Or at. 19, tyc. — Strab. 13.— 
Diog. in- vita. — JElian V. H. 2, c. 8, I. 34, 

C. 20, I. 8 c. 12 —Quintil 10, c l.—Ptut ad- 

cotot An officer entrusted with the care oi 

the citadel of Corinth by Ai.tigonus. Poly.m. 

Theopolemus, a man who, with his brother 
Hirro, plundered Apollo's temple at Delphi, 
and fled away for fear of being punished. Cic. 
in Vtrr 5. 

Theopolis. a name given to Antioch because 
the Christians first received their name there 

Theopompus, a king of Sparta, of the family 
of the Proclidae, who succeeded his father Nican- 
der, and distinguished himself by the many new 
regulations he introduced. He created the. 
Ephori, and died after a long and peaceful 
reign, B. C. 723. While he sat on the throne 
the Spartans made war against Messenia. 

Pint, in Lye. — Pans- 3, c. 7. A famous 

Greek historian of Chios, disciple of Isocrates, 
who flourished B.C. 354. All his compositions 



are lost, except, a few fragments quoted by an« 
cient writers. He is compared to Tbucyclides 
and neiodotus, as an historian, yet he is se- 
verely censured for his satirical remarks and 
illiberal reflections. He obtained e, prize in 
wnich his master was a competitor, and he was 
liberally rewarded for composing the best fu- 
neral oration in honour of Mausolas. His fa- 
ther's name was Dumasistratus. Dionys. Hal. 
1 — Plut. in Ly&—C. Mp. l.—Paus. 6, c. 

18. — Qjimiil. 10, c. 1. An Athenian who 

attempted to deliver his countrymen from the 
tyranny of Demetrius. Polycen. 5. A co- 
mic poet in the age of Menander. He wrote 

24 plays, all lost. A son of Demaratus, who 

obtained several crowns at the Olympic games. 

Paus. 6, c. 10. An orator and historian of 

Cnidus, very intimate with J. Caesar Strab. 14. 

A Spartan general, killed at the battle of 

Tegyra. A philosopher of Cheronaea, in the 
reign of the emperor Philip. 

Theophylactus, Simocatta, a Byzantine 
historian, whose works were edited fol. Paris. 
1647. One of the Greek fathers who flour- 
ished, A. D. 1070, His works where edited 
at Venice, 4 vols. 1754 to 1763. 

Theorius, a surname of Apollo at Troezene, 
where he had a very ancient temple. It signi- 
fies clear-sighted. 

Theotimus. a wrestler of Elis, in the age of 

Alexander Pans. 6, c. 17. A Greek who 

wrote an history of Italy. 

Theoxena, a noble lady of Thessaly who 
threw herself into the sea, when unable to es- 
cape from tbe soldiers of king Philip, who pur- 
sued her. Liv. 40, c- 4. 

Theoxenia, a festival celebrated in honour 
of ail the gods in every city of Greece, but es- 
pecially at Athens. Games were then observed, 
and the conqueror who obtained the prize, re- 
ceived a large sum of money, or according to 
others a vest beautifully ornamented. The 
Dioscuri established a festival of tbe same 
name in honour of the gods who had visited 
them at one. of their entertainments. 

Theoxenids. a surname of Apollo. 

Thera, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe. 

Hygin. fab. 69. One of the Sporades in the 

.■Eaean sea, anciently called Callisla, now 
Santorin- It was first inhabited by the Phoeni- 
cians, who were left there under Membliares by 
Cadmus, when he went in quest of his sister 
Europa. It was called Thera by Theras, tbe son 
of Autesion, who settled there with a colony 
from Lacedsemon. Paus. 3, c. 1 — Herodot. 4, 
— Strab. 8. A town of Caria. 

Therambus, a town near Pallene. Herodot. 
7, c 123. 

Theramentes, an Athenian philosopher and 
general in the age of Alcibiades. His father's 
name was Agnen. He was one of the 30 
tyrants of Athens, but he had no share in the 
cruelties and oppression which disgraced their 
administration. He was accused by Critias, 
one of his colleagues, because he opposed their 
views, and be was condemned to drink hemlock, 
though defended by his own innocence, and tbe 
friendly intercession, of the philosopher Socra- 



TH 



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tes. He drank the poison with great compo- 
sure, and poured some of it on the ground, wi;h 
the saieastical exclamation of, This is to the 
htaltk of Critias. This happened ahout 404 
years before the Christian era. Theramenes, 
on account of the fickleness of his disposition, 
has been called (Jotnurnus, a part of the dress 
used both by men and women. Cic. de Oral. 
3, c. 16. — jp/wt. in Mb. &c— C JVep. 

Therapne, or Terapne, a town of Laconia, 
at the west of the Eurotas, where Apollo had 
a temple cailed Fhoebeum. It was at a very 
short uistance from Lacedaemou, and indeed 
some authors have confounded it with the capi- 
tal of Laconia. It received its name from 
Therapne. a daughter of Leiex. Castor and 
Pollux were born there, and on that account 
they are sometimes called Therapn&i frutres- 
Paus. 3, c. 14. — Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 223.— Sil. 
6, v. 303, i, 8, v. 414, I. 13 v. 43 — Liv. 2. c 
16.— Dionys. Hal. 2, c. 49.— Stat. 7, Theb. v. 
793. 

Theras, a son of Autesion of Lacedaemon, 
who conducted a colony to Calista, to which he 
gave the name of Thera. He received divine 
honours after death. Paus. 3, c. I and 15. 

Therimachus, a son of Hercules by Megara. 
Jlpollod. 2, c. 4 and 7 

Therippidas, a Lacedaemonian, &c. Diod. 
15. 
Theritas, a surname of Mats in Laconia. 

Therma, a town of Africa. Strabo A 

town of Macedonia, afterwards called Thessa- 
lonica, in honour of the wife of Cassander, and 
now Saionicki. The bay in the neighbourhood 
©f Therma is called Thermteus or Thirmaicus 
sinus, and advances far into the country, so 
much that Pliny has named it Macedonicus sinus, 
by way of eminence, to intimate its extent. 
Strvb. — Tacit. Ann 5. c. 10. — Herodot. 

Thermae, (baths ) a town of Sicily, where 
weie the baths of Selinus, now Sciacca An- 
other near Panormus. now Thermini. Sit 14, 

T. 23 fie Verr. 2, c. 35. 

Thermodon, now Termah, a famous river of 
Cappadocia, in the ancient country of the Ama- 
zons, falling into the Euxine sea near Themis 
cyra. There was also a small river of the same 
name in Boeotia, near Tanagra, width was af- 
terwards cad ed H icmon. Strab 11. — Herodot. 

9, c. 27 Mela, 1, c 19.— Paus. 1, c 1, 1. 9, 

C. 19 —Plut. in Dem. — Virg. Mn. 11, v. 659 
— Ovid Met. 2, v 249, &c. 

ThermopyLjE, a small pass leading from 
Thessalv into Locris and Phocis. It has a large 
ridge of mountains on the west, and the sea oi» 
the east, with deep and dangerous marshes, be- 
ing in the narrowest part only 25 feet in breadth. 
Thermopylae receives its name from the hot baths 
which are in the neighbourhood. It is celebrat- 
ed for a battle which was fought there B. C 
480, on the 7th of August, between Xerxes and 
the. Greeks, in which 300 Spartans resisted for 
three successive days repeatedly the attacks of 
the most brave and courageous of the Persian 
army, which, according to some historians, 
amounted to five millions. There was also an- 
other battle fought there between the Romans 
and Antiochus, king of Syria. Herodot. 7, c. 



176, &c.— Strab. 9 —Liv. 36, c 15.— Mela, 2, 
c. 3 — Plut. in Cat &c. — Paus. 7, c. 15. 

Thermum, a town of iEtolia, on the Evenus. 
Polyb 5. 

Thermus, a man accused in the reign of Ti- 
berius, &c. A man put to death by Nero. 

A town of /Etolia, the capital of the coun- 
try. 

Therodamas, a king of Scythia, who, as 
some report, fed lions with human blood, that 
they might be more cruel. Ovid lb. 3S3. 

Theron, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who died 
472 B C. He was a native of Boeotia, and 
son of iEnesidamus, and he married Demarete 
the daughter of Gelon of Sicily. Herodot. 7. 

— Pind. Olymp. 2. One of Action's dogs. 

Ovid. A Rutulian who attempted to kill 

iEneas. He perished in the attempt. Virg. 

JEn 10, v. 312 A priest in the temple of 

Hercules at Saguntum, &c Sil. 2, v. 149. 

A Theban descended from the Spartse. Stat. 
Theb. 2, v. 572. A daughter of Phylas be- 
loved by Apollo. Paus. 9, c. 40. 

Therpander, a celebrated poet and musi- 
cian of Lesbos. [Vid. Terpander ] 

Thersander, a son of Polynices and Argia. 
Me accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, 
but he was killed in Mysia by Telephus, before 
die confederate army reached the enemy's coun- 
try. Virg JEn. 2, v 261.— Apollod. 3, c. 7. 

— A sou of Sisyphus, king of Corinth— — A 



musician of Ionia. 

Thersilochus, a leader of the Paeonians in 
the Trojan war, killed by Achilles. Virg. JEn. 

6, v. 483. A friend of ./Eneas killed by Tur- 

nus. Id. 12, v. 363. An athlete at Corcyra, 

crowned at the Olympic games. Paus 6, c. 13. 

Thersippus, a son of Agrius, who drove 

CEneus from the throne of Calydon. A man 

who carried a letter from Alexander to Darius. 

Curt. An Athenian author who died 954 

B. C. 

Thersites, an officer the most deformed and 
illiberal of the Greeks during the Trojan war. 
He was fond of ridiculing his fellow soldiers, 
particularly Agamemnon, Achilles, and Ulysses. 
\chilles killed him with one blow of his fist, be- 
cause he laughed at his mourning the death of 
Penthesilea. Ovid, ex pont 4, el. 13, v. 15. 
^-Jlpollod. 1, c. 8.— Homer. II. 2, v. 212, &c. 

TheseidjE, a patronymic given to the Athe- 
nians, from Theseus, one of their kings. Virg. 
G. 2, v. 383. 

Theseis, a poem written by Codrus, contain- 
ing an account of the life and actions of The- 
seus, and now lost. Juv. 1, v. 2. 

Theseus, king of Athens, and son of iEgeus, 
by jfEihra the daughter of Pittbeus, was one of 
the most celebrated of the heroes of antiquity. 
He was educated at Troezene in the house of 
Pittheus, and as he was not publicly acknow- 
ledged to be the son of the king of Athens, he 
passed for the son of Neptune. When he came 
to years of maturity, he was sent by his mother 
to his father, and a sword was given him, by 
which he might make himself known to iEgeus 
in a private manner. [Vid. iEgeus.] His 
tourney to Athens was not across the sea, as it 
was usual with travellers, but Theseus deter- 



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mined to signalize himself in going by land and 
encountering difficulties. The road which led 
from Treezene to Athens was infested with rob- 
bers and wild beasts, and rendered impassable; 
but these obstacles were easily removed by the 
courageous son of iEgeus. He destroyed Cory- 
netes, Synnis, Scyron, Cercyon, Procustes, and 
the celebrated Phaea. At Athens, however, his 
reception was not cordial; Medea lived there 
with iEgeus, and as she knew that her influence 
would fall to the ground if Theseus was receiv- 
ed in his father's huuse, she attempted to de- 
stroy hiei before his arrival was made public. 
-IEgeus was himself to give the cup of poison to 
this unknown stranger at a fe-'.st, but the si<rht 
of his sword on the side of Theseus reminded 
him of his amours with iEthra. He knew him 
to be his son, and the people of Athens were glad 
to find that this iliusuious stranger, who had 
cleared Attica from robbers and pirates, was the 
son of tneir monarch. The-Pallantides, who 
expected to succeed their uncle iEgeus on the 
throne, as he apparently had no children, at- 
tempted to assassinate Theseus, but they fell a 
prey to their own barbarity and were all put to 
death ny the young prince The bull of Mara- 
thon next engaged the attention of Theseus. 
The labour seemed arduous, but he caught the 
animal alive, and after he had led it through the 
streets of Athens, he sacrificed it to Minerva, or 
the god of Deiphi. After this Theseus went to 
Crete among the seven chosen youths whom the 
Athenians yearly sent to be devoured by the 
Minotaur. The wish to deliver his country from 
so dreadful a tribute, engaged him to undertake 
this expedition. He ivas successful by means 
of Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, who was 
enamoured of him, and after he had escaped 
iroui the labyrinth with a clue of thread, and 
killed the Minotaur, [Vid- Minotaurus,] he sail- 
ed from Crete with the six boys and seven maid- 
ens, whom his victory had equally redeemed 
from death. In the island of Naxos, where he 
was driven by the winds, he had the meanness 
to abandon Ariadne, to whom he was indebted 
for his safety. The rejoicings which his return 
might have occasioned at Athens, were inter- 
rupted by the death of iEgeus, who threw him- 
self into the sea when he saw his son's ship re- 
turn with black sails, which was the signal of 
ill-success. [Vid. iEgeus.] His ascension on 
his father's throne was universally applauded, 
B. C. 1235. The Athenians were governed 
with mildness, and Theseus made new regula- 
tions, and enacted new laws. The number of 
the inhabitants of Athens was increased by the 
liberality of the monarch, religious worship was 
attended with more than usual solemnity, a 
court was instituted which had the care of all 
civil affairs, and Theseus made the government 
democratical, while he reserved for himself only 
the command of the armies. The fame which 
he had gained by his victories and policy, made 
his alliance courted; but Pirithous. kin.<> of the 
Lapithae, alone wished to gain his friendship, 
by meeting him in the field of battle. He in- 
vaded the territories of Attica, and when The- 
seus had marched out to meet him, the two en- 
emies, struck at the sight of each other, rushed 



between their two armies, to embrace one ano- 
ther in the most cordial and affectionate man- 
ner, and from that time began the most sincere 
and admired friendship, which has become pro- 
verbial. Theseus was present at the nuptials 
of his friend, and was the most eager and coura- 
geous of the Lapithae, in the defence of Hippo- 
damia,, and her female attendants, against the 
brutal attempts of the Centaurs. When Piri- 
thods had lost Hippodarnia, he agreed with The- 
seus, whose wife Phaedra was also dead, to carry 
away some of the daughters of the gods. Their 
first attempt was upon Helen, the daughter of 
Leda, and after they had obtained this beautiful 
prize, tney east lots, and she became the pro- 
perty of Theseus. The Athenian monarch en- 
trusted her to i he care of his mother iEthra, at 
Aphidnae, till she was of nubile years, but the 
resentment of Castor and Pollux, soon obliged 
him to restore her safe info their hands. Helen, 
before she reached Sparta, became mother of a 
daughter by Theseus, but this tradition, con- 
firmed by some ancient mycologists, is confuted 
by others, who affirm, that she was but nine 
years old when carried away by the two royal 
friends, and Ovid introduces her in one of his 
epistles, saying, Except redii passa timore nihil. 
Some time afer Theseus assisted his friend in 
procuring a wife, and they boih descended into 
the infernal regions to carry away Proserpine. 
Pluto, apprised of their intentions, stopped them. 
Pirithous was placed on his father's wheel, and 
Theseus wos lied to a huge, stone, on which lie 
had sat to rest himself. Virgil represents him 
in this eternal state of punishment, repeating to 
the shades in Tartarus the words of Discite jus- 
titiam moniti, &c non temnere divos. Apollodo- 
rus, however, and others declare, that he was 
not long detained in hell; when Hercules came 
to steal the dog Cerberus, he tore him away 
from the stone, but with such violence, that his 
skin was left behind. The same assistance was 
given to Pirithous, and the two friends returned 
upon the earth by the favoui of Hercules, and 
the consent of the infernal deities, not, however, 
without suffering the most excruciating torments-. 
During the captivity of Theseus irtvthe kingdom 
of Pluto, Mnestheus, one of the descendants of 
Erechtheus, ingratiated himself into the favour 
of the people of Athens, and obtained the crown 
in preference to the children of the absent mon- 
arch. At his return Theseus attempted to eject 
the usurper, but to no purpose The Athenians 
had forgotten his many services, and he retired 
with greai mortification to the court of Lyco- 
medes, king of the island of Scyros. After pay- 
ing him much attention. Lycomedes, either jea- 
lous of his fame, or bribed by the presents of 
Mnestheus, carried bim to a high rock, on pre- 
tence of showing him the extent of his domin- 
ions, and threw him down a deep precipice. 
Some suppose that Theseus inadvertently fell 
down this precipice, and that he was crushed to 
death without receiving any violence from Ly- 
comedes. The children of Theseus after the 
death of Mnestheus, recovered the Athenian 
throne, and that the memory of their father 
might not be without the honours due to a hero, 
they brought his remains from Scyros, and gave 



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them a magnificent burial. They also raised 
him statues and a temple, and festivals and 
games were publicly instituted to commemorate 
the actions of a hero, who had rendered such 
services to the people of Athens These festi- 
vals were still celebrated with original solem- 
nity in the age of Pausanias and Plutarch, about 
1200 years after the death of Theseus. The 
historians disagree from the poets in their ac- 
counts about this hero, and they all suppose, 
that instead of attempting to carry away the 
wife of Pluto, the two friends wished to seduce 
a daughter of Aidoneus, king of the Molossi. — 
This daughter, as they say, bore the name of 
Proserpine, and the dog which kept the gates of 
the palace, was called Cerberus, and hence per- 
haps arises the fiction of the poets. Pirithous 
was torn to pieces by the dog, but Theseus was 
confined in prison, from whence he made his 
escape some time after, by the assistance of 
Hercules. Some authors place Theseus and 
his friend in the number of the Argonauts, but 
they were both detained, either in the infernal 
regions, or in the country of the Molossi, in the 
time of Jason's expedition to Colchis. Plut. in 
vita- — JipoLlod. 3. — Hygin. fab. 14 and 79 — 
Pans- 1, c. 2, &c— Ovid. Met. 7, v. 433. lb. 
412. Fast 3, v. 473 and 49 1 .— Heroid.— Diod. 
1 and 4. — Lucan. 2, v 612. — Homer. Od 21, 
v. 293.— Hesiotl in Scut. Here— Milan. V. H. 
4, c 5.— Stat Theb. 5, v. 432.—Propert. 3.— 
Lactant ad Thcb. Stat. — Philcst. Icon. 1. — 
Ftacc. 2—rfpollon. l.—Virg. Mn. 6, v. 617. 
— Seneca, in f-Iippol. — Stat Jichill. 1. 

THEsiDiE, a name given to the people of 
Athens, because they were governed by The- 
seus 

Thesides, a patronymic, applied to the chil- 
dren of Theseus, especially Hippoiytus. Ovid. 
Her. 4. v 65. 

Thesmophora, a surname of Ceres, as law- 
giver, in whose honour festivals were instituted 
called Thesmophoria ■ The Thesmophoria were 
instituted by Triptolemus, or according to some 
by Orpheus, or the daughters of Danaus. The 
greatest part of the Grecian cities, especially 
Athens, observed them with great solemnity. 
The worsnippers were free born women, whose 
husbands were obliged to defray the expenses 
of the festival. They were assisted by a priest 
called se<p*v <|>o§oc, because he carried a crown 
on his head. There were also certain virgins 
who officiated, and were maintained at the pub- 
lic expense. The free born women were dress- 
ed in white robes to intimate their spotless in- 
nocence: they were charged to observe the 
strictest chastity during three or five days be- 
fore the celebration, and during the four days 
of the solemnity, and on that account it was 
usual for them to strew their bed with agnus 
vastus, Jieabane, and all such herbs as were sup- 
posed to have the power of expelling all vene- 
real propensities. They were also charged not 
to eat pomegranates, or to wear garlands on 
their heads, as the whole was to be observed 
with the greatest signs of seriousness and gra- 
vity, without any display of wantonness or levity. 
It was however usual to jest at one another, as 
the goddess Ceres had been made to smile by a 



merry expression when she was sad and melan- 
choly for the recent loss of her daughter Pro- 
serpine. Three days were required for the pre- 
paration, and upon the 11th of the month called 
Pyanepsion, the women went to Eleusis, carry- 
ing books on their heads, in which the laws 
which the goddess had invented were contain- 
ed. On the 14th of the same month the festival 
began, on the 16th day a fast was observed, 
aud the women sat on the ground in token of 
humiliation. It was usual during the festival to 
offer prayers to Ceres, Proserpine, Pluto, and 
Calligenia, whom some suppose to be the nurse 
or favourite maid of the goddess of corn, or 
perhaps one of her surnames. There were some 
sacrifices of a mysterious nature, and all per- 
sons whose offence was small were released 
from confinement. Such as were initiated at 
the festivals of Eleusis assisted at the Thesmo- 
phoria. The place of high priest was heredi- 
tary in the family of Eumolpus. Ovid. Met. 
\0 v 431. Fast. 4, v 619.— Spoiled. 1, c 4. 
— Virg. Mm 4, v. 58. — Sophoci in CEdip. Col. 
— Clem. Mex. 

THESMOTHETiE, a name given to the last six 
archons among the Athenians, because they 
took particular care to enforce the laws, ami to 
see justice impartially administered. They were 
at that time nine in number. 

Thespia, now Neocorio, a town of Boeotia, 
at the foot of mount Helicon, which received 
its name from Thespia, the daughter of Asopus, 
or from Thespius. Plin. 4, c 7. — Paus 9, c. 
26 —Strab. 9. 

Thespiad^e, the sons of the Thespiades. 
[Vid. Thespiu9.] 

Thespiades, a name given to the 50 daugh- 
ters of Thespius. [Vid Thespius.] — Diod. 4. 
— Seneca, in Here CEt. 369. Also a sur- 
name of the nine Muses, because they were 
held in great veneration in' Thespia. Flacc. 2, 
v. 368.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 310. 

Thespis, a Greek poet of Attica, supposed 
by some to be the inventor of tragedy, 536 
years before Christ. His representations were 
very rustic and imperfect. He went from town 
to town upon a cart, on which was erected a 
temporary stage, where two actors, whose faces 
were daubed with the lees of wine, entertained 
the audience with choral songs, &c Solon was 
a great enemy to his dramatic representations. 
Hot at. Art. P 276 —Diog. 

Thespius, a king of Thespia^ in Boeotia, son 
of Erechtheus, according to some authors. He 
was desirous that his fifty daughters should have 
children by Hercules, and therefore when that 
hero was at his court he permitted him to enjoy 
their company. This, which according to some, 
was effected in one night, passes for the 1 3th 
and most arduous of the labours of Hercules, 
as the two following lines from the arcana arca- 
nissima indicate: 

Terlius hinc decitnus labor est durissimus, una 
Quinquaginta spnul stupravit node puellas. 
All the daughters of Thespius brought male 
children into the world, and some of them 
twins, particularly Procris the eldest, and the 
youngest. Some suppose that one of the Thes- 
piades refused to admit Hercules to her arms, 



TH 



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for which the hero condemned her to pass all 
her life in continual celibacy, and to become 
the priestess of a temple he had at Thespia. 
The children of the Tbespiades, called Tkes- 
piadce, went to Sardinia, where they made a 
settlement with lolaus, the friend of their father. 
Thespius is often confounded by ancient authors 
will) Tiiestius, though the latter lived in a dif- 
fered place, and, as king of Pleuron, sent his 
sons to the hunting of the Calydouian boar. 
Jlpvllod. 2, c 4.— Fans. 9, c. 26 and 27.— 
Piut. 

Thesprotia, a country of £pirus, at the 
west of Ambracia, bounded on the south by 
the sea. It is watered by the rivers Acheron 
and Cocytus, which the poets, after Homer, 
have called the streams of hell. The oracle of 
Dodona was in Thesprotia. Homer. Od. 14, 
v. 315.— Strab. 7, &c— Paus. 1, c 17.— Lu- 
can 3, v. 179. 

Thesprottjs, a son of Lycaon, king of Ar- 
cadia, .ipollod. 3, cr8 

Thessalia, a country of Greece, whose boun- 
daries have been different at different periods. 
Properly speaking, Thessaly was bounded on 
the south by the southern parts of Greece, or 
Greeia propria; east, by the iEgean; north, by 
Macedonia and Mygdonia; and west, by lllyri- 
cum and Epirus It was generally divided into 
four separate provinces, Thessaliotis, Pelas- 
giotis. Isticeotis, and Phthiotis, to which some 
add Magnesia. It has been severally called 
JEmonia, Pelasgicum, Jirgos, Hellas, Jirgeia, 
Dryopis, Petasgia, Pyrrhaea, JEmathia, &c. 
The name of Thessalia is derived from Thes- 
salus, one of its rnonarcbs. Thessaly is famous 
for a deluge winch happened there in the age 
of Deucalion. Its mountains and cities are also 
celebrated, such as Olympus, Pelion, Osa, La- 
rissa, &c. The Argonauts were partly natives 
©f Thessaly. The inhabitants of the country 
passed for a treacherous nation, so that false 
money was called Thessalian coin, and a per- 
fidious action Thessalian deceit. Tlv ssaly was 
governed by kings, till it became subject to the 
Macedonian monarchs. The cavalry was uni- 
versally esteemed, and the people were super- 
stitious, and addicted to the study of magic and 
incantations. Thessaly is now cailed Janna. 
Lucan. 6, v. 438, &c. — Dionys. 210. — Curt. 3, 
C. 2—&lian. V. H. 3, c. I.— Paus. 4, c. 36, 
1. 10, c. 1. — Mela, 2, c. 3. — Justin. 7, c. 6. — 
Diod. 4. 

Thessalion, a servant of Mentor, of Sidon, 
in the age of Artaxerxes Ochus, &c. Diod. 16. 

Thessaliotis, a part of Thessaly at the 
south of the river Peneus. 

Thes6alonica. an ancient town of Mace- 
donia, first called Therma, and Thessalonica 
after Thessalonica, the wife of Cassander. Ac- 
cording to ancient writers it was once very pow- 
erful, and it still continues to be a place of 
note. Strab. 7. — Dionys. — Cic in Pis. c 17. 
—Liv. 29, c. 17, I. 40, c. 4, 1. 44, c. 10 and 

45. — Mela, 2, c. 3. A daughter of Philip, 

king of Macedonia, sister to Alexander the 
Great. She married Cassander, by whom she 
had a son called Antipater, who put her to 
death. Pmw. 8, c. 7. 



Thessaltjs, a son of iEmon A son of 

Hercules and Calliope, daughier of Eurypbilus. 
Thessaly received its name from one of these. 
Jlpollod. 2. — Oictys. Crei. 2. — — A physician 
who invited Alexander to a feast at Babylon to 

give him poison. A physician of Lydia in 

the age of Nero. He gained the favours of 
the great and opulent at Rome, by the mean- 
ness and servility of his betiaviour. He treated 
all physicians with contempt, and thought him- 
self superior to all his predecessors. A son 

of Cimon, who accused Alcibiades because he 

imitated the mysteries of Ceres. A son of 

Pisistratus. -A player in the age of Alexan- 
der. 

Thestalus, a son of Hercules and Epicaste. 
Jlpollod 2, c. 7. 

Theste, a sister of Dionysius the elder, 
tyrant of Syracuse. She married Philoxenus, 
and was greatly esteemed by the Sicilians. 

Thestia, a town of iEtolia, between the 
Eveuus and Acbelous. Polyb. 5. 

Thestiad^e and Thestiades. Vid. Thespi- 
adae and Tbespiades. 

Thestias, a patronymic of Althaea, daughter 
of Thestius. Ovid. Met. 8. 

Thestiad-e, the sons of Thestius, Toxeus 
and Plexippus. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 286. 

Tkestis, a fountain in the country of Cyrene. 

Thestius, a king of Pleuron, and a son of 

Parthaon, father to Toxeus, Plexippus, and 

Altha3 A king of Thespia. [Vid. Thes- 

pius.f The sons of Thestius, called Thes- 

tiadne, were killed by Meleager at the chase of 
the Calydonian boar. Jlpollod 1, c. 7. 

Thestor, a son of ldroon and Laothoe, 
father to Calchas. From him Calcbas is often 
called Thestorides Ovid. Net. 12, v. 19. — 
Stat 1, Jlch. v. 49*.— Jlpollon. 1, v. 239— 
Homer II. 1, v. 69. 

Thestylis a country woman mentioned in 
j Theocritus and Virgil. 

! Thetis, one of the sea deities, daughter of 
j Nereus and Doris, often confounded with Te- 
! thys, her grandmother. She was courted by 
j Neptune and Jupiter; but when the gods were 
' informed that the son she should bring forth 
must become greater than his father, their ad- 
; dresses were stopped, and Peleus, tbe son of 
I iEacus, was permitted to solicit ber band. The- 
tis refused him, but the lover had the artifice 
to catch her when asleep, and by binding her 
strongly, be prevented her from escaping from 
his grasp, in assuming different forms. When 
Thetis found that sbe could not elude the vigi- 
lance of her lover, she consented to marry him, 
though much against her inclination. Their 
nuptials were celebrated on mount Pelion, with 
great pomp; all the deities attended except the 
goddess of discord, who punished the negligence 
of Peleus, by throwing into the midst of the 
assembly a golden apple, to be given to the 
fairest of all the goddesses. [Vid. Discordia.] 
Thetis became mother of several children by 
Peleus, but all these sbe destroyed by fire, in 
attempting to see whether they were immortal. 
Achilles must have shared the same fate, if 
Peleus had not snatched him from ber hand as 
she was going to repeat the cruel operation. 
4 Y 



TH 



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She afterwards rendered him invulnerable, by 
plunging him jn the waters of the St\x except 
that part of the heel by which she held him. 
As Thetis well knew the fate of her son, she 
attempted to remove him from the Trojan war 
by concealing him in the court of Lycomedes. 
This was useless, he went with the rest of the 
Greeks, The in&ther, still anxious for his pre- 
servation, prevailed upon Vulcan to make him 
a suit of armour; but when it was done, she 
refused the god the favours which she had pro- 
mised him. When Achilles was killed by Paris,- 
Thetis issued out of the sea with the Nereides 
to mourn his oeath, and af'.er she had collected 
his allies in a golden urn, she raised a monu- 
ment to his memory, and instituted festivals in 
his honour. Hesiod. Thecg. v. 244, &c. — Apol- 
lod. I, c. 2 and 9,1. 3, c. 13. — Hygin. fab. 54. 
—Homer. II. 1, &c Od. 24, v. 55 —Paus. 5, 
c. 18, &c— Ovid. Met. 11, fab 7, 1. 12, fab. 
1, &c. 

Theutis, or Teuthis, a prince of a town of 
the same name in Arcadia, who went to the 
Trojan war. He quarrelled with Agamemnon 
at Aidis, and when Minerva, under the form of 
Melas son of Ops, attempted to pacify him, he 
struck the goddess and returned home. Some 
say that the goddess afterwards appeared to him 
and showed him the wound which he had given 
her in the thigh, and that he died soon after. 
Pans. 8, c. 28. 

Thia, the mother of the sun, moon, and Au- 
rora, by Hyperion. [Vid. Thea.] Hesiod. The- 

og. v. 371 One of the Sporades, that rose 

out of the sea in the age of Pliny. Plin. 27, 
c. 12. 

Thias, a king of Assyria. 

Thimbkon, a Lacedaemonian chosen general 
to conduct a war against Persia. He was re- 
called, and afterwards re-appointed. He died 
JB. C. 391. Died. 17. A friend of Harpalus. 

Thiodamas, the father of Hylas. [Vid. 
Theodamas.] 

Thirmida, a town of Numidia, where Hiemp- 
sal was slain. Sail. Jug. 2. 

Thisbe, a beauiful woman of Babylon 
[Vid. Pyramus.] A town of Bceotia, be- 
tween two mountains. Paus. 9, c. 32. 

Thi^ias, a Sicilian writer. 

Thisoa, one of the three nymphs who fed 
Jupiter in Arcadia. She built a town which 
bore her name in Arcadia Paus. 8, c. 38 

Thistie, a town of Boeotia. Plin. 4, c. 7 

Thoantium, a place on the sea-coast at 
Rhodes. 

Thoas, a king of Taurica Chersonesus, in 
the age of Orestes and Pylades. He would 
have immolated these two celebrated strangers 
on Diana's altars, according to the barbarous 
customs of the country, had they not been de- 
livered by Iphigenia. [Vid. Iphigenia.] Ac- 
cording to some, Troas was the son of Borys- 

thens. Ovid. Pont 3, el 2. A king of 

Lemnos, son of Barchus and Ariadne the daugh- 
ter of Minos, and husband to Myrine. He bad 
been made king of Lemnos by Rhadamanthus. 
He was still alive when the Lemnian women 
conspired to kill all the males in the island, but 
b.is life was spared by his only daughter Hipsi- 



pyle, in whose favour he had resigned the crown. 
Hipsipyle obliged her father to depart secretly 
from Lemnos, to escape from the fury of the 
women, and he arrived safe in a neighbouring 
island, whb.h some call Chios, though many 
suppose that Thoas was assassinated by tne en- 
raged females before he had left Lemnos. Some 
mythologists confound the king of Lemnos with 
that of Chersonesus, and suppose that tbey were 
one and the same man. According to their 
opinion, Thoas was very young when he retired 
from Lemnos, and after that he went to Taurica 
Chersonesus, where he settled. Fiacc 8, v. 208. 

—Hygin. fab. 74, 120 Ovid, in lb. 384. 

Hercid. 6, v. 114.— Stat. Theb 5, v. 262 and 
486.— Jpollcn. Rhod. 1, v. 209 and 615.— 
Jlpollod. 1, c 9, 1. 3, c. 6. — Eurip. in Jpkig. 
A son of Andre mon and Gorge, the daugh- 
ter of (Eneus. He went to the Trojan war oa 
i5 or rather 40 ships. Homer. II. 2, &c.~ 

Dictys. Cret. 1. — Hygin. fab. 97. A famous 

huntsman. Diod- 4. A son of Icarius. 

Jipoilod. 3, c 10. A son of Jason and Hip- 
sipyle queen of Lemnos.' Stat. Theb. 6, v. 342. 

A son of Ornjtion, grandson of Sisyphus. 

A king of Assyria, father of Adonis and 

Myrrh a,- according to Jlpoltod. 3, c. 14. A 

man who made himself master of Miletus. 

An officer of iEtolia, who strongly opposed the 
views of the Romans, and favoured the interest 

of Antiochus, B. C. 193. One of the fi i ds 

of ./Eneas in Italy, killed by Halesus. Virg. 
Mn. 10, v. 415. 

Thoe, one of the Nereides. Hesiod. Th. 

245. One of the horses of Adaietus. 

One of the Amazons, &c. Val. Fl. 6, v. 376. 

Tholus, a town of Africa. 

Thomyris, called also Tamyris, Tameris, 
Thamyris, and Tomeris, was queen of the Mas- 
sagetae. After her husband's death she marched 
against Cyrus, who wished to invade her terri- 
tories, cut his army to pieces, and killed him 
on the spot. The barbarous queen ordered the 
head of the fallen monarch to be cut off and 
thrown into a vessel full of human blood, with 
the insulting words of satia le sanguine quern 
sWsti. Her son had been conquered by Cyrus 
before she marched herself at the head of her 
armies, Herodot. 1, c- 205 — Justin. 1, c. 8. — 
Tibull. 4. el. 1, v. 143. 

Thon, an Egyptian physician, &c. 

Thonis, a courtezan of Egypt. 

Thoon, a Trojan chief killed by Ulysses. 

Ovid. Met. 13, v. 259. -One of the giants 

who made war against Jupiter. Jipoilod 1, c. 6. 

Thoosa, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys, 
and mother of Polyphemus, by Neptune. He- 
siod. Tkeog. v. 236. — Homer. Od. 1, v. 71. 

Thootes, one of the Grecian heralds. 

Thoranius, a general of Metellus, killed by 
Sertorius. Plut. 

Thorax, a mountain near Magnesia in Ionia, 
where the grammarian Daphitas was suspended 
on a cross for his abusive language against 
kings and absolute princes, whence the proverb 
cave a Tlwrace. Strab. 14. A Lacedaemo- 
nian officer who served under Lysander, and 
was put to death by the Ephori. Plut. in Lys. 
A man of Larissa, who paid much attca- 



TH 



TH 



tfon to the dead body of Antigonus, &c. Plut. 
in Lys. &c. 

Thoria lex, agraria, by Sp. Thorius, the 
tribune, it ordained that no person should pay 
any rent for the land which he possessed. It 
al*o made some regulations about grazing and 
pastures. Cic. in brut. 

Thornax, a mountain of Argolis. It re- 
ceived its name from Thornax, a nymph who 
became mother of Buphagus, by Japetus. The 
mountain was afterwards called Coccygia, be- 
cause Jupiter changed himself there into a 
cuckoo. Pans. 8, c. 27. 

Thorsus, a river of Sardinia. Paus. 10, c. 
17. 

Thoth, an Egyptian deity, the same as Mer- 
cury. 

Thous, a Trojan chief, &c. One of Ac- 

taeon 1 * dogs. 

Thrace, a daughter of Titan. A name 

of Thrace. [Vid. Thracia.]^ 

Thraces, the inhabitants of Thrace. [Vid. 
Tbracia.] 

Thracia, a large country of Europe, at the 
south of Scythia, bounded by mount Haemus. 
It had the iEgean sea on the south, on the west 
Macedonia and the river Strymon, and on the 
east the Euxine sea, the Propontis, and the 
Hellespont. Its northern boundaries extended 
as far as the Ister, according to Pliny and others. 
The Thracians were looked upon as a cruel and 
barbarous nation, they were naturally brave and 
warlike, addicted to drinking and venereal plea- 
sures, and they sacrificed without the smallest 
humanity their enemies -on the altars of then- 
gods. Their government was originally mo- 
narchical, and divided among a number of in- 
dependent princes. Thrace is barren as to its 
soil. It received its name from Thrax, the son 
of Mars, the chief deity of the country The 
firs' inhabitants lived upon plunder, and on the 
milk and flesh of sheep. It forms now the pro- 
vince of Romania- Herodot. 4, c. 99, I 5, c. 
3. — Strab. 1, &c. — Virg. JEn 3, &c — Mela, 
2, c. 2, &c— Pews. 9, C 29, &c— Ovid. Met. 
11, v. 92, 1. 13, v. 565, &c— C. JVep. in Jilc. 

ii. 

ThraciDjE, an illustrious family at Delphi, 
destroyed by Philomelus, because they opposed 
his views. Diod. 16. 

Thracis, a town of Phocis. Paus. 10, c. 3. 

Thraseas, or Thrasius, a soothsayer. [Vid. 

Thrasius.J Paetus, a stoic philosopher of 

Patavium, in the age of Nero, famous for his 
independence and generous sentiments; he died 
A. D. 66.— Juv. 5, v. 36.— Mart. 1, ep. 19.— 
Tacit. A 15, c. 16. 

Thrasideus succeeded his father Theron as 
tyrant of Agrigentum. He was conquered by 
Hiero, and soon after put to death. Diod. 11 

Thrasimenus. Vid. Thrasymenus. 

Thrasius, a general of a mercenary band in 
Sicily, who raised a sedition against Timoleon. 

Diod. 16. A spendthrift at Rome, &c. Ho- 

rat 2, Sat. 2, v. 99. 

Thraso, a painter. Strab. 14. A fa- 
vourite of Hieronymus, who espoused the in- 
terest of the Romans. He was put to death by 



the tyrant. The character of a captain in 

Terence. 

Thrasybulus, a famous general of Athens 
who began the expulsion of the 30 tyrants of 
his country though he was only assisted by 30 
of his friends. His efforts were attended with 
success. B. C. 401, and the only reward be re- 
ceived for this patriotic action was a crown 
macie with two twigs of an olive branch; a 
proof of his own disinterestedness ano 1 of the 
virtues of his countrymen. The Athenians em- 
ployed a man whose abilities and humanity 
were so conspicuous, and Thrasybulus was sent 
with a powerful fleet to recover their lost power 
in the M%eaa, and on the coast of Asia After 
he had gained many advantages, this great man 
was killed in his camp by the inhabitants of 
Aspendus, whom his soldiers had plundered 
tvithout his knowledge, B. C. 391. Diod. 14. — 
C. Nep. in vita. — Cic. Phil. — Val. Max 4, c. 

1. A tyrant of Miletus, B. C. 634. A 

soothsayer descended from Apollo. Paus. 6, c. 
2.- — -A son of Gelon, banished from Syracuse, 

of which he was the terant, B. C- 466. An 

Athenian in the army of the Persians, who sup- 
ported the siege of Halicarnassus. 

Thrastd^us, a king of Thessaly, &c. 

Thrasyixus, a man of Attica, so disorder- 
ed in his mind that "lie believed all the ships 
which entered the Piraeus to be his own. He 
was cured by means of his brother, whom he 
liberally reproached for depriving him of that 
happy illusion of mind. JElian. V. H. 4, c. 
25. — —A general of the Athenians in the age 
of Alcibiades, with whom he obtained a victory 

over the Persians. Thucyd. 8. A Greek 

Pythagorean philosopher and mathematician, 
who enjoyed the favours and the friendship of 
Augustus and Tiberius. Suet, in Tib. 

Thrasymachus, a native of Carthage who 
became the pupil of Isocrates and of Plato. 
Though he was a public teacher at Athens, he 
starved for want of bread, and at last hanged 
himself. Juv. 7, v. 204. A man who abol- 
ished democracy at Curas. Jurist. Pol 5, c. 5. 

Thrasymedes, a son of Ntstor, king of Py- 
los, by Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias He 
was one of the Grecian chiefs during the Tro- 
jan war. Hygin fab. 27. — Paus 2, c. 26. 

A son of Philomelus, who carried away a daugh- 
ter of Fisistratus, whom he married. Polycen. 5. 

Thrasymenus, a lake of Italy near Peru- 
sium, celebrated for a battle fought there be- 
tween Annibal and the Romans, under Fla- 
minius, B. C. 217.. No less than 15 000 Ro- 
mans were left dead on the field of battle, <md 
10,000 taken prisoners, or according to Livy 
6,000, or Polybius 15,000. The loss of An- 
nibal was about 1,500 men. About 10,000 
Romans made their escape all covered with 
wounds. This lake is now called the lake of . 
Perugia. Strab. b.—Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 765.— 
Plut. 

Threicius, of Thrace. Orpheus is called 
by way of eminence Threicius Sucerdos. Virg. 
JEn. 6, v 645. 

Threissa, an epithet applied to Harpalyce, 
a native of Thrace. Virg. JEn. 1. v. 320. 



TH 



TH 



Threpsippas, a son of Hercules and Panope. 
Jlpollod. 

Thriambus, one of the surnames of Bacchus. 

Thronium, a town of Phocis, where the 
Boagrius falls into tbe sea, in the sinus Malia- 
cus. Liv. 36, c. 20— Strab. 9.— Plin. 4, c. 7. 
■ Another of Thesprotia. 

Thryon. a town of Messenia, near the Al- 
pheus, Strab. 8 — Homer. II 2. 

Thryus, a town of Peloponnesus near Elis. 

Thucydides, a celebrated Greek historian, 
born at Athens. His father's name was Olorus, 
and among his ancestors he reckoned the great 
Miltiades. His youth was distinguished by an 
eager desire to excel in the vigorous exercises 
and gymnastic amusements, which called the 
attention of his contemporaries, and when he 
had reached the years of manhood, he appeared 
in the Athenian armies. During the Pelopon- 
nesian war he was commissioned by his coun- 
trymen to relieve Amphipolis; but the quick 
march of Brasidas, the Lacedaemonian general, 
defeated his operations, and Thucydides, un- 
successful in his expedition, was banished f» m 
Athens. This happened in the eighth year of 
this celebrated war, and in the place of his 
banishment the general began to write an im- 
partial history of the important events which 
had happened during his administration, and 
which still continued to agitate the several states 
of Greece. This famous history is continued 
only to the 21st year of the war, and the re- 
maining part of the time till the demolition of 
the walls of Athens, was described by the pen 
of Theopompus and Xenophon. Thucydides 
wrote in the Attic dialect, as possessed of more 
vigour, purity, elegance, and energy. He spared 
neither time nor money to procure authentic 
materials; and the Athenians, as well as their 
enemies, furnished him with many valuable 
communications, which contributed to throw 
great light on the different transactions of the 
war. His history has been divided into eight 
books, the last of which is imperfect, and sup- 
posed to have been written by his daughter. 
The character of this interesting history is well 
known, and the noble emulation of tbe writer 
will ever be admired, who shed tears when he 
heard Herodotus repeat his history of the Per- 
sian wars at the public festivals of Greece. The 
historian of Halicarnassus has been compared 
with the son of Olorus, but each has his pecu- 
liar excellence. Sweetness of style, grace, and 
elegance of expression, may be called the cha- 
racteristics of the former, while Thucydides 
stands unequalled for the fire of his descrip- 
tions, the conciseness, and at the same time, 
the strong and energetic matter of his narra- 
tives. His relations are authentic, as he him- 
self was interested in the events he mentions; 
Ins impartiality is indubitable, as he no where 
betrays the least resentment agains^ his coun- 
trymen, and the factious partisans of Cleon, 
who had banished him from Athens. Many 
have blamed the historian for tbe injudicious 
distribution of his subject, and while, for the 
sake of accuracy, the whole is divided into sum- 
mers and winters, the thread of tbe history is 
interrupted, the scene continually shifted ; an.d 



the reader, unable to pursue events to the end, 
is transported from Persia to Peloponnesus, or 
from tbe walls of Syracuse to tbe coast of Cor- 
cyra. The animated harangues of Thucydides 
have been universally admired; he found a 
model in Herodotus, but he greatly surpassed 
the original, and succeeding historians have 
adopted with success, a peculiar mode of wri- 
ting which introduces a general addressing him* 
self to the passions and feelings of his armies. 
The history of Thucydides was so admired, that 
Demosthenes to perfect himself as an orator, 
transciibed it eight different times, and read it 
with such attention, that he could almost repeat 
it by heart Thucydides died at Athens, where 
he had been recalled from his exile, in bis 80th 
year, 391 years before Christ. The best edi- 
tions of Thucydides are those of Duker, fol. 
Amst. 1731 ; of Glasgow, 12mo. 8 vols. 1759; 
of Hudson, fol. Oxon. 1696, and the 8vo of 
Bipont. 1788. Cic de Orat. &c— Dind. 12. 
— Dionys. Hal. de Thuc—JElian. V. H. 12, c. 

50. — Quintil. \ son of Milesias. in the age 

of Pericles, He was banished for his opposi- 
tion to the measures of Pericles, &c 

Thuisto, one of the deities of the Germans. 
Tacit 

Thule, an island in the most northern parts 
of the German ocean, to which, on account of 
its great distance from the continent, the an- 
cients gave the epithet of ultima. Its siluatiou 
was never accurately ascertained, hence its pre- 
sent name is unknown by modern historians. 
Some suppose that it is the island now called 
Iceland or part of Greenland, whilst others ima- 
gine it to be the Shetland isles. Stat 3, Sil. 5, 

v. 20— Strab. I.— Mela, 3, c. 6 Tacit. Jigric, 

10.— Plin. 2, c. 75, 1. 4, c. 16. — Virg. G. I, 
v, 30 —Jw. 15, v. 112. 

Thuri/e, ii, or ium, a town of Lucania in Ita- 
ly, built by a colony of Athenians, near the ruins 
of Sybaris, B. C. 444. In the number of this 
Athenian colony were Lysias and Herodotus. 

Strab. 6.— Plin. 12, c. 4.— Mela, 2, c. 4 

A town of Messenia. Paus. 4, c 31.- Strab 8. 

Thurinus, a name given to Augustus when 
he was young, either because some of his pro- 
genitors were natives of Tburium, or because 
they had distinguished themselves there. Sue" 
ton. Aug. 7 

Thuscia, a country of Italy, the same as Etru- 
ria [Vid. Etruria ] 

Thya, a daughter of the Cephisus. A 

place near Delphi. 

Thyades, (sing 1 . Thyas) a name of the Bac- 
chanals. They received it from Thyas, daugh- 
ter of Castallius, and mother of Delphus by 
Apollo. She was the first woman who was 
priestess of the god Bacchus. Virg JEn. 4, v. 
302— Paus. 10, c. 4. 

Thyamis, a river of Epirus falling into the 
Ionian sea. Paus. 1, r. 11. — Cic- l,Att 2. 

Thyana, a town of Cappadocia. Strab. 

Thyatira, ,a town of Lydia, now Jikisar. 
Liv. 37, c. 8 and 44. 

Thybmni, a people near Sardes. Diod. 17. 

Thtesta, a sister of Dionysius, the tyrant of 
Syracuse. 

Thyestes, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, 



TH 



TH 



and grandson of Tantalus, debauched iErope, 
the wife of his brother Atreus, because he refus- 
ed to take him as his colleague oil the throne of 
Argos. This was no sooner known, than Atreus 
divorced JErope, and banished Thyestes from 
his kingdom; but soon after, the more effectually 
to punish his infidelity, he expressed a wish to 
be reconciled to him, and recalled him to Argos. 
Thyestes was received by his brother at an ele- 
gant entertainment, but he was soon informed 
that he had been feeding upon the flesh of one 
of his own children. This Atreus took care to 
communicate to bim by showing him the re- 
mains of his son's body. This action appeared 
so barbarous, that, according to the ancient my- 
thologies, the sun changed his usual course, not 
to be a spectator of so bloody a scene. Thyes- 
tes escaped from his brother and fled to Epirus. 
Some time after he met his daughter Pelopeia 
in a grove sacred to Minerva, and he offered her 
violence without knowing who" she was. This 
incest, however, according to some, was inten- 
tionally committed by the father, as he had been 
told by an oracle, that the injuries he had re- 
ceived from Atreus would be avenged by a son 
born from himself and Pelopeia. The daugh- 
ter, pregnant by her father, was seen by her un- 
cle Atreus and married, and some time after 
she brought into the world a son, whom she ex- 
posed in the woods. The life of the child was 
preserved by goats; be was called iEgysthus, 
and presented to his mother, and educated in 
the family of Atreus. When grown to years of 
maturity, the mother gave her son iEgysthus a 
sword, which she had taken from her unknown 
ravisher in the grove of Minerva, with hopes of 
discovering who he was. Meantime Atreus, 
intent to punish his brother, sent Agamemnon 
and Menelaus to pursue him, and when at last 
they found him, he was dragged to Argos, and 
thrown into a close prison. iEgysthus was sent 
to murder Thyestes, but the father recollected 
the sword which was raised to stab him, and a 
few questions conviuced him that his assassin 
was his own son. Pelopeia was present at this 
discovery, and when she found that she had 
committed incest with her father, she asked 
iEgysthus to !et her examine the sword, and im- 
mediately plunged it into her own breast. — 
iEgysthus rushed from the prison to Atreus, 
with the bloody weapon, and murdered him near 
an altar, as be wished to offer thanks to the 
gods on the supposed death of Thyestes. At the 
death of Atreus, Thyestes was placed on his 
brother's throne by iEgysthus, from which he 
was soon after driven by Agamemnon and Me- 
nelaus. He retired from Argos, and was ban- 
ished into fhe island of Cythera by Agamemnon, 
where he died. Jipollod. 2, c. 4. — Sophocl. in 
Jijac. — Hygin. fab. 86, &c— Ovid, in lb 359. 
— Luc.an. 1, v. 544, 1. 7, v. 451. — Senec. in 
Thyest. 

Thymbra, a small town of Lydia, near Sar- 
des, celebrated for a battle which was fought 
there between Cyrus and Croesus, in which the 
latter was defeated. The troops of Cyrus 
amounted to 196,000 men, besides chariots, and 
those of Croesus were twice as numerous. 



A plain in Troas, through which a small river, 



called Thymbrius, falls in its course to the Sea- 
mauder. Apollo had there a temple, and from 
thence he is caller. Thymbr&us. Achilles was 
killeu there oy Paris, according to some. Strab. 
13.— Stat. 4, Sylv. 7, v. 22.— Viciys. Cret. 2. 
c 52, I 2, c. 1. 

Thvmbrjeus, a surname of Apollo. Virg. 
G. 4, v. 323. JEn. 3, v . 85. [ Vid. Thymbra.] 

Thymbris a concubine of Jupiter, said to be 

mother of Pan. .Jpvllod. A fountain and 

river of Sicily. Thtoc. 1, v. 100. 

Thvmbron. Vtd. Tbimbron. 

Thymele, a celebrated female dancer, fa- 
voured by Domitian. Juv. 1, v. 36, Sat 6, v. 
36. 

Thymiathis, a river of Epirus. Strab. 7. 

Thymochares, an Athenian defeated in a 
battle by the Lacedaemonians. 

Thymcetes, a king of Athens, son of Oxin- 
thas, the last of the descendants of Theseus, who 
reigned at Athens. He was deposed because 
he refused to accept a challenge sent by Xan- 
thus king of Bosotia, ana was succeeded by a 
Messenian B C 1128, who repaired the ho- 
nour of Athens by fighting the Boeotian king. 

Paus. 2, c. 18. A Trojan prince, whose 

wife and son were put to death by order of Pri- 
am. It was to revenge the king's cruelty that 
he persuaded his countrymen to bring the wood- 
en horst within their city. He was son of Lao- 
medon, according to some. Virg JEn. 2, v. 

32. — Dictys. Cret. 4. c. 4 A son of Rice- 

taon, who accompanied iEneas into Italy, and 
was killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 123, 
1. 12, v. 364. 

Thyni, or Bithyni, a people of Bithynia; 
hence the word Thyna merx applied to their 
commodities. Horat. 3, od. 7, v. 3. — Ptin. 4, 
c. 11. 

Thyodamas. Vid. Theodamas. 

Thyone, a name given to Semele after she 
had been presented with immortality by her sou 
Bacchus Apollod 3, c. 5. 

Thyoneus, a surname of Bacchus from his 
mother Semele, who was called Thyone. Jipol- 
lod. 3, c. 5. Horat. 1, od. 17, v. 23 Ovid. 

4, Met. v. 13. 

Thyotes, a priest of the Cabiri, in Samo- 
thrace. Flacc. 2, v 438. 

Thyre, a town of the Messenians, famous for 
a battle fought there between the Argives and 
the Lacedaemonians. Htrodot.l,c 82. — Slat. 
Theb. 4, v. 48. 

Thyrea, an island on the coast of Pelopon- 
nesus, near Hermiqne. Herodot. 6, c. 76. 

Thvreum, a town of Acarnania, whose in- 
habitants are called Thyrienses. Liv- 36, c 11 
1. 38, c. 9. ' 

Thvreus, a son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. 

Pau>. S, c. 3 A son of (Eneus, king of 

Calydon. Apnllod l,c.8 

Thyrides, three small islands at the point of 
Taenarus. Ptin. 4, c. 12. 

Thyrsaget^, a people of Sarmatia, who 
live upon hunting. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Thyrsus, a river of Sardinia, now Oristagni, 

Thyssos, a town near mount Athos. 

Thyus, a satrap of Faphlagonia, who revoU- 



TI 



TI 



cd from AHaxerxes, and was seized by Data- 
mes. C, \vp. in Dat. 

Tiasa, a daughter of the Eurotas, who gave 

her name to a river in Laconia. Paws. 3, c 18. 

Tibareni a peopie of Cappadocia, on the 

borders of <iie Thermodon. -A people of Pon- 

tus. Mela, 2i c 20. 

Tf«yi\iASj a town of Galilee, built by Herod, 
neat a sake of the same name, and called after 
Tiberius. Plin. 5, c 16 — Joseph. A. 18, c. 3. 
TiberinuSj son ofCapetas, and king of Alba, 
w^ drowned in the river Albula, which on that- 
account assumed the name of Tiberis, of which 

hi became the protecting god. Liv- 1, c. 3 

Cic d Nat. D. 2, c 20.— Varro. de L. L. 4, 
c. 5, &e.-f Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 389, I. 4, v. 47. 

Tiberis, rybens, Tiber, or Tibris, a river of 
Italy, on whose banks the city of Rune was 
built It was originally called Albula, from the 
whiteness of its waters, and afterwards Tiberus, 
when Tiberinus, king of Alba, had been drown- 
ed there. It was also named Tyrrhenus, be- 
cause it watered Efruria, and Lydius, because 
the inhabitants of the neighbourhood were sup- 
posed to be of Lydian origin. The Tiber rises 
in the Apennines, and falls into the Tyrrhene 
sea. 5 6 miles below Rume, after dividing La- 
tin a from Etruria. Ovid. Fast- 4, v. 47, 329, 
&c. 1. 5, v. 641, in lb b\4.—Lucan. 1, v. 381, 
&c. Varro. de L L 4, c. 5. — Vir-g. JEn. 7, v. 
30 —Horat. 1, Od. 2, v. 13.— Mela, 2, c. 4 — 
Liv. 1, c 3. 

Tiberius, Claudius Oiusus Nero, a Roman 
emperor after the death of Augustus, descended 
from the family of the Claudii. In his early 
years he commanded popularity by entertaining 
the populace with magnificent-shows and fights 
of Radiator?, and he gained some applause in 
th? funeral oration which he pronounced over 
h>- father, though only nine years old. His 
firs r ipoearance in the Roriiai armies was under 
Au^'istus, in the "war against the Cantabri, and 
aftei v.irds in the cfsoacify of general he obtain- 
ed victories in different parts of the empire, and 
was rewarded with a triumph. Yet, in the 
midst of his glory, Tiberius fell under the dis- 
pli ^sure of Augustus, and retired to Rhodes, 
where he continued for seven years as an exile, 
till by the influence of his mother Livia with the 
emperor, be was recalled. His return to Rome 
Wo the more glorious; he had the command of 
the Roman armies in lilyricum, Pannonia, and 
DVi'.natia, and seemed to divide the sovereign 
pover with Augustus. At the death of this 
celebrated emperor, Tiberius, who had been 
adopted, assumed the reins of government; and 
while with dissimulation and affected modesty 
he w/shed to decline the dangerous office, he 
found time to try the fidelity of his friends, and 
to make the greatest part of the Romans believe 
that he was invested with the purple, not from 
h) c own choice, but by the recommendation of 
Augustus, and the urgent entreaties of the Ro- 
m«n senate. The beginning of his reign seem- 
ed to promise tranquillity to the world; Tiberius 
was a watchful guardian of the public peace, he 
was the friend of justice, and never assumed the 
sounding titles which must disgust a free nation, 
hut he was satisfied to say of himself that he 



was the master of his slaves, the general of his 
soldiers, and the father of the citizens of Rome. 
That seeming moderation, however, which was 
but the fruit of the deepest policy, soon disap- 
peared, and Tiberius was viewed in bis real 
character. His ingratitude to his mother Livia, 
to whose intrigues he was indebted for the pur- 
ple, his cruelty to his wife Julia, and his tyran- 
nical oppression and murder of many noble sena- 
tors, rendered him odious to the people, and 
suspected even by his most intimate favourites. 
The armies mutinied in Pannonia and Germany, 
but the tumults were silenced by the prurience 
of the generals and the fidelity of the officers, 
and the factious demagogues were abandoned 
to their condign punishment. This acted as a 
check upon Tiberius in Rome; he knew from 
thence, as his successors experienced, that his 
power was precarious, and his very existeuce in 
perpetual danger. He continued as he had 
begun, to pay the greatest deference to the sen- 
ate; all libels against him he disregarded, and 
observed, that in a free city, the thoughts and 
the tongue of every man' should be free. The 
taxes were gradually lessened, and luxury re- 
strained by the salutary regulations, as well as 
by the prevailing example and frugality of the 
emperor. While Rome exhibited a scene of 
peace and public tranquillity, the barbarians 
were severally defeated on the borders of the 
empire, and Tiberius gained new honours, by 
the activity and valour of Germaoicus and his 
other faithful lieutenants Yet the triumphs of 
Germanicus were beheld w'th jealousy. Tibe- 
rius dreaded his power, he was envious of his 
popularity, and the death of that celebrated 
general in Antioch was, as some suppose, accele- 
rated by poison, and the secret resentment of 
the emperor. Not only his relations and friends, 
but the great and opulent were sacrificed to his 
ambition, cruelty, and avarice; and there was 
scarce in Rome one single family thai did not 
reproach Tiberius for the loss of a brother, a 
father, or a husband. He at last retired to the 
island of Caprea;, on the coast of Campania, 
where he buried himself in unlawful pleasures. 
The care of the empire was entrusted to favour- 
ites, among whom Sejanus for a while shone 
with uncommon splendour In his solitary re- 
treat the emperor proposed rewards to such as 
invented new pleasures, or could produce fresh 
luxuries He forgot his age as well as bis dig- 
nity, and disgraced himself by the most unnatu- 
ral vices and enormous indulgences which can 
draw a blush, even upon the countenance of the 
most debauched and abandoned. While the 
emperor was lost to himself and the world, the 
provinces were harassed on every side by the 
barbarians, and Tiberius found himself insulted 
by those enemies whom hitherto he had seen 
fall prostrate at his feet with every mark of 
submissive adulation. At last grown weak and 
relpless through infirmities, he thought of his 
approaching dissolution; and as he well knew 
that Rome could not exist without a head, he 
nominated as his successor, Caius Caligula. 
Many might inquire, why a youth naturally so 
vicious and abandoned as Caius was chosen to 
be the master of an extensive empire; but Tibe- 



TI 



TI 



uius wished his own cruelties to be forgotten in 
the barbarities wmch might oe displayed iu the 
reigo ui his successor, whose natural propensi- 
ties he haa well defined, in saying oi Caligula 
thai he ored a serpent for the Rowan people, 
and a Phaeton tor the res. of the empire. Ti- 
berius aied at Miseuum the i6tn of March, A. 
D 37, in the 7bth year of his age, after a reign 
oi 2-1 years, six months, and 26 days. Caligula 
was accused oi having liastened his end by suf- 
focating hiin. Tne joy was universal when his 
deain was known; auu the people of Rome, in 
the midst ot sorrow, had a moment to rejoice, 
needier oi the calamities which awaited them 
in the succeeding reigns. The body of Tiberi- 
us was conveyed to Rome, and burnt with great 
solemnity. A funeral oration was pronounced 
by Caligula, who seemed to forget his benefac- 
tor, while he expatiated on the praises of Au- 
gustus, Germamcus, and his own- The cha- 
racter of Tiberius has been examined with par- 
ticular attention by historians, and his reign is the 
suo.ect of tne moat perfect and elegant of all 
the compositions of Tacitus. U hen a private 
man, Tiberius vvas umversally esteemed; when 
he had no superior, he w«s proud, arrogant, 
jealous, and revengeful, if he found his milita- 
ry operations conducted by a warlike general, 
he affected moderation and virtue; but when he 
got rid of the powerful influence of a favourite, 
he was tyrannical and dissolute. If, as some 
observed, he had lived in the times of the Ro- 
man republic, he might have been as conspic- 
uous as his great ancestors; but the sovereign 
power lodgeu in his bandrendered him vicious 
aud oppressive Yet, though he encouraged 
informers and favoured flattery, he blushed at 
the mean servilities of the senate, and derided 
the adulation of his courtiers, who approached 
him, he said, as if they approached a savage 
elephant. He was a patron of learning, he 
was an eloquent and ready speaker, and de- 
dicated some part of his time to study. He 
wrote a lyric poem, entitled, A complaint on 
the death of Lucius Caesar, as also some Greek 
pieces in imitation of some of his favourite 
authors. He avoided all improper expressions, 
and all foreign words he totally wished io ban- 
ish from the Latin tongue As instances of 
his humanity, it has been recorded that he was 
uncommonly liberal to the people of Asia Mi- 
nor, whose habitations had been destroyed by a 
violent earthquake, A. D. 17. One of his 
offi- ers wished him to increase the taxes, No, 
said Tiberius, a good shepherd must shear, not 
flay his sheep. The senators wished to call the 
month of November, in which he was born, by 
his name, in imitation of J. Cassar and Augus- 
tus, in the months of July and August; but this 
he refused, saying, What will you do, conscript 
fathers, if you have thirteen Cazsars? Like the 
rest of the emperors, he received divine ho- 
nours after death, and even during his life. It 
has been wittily observed by Seneca, that he 
never was intoxicated but once ail his life, for 
he continued in a perpetual state of intoxication 
from the time he gave himself to drinking till 
the last moment of his life Sueton. in vita, 
&c. — Tacit. Jinn. 6, &c— Dion. Cass. A 



friend of Julius Czesar whom he accompanied 
in the war of Alexandria. Tiberius forgot the 
favours he had received from his friend; and 
when he was assassinated, he vvisheu dm bis 

murderers to ne publicly rewarded. One of 

the Gracchi. [Vid. Gracchus] -Stmi.ro- 

nius, a son of Drusus anu Livia, the sister ©f 

Germanicus, put to death by Caligula A 

son of Brutus, put to death by his father, be- 
cause he had conspired with other young nobie- 

men to restore Tarquin to his throne. A 

Thracian made emperor of Rome in the latter 
ages of the empire. 

Tibesis, a river of Scythia flowing from 
mount Haemus into the Ister. Herodoi. 4. c. 
49. 

Tibiscus, now Teisse, a river of Daeia with 
a town of the same name, now Taueswar. It 
falls into the Danube. 

Tibris, [Vid Tiberis.] 

Tibula, a town of Sardinia, now Lange 
Sardo 

Tibullus, Aulus Albius, a Reman knight 
celebrated for his poetical compositions. He 
followed Messala Cofvinus into the island of 
Corey ra, out he was soon dissatisfied with the 
toils of war, and retired to Rome, where he 
gave himself up to literary ease, and to all the 
effeminate indolence of an Italian climate. His 
first composition was to celebrate the virtues of 
his friend Messala, but his more favourite siudy 
was writing love verses, in praise of his mis- 
tresses Delia and Plautia, of Nemesis and 
Neaera, and in these elegant effusions he show- 
ed himself the most correct oi the Roman poets. 
As he had espoused the cause of Brutus, he lost 
his possessions when the soldiers of the trium- 
virate were rewarded with lands; but he might 
have recovered them if he had condescended, 
like Virgil, to make his court to Augustus. 
Four bouks of elegies are the only remaining 
pieces of his composition. They are uncom- 
monly elegant and beautiful, and possessed with 
so much grace and purity of sentiment, that 
the writer is deservedly ranked as the prince of 
elegiac poets. Tibullus was intimate with the 
literary men of his age, and he for some time 
had a poetical contest with Horace, in gaining 
the favours of an admired courtezan. Ovid has 
written a beautiful elegy on the death of his 
friend. The poems of Tibullus are generally 
published with those of Propertius and Catullus, 
of which the best editions are, that of Vulpius, 
Petavii, 1737, 1749, 1755; that of Barbon, 
12mo. Paris, 1754; and that by Heyne Svo. 
Lips. 17 76. Ovid. 3, Am. el. 9, Trist. 2, v. 
447— Horat. 1, ep. 4, 1. 1, od. 33, v. 1.— 
Qjtinlil. 10 c. 1. 

Tibur, an ancient town of the Sabines, about 
20 miles north of Rome, built as some, 
say by Tibur the son of Amphiaraus. 
It was watered by the Anio, and Hercules was 
the chief deity of the place, from which circum- 
stance it has been called Herculei muri. In 
the neighbourhood, the Romans on account of 
(he salubrity of the air, had their several villas 
where they retired; and there also Horace had 
his favourite country seat, though some place it 
nine miles higher. Strab. 5. — Cic. 2, Orat. 



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Tl 



65.— Suet. Cat. 21.— Virg. JEn. 7, v, 630.— 
Horat, 3, od, 4, &c. — Ovid Fast. 6, v. 61. &c. 

L. Tiburtius, a centurion in Caesar's army, 
wounOed by a ompey's soldiers. 

Tiburtus, the founder of Tibur, often call- 
ed Tiburtia Mcenia. He was one of the sons 
of Amphiaraus. Virg. JEn. 7, v 670. 

Tichis, now Techy a river of Spain, falling 
into the Mediterranean. 

Tichius, a name given to the top of mount 
(Eta. Liv. 36. c. 16. 

Ticida, a Roman poet a few years before 
the age of Cicero, who wrote epigrams, and 
praised nis mistress Mete! la under the fictitious 
name of , J enlia. Ovid. Trist, 2, v. 433. 

Ticiisrus, now Tesino, a river near Ticinwn, 
a smali town of Italy, where the Romans were 
defeated by Annibal. The town of Ticinum 
was also called Pavia. The Ticinus fails into 
the fo. Strab. 5 —Ilal. 4, v. 81. 

Tidius, a man wno joined Poinpey, &c. 

Tiessa, a river of Laconia, falling into the 
Eurot:ib. Paus. 3, c. 18. 

Tifata, a mountain of Campania, near Ca- 
pua, titat. Sylv. 4. 

TiFERtfUM, a name common to three towns 
of Italy One of them for distinction's sake, is 
called Metaurense, near the Metaurus in Utn- 
bria; the other Tiber raum, on the Tiber; and 
the third, SamniUtum, in the country of the 
Sabines. Liv 10. c, 14. — Plin. 3, c. 14. Plin 
sec. 4 ep 1. 

Tifernus, a mountain and river in the coun- 
try of the Samnites. Plin 3, c. 11. — Liv. 10, 
c. 30 — Mela, 3, c. 4 

Tigasis, a son of Hercules. 

Tigellinus, a Roman celebrated for his in- 
trigues and perfidy in the court of Nero. He was 
appointed judge at the triai of the conspirators 
who had leagued against Nero, for which he 
was iiberally rewarded with triumphal honours. 
He afterwards betrayed the emperor, and was 
ordered to destroy himself, 6S A. D. Tacit. 
Hist. 1, c. 12.— Plut.— Juv. 1. 

Tigellius, a native of Sardinia, who be- 
came the favourite of J. Caesar, of Cleopatra, 
and Augustus, by his mimicry and facetiousness. 
He was celebrated for the melody of his voice, 
yet tie was of a mean and ungenerous disposi- 
tion, and of uupleasing manners, as Horace, Sat. 
2, v 3, and seq. insinuates. 

Tigranes, a king of Armenia, who made 
himself master of Assyria and Cappadocia. 
He married Cleopatra, the daughter of Mith- 
ridates, and by the advice of his father-in-law, 
he declared war against the Romans. He de- 
spised these distant enemies, and even ordered 
the head of the messenger to be cut off who 
first told him that the Roman general was bold- 
ly advancing towards his capital. His pride, 
however, was soon abated, and though he or- 
dered the Roman consul Lucullus to be> brought 
alive into his presence, he fled with precipitation 
from his capital, and was soon after defeated 
near mount Taurus. This totally disheartened 
him, he refused to receive Mithridates into his 
palace, and even set a price upon his head. His 
mean submission to Poinpey, the successor of 
Lacullus in Asia, and a bribe of 60,000 talents, 



ensured him on his throne, and he received a 
garrison in his capital, and continued at peace 
with the Romans. His second son of the same 
name revolted against him, and attempted to 
dethrone him witn the assistance of the king of 
Parthia, whose daughter he haa married. This 
did not succeed, and the son had recourse to the 
Romans, by whom he was put in possession of 
Sophene, while the father remained quiet on 
the throne of Armenia. The son was after- 
wards seut in chains to Rome for his insolence 
■to Pompey. Cic pro Man. — Vat. Max. 5. c. 
b—Paterc. 2. c. 33 and 37.— Justin. 40, c. 1 

and 2.— Plut. in Luc. Pomp. &e. A king 

of Armenia in the reign of Tiberius. He was 

put to death. Tacit. 6, Jinn. c. 40. One 

of the royal family of the Cappadocians, chosen 
by f iberius to ascend the throne of Armenia. 
\ general of the Medes. A man ap- 
pointed king of Armenia by Nero. Tacit. Ji. 

14, c. 26. A prince of Armenia in the age 

ot Tneodosius. 

Tigranocerta, now Sered, the capital of 
Armenia, built oy Tigranes, during the Mi- 
thridatic war, on a hill between the springs of 
the Tigris and mount Taurus. Lucullus, dur- 
ing the Mithridatic war, took it with difficulty, 
and found in it immense riches, and no less 
than 8000 talents in ready money. Tacit. Jinn 

15, c 4.- Plin. 6,e. 9. 

Tigres, a river of Peloponnesus, called also 
Harpys, from a person of the same name drown- 
ed in it. Jipollod, 1, c. 9. 

Tigris, now Basilensa, a river of Asia, rising 
on mount Niphate in Armenia, and falling into 
the Persian gulf. It is the eastern boundary 
of Mesopotamia. The Tigris now falls into the 
Euphrates, though in the age of Pliny the two 
separate channels of these rivers could be easily 
traced. Plin. 6, c. 21.— Justin 42, c. 3.-*- 
Lucan 3, v. 256. 

TigurTni, a warlike people among the Hel- 
vetii, now forming the modern cantons of Switz, 
Zurich,, Schaffhausen, and St- Gall. Their 
capital was Tigurum. Cms. Bell. G. 

Tilattei, a people of Thrace. Thucyd. 3. 

Tilavemptus, a river of Italy falling into 
the Adriatic, at the west of Aquileia. 

Tilfossius, a mountain of Bceotia. Also 

a fountain at the tomb of Tiresius. Paus. 
BcBot. 33. 

Tilium, a town of Sardinia, now Jirgentara. 

Tillius Cumber. [Vid. Tullius.] 

Tilox, a north-west cape of Corsica. 

Tilthussus, a mountain of Bceotia. 

Timacus, a river of Mcesia falling into the 
Danube. The neighbouring people were call- 
ed Timachi. Plin. 3, c. 26. 

Timjea, the wife of Agis, king of Sparta, was 
debauched by Alcibiades, by whom she had a 
son. This child was rejected in the succession 
to the throne, though Agis, on his death-bed, 
declared him to be legitimate. Plut. in Jig. 

Tim-eus, a friend of Alexander, who came 
to his assistance when he was alone surrounded 
by the Oxydracse. He was killed in the en- 
counter. Curt 9, c. 5. -An historian of 

Sicily, who flourished about 262 B. C. and died 
in the 96th year of his age. His father's name 



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was Andromaehus. He was banished from 
Sicily by Agathocles. His general history of 
Sicily, and that of the wars of Pyrrhus, were in 
general esteem,\nd his authority was great, 
except when he treated of Agathocles. All his 
compositions are lost. Plal. in JVic- — Cic. de 

Orat — Diod b.— C. JSTep. A writer who 

published some treatises concerning ancient 
philosophers. Diog. in Emp. A Pythago- 
rean philosopher, born at Locris. He followed 
the doctrines of the founder of the metempsy- 
chosis, but in some parts of his system of the 
world he differed from him. He wrote a trea- 
tise on the nature and the soul of the world, in 
(he Doric dialect, still extant. Plato, in Tim. 

• — Plut. Au Athenian in the age of Alci- 

biades. Plut, A sophist, who wrote a book 

called Lexicon vocum Piatonicarum 

Timagenes, a Greek historian of Alexandria, 
54 B. C. brought to Rome by Gabinius, and 
sold as a slave to the son of Sylla. His great 
abilities procured him his liberty, and gained the 
favours of the great, and of Augustus. The 
emperor discarded him for his impertinence; 
and Timagenes, to revenge himself on his 
patron, burnt the interesting history which he 
had composed of his reign Plut — Horat. 1 , 

ep. 19, v. 15 — QjdniU. An historian and 

rhetorician of Miletus .A man who wrote 

an account of the life of Alexander. Curt. 9, 
c. 5 A general, killed at Cheronaea. 

Timagoras, an Athenian, capitally punished 
for paying homage to Darius, according to the 
Persian manner of kneeling on the ground, 
when he was sent to Persia as ambassador. 

Val. Max 6, c, 3. — Suidus. Another. [ Vid. 

Meles.] 

Timandra, a daughter of Leda, sister to 
Helen. She married Echemus of Arcadia. 
Paus. 8, c. 5. A mistress of Alcibiades. 

Timandrides, a Spartan, celebrated for his 
virtues. Milan. V. H. 14. c. 32. 

Timanthes, a painter of Sicvon, in the reign 
of Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. 
In his celebrated painting of Iphigenia going to 
be immolated, he represented all the attendants 
overwhelmed with grief; but his superior genius, 
by covering the face of Agamemnon, left to the 
conception of the imagination, the deep sorrows 
of the father. He obtained a prize, for which 
the celebrated Parrhasius was a competitor 
This was in painting an Ajax with all the fury 
which his disappointments could occasion, when 
deprived of the arms of Achilles. Cic. it Orat. 
— Val. Max. 8. c. 11.— Milan. V. H. 9, c. 11. 

.An athlete of Cleone, who burnt himself 

when he perceived that his strength began to 
fail. Paus. 6, c. 8 

Timarchus, a philosopher of Alexandria, 
intimate with Lamprocles. the disciple of So- 
crates. Diog A rhetorician, who bung 

himself when accused of licentiousness by 

iEschines. A Cretan, accused before Nero 

of oppression. Tacit. M 15, c. 20. Au 

officer in ./Etolia, who burnt his ships to prevent 
Ihe flight of his companions, and to ensure him- 
self the victory Pclycen. 5 A king of 

Salarais. A tyrant of Miletus, in the age of 

Antiochus, &c. 



Timareta, a priestess of the oracle of Do° 
dona. Hero.ht. 2, c. 94. 

Timasion, one of the leaders of the 10.000 
Greeks, &c. 

TiMisiTHEus, a prince of Lipara, who ob- 
liged a oumber of pirates to spare some Romans 
who were going to make an offering of the spoils 
of Veii to the god of Delphi. The Roman 
senate rewarded him very liberally, and 137 
years after, when the Carthaginians were dis- 
possessed of Li pari, the same generosity was 
nobly extended to his descendants in the island. 
Diod. 14 — Plut in Cam. 

Timavus, a broad river of Italy, rising from 
a mountain, and after running a short space, 
falling by seven mouths, or according to some 
by one. into the Adriatic sea. There are at the 
mouth of the Timavus, small islands with hot 
springs of water. Mela. 2, c 4. — Virg. Eel. 
8, v. 6. Mn. 1. v. 44 and 248.— Strab. 5.— 
Plin. 2, c. 103. 

TiMEiius, a native of Clazomense, who be- 
gan to build Abdera. He was prevented by 
the Thracians, but honoured as ahero at Abdera. 
Herodot. 1, c. 168. 

Timochakis, an astronomer of Alexandria, 
294 B. C, [Vid Aristillus.] 

Timocj-ea, a Theban lady, sister to The- 
agenes, who was killed *t Cheronaea. One of 
Alexander's soldiers offered her violence, after 
which she led her ravisher to a well, and while 
he believed that immense, treasures were con- 
cealed there, Timoclea threw him into it Al- 
exander commended her virtue, and forbad his 
soldiers to hurt the Theban females. Plut. in 
JZLex. • 

Timocles, two Greek poets of Athens, who 
wrote some theatrical pieces, the one 6, and 
the other 11, some verses of which are extant. 

>Sihen 6. A statuary of Athens. Paus. 10, 

c. 34. 

Timocrates, a Greek philosopher of uncom- 
mon austerity. A Syracnsan, who married 

Arete when Dion had been bai .shed into Greece 
by Dionysius. He commanded the forces of 
the tyrant 

Timocreon, a comic poet of Rhodes, who 
obtained poetical, as well a« gymnastic prizes 
at Olympia. He lived about 476 years before 
Christ, distinguished for his voracity, and re- 
sentment against" Simonide 5 ! and Themistoc'.es. 
The following epitaph was written on hi? grave: 
Multa bibens, & multa vorans, mala denique 

diens 
Multis. hie jaceo Timocreon Rhodius. 

Timodemus, the father of Timoleon. 

Timolaus, a Spartan, inmate with Philo- 

poemen, &.c A son of tne celebrated Zeno- 

bia. A general of Alexander, put to death 

by the Thebans. 

Timoleon, a celebrated Corinthian, son of 
Timodemus and Demariste. He was such an . 
enemy to tyranny, thnt be did not hesitate to 
murder his own brotner Timophanes. when he 
attempted, against his representations, to make 
himself absolute in Corinth. This was viewed 
with pleasure, by the friends of liberty; hot the 
mother of Timoleon conceived the. m* sr invete- 
rate amsion for her son, and for ever banished 

4 z 



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him from her sight. This proved painful to 
Timoleon; a settled melancholy dwelt upon his 
mind, and he refused to accept of any offices 
in the state. When the Syracusans, oppressed 
with the tyranny of Dionysius the younger, and 
of the Carthaginians, had solicited the assist- 
ance of the Corinthians, all looked upon Ti- 
moleon as a proper deliverer; but all applica- 
tions would have been disregarded, if one of 
the magistrates had not awakened in him the 
sense of natural liberty. Timoleon, says he, 
if you accept of the command of this expedition, 
toe will believt that you have killed a tyrant; but 
if not, we cannot but call you your brothers 
murderer. This had clue effect, and Timoleon 
sailed for Syracuse in ten ships, accompanied 
by about 1000 men. The Carthaginians at- 
tempted to oppose him, but Timoleon eluded 
their vigilance- Icetas, who had the posses- 
sion of the city, was defeated, and Dionpius, 
who despaired of success, gave himself up into 
the hands of the Corinthian general. This 
success gained Timoleon adherents in Sicily, 
many cities which hitherto had looked upon him 
as an impostor, claimed his protection, and 
when he was at last master of Syracuse by the 
total overthrow of Icetas, and of the Carthagi- 
nians, he razed the citadel which had been the 
seat of tyranny, and erected on the spot a com- 
mon hall. Syracuse was almost destitute of 
inhabitants, and at the solicitation of Timoleon, 
a Corinthian colony was sent to Sicily, the lands 
were equally divided among the citizens, and 
the houses were sold for a thousand talents, 
which were appropriated to the use of the state, 
and deposited in the treasury. When Syra- 
cuse was thus delivered from tyranny, the con- 
queror extended his benevolence to the other 
states of Sicily, and all the petty tyrants were 
reduced and banished from the island. A code 
of salutary laws was framed for the Syracu- 
sans; and the armies of Carthage, which had 
attempted again 'o raise commotions in Sicily 
were defeated, and peace was at last re-estab- 
lished. The gratitude of the Sicilians was 
shown every where to their deliverer. Timo- 
leon was received with repeated applause in the 
public assemblies, and though a private man, 
unconnected with the government, he contin- 
ued to enjoy his former influence at Syracuse; 
his advice was consulted on matters of import- 
ance, and his authority respected. He ridicul- 
ed the accusations of malevolence, and when 
some informers had charged him with oppres- 
sion, he rebuked the Syracusans who were go- 
ing to put the accusers to immediate death. A 
remakable instance of his providential escape 
from the dagger of an assassin, has been record- 
ed by one of his biographers. As he was go- 
ing to offer a sacrifice to the gods afier a vic- 
tory, two assassins, sent by the enemies, ap- 
proached his person in disguise. The arm of 
one of the assassins was already lifted up, when 
he was suddenly stabbed by an unknown person, 
who made his escape from the camp. The 
other assassin, struck at the fall of his compan- 
ion, fell before Timoleon, and confessed in the 
presence of the army, the conspiracy that had 
been formed against his life. The unknown 



assassin was mean time pursued, and when he 
was found, he declared, that he had committed no 
crime in avenging the death of a beloved father, 
whom the man he had stabbed had murdered 
in the town of Leontini. Inquiries were made, 
and his confessions were found to be true. Ti- 
moleon died at Syracuse about 337 years before 
the Christian era. His body received an ho- 
nourable burial in a public place called from him 
Timoleonteuni; but the tears of a grateful na- 
tion were more convincing proofs of the public 
. regret, than the institution of festivals, and 
games yearly to be observed on the day of his 
death. C. Nep. & Plut. in vita. — Poly am- 5. 
c. 3.— Diod. 16. 

Tijv'olus. [Vid. Tmolus.] 

Timomachus, a painter of Byzantium, in 
the age of Sylla and Marius. His paintings of 
Medea murdering her children, and his Ajax 
were purchased for 80 talents by J. Caesar, and 
deposited in the temple of Venus at Rome. 

Plin. 35, c. 11. A general of Athens, sent 

to assist the Thebans. Xenoph. 

Timon, a native of Athens, called Misan- 
thrope, for nis unconquerable aversion to man- 
kind and all society. He was fond of Apeman- 
tus, another Athenian, whose character was 
similar to his own, and he said that he had some 
partiality for Alcibiades, because he was one 
day to be his country's ruin. Once he went 
into the public assembly, and told his country- 
men, that he had a fig-tree on which many had 
ended their life with a halter, and that as he 
was going to cut it down to raise a building on 
the spot, he advised all such as were inclined 
to destroy themselves, to hasten and go and 
hang themselves in his garden. Plut. in Ale. 

&c. — Lucian. in Tim. — Pmis. 6, c. 12. 

A Greek poet, son of Timachus, in the age of 
Ptolemy Fhiladelphus. He wrote several dra- 
matic pieces, all now lost, and died in the 90th 

year of his age. Diog. — Athen- 6 and 13. 

An athlete of Elis. Paws. 6, c. 12. 

Timophanes, a Corinthian, brother to Ti- 
moleon. He attempted to make himself tyrant 
of his country, by means of the mercenary sol- 
diers with whom he had fought against the Ar- 
givesand Cleomenes. Timoleon wished to con- 
vince him of the impropriety of his measures, 
and when he found him unmoved, he caused 
him to be assassinated. Plut. & C. Nep. in 

Tim A man of Mitylene, celebrated for 

his riches, &c. 

Timotheus, a poet and musician of Miletus, 
son of Thersander or Philopolis. He was re- 
ceived with hisses the first time he exhibited as 
musician in the assembly of the people, and 
further applications would have totally been 
abandoned, had not Euripides discovered his 
abilities, and encouraged him to follow a pro- 
fession, in which he afterwards gained so much 
applause. He received the immense sum of 
1000 pieces of gold from the Ephesians, because 
he had composed a poem in honour of Diana. 
He died about the 90th year of his age, two 
years before the birth of Alexander the Great. 
There was also another musician of Boeotia in 
the age of Alexander, often confounded with 
the musician of Miletus. He was a great fa° 



TI. 



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vouriie of the conqueror of Darius. Cic. de 
Leg. 2, c. 15. — Paus. 3, c 12. — Plut. de music 

de fort. &c. An Athenian general, son of 

Conon. He signalized himself by his valour 
and magnanimity, and showed that he was not 
inferior to his great father in military prudence. 
He seized Corcyra, and obtained several vic- 
tories over the Thebans, but his ill success in 
one of his expeditions disgusted the Athenians, 
and Timotheus, like the rest of his noble pre- 
decessors, was fined a large sum of money. He 
retired to Chalcis, where he died. He was so 
disinterested, that he never appropriated any of 
the plunder to his own use, but after one of his 
expeditions, he filled the treasury of Athens 
with 1200 talents. Some of the ancients, to 
intimate his continual successes, have represent- 
ed him sleeping by the side of Fortune, while 
the goddess drove cities into his net. He was 
intimate with Plato, at whose table he learned 
temperance and moderation. ^Athen. 10, c. 3. 
— Paus. 1, c- 29. — Plut in Syll. &c, — JElian. 
V. H. 2, c. 10 and 18, 1. 3. c. 16.— C. Mp. 
A Greek statuary. Paus. 1, c. 32. 



A tyrant of Heraclea, who murdered his father. 
Diod. 16. A king of the Sapsei. 

Timoxenus, a governor of Sicyon, who be- 
trayed his trust, &c. Polyan. A general 

of the Achaeans. 

Tingis, now Tangier, a maritime town of 
Africa in Mauritania, built by the giant Antaeus. 
Sertorius took it, and as the tomb of the founder 
was near the place, he eaused it to be opened, 
and found in it a skeleton six cubits long. This 
increased the veneration. of the people for their 
founder. Plut. in Serl. — Mela, 1, c. 5. — Flin. 
5, c. 1.— Sil. 3. v. 258. 

Tinia, a river of Umbria, now Topino, fall- 
ing into the Clitumnus. Strab. 5. — Sil. 8. v. 
454. 

Tipha, a town of Bceotia, where Hercules 
had a temple. Ovid. ep. 6, v. 48. — Paus. 9, 
c. 32 

Tiphys, the pilot of the ship of the Argo- 
nauts, was son of Hagnius, or, according to 
some, of Phorbas. He died before the Argo- 
nauts reached Colchis, at the court of Lycus 
in the Propootis, and Erginus was chosen in his 
place. Orph. — Apollod. 1, c. 9. — Apollon. — 
— Val. Flacc.—Paus. 9, c. 32.—Hygin. fab. 
14 and 18. 

Tiphysa, a daughter of Thestius. Apollod. 
2, c. 7. 

Tiresias, a celebrated prophet of Thebes, 
son of Everus and Chariclo. He lived to a 
sreat age, which some authors have called as 
long as seveu generations of men, others six, 
and others nine, during the time that Polydorus, 
Labdacus, Laius, CEdipus, and his sons, sat on 
the throne of Thebes. It is said that in his 
youth he found two serpents'in the act of copu- 
lation on mount Cyllcne, and that when he 
struck them with a stick to separate them, he 
found himself suddenly changed into a girl. 
Seven years after he found again some serpents 
together in the same manner, and he recovered 
his original sex, by striking them a second time 
with his wand When he was a woman, Ti- 
resias had married, and it was from those rea- 



sons, according to some of the ancients, that 
Jupiter and Juno referred to his decision a dis- 
pute in which the deities wished to know which 
of the sexes received greater pleasure from the 
connubial state. Tiresias, who could speak 
from actual experience, decided in iavour of 
Jupiter, and declared, that the pleasure which 
the female received, was ten times greater than 
that of the male. Juno, who supported a dif- 
ferent opinion, and gave the superiority to the 
male sex, punished Tiresias by depriving him 
of his eye sight. But this dreadful loss was in 
some measure repaired by the humanity of Ju- 
piter, who bestowed upon him the gift of pro- 
phecy, and permitted him to live seven times 
more than the rest of men. These causes of 
the blindness of Tiresias, which are supported 
by the authority of Ovid, Hyginus, and others, 
are contradicted by Apollodorus, Gallimachus, 
Propertius, &c. who declare that this was in- 
flicted upon him as a punishment, because he 
had seen Minerva bathing in the fountain Hip- 
pocrene, on the mount Helicon. Chariclo, who 
accompanied Minerva, complained of the se- 
verity with which her son was treated; but the 
goddess, who well knew that this was the irrevo- 
cable punishment inflicted by Saturn on such 
mortals as fix their eyes upon a goddess without 
her consent, alleviated the misfortunes of Ti- 
resias, by making him acquainted with futurity, 
and giving him a staff which could conduct his 
steps with as much safety as if he had the use 
of his eye-sight. During his life-time, Tiresias 
was an infallible oracle to all Greece. The 
generals during the Theban war, consulted him 
and found his predictions verified. He drew 
his prophecies sometimes from the flight or the 
language of birds, in which he was assisted by 
his daughter Manto, and sometimes he drew 
the manes from the infernal regions to know 
futurity, with mystical ceremonies. He at last 
died, after drinking the waters of a cold foun- 
tain, which froze his blood. He was buried 
with great pomp by the Thebans on mount 
Tilphussus, aud honoured as a god. His ora- 
cle at Orchomenos was in universal esteem. 
Homer represents Ulysses as going to the in- 
fernal regions to consult Tiresias concerning 
his return to Ithaca. Apollod. 3, c. 6 — 
Theocrit. Id. 24, v. 70.— Stat. Theb. 2, v. 96. 
— Hygin.fab. 75. — JEschyl. sep. ante Theb. — 
Sophocl.in (Edip. tyr. — Pindar. Nem. 1. — 
Diod. 4. — Homer. Od. 11. — Plut. in Symph. 
kc.—Paus. 9, c. 33. 

Tiribases, an officer of Artaxerxes killed by 
the guards for conspiring against the king's life, 
B.C. 394. Plut. in Art. 

Tirida, a town of Thrace where Diomedes 
lived. Plin. 4, c. 11. 

Tiridates, a king of Parthia, after the ex- 
pulsion of Pbraates by his subjects. He was 
soon after deposed and fled to Augustus in 

Spain. Horat. 1, Od. 26. A man made 

king of Parthia by Tiberius, after the death of 
Phraates, in opposition to Artabauus. Tacit. 

Ann. 6. &c. A keeper of the royal treasures 

at Persepolis, who offered to surrender to Alex- 
ander the Great. Curt. 5, c, 5, &c. A 



TI 



TM 



bound to be the father of his people, the guard- 
ian of virtue, and the patron of liberty; and 
Tilus is, perhaps, the only monarch who, when 
invested with uncontrollable power, bade adieu 
to those vices, those luxuries and indulgences, 
which as a private man he never ceased to 
gratify. He was moderate in his entertain- 
ments, and though he often refused the dona- 
tions which were due to sovereignty, no empe- 
ror was ever more generous and magnificent 
than Titus. All informers were banished from 
his presence, and even severely punished. A 
reform was made in the judicial proceedings, 
and trials were no longer permitted to be 
postponed for years. The public edifices were 
repaired, and baths were erected for the con- 
venience of the people. Spectacles were ex- 
hibited, and the Raman populace were gratified 
with the sight of a naval combat in the ancient 
naumachia, and the sudden appearance of 5000 
wild beasts brought into the circus for their 
amusement. To do good to his subjects was 
the ambition of Titus, and it was at the recol- 
lection that he had done no service, or granted 
no favour one day, that he exclaimed in the 
memorable words of My friends, 1 have lost a 
day! A continual wish to be benevolent and 
kind, made him popular; and it will not be won- 
dered, that he who could say that he had rather 
die himself, than be the cause of the destruction 
of one of his subjects, was called the love and 
delight of mankind. Two of the senators con- 
spired against bis life, but the emperor disre- 
garded their attempts, he made them his friends 
by kindness, and like another Nerva, presented 
them with a sword to destroy him. During his 
reign, Rome was three days on fire, the towns 
of Campania were destroyed by an eruption of 
Vesuvius, and the empire was visited by a pes- 
tilence which carried away an infinite number 
of inhabitants. In this time of public calamity, 
the emperor's benevolence and philanthropy 
were conspicuous. Titus comforted the afflicted 
as a father, he alleviated their distresses by his 
liberal bounties, and as if they were but one 
family, he exerted himself for the good and 
preservation of the whole. The Romans, how- 
ever, had not long to enjoy the favours of a 
magnificent prince. Titus was taken ill, and 
as he retired into the country of the Sabines to 
his father's house, his indisposition was increas- 
ed by a burning fever. He lifted his eyes to hea- 
ven, and with modest submission complained of 
the severity of fate which removed him from 
the world when young, where he had been em- 
ployed in making a grateful people happy. 
He died the 13th of September, A. D. 81. in 
the 41st year of his age, after a reign of two 
years, two months, and 20 days. The news of 
his death was received with lamentations; 
Rome was filled with tears, and all looked 
upon themselves as deprived of the most bene- 
volent of fathers After him Domitian ascend- 
ed the throne, not without incurring the suspi- 
cion of having hastened his brother's end, by 
ordering him to be placed, during his agony, in 
a tub full of snow, where he expired. Domi- 
tian has also been accused of raising commo- 
tions, and of making attempts to dethrone his 



brother; but Titus disregarded them, and for- 
gave the offender. Some authors have reflect- 
ed with severity upon the cruelties which Titus 
exercised against the Jews, but though certain- 
ly a disgrace to the benevolent features of his 
character, we must consider him as an instru- 
ment in the hands of Providence, exerted for 
the punishment of a wicked and infatuated peo- 
ple. Joseph. B. J. 7, c. 16, &c. — Suetonius. 
—Dio. &c. 
Titus Tatius, a king of the Sabines. [Vid. 

Tatius.] Livius, a celebrated historian [Vid. 

Livius.] A son of Junius Brutus, put to 

death by order of his father, for conspiring to 

restore the Tarquins. A friend of Coriolanus. 

A native of Crotona, engaged in Catiline's 



conspiracy. 

Tityrus, a shepherd introduced in Virgil's 
eclogues, &c. — -A large mountain of Crete. 

Tityus, a celebrated giant, son of Terra; or, 
according to others, of Jupiter, by Elara, the 
daughter of Orchomenos. He was of such a 
prodigious size, that his mother died in travail 
after Jupiter had drawn- her from the botvels of 
the earth, where she had been concealed during 
her pregnancy to avoid the anger of Juno. 
Tityus attempted to offer violence to Latona, 
but the goddess delivered herself from his im- 
portunities, by calling to her assistance her 
children, who killed the giant with their arrows. 
Fie was placed in hell, where a serpent contin- 
ually devoured his liver; or, according to others, 
where vultures perpetually fed upon his entrails, 
which grew again as soon as devoured. It is 
said that Tityus covered nine acres when 
stretched on the ground. He had a small 
chapel with an altar in the island of Euboea. 
Jlpollod. 1, c. 4, — Pind. Pyth. 4. — Homer. Od. 
7,v. 325, 1. 11, v. blb.—Apollon. Rh. 1, v. 
182, &c— Virg. JF<n. 6^ v, 595.— Herat. 3, od. 
4, v. ll.—FIygin. fab. 55.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 
457.— Tibull. 1, el. 3, v. 75. 

Tium, or Tion, a maritime town of Paph- 
lagonia, built by the Milesians. Mela, 1, c. 
9. 

Tlepolemus, a son of Hercules and As- 
tyochia, born at Argos. He left his native 
country after the accidental murder of Licym- 
nius, and retired to Rhodes, by order of the 
oracle, where he was chosen king* as being one 
of the sons of Hercules. He went to the Tro- 
jan war with nine ships, and was killed by Sar- 
pedon. There were some festivals established 
at Rhodes in his honour, called Tlepolemia, in 
which men and boys contended. The victors 
were rewarded with poplar crowns. Homer. 
II. — Jlpollod. 2, c 7. — Diod. 5. — Hygin. fab. 
97. One of Alexander's generals, who ob- 
tained Carmania at the general division of the 
Macedonian empire. Diod 18.-; An Egyp- 
tian general, who flourished B. C 207. 

Tmarus, a Rutulian in the wars of iEneas. 

Virg. Mn. 9, v. 685. A mountain of Thes- 

protia, called Tomarus by Pliny. 

Tmolus, a king of Lydia, who married Om- 
phale, and was son of Sipylus and Chthonia. 
He offered violence tc a young nymph called 
Arriphe, at the foot of Diana's altar, for which 
impiety he was afterwards killed by a bulh 



TO 



TR 



The mountain on which he was buried bore his 
name. Apollod. 2, c. 6. — Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 
4. Hygin, fab. 191. A town of Asia Mi- 
nor, destroyed by an earthquake. A moun- 
tain of Lydia, now Bouzdag, on which the river 
Pactolus rises. The air was so wholesome near 
Tmolus, ihat the inhabitants generally iived 
to their 150th year. The neighbouring country 
was very fertile, and produced plenty of vines, 
saffron, and odoriferous flowers. Strab. 13, &.c 
—Herodot, 1, c. 84, &c— Ovid. Met. 2, &c— 
Sil. 7, v. 2\G.—Virg. G. 1, v. 56, 1. 2, v. 98. 
Togata, an epithet applied to a certain part 
cf Gaul where the inhabitants are distinguished 
by the peculiarity of their dress [Vid. Gallia.] 
Togonius Gallus, a senator of ignoble birth, 
devoted to the interest of Tiberius, whom he 
flattered, &c. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 2. 

TolbiacuMj a town of Gallia Belgica, south 
of Juliers. 

Tolentjs, a river of Latium, now Scdto, 
falling into the Velinus. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 
561. 

Tolettjm, now Toledo, a t own of Spain on 
the Tagus. ^ 

Tolistoboii, a people of Galatia, in Asia, 
descended from the Boii of Gaul. Plin. 5, c. 
S2.—Liv. 58. c. 15 and 16. 

Tollentinum, a town of Picenum. Plin. 
3, c. 13. 

Tolmides, an Athenian officer, defeated and 
killed in a battle in Bceotia, 447 B. C. Poly<sn. 
7. 

Tolosa, now Toulouse, the capital of Lan- 
guedoc, a town of Gallia Narbouensis, which 
became a Roman colony under Augustus, and 
was afterwards celebrated for the cultivation of 
the sciences. Minerva had there a rich tem- 
ple, which Caepio the consid plundered, and as 
he was never after fortunate, the words aurum 
Tolosanum became proverbial. Cces. bell G. 
—Mela, 2, c b.—Cic. de JVat. D. 3, c 20. 
Tolumnus, an augur in the army of Turnus 

against iEneas. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 429. A 

king of Veii, killed by Cor. Cossus, after he had 
ordered the ambassadors of Rome to be as- 
sassinated. Mv. 4, c. 19. 

Toixs, a man whose head was found in dig- 
ging for the foundation of the capitol, in the 
reign of Tarquin, whence the Romans conclud- 
ed that their city should become the head or 
mistress of the world. 

Tom^um, a mountain of Peloponnesus. 
Thucyd. 
Tomarus. [Vid. Tmarus.] 
Tomisa, a country between Cappadocia and 
Taurus. Strabo. 

Tonos, or Tomis, a town situate on the 
western shores of the Euxine sea, about 36 
miles from the mouth of the Danube. The 
word is derived from rt/mvce, seco, because 
Medea, as it is said, cut to pieces the body of 
her brother Absyrtus there. It is celebrated as 
being the place where Ovid was banished by 
Augustus. Tomos was the capital of lower 
Moesia, founded by a Milesian colony, B. C. 

633. Strab. 7. ipollod. 1, c. 9.— Mela, 2, 

c. 2.— Ovid, ex Pont. 4, el. 14, v. 59. Trist. 
3, el, 9, t. 33. &c. 



Tomyris. [Vid. Thomyris.] 

Tonea, a solemnity observed at Samos. It 
was usual to carry Juno's statue to the sea 
shore, and to offer cakes before it, and after- 
wards to rf place it again in the temple. This 
was in commemoration of the theft of the 
Tyrrhenians, who attempted to carry away the 
statue of the goddess, but were detained in the 
harbour by an invisible force. 

Tonoillius, an avaricious lawyer, &c. Juv. 
7, v. 130. 

Topazos, an island in the Arabian gulf, 
anciently called Ophicdes, from the quantity of 
serpents that were there. The valuable stone 
called topaze is found there. Plin. 6, c. 20. 

Topiris, or 7 oprus, a town of Thrace. 
- Toriki, a people of Scythia Valer. 6. 

Torone, a town of Macedonia. Liv 31, c. 
45. Of Epirus. 

Torguata, one of the vestal virgins, daugh- 
ter of C. Silanus. She was a vestal for 64 
years. Tacit. 3, An. c. 69. 

Torquatus, a surname of Titus Manlius 

[Vid. Manlius.] Silanus, an officer put to 

death by Nero. A governor of Oricum, in 

the interest of Pompey. He surrendered to J. 
Caesar, and was killed in Africa. Hirt. Afric 
96. An officer in Sylla's army. A Ro- 
man sent ambassador to the court of Ptolemy 
Philometor of Egypt. 

Tortor, a surname of Apollo. He had a 
statue at Rome under that name. 

Torus, a mountain of Sicily near Agrigen- 
tum. 

Toryne, a small town near Actium. The 
word in«the language of the country signifies a 
ladle, which gave Cleopatra occasion to make a 
pun when it fell into the hands of Augustus. 
Plut. in Ant. 

Toxandri, a people of Gallia Belsica. Plin, 
4, c. 7. 

Toxaridia, a festival at Athens, in honour 
of Toxaris, a Scythian hero, who died there. 

Toxeos, a son of (Eneus, killed by his father. 
Apollod. 1, c 8. 

Toxicrate, a daughter of Thespius. 

Q. Trabea, a comic, poet at Rome, in the 
age of Regulus. Some fragments of his poet ry 
remain. Cic. in Tus. 4, c. 31. Fin. 2, c. 4. 

Trachalus, "M. Galerius, a consul in the 
reign of Nero, celebrated for his eloquence as 
an orator, and for a majestic and commanding 

aspect. Qjnntil. — Tacit. One of the 

friends and ministers of Otho. 

Trachas, a town of Latium. Ovid. Met. 
15, v. 717. 

Trachinia, a small country of Phtbiotis, on 
the bay of Malea, near mount ffita. The capi- 
tal was called Trachis, or Trachina, where 
Hercules went after he had killed Eunomus. 
Strab. 9.— Apollod. 2, c. 7.— Ovid. Met. 11, v. 
569. 

Trachonitis, a part of Judea, on the other 
side of the Jordan. Plin. 5, c. 14. 

Tragurium, a town of Dalmatia on the sea. 

Tragus, a river of Arcadia, falling inte the 
Alpheus. Pausi. 8, c. 33. 

Trajanopolis, a town of Thrace. A 



TR 



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name given to Selinus of Cilicia, where Tra- 
jan died 

Trajanus, M. Ulpius Crinitus, a Roman 
emperor, born at Italica in Spain. His great 
virtues, and bis private as well as public cha- 
racter, and his services to the empire, both as 
an officer, a governor, and a consul, recom 
mended him to the notice of Nerva, who so- 
lemnly adopted him as his son; invested him 
during his life-time with the imperial purple, 
and gave him the name of Caesar and of Ger- 
manicus A little time after Nerva died, and 
the election of Trajan to the vacant throne was 
confirmed by the unanimous rejoicings of the 
people, and the free concurrence of the armies 
on the confines of Germany, and the banks of 
the Danube. The noble and independent beha- 
viour of Trajan, evinced the propriety and 
goodness of Nerva's choice, and the attachment 
of the legions; and the new emperor seemed 
calculated to ensure peace and domestic tran- 
quillity to the extensive empire of Rome. All 
the actions ef Trajan showed a good and be- 
nevolent prince whose virtues truly merited the 
encomiums which the pen of an elegant and 
courteous panegyrist has paid. The barbarians 
continued quiet, and the hostilities which they 
generally displayed at the election of a new 
emperor, whose military abilities they distrust- 
ed, were now few. Trajan, however, could 
not behold with satisfaction and unconcern, the 
insolence of the Dacians, who claimed from the 
Roman people a tribute which the cowardice 
of Dooiitian had offered. The sudden appear- 
ance of the emperor on the frontiers,, awed the 
barbarians to peace; nut Decebalus, their war- 
like monarch, soon began hostilities by violat- 
ing the treaty. The emperor entered the 
enemy's country by throwing a bridge across j 
the rapid streams of the. Danube, and a battle ' 
was fought, in which the slaughter was so great, j 
that in the Roman camp linen was wanted to 
dress the wounds of the soldiers. Trajan ob- 
tained the victory, and Decebalus, despairing 
of success, destroyed himeeif, and Dacia became 
a province of Rome. That the ardour of the 
Roman soldiers in defeating their enemies 
miaht not cool, an expedition was undertaken 
into the east, and Parthia threatened with im- 
mediate war. Trajan passed through the sub- 
missive kingdom of Armenia, and. by his well- 
directed operations, made himself master of the 
provinces of Assyria and Mesopotamia. He 
extended his conquests in the east, he obtained 
victories over unknown nations, and when on 
the extremities of India, he lamented that he 
possessed not the vigour and youth of an Alexan- 
der, that he might add unexplored provinces 
and kingdoms to the Roman empire. These 
successes in different parts of the world, gained 
applause, and the senators were profuse in the 
honours they decreed to the conqueror. This, 
however, was but the blaze of transient glory 
Trajan had no sooner signified his intentions of 
returning to Italy, than the conquered barba- 
rians appeared again in arms, and the Roman 
empire did not acquire one single acre of ter- 
ritory from the conquests of her sovereign in 
the east. The return of the emperor towards 



Rome was hastened by indisposition, he stopped: 
in Cilicia, and in the town of Selinus, which 
afterwards was called Trajanopolis, he was 
seized with a flux, and a few days after expired, 
in the beginning of August, A. D. Ill, after a 
reign of 19 years, six months, and 15 days, in 
the 64th year of his age. He was succeeded 
on the throne by Adrian, whom the empress 
Plotina introduced to the Roman armies, as the 
adopted son of her husband. The ashes of 
Trajan were carried to Rome, and deposited 
under the stately column which he had erected 
a few years before. Under this emperor the 
Romans enjoyed tranquillity, and for a moment 
supposed that their prosperity was complete 
under a good and virtuous sovereign. Trajan 
was fond of popularity, and he merited it. Tbe 
sounding titles of Optimus, and the father of his 
country, were not unworthily bestowed upon a 
prince who was equal to the greatest generals 
of antiquity, and who to indicate his affability, 
and his wish to listen to the just complaints of 
his subjects, distinguished his palace by the 
inscription of thi' r public palace. Like other 
emperors, he did not receive with an air of un- 
concern the bomage of his friends; but rose from 
his seat and went cordially to salute them. He 
refused the statues which the flattery of favour- 
ites wished to erect to him, and he ridiculed 
the follies of an enlightened nation, that could 
pay adoration to cold inanimate pieces of mar- 
ble, - His public entry into Rome gained him 
the hearts of the people; he appeared on foot, 
and showed himself an enemy to parade and an 
ostentatious equipage. When in his camp, he 
exposed himself to the fatigues of war, like the 
meanest soldier, and crossed the most barren 
deserts and extensive plains on foot, and in his 
dress and food displayed all the simplicity which 
once gained the approbation of the Romans in 
their countryman Fabricius. All the oldest 
soldiers he knew by their own name, he con- 
versed with them with great familiarity, and 
never retired to bis tent before he had visited 
(he camp, and by a personal attendance con- 
vinced himself of the vigilance and the security 
of his army. As a friend he was not less dis- 
tinguished than as a general. He had a setect 
number of intimates, whom he visited with free- 
dom and openness, and at whose tables he par- 
took many a moderate repast, without form or 
ceremony. His confidence, however, in the 
good intentions of others, was, perhaps, carried 
to excess. His favourite Sura, had once been 
accused of attempts upon his life, but Trajan 
disregarded the informer, and as he was that 
same day invited to the house of the supposed 
conspirator, he went thither early- To try far- 
ther the sincerity of Sura, he ordered himself 
to be shaved by his barber, to have a medici- 
nal application made to his eyes' by the hand 
of his surgeon, and to bathe together with him. 
The public works of Trajan are also celebrated, 
he opened free and easy communications be- 
tween the cities of his provinces, he planted 
many colonies, and furnished Rome with all 
the corn and provisions which could prevent a 
famine in the time of calamity. It was by his 
directions that the architect Apollodorus built 



<\0 



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thai celebrated column which is still to be seen 
at Rome, under the name of Trajan's column. 
The area on which it stands was made by the 
labours of men, and the height of the pillar 
proves that a large hill 144 feet high was remov- 
ed at a great expense, A. D. 114, to comme- 
morate the victories of the reigning prince. His 
persecutions of the Christians were stopped by 
the interference of the humane Pliny, but he 
was unusually severe upon the Jews, who had 
barbarously murdered 200,000 of his subjects, 
and evented upon the flesh of the dead. His 
vices have been obscurely seen, through a reign 
of continued splendour and popularity, yet he 
is accused of incontinence and many unnatural 
ind.jjgences. He was too much addicted to drink- 
ing, and his wish to be styled lord has been cen- 
sured by those who admired the dissimulated 
moderation, anu the modest claims of an Au- 
gustus. Plin. Pamg kc.—Dio. Cass. — 
ExUrop — Jlmmian.—Spartian .— Joseph, bell. J. 

— Victor The father of the emperor, who 

likewise bore the name of Trajan, was honour- 
ed with the consulship and a triumph, and the 
rank of a patrician by the emperor Vespasian. 

A general of the emperor Valens. A 

son of ine emperor Decius. 

1 rajectus Kheni, now Utrecht, the capital 
of one of the provinces of Holland. 

Tralles, a town of Lydia, now Sultanhisar. 

Juv. 3, v. 70. — Liv 37, c. 45. A people 

of Iliyricum. 

Transtiberina, a part of the city of Rome, 
en the side of the Tiber. Mount Vatican was 
in that part of the city. Mart. 1, ep. 109. 

Trapezus, a city of Pontus, built by the 
people of Sinope, now called Trebizond. It 
had a celebrated harbour on the Euxine sea, 
and became famous under the emperors of the 
eastern empire, of which it was for some time 
the magnificent capital. Tacit. H. 3, c 47. — 

Plin. 6, c. 4. A town of Arcadia near the 

Alpheus, It received its name from a son of 
Lycaon. Apoltod. 3, c. 8. 

Trasimenus, [Vid Thrasymenus.J 

Trasullus, a man who taught Tiberius as- 
trology at Rhodes, &c. 

Traclus Montancs, a Roman knight, one 
of Messahna's favourites, put to death by Clau- 
dius. Tacit. A. 11, c. 36. 

Treba, a town of the iEqui. Plin. S, c 
12. 

C. Trebatips Testas, a man banished by 
Julius Caesar for following the interest of Pom- 
pey, and recalled by the eloquence of Cicero. 
He was afterwards reconciled to Caesar. Tre- 
batius was not less distinguished for his learning 
than for his integrity, his military experience, 
aud knowledge of law He wrote nine books 
on religious ceremonies, and treatises on civil 
law; and the verses that he composed proved 
him a poet of no inferior consequence. Horal. 
2, Sat. 1, v. 4. 

Trebellianus, C. Annius, a pirate who pro- 
claimed himself emperor of Home, A. D. 264. 
He was defeated and slain in Isauna, by the 
lieutenants of Gallienus. 

Trebellienus Rufcjs, a praetor appointed 
governor of the children of king Cotys, by Ti- 



berius. A tribune who opposed the Gabi- 

man law. a Roman who numlered the in- 
habitants of Gaul He was made governor of 
Britain. Tacit A. 6, c. 39. 

Trebellius Pollio, a Latin historian, who 
wrote an account of the lives of the emperors. 
The beginning of this history is lost; part of the 
reign of Valerian, and the life of the two Gal- 
lieni, with the 30 tyrants are the only fragments 
remaining. He flourished A. D. 305. 

Trebia, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising in 
the Appennine. and falling into the Po, at the 
west of Piacentia. It is celebrated for the vic- 
tory which Annibal obtained there over the 
forces of L. Semproruus, the Roman consul. 
Sil. 4, v. 4S6.— Lucan. 2, v. 4Q.—Liv 21. c. 

54 and 56. A town of Latium. Liv. 2, c. 

39. — of Campania. Id. 23, c. 14. — of Umbria. 
Plin. 3. c. 14. 

Trebius, an officer in Cesar's army, in Gaul. 
A parasite in Domitian's reign. Juv 4. 

Trebonia lex, de provinciis, by L. Trebo- 
nius the tribune, A. U. C. 698. It gave Cxsar 
the chief command in Gaul for five years lon- 
ger than was enacted by the Vatinian law and 
in this manner prevented the senators from re- 
calling or superseding him. Another by the 

same on the same year, conferred the command 
of the provinces of Syria and Spain on Cassius 

and Pompey. for five years. — Dio Cass. 39 

Another by L. Trebonius the tribune, A U C. 
305, which confirmed the election of the tri- 
bunes in the hands of the Roman people. Liv. 
3 and 5. 

Trebonius, a soldier remarkable for his con- 
tinence, &c. Caius, one of Caesar's friends, 

made through his interest praetor and consul. 
He was afterwards one of his benefactor's mur- 
derers. He was killed by Dolabella at Smyrna. 
Cats. bell. 5, c. 17. — Cic. in Phil. 11. c 2. — 
Paterc. 56 and 69.— Liv. 119.— Dio. 47. — 
Horat. 1, Sat 4, v. 1 14 Garucianus, a gov- 
ernor of Africa, who put to death the proconsul 
Clodiu3 Macer by Galba's orders. Tacit. H. 

1, c. 7. A tnbune who proposed a law at 

Rome, and imprisoned Cato, because he oppos- 
ed it. One of the adherents of Marius 

A man caught in adultery, and severely punish- 
ed in the age of Horace 

Trebula, a town of the Sabine9, celebrated 
for cheese. The inhabitants were called Tre- 
bulani. Cic. in Agr. 2. c. 25 — Liv. 23. — 

Plin. 3, c. 5 and 12. — Martial. 5. ep. 72. 

Another in Campania. Liv. 23, c. 39. 

Trerus, a river of Latium, falling into the 
Liris. 

Tres TABERNiE, a place on the Appian road, 
where travellers took refreshment. Cic. A. 1, 
ep. 13 1. 2, ep. 10 and 11. 

Treveri, a town and people of Belgium, 
now called Triers- Mela. 3, c 2. 

Triaria, a woman well known for her cru- 
elty. She was the wife of L. Vitellius. Tacit. 
U. 1 and 3. 

C. Triarius, an orator, commended by Ci- 
cero. A friend of Pompey. He had for 

some time the care of the. war in Asia against 
Mithridatcs, whom he defeated, and by whom 
he was afterwards beaten. He was killed in 

5 \ 



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ibe civil wars of Pompey and Caesar. Casar* 
Bell. Civ. 3, c. 5. 

Triballi, a people of Thrace; or, according 
to some, of Lower Mcesia. They were con- 
quered by Philip, the father of Alexander; and 
some ages afier, they maintained a long war 
against tbe Roman emperors. Plw, 

Triboci, a people of Alsaee in Gaul. Tacit, 
in Gem. 28. 

Tribuuum, a town of Dalmatia. 
Tribuni Plebis, magistrates at Rome, cre- 
ated in the year U. G. 261 when the people 
after a quarrel with the senators had retired to 
Mons Sacer. The two first were C. Licinius, 
and L. Albinus, but their number was soon af- 
ter raised to five, and 37 years after to 10, 
which remained fixed. 1 heir office was annual, 
and as the first had been created on tbe 4th of 
the ides of December, that day was eve* after 
chosen for the election. Their power, though 
at first small, and granted by the patricians to 
appease the momentary seditions of the popu- 
lace, soon became formidable, and the senators 
repented too late of having consented to elect 
magistrates, who not only preserved the rights 
of the people, but could summon assemblies, 
propose laws, stop the consultations ©f the se- 
nate, and even abolish their decrees by the word 
Veto. Their approbation was also necessary to 
confirm the senatus considia, and this was done 
by affixing the letter T. under it. If any irre- 
gularity happened in the state, their power was 
almost absolute; they criticised the conduct of 
all the public magistrates, and even dragged a 
consul to prison, if the measures he pursued 
were hostile to the peace of Rome. The dicta- 
tor alone was their superior, but when that ma- 
gistrate was elected, the office of tribune was 
not, like that of all other inferior magistrates, 
abolished while he continued at the head of the 
state. The people paid them so much defer- 
ence, that their person was held sacred, and 
thence they were always called Sacroscncti. To 
strike them was a capital crime, and to inter- 
rupt them while they spoke in the assemblies, 
called for the immediate interference of power 
The marks by which they were distinguished 
from other magistrates were not very conspicu- 
ous. They wore no particular dress, only a 
beadle called viator marched before them. They 
never sat in the senate, though some time after, 
their office entitled them to the rank- of senators. 
Yet great as their power might appear, they re- 
ceived a heavy wound from their number, and 
as their consultations and resolutions were of no 
effect if they were not all unanimous, the senate 
often- took advantage of their avarice, and by 
gaining one of them by bribes, they as it were 
suspended the authority of the rest. The office 
of tribune of the people, though at first deemed 
mean and servile, was afterwards one of the 
first steps that led to more honourable employ- 
ments, and as no patrician was permitted to 
canvass for the tribunesbip, we find many that 
descended among the plebeians to exercise that 
important office. From the power with which 
they were at last invested by the activity, the 
intrigues, and continual applications of those 
who were in office, they became almost absolute 



in the state-, and it has been properly observed, 
that they caused far greater troubles than those 
which they were at first created to silence. Syl- 
la. when raised to the dictatorship, gave a fatal 
blow to the authority of the tribunes, and by one 
of his decrees, they were no longer permitted to 
harangue and inflame the people; they could- 
make no laws; no appeal lay to their tribunal, 
and such as had been tribunes, were not per- 
mitted to solicit for the other offices of the state, 
This disgrace, however, was but momentary, at 
the death of the tyrant the tribunes recovered 
their privileges by means of Cotta and Pompey 
the Great. The office of tribune remained in 
full force till the age of Augustus, who, to make 
himself more absolute, and his persoi satred, 
conferred the power and office upon himself, 
whence he was called tribunitid /jotestate dana- 
lus. His* successors on the throne imitated his 
example, and as the emperor was the real and 
official tribune, sueh as were appointed to the 
office were merely nominal, without power or 
privilege Under Constantine the tribunesbip 
was totally abolished. The tribunes were never 
permitted to sleep out of the city, except at the 
Feriaz Latino:, when they went with other ma- 
gistrates to offer sacrifices upon a mountain near 
Alba Their houses were always open, and they 
received every complaint, and were ever ready 
to redress the wrongs of their constituents. 
Their authority was not extended beyond the 
walls of the city* There were also other of- 
ficers who bore the name of tribunes, such as 
the tribuni militum or militates, who command- 
ed a division of the legions They were em- 
powered to decide all quarrels that might arise 
in the army, they took care of the camp, and 
gave the watch-word. There were only three 
at first chosen by Romulus, but the number was 
at last increased to six in every legion. After 
the expulsion of the Tarqujns, they were cliosea 
by the consuls,, but afterwards tbe right of elect- 
ing them was divided between the people and 
the consul. They were generally ef senatoriaa 
and equestrian families, and the former were 
called laticlavii, and the latter angusticlavii., 
fiom their peculiar dress. Those that were 
chosen by the consuls were catted RiUuli, be- 
cause the right of the consuls to elect them wa& 
confirmed by Rutulus, and those elected by the 
people were called Comitiati, because chosen in 
the Comitia They wore a golden ring, and 
were in office no longer than six months. Whea 
the consuls were elected, it was usual to choose 
14 tribunes from the knights, who had served 
five years in the army, and who were called ju- 
niores, and ten from the people who had beera 

in ten campaigns, who were called se.niores. 

There were also some officers called tribuni mi- 
lilum consulari -potestate. elected instead of con- 
suls, A U. C. 310. They were only three ori- 
ginally, but the number was afterwards increas- 
ed to six, or more, according to the will and 
pleasure of the people and tbe emergencies of 
the state. Part of them were plebeians, and the 
rest of patrician families. When they had sub- 
sisted for about 70 years, not without some in- 
terruption, the office was totally abolished, as 
the plebeians were admitted to share the consul- 



TR 



ship, and the consuls continued at the bead of 

the state till the end of the commonwealth 

The tribuni colwrliumprcetorianarum, were en- 
trusted with the person of the emperor, which 

they guarded and protected. The tribuni 

tvrarii, were officers chosen from among the 
people, who kept the money which was to be ap- 
plied to defray the expenses of the army. The 
richest persons were always chosen, as much 
money was requisite for the pay of the soldiers- 
They were greatly distinguished in the state, and 
they shared with the senators and Roman knights 
the privileges of judging. They were abolished 
by Julius Caesar, but Augustus re-estabhshed 
them, and created 200 more, to decide causes 

.-of smaller importance The tribuni eel er urn 

bad the command of the guard which Romulus 
chose for the safety of his person. They were 
100 in number, distinguished for their probity, 
their opulence, and their nobility The tri- 
buni volupiatum were commissioned to take care 
of the amusements which were prepared for the 
people, and that nothing might be wanting in 
the exhibitions. This office was also honourable. 

Tbica.ua, a fortified place at the south of Si- 
cily, between Selinus and Agrigenium. SiL 14, 
-v. "Ill ■ ■ 

Tricasses, a people of Champagne in Gaul. 

Tricastini, a people of Gallia Narbonensis. 
Sil. 3, v 466. ~^Liv. 21, c. 31. 

Triccs, a town of Thessaly, where iEscula- 
pius had a temple. The inhabitants went to the 
Trojan war. Liv 32, c. 13. — Homer. II. — Plin. 
4, c. 8. 

Trichonium, a town of iEtolia. 

Tricipitinus. Vid. Lucretius. 

Triclaria, a yearly festival celebrated by 
the inhabitants of three cities in Ionia, to ap- 
pease the anger of Diana Triclaria, whose tem- 
ple had been defiled by the adulterous commerce 
of Menalippus and Cometho. It was usual to 
sacrifice a boy and a girl, but this barbarous 
custom was abolished by Eurypil us. The three 
cities were Aroe, Messatis, and Anthea, whose 
united labours had erected the temple of the 
goddess. Paws. -7, 19. 

Tricouii, a people of Gaul, now Dauphine. 
Liv. 21, c 31. 

Tri cory thus, a town of Attica. 

Tricrena. a place of Arcadia, where, ac- 
cording to some, Mercury was born. Pans. 8, 
c. 16. 

Tridentum, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now 
called Trent, and famous in history for the ec- 
clesiastical council which sat there 18 years to 
regulate the affairs of the church. A. D. 1545. 

Trieterica, festivals in honour of Bacchus 
celebrated every three years. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 
302. 

Trifanum, a place of Latium near Sinuessa. 
Liv. 8, c. 11. 

Trifolintus, a mountain of Campania, fa- 
mous for wine. Mart. 13, ep. 104. — Plin. 14, 
c. 7. 

Trigemina, one of the Roman gates, so call- 
ed because the three Horatii went through 
against the Curiatii. Liv. 4, c. 16, 1. 35, c. 41, 
1. 40, c 51. 

Trinacria, or Trinacris, one of the ancient 



names of Sicily, from its triangular form. Virg. 
JEn. 3, v. 384. &c. 

Trinium, a river of Raly falling into the 
Adriatic. 

Trinobantes, a people of Britain in modern 
Essex and Middlesex. Tacit. Jinn. 14, c. 31. 
— Cxs. G. 5, c 20. 

Triocala, or Triocla, a town in the south- 
ern parts of Sicily. Sil. 14, v. 271. 

Triopas, or Triors, a son of Neptune by 
Canace, the daughter of YEolus. He was father 
of Iphimedia and of Erisichthon, who is called 
on that account Triopeius, and his daughter 
Triopeis. Oviit. Met. 8, v. 754 — Jipollod. 1, c. 

7. A son of Phorbas, father to Agenor, Ja- 

sus, and Messene. Homer. Hymn. inJlp. 211. 
A son of Piranthus. 

TRiFH.iLiA, one of the ancient names of Elis. 

Liv. 28, c. 8 A mountain where Jupiter 

had a temple in the island Panchaia, whence he 
is called Triphylius. 

Trioputm, a town of Caria. 

Tripoli?, an ancient town of Phoenicia, built 
by the libera) contribution of Tyre, Sidon, and 

Aradus, whence the name. A town of Pon- 

tus A district of Arcadia.- of Laconia, 

Liv. 35, c 27. of Thessaly, 4b. 42, c. 53, 

A town of Lydia or Caria. A district 

of Africa between the Syrtes. 

Triptolemus, a son of Oceanus and Terra, 
or according to some, of Trochilus, a priest of 
Argos. According to the more received opinion 
be was son of Celeus, king of Attica, by Neraja, 
whom some have called Metanira, Cothonea, 
Hyona, Melania, or Polymnia. He was bora 
at Eleusis in Attica, and was cured in his youth 
of a severe illness by the care of Ceres, who had 
been invited into the house of Celeus by the mo- 
narch's children, as she travelled over the coun- 
try in quest of her daughter. To repav the kind- 
ness of Celeus, the goddess took particular notice 
of his son. She fed him with her own milk, and 
placed him on burning coals during the night, to 
destroy whatever particles of mortality he had 
received from his parents The mother was as- 
tonished at the uncommon growth of her son, 
and she had the curiosity to watch Ceres. She 
disturbed the goddess by a sudden cry, when 
Triptolemus was laid on the burning ashes, and 
j as Ceres was therefore unable to make him im- 
I mortal, she taught him agriculture, and render- 
| ed him serviceable to mankind, by instructing 
j him how to sow corn, and make bread. She also 
gave him her chariot, which was drawn by two 
dragons, and in this celestial vehicle he travelled 
all over the earth, and distributed corn to all the 
inhabitants of the world. In Scythia the favour- 
ite of Ceres nearly lost his life; but Lyncus, the 
king of the country, who had conspired to mur- 
der him, was changed into a lynx. At his return 
to Eleusis, Triptolemus restored Ceres her cha- 
riot, and established the Eleusinian festivals and 
mysteries in honour of the deity. He reigned 
for some time, and after death received divine 
honours. Some suppose that he accompanied 
Bacchus in his Indian expedition. Diod. — Hy~ 
gin. fab. 147. — Paus. 2, c. 14, 1, 8, c. 4. — Jus- 
tin. 2, (• 6 — Jipollod. 1, c. 5. — Calitm, in Cer. 



Til 



TR 



22.— Ovid, Met. 5, v. 646. Fast. 4, v. 501. 
Trist. 3. el. 8, v. 1. 

Triquetra, a name given to Sicily by the 
Latins, for its triangular form. Lucret, 1, v. 78. 

Trismegistus, a famous Egyptian. [Vid. 
Mercurius.] 

Tritia, a daughter of the river Triton, mo- 
ther of Menalippus, by Mars. A town in 

Achaia, built by her son, bore her name. Paus. 
7, c. 22. 

Tritogenia, a surname of Pallas. Hesiod. 
—Festus de V. sig. 

Triton, a sea deity, son of Neptune, by Am- 
phitrite, or, according to some, by Celeno, or 
Salacia. He was very powerful among the sea 
deities, and could calm the ocean and abate 
storms at pleasure. He is generally represented 
as blowing a shell; his body above the waist is 
like that of a man, and below a dolphin. Some 
represent him with the fore feet of a horse. 
Many of the sea deities are called Tritons, but 
the name is generally applied to those only who 
are half men and half iishes. .flpollod, 1, c. 4. 
—Hesiod. Theog.y. 930.— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 333. 
—Cic de Nat. D. 1, c, 28. — Virg. Mn. 1, v. 

148, 1. 6, v. 173.— Pons. 9, c. 20. A river 

of Africa falling into the lake Tritonis. One 

of the names of the Nile. A small river of 

Bosotia, or Thessaly. 

Tritonis, a lake and river of Africa, near 
which Minerva had a temple, whence she is sur- 
named Tritonis. or Tritonia. Herodot 4, c. 
178 —Paus. 9, c. 33.— Virg. JF.n. 2, v. 171 — 
Mela, 1, c 7. Athens is also called Tritonis, 
because dedicated to Minerva. Ovid. Met 5. 

Tritonon, a town of Doris. Liv 28, c. 7. 

TiiivENTUM, a town of the Samnites. 

Trivia, a surname given to Diana, because 
she presided over all places where three roads 
met. At the new moon the Athenians offered 
her sacrifices, and a sumptuous entertainment, 
which was generally distributed among the poor. 
Virg Mn. 6, v. 13, 1. 7, v. 774.— Ovid. Met. 
2, v. 416. Fast. 1, v. 389. 

Trivijs antrum, a place in the valley of Ari- 
cia, where the nymph Egeria resided. Mart. 
6, ep. 47. 

Trivia lucus, a place of Campania, in the 
bayofCumae. Virg Mn; 6, v 13. 

Trivicum, a town in the country of the Hir- 
pini in Italy. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 79. 

Triumviri reipxiblicoz constituendoe, were 
three magistrates appointed equally to govern 
the Roman state with absolute power. These 
officers gave a fatal blow to the expiring inde 
pendence of the Roman people, and became ce- 
lebrated for their different pursuits, their ambi- 
tion, and their various fortunes. The first tri- 
umvirate, B. C. 60, was in the hands of J. 
C<esar, Pompey, and Crassus, who at the expi- 
ration of their office, kindled a civil war. The 
second and last triumvirate. B. C. 48, was un- 
der Augustus, M. Antony, and Lepidus, and 
through them the Romans totally lost their li- 
berty. Augustus disagreed with his colleagues, 
and after he had defeated them, he made him 
self absolute in Rome. The triumvirate was in 
full force at Rome for the space of about 12 
years. — There were also officers who were call- 



ed triumvirii capitales, created A. U. C. 464. 
They took cognizance of murders a»tt robberies, 
and every thing in which slaves were concerned. 
Criminals under sentence of death were enirusted 
to their care, and they had them executed accord- 
ing to the commands of the praetors. The tri- 
umviri noctumi watched over the safety of Rome 
in the night time, and in case of fire were ever 
ready to give orders, and to take the most effec- 
tual measures to extinguish it. The triumviri 

agrarii had the care of colonies that were sent to 
settle in different parts of the empire. They 
made a fair division of the lands among the ci- 
tizens, and exercised over the new colony all the 
power which was placed in the hands of the con- 
suls at Rome. The triumviri monetales were 

masters of the mint, and had the care of the coin, 
hence their office was generally intimated by 
the following letters, often seen on ancient coins 
and medals; II1VIR. A. A. A. F. F. i. e. trium- 
viri auro, argento, cere flando, feriendo. Some 
suppose (hat ihey were created only in the age 
of Cicero, as those who .were employed before 
them, were called Dendriorwn jlandoriim cura- 

tores. The triumviri valetudbnis were chosen 

when Rome was visited by a plague or some 
pestiferous distemper, and they took particular 

care of the temples of health and virtue, The 

triumviri senatus legendi, were appointed to 
name those that were most worthy to be made se- 
nators from among the plebeians. They were first 
chosen in the age of Augustus, as before this 
privilege belonged to the kings, and afterwards 
devolved upon the consuls, and the censors, A. 

U. C 310. The triumviri mensarii were 

chosen in the second Punic war, to take care of 
the coin and prices of exchange. 

Triumvirorum insula, a place on the Rhine 
which falls into the Po, where the triumvirs An- 
tony, Lepidus, and Augustus, met to divide the 
Roman empire after the battle of Mutina. Dio. 
46, c. 55. — Jlyrpian. Cic. 4. 

Troades, the inhabitants of Troas. 

Troas, a country of Phrygia in Asia Minor, 
of which Troy was the capital. When Troas is 
taken for the whole kingdom of Priam, it may 
be said to contain Mysia and Phrygia Minor; 
but if only applied to that part of the country 
where Troy was situate, its extent is confined 
within very narrow limits Troas was ancient- 
ly called Dardania. [Vid Troja.] 

Troctiois, a lake in the island of Delos, near 
which Apollo and Diana weie born. 

Trocmi, a people of Galatia. Liv 38, c. 16. 

Tro3:zene, a town of Argoiis, in Peloponnesus, 
near the Saronicus Sinus, which received its 
name from Troezen, the son of Pelops, who 
reigned there for some time. It is often called 
Theseis, because Theseus was born there; and 
Posidonia, because Neptune was worshipped 
there. Stat. Theb 4, v. SL— Paus. 2, c. 50.— 
Plut. in Tkes.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 566, 1. 15, v. 
296. — ' — Another town at the south of the Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

Trogil^e, three small islands near Samos. 

Trogilium, a part of mount Mycale, project- 
ing into the sea. Sirab. 14. 

Trogilus, a harbour of Sicily. Sil. 14, v. 2, 
59. 



TR 



TR 



Troglodyte, a people of JEthiopia, who 
dwelt in caves (r^eoyhit specus. Svy.tsubeo.) They 
were ali shepherds, and had their wives in com- 
mon. Strab. 1. — Mela, 1, c. 4 and 3. — Plin. 
h, c. 8, I. 37, c. 10. 

Trogus Pompeius, a Latin historian, B. C. 
41, born in Gaul. His father w ? as one of the 
friends aud adherents of J. Caesar, and his an- 
cestors had obtained privileges and honours from 
the most illustrious of the Romans. Trogus 
wrote an universal history of all the most impor- 
tant events that had happened from the begin- 
ning of the world to the age of Augustus, divided 
into 44 books. This history, which was greatly 
admired for its purity and elegance, was epito- 
mized by Justin, and is still extant. Some sup- 
pose that the epitome is the cause that the ori- 
ginal of Trogus is lost. Justin. 47, c. 5. — Aug 
de Civ. D. 4, c. 6. 

Troja, a city, the capital .of Troas, or, ac- 
cording to others, a country of which Ilium was 
the capital. It was built on a small eminence 
near mount Ida, and the promontory of Sagaeum, 
at the distance of about four miles from the sea 
shore. Dardanus, the first king of the country. 
built it, aud called it Dardarda, and from Tros, 
one of its successors, it was called Troja, and 
from Ilus, Won. Neptune is also said to have 
built, or more properly repaired its walls, in the 
age of king Laomedon. This city has been ce- 
lebrated by the poems of Homer and Virgil, and 
of all the wars which have been carried on 
among the ancients, that of Troy is the most fa- 
mous. The Trojan war was undertaken by the 
Greeks, to recover Helen, whom Paris, the son 
of Priam, king of Troy, had carried away from 
the house of Menelaus. All Greece united to 
avenge the cause of Menelaus, and every prince 
furnished a certain number of ships and soldiers. 
According to Euripides, Virgil, and Lycophron, 
the armament of the Greeks amounted to 1000 
ships. Homer mentions them as being 1186, 
and Thucydides supposes that they were l-'OO in 
number The number of men which these ships 
carried is unknown; yet as the largest contained 
about 120 men each, and the smallest 50, it 
may be supposed that no less than 100,000 men 
were engaged in this celebrated expedition. 
Agamemnon was chosen general of all these 
forces; but the princes and kings of Greece were 
admitted among his counsellors, and by them 3ll 
the operations of the war were directed. The 
most celebrated of the Grecian princes that dis- 
tinguished themselves in this war, were Achilles, 
Ajax, Menelaus, Ulysses, Diomedes, Protesi- 
laus, Patroclus, Agamemnon, Nestor, Neoptole- 
mus, &c The Grecian army was opposed by a 
more numerous force. The king of Troy re- 
ceived assistance fiom the neighbouring princes 
in Asia Minor, and reckoned among his most 
active generals, Rhesus, king of Thrace, and 
Memnon, who entered the field with 20,000 As- 
syrians and ^Ethiopians. Many of the adjacent 
cities were reduced and plundered before the 
Greeks approached the walls; but when the 
siesje was begun, the enemies on both sides gave 
proofs of valour and intrepidity. The army of 
the Greeks, however, was visited by a plague, 
and the operations were not less retarded by the 



quarrel of Agamemnon and Achilles. The loss 
was great on both sides: the most valiant of tbe 
Trojans, and particularly of the sons of Priam, 
were slain in the field; and indeed so great was 
the slaughter, that tbe rivers of the country are 
represented as filled with dead bodies and suits 
of armour. After the siege had been carried on 
for ten years, some of the Trojans, among whom 
were. ^Eneas and Antenor, betrayed the city in- 
to the bands of the enemy, and Troy was re- 
duced to ashes. The poets, however, support, 
that the Greeks made themselves masters of the 
place by artifice. They secretly filled a large 
wooden horse with armed men, and led away 
their army from the plains, as i[ to return home 
The Trojans brought the wooden horse into their 
city, and in the night the Greeks that were con- 
fined within the sides of the animal, rushed out 
and opened the gates to their companions, who 
had returned from the place of their conceal- 
ment. The greatest part of the inhabitants 
were put to the sword, and the others carried 
away by the conquerors. This happened, ac- 
cording to the Arundelian marbles, about 1184 
years before the Christian era, in the 3530th 
year of the Julian period, on the night between 
the 11th and 12th of June, 408 years before the 
first Olympiad. Some time after, a new cily 
was raised, about 30 stadia from the ruins of the 
old Troy: but though it bore the ancient name, 
and received ample donations from Alexander 
the Great, when he visited it in his Asiatic ex- 
pedition, yet it continued to be small, and in the 
age of Strabo it was nearly in ruins. It is said 
that J. Caesar, who wished to pass for one of the 
descendants of /Eneas, and consequently to be 
related to the Trojans, intended to make it the 
capital of the Roman empire, and to transport 
there, the senate and the Roman people. The 
same apprehensions were entertained in the reign 
of Augustus, and according Jo some, an ode of 
Horace, Juslum <%' tenacem propositi virum was 
written purposely to dissuade the emperor from 
putting into execution so wild a project, [i id. 
Paris, iEneas, Antenor, Agamemnon, Ilium, 
Laomedon, Menelaus, &c. ] Virg. JEn. — Ho- 
mer. — Ovid. — Diod. &c. 

Trojani and Trojugjlxje, the inhabitants of 
Troy. 

Trojani ludi, games instituted by iEneas, or 
his son Ascanius, to commemorate the death of 
Anchises, and celebrated in the circus of Rome. 
Boys of the best families, dressed in a neat man- 
ner, and accoutred with suitable arms and wea- 
pons, were permitted to enter the list. Sylla ex- 
hibited them in his dictatorship, and under Au- 
gustus they were observed with unusual pomp 
and solemnity. A mock fight on horseback, or 
sometimes on foot, was exhibited. The leader 
of the party was called princeps juvenlulis, and 
was generally the son of a senator, or the heir 
apparent to the empire. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 602. 
— Suelon. in Cces. and in Avg. — Plut. in Syll. 
Troilus, a son of Priam and Hecuba, killed 
by Achilles during the Trojan war. Apollod 3, 
c. 12.— Horat. 2, od- 9, v. 16.— Virg. &n. 1, v. 
474. 

Tromentina, one of the Roman tribes. Liv. 
6, c. 5. 



Tit 



TU 



Tropjea, a town of the Brutii. — A stone 
monument on the Pyrenees, erected by Fompey 

Dnisi, a iown of Germany where Drusus 

died, and Tiberius was saluted emperor by the 
army. 

( rophon'us, a celebrated architect, son of 
Erginus, king of Orchomenos in Boeotia. He 
b\iiU Apoilo's temple at Deiphi, with the assise 
ance of his brother Agamedes, and when he 
demanded of the god a reward for his trouble, 
he was told by the priestess to wait eight days, 
and to liye during that time with all cheerful-' 
mess and pleasure. When the days were pass- 
ed, Trophonius and his brother were found dead 
in their bed According to Pausanius, however, 
he was swallowed up alive in the earrh; and 
when afterwards the country was visited by a 
great drought, the Boeotians were directed to ap- 
ply to Trophonius for relief, and to seek him at 
Lebadea, where he gave oracles in a cave. 
They discovered this cave by mean of a swarm 
=©f bees, and Trophonius told them how to ease 
their m isfprtua.es. From tnat time frophonius 
was honoured as a god, he oasseu for the son of 
Apollo, a chapel and a statue were erected to 
iiim, and sacrifices were offered to his divinity 
when consulted to give oracles. The cave of 
Trophonius became one of the most celebtated 
oracles of Greece. Many ceremonies were re- 
quired, and the suppliant was obliged to make 
particular sacrifices, to anoint his body with oil, 
and to ba'ht in the waters of certain rivers He 
was to be clothed in a linen robe, and with a 
cake of hoi>ey in his hand, he was directed to de- 
scend into the cave by a narrow entrance, from 
whence he returned backwards, after he had re- 
ceived an answer. He was always pale and de- 
jected at his return, and thence it became pro- 
verbial to say of a melancholy man, that he had 
consulted the oracle of Trophonius. There were 
annually exhibited games tn honour of Tropho- 
fijus at Lebadea. Pans. 9- c, 37. &c — Cic. 
Wusc. 1, c. 47 . —Plut.—Plin. 34, c. l.—Mlian. 
V. H 3, c. 45. 

Tros, a sonof Ericthonius, king of Troy, who 
married Callirhoe, the daughter of the Scaman- 
der, by whom he had II us, Assaraeus, and, 
danymedes. He made war against Tantalus 
king of Phrygia, whom he accused of having 
stolen away the youngest of his sons. The ca- 
pita! of Phrygia was called Troja from him, and 
the country i'seif Troas. Virg 3, G. v. 38.. — 
Homtr. 11. 20, v 219.— JtpoUod. 3, c. 12. 

Trossulum, a town of Etruria, which gave 
the name of Trossuli to the Roman knights who 
had taken it without the assistance of foot 
•soldiers. Plin. 32, c 2. — Senec. ep. 86 and «'T. 
— Pen. 1, v. 82. 

Trotilcm, a town of Sicily. Thucyd. 6. 
Truentum, or Trufntinum, a-river of Pice- 
mum, filling into the Adriatic. There is also a 
town of the same name in the neighbourhood. 
.Sil 8, v 434.— Mela, 2— Plin 3, c 13. 

Trypherus, a celebrated cook, &c. Juv. 
11. 

Tryphiodorus, a Greek poet and grammari- 
an of Egypt, in the 6thcenturv, who wrote a po- 
em in 24 books on the destruction of Troy, from 



which he excluded the at in the first book, the/s 
in the second, and the y in the third, &c- 

Tryphon, a tyrant of Apamea, in Syria, put 
to death by Antiochus Justin. 36. c. 1. — — A 
surname of one of the Ptolemies. JElian. V. H. 
14, c. 31 — — A grammarian of Alexandria, in 
the age of Augustus. 

Tubantes, a people of Germany. Tacit. 1, 
c. 51 

Tujbero, Q. iElius, a Reman consul, son-in- 
law of Paulus the conqueror of Perseus. He 
is celebrated for his poverty, in which he seem- 
ed to glory as well as the rest of his family. 
Sixteen of the Tuberos, with their wives and 
children, lived in a small house, and maintained 
themselves with the produce of a little field, 
which they cultivated with their own hands. 
The first piece of silver plate that entered the 
house of Tuhero, was a small cup which his 
father-in-law presented to him, after he had 
conquered the king of Macedonia. -A learn- 
ed man — — A governor of Africa. A Ro- 
man general who marched against the Germans 
under the emperors. He was accused of trea- 
son, and acquitted. 

Tdburbo, two towns of Africa, called Major 
and Minor 

Tucca, Plautius, a friend of Horace and 
Virgil. He was, with Varus and Plotius, order- 
ed by Augustus, as some report, to revise the 
iEneid of Virgil, which remained uncorrected 
on account of the premature death of the poet. 

Moral. 1, Sat. 5, v. 40. Sat. 10, v. 84 A 

town of Mauritania. 

Tuccia, an immodest woman in Juvenal's 
age. Juv. 6, v 64. 

Tucia, a river near Rome. Sil. 13, v. 5. 
Tuder, or TuDERriA, an ancient town of 
Umbria The inhabitants were called Tuder- 
tes. Sil. 4, v. 222. 

Tudri, a people of Germany. Tacit- de 
Germ. 42. 

Tugia, mow Tola, a town of Spain. Plin. 
3, c. 1 

Tcgtnti, or Tugeni, a people of Germany. 
Tugurjnus, Jul a Roman knight who con- 
spired against Nero, &c. Tacit. Jl. 15, c. 10. 
TtnsTO, a deity of the Germans, son of Ter- 
ra, and the founder of the cation. Tacit, de 
Germ. 2. 

Tolcis, a river of Spain falling into the Me- 
diterranean, now Francoli. 

Tunings, a people of Germany between the 
Rhine and the Danube C&s 1, c 5. B. G. 

Tplla, one »f Camilla's attendants in the 
Rutulian war. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 656. 

Tullia, a daughter of Servius Tuliius, king 
of Rome. She married Tarquin the Proud, 
after she had murdered her first husband Arunx, 
and consented to see Tuliius assassinated, that 
Tarquin might be raised to the throne. It is 
said that she ordered her chariot to be driven 
over the body of her aged father, which had 
been thrown all- mangled and bloody in one of 
the streets of Rome. She was afterwards ba- 
nished from Rome with her husband Ovid, in 
lb. 363. Another daughter of Servius Tul- 
iius, who married Tarquin the Proud. She was 
murdered by her own husband, that he might 



TU 



TU 



marry her ambitious sister of the same name. 

A daughter of Cicero. [Vid. Tulliola ] 

A debauched woman. Juv. 6, v. 306. 

Tullia lex, de senatu, by M. Tullius Cicero, 
A. U C. 689, enacted that those who had a 
libera legatio granted them by the senate, should 
hold it no more than one year. Such senators 
as bad a libera legatio travelled through the 
provinces of the empire without any expense, 
as if they were employed in the affairs of the 

state. -Another, de ambitu, by the same, the 

same year. It forbad any person two years be- 
fore he canvassed for an office, to exhibit a show 
of gladiators, unless that case had devolved upon 
him by will. Senators guilty of the crime of 
ambitus, were punished with the aquas. &f ignis 
interdictio for ten years, and the penalty inflict- 
ed on the commons was more severe than that 
of the Calpurnian law. 

Tullianum, a subterraneous prison in Rome, 
built by Servius Tullius, and added to the other 
called Robur, where criminals were confined. 
Sallust in B- Catil. 

Tulliola, or Tullia, a daughter of Cicero 
by Terentia. She married Caitts Piso, and 
afterwards Funus Crassipes, and lastly P. Corn. 
Dolabella. With this last husband she had 
every reason to be dissatisfied. Dolabella was 
turbulent, and consequently the cause of much 
grief to Tullia and her father. Tullia died in 
childbed, about 44 years before Christ. Cicero 
was so inconsolable on this occasion, that some 
have accused him of an unnatural partiality for 
his daughter. According to a ridiculous story 
which some of the moderns report, in the age 
of pope Paul 3d, a monument was discovered 
on the Appian road, with the. superscription of 
Tullicloz filioz niece. The body of a woman was 
found in it. which was reduced to ashes as soon 
as touched; there was also a lamp burning, 
which was extinguished as soon as the air gain- 
ed admission there, and which was supposed to 
have been lighted above 1500 years. Cic — 
Plut. in Cic. 

Tullius Cimber, the son of a freed-man, 
rose to great honours, and followed the interest 
of Pompey. He was reconciled to J. Ccesar, 

whom he murdered with Brutus. Plut.- 

Cicero, a celebrated orator. {Vid. Cicero.] 
■ The son of the orator Cicero. [Fid Cice- 
ro.] Servius, a king of Rome. [Vid Ser- 
vius.] Senecio, a man accused of conspiracy 

against Nero with Piso. A friend of Otho 

One of the kings of Rome. [Vid. Servius.] 

Tullus Hostihus, the third king of Rome 
after the death of Numa. • He was of a war- 
like and active disposition, and signalized him- 
self by his expedition against the people of Alba, 
whom he conquered, and whose city he destroy- 
ed, after the famous battle of die Horatii and 
Curiatii. He afterwards carried his arms against 
the Latins and the neighbouring states with suc- 
cess, and enforced reverence for majesty among 
his subjects. He died with all his family about 
640 years before the Christian era, after a reign 
of 32 years. The manner of his death is not 
precisely known. Some suppose that he was 
killed by lightning, while he was performing 
some magical ceremonies in his own house; or 



according to the more probable accounts of 
others, be was murdered by Ancus Martius; 
who set fire to the paiace, to make it believed 
that the impiety of Tullus had been punished 
by heaven. Ftor. 1, c 3 — Diovys Hal. 3, c. 
1. — Virg JEn 6, v. 814. — Liv. 1,'c. 22. — 

Plut. A consul, A Li. C. 686. Horat 3, 

od. 8, v. 12. 

Tjdneta, or Tunis, a town of Africa, near 
which Regulus was defeated and taken by Xan- 
thippus. liv. 30, c. 9. 

Tungri, a name given to some of the Ger- 
mans, supposed to live on the banks of the 
Maese, whose chief city, called Atoatuca, is 
now Tongeren. — — The river of the country is 
now the Spaw. Tacit de Germ. 2. 

C. Turanius, a Latin tragic poet in the age 
of Augustus. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 29. 

Turba, a town of Gaul. 

Turbo, a gladiator, mentioned Horat. 2, Sat. 
3, v 310. He was of a small stalure, but un- 
commonly courageous. A governor of Pan- 

nonia, under the emperors. 

Turdetani, or Turdutt, a people of Spain, 
inhabiting both sides of (he Bcetis. Liv. 21, c. 

6, 1. 28, c 39, I. 34, c 17. 

Turesis, a Thracian, who revolted from Ti- 
berius. 

Turias, a river of Spain falling into the Me- 
diterranean, now GuadaLaviar. 

Turicum, a town of Gaul, now Zurich, ia 
Switzerland. 

Turiosa, a town of Spain, 

Turiu^, a corrupt judge in the Augustan age. 
Horat. 2, Sat 1. v. 49. 

Turnus, a king of tbe Rutuli, son of Daunus 
and Venilia. He made war against iEneas, awl 
attempted to drive him away from Italy, that 
he might not marry the dan hter of LatinuSj. 
who had been previously engaged to him. His 
efforts were attended with no success, though 
supported with great courage and a numerous 
army. He was conquered and at last killed in 
a single combat by iEneas. He is represented 
as a man of uncommon strength. Virg. JEn. 

7, v. 56, &c —Tibuti. 2, el. 5, v. 49.— Ovid. 
Fast 4 v. 879. Met. 14, v. 451. 

! urones, a people of Gaul, whose capital, 
Csesarodunum, is (he modern Tours. 

Turpso Vid. Ambivius. 

Turrus, a river of Italy falling into the Adri- 
atic. 

Turullius, one of Caesar's murderers. 

Turuntus, a river of Sarmatia, supposed t© 
be the Dvvina, or Dtina. 

Tuscania and Tuscia, a large country at 
the west of Rome, the same as Etruria. [Vid, 
Etruria.] 

Tusci, tbe inhabitants of Etruria. The 

villa of Pliny the younger near the sources of 
the Tiber. Plin. ep. 5 and 6. 

Tusculavum, a country house of Cicero, 
near Tusculum, where among other books the 
orator composed his quaestiones concerning the 
contempt of death, &x. in five books. Cic. Tusc, 
1, c 4. Jilt. 15, ep. 2. Div. 2, c 1. 

Tusculum, a town of Latinm on the declivity 
of a hill, about 12 miles from Rome, founded 
by Telegonus the son of Ulysses and Circe. It 



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is now called Frescati, and is famous for the 
magnificent villas in its neighbourhood. Cic. ad 
Attic— Strab. b.—Horat. 3. Od. 23, v. 8, &c. 

Tuscus, belonging to Etruria. The Tiber is 
called Tuscus amnis, from its situation. Virg. 
Mn. 10, v. 199. 

Tuscus vicus, a small village near Rome. 
It received this name from the Etrurians of 
Poisenua's army that settled there. Liv. 2, c. 
14. 

Tuscum mare, a part of the Mediterranean 
on the coast of Etruria. [Vid. Tyrrhenum.] 

Tuta, a queen of Iiiyricum, &c. [Vid. 
Teuta.] 

Tutia, a vestal virgin accused of inconti- 
nence. She proved herseif to be innocent by 
carrying water from the Tiber to the temple of 
Vesta in a sieve, after a solemn invocation to 

the goddess. Liv. 20 A small river six 

miles from Rome, where Annibal pitched his 
camp, when he retreated from the city. Liv. 
26, c. 11. 

Tdticum, a town of the Hirpini. 

Tyana, a town at the foot of mount Taurus 
in Cappadocia, where Apollonius was bora, 
whence he is called Tyaneus. Ovid. Met. S, v. 
719.— Strab. 12. 

Tvanitis, a province of Asia Minor, near 
Cappadocia. 

Tibris. [Vid. Tiberis.] A Trojan who 

fought in Italy with iEneas against Turaus. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 124. 

Tybur, a town of Latiura on the Anio. [Vid. 
Tibur.] 

Tyche, one of the Oceanitles. Hesiod. Theog. 

v. 360. A part of the town of Syracuse. 

Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 53. 

Tychius, a celebrated artist of Hyle in 
Boeotia, who made Hector's shield, which was 
covered with the hides of seven oxen. Ovid. 
Fast. 3, v. 823.— Strab. 9.— Homer. II. 7, r. 
220. 

Tyde, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. 
Ital. 3, v. 367. 

Tydeus, a son of (Eneus, king of Calydon 
and Periboea. He fled from his country after 
the accidental murder of one of his friends, and 
found a safe asylum in the court of Adrastus, 
king of Argos, whose daughter Deiphyle he 
married. When Adrastus wished to replace his 
son-in-law Polynices on the throne of Thebes, 
Tydeus undertook to go and declare war against 
Eteocles, who usurped the crown. The recep- 
tion he met provoked his resentment; he chal- 
lenged Eteocles and his officers to single combat, 
and defeated them. On his return to Argos, he 
slew 50 of the Thebans who had conspired 
against his life, and laid in ambush to surprise 
him; and only one of the number was permitted 
to return to Thebes, to bear the tidings of the 
fate of his companions. He was one of the 
seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, and dur- 
ing the Tbeban war he behaved with great 
courage. Many of the enemies expired under 
his blows, till he was at last wounded by Mela- 
nippus. Though the blow was fatal, Tydeus had 
the strength to dart at his enemy, and to bring 
him to the ground, before he was carried away 
from the fight by his companions. At his own 



request, the dead body of Melanippus wag 
brought to him, and after he had ordered the 
bead to be cut off, he began to tear out the 
brains with his teeth. The savage barbarity of 
Tydeus displeased Minerva, who was coming to 
bring him relief, and to make him immortal, 
and the goddess left him to his fate, and suffer- 
ed him to die. He was buried at Argos, where 
his monument was still to be seen in the age of 
Pausanias. He was father to Diomedes. Some 
suppose that the cause of his flight to Argos, 
was the murder of the son of Melus, or, accord- 
ing to others, of Alcathous his father's brother, 
or perhaps his own brother Olenius. Homer. II. 
4, v. 365, 387.— Apollod. 1, c. S, 1. 3, c. 6.— 
JEschyl. Sept. Ante Theb—Paus. 9, c. 18.— 
Diod. 2. — Eurip. in Sup. — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 
479.— Ovid, in lb. 350, &c. 

Tydides, a patronymic of Diomedes, as son 
of Tydeus. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 101. — Horat. 1, 
Od. 15, v. 28. 

Tylos, a town of Peloponnesus near Taena- 
rus, now Bahrain. 

Tymber, a son of Daunus, who assisted Tur- 
nus. His head was cut off" in an engagement 
by Pallas. Virg JEn- 10, v. 391, &c. 

Tymolus, a mountain. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 15. 
[Vid Tmolus] 

Tympania, an inland town of Elis. 

Tymph^i, a people between Epirus and 
Thessaly. 

J yndarTd.e, a patronymic of the children of 
Tyndarus, as Castor, Pollux, and Helen, &c. 
Ovid. Met. 8 A people of Colchis. 

Tyndaris, a patronymic of Helen, daughter 

of Tyndarus. Virg. JEn. 2, v 569. A town 

of Sicily near Pelorus, founded by a Messenian 
colony. Strab. Q.—Plin. "2, c. 9 1 — Sit. 14, r. 
209. — Horace gave this name to one of his mis- 
tresses, as best expressive of all female accom- 
plishments. 1, Od 17, v. 10 -A name giv- 
en to Cassandra. Ovid. Ji. Ji. 2, v. 408. 

A town of Colchis on the Phasis. Plin. 

Tymdarus, son of (Ebalus and Gorgophone, 
or, according to some, of Perieres. He was 
king of Lacedaemon, and married the celebrated 
Leda, who bore bim Timandra, Philonoe, &c. 
and also became mother of Pollux and Helen by 
Jupiter. [Vid. Leda, Castor, Pollux, Clytem- 
nestra, &c ] 

Tynnichus, a general of Heraclea. Poly<en. 

Typhosus, or Typhon, a famous giant, son 
of Tartarus and Terra, who had a hundred heads 
like those of a serpent or a dragon. Flames of 
devouring fire were darted from his mouth and 
from his eyes, and he uttered horrid yells, like 
the dissonant shrieks of different animals. He 
was no sooner born, than, to avenge the death 
of his brothers the giants, he made war against 
heaven, and so frightened the gods, that they fled 
away and assumed different shapes. Jupiter 
became a ram, Mercury an ibis, Apollo aciow, 
Juno a cow, Bacchus a goat, Diana a cat, Ve- 
nus a fish, &c. The father of the gods at last 
resumed courage, and put Typhosus to flight 
with his thunderbolts, and crushed him under 
mount iEtna, in the island of Sicily, or accord- 
ing to some, under the island Inarime. Ty- 
phosus became father of Geryon, Cerberus, and 



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Orthos, by his union with Echidna. Hygin. 
fab. 152 and 196,— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 325 — 
JEschyl sept. ante. Theb. — Hesiod. Theog. 820 
Homer. Hym. — Herodot. 2, c 156 — Virg. JEn. 
9, v 716. 

Ttphon, a giant whom Juno produced by 
striking the earth- Some of the poets make him 
the same as the famous Typhosus. [Vid. Ty- 
phosus.] A brother of Osiris, who married 

Nepthys. He laid snares Tor his brother during 
his expedition, and murdered him at his return 
The death of Osiris was avenged by his son 
Orus, and Typhon was put to death. [Vid. Osi- 
ris.] He was reckoned among the Egyptians to 
be the cause of every evil, and on that account 
generally represented as a wolf or a crocodile. 
Plut. in fs &f O^—niod 1. 

Tyrannion, a grammarian of Pontus, inti- 
nate with Cicero. His original name was Theo- 
phrastus, and he received that of Tyrannion, 
from his austerity to his pupils^ He was taken 
by Lucullus, and restored to his liberty by Mu- 
rasna. He opened a school in the house of his 
friend Cicero, and enjoyed his friendship. He 
was extremely fond of 'books, and collected a li- 
brary of about 30 000 volumes. To his care 
and industry the world is indebted for the pre- 
servation of Aristotle's works. — —There was 
also one of his disciples called Diodes, who bore 
bis name. He was a native of Phoonicia, and 
was made prisoner in the war of \ugustus and 
Antony. He was bought by Dymes, one of the 
emperor's favourites, and afterwards by Teren- 
tia, who gave him his liberty. He wrote 68 
different volumes, in one of whieh he proved 
that the Latin tongue was derived from the 
Greek, and another in which Homer's poems 
were corrected, &c. 

Tyrannus, a son of Pterelaus. 

Tyras, or Tyra, a river of European Sar- 
matia, falling into the Euxine sea, between the 
Danube and the Borysthenes, now called the 
Jviester. Ovid. Pont 4. el. 10, v. 50. 

Tyres, one of the companions of iEneas in 
his wars against Turnus. He was brother to 
Teuthras. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 403. 

Tyridates, a rich man in the age of Alex- 
ander, &c. Curt. 

Tmn, or Tyrus, a town of Magna Graecia. 

Tyriotes, an eunuch of Darius, who fled 
from Alexander's camp to inform his master of 
the queen's death. Curt. 4, c. 10. 

Tyro, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Salmo- 
neus, king of Elis and Aleidice. She was 
treated with great severity by her mother-in- 
law Sidero, and at last removed from her fa- 
ther's house by her uncle Cretheus. She be- 
came enamoured of the Enipeus; and as she of- 
ten walked on the banks of the river, Neptune 
assumed the shape of her favourite lover, and 
gained her affections. She had two sons, Pelias 
and Neleus, by Neptune, whom she exposed, to 
conceal her incontinence from the world. The 
children were preserved by shepherds, and when 
they had arrived to years of maturity, they 
avenged their mother's injuries by assassinating 
the cruel Sidero. Some time after her amour 
with Neptune, Tyro married her uncle Cre- 
theus, by whom she had Amythaon, Phercs, and 



.ZEson. Tyro is often called Salmonis from her 
father. Horn er Od ll,v 234 — Pyndar. Pyth. 
4. — Jlpoliod 1, c. 9. — Diod. 4. — Propert. 1, 
el. 13, v. 20, I. 2, el. 30, v. 51. I 3, el. 19, v. 
13.— Ovid. Jim. 3, el. 6, v. 43 —JElian. V. H. 
12, c 42. 

Tyros, an island of Arabia. A city of 

Phoenicia. [Vid. Tyrus.] 

TyrrheidjE, a patronymic given to the sons 
of Tyrrbeus, who kept the flocks of Latinus, 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 484. 

Tyrrheni, the inhabitants of Etruria. [Vid, 
Elruria.] 

Tyrrhenus mare, that part of the Mediter- 
ranean which lies on the coast of Etruria. It 
is also called Inferum, as being at the bottom 
or south ofltaly. 

Tyrrhenus, a son of Atys king of Lydia, 
who came to Italy, where part of the country 
was called after him Strab 5 — Tacit. Jinn, 

4. c 55. — Paitrc. 1, c. 1 A friend of jEneas. 

V>rg. JEn 11, v. 612. 

Tyrrheus, a shepherd of king Latinus, whose 
stag being killed by the companions of Asca- 
nius, was the fust cause of war between iEneas 
and the inhabitants of Latium. Hence the 

word Tyrrheides. Virg. JEn 7, v. 485. 

An Egvptian general, B. C. 91. 

Tt Rsis, a place in the Balearides, supposed 
to be the palace of Saturn. 

Tyrt.eus, a Greek elegiac poet born in At- 
tica, son of Archimbrotus. In the second Mes- 
senian war, the Lacedaemonians were directed 
by the oracle to apply to the Athenians for a 
genetal, if they wished to finish their expedition 
with success, and they were contemptuously pre- 
sented with Tyrtffius. The poet, though ridicul- 
ed for his many deformities, and his ignorance 
of military affairs, animated the Lacedaemonians 
with martial songs, just as they wished to raise 
the siege of Ithome, and inspired them with so 
much courage, that they defeated the Messeni- 
ans. For his services, he was made a citizen 
of Lacedasmon, and treated tvith great attention. 
Of the compositions of Tyrtaeus, nothing is ex- 
tant but the fragments of four or five elegies. 
He flourished about 684 B. C Justin. 2, c. 5. 
— Strab. 8 — Jtristot. Polit. 5, c l.—Horat. de 
Jlrt. p. 402.— JElian. V. H. 12, c. 50.— Paus. 
4, c. 6, &c. 

Tyrus, or Tyros, a very ancient city of 
Phoenicia, built by the Sidonians, on a small 
island at the south of Sidon, about 200 stadia 
from the shore, and now called Stir. There 
were, properly speaking, two places of that 
name, the old Tyros, called Pal^lyros, on the 
sea-shore, and the other in the island. It was 
about 19 miles in circumference, including Pa- 
lastyros, but without it about four miles Tyre 
was destroyed by the princes of Assyria, and af- 
terwards rebuilt. It maintained its independ- 
ence till the age of Alexander, who took it with 
much difficulty, and only after he had joined the 
island to the continent by a mole, after a siege 
of seven months, on the 20th of August, B- C. 
332. The Tyrians were naturally industrious; 
their city was the emporium of commerce, and 
they were deemed the inventors of scarlet and 
purple colours. They founded many cities in 

5 B 



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different parts of the world, such as Carthage, 
Gades, Leptis, Utioa, &c which on that account 
are often distinguished by the epithet Tyna. 
The buildings of Tyre were very splendid and 
magnificent; the walls were 150 feet high, with 
a proportionable breadth. Hercules was the 
chief deity of the place. Jt had two large and 
capacious harbours, and a powerful fleet; and 



was built, according to some writers, about 
2760 years before the Christian era. Strab. 16. 
Herodot. 2, c 44. — Mela, 1, c. 12. — Curt. 4, 
c. 4,— ! r irg.Mi 1, v. 6, 339, &c.— Ovid. Fast. 

l,&c. Met. 5 and 10. Lucan. 3, &c. 

A nymph, mother of Venus, according to some. 
Tysias, a man celebrated by Cicero. [Vid. 
Tisias.j 



VA 



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VACATIONE (lex de) was enacted concern- 
ing the exemption from military service, 
and contained this very remarkable clause, nisi 
helium Gallicum exorialur, in which case the 
priests themselves were not exempted from ser- 
vice. This can intimate how apprehensive the 
Romans were of the Gauls, by whom their city 
had once been taken. 

Vacca, a town of Numidia. Sallust. Jug. 
A river of Spain. 

Vacc^ei, a people at the north of Spain. Liv 
21, c 5, 1. 35, c. 7, 1. 46, c. 47. 

Vaccus, a general, &c Liv. 8, c. 19. 

Vacuna, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
over repose and leisure, as the word indicates, 
(vacare.) Her festivals were observed in the 
month of December. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 307. — 
Horat 1, ep. 10, v. 49. 

Vadimgnis Lacus, now Bassano, a lake of 
Etruria, whose waters were sulphureous. The 
Etrurians were defeated there by the Romans, 
and the Gauls by Dolabella. Liv. 9, c. 39. — 
Flor. 1, c 13. — Plin. 8, ep. 20. 

Vaga, a town of Africa. Sil. 3, v. 259. 

Vagedrusa, a river of Sicily, between the 
towns of Camarina and Gela. SiL 14, v. 229 

Vagelltus, an obscene lawyer of Mutina. 
Juv. 16, v. 23. 

Vageni, or Vagienni, a people of Liguria, 
at the sources of the Po, whose capital was call- 
ed Augusta Vagiennoruni. Sil. 8, v. 606. 

Vahalis, a river of modern Holland, now 
called the Waal. Tacit. Ann 2, c. 6. 

Vala, C Numonius, a friend of Horace, to 
whom the poet addressed 1 ep. 15 

Valens. Flavius, a son of Gratian, born in 
Pannonia. His brother Valentinian took him 
as his colleague on the throne, and appointed 
him over the eastern parts of the Roman em- 
pire. The bold measures and the threats of the 
rebel Proropius, frightened the new emperor; 
and if his friends had not intervened, he would 
have willingly resigned all his pretensions to the 
empire, which bis brother had entrusted to his 
care. By perseverance, however, Valens was 
enabled to destroy his rival, and to distinguish 
himself in his wars against the northern barba- 
rians But his lenity to these savage 1 intruders 
proved fatal to the Roman power; and by per- 
mitting some of the Goths to settle in the pro- 
vinces of Thrace, and to have free access to eve- 
Vy part of the country. Valen* encouraged them 
to make depredations on his subjects, and to dis- 
tnrb their tranquillity. His eyes were opened 



too late; he attempted to repel them, but he 
failed in the attempt. A bloody battle was 
fought, in which the barbarians obtained some 
advantage, and Valens was hurried away by the 
obscurity of the night, and the affection of his 
soldiers for his person, int» a lonely house, which 
the Goths set on fire. Valens, unable to make 
his escape, was burnt alive, in the 50th year of 
his age, after a reign of 15 years, A. D. 378. 
He has been blamed for his superstition and 
cruelty, in putting to death all such of his sub- 
jects whose name began by Theod, because he 
had been informed by his favourite astrologers, 
that his crown would devolve upon the head of 
an otficer whose name began with these letters. 
Valens did not possess any of the great qualities 
which distinguish a great and powerful mo- 
narch. He was illiterate, and of a disposition 
naturally indolent and inactive. Yet though 
timorous in the highest degree, he was warlike; 
and though fond of ease, he was acquainted with 
the character of his officers, and preferred none 
but such as possessed merit He was a great 
friend of discipline, a pattern of chastity and 
temperance, and he showed himself always 
ready to listen to the just complaints of his sub- 
jects, though he gave an attentive ear to flattery 

and malevolent informations. Jlmmian. &c. 

Valerius, a pro-consul of Achaia, who proclaim- 
ed himself emperor of Rome, when Marcian, 
who had been invested with the purple in the 
east, attempted to assassinate him. He reign- 
ed only six months, and was murdered by his 

soldiers, A. D. 261. Fabius, a friend of Vi- 

tellius, whom he saluted emperor, in opposition 
to Otho. He was greatly honoured by Vitellius, 

&c A general of the emperor Honorius. 

The name of the second Mercury, mentioned by 
Cic. deNat. D. 3, c. 22, but considered as more 
properly belonging to Jupiter. 

Valentia one of the ancient names of Rome. 
A town of Spain, a little below Saguntum, 



founded by J. Brutus, and for some time known 

by the name of Julia Colonia. A town of 

Italy. Another in Sardinia. 

Valentinianus 1st, a son of Gratian, raised 
to the imperial throne by his merit and valour. 
He kept the western part of the empire for 
himself, and appointed over the east his brother 
Valens. He gave the most convincing proof of 
his military valour in the victories which he 
obtained over the barbarians in the. provinces 
of Gaul, the deserts of Africa, or on the banks 
of the Rhine and the Danube. The insolence 



TA 



VA 



©f the Quadi he punished with great severity; 
and when these desperate aud indigent barba- 
rians had deprecated the conqueror's mercy, 
Valentinian treated them with contempt, and 
upbraided them with every mark of resentment. 
White he spoke with such warmth, he broke a 
blood vessel, aud fell lifeless on the ground. 
He was conveyed into his palace by his attend- 
ants, and soon after died, after suffering the 
greatest agonies, violent fits, and contortions of 
his limbs, on the 17th of November, A. D. 375 
He was then in the 55th year of his age, and 
had reigned 12 years. He has been represent- 
ed by some, as cruel and covetous in the highest 
degree. He was naturally of an irascible dis- 
position, and he gratified his pride in expressing 
a coutempt for those who were his equals in 
military abilities, or who shone for gracefulness 

or elegance of address, Amman. About 

six days after the death of Vaientinian, his 
second son Valentinian the second, was pro- 
claimed emperor, though only five years old 
He succeeded his brother Gratian, A. D. 383, 
but his youth seemed to favour dissention, and 
the attempts and the usurpations of rebels. He 
was robbed of his throne by Maximus, four 
years after the death of Gratian; and in this 
helpless situation he bad recourse to The- 
odosius, who was then emperor of the east. He 
was successful in his applications; Maximus was 
conquered by Theodosius, and Valentinian en- 
tered Rome in triumph, accompanied by his 
benefactor. He was some time after strangled 
by one of his officers, a native of Gaul, called 
Arbogastes, in whom he had placed too much 
confidence, and from whom he expected more 
deference than the ambition of a barbarian 
could pay. Valentinian reigned nine years. 
This happened the 15th of May, A D. 292, at 
Vienne, one of the modern towns of France. 
He has been commended for his many virtues, 
and the applause whicb the populace bestowed 
upon him was bestowed upon real merit. He 
abolished the greatest part of the taxes; and 
because his subjects complained that he was 
too fond of the amusements of the circus, he 
, ordered all such festivals to be abolished, and 
all the wild beasts that were kept for the en er- 
tainment of the people to oe slain. He was 
remarkable for his benevolence and clemency, 
not only to his friends, but even to such a9 had 
conspired against his life; and he used to say, 
thai tyrants alone are suspicious He was 
fond of imitating the virtues and exemplary life 
of his friend and patron Theouosius, and if he 
had lived longer, the Romans might have en- 
joyed peace and security. Valentinian the 

third, was son of Constantius and Placidia, the 
daughter of Theodosius the Great, and there- 
fore, as related to the imperial family, he was 
saluted emperor in his youth, and publicly ac- 
knowledged as such at Rome, the 3 J of Octo- 
ber, A. D. 423, ab'ut the 6th year of his age. 
He was at first governed by his mother and 
the intrigues of his generals and courtiers; and 
when he came to years of discretion, he dis- 
graced himself by violence, oppression, and in- 
continence. He was murdered in the midst of 
Rome, A. D. 454, in the 36th year of his age, 



and 31st of his reign, by Petronius Maximus? 
to whose wife he had offered violence. The 
vices of Valentinian the third were conspicuous; 
every passion he wished to gratify at the ex- 
pense of his honour, his healtn, aud character; 
and as he lived without one single act of be- 
nevolence or kindness, he died lamented by 
none, though pitied for his imprudence and vi- 
cious propensities. He was the last of the fami- 
ly of Theodosius. A son of the emperor 

Gratian, who died when very young. 

Valeria, a sister of Publicola, who advised 
the Roman matrons to go and deprecate the 

resentment of Coriolanus. Plut. in Cor. 

A daughter of Puidicola, given as an hos:age 
to Porsenna hy the Romans. She fled from 
the enemy's country with Cloelia, and swam 

across the Tiber Plul. de V t rt. Mul A 

daughter of Messala, sister to Horteusius, who 

married Sylla. The wife of the emperor 

Valentinian. The wife of the emperor Ga- 

ierius, &c A road in Sicily, which led from 

Messana to Lilybaeum. A town of Spain. 

Plin. 3, c 3. 

Valeria lex, de provocatione, by P. Va- 
lerius Poplicola, the sole consul, A. U. C. 243. 
It permitted the appeal from a magistrate to 
the people, and forbad the magistrate to pun- 
ish a citizen for making the appeal. It further 
made it a capital crime for a citizen to aspire 
to the sovereignty of Rome, or to exercise any 
office without the choice and approbation of the 
people, fed Max.4,c 1. — Liv. 2. c. 8.— - 

Dion. Hal 4. \nother, t/e debitoribus, by 

Valerius Flaccus It required that all creditors 
should discharge their debtors, on receiving a 

fourth part of the whole sum Another by 

M. Valerius Corvinus, A. U C. 453, which 
confirmed the first Valeriau law, enacted by 

Poplicola Another, called also Horalia, by 

L. Valerius and M. Hoiatius the consuls, A. 
U C. 304. It revived the first Valerian law, 
which under the triumvirate bad lost its force. 

Another de magistratibus, by P. Valerius 

Poplicola, sole consul, A. U. C 243. It 
created two quaestors to take care of the public 
treasure, which was for the future to be kept ia 
the temple of Saturn. Plut. in Pop. — Liv. 2. 
Valertanus, Publius Licinius, a Roman, 
proclaimed emperor by the armies in Rhaetia, 
A. D 254. The virtues which shone in him 
when a private man, were lost when he ascend- 
ed the throne. Formerly distinguished for his 
temperance, moderation, and many virtues, 
which fixed the uninfluenced choice of all Rome 
upon him, Valerian, invested with the purple, 
displayed inability and meanness. He was 
cowardly in his operations, and though acquaint- 
ed with war, and the patron of science, he sel- 
dom acted with prudence, or favoured men of 
true genius and merit. tie took his son 
Gallienus as his colleague ia the empire, and 
showed the malevolence of his heart by per- 
secuting: the Christians whom he had for a 
while tolerated. He also made war against 
the Goths and Scythians; but in an expedition 
which he undertook against Sapor, king of Per- 
sia, bis arms wee: attended with ill success. 
He was conquered in Mesopotamia, and wh<w 



VA 



VA 



he wished to have a private conference with 
Sapor, the conqueror seized his person, and 
carried him in triumph to his capital, where he 
exposed him, and in all the ciUes of his empire, 
to the ridicule and insolence of his subjects. 
When the Persian monarch mounted on horse- 
back, Valerian served as a foot t>ol, and the 
many otner insults which he suffered, excited 
indignation even among the courtiers of Sapor. 
The monarch at last ordered him to be flayed 
alive, and salt to be thrown over his mangled 
bodv, so that he died in the greatest torments. 
Hi* skin was tanned, and painted in red; and 
that the ignominy of the Roman empire might 
be lasting, it was nailed in one of the temples 
of Persia Valerian died in the 71st year of 
his age, A D. 260, after a reign of seven years. 

— A grandson of Valerian the emperor. He 

was put to death when his father, the emperor 

Gallienus, was killed. One of the generals 

of the usurper Niger. A worthy senator, put 

to death by Heliogab dus. 

Valerius Publics, a celebrated Roman, 
surnamed Popticota, for his popularity. He 
was very active in assisting Brutus to expel the 
Tarquins, and he was the first that took an oath 
to support the liberty and independence of his 
country. Though he had been refused the 
consulship, and had retired with great dissatis- 
faction from the direction of affairs, yet he re- 
garded the public opinion, and when the jeal- 
ousy of the Romans inveighed against the tower- 
ing appearance of his house, he acknowledged 
the reproof, and in making it lower, he showed 
his wish to be on a level with his fellow citi- 
zens, and not to erect what might be consider- 
ed as a citadel for the oppression of lus country. 
He was afterwards honoured with the consul- 
ship, on the expulsion of Coilatinus, and he 
triumphed over the Etrurians, after he had 
gained the victory in the battle in which Bru- 
tus and the sons of Tarquin had fallen. Vale- 
rius died after he had been four times consul, 
and enjoyed the popularity, and received the 
thanks and the gratitude, which people redeem- 
ed from slavery and oppression usually pay to 
their patrons and deliverers. He was so poor 
that his body was buried at die public expense. 
The Roman matrons mourned his de*th a whole 
year Plat, in vita. — Flor. 1, c. 9. — Liv. 3, 
c. 8, &c Corvitius, a tribune of the sol- 
diers under Camillus. When the Roman army 
were challenged by ope of the Senones, remark- 
able for bis strength and stature, Valerius un- 
dertook to engage him, and obtained an easy 
victory, by means of a crow that assisted him, 
and attacked the face of the Gaul, whence his 
surname of Corvinus. Valerius triumphed 
over the Etrurians, and the neighbouring states 
that made war against Rome, and was six times 
honoured with the consulship He died in the 
100th year of his age admired and regretted for 
many private and public virtues. Vol. Max. 
3, c. 13.— Liv. 7, c 27, &c.—Plut. in Mar. 

— Cic in Cat -Antias, an excellent Roman 

historian often quoted, and particularly by Livy. 
Flaccus, a consul with Cato, whose friend- 
ship he honourably shared. He made war 
against the Insubres and Boii, and killed 10,000 



of the enemy. Marcus Corvinus Messafa, a 

Roman made consul with Augustus. He distin- 
guished himself by his learning as well as military 
viriues. He lost his memory aoout two years 
before his death, and according to some, he 
was even ignorant of his own name. Sueton. 

in Jiug. — Cic in Brut. Soranus, a Latin 

poet in the age of Julius Ctcsar, put to death 
for betraying a secret. He acknowledged no 

god, but the sou! of the universe. Maximus, 

a brother of Poplicola. A Latin historian 

who carried arms under the sons of Pompey. 
• He dedicated his time to study, and wrote an 
account of ail the most celebrated sayings and 
actions of tne Romans, and other illustrious 
persons, which is still extant, and divided into 
nine books. It is dedicated to Tioerius. Some 
have supposed that he lived after the age of 
Tiberius, from the want of purity and elegance, 
which so conspicuously appear in his (Writings, 
unworthy of the correctness of the golden age 
of the Roman literature. The best editions of 
Valerius are those of Torrenius, 4to. L. Bat. 

1726, and of Vorstius, Svo. Bcrolin. 1672. 

Marcus, a brother of Popficola, who defeated 
the army of the Sabines in two battles He 
was honoured with a triumph and the Romans, 
to show tneir sense of his great merit, built 
him a house on mount Palatine, at the public 

expense. Potitus, a general who stirred 

up the people and army against the decemvirs, 
and Appius Claudius in particular. He was 
chosen consul, and conquered the Vulsci and 

JEqui. Flaccus, a Roman, intimate with 

Cato the censor. He was consul with him, 
and cut off an army of 10,000 Gauls in one 
battle. He was also chosen censor, and prince 
of the senate, &c A Latin poet who flour- 
ished under Vaspasi^n. He wrote a poem in 
eight books on the Argonautic expedition, but 
it remained unfinished on account of his prema- 
ture death The Argonauts were there left on 
the sea in their return home. Some critics 
nave been lavish in their praises upon Flaccus, 
and have called him the second poet of Rome, 
after Virgil. His poetry, however, is deemed 
by some frigid and languishing, and his style 
uncouth and inelegant. The best editions of 
Flaccus are those of Burman, L Bat. 1724, 
and l2mo. Utr. 1702. Asiaticus, a celebrat- 
ed Roman, accused of having murdered one 
of the relations of the emperor Claudius. He 
was condemned by the intrigues of Messalina, 
though innocent, and he opened his veins and 

bled to death. Tacit. Jinn. A friend of 

Vitellius. Fabianus, a youth condemned un- 
der Nero, for counterfeiting the will of one of 

his friends, &x\ Tacit. Jinn. 14, c. 42. 

Laevinus, a consuhwho fought against Pyrrhus 

during the Tarentine war. Vid. Lsevinus. 

Praeconinus, a lieutenant of Caesar's army in 

Gaul, slaiu in a skirmish. Paulinus, a friend 

of Vespasian, &c 

Valerus 
Virg JEn. 10, v: 752 

Valgius Rufus, a Roman poet in the August- 
an age, celebrated for his writings. He was 
very intimate with Horace. Tibull. 3, 1. 1, v. 
180.— Horat. I, Sat. 10, v. 82* 



a friend of Turnus against iEneas. 



VA 



VA 



Vandalii, a people of Germany. Tacit de 
Germ. c. 3. 

Vangionks, a people of Germany. Their 
capital, Borbetoniagus, is now caiied Worms. 
Lucan. 1, v. 431. — Cces. G. l,c 51. 

Vawni-v, a towa of Italy, north of the Po, now 
called Civita. 

Vannius, a king of the Suevi, banished un- 
der Claudius, &c. Tacit. Jinn. 22, c. 29. 

Vapineum, a town of Gaul. 

Varanes, a name common to some of the 
Persian monarchs, in the age of the Roman em- 
perors. 

VARDiEi, a people of Dalmatia. Cic. Fam. 
5, ep 9. 

Varia, a town of Latiam. 

Varia lex, de majeslate, by the tribune L 
Varius, A. U. C. 662. It ordained that all such 
as had assisted the confederates in their war 
against Rome, should be publicly tried. Ano- 
ther, de Civilate, by Q. Varius Hybrid a. It 
punished ail such as were suspected of having 
assisted or supported the people of Italy in their 
petition to become free citizens of Rome. Cic 
pro. Mil. 36. in Brut 56, 88, &c. 

VarLvi, a people of Germany. Tacit, de Ger. 
40. 

Varisti, a people of Germany, 

Lucius Varius, or Varus, a tragic poet in- 
timate with Horace and Viigil. He was one of 
those whom Augustus appointed to revise Vir- 
gil's iEneid. Some fragments of his poetry are 
still extant Besides tragedies, he wrote a pa- 
negyric on the emperor. Quimiliiaa says 1. 10, 
that his Thyestes was equal to any composition 

of the Greek poets. Horat. 1. sat. 5, v. 40. 

A man who raised his reputation by the power 

of his oratory 'Jic- de Or at. 1, c. 25. One 

of the friends of Antony, surnamed Gotylon. 



A man in the reign of Otho, punished for his 
adulteries, &c. 

Varro, M. Terentius, a Roman consul de- 
feated at Cannae, by Annibal. [Fid. Terentius.] 

A Latin writer, celebrated for his great 

learning. He wrote no less than 500 different 
volumes, which are all now lost, except a trea- 
tise de Re Rustled, and another de Lingua 
Latind, in 5 books, written in his 80th year, and 
dedicated to the orator Cicero. He was Pom- 
pey's lieutenant in his piratical wars, and ob- 
tained a nava! crown. In the civil wars he was 
taken by Ca:sar, and proscribed, but he escaped 
He has been greatly commended by Cicero for 
his erudition, and St. Augustin says, that it can- 
not but be wondered how Varro, who read such 
a number of books, could find time to compose 
so many volumes; and how he who composed so 
many volumes, could be at leisure to peruse 
such a variety of books, and gain so much litera- 
ry information. He died B. C 28, in the 88th 
year of his age. The best edition of Varro is 
that of Dordrac, 8vo. 1619. Cic. in Acad. &c. 

— Qjiintil Attacinu-', a native of Gaul, in 

the age of J. Caesar. He translated into Latin 
verse the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodins, 
with great correctness and elegance. He also 
wrote a poem entitled de Belln Sequanico, be- 
s*ties epigrams and elegies. Some fragments of 



his poetry are still extant. He failed in his at- 
tempt to write satire. Horat. 1, sat. 10, v. 46. — 
Ovid Am 1, v, 15. — Quint 10, c. 1. 

Varronis Villa, now Vicovaro, was situate 
on the Anio, in the country of the Sabines. Cic. 
Phil. 2, ep. 41. 

Varus, Quintilius, a Roman proconsul, de^ 
scended from an illustrious lamiiy. He was ap- 
pointed governor of Syria, and afterwards made 
commander of the armies in Germany. He 
was surprised by the enemy, under Arminius, a 
crafty and dissimulating chief, and his army was 
cut to pieces. When he saw that every thing 
was lost, he killed himself, A D. 10, and his 
example was followed by some of his officers. 
His head was afterwards sent to Augustus at 
Rome, by one of the barbarian chiefs, as also his 
body; and so great was the influence of his de- 
feat upon the emperor, that he continued for 
whole months to show all the m irks of dejection 
and of deep sorrow, often exclaiming, " O i'arus 
restore me my legions.'''' The bodies of the 
slain were left in the field of batlle, where they 
were found six years after by Germanicus, and 
buried with great pomp. Varus has been taxed 
with indolence and cowardice, and some have 
intimated that if he had not trusted too much ta 
the insinuations of the barbarian chiefs, he 
might not only have escaped ruin, but awed the 
Germans to their duty. His avarice was also 
conspicuous; he went poor to Syria, whence he 
returned loaded with riches. Horat. l,od. 24: 
—Patcrc. 2, c Ml.—Flor. 4, c \2.~Firg. 

Eel 6.- A son of Varus, who married a. 

daughter of Germanicus Tacit. Jinn. 4, c. 6- 

The father and grandfather of Varus, who 

was killed in Germany, slew themselves with 
their own swords, the one after the batrle of 
Philippi, and the other in the plains of Pharsa- 

lia. Quintilius, a friend of Horace, and 

other great men in the Augustan age. He was 
a good judge of poetry, and a great critic, as 
Horace, Art. P. 438, seems to insinuate. The 
poet has addressed the 18th ode of his first book 
to him, and in the 24th he mourns pathetically 
his death Some suppose this Varus to be the 
person killed in Germany, while others believe 
him to be a man who devoted his time more to 
the muses than to war. [Vid Varius.] Lu- 
cius, an epicurean philosopher, intimate with J. 
Caesar Some -suppose that it was to him that 
Virgil inscribed his sixth eclogue. He is com- 
mended by Qjuintil 6, c 3, 78. Alfrenus, a 

Roman, who, though originally a shoe-maker, 
became consul, and distinguished himself by his 
abilities as an orator. He was buried at the 
public expense, an" honour granted to few, ami 

only to persons of merit. Horat. 1, sat. 3. 

Accius, cne of the friends of Cato in Africa, &c. 

\ river which falls into the Mediterranean 

to the west of Nice, after separating Liguria 
from Gallia Narbonensis Lucan. 1, v. 404. 

Vasates, a people of Gaul 

VascSnes, a people of Spain, on the Pyrenees. 
They were so reduced by a famine by Metellus, 
that they fed on human flesh. Plin. 3, c. 3. 
— Auson. 2, v. 100. — Juv. 15, v. 93. 

Vasio, a town of Gaul in modem Provence. 
Vic. Fam. 10, cp. 34. 



VE 



TE 



Vaticanus, a hill at Rome, near the Tiber 
and the Janiculum, which produced wine of no 
great esteeai. It was disregarded by the Ro- 
mans on account of the unwholesomeness of the 
air, ami the continual stench of the filth that was 
there, and of stagnated waters. Heliogabalus 
was the first who cleared it of ail disagreeable 
nuisances. It is now admired for ancient monu- 
ments and pillars, for a celebrated public libra- 
ry, and for the palace of the pope. Horat. 1, 
od. 20. 

Vatienus, now Saterno, a river rising in the 
Alps aud failing into the Po. Martial. 3,ep. 67. 
—PUn. 3, c, 16. 

Vatinialex, de provinciis, by the tribune P. 
Vatuiius, A. U. C. 694. It appointed Caesar go- 
vernor of Gallia Cisaipioa and i!iyricnm,for five 
years, without a decree of the senate, or the 
usual custom of casting lots. Some persons were 
also appointed to attend him as lieutenants with- 
out the interference of the senate Bis army 
was to be paid out of the public treasury, and he 
was eoipowered to plant a Roman colony in the 

town of Novocomum in G ml. Another by P. 

Vatinius the tribune A. U C. 694. de repetundis, 
for the better management of the trial of those 
who were accused of extortion. 

Vatinius, an intimate friend of Cicero, once 
distinguished for his enmitv to the orator. He 
hated the people of Rome for their gseat vices 
and corruption, whence excessive hatred became 
proverbial in the words Vatintanvm Odium. 

Catult. 14, v. 3 A shoemaker ridiculed for 

his deformities, and the oddity of his character. 
He was one of Nero's favourites and he surpass- 
ed the rest of the courtiers in flattery, and in the 
commission of every impious deed. Large cups, 
of no value, are called Vatiniani from him, be- 
cause he used one which was both ill-shaped and 
uncouth. Tacit. Jinn. 13, c. 34 — Juv. — Mart. 
14, ep. 96. 

Ubh, a people of Germany near the Rhine, 
transported across the river by Agrippa, who 
gave them the name of Agrippinenses, from his 
daughter Agrippina, who had been born in the 
country. Their chief town, Ubiorum oppidum, 
is now Cologne. Tacit. G. 28, Jin. 12, c. 27. 
Plin. 4, c 17.— Cms 4, c. 30. 

Ucalegon, a Trojan chief, remarkable for 
his great age, and praised for the soundness of 
his counsels and his good intentions, though ac- 
cused by some of betraying his country to the 
enemy. His house was first set on fire by the 
Greeks. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 312.— Homer II. 3, 
V. 148. 

Ucetia, a town of Gaul. 

Ucubis, now Lucubi, a town of Spain. Hir- 
Uus. 

Udina, or Vedinum, now Udino, a town of 
Italy. 

Vectis, the isle of Wight, south of Britain. 
Suet. CI. 4. 

Vectius, a rhetorician, &c. Juv>. 7, v. 150. 

Vectones. [Vid. Vettones.] 

Vedids Pollio, a friend of Augustus, very 

cruel to his servants, &c. [Vid. Pollio.] 

Aquila, an officer at the battle of Bebriacum, 
&C. Tacit. H. 2, c. 44. 

Vegetius, a Latia writer, who flourished B. 



C. 386. The best edition of his treatise de Re 
Militari, together with Modestus, is that of Pa- 
ris, 4to. 1607. 

Vegia, an island on the coast of Dalmatia. 

Veia, a sorceress in the age of Horace, ep. 5, 
v. 29. 

Velinus, a gladiator in the age of Horace. 1, 
ep. 1, v. 4. 

Veientes, the inhabitants of Veii. They 
were carried to Rome, where the tribe they 
composed were cal.ed Veientina. [Vid. Veii.] 

Veiento, Fabr. a Roman, as arrogant as he 
wassatirical. Nero banished him for his libellous 
writings Juv. 3, v. 185. 

Veii, a powerful city of Etrutu'a, at the dis- 
tance of about 12 miles from Rome. It sustain- 
ed many long wars against the Romans, and was 
at last taken and destroyed >y Camillus, after a 
siege often years. At the time of its destruc- 
tion. Veii was larger and far more magnificent 
than the city of Rome. Its situation was so eli- 
gible, that the Romans, after the burning of the 
city by the Gauis, were long inclined to migrate 
there, and totally abandon their na'ive home, 
and this would have been carried into execution 
if not opposed by the authority and eloquence of 
,Camillus. Ovid. 2, Fast. v. 195.— Cic. de Div, 

1, c. 44— Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 143.— Liu. 5,c. 
21, he. 

Vejovis, or Vejupiter, a deity of ill omen 
at Rome. He had a tempie on the Capitoline 
hili, built by Romulus. Some suppose that he 
was the same as Jupiter the infant, or in the 
cradle, because he was represented without thun- 
der, or a sceptre, and had only by his side the 
goat Amalthaja, and the Cretan nymph who fed 
him when young. Ovid. Fast- 3, v. 430. 

Velabrum, a marshy piece of ground on the 
side of the Tiber, between the Aventine, Pala- 
tine, and Capitoline hills, which Augustus drain- 
ed, and where he built houses. The place was 
frequented as a market, where oil, cheese, and 
other commodities were exposed to sale. Horat. 

2, Sat 3, v 229.— Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 401.— Ti- 
bull. 2, el. 5, v. 33.— Plant. 3, cap. 1, v. 29. 

Velanius, one of Caesar's officers in Gaul, 
&c 

Velauni, a people of Gaul. 

Velia, a maritime town of Lucania founded 
by a colony of Phoceans, about 600 years after 
the coming of iEneas into Italy. The port in 
its neighbourhood was called Velinus vortus. 
Strab. 6.— Mela, 2, c. 4.— Cic. Phil. 10, c 4. 

— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 366. An eminence near 

the Roman forum, where Poplirola built himself 
a house. Liv. 2, c. 6. — Cic. 7. Ml 15. 

Velica, or Vellica, a town of the Cantabri. 

Velina, a part of the city of Rome, adjoin- 
ing mount Palatine. It was also one of the Ro- 
man tribes. Horat. 1, ep. 6, v. 52. — Cic. 4, 
ad JJttic. ep. 15. 

Velinus, a lake in the country of the Sa- 
bines, formed by the stagnant waters of the Ve- 
linus, between some hills near Reate. The river 
Villinus rises in the Apennines, and after it has 
formed the lake, it falls into the Nar, near Spo- 
letium. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 517. — Cic. Div. I, c» 
36. 

VeuocassIj a people of Gaul. 



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Veliterna, or Velitr^;, an ancient town of 
Latium on the Af.piau roan. 20 miles a( the east 
of Rome. The inhabitants were called Velitemi. 
It became a Koman colony. Liv. 8, c 12, &.c. 
— Sueton. in Aug- — ltal 8, v. 318, &c. 

Vellari, a people of Gaul. 

Vellaunodunum, a town of the Senones, 
Bow Dtaune. Cues. 7, c. 11. 

Velleda, a woman famous among the Ger- j 
mans, in the age of Vespasian, and worshipped j 
as a dei'y. Tacit- de Germ 8 

Velleius Paterculus. a Roman historian,; 
descended from an equestrian family of Campa- ' 
nia. He was at first a military tribune in the 
Roman armies, and for nine years served under 
Tiberius in the various expeuit ons which he un- 
dertook in Gaul and Germany. Velleius wrote 
an epitome of the history of Greece, and of 
Rome, and of other nations of the most remote 
antiquity; but of this authentic composition there j 
remain only fragments of the history of Greece ; 
and Rome from the conquest of Perseus, by 
Paulus, to the 17th year of the reign of Tiberi- ; 
us, in two books. It is a judicious account of j 
celebrated men, and illustrious cities: the bisto- I 
rian is happy in his descriptions, and accurate j 
in his dates; his pictures are true, and his nar- 
rations lively and interesting. The whole is.] 
candid and impartial, but only till the reign of 
the Csesars, when the writer began to be influ- 
enced by the presence of the emperor, or the 
power of his favourites Paterculus is deserv- 
edly censured for his invec!i\es against Cicero 
and Pompey, and his encomiums on the cruel 
Tiberius, and the unfortunate Sejanus Some 
suppose that he was involved in the ruin of this 
disappointed courtier, whom he had extolled as 
a pattern of virtue and morality The best edi- 
tions of Paterculus are those of Riihnkeuius, 8vo. 
2 vols. L. Bat. 1779; of Barbou, Paris, 12mo. 

1777, and of Burman, 8vo. L. Bat 1719. 

Caius, the grandfather of the historian of that 
name, was one of the friends of Livia. He kill- 
ed himself when old and unable to accompany 
Livia in her flight. 

Veloc asses, a people of Vexin in Normandy. 
Os. G. 2, c. 4. 

Venafrum, a town of Campania near Arpi- 
num, abounding in olive trees. It became a 
Roman colony. It had been founded by Dio- 
medes. Horat 2, Oil. 6, v. 16.— Martial. 13, 
ep. 98 — Juv. 5, v. 86.— Strab. b.—Plin. 3, c. 
S. 

Venedi, a people of Germany, near the 
mouth of the Vistula, or gulf of Dantzic. Tacit, 
de Germ. 46.—Plin. 4, c. 13. 

Veneli, a people of Gallia Celtica. 

Veneti, a people of Italy in Cisalpine Gaul, 
near the mouths of the Po. They were descend- 
ed from a nation of Paphlagonia, who settled 
there under Antcnor some time after the Trojan 
war. The Venetians, who have been long a 
powerful and commercial nation, were originally 
very poor, whence a writer in the age of tbe 
Roman emperors said, that they had no other 
defence against the waves of the sea but hur- 
dles, no food but fish, no wealth besides their 
■fishing-boats, aud no merchandise but salt. 
Strab. 4, &c.-— Liv. 1, c. \.—Mda, 1. c 2 ? 1. 



2, c. 4 — Cas. Bell. G. 3, c. 8.— Lucan. 4, v. 

134— ltal. S. v. 605 A nation of Gaui, at 

the south of Armonca, on the western coast, 
powerful by sea- Their chief city is now called 
Valines, dzs. 3, G. 8. 

Venetia, a part of Gaul, on the mouths of 
the Po. [fid. Veneti.] 

Venetus Paulus, a centurion who conspired 
against Nero with Piso, &c. Tacit. 15, Ann. 
c 50. A lake through which the Rhine pass- 
es, now Bodensee, or Constance. Mtla, 3, c. 2. 

Venilia, a nymph, sister to Amata, and mo- 
ther of Turnus by Daunus. Amphitnte, the 
sea goddess, is also called Venilia. Firg. JEn. 
10, v. 76.— Ovid: Met. 14, v. 334.— Varro de 
L. L. 4, c. 10. 

Vennones, a people of the Rhaetian Alps. 

Venonius, an historian mentioned by Cic. ad 
Attic. 12, ep. 3. &c. 

Venta Belgarum, a town of Britain, now 

Vfinchesttr. Silurum. a town of Bt itain, now 

Caerwent, in Monmouthshire. Icenorum, 

now Norwich. 

Venti. The ancients, and especially the 
Athenians, paid particular attention to the winds, 
and offered them sacrifices as to deities, intent 
upon the destruction of mankind, by continually 
causing storms, tempests, and earthquakes. The 
winds were represented in different attitudes and 
forms. The four principal winds were, Eurus, 
the south east; who is represented as a young 
man flying with great impetuosity, and often ap- 
pearing in a playsome and wanton humour. 
Ausler, the south wind, appeared generally as 
an old man with gray hair, a gloomy counte- 
nance, a head covered with clouds, a sable ves- 
ture, and dusky wings. He is the dispenser of 
rain, and of all heavy showers. Zephyrus is 
represented as the mildest, of all the winds. He 
is young and gentle, and his lap is filled with 
vernal flowers. He marrieo Flora the goddess, 
with whom he enjoyed the most perfect felicity. 
Boreas or the north wind, appears always rough 
and shivering. He is the father of rain, snow, 
hail, and tempests, and is always represented as 
surrounded with impenetrable clouds. Those 
of inferior note were, Solunus, whose name is 
seldom mentioned. He appeared as a young 
man holding fruit in his lap, such as peaches, 
oranges, &c. Africus, or soutb-west, represent- 
ed with black wings, aud a melancholy counte- 
nance. Corns, or north-west, drives clouds of 
snow before him, and Aquilo, the north-east, is 
equally dreadful in appearance. The winds, 
according to some mycologists, were confined 
in a large cave, of which iEolus had the ma- 
nagement, and without this necessary precaution 
they would have overturned the earth, and re- 
duced every thing to its original chaos. Virg. 
JEn. 1, v. 57, &c. 

Ventidics Bassus, a native of Piccnum, born 
of an obscure family. When Ascuhim was ta- 
ken, he was carried before the triumphant cha- 
riot of Pompeius Strabo, banging on his mother's 
breast. A bold, aspiring soul, aided by the i a- 
tronage of the family of Caesar, raised him from 
the mean occupation of a chairman and mule- 
teer to dignity in the state. He c splayed va- 
lour in the Roman armies, and gradually arose 



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to (he offices of tribune, praetor, high priest, and 
consul. He made war against the Partisans, 
ana conquered them in three great battles, B. 
C. 39. He was the first Roman ever honoured 
with a triumph over Parthia. He died greatly 
lamented by all the Roman people, and was 
"buned at the public expense Plut. in Jinton 

— Juv. 7, v. 199 Cumanus, a governor of 

Palestine, &e. Tacit. A. 13, c. 54 Two 

brothers in the age of Pompey who favoured 
Carho's interest, &c. Plut 

Venuleius, a writer in the age of the empe- 
ror Alexander.- A friend of Verres. Cic- in 

Ver. 3 c. 42. 

Venulus, one of the Latin elders sent into 
Magna Grecia, to demand the assistance of 
Diomedes, &c. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 9. 

Vents, one of the most celebrated deities of 
the ancients She was the goddess of beauty, 
the mother of love, the queen of laughter, the 
mistress of the graces and of pleasures, and the 
patroness of courtezans. Some mycologists 
speak of more than one Venus Plato mentions 
two, Venus Urania, the daughter of Uranus, and 
Venus Papillaris, the daughter of Jupiter and 
Dione. Cicero speaks of four, a daughter of 
Cceius and Light, one sprung from the froth of 
the sea, a third, daughter of Jupiter and the 
Nereid Dione, and a fourth born at Tyre, and 
the same as the Astarte of the Syrians. Of 
these, however, the Venus sprung from the froth 
of the sea, after the mutilated part of the body 
of Uranus had been thrown there by Saturn, is 
the most known, and of her \ia particular an- 
cient inythologiste, ,as well as painters, make 
saention. She arosefrom the sea near thensland 
of Cyprus, or according to Hesiod, of Cythera, 
whither she was wafted by the zephyrs, and re- 
ceived on the sea-shore by the Seasons, daugh- 
ters of Jupiter and Themis. She was soon after 
carried to heaven, where all the gods admired 
her beauty, and all the goddesses became jea- 
lous of her personal charms. Jupiter attempted 
to gain her affections, and even wished to offer 
fcer violence, but Venus refused, and the god, to 
guflish her obstinacy, gave her in marriage to 
lii- fgly and deformed son Vulcan This mar- 
riage did not prevent the goddess of Love from 
gratifying her favourite passions, and she defiled 
tier husband's bed, by her amours with the gods. 
Her intrigue with Mars is the most celebrated. 
She was caught in her lover's arms, and expos- 
ed to the ridicule and laughter of all the gods. 
\Vid. Alectryon.] Venus became mother of Her- 
aiione, Cupid, and Anteros, by Mars; by Mer- 
cury, she had Hermaphroditus; by Bacchus, 
Priapus, and by Neptune, Eryx. Her great par- 
tiality for Adonis, made her abandon the seats 
of Olympus, \_Vid. Adonis] and her regard for 
Anchises, obliged her often to visit the woods 
and solitary retreats of mount Ida. \_Vid An- 
chises, iEneas.] The power of Venus over the 
heart, was supported and assisted by a cele- 
brate-! girdle, called zone by the Greeks, and 
cestus by the Latins. This mysterious girdle 
gave beauty, grace, and elegance, when worn 
even by the most deformed; it excited love and 
rekindled extinguished flames. Juno herself 
was indebted to this powerful ornament, to gain 



the favours of Jupiter, and Venus, though her- 
self possessed of every charm, no sooner put on 
her cestus, than Vulcan, unable to resist the in- 
fluence of love, forgot all the intrigues and infi- 
delities of his wife, and fabrica-ed arms even 
for her illegitimate children. The contest of 
Venus for the golden apple of Discord is well 
known. She gained the prize over Pallas and 
Juno, [Vid. Paris, Discordia,] and rewarded her 
impartial judge with the hand of the fairest wo- 
man in the world The worship of Venus was 
universally established; statues and temples 
were erected to her in every kingdom, and the 
ancients were fond of paying homage to a divi- 
nity who presided over generation, and by whose 
influence alone mankind existed. In her sacri- 
fices, and in the festivals celebrated in her ho- 
nour, too much licentiousness prevailed, and 
public prostitution was often part of the cere- 
mony. Victims were seldom offered to her, or 
her altars stained with blood, though we find 
Aspasia making repeated sacrifices. No pigs, 
however, or male animals were deemed accept- 
able. The rose, the myrtle, and the apple, 
were sacred to Venus, and among birds, the 
dove, the swan, and the sparrow, were her fa- 
vourites; and among fishes, those called the 
aphya and the lycostomus. The goddess of 
beauty was represented among the ancients in 
diffesent forms. At Elis she appeared seated on 
a goat, with one foot resting on a tortoise. At 
Sparta and Cythera, she was represented armed 
like Minerva, and sometimes wearing chains on 
her feet. In the temple of Jupiter O'ympias, 
she was represented by Phidias, as rising from 
the sea received by love, and crowned by the 
goddess of persuasion. At Cnidos her statue, 
made by Praxiteles, represented her naked, with 
one hand hiding what modesty keeps concealed. 
Her statue at Elephantis was the same, with 
only a naked Cupid by her jside. In Sicyon she 
held a poppy in one hand, and in the other an 
apple, while on her head she had a crown, which 
terminated in a point, to intimate the pole. She 
is generally represented with her son Cupid, on 
a chariot drawn by doves, or at other times by 
swans or sparrows. The surnames of the god- 
dess are numerous, and only serve to show how 
well established her worship was all over the 
earth. She was called Cypria, because parti- 
cularly worshipped in the island of Cyprus, and 
in that character she was often represented with 
a beard, and the male parts of generation, with 
a sceptre in her hand, and the body and dress 
of a female, whenee she is called duplex Jima- 
thusia, by Catullus She received the name of 
Paphia, because worshipped at Paphos, where 
she had a temple with aw altar, on which rain 
never fell, though exposed in the open air. 
Some of the ancients called her Jfpostrophia, or 
Epistrophia, as also Venus Urania, and Venus 
Pandemos. The first of these she received as 
presiding over wantonness and incestuous enjoy- 
ments; the second because she patronized pure 
love, and chaste and moderate gratifications; and 
the third because she favoured the propensities 
of the vulgar, and was fond of sensual pleasures. 
The Cnidians raised her temples under the name 
of Venus rfcrcca, of Doris, and of Euploea. In 



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iter temple under the name of Euploea, at Cni 
dos, was the most celebrated of her statues, be 
ing the most perfect piece of Praxiteles. It was 
matit with white marble, ami appeared so en- 
gaging, and so much like life, thai according to 
some historians, a youth of the place introduced 
hims'.'f in the night into her temple, and at- 
tempted to gratify his passions on the lifeless 
image. Venus was also sumamed Cylliercea, be- 
cause sbe was the chief deity of Cythera: Exo- 
polis, because her statue was without the city at 
Athens; Pkilomeda, from her affection for the 
phallus; Philcmmeis, because the queen of laugh- 
ter; Telessigama, because sbe presided over mar- 
riage; Coliada, Colotis, or Cvtias, because wor- 
shipped on a promontory of the same name in 
Attica; Area, because armed like Mars; Verti- 
cordia, because she could turn tht hearts of wo- 
men to cultivate chastity ;Apaturia, because she 
deceived; Calva, because she was represented 
bald; Ericyna, because worshipped at Eryx; 
Etairtt, because the patroness of courtezans; 
Acidalia, because of a fountain of Orchomenos; 
Bastiea, because the queen of love; My, tea, be- 
cause the myrtle was sacred to her; Ubertina, 
from her inclinations to gratify lust; Mechnnitis, 
in allusion to the many artifices practised in love, 
&c. &c. As goddess of the tea, because born 
in the bosom of the wafers, Venu^ was called 
Fontia, Marina, Limnesia, Ep'pontia, PeLagia, 
Saligenia. Pontogenia, Aligena, Thalassia. &c. 
and as rising from the sea, the name of Anadyo- 
mene is applied to her, and rendered immortal 
by the celebrated paintings of Apelles, which 
represented her as issuing from the bosom of the 
waves, and wringing her tresses on her shoulder. 
Vid. Anadyomene. Cic. de Nat D. 2, c. 27, 1. 
3, c. 23 — Orpheus Hymn. 54 — Hesiod. Theog. 
~-Sappho. — Homer. Hymn, in Ven. &c. — Virg. 
JEn. 5, v. 800, &c— Ovid. Heroid. 15, 16. 19, 
&c. Met. 4, fab. 5, &c — Diod. 1 and 5 — Hy- 
gin. fab- 94, 271— Pans. 2, c 1, 1. 4, c. 30, 1. 
5, c. 18. — Martial. 6, ep. 13. — Eurip. in Hel. 
in fyhig. in Troad. — Ptut. in Erotic — JElian. 
V. H 12, c. 1 —Athen. 12, &c— Catullus.— 
Laclant de faUd re. — Calaber. 11. — Lucian. 
dial- &c. — Strab. 14. — Tacit. Ann. 3, &c. — 
VaL Max. 8, c. 11.— PUn 36.— Herat. 3, Od. 

26, .1. 4, Od. 11. &c. A planet called by the 

Greeks Phosphorus, and by the Latins Lucifer, 
when it rises before the sun, but when it follows 
it, Hesperus or Vesper. Cic. de Nat. 2, c 20, 
in somn- Scip. 

Vends i'yren^ea, a town of Spain near the 
borders of Gaul. 

Venusia or Venusium, a town of Apulia, 
where Horace was born. Part of the Roman 
army fled thither after the defeat at Cannae. 
The town, though in ruins, contains still many 
pieces of antiquity, especially a marble bust 
preserved in the great square, and said falsely 
to be an original representation of Horace 
Venucia was on the confines of Lucania, whence 
the poet said Lucanus an Apulus anceps. and it 
was founded by Diomedes, who called it Vcnu- 
sia or Aphrodisia, after Venus, whose divinity 
he wished to appease. Strab. 5 and 6. — Herat. 
2, Sat. 1, v. 35.— Liv. 22, c. 54.— PUn. 3, c. 
11. 



Veragri, a people between the Alps and 
the Aliobroges. Liv 21, c. 38.— &csar. G. 3, 
c. 1. 

Verania, the wife of Piso Licinianus, whom 
Galba adopted. 

Verakius, a governor of Britain under Ne- 
ro. He succeeded Didius Gallus. Tacit. 14, 
Ann. 

Verbaxcs Lacus, now Majora, a lake of 
Italy, from which the Ticinus flows. It is in 
the modern dutchy of Milan, and extends fifty 
miles in length from south to north, and five or 
six in breadth. Strab. 4. 

Verbigencs, a village in the country of the 
Celtae. 

Verbinum, a town at the north of Gaul. 

Vercell^e, a town on the borders of Insu- 
bria, where Marios defeated the Ciuibri. PUn. 
3, c. 17.— Cic Fam. 11, ep. 19.— Sil 8, y. 
598. 

Vercingetorix, a chief of the Gauls, in 
the time of Caesar. He was conquered and 
led in triumph. Sec. Cczsar. Bell. G. 7, c. 4.— 
Flor. 3, c. 10. 

Veresis, a small river of Latium falling into 
the Anio. 

Vergasielaunus, one of the generals and 
friends of Vercingetorix. desar- Bell G. 

Vergje. a town of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 19. 

Vergellus, a small river near Cannae, fall- 
ing into the Aufidus, over which Annibal made 
a bridge with the slaughtered bodies of the Ro- 
mans. Flor. 2, c. 6.— VaL Mux. 9, c II. 

Vergji.ia, the wife of Coriolanus, &.c. 

Vergilia, a town of Spain supposed to be 
Murcia. 

Vergim^, seven stars called also Pleiades. 
When they set the ancients began to sow their 
corn. They received their name from the spring 
quia vere oriantur. Propert. 1, el. 8, v. 18. — 
Cic. de Nat. 1). 2, c. 44. 

V ergikius. one of the officers of the Roman 
troops in Germany, who refused the absolute- 
power which his soldiers offered to him. Tacit. 

1, Hist, c 8 A rhetorician in the age of 

Nero, banished on account of his great fame. 
Id. An. 15, c. 71. 

Verghim. a town of Spain. 

VERGOBRErns, one of the chiefs of the iEdui, 
in the age of Caesar, &c. C<rsar. G. 1, c. 16. 

Veritas, (truth,) was not only personified by 
the ancients, but also made a deity, and called 
the daughter of Saturn and the mother of Vir- 
tue. She was represented like a young virgin, 
dressed in white apparel, with all the marks of 
youthful diffidence and modesty. Democritus 
used to say, that she hid herself at the bottom of 
a well, to intimate the difficulty with which she 
is found. 

Verodoctius, one of the Helvetii. Cats. G. 
1, C 7. 

Veromandui, a people of Gaul, the modern. 
Vermandois. The capital is now St. Quintin. 
Cces. G B. 2. 

Verona, a town of Venetia, on the Athesis, 
in Italy, founded as some suppose, by Brennus, 
the leader of the Gauls. C. Nepos, Catullus, 
and Pliny the elder, were born there. It was 
adorned with a circus and an amphitheatre by 
5 c 



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the Roman emperors, which still exist, and it 
still preserves its ancient name flin. 9, c. 22. 
— Strap b.—Ovid. Am. 3, el. 15, v 7 

Verones, a people of Hispania Tarraconen- 
sis. SU. 3, v. 578. 

Verreginum, a small town in the country of 
the Volsci. Liv. 4, c. 1, &c. — Val. Max. 6, c. 
5. 

C. Verres, a Roman who governed the pro- 
vince of Sicdy as praetor. The oppression and 
rapine of which he was guilty while in office, so 
offended the Sicilians, that they brought an ac- 
CusatioH against him before the Roman senate. 
Cicero undertook the cause of the Sicilians, and 
pronounced those celebrated orations which are 
still extant Verres was defended by Horten- 
sius, but as he despaired of the success of his 
defence, he left Rome without waiting for his 
sentence, and lived in great affluence in one of 
the provinces. He was at last killed by the sol- 
diers of Antony the triumvir, about 26 years af- 
ter his voluntary exile from the capital. Cic. in 
Ver. — Plin. 34, c. 2 —,Lactant 2, c. 4. 

Verritus, a genera! of the Frisii in the age 
of Nero, &c. Tacit. Jinn. 13. c. 54. 

Verrius Flaccus, a freed-man and gram- 
marian famous for his powers in instructing. 
He was appointed over the grand-children of 
Augustus, and also distinguished himself by his 
writings. Gell. 4, c. 5. — Suet in Gram. 

Verrius Flaccus, a Latin critic, B C. 4, 
whose works have been edited with Dacier's and 
Clerk'* notes, 4to. Amst. 1699. 

Verrugo, a town in the country of the Vol- 
sci. Liv. 4, c 1. 

Vertico. one of the Nervii, who deserted to 
Caesar's army, &c. Coesar. B. G. 5,c 45. 

Verticordia. one of the surnames of Venus, 
the same as the Apostrophia of the Greeks, be- 
cause her assistance was implored to turn the 
hearts of the Roman matrons, and teach them to 
follow virtue and modesty Val. Max. 8. 

Vertiscus, one of the Rhemi, who com- 
manded a troop of horse in Caesar's army. Cces. 
B. G 8, c 12. 

Vertumvus, a deity among the Romans, who 
presided over the spring ami over orchards. He 
endeavoured to gain the affections of the god- 
dess Pomona; and to effect this, he assumed the 
shape and dress of a fisherman, of a soldier, a 
peasant, a reaper, &c. but all to no purpose, till 
under the form of an old woman, he prevailed 
upon his mistress and married her. He is ge- 
nerally represented as a young man crowned 
with flowers, covered up to the waist, and hold- 
ing in his right hand fruit, and a crown of plenty 
in his left. Ovid, Met \4, v, 642, &c— Pro- 
pert. 4, el. 2, v. 2.- Horat. 2, Sat. 7, v. 14. 

Verul.e, a town of the Hernici. Liv. 9, c. 
42. 

Verulanus, a lieutenant under Corbuio, who 
drove away Tiridates from Media, &c, Tacit. 
Ann. 14, c, 26. 

Verus, Lucius Ceionius Commodus, a Ro- 
man emperor, son of iFlius and Domitia Lucil- 
la. He was adopted in the 7th year of his age 
by M. Aurelius, at the request of Adrian, and 
ae married Lucilia, the daughter of his adopted 



father, who also took him as his colleague ©u 
the throne. He was sent by M. Aurelius to op- 
pose the barbarians in the east. His arms were 
aitended with success, and he obtained a victory 
over the Parthians. He was honoured with a 
triumph at his return home, and soon after he 
marched with his imperial colleague against the 
Marcomanni in Germany. He died in this ex- 
pedition of an apoplexy, in the 39th year of his 
age, after a reign of eight years and some 
months. His body was Drought back to Rome, 
and buried by M. Aurelius with great pomp and 
•solemnity. Verus has been greatly censured for 
his debaucheries, which appeared more enor- 
mous and disgusting, when compared to the tem- 
perance, meekness, and popularity of Aurelius. 
The example of his father did not influence him, 
and he often retired from the frugal and mode- 
rate repast of Aurelius, to the profuse banquets 
of his own palace, where the night was spent ia 
riot and debauchery, with the meanest of the 
populace, with stage dancers, buffoons, and las- 
civious courtezans At one entertainment alone, 
where there were no more than 12 guests, the 
emperor spent no less than six millions of ses- 
terces, or about 32,200/ sterling. But it is to 
be observed, that whatever was most scarce and 
costly was there; the guests never drank twice 
out of the same cup; and whatever vessels they 
had touched, they received as a present from the 
emperor when they left the palace. In his Par- 
thian expedition, Verus did not check his vicious 
propensities; for four years he left the care of 
the war to his officers, while he retired to the 
voluptuous retreats of Daphne, and the luxurious 
banquets of Antioch. His fondness for a horse 
has been faithfully recorded The animal had 
a statue of gold, he was fed with almonds and 
raisins by the hand of the emperor, he was cladj 
in purple, and kept in the. most splendid cf the 
halls of the palace, and when dead, the emperor 
to express his sorrow, raised him a magnificent 
monument on mount Vatican Some have sus- 
pected M. Aurelius of despatching Verus to rid 
the world of his debaucheries and guilty actions; 
but this seems to be the report of malevolence. 

L- Annseus, a son of the emperor Aurelius, 

who died in Palestine The father of the 

emperor Verus. He was adopted by the empe- 
ror Adrian, but, like his son, he disgraced him- 
self by his debaucheries and extravagance. He 
died before Adrian. 

Vesbius, or Vesubius. Vid. Vesuvius. 

Vescia, a town of Campania. Liv- 8, c. 11. 

Vescianum, a country house of Cicero in 
Campania, between Capua and Nola. Cic. 15, 
ad Attic. 2. 

Fl. Vescolarius, a Roman knight intimate 
with Tiberius, &c. Tacit Jinn. 

Vesentio, a town of Gaul, now Besancon. 
Cces. 1, G. 38. 

Vesentium, a town of Tuscany. 

Veseris, a place or river near mount Vesu- 
vius Liv. 8. c. 8.— Cic. Off. 3, c. 31. 

Vesevius andVEsEvus, Vid. Vesuvius. 

Vesidia, a river of Tuscany. 

Vesonna, a town of Gaul, now Perigueux. 

Vespacj^e, a small village of Umbria near 
Nursia. Suet. Vesp. 1. 



VE 



VE 



Vespasianus, Titus Flavius, a Roman em- 
peror descended from an obscure family at Ke- 
ate. He was honoured with the consulship, 
not so much by the influence of the unpen*! 
courtiers, as by his own private merit and by 
bis public services. He accompanied Nero in- 
to Greece, but he offended the prince by falling 
aslt-ep while he repeated one of his poetical 
compositions. This momentary resentment of 
the emperor did not prevent Vespasian from be- 
ing sent to carry on a war against the Jews. 
His operations were crowned with success; ma- 
ny of the cities of Palestine surrendered, and 
Vespasian began the siege of Jerusalem. This 
was, however, achieved by the hands of his sou 
Titus, and the death of Vitellius, and the affec- 
tion of his soldiers, hastened his rise, aivi iie 
was proclaimed emperor at Alexandria. The 
•twice of the army was approved by every prov- 
ince of the empire; but Vespasian did not be- 
tray any signs of pride at so sudden and so un- 
expected an exaltation, and though once em- 
ployed in the mean office of a horse doctor, be 
benaved, when invested with the imperial pur- 
ple, with all the dignity and greatness which 
became a successor of Augustus. In the begin- 
ning of his reign Vespasian attempted to reform 
the manners of the Romans, and he took away 
an appointment which he had a few days before 
granted to a young nobleman, who approached 
him to return him thanks, all smelling of per- 
fumes and covered with ointment, adding, J had 
rather you had smelt of garlick. He repaired 
the public buildings, embellished the city, and 
made the great roads more spacious and conve- 
nient. After he had reigned with great popu- 
larity for 10 years, Ve°pasian died with a pain 
in his bowels, A. D. 79, in the 7.0th year of his 
age. He was the first Roman emperor that 
died a natural death, and he was also the first 
who was succeeded by his own son on the throne. 
Vespasian has been admired for his great vir- 
tues. He was clement, he gave no ear to flat- 
tery, and for a long time refused the title of fa- 
ther of his country, which was often bestowed 
npon the most worthless and tyrannical of the 
emperors. He despised informers, and rather 
than punish conspirators, he rewarded them 
with great liberality. When the king of Par- 
frhia addressed him with the superscription of 
Jlrsaces king of kings to Flavius Vespasianus, 
the emperor was no way dissatisfied with the 
pride and insolence of the monarch, and an- 
swered him again in his own words, Flavius 
Vespasianus to Jlrsaces king of kings. To men 
©f learning and merit, Vespasian was very lioe- 
ral; one hundred thousand sesterces were annu- 
al!) paid from the public treasury to the differ- 
ent professors that were appointed to encourag ■■ 
and promote the arts and sciences. Vet, in 
spite of this apparent generosity, some authors 
have taxed Vespasian with avarice. According 
to their accounts he loaded the provinces with 
new taxes, he bought commodities, that he 
might sell them to a greater advantage, ami 
even laid an impost upon urine, which g;we oi • 
casion to Titus to ridicule ti m a i less of hi 
fattier. Vespasian, regardless of his sun' u 
Nervation., was satisfied to show him the money 



i that was raised from so productive a tax, asking 
! him at the same time whether it smelt offensive? 
His ministers were the most avaricious of his 
subjects, and the emperor used very properly to 
remark that he treated them as sponges, by wet- 
ting them when dry, and squeezing them when 
they were wet. fie has been accused of selling 
criminals their lives, and of condemning the 
most opulent to make himself master of dieir 
possessions, if, however, he was guilty of these 
meaner practices, they were all under ihe name 
of one of his concubines, who wished to enrich 
herself by the avarice and credulity of the em- 
peror. Sueton in vita — Tacit. Hist 4. 

Vesper, or Vesperus, a name applied to the 
planet Venus when it was the evening star. 
Virg, 
Vessa, a town of Sicily. 
Vesta, a goddess, daughter of Rhea and Sa- 
turn, sister to Ceres and Juno. She is often con- 
founded by the mycologists with Rhea, Ceres, 
Cybele, Proserpine, Hecate, and Tellus. V'* ben 
considered as the mother of the gods, she is the 
mother of Rnea and Saturn; and when consid- 
ered as the patroness of the vestal virgins and 
the goddess of fire, she is called the daughter 
of Saturn and Rhea. Under this last name she 
was worshipped by the Romans. iEneas was 
the first who introduced her mysteries into Italy, 
and Nu ma ouilt her a temple where no males 
were permitted to go. The palladium oi Troy 
was supposed to. be preserved within ber sanc- 
tuary, and a tire was continually kept lighted by 
a pertain number of virgins, who had iteditaied 
themselves to the service of the goddess. \Vid. 
Vestaies.] If the fire of Vesta was ever extin- 
guished, it was supposed to threaten the repub- 
lic with some sudden calamity. The virgin by 
whose negligence it had been extinguished was 
severely punished, and it was kindled again by 
the rays of the sun. The temple of Vesta was 
of a round form, and the goddess was represent- 
ed in a long flowing robe with a veil on her 
iiead, holding in one hand a lamp, or a two- 
eare' 1 vessel, and in theotlnr ajaveiin, or some- 
times a palladium. On some medals she ap- 
pears holding a drum in one hand, and a small 
figure of victory in the other. Hesiod. Theng* 
v 454. — Cic. de Leg. 2, c. 12. .ipollod. 1, c. 
\ —Vug Mn 2, v. 296.— Diod. 5.— Ovid. 
Fast 6.— Tnst.-S. — Val. Max. 1, c. l.—Plut. 
in Nibn. — Paws. 5, c. 14. 

Vestales, priestesses among the Romans, 
consecrated to the service of Vesta, as their 
name indicates. This office was very ancient, 
as the mother of Romulus was one of the vestals. 
iEneas is supposed to have first chosen the ves- 
trds. Numa first appointed four, to which Tar- 
quin added two. They were always chosen by 
the monarchs, but after the expulsion of the 
Tarquins, the high priest was entrusted with the 
care of them. As they were to be virgins, they 
were chosen ycuug, from the age of six to ten; ■ 
.»nd if there was not a sufficient number that 
presented themselves as candidates -for the of- 
fice, twenty virgins were selected, an i they upon, 
whom the lot fell were obliged to become priest- 
esses. Plebeians as well as patricians wire 
permitted to propose themselves, but it was re- 



VE 



YE 



quired that they should be born of a good fami- 
ly , and be without blemish or deformity in every 
part of their body. For thirty years they were 
to remain in the greatest continence; the ten 
first years were spent in learning the duties of 
the order, the ten following were employed in 
discharging them with fidelity and sanctity, and 
the ten last in instructing such as had entered 
the noviciate When the thirty years were elap 
sed they were permitted to many, or if they 
still preferred celibacy, they waited upon the 
rest of the vestals. As soon as a vestal was ini- 
tiated, her head was shaved to intimate the lib- 
erty of her person, as she was then free from 
the shackles of parental authority, and she was 
permitted to dispose of her possessions as she 
pleased. The employment of the vestals was 
to take care that the sacred fire of Vesta was 
not extinguished, for if it ever happened, it was 
deemed the prognostic of great calamities to the 
state; the offender was punished for her negli- 
gence, and severely scourged by the high pnest 
In such a case ali was consternation at Rome, 
and the fire was again kindled by glasses with 
the rays of the sun. Another equally particular 
charge of the vestals was to keep a sacred 
pledge, on which depended the very existence 
of Rome, which, according to some, was the 
palladium of Troy, or some of the mysteries of 
the gods of Samothrace. The privileges of (he 
vestals were great, they had the most honoura- 
ble seats at public games and festivals, a lictor 
with the fasces always preceded them when they 
walked in public, they were carried in chariots 
when they pleased, and they bad the power of 
pardoning criminals when led to execution, if 
they declared that their meeting was accidental. 
Their declarations in trials were received with- 
out the formality of an oath, they were chosen 
as arbiters in causes of moment, and in the exe- 
cution of wills, and so great was the deference 
paid them by the magistrates, as well as by the 
people, that the consuls themselves made way 
for them, and bowed their fasces when they 
passed before them To insult them was a capi- 
tal crime, and whoever attempted to violate 
their chastity was beaten to death with scourges. 
If any of them died while in office, their body 
was buried within the walls of the city, an ho- 
nour granted to few. Such of the vestals as prov- 
ed incontinent were punished in the most rigo- 
rous manner. Numa ordered them to be stoned, 
but Tarquin the elder dug a hole under the 
earth, where a bed was placed with a little 
bread, wine, water, and oil, and a lighted lamp, 
and the guilty vestal was stripped of the habit 
of her order, and compelled to descend into the 
subterraneous cavity, which was immediately 
shut, and she was left to die through hunger. 
Few of the vestals were guilty of incontinence, 
and for the space of one thousand years, during 
which the order continued established, from the 
reign of Numa, only eighteen were punished 
for the violation of their vow The vestals were 
abolished by Theodosius the Great, and the fire 
of Vesta extinguished The dress of the vestals 
was peculiar; they wore a white vest with pur- 
ple borders, a white hnen surplice called linteum 
supcrwn, above which was a great purple man- 



tle which flowed to the ground, and which was 
tucked up when they offered sacrifices. They 
had a close covering on their head, called insu- 
la, from which hung ribbands, or mttae. Their 
manner of living was sumptuous, as they were 
maintained at the public expense, and though 
originally satisfied with the simple diet of the 
Romans, their tables soon after displaced the 
luxuries and the superfluities of the great and 
opulent. Liv. 2, &c. — Plat, in Num. &c. — 
Val. Max. 1, c. l. — Cic de Nat. D. 3, c. 30. 
— Flor 1. — Propert. 4, el. 11. — Tacit. 4, c. 10. 

Vestalia, festivals in honour of Vesta, ob- 
served at Rome on the 9th of June. Banquets 
were then prepared before the houses, and meat 
was sent to the vestals to oe offered to the gods, 
millstones were decked with garlands, and the 
asses that turned them were led round the city 
covered with garlands The ladies walked in 
the procession bare footed, to the temple of the 
goddess, and an altar was erected to Jupiter 
surnamed Pislor Ouid. Fast. 6, v 305. 

Vestalidm Mater, a title given by the se- 
nate to Li via the mother of Tiberius, with the 
permission to sit among the vestal virgins at 
plays. Tacit 4. Jin. c 16. 

Vestia Oppia, a common prostitute of Capua. 

Vesticius Spurina, an officer sent by Otho 
to the borders of the Po, &c. Tacit- 

Vestilius Sextus, a praetorian disgraced by 
Tiberius, because he was esteemed by Drusus. 
He killed himself. Tacit. Jin 4, c. 16. 

Vestilla, a matron of a patrician family, 
who declared publiclv before the magistrates 
that she was a common prostitute. She was 
banished to the island of Senphos for her im- 
modesty. 

Vestini, a people of Italy near the Sabmes, 
famous for the making of cheese Plin. 3, c. 
5. — Martial 13, ep. 31.— Strab. 5. 

L. Vestinus. a Roman knight appointed by 
Vespasian to repair the capitol, &c. Tacit. H. 

4, c. 53. — Liv. 8, c. 29. A consul put to 

death by Nero in the time of Piso's conspiracy. 

Vesvius [Vid. Vesuvius.] 

Vesulus, now Viso. a large mountain of Li- 
guria near the Alps, where the Po takes its rise. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v, 708.— Plin. 3, c. 19. 

Vesuvius, a mountain of Campania, about 
six miles at the east of Naples, celebrated for 
its volcano, and now cailed Mount Soma. The 
ancients, particularly the writers of the August- 
an age, spoke of Vesuvius as a place covered 
with orchards and vineyards, of which the mid- 
dle was dry and barren. The first eruption of 
this volcano was in the 79th year of the Christ- 
ian era under Titus It was accompanied by 
an earthquake, which overturned several oties 
of Campania, particularly Pompeii and Hercu- 
laneum, and Ihe burning ashes which it threw 
up, were carried not only over the neighbouring 
country, but as far as the shores of Egypt, Li- 
bya, and Syria. This eruption proved fatal to 
Pliny the naturalist. From that time the erup- 
tions have been frequent, and there now exists 
an account of twenty »< me of these. Vesuvius 
continually throws up smoke, and sometimes 
ashes and flames. The perpendicular weight of 
this mountain is 3780 feet. Dlv. Cass. 46.— 



VE 



VI 



Farro. dett. 1, c. 6.— Liu. 23, c 39.— Strab. \ 
5.— Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 2 — Mela, 2, c 4.— Plin. \ 
6, ep. 16 — Ilal. 12, v. 152, &t.—Virg. G. 2, 
v. 224 —Mart. 4, ep. 43. and 44. 

Vetera castra, a Roman encampment in 
Germany, which uecame a town, now Santen, 
near Cleves. Tncit H. 4, c. IS. An. l,c 45 

Vettius, Sp. a Roman senator who was 
madq interrex at the death of Romulus, till the 
election of another king. He nominated Nu- 
ma, and resigned bis office. Pint, in Num. 
A man who accused Caesar of being con- 
cerned in Catiline's conspiracy. Cato, one 

of the officers of the allies in the Marsim war. 
He defeated the Romans, and was at last be- 
trayed and murdered. -A Roman knight who 

became enamoured of a young female at Capua, 
and raised a tumult amongst the slaves who pro- 
claimed him king. He was betrayed by one of 
his adherents, upon which he laid violent hands 
on himself. 

Vettona, a town of Umbria. Plin. 3, c. 14. 

Vettones, Vetones, or Vectones, an an- 
cient nation of Spain. Sil. 3, v. 378. — Plin. 
25, c. 8. 

Vetulonia, one of the chief cities of Etru- 
ria, whose hot waters were famous. The Ro- 
mans were said to derive the badges of their 
magisterial offices from thence. Plin. 2, c. 
103, I. 3, c. 3.— Ital. 8, v. 484 

Veturia, one of the Roman tribes, divided 
into the two branches of the Junii and Senii. It 
received its name from the VetuHan family, 
which was originally called Vetusian Liv. 36. 
The mother of Coriolanus. She was soli- 
cited by all die Roman matrons to go to her son 
with her daughter-in-law, and entreat him not 
to make war agaiust his country. She went and 
prevailed over Coriolanus, and for her services 
to the state, the Roman senate offered to reward 
her as she pleased. She only asked to raise a 
temple to the goddess of female fortune, which 
was done on the very spot where she had paci- 
fied her son. Liv. 2, c. 40. — Dionys. Hal. 7, 
See. 

r VETURius, a Roman artist, who made shields 
for Numa. [Fid. Mamurius ] Caius, a Ro- 
man consul, accused before the people, and fined 
because he had acted with imprudence while in 

office. A Roman who conspired against Gal- 

ba. Tacit. Hist- 1, c. 25. A consul ap- 
pointed one of the decemvirs. —Another con- 
sul defeated by the Samnif.es, and obliged to 

pass under the yoke with great ignominy 

A tribune of the people, &c. 

L Vetus, a Roman who proposed to open a 
communication between the Mediterranean and 
the German ocean, by means of a canal. He 

was put to death br order of Nero. A man 

accused of adultery, &c. 

Ufens, a river of Italy near Tarracina. 

Virg. JEn. 7, v. 892. Another river of ! J i- 

cenum. Liv. 5, c. 35. A prince who assisted 

Turnus against iEneas The Trojan monarch 
made a vow to sacrifice his four sons to appease 
the manes of his friend Pallas, in the same man- 
ner as Achilles is represented killing some Tro- 
jan youths on the tomb of Patroclus. Virg. JEn . 



7, v. 745, 1. 10, v. 518. He was afterwards 
killed by Gias Id. 12, v. 460. 

Ufentina, a Roman tribe first created, A. 
U C. 435, with the tribe Falerina, in conse- 
quence of (he great increase of population at 
Rome. Liv. 9, c 20 — Ftsius. 

Via tEmylia, a celebrated road, made by 
the consul M iCmylius Lepidus, A U. C 567. 
It led with the F'aminian road to Aquileia. 
Theve was also another oi die sa.-ie name in 

Etruria, which led from K'bae io Dertona. 

Appia, was made by the censor Appius, and ied 
from Rome to Capua, auc. from Capua to Brun- 
dusium, at the distance of 350 miles, which the 
Romans call a five days journey. It passed suc- 
cessively through the towns and stages of Ali- 
cia, Forum Appii, Tarracina, Fundi, Minturnae, 
Sinuessa, Capua, Caudium, Beneventum, Equo- 
tuticum, Herdonia, Canusium, Barium, Egua- 
tia, to Brundusium It was called by way of 
eminence regina viarum, made so strong, and 
the stones so well cemented together, that it re- 
mained entire for many hundred years. Some 
parts of it are still to be seen in the neighbour- 
hood of Naples. Appius carried it only 130 
miles as far as Capua, A. U. C. 442, and it 
was finished as far as Brundusium by Augustus. 

There wzs also another road called Minu* 

cia or Nuniicia, which led so Brundusium, but 

by what places is now uncertain. Flaminia 

wa« made by the censor Flaminius, A U C. 
533. It led from the Campus Martius to the 
modern town of Rimini, on the Adriatic, through 
the country of the Osci and Etrurians, at the 

distance of aboui 360 miles. Lata, one of 

the ancient streets of Rome. Valeria led 

from Rome to the country of the Mnrsi, through 
the territories of the Sabines. There were be- 
sides many streets and roads of inferior note, 
such as the Amelia, Cassia, Campania, Arde- 
tina, Labicana, Domitiana, Ostiensis, Praenes- 
tina, he. all of which weie made and constantly 
kept in repair at the public expense. 

Viadrus, the classical name of the Oder, 
which rises in Moravia, and falls by ihree 
mouths into the Baltic. Ptol. 

Vibidia, one of the vestal virgins in the fa- 
vour of Messalina, &c. Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 32. 

Vibidius, a friend of Maecenas. Herat. 2, 
sat- 8, v. 22. 

ViBins, a Roman who refused to pay any at- 
tention to Cicero when banished, though he had 
received from him the most unbounded favours. 

Siculus. [Vid. Sica.] A proconsul of 

Spain, banished for ill conduct. A Roman 

knight accused of extortion in Africa, and ban- 
ished. A man who poisoned himself at Ca- 
pua. -Sequester, a Latin writer, whose trea- 
tise de Flumwibus, &c. is best edited by Ober- 
lin. 8vo. Argent. 1778. 

Vibo, a town of Lucania, anciently called 
H'pponium and Hippo. Cic. ad Jilt. 3, c. 3. — 

Plin. 3, c. 5. A town of Spain of the 

Brutii. 

Vibulends Agrtppa, a Roman knight accus- 
ed of treason. He attempted to poison him- 
self, arid was strangled in prison, though almost 

dead Tacit. 6, Ann. c. 40. A mutinous 

soldier io the army of German icus, &rc. 



vr 



VI 



VibulliusRufus, a friend ofPompey, taken 
by Caesar, &c Plut. — Cic. in ep A pi ac- 
tor in Nero's reign. 

Vica Pota, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
over victory (a vincere and pctiri ) Liv. 2, c. 7. 
Vicellius, a friend of Galba, who brought 
him news of Nero's death. 

Vicentta, or Vicetia, a town of Cisalpine 
Gaul, at the north-west of the Adriatic. Tacit. 
Hist. 3. 

Vicos Longus, a street at Rome, where an 
altar was raised to the goddess Pudicitia, or the 

modesty of the plebeians. Liv 10, c. 23 

Cyprius, a place on the Esquiline hill, where 
the Sabines dwelt. 

Victor Sext Aurelius, a writer in the age 
of Constantius He gave the world a concise 
history of the Roman emperors, from the age of 
Augustus to his own time, or A D 360. He 
also wrote an abridgment of the Roman histo- 
ry, before the age of Julius Caesar, which is now 
extant, and ascribed by different authors to C. 
Nepos. to Tacitus, Suetonius, Pliny, &c. Vic- 
tor was greatly esteemed by the emperors, and 
honoured with the consulship. The best edi- 
tions of Victor are that of Pitiscus, 8vo. Utr. 
1696, and that of Artuzenius, 4to, Amst 1733 
Victoria, one of the deities of the Romans, 
called by the Greeks Mice, supposed to be the 
daughter of the giant Pallas, or Titan and Styx. 
The" goddess of Victory was sister to Strength 
and Valour, and was one of the attendants of 
Jupiter She was greatly honoured by the 
Greeks, particularly at Athens Sylla raised 
her a temple at Rome, and instituted festivals 
in her honour. She was represented with wings, 
crowned with laurel, and holding the branch of 
a palm-tree in her hand. A golden statue of 
this goddess, weighing 320 pounds, was present- 
ed to the Romans by Hiero king of Syracuse, 
and deposited in the temple of Jupi'ei, on the 
Capitoline hill. Liv.22.— Varro. de L. L. — 
Hesiod Theog. — Hygin. prcef.fab. — Suet. 

Victoria mons, a place of Spain at the 
mouth of the Iberus. Liv. 24, c, 41. 

Victorius, a man of • Aquitain, who, A. D. 
463, invented the paschal cycle of 532 years 

Victorina, a celebrated matron who placed 
herself at the head of the Roman armies and 
made war against the emperor Gallienus. Her 
son Victorious, and her grandson of the same 
name, were declared emperors, but when they 
were assassinated, Victorina invested with the 
imperial purple one of her favourites called Te- 
tricus. She was some time after poisoned, A. 
D 269, and according to some by Tetricus him- 
self. 

Victorinus, a Christian writer, who com- 
posed a worthless epic poem on the death of the 
seven children mentioned in the Maccabees, 
and distinguished himself more by the active 
part he took in his writings against the Arians 
Victumvi.32, a small town of Insubria, near 
Placentia. Liv. 21, c 45 

Viducasses, a people of Normandy. Plin. 
4, c 18. 

Vienna, a town of Gallia Narbonensis on the 
Rhone, below Lyons. Strab* 1. — Cces. Bell. G. 
7, c. 9. 



Villia Lex, annnlis or armaria, by L. Vit- 
lius, the tribune, \. U C 574, denned the pro- 
per age required for exercising the office of a 
magistrate, 25 years for the. quaestorsbip, 27 or 
28 for the edileship or tribuneship, for the office 
of praetor 30, and for that of consul 43. Liv. 11, 
c. 44 

VilliUs, a tribune of the people, author of 
the Vidian law, and thence called Jlnnulis, a 
surname borne by his family Liv. 11, c 44. 

Publius, a Roman ambassador sent to An- 

tiochus. He held a conference with Annibal, 

who was at the monarch's court. A man who 

disgraced himself by his criminal amours with 
the daughter of Sylla. Horat. 1. Sat. 2, v. 64. 

Viminalis, one of the seven hills on which 
Rome was built, so called fiom the number of 
ozjers (vimines) which grew there. Servius 
Tullius first made it part of the city. Jupiter 
had a temple there, whence he was called Vi- 
minalis- lAv 1, c 44. — Varro L. L. 4, c 8. 

Vinalia, festivals at Rome in honour of Ju- 
piter and Venus. 

Vincentius, one of the Christian fathers, A. 
D. 434, whose works are best edited by Balu- 
zius, Paris, 1669. 

Vincius, a Roman knight condemned under 

Nero. Tacit Jinn. 14, c. 40. An officer 

in Germany 

Vind^lius, a writer in the reign of Constan- 
tius, who wrote ten books on agriculture. 

Vindelici, an ancient people of Germany, 
between the heads of the Rhine and the Da- 
nube. Their country, which was called vindeli- 
cia, forms now part of Swubia and Bavaria, and 
their chief town, dugusta Vwdelicorwn, is now 
Augsburg. Horat. 4, od 4, v 18. 

Vindemiator, a constellation that rose about 
the nones of March. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 407 — 
Plin. 18, c 13. 

Vindex Julius, a governor of Gaul, who re- 
volted against Nero, and determined to deliver 
the Roman empire from his tyranny. He was 
followed by a numerous army, but at last de- 
feated by one of the emperor's generals. When 
he perceived that all was lost, he laid violent 
hands upon himself, 68 A. D. Sueton. in Galb. 
— Tacit. Hist 1, c. 51.— Plin. 9, ep. 19 

Vindicius, a slave who discovered the con- 
spiracy which some of the most noble of the 
Roman citizens had formed to restore Tarquia 
to his throne. He was amply rewarded, and 
made a citizen of Rome. Liv. 2, c. 5. — Plut. 
in Popl. 

Vindili, a nation of Germany. Plin. 4. c. 14. 

Vindonissa, now Wendish, a town of the 
Helvetii on the Aar, in the territory of Berne. 
Tacit. 4, Hist. 61 and 70 

Vinicius, a Roman consul poisoned by Mes- 

salina, &c A man who conspired against 

Nero, &c. 

Vinidius, a miser ment : oned by Horace, 
1 Sat. 1, v. 95 Some manuscripts read Numi- 
dius and Umidius. 

T. Vinius, a commander in the pretorian 
guards, intimate with Galba, of whom he be- 
came the first ministei. He was honoured with 
the consulship, and some time after murdered - 



VI 



VI 



Tacit. H. 1, c. 11, 42 and 43.— Plut. A 

man who revolted from Nero. 

Vinkius, Aseila. a servant of Horace, to 
whom ep. 13 is addressed as injunctions how to 
deliver to Augustus some poems from his mas- 
ter. 

Vipsania, a daughter of M. Agrippa, mother 
ef Drusus. She was the only one of Agrippa's 
daughters who died a natural death. She was 
married to Tiberius when a private man, and 
when she had beer repudiated, she married Asi- 
nius Gallus. Tacit A. 1, c. 12, I. 3, c 19. 

Virbius, (qui inter viros bis fait) a name 
given to Hippolytus, after he had been brought 
back to life by iEsculapius, at the instance of 
Diana, who pitied hi a unfortunate end. Virgil 
makes him son of Hippolytus. JEn. 7, v. 762.. 
— Ovid Met. 15, v. 544— Hvgin. fab. 251. 

Purl. Virgilius Maro, called the prince ff 
the Latin Poets, was born at Andes, a village 
near Mantua, about 70 years, before Christ, on 
the 15th of October. His first years were spent 
at Cremona, where his taste was formed, and 
bis rising talents first exercised. The distribu- 
tion of the lands of Cremona to the soldiers of 
Augustus, after the battle of Philippi, nearly 
proved fatal to the poet, and when be attempted 
to dispute the possession of his fields with a sor- 
did, Virgii was obliged to save his life from the 
resentment of the lawless veteran, by swimming 
across a river. This was the beginning of his 
greatness; he with his father repaired to Rome, 
where he soon formed an acquaintance wit u 
Mecaenas, and recommended himself to the fa- 
vours of Augustus. Tbe emperor restored his 
lands to the poet, whose modest muse knew so 
well how to pay the tribute of gratitude, and his 
first bucolic was written to thank the patron, as 
well as to tell the world that Ids favours were 
not unworthily bestowed The ten bucolics were 
written in about three years. The poet showed 
his countrymen that he could write with grace- 
ful simplicity, with elegance, delicacy of senti- 
ments, and with purity of language. Some 
time after, Virgil undertook the Georgics, a 
poem the most perfect and th isned of all Latin 
compositions. The JEneid was begun, as some 
suppose, at the particular request of Augustus, 
and the poet, while he attempted to prove that 
the Julian family was lineally descended from 
the founder of Lavinium, visibly described in 
the pious and benevolent character of his hero, 
the amiable qualities of his imperial patron. 
The great merit of this poem is well known, 
and it will ever remain undecided which of the 
two poets, either Homer or Virgil, is more en- 
titled to our praise, our applause, and our admi- 
ration. The writer of the Iliad stood as a pat- 
tern to the favourite of Augustus. The voyage 
of iEneas is copied from the Odyssey, and for 
bis battles, Virgil found a model in the wars of 
Troy, and the auimaterl descriptions of the Iliad. 
Tbe poet died before he had revised this im- 
mortal work, which had already engaged his 
time for eleven successive years He had at- 
tempted to attend his patron in the east, but he 
was detained at Naples on account of his ill 
health. He, however, went to Athens, where 
he met Augustus in his return, but he soon after 



fell sick at Megara, and though indisposed, he 
ordered himself to be removed to Italy. He 
landed at Brundusium, where a few days after 
be expired, the 22d of September, in tbe 51st 
jear of his age, B. C. 19 He left the greatest 
part of his immense possessions to his friends, 
particularly to Mecaenas, Tucca, and Augustus, 
and he ordered, as his last will, his unfinished 
poem to be burnt. Tkese last injunctions were 
disobeyed: and according to the words of an an- 
cient poet, Augustus saved his favourite Troy 
from a second and more dismal conflagration. 
The poem was delivered by the emperor to three 
of his literary friends. They were ordered to 
revise and to expunge whatever they deemed 
improper; but they were strictly enjoined not to 
make any additions, and hence, as some sup- 
pose, the causes that so many lines of tbe iEneid 
are unfinished, particularly in the last books. 
The body of the poet, according to his own di- 
rections, was conveyed to Naples, and interred 
with much solemnity, in a monument, erected 
on the road that leads from Naples to Puteoli. 
The following modest distich was engraved on 
the tomb, written by the poet some few moments 
befre he expired; 

Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere; tenet 
nunc 

Parllitnope.; cecini pascua, rura, duces. 
The Romans were not insensible of the merit 
of their poet. Virgil recehed much applause 
in the capital, and when he entered the theatre, 
he was astonished and delighted to see the 
crowded audience rise up to bim as an empe- 
ror, and welcome his approach by reiterated 
plaudits He was naturally modest, and of a 
timorous disposition. When people crowded to 
gaze upon Lin, or pointed at him with the fin- 
ger with raptures, the poet blushed, and stole 
away from tbem, and often hid himself in shops 
to be removed from the curiosity and the admi- 
ration of the public. The most liberal and 
gratifying marks of approbation be received 
were from the emperor and Octavia. He at- 
tempted in his iEneid to paint the virtues, and 
to lament the premature death of the son of Oc- 
tavia, and he was desired by <he emperor to re- 
peat the lines in the presence of the afflicted 
mother. He had no sooner began nate, &c. 
than Octavia burst into tears; he continued, but 
he had artfully suppressed tbe name of her son, 
and when be repeated in the 16th line the well 
known words, Tu Marcellus eris, the princess 
swooned away, and the poet withdrew, but not 
without being liberally rewarded . Octavia pre- 
sented bim ten sesterces for every one of his 
verses in praise of her son, the whole of which 
was equivalent to 2000/. English money. As 
an instance of bis modesty, the following cir- 
cumstance has been recorded. Virgil wrote 
this distich, in which be compared his patron to 
Jupiter, 

Nocte pluit lota-, redeunt spectacula mane, 
Divisum imperium cum Jove Caesar hahet, 
and placed it in the night on the gates of the 
palace of Augustus. Inquiries were made foj 
the author by order of Augustus, and when Vir- 
gil had the diffidence not to declare himself, 
Bathyllus, a contemptible poet of the age, 



VI 



VI 



claimed tbe verses as his own, and was liberally j The soldiers were astonished and incensed, not 
rewarded. This displeased Virgil; he again j against the murderer, but the tyrant that was 
wrote the verses near the palace, and under j the cause of Virginia's death, ano they immedi- 
ately marched to Rome. Appius was seized, 
but he destined himself in prison, and prevent- 
ed the execution of the law. Spurius Oppius, 
another of the decemvirs who bad not opposed 
the tyrant's views killed himself also, and Mar- 
cus Claudius, the favourite of Appius, was put 
to death, and the decemviral powtr abolished, 
about 449 years before Christ. Liv. 3, c. 44, 
kc.—Juv. 10, v. 294. 

Virginius, the father of Virginia, made 

tribune of the people. [Vnl. Virginia.] 

A tribune of the people who accused Q, Caeso 
the son of Cincinnatus. He increased the num- 
ber of the tribunes to ten, and distinguished 
himself by his seditions against the patricians. 
Another tribune in the age of Camillus, 



them 

Hos ego versicuhsfeci, tulit alter honor es; 
with the beginning of another line in these 
WO; I 

Sic vos non vobis, 
four times repeated Augustus wished the lines 
to be finished, Baihyllus seemed unable, and 
Virgil, at last, by completing the stanza in the 
following order- — 

Sic vos non vobis nidificatis aves; 
Sic vos' non vobis vellera fertis oves; 
Sic vos non vobis mellificatis apes; 
Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves; 
proved himself to be the author of the distich, 
and the poetical usurper became the sport and 
ridicule of Rome. In the works of Virgil we 
can find a more perfect and satisfactory account 
of tbe religious ceremonies and customs of the 
Romans, than in all the other Latin poets, Ovid 
excepted. Every thing he mentions is founded 
upon historical truth, and though he borrowed 
much from his predecessors, and even whole 
lines from Ennius, yet he has had the happiness 
to make it all his own. He was uncommonly 
severe in revising his own poetry, and he used 
often to compare himself to a bear that licks her 
cuos into shape. In his connexions, Virgil was 
remarkable, his friends enjoyed his unbounded 
confidence, and his library and possessions 
seemed to be the property of the public. Like 
other great men he was not without his enemies 
and detractors in his lifetime, but from their 
aspersions he received additional lustre. Among 
the very numerous and excellent editionsof Vir- 
gil, these few may be collected as Uie best; that 
of Masvicius, 2 vols 4to. Leovardiae, 1717; 
Baskerviiie, 4to Birmingham, 1757; of the Va- 
riorum, in 8vo. L. Bat. 1661; of Heyne, 4 vols. 
Svo Lips 1767; of Edinburgh, 2 vols. 12mo. 
1755; and of Glasgow, 12mo. 1758. Paterc. 
2, c 36.—Horat. I. Sat. 5, v. 40 — Propert. 
2, el. 34, v. 61. — Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 10, v. 51. 
Mart. 8, ep 56.— Juv. 11 v. 178. — Qjiintil. 

10, c 1. — Plin. 3, ep. 21 Caius, a praetor 

of Sicily, who, when Cicero was banished, re- 
fused to receive the exiled orator, though his 
friend, for fear of the resentment of Clodius. 
Cic. ad Q,. Fratr. 

Virginia, a daughter of the centurion L. 
Virginius. Appius Claudius the decemvir be- 
came enamoured of her, and attempted to re- 
move her from the place where she resided. 
She was claimed by one of his favourites as the 
daughter of a slave, and Appius, in the capaci- 
ty and with the authority of judge, had pronounc- 
ed the sentence, and delivered her into the 
bands of his friend, when Virginius, informed 
of his violent proceedings, arrived from the 
camp. The father demanded to see his daugh- 
ter, and when this request was granted, he 
snatched a knife and plunged it into Virginia's 
breast, exclaiming, This is all, my dearest 
daughter, I can give thee, to preserve thy chasti- 
ty from the lust and violence of a tyrant. No 



fined for his opposition to a law which proposed 

going to Veii. An augur who died of the 

plague. Caius, a prajtor of Sicily, who op- 
posed the entrance of Cicero into his province, 
though undei many obligations to the orator. 
Some read Virgilius. A tribune who en- 
couraged China to criminate Sylia. One of 
the generals of Nero in Germany. He made 
war against Vindex, and conquered him He 
was treated with great coldness by Galba, 
whose interest he had supported with so much 
success. He refusec all dangerous stations, 
and though twice offered the imperial purple, 
he rejected it with disdain Plui. A Ro- 
man orator aud rhetorician. 

Viriathus, a mean shepherd of Lusitania, 
who gradually rose to power, and by first head- 
ing a gang of robbers, saw himself at last fol>- 
lowed by a numerous army. He made war 
against the Romans with uncommon success, 
and for 14 years enjoyed the envied title of 
protector of public liberty in the provinces of 
Spain. Many generals were defeated, and 
^ompey himself was ashamed to find himself 
beaten. Csepio was at last sent against bim. 
But his despair of conquering him by force of 
arm's, obliged him to have recourse to artifice, 
and he had the meanness to bribe the servants 
of Viriathus to murder their master, B. C. 40. 
Ftor 2, c ll. — Val. Max. 6, c. 4.~ Liv. 52 
and 54. 

Viridomarus, a young man of great power 
among the iEdui. Caesar greatly honoured 
him, but he fought at last against the Romans. 
Cces. Bell. G. 7, c. 39, &c. 

Viriplaca, a goddess among the Romans 
who presided over the peace of families, whence 
her name, [yirum placare.] If any quarrel 
happened between a man and his wife, they 
generally repaired to tbe temple of the goddess, 
which was erected on the Palatine mount; and 
came back reconciled. Val. Max. 2, c. 1. 

Virro, a fictitious name introduced in Ju- 
venal's 5 Sat. 

Virtus. All virtues were made deities 
among the Romans Marcellus erected two 
temples, one to Virtue and the olher to Honour. 



They were built in such a manner, that to see 
sooner was the blow given, than Virginius ran I the temple of Honour it was necessary to pass 
to the camp with the bloody knife in his hand. | through that of Virtue; a happy allegory among 



VI 



VI 



a nation free and independent. The principal 
virtues were distinguished, each by their attire. 
Prudence was known by her rule and her point- 
ing to a globe at her feet; Temperance had a 
bridle; Justice held an equal balance; and For- 
titude leant against her sword; Honesty was 
clad in a transparent vest; Modesty appeared 
veiled; Clemency wore an olive branch, and 
Devotion threw incense upon an altar; Tran- 
quillity was seen to lean on a column; Health 
was known by her serpent, Liberty by her cap, 
and Gayety by her myrtle. Cic de JV*. D. 2, 
c. 23. — Plant, in amph. prol. — Liv. 29, c. 11. 
— Val. Max. 1, c 1. — Jug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 20. 
Visargis, a river of Germany, now called 
the Weser, and falling into the German ocean. 
Varus and his legions were cut to pieces there 
by the Germans. Veil. 2, c. 105.— Tacit. An. 
1, c. 70, 1 2, c. 9. 

Viscell.*, now Weltz, a town of Noricum, 
between the Ens and Mure. " Cic. Am. 11. 

Visellia lex, was made by Visellius Varro, 
the consul, A. U. C. 776, to restrain the in- 
troduction of improper persons into the offices 
of the state. 

L Visellius Varro, a lieutenant in Ger- 
many under Tiberius. Tacit. An. 3, c. 41, 1, 
4, c 17. 

Visellus, a man whose father-in-law, the 
commentators of Horace believe to have been 
afflicted with a hernia, onjtheir observations on 
this verse, (1 Sat 1, v. 105.) Est inter Tanaim 
quiddam, socerumqne Viselli. 

Vistula, a river falling into the Baltic, the 
eastern boundary of ancient Germany. 

Vitellia, a Roman colony on the borders 
of the iEqui. Liv. 5, c. 29. 

Vitellius Aulus, a Roman raised by his 
vices to the throne. He was descended from 
one of the most illustrious families of Rome, 
and as such he gained an easy admission to the 
palace of the emperors. The greatest part of 
his youth was spent at Capreae, where bis wil- 
lingness and compliance to gratify the most 
vicious propensities of Tiberius, raised his fa- 
ther to the dignity of consul and governor of 
Syria. The applause he gained in this school 
of debauchery, was too great and flattering to 
induce Vitellius to alter his conduct, and no 
longer to be one of the votaries of Vice. Cali- 
gula was pleased with his skill in driving a 
chariot. Claudius loved him because he was a 
great gamester, and he recommended himself 
to the favours of Nero by wishing him to sing 
publicly in the crowded theatre. With such 
an insinuating disposition, it is not to be won- 
dered that Vitellius became so great. He did 
not fall with his patrons, like the other favour- 
ites, but the death of an emperor seemed to 
raise him to greater honours, and to procure 
him fresh applause. He passed through all the 
offices of the state and gained the soldiery by 
donations and liberal promises. He was at the 
head of the Roman legions in Germany when 
Otho was proclaimed emperor, and the exalta- 
tion of his rival was no sooner heard in the 
camp, than he was likewise invested with the 
purple by his soldiers. He accepted with plea- 
sure the dangerous office, and instantly march- 



ed against Otho. Three battles were fought 
and in all Vitellius was conquered. A fourth, 
however, in the plains between Mantua and 
Cremona left him master of tbe field and of 
the Ruman empire. He feasted his eyes in 
viewing the bodies of the slain and the ground 
covered with blood, and regardless of the in- 
salubrity of the air, proceeding from so many 
carcasses, he told his attendants that the smell 
of a dead enemy was always sweet. His first 
care was not like that of a true conqueror, to 
alleviate the distresses of the conquered, or 
patronise the friends of the dead, but it was to 
insult their misfortunes., and to intoxicate him- 
self with the companions of his debauchery in 
the field of battie. Each successive day ex- 
hibited a scene of greater extravagance Vi- 
tellius feasted four or five times a day, and such 
was his excess, that he often made himself 
vomit to begin his repast afresh, and to gratify 
his pa'ate with more luxury. His food was of 
the most rare and exquisite nature, the deserts 
of Libya, the shores of Spain, and the waters 
of the Carpathian sea, were diligently searched 
to supply the table of the emperor The most 
celebrated of his feasts was that with which he 
was treated by his brother Lucius. The table, 
among other meats, was covered with two 
thousand different dishes of fish, and seven 
thousand of fowls, and so expensive was he in 
every thing that above seven millions sterling 
were spent in maintaining his table in the space 
of four months, and Josephus has properly ob- 
served, that if Vitellius had reigned long, the 
great opulence of all the Roman empire would 
have been found insufficient to defray the ex- 
penses of his banquets. This extravagance, 
which delighted the favourites, soon raised the 
indignation of the people, Vespasian was pro- 
claimed emperor by the army, and his minister 
Primus was sent to destroy the imperial glutton. 
Vitellius concealed himself under the bed of 
the porter of his palace, but this obscure retreat 
betrayed him, he was dragged naked through 
the streets, his hands were tied behind his back, 
and a drawn sword was placed under his chin 
to make him lift his head. After suffering the 
greatest insults from the populace, he was at 
last carried to the place of execution, and put 
to death with repeated blows. His head was 
cut off and fixed to a pole, and his mutilated 
body dragged with a hook, and thrown into the 
Tiber, A. D. 69, after a n ign of one year, 
except 12 days. Suet. — Tacit. Hist. 2. — 

Eutrop. — Dio. — Plut. Lucius, the father of 

the emperor, obtained great honours by his 
flattery to the emperors. He was made gov- 
ernor of Syria, and in this distant province he 
obliged the Parthians to sue for peace. His 
adulation to Messalina is well known, and he 
obtained as a particular favour the honourable 
office of pulling off the shoes of the empress, &c. 

Suet. &c. A brother of the emperor, who 

enjoyed his favours by encouraging his gluttony, 

8cc. Publius, an uncle of the emperor of that 

name. He was accused under Nero of at- 
tempts to bribe the people with money from the 
treasury against the emperor. He killed him- 
self before his trial. One of the flatterers 

5 D 



UL 



UL 



of Tiberius. An officer of the pretorians un- 
der Otho. \ son of the emperor Vitellius 

put to death by one of his father's friends. 

Some of the family of the Vitellii conspired 
with the Aquilii and other illustrious Romans 
to restore Tarquin to his throne. Their con- 
spiracy was discovered by the consuls, and they 
were severely punished. Plut. &c. 

Viterbum, a town of Tuscany, where Fa- 
num Voltumnae stood. It is not mentioned by 
classical writers. Liv. 4, c. 23 ana 61. 1. 5. 
c. 17. 

Vitia, a mother put to death by Tiberius, 
for weeping at the death of her son, &c. Ta- 
cit. Jinn. 7, c. 10. 

Vitricus a surname of Mars. Ovid. 

M. Vitruvius Pollio, a celebrated ar- 
chitect in the age of Augustus, born at Formiae. 
He is known only by his writings, and nothing 
is recorded in history of his life or private cha- 
racter. He wrote a treatise on his profession, 
which he dedicated to Augustus, and it is the 
only book on architecture now extant written 
by the ancients. In this work he plainly shows 
that he was master of his profession, and that he 
possessed both genius and abilities. The best 
edition of Vitruvius is that of De Laet, Amst 
1649. 

Vitula, a deity among the Romans who 
presided over festivals and rejoicings. Macrob. 
3, c. 2. 

Vitularia via, a road in the country of Ar- 
pinum Cic. Q, fre. 3 ep. 1. 

Ulpia Trajana, a Roman colony planted 
in Sarmatia by Trajan. 

Ulpianus Domitius, a lawyer in the reign j 
of Alexander Severus, of whom he became the 
secretary and principal minister. He raised a 
persecution against the Chiistians, and was at 
last murdered by the praetorian guards, of which 
he had the command, A. D. 226 There are 
some fragments of his compositions on civil 
la»v still extant. The Greek commentaries of 
Ulpian on Demosthenes, were printed in fol. 

1527, apud Jlldum. Marcellus, an officer in 

the age of Commodus. Julianus, a man 

sent to oppose Heliogabalus, &c. 

V lubrjE, a small town of Latium, on the 
river Astura, where Augustus was educated. Juv. 
10, v. 102— Horat 1, ep. 11. 

Ulysses, a king of the islands of Ithaca and 
Dulichium, son of Anticlea and Laertes, or, ac- 
cording to some, of Sisyphus. [Vid. Sisyphus and 
Anticlea.] He became, like the other princes 
of Greece, one of the suitors of Helen; but as 
he despaired of success in his applications, on ac- 
count of the great number of his competitors, he 
solicited the hand of Penelope, the daughter of 
Icarius Tywdarus, the father of Helen, favour- 
ed the addresses of Ulysses, as by him be was 
directed to choose one of his daughter's suitors 
without offending the others, and to bind them 
all by a solemn oath, that they would unite to- 
gether in protecting Helen if any violence was 
ever offered to her person. Ulysses had no soon- 
er obtained the hand of Penelope, than he re- 
turned to Ithaca, when his father resigned him 
the crown, and retired to peace and rural soli- 
tude. The rape of Helen, however, by Paris, 



did not long permit him to remain in his king- 9 
dom, and as he was bound to defend her against 
every intruder, he was summoned to the war 
with the other princes of Greece. Pretending 
to be insane, not to leave his beloved Penelope, 
he yoked a horse and a bull together, and 
ploughed the sea shore, where he sowed salt in- 
stead of corn. This dissimulation was soon 
discovered, and Palamedes, by placing before 
the plough of Ulysses, his infant son Telema- 
ehus, convinced the world, that the father was 
not mad, who had the providence to turn away 
the plough from the furrow, not to hurt his child. 
Ulysses was therefore obliged to go to the war, 
but he did not forget bim who had discovered 
his pretended insanity. [Fid. Palamedes.] 
During the Trojan war, the king of Ithaca was 
courted for his superior prudence and sagacity. 
By his means Achilles was discovered among 
the daughters of Lycomedes, king of Scyros, 
[Vid. Achilles,] and Pbiloctetes was induced 
to abandon Lemnos, and to fight the Trojans 
with the arrows of Hercules. [Vid. Pbi- 
loctetes. 3 He was not less distinguished for 
his activity and valour. 'With the assistance 
of Diomedes he murdered Rhesus, and slaugh- 
tered the sleeping Thracians in the midst of 
their camp. [Vid. Rhesus and Dolon,] and he 
introduced himself into the city of Friam, and 
carried away the Palladium of the Trojans. 
[Vid. Palladium.] For these eminent services 
he was universally applauded by the Greeks, 
and he was rewarded with the arms of Achilles, 
which Ajax had disputed with him. After the 
iTrojan war Ulysses embarked on board his 
ships, to return to Greece, but he was exposed 
to a number of misfortunes before he reached 
his native country. He was thrown by the 
winds upon the coasts of Africa, and visited the 
country of the Lotophagi, and of the Cyclops in 
Sicily. Polyphemus, who was the king of the 
Cyclops, seized Ulysses with bis companions, 
five of whom he devoured, [Vid. Polyphemus,] 
but the prince of Ithaca intoxicated him and 
put out his eye, and at last escaped from the 
dangerous cave where he was confined, by tying 
himself under the belly of the sheep of the 
Cyclops when led to pasture. In ^Eolia he met 
with a friendly reception, and jEoIus gave him, 
confined in bags, all the winds which could ob- 
struct his return to Ithaca, but the curiosity of 
his companions to know what the bags contained, 
proved nearly fatal. The winds rushed with 
impetuousity, and all the fleet was destroyed, 
except the ship which carried Ulysses. From 
thence he was thrown upon the coasts of the 
Laestrigones, and of the island /Eea, where the 
magician Circe changed all his companions into 
pigs for their voluptuousness. He escaped their 
fate by means of an herb which he had received 
from Mercury, and after he had obliged the 
magician by force of arms to restore his com- 
panions to their original shape, he yielded to 
her charms, and made her mother of Telegonus. 
He visited the infernal regions, and consulted 
Tiresius how to regain his country in safety; and 
after he had received every necessary informa- 
tion, he returned on earth. He passed along 
the coasts of the Sirens unhurt, by the directions 



UL 



VO 



©f Circe, [Vid. Sirenes.] and escaped the 
whirlpools and shoals of Scylla and Carybdis. 
On the coasts of Sicily his companions stole and 
killed some oxen tbat were sacred to Apollo, 
for which the god destroyed the ships, and all 
were drowned except Ulysses, who saved him- 
self on a plank, and swam to the island of 
Calypso in Ogygia. There, for seven years, 
he forgot Ithaca, in the arms of the goddess, by 
whom he had two children. The gods at last 
interfered, and Calypso, by order of Mercury, 
suffered him to depart after she had furnished 
him with a ship, and every thing requisite for 
the voyage. He had almost reached the island 
of Corcyra, when Neptune, still mindful that 
his son Polyphemus had been robbed of his 
sight by the perfidy of Ulysses, raised a storm 
and sunk his ship. Ulysses swam with diffi- 
culty to the island of the Phaeaciaus, where the 
kindness of Nausica, and the humanity of her 
father, king Alcinous, entertained him for a 
while. He related the series of his misfortunes 
to the monarch, and at last, by his benevolence, 
he was conducted in a ship to Ithaca The 
Phaeacians laid him on the sea shore as he was 
asleep, and Ulysses found himself safely restor- 
ed to his country, after a long absence of 20 
years. He was well informed that his palace 
was besieged by a number of suitors, who con- 
tinually disturbed the peace of Penelope, and 
therefore he assumed the habit of a beggar, by 
the advice of Minerva, and made himself 
known to his son, and his faithful shepherd 
Eumaeus. With them he took measures to re- 
establish himself on his throne, he went to the 
palace, and was personally convinced of the 
virtues and of the fidelity of Penelope Before 
his arrival was publicly known, all the impor- 
tuning suitors were put to death, and Ulysses 
restored to the peace and bosom of his family. 
[Vid. Laertes, Penelope, Telemacbus, Eumae- 
us.] He lived about sixteen years after his 
return, and was at last killed by his son Tele- 
gonus, who had landed in Ithaca, with the hopes 
of making himself known to his father. This 
unfortunate event had been foretold to him by 
Tiresias, who assured him that he should die by 
the violence of something that was to issue from 
the bosom of the sea. [Vid. Tel egonus.] Ac- 
cording to some authors, Ulysses went to con- 
sult the oracle of Apollo after his return to 
Ithaca, and he had the meanness to seduce 
Erippe, the daughter of a king of Epirus, who 
had treated him with great kindness. Erippe 
had a son by him whom she called Euryalus. 
When come to years of puberty, Euryalus was 
sent to Ithaca by his mother, but Penelope no 
sooner knew who he was than she resolved to 
destroy him. Therefore when Ulysses returned, 
he put to immediate death his unknown son, on 
the Crimination of Penelope his wife, who ac- 
cused him of attempts upon her virtue. The 
adventures of Ulysses on his return to Ithaca 
from the Trojan war, are the subject of Homer's 
Odyssey. Homer. II. fy Od.— Virg. JEn. 2, 3, 
&c — Dictys. Cret. 1, &c— Oind, Met. 13. — 
Heroid. 1. — Hygin. fab. 201, &c — Jipollod. 
3, c. 10.— Poms. 1,4. 17 and 22, 1. 3, c 12, 1. 
7, c. 4.^-Mian. V. H. 13, c. 12.— Horat. 3, 



Od. 29, v. 8.— Parthen. Erot. S.—Plut.—Plin. 
35—Tzetz ad. Lye. 

Ulyssedm, a promontory of Sicily, west of 
Pachinus. 

Umber, a lake of Umbria near the Tiber. 
Propert. 4, el. 1, v. 124. 

Umbra Pompeia, a portico of Pompey at 
Rome. Mart. 5, ep. 10. 

Umbria. a country of Italy, separated from 
Etruria, by the Tiber, bounded on the north by 
the Adriatic sea, east by Picenum, and the 
country of the Sabines, and south by the river 
Nar. Some derive the word Umbria ab tm- 
bribus, the frequent showers that were sup- 
posed to fall there, or from the shadow (umbra) 
of the Apennines which hung over it. Umbria 
had many cities of note. The Umbrians op- 
posed the Romans in the infancy of their em- 
pire, but afterwards they became their allies, 
about the year U. C. 434. Catul. 40, v. 11. 
—Strab. 5.—Plin. 3, c. 12. — Dionys. Hal. 

Umbrigius, a soothsayer, who foretold ap- 
proaching calamities to Galba. Juv. 3, v. 21. 
—Tacit. H. 1, c. 27. 

Umbro, a navigable river of Italy. Plin. 

3, c. 5. A general who assisted Turnus 

against iEneas, and was killed during the war. 
He could assuage the fury of serpents by his 
songs, and counteract the poisonous effects of 
their bites. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 752, I. 10, v. 
544. 

Unca, a surname of Minerva among the 
Phoenicians and Thebans. 

UNCHiE, a town of Mesopotamia. 

Undecemviri, magistrates at Athens, to 
whom such as were publicly condemned were 
delivered to be executed. C. Nep. in Phoc. 

Unelli, a people of Cotantin in Gaul, con- 
quered by C?esar. Cees. Bell G. 2, c. 34. 

Unigena, a surname of Minerva, as sprung 
of Jupiter alone. 

Unxia, a surname of Juno* derived from 
ungere, to anoint, because it was usual among 
the Romans for the bride to anoint the thres- 
hold of her husband, aud from the necessary 
ceremony wives were called Unxores, and af- 
terwards Uxores, from Unxia, who presided 
over them. JJmob. 3. 

Vocetius, part of mount Jura. Tacit. H. 
1, c. 68. 

Vocovia lex, de testamenlis, by Q. Voconius 
Saxa, the tribune, A. U. C. 584, enacted, that 
no woman should be left heiress to an estate, 
and that no rich person should leave by his 
will more than the fourth part of his fortune 
to a woman. This step was taken to prevent 
the decay of the noblest and most illustrious 
of the families of Rome. This law was abro- 
gated by Augustus. 

Voconii forum, a town of Gaul, between 
Antibes and Marseilles. Cic 10, /«m. 17. 

Voconius Victor, a Latin poet, &c. Mar-. 

tial. 7, ep. 28. Saxa, a tribune who made 

a law. An officer of Lucullus in Asia. 

Vocontia, now Vasio. Sil. 3, v. 167. 

Vogesus, now Vauge. a mountain of Belgic 
Gaul, which separates the Sequani from the 
Lingones. Lucan. J, v. 397. — C<es. G. 4, c. 
10. 



vo 



UR 



VoLiE, a city of the iEqui. Liv. 4, c. 49. 
Volaginius, a soldier who assassinated one 
of his officers, &c. Tacit. H 2, c. 75. 
Volana, a town of the Samnites. 
Volandum, a fortified place of Armenia. 
Volaterra, an ancient town of Etruria, 
famous for hot baths. Perseus the satirist was 

born there. Liv. 10, c. 12. Strab. 5. — 

Cic. 13, /am- 4. 

Volcje, or Volg-K, a people of Gaul, be- 
tween the Garonne and the Rhone. Liv. 21, 
c. 26.— Mela, 2, c 5. 

Volci, an inland town of L'icania, now 

Lauria. Liv. 27, c. 15. A town of Etruria 

Plin 3, c 5. 

Vologeses, a name common to man} of the 
kin°;s of Parthia, who made war against the 
Roman emperors. Tacit. 12, Jinn. 14. 

V olscens, a Latin chief who discovered 
Nisus and Euryalus as they returned from the 
Rutulian camp loaded with spoils. He killed 
Euryalus, and was himseif immediately stab- 
bed by Nisus. Virg. JEn. 9, v 370 and 442. 
Volsci, or Volci, a people of Latium, whose 
territories are bounded on the south by the 
Tyrrhene sea, north by the country of the 
Hernici and Marsi, west by the Latins and I 
Rutulians, and east by Campania. Their chief j 
cities were Antium, Circea, Anxur, Corioli, ! 
Fregellze, Arpinum, &c Ancusking of Rome j 
ma .e war against them, and in the time of the ■ 
republic they became formidable enemies, till \ 
they were at last conquered with the rest of j 
the Latins. Liv. 3 and A.— Virg. G. 2, v. 168. j 
JEn. 9, v. 505, I, 11, v. 546, &c— Strab 5.— 
Mela, 2, c 4 and 5. 

Volsinium, a town of Etruria, in Italy, de- 
stroyed, according to Pliny 2. c. 53, by fire 
from heaven. The inhabitants numbered the 
years by fixing nails in the temple of Nortia, • 
a Tuscan goddess. Liv. 5, c. 31, I, 7, c. 3. — 
Juv. 3, v. 191.— Tacit. Jinn. 4. — Onit. 
Voltinia, one of the Roman tribes. 
Volubilis, a town of Africa, supposed Fez, 
the capital of Morocco. Plin. 5, c. 1. 

Volumna Fanum, a temple in Etruria, 
sacred to the goddess Volumna, who presided 
over the will and over complaisance, where the 
states of the country used to assemble. Viterbo 
now stands on the spot. Liv. 4, c. 23, I. 5. c. 
17. I. 6, c. 2 
Volumnia, the wife of Coriolanus. Liv. 2, 

c. 40. The freed woman of Volumnius Eu- 

trapelus. Cic. Phil. 2, c. 34. 

Volumnus and Volumna, two deities who 
presided over the will. They were chiefly 
invoked at marriage, to preserve concord be- 
tween the husband and wife. They were par- 
ticularly worshipped by the Etrurians. Liv. 4, 
c 61. 

T. Volumnius, a Roman famous for his 
friendship towards M. Lucullus, wh,om M. 
Antony had put to death. His great lamenta- 
tions were the cause that he was dragged to 
the triumvir, of whom he demanded to be con- 
ducted to the body of his friend, and there to 
be put to death. His request was easily grant- 
ed. Liv. 124, c. 20. A mimic whom Bru- 
tus put to death. An Etrurian who wrote 



tragedies in his own native language.— —A. 
consul who defeated the Samnites and the 

Etrurians, &c. Liv. 9. A friend of M. 

Brutus. He was preserved when that great 
republican killed himself, and he wrote an ac- 
count of his death and of his actions, from 

which Plutarch selected some remarks. A 

prefect of Syria, B. C. 11. A Roman knight 

put to death by Catiline. 

Voluptas and Volupia, the goddess of 
sensual pleasures, worshipped at Rome where 
she had a temple. She was represented as a 
young and beautiful woman, well dressed, and 
elegantly adorned, seated on a throne, and 
having virtue under her feet. Cic de JY. D. 

2, c 23.— Macrob. 1, c. 10.— Aug. de Civ. D. 
4, c. 8. 

C. VolusEnus, a military tribune in Caesar's 
army, &c. Cces. Bell. G. 3. 

Volusiancs, a Roman taken as colleague on 
the imperial throne, by his father Gallus. He 
was killed by his soldiers. 

Volusius, a poet of Patavia who wrote, like 
Ennius, the annals of Rome- in verse. Seneca, 
ep. 93 — Catull. 96, v. 7.— — Saturninus, a 
governor o( Rome, who died in the 93d year 
of his age, beloved and respected, under Nero. 

Tacit. Ann. 13. Caius, a soldier at the 

siege of Cremona, &C- One of Nero's offi- 
cers Tacit. Jinn. 15, c. 51. 

Von/sus, a friend of Turnus. Virg. JEn. 
11, v 463. 

Volux, a son of Bocchus, whom the Romans 
defeated. Sylla suspected his fidelity, &c. 
Sallust. Jug. 105. 

Vomanus, a river of Picenum in Italy. Plin. 

3, c 13— Si/- It. 8, v. 438, 

Vonones, a king of Parthia expelled by his 
subjects, and afterwards placed on the thrune of 

Armenia. Tacit. Jinn. 12, c. 14 Another 

king of Armenia. A man made king of Par- 
thia by Augustus. 

Vopiscus, a native of Syracuse, 303, A D. 
who wrote the life of Aurelian, Tacitus, Floria- 
nus, Probus, Firmus, Carus, &c. He is one of 
the six authors who are called Histories Jiugus- 
tce scriptores, but he excels all others in the ele- 
gance of his style, and the manner in which he 
relates the various actions of the emperors. He 
is not however without his faults, ind we look 
in vain for the purity or perspicuity of the wri- 
ters of the Augustan age. 

Voranus, a freed man of Q. Luctatius Catu- 
lus, famous for his robberies as well as his cun- 
ning, &c. Horat. 1, Sat. 8, v. 39. 

Votienus Montakus, a man of learning ba- 
nished to one of the Baleares for his malevolent 
reflections upon Tiberius. Ovid has celebrated 
him as an excellent poet. Tacit. Jinn. 4, c. 42. 

Upis, the father of one of the Dianas men- 
tioned by the ancients, from which circumstance 
Diana herself is called Upis. Cic. de Nat. D. 
3, c 23. — Callim. in Dian 

Urania, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupi- 
ter and Mnemosyne, who presided over astrono- 
my. She is generally called mother of Linus 
by Apollo, and of the god Hymenaeus by Bac- 
cnus. She was represented as a young virgin 
dressed in an azure coloured robe, crowned 



vu 



vu 



with stars, and holding a globe in her hands, 

and having many mathematical instruments 
placed around. Hesiod. Theog 77. — Jlpollcd. 

1, c. 2 — Hygin. fab 161. A surname of 

Venus, the same as Celestial. She was suppos- 
ed, in that character, to preside over beauty 
and generation, and was called daughter of Ura- 
nus or Coetus by the Light. Her temples in 
Asia, Africa, Greece, and Italy were numerous. 
Plato in Symp. — Cie. de Nat D. 3, c 23. — 

Pans. 1, c. 14, &c I. 7, c. 26, &c. A town 

of Cyprus. 

Lrami, or Urii, a people of Gaul. 
Uranopolis, a '.own at the top of Athos. 
Uranus, or Ourands, a deity, the same as 
Coelus, the most ancient of all the gods. He 
married Tithea, or the Earth, by whom he had 
Ceus, Creus, Hyperion, Mnemosyne, Cottus, 
Phoebe, Briareus, Thetis, Saturn, Giges, called 
from their mother Titans. His cl ildren cou- 
spired against him, because lie confined them 
in the bosom of the earth and his son Saturn 
mutilated him, and drove him from his throne 
Urba, now Oi be, a town of the Helvetii, on 
a river uf the same name. 

Urbicua, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. 
Urbicus, an actor at Koine, in Domi.ian's 
reign. Juv. 6. 

Urbinum, now Urbino, a town of Umbria 
Plin. 3, c. 14. 

Urgo, now Gorgona, an island in the bay of 
Pis., 25 miles west of Leghorn, famous for an- 
chovies. Plin. 3, c 6. 

Uria, a town of Calabria, built by a Cretan 
colony, ami called also Hyria. Plin. 3, c. 11. 

— ktrab. 6. Of Apulia. 

Uritf.s, a people of Italy Liv. 42, c. 48. 
Ursestum, a town of the Brutii, now Orso. 
Plin. 3, c. 11. 

Ursidius, an adulterer. Juv. 6, v. 38. 
Uscana, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 43, c. 
18. 

Usceta, a town of Africa Propria. Hist . Aj. 
89. 

Uscudama, a town of Thrace. Eutrop. 6, 
c. 8. 

' Usipetes, or Usipii, a people of Germany. 
Cces Bell. G 4, c. 1, &c. 

Ustica, a town in an island on the coast of 
Sicily, near Panormum. Horat- 1, od. 17, v. 
11. 

Utens, a river of Gaul, now Mont one, fall- 
ing into the Adriatic by Ravenna. Liv. 5, c. 
35. 

Utica, now Satcor, a celebrated city of Afri- 
ca, on the coast of the Mediterranean, on the 
same bay as Carthage, founded by a Tyrian 
colony above 287 years before Carthage. It 
had a large and commodious harl-our, and it 
became the metropolis of Africa, after the de- 
struction of Carthage in the third Punic war, 
and the Romans granted it all the lands situate 
between Hippo and Carthage. It is celebrated 
for the death of Cato, who from thence is called 
Uticensis, or of Utica. Strab. 17. — Lucan. 6, 
v. 306.— Justin. 18, c. 4.— Plin. 16, c 40.— 
Liv. 25, c. 31.— Sil. 3, v. 242.— Horat. 1, cp. 
20, v. 513. 

Vui.canalia, festivals in honour of Vulcan, 



brought to Rome from Praeneste, and observed 
in the monih of August. The streets were illu- 
minated, fires kindled everywhere, and animals 
thrown into the flames, as a sacrifice to the 
deity. Vairo. de L. L. 5. — Dion. Hal. 1. — 
Columell. 11. — Plin 18, c. 13. 

Vulcani insula, or Vulcania, a name given 
to cUe islands between Sicily and Italy, now 
called Lipari Virg. JEn. 8, v. 422. 1 hey 
received it because there were there subterra- 
neous fires, supposed to be excited by Vulcan, 
the god of fire. 

Vulcanius, Tarentianus, a Latin historian, 
iv ho wrote an account of the life of the three 
Gordians, &c. 

Vulcanus, a god of the ancients who presid- 
ed over fire, and was the patron of all artists 
who worked iron and metals. He was son of 
Juno alone, who in this wished to imitate Ju- 
piter, who had produced Miner* a from his 
Lnains. According to Homer, he was sou of 
Jupiter ">nd Juno, and the mother was so dis- 
gusted with the deformities of her son, that she 
threw him into the sea, as soou as born, where 
he remained for nine years. According to the 
more received opinion, Vulcan was educated in 
heaven with the rest of the gods, but his father 
kicked him down from Olympus, when he at- 
tempted to deliver his mother, who had been 
fastened by a golden chain for her insolence. 
He was nine days in coming from heaven upon 
earth, and he fell in the island of Lemnos, 
where, according to Lucian, the inhabitants see- 
ing him in the air, caught him in their arms. 

e however broke his leg by the fall, and ever 
after remained Same of one foot. He fixed his 
residence in Lemnos, where he built himself a 
palace, and raised forges to work mecals. The 
inhabitants of the island became sensible of his 
industry, and were taught all the useful arts 
which could civilize their rude manners, and 
render them serviceable to the good of society. 
The first work of Vulcan was, according to some, 
a throne of gold with secret springs, which he 
presented to his mother to aveuge himself for 
her want of affection towards him. Juno no 
sooner was seated on the throne, than she found 
herself unable to move. The gods attempted 
to deliver her by breaking the chains which held 
her, but to no purpose, and Vulcan alone had 
the power to set her at liberty. Bacchus intoxi- 
cated him and prevailed upon him to come to 
Olympus, where he was reconciled to his pa- 
rents. Vulcan has been celebrated by the an- 
cient poets for the ingenious works and automa- 
tical figures which he made, and many speak of 
two golden statues, which not only seemed ani- 
mated, but which walked by his side, and even 
assisted him in the working of the metals. It 
is said, that at the request of Jupiter he made 
the first woman that ever appeared on earth, 
well known under the name of Pandora. [Vid. 
Pandora.] The Cyclops of Sicily, were his 
ministers and attendants, and with him they fa- 
bricated, not only the thunderbolts of Jupiter, 
but also arms for the gods and the most cele- 
brated heroes. His forges were supposed to be 
under mount JEtna, in the island' of Sicily, as 
well as in every part of the earth where there 



vu 



uz 



were volcanoes. The most known of the works 
of Vulcan which were presented to mortals are 
the arms of Achilles, those of ZEneas, the shield 
of Hercules described by Hesiod, a collar given 
to Hermione the wife of Cadmus, and a sceptre, 
which was in the possession of Agamemnon king 
of Argos and Mycenae. The collar proved fatal 
to all those who wore it, but the sceptre, after 
the death of Agamemnon, was carefully pre- 
served at ChercDsea, and regarded as a divinity. 
The amours of Vulcau are not numerous. He 
demanded Minerva from Jupiter, who had pro- 
mised bioi in marriage whatever goddess he 
shouid choose, and when she refused his ad- 
dresses, he attempted to offer her violence. 
Minerva resisted with success, though there re- 
mained on her body some marks of Vulcan's 
passion, which she threw down upon earth 
wrapped up in wool. [Vid. Erichsithoaius.] 
This disappointment in his love was repaired by 
Jupiter, who gave him one of the Graces. Ve- 
nus is universally acknowledged to have been 
the wife of Vulcan; her infidelity is well known, 
as well as her amours with Mars, which were 
discovered by Phoebus, and exposed to the gods 
by her own husband. [Vid Alectryon.] The 
worship of Vulcan was well established, par- 
ticularly in Egypt, at Athens, and at Rome. It 
was usual in the sacrifices that were offered to 
him to burn the whole victim, and not reserve 
part of it as in the immolations to the rest of 
the gods. A calf and a boar pig were the 
principal victims offered. Vulcan was repre- 
sented as covered with sweat, blowing with his 
nervous arm the fires of his forges His breast 
was hairy, and his forehead was blackened with 
sm-'ke. Some represent him lame and deform- 
ed, holding a hammer raised in the air, ready 
to strike; while with the other hand he turns, 
with pincers, a thunderbolt on his anvil, for 
which an eagle waits by his side to carry it to 
Jupiter. He appears on some monuments with 
a long beard, dishevelled hair, half nnked, and 
a smail round cap on his head, while he holds a 
hammer and pincers in his band. The Egypt- 
ians represented him under the figure of a mon- 
key. Vulcan has received the names of Mulci- 
ber, Pamphanes, Clytotechnes, Pandamater, Cyl- 
lopodes, Chalaipoda. &c all expressive of his 
lameness and his profession. He was father of 
Cupid, by Venus; of Casculus, Cecrops, Cacus. 
Periphetes, Cercyon, Ocrisia, &c. Cicero speaks 
of more than one deity of the name of Vulcan. 
One he calls son of Coelus, and father of Apollo, 
by Minerva; the second he mentions is son of 
the Nile, and called Phtas by the Egyptians; 
the third was the son of Jupiter and Juno, and 
fixed his residence in Lemnos; and the fourth, 
who built his forges in the Lipari islands, was 
son of Menalius. Vulcan seems to have been 
admitted into heaven more for ridicule than any 
other purpose. He seems to be the great cuck- 
old of Olympus, and eveu his wife is represented 
as laughing at his deformities, and mimicking 



his lameness to gain the smiles of her lovers. 
Hesiod. Theog. fy in Scut. here. 140 and 320. 
— Apollod. 1, c. 3, &c. — Homer. 11. 1, v. 57, 
and I. 15, v. 18, I. 11, v. 391, &c —Diod. 5.— 
Pans 1, c. 20, 1 3, 17.— Cic. de JVaf. D. 3, c. 
22. — Herodot. 2 and 3. — Varro. de L. L. — 
Virg JEn. 7, &c. 

Vulcatius, a Roman knight, who conspired 
with Piso against Nero, &c. Tacit. A se- 
nator in the reign of Dioclesian, who attempted 
to write an history of all such as had reigned at 
Rome, either as lawful sovereigns or by usurpa- 
tion. Of his works nothing is extant but an ac- 
count of Avidius Cassius, who revolted in the 
east during the reign of M. Aurelius, which 
some ascribe to Sparfianus. 

Vulsinum, a town of Etruria. [Vid. Volsi- 
nium.] 

Vulso, a Roman consul who invaded Africa 

with Regulus. Another consul. He had the 

provinces of Asia while in office, and triumphed 
over the Galatians. 

Vultura, or Vulturaria, a mountain on 
the borders of Apulia. Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 9. — 
Lucan. 9, v. 183. 

Vultureius, a man who conspired against 
his country with Catiline. 

Vulturius, a surname of Apollo. [Vid. 
Vulturnus.] 

Vulturnum, a town of Campania, near the 
mouth of the Vulturnus. Liv. 25, c. 20. — 
Plin. 3, c 5. Also an ancient name of Ca- 
pua. Liv. 4, c. 37. 

Vulturnus, a river of Campania rising in 
the Apennines, and filling into the Tyrrhene 
sea, after passing by the town of Capua. Lucret. 
5, 664.— Virg, JEn. 7, v. 729.- — The god of 
the Tiber was also known by that name. Varro. 

de L, L. 4, c. 5. The wind which received 

the name of Vulturnus when, it blew from the 
side of the Vulturnus, highly incommoded the 
Romans at the battle of Cannae. Liv. 22, c. 

43 and 46. A surname of ApolJo on mount 

Lissus in Ionia, near Ephesus. The god re- 
ceived this name from a shepherd who raised 
him a temple after he had been drawn out of a 
subterraneous cavern by vultures. 

Vulsinum, a town of Etruria, where Sejanus 
was born. 

Uxama, a town of Spain on the Iberus. Sil. 
3, v. 384. 

Uxantis, now Ushant, an island on the coast 
of Britany. 

Uxellodunum, a town of Gaul defended by 
steep rocks, now Puech d'lssolu. Cces. B. G. 8, 
c. 33. 

Uxentum, a town of Calabria, now Ugento. 

Uxii, mountains of Armenia, with a nation of 
the same name, conquered by Alexander. The 
Tigris rises in their country. Strab t — Diod. 

Uxisama, an island on the western ocean. 

Uzita, an inland town of Africa, destroyed 
by Csesar. Hirt de Afric. 41, &c. 



%* 



XA 



XE 



XANTHE, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 
Theog. v. 356. 
Xanthi, a people of Thrace, The inha- 
bitants of Xanthus in Asia. [Vid. Xanthus ] 

Xanthta Phoceus, a Roman whom Horace 
addresses in his 2 od. 4, and of whom he speaks 
as enamoured of a servant maid. 

Xanthica, a festival observed by the Mace- 
donians in the month called Xanthicus, the same 
as April. It was then usual to make a lustration 
of the army with great solemnity. A bitch was 
cut into two parts, and one half of the body 
placed on one side, and the Dther part on the 
other side, after which the soldiers marched be- 
tween, and they imitated a real battle by a sham 
engagement. 

Xanthippe, a daughter of Dorus. [ Vid. Xan- 
tippe.] 

Xanthippus, a son of Melas killed by Ty- 
deus. f Vid. Xantippus.] 

Xantho, one of Cyrene's attendant nymphs. 
Virg. G. 4, v. 3^6. 

Xanthus, or Xanthos, a river of Troas, in 
Asia Minor. It is the same as the Scamctnder, 
but according to Homer, it was called Xanthus 
by the gods and Scamander by men. [Vid. Sca- 

inander ] A river of Lycia, anciently called 

Sirbes. It was sacred to Apollo, and fell into 
the sea, near Patara. Homer. 11. 6, v. 1 72. — 

Virg. JEn. 4, v. 143.— Mela, 1, c. 15. One 

of the horses of Achilles, who spoke to his mas- 
ter when chid with severity, and told him that 

he must soon be killed. Homer, ll. 19. One 

of the horses given to Juno by Neptune, and af- 
terwards to the sons of Leda. An historian 

of Sardes in the reign of Darius. A Greek 

historian of Lydia who wrote an account of his 
country, of which some fragments remain. 

DLnys. Hal A king of Lesbos. A king 

of Boeotia, who made war against the Atheni- 
ans He was killed by the artifice of Melan- 

thus. [Vid. Apaturia.] A Greek poet 

Mlian V. H. 4, c 26.— Suidas. A philoso- 
pher of Samus, in whose house iEsop lived some 

time, as servant. A town of Lycia on the 

river of the same name, at the distance of about 
15 miles from the sea shore. The inhabitants 
are celebrated for their love of liberty and na- 
tional independence. Brutus laid siege to their 
city, and when at last they were unable longer 
to support themselves against the enemy, they 
set fire to their houses and destroyed themselves. 
The conqueror wished to spare them, hut though 
he offered rewards to his soldiers, if they brought 
any of the Xanthians alive into his presence, 
only 150 were saved much against their will. 
Jlppian. 4. — Pint, iv Brut 

Xanticles, one of the leaders of the 10,000 
Greeks, after the battle of Cunaxa. 

Xantippe, a daughter of Dorus who married 
Pleuron, by whom she had Agenor, &c. Jlpollod. 



1, c. TN- The wife of Socrates, remarkable 

for 'her ill humour and peevish disposition, 
which are become proverbial. Some suppose 
that the philosopher was acquainted with her 
moroseness and insolence before he married her, 
and that he took her for his wife to try his pa- 
tience, and inure himself to the malevolent re- 
flections of mankind. She continually tormented 
him with her impertinence; and one day, not 
satisfied with using the most bitter invectives, 
she emptied a vessel of dirty water on his head, 
upon which the philosopher coolly observed, af- 
ter thunder there generally falls rain JElian. V. 
H 7, c. 10, 1. 9, c. 7, 1. 11, c. \2.~Diog. in 
Socrat. 

Xantippus, a Lacedaemonian general who as- 
sisted the Carthaginians in the first Punic war. 
He defeated the Romans, 256 B. C. and took 
the celebrated Regulus prisoner. Such signal 
services deserved to be rewarded, but the Car- 
thaginians looked with envious jealousy upon 
Xantippus, and he retired to Corinth after he 
had saved them from destruction. Some au- 
thors support that the Carthaginians ordered him 
to be assassinated, and his body to be thrown 
into the sea, as he was returning home; while 
others say that they had prepared a leaky ship 
to convey him to Corinth, which he artfully 
avoided. Liv. 18 and 28, c. 43. — Jlppian. de 

Pun. An Athenian general who defeated the 

Persian fleet at Mycale with Leotychides A 
statue was erected to his honour in the citadel 
of Athens. He made sone conquests in Thrace, 
and increased the .power of Athens. He was 
father to the celebrated Pericles by Agariste the 
niece of Clisthenes, who expelled the Pisis- 
tratidaefrom Athens. Paus. 3, c. 7, I. 8, c 52. 
A son of Pericles who disgraced his father 



by his disobedience, his ingratitude, and his ex- 
travagance. He died of the plague in the Pe- 
loponnesian war. Plut. 

Xenagoras, an historian. Dionys. Hal. . 

A philosopher who measured the height of 
mount Olympus. 

Xf.narchos, a comic poet A peripatetic 

philosopher of Seleusia, who taught at Alexan- 
dria and at Rome, and. was intimate with Au- 
gustus. Strab. 14.- -A praetor of the Achaean 

league who wished to favour the interest of Per- 
seus, kins; of Macedonia, against the Romans. 

Xf.nares, an intimate friend of Cleomenes 
king of Sparta. 

Xenetus, a rich Locrian, whose daughter 
Doris married Dionysius of Sicily, he. Jlrist: 
Pol. 5, c. 7. 

Xenecs, a Chian writer, who composed a» 
history of his country. 

Xeniades, a Corinthian who went to buy 
Diogenes the Cynic, when sold as a slave. He 
asked him what he ccfuld do? upon which the 
Cynic answered, command freemen. This noble 



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answer so pleased Xeniades, that he gave the 
Cynic his liberty, and entrusted him with the 
care and education of his children. Diog. — 
Gell. 2, c 18 

Xenius, a surname given to Jupiter as the 
god of hospitality- 

Xenoclea, a priestess of Apollo's temple at 
Delphi, from wh >m Hercules extorted an oracle 
by force when she refused to answer him be- 
cause he was not purified of ttie blood and death 
oflphitus. Paus 10, c 13. 

Xenocles, a tragic writer, who obtained four 
times a poetical prize, in a contention in which 
Euripides was competitor, either through the ig- 
norance or by the bribery of his judges. The 
names of his tragedies which obtained the vic- 
tory were OEdipus, Lycaon, Bacchae, Athamas 
Satyricus, against the Alexander, Palaoiedes, 
Trojani, and Sisyphus Satyricus, of Euripides. 
His grandson bore also the name of XeiKocSes, 
and excelled in tragical compositions JElian. 
V. H 2, c. 8. A Spartan officer in the ex- 
pedition which Agesilaus undertook against the 

Persians. An architect of Eleusis. A 

friend of Aratus. One of the friends of Cice- 
ro. A celebrated rhetorician of Adramyt- 

tium. Strab. 13. 

Xenoc rates, an ancient philosopher born at 
Calchedonia, and educated in the school of Pla- 
to, whose friendship he gained, and whose ap- 
probation he merited Though of a dull and 
sluggish disposition, he supplied the defects of 
nature by unwearied attention and industry, and 
was at last found capable of succeeding in the 
school of Piato after Speusippus, about 339 years 
before Christ. He was remarkable as a discip- 
linarian, and he required that his pupils should 
be acquainted with mathematics before they 
came under his care, and he even rejected some 
who had not the necessary qualification, saying 
that they had not yet found the key of philoso- 
phy. He did not only recommsnd himself to his 
pupils by precepts, but more powerfully by ex- 
ample, and since the wonderful change he had 
made upon the conduct of one of his auditors, 
[Vid. Polemou,] his company was as much 
shunned by the dissolute and extravagant, as it 
was courted by the virtuous and the benevolent. 
Philip of Macedon attempted to gain his confi- 
dence with money, but with no success. xAlex- 
ander in this imitated his father, and sent some 
of his friends with 50 talents for the philoso- 
pher. They were introduced, and supped with 
Xenocrates. The repast was small, frugal, and 
elegant, without ostentation. On the morrow, 
the officers of Alexander wished to pay down 
the 50 talents, but the philosopher asked them 
whether they had not perceived from the enter- 
tainment of the preceding day, that he was not 
in want of money: Tell your master, said he, to 
keep his money, he has more people to maintain 
than I have. Yet not to offend the monarch, be 
accepted a small sum, about the 200th part of 
one talent. His character was not less con- 
spicuous in every other particular, and he has 
been cited as an instance of virtue from the fol- 
lowing circumstance. The courtezan Lais had 
pledged herself to forfeit an immense sum of 
money, if she did not triumph over the virtue of 



Xenocrates. She tried every art, assumed the 
most captivating looks, and used the most tempt- 
ing attitudes to gain the philosopher, but in vain; 
and she declared at last that she had not lost 
her money, as she had pledged herself to con- 
quer an human being, not a lifeless stone. 
Though so respected and admired, yet Xeno- 
crates was poor, and he was dragged to prison, 
because be was unable to pay a small tribute to 
the state. He was delivered from confinement 
by one of his friends. His integrity was so well 
known, that when he appeared in the court as a 
witness, the judges dispensed with his oath. He 
died B. C.,314, in his 82d year, after he had 
presided in the academy for above 25 years. It 
is said, that he fell in the night with his head 
into a basin of water, and that he was suffocated. 
He hao written above 60 treatises on different 
subjects, all now lost. He acknowledged no 
other deity but heaven, and the seven planets. 
Diog. — Cm. ad Attic 10, ep 1, &c. Tusc. 5, c* 
32. — Val. Max. 2, c. 10. — Lucian. A phy- 
sician in the age of Nero, not in great esteem. 
His Greek treatise, de alimento ex aquatilibus, 

is best edited by Franzhis,"Lips. 8vo. 1774. 

An excellent painter. Plin. 34, c- 8. 

Xenodamus, an illegitimate son of Menelaus, 

by Gnossia. Jlpollod 3, c. 11. An athlete 

of Anticyra. P'lus. 10, c. 36. 

Xenodicb, a daughter of Syleus, killed by 

Hercules, .Apollod 2, c. 6. A daughter of 

Minos and Pasiphae. lb. 3, c. 1. 

Xenodochus, a Messenian crowned at the 

Olympic games. Paus. 4, c. 5. A native of 

Cardia, &c. 

Xenophanes, a Greek philosopher of Colo- 
phon, disciple of Archelaus, B. C. 535. He 
wrote several poems and treatises, and founded 
a sect which was called the Eleatic, in Sicily. 
Wild in his opinions about astronomy, he sup- 
posed that the stars were extinguished every 
morning and rekindled at night; that eclipses 
were occasioned by the temporary extinction of 
the sun; that the moon was inhabited, and 18 
times bigger than the earth; and that there were 
several suns and moons for the convenience of 
the different climates of the earth. He further 
imagined that God and the world were the same, 
and he credited the eternity of the universe, but 
his incoherent opinion about the divinity, raised 
the indignation of his countrymen, and he was 
banished. He died very poor when about 100 
years old. Cic. qucest. 4, c. 37, de Div. 1, c. 
3, de Nat. D. 1, c 11. — Lactant. Div. Inst. 3, 

c 23. A governor of 01 bus, in the age of 

M.Antony. Strab. 14. One of the ministers 

of Philip, who went to Annibal's camp, and 
made a treaty of alliance between Macedonia 
and Carthage. 

Xenophilus, a Pythagorean philosopher, 
who lived to his 170th year, and enjoyed all his 
faculties to the last. He wrote upon music, 
and thence he was called the musician. Lucian 
de Macrobr — Plin. 7, c. 50. — Val. Max. 8, c. 

13, One of Alexander's generals. Curt 5, 

c. 2. A robber of whom Aratus hired some 

troops. 

Xenophon, an Athenian, son of Gryllus, ce- 
lebrated as a general, an historian, and a phi- 



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iosopher. In the school of Socrates he received 
those instructions and precepts which afterwards 
so eminently distinguished him at the head of 
an army, in literary solitude, and as the prudent 
father of a family. He was invited by Proxe- 
nus, one of his intimate friends, to accompany 
Cyrus the youn.er in an expedition against his 
brother Artaxerxes, king of Persia; but he re- 
fused to comply without previously consulting 
his venerable master, and inquiring into the pro- 
priety of such a measure. Socrates strongly op- 
posed it, and observed, that it might raise the 
resentment of bis countrymen, as Sparta had 
made an alliance with the Persian monarch; 
but, however, before he proceeded further he 
advised him to consult the oracle of Apollo. 
Xeuophon paid due deference to the injunctions 
of Socrates but as he was ambitious of glory, 
and eager to engage in a distant expedition, he 
hastened with precipitation to Sardis, where he 
was introduced to the young prince, and treated 
with great attention. In the army of Cyrus, 
Xenophon showed that he was a true disciple of 
Socrates, and that he had been educated in the 
warlike city of Athens. After the decisive bat- 
tle in the plains of Cunaxa, and the fall of young 
Cyrus, the prudence and vigour of his mind 
were called into action. The ten thousand 
Greeks who had followed the standard of an am- 
bitious prince, were now at the distance of above 
600 leagues from their native home, in a coun- 
try surrounded on every side by a victorious 
enemy, without money, without provisions, and 
without a leader. Xenophon was selected from 
among the officers, to superintend the retreat of 
his countrymen, and though he was often oppos- 
ed by malevolence and envy, yet his persuasive 
eloquence and his activity convinced the Greeks 
that no general could extricate them from every 
difficulty, better than the disciple of Socrates. 
He rose superior to danger, and though under 
continual alarms from the sudden attacks of the 
Persians, he was enabled to cross rapid rivers, 
penetrate through vast deserts, gain the tops of 
mountains, till he could rest secure for a while, 
anil refresh his tired companions. This cele- 
brated retreat was at last happily effected, the 
Greeks returned home after a march of 1155 
parasangs, or leagues, which was performed in 
215 days, after an absence of 15 months. The 
whole perhaps might now be forgotten, or at 
least but obscurely known, if the great philoso- 
pher who planned it, had not employed his pen 
in describing the dangers which he escaped, and 
the difficulties which he surmounted. He was 
no sooner returned from Cunaxa, than he sought 
new honours in following the fortune of Agesi- 
laus in Asia. He enjoyed his confidence, he 
fought under his standard, and conquered with 
him in the Asiatic provinces as well as at the 
battle of Coronaea. His fame, however, did 
not escape the aspersions of jealousy, he was 
publicly banished from Athens for accompany- 
ing Cyrus against his brother, and being now 
without a home, he retired to Scillus, a small 
town of the Lacedaemonians, in the neighbour- 
hood of Olympia. In this solitary retreat he 
dedicated his time to literary pursuits, and as 
he had acquired riches in his Asiatic expedi- 



tions, he began to adorn and variegate by the 
hand of art, for his pleasure and enjoyment, the 
country which surrounded Scillus. He built a 
magnificent temple to Diana, in imitation of 
that of Ephesus, and spent part of his time in 
rural employments, or in bunting in- the woods 
and mountains His peaceful occupations, how- 
ever, were soon disturbed, a war arose between 
the Lacedaemonians and Elis. The sanctity of 
Diana's temple, and the venerable age of the 
philosopher, who lived in the delightful retreats 
of Scillus, were disregarded, and Xenophon, 
driven by the Elians from his favourite spot, 
where he had composed and written for the in- 
formation of posterity and honour of his country, 
retired to the city of Corinth. In this place he 
died in the 90th year of his age, 359 years be- 
fore the Christian era. The works of Xeno- 
phon are numerous: He wrote an account of the 
expedition of Cyrus, called the Jlnabasis, and as 
he bad no inconsiderable share in the enter- 
prise, his descriptions must be authentic, as he 
was himself an eye witness. Many however 
have accused him of partiality. He appeared 
often too fond of extolling the virtues of his fa- 
vourite Cyrus, and while he describes with con- 
tempt the imprudent operations of the Persians, 
he does not neglect to show that he was a native 
of Greece. His Cyropcedia, divided into eight 
books, has given rise to much criticism, and 
while some warmly maintain that it is a faith- 
ful account of the life and the actions of Cyrus 
the Great, and declare that it is supported by 
the authority of scripture; ethers as vehemently 
deny its authenticity. According to the opin- 
ions of Plato and of Cicero, the Cyrapaedia of 
Xenophon was a moral romance, and these ven- 
erable philosophers support, that the historian 
did not so much write what Cyrus had been, as 
what every true good and virtuous monarch 
ought to be His Hellenica were written as a 
continuation of the history of Thucydides; and 
in his Memorabilia of Socrates, and in his Jlpolo- 
gy, he has shown himself, as Valerius Maximus 
observes, a perfect master of the philosophy of 
that great man, and he has explained his doc- 
trines and moral precepts with all the success of 
persuasive eloquence and conscious integrity. 
These are the most famous of his compositions, 
besides which there are other small tracts, his 
eulogium given on Agesilaus, his ceconomics on 
the duties of domestic life, the dialogue entitled 
Hiero, in which he happily describes and com- 
pares the misery which attended the tyrant, 
with the felicity of a virtuous prince; a treatise 
on hunting, the syniposium of the philosophers, 
on the government of Athens and Sparta, a 
treatise on the revenue of Attica, &c. The 
simplicity and the elegance of Xenophon 's dic- 
tion have procured him the name of the Athe- 
nian muse, and the bee of Greece, and they have 
induced Quintilian to say, that the graces dicr 
lated his language, and that the goddess of per- 
suasion dwelt upon his lips. His sentiments, 
as to the divinity and religion, were the same 
as those of the venerable Socrates; he supported 
the immortality of the soul, and exhorted his 
friends to cultivate those virtues which ensure 
the happiness of mankind, with all the zeal and 
5 E 



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fervour of a Christian. He has been quoted as 
an instance of tenderness and resignation' on 
providence. As he was offering a sacrifice he 
was informed that Gryllus, his eldest son, had 
been killed at the battle of Mantinea. Upon 
this he tore the garland from his head, but when 
he was told that his son had died like a Greek, 
and had given a mortal wound to Epaminondas, 
the enemy's general he replaced the flowers on 
his head, and continued the sacrifice, exclaim- 
ing that the pleasure he derived from the va- 
lour of his son, was greater than the grief which 
his unfortunate death occasioned. The best 
editions of Xenophon are those of Leunciavius, 
fol. Francof. 1596, of Ernesti, 4 vols Svo. Lips 
1763, and the Glasgow edition, 12mo. of the 
Cyropaedia !767, the expedition of Cyius 1764, 
the Memorabilia 1761, and the history of Greece 
1762, and likewise the edition of Zeunius. pub- 
lished at Leipsic, in Svo. in 6 vols, between the 
years 1778 and 1791. Cic. in Orat. 19.— VaL 
Max. 5, c. 10.— Quintil. 10, c 2.—JElian. V. 
H. 3, c. 13, 1. 4, c. 5. — Diog. in Xenoph. Se- 
neca A writer in the beginning of the fourth 

century, known by his Greek romance in five 
books, De Jimoribus Anlhj<z Jlb>ocom<e, pub- 
lished in Svo. and 4to. by Cocceius, Lond. 1726 

■ A physician of the emperor Claudius, born 

in the islaud of Cos, and said to be descended 
from the Asclepiades. He enjoyed the empe- 
ror's favours, and through him the people of Cos 
were exempt from ail taxes. He had the mean 
Bess to poison his benefactor at the instigation 
of Agrippina. Tacit. 12, Ann. c. 61 and 67. — 
■ — An officer under Adrian, &c. 

Xera, a town of Spain, now Xerex. Where 

the Moors gained a battle over Roderic, king of 

the Goths, and became masters of the country. 

Xerolibta, a part of Africa between Egypt 

and Cyrene. 

Xerxena, a part of Armenia. Strab. 11. 
Xerxes, 1st. succeeded his father Darius on 
the throne of Persia, and though but the second 
son of the monarch, he was preferred to his el- 
der brother Artabazanes. The causes alleged 
for this preference were, that Artabazanes was 
the son of Darius when a private man, and that 
Xerxes was born after his father had been raised 
on the Persian throne of Atossa the daughter of 
Cyrus. Xerxes continued the warlike prepara- 
tions of his father, and added the revolted king- 
dom of Egypt to his extensive possessions. He 
afterwards invaded Europe, and entered Greece 
tvith an army, which together with the nume- 
rous retinue of servants, eunuchs, and women, 
that attended it, amounted to no less than 5,283,- 
220 souls. This multitude, which the fidelity 
of historians has not exaggerated, was stopped 
at Thermopylae, by the valour of 300 Spartans, 
under king Leonidas. Xerxes, astonished that 
such a handful of men should dare to oppose bis 
progress, ordered some of his soldiers to bring 
them alive into his presence, but for three suc- 
cessive days the most valiant of the Persian 
troops were repeatedly defeated in attempting 
to execute the monarch's injunctions, and the 
Courage of the Spartans might perhaps have 
triumphed longer, if a Trachinian had not led a 
^etachmejit to the top of the mountain, and sud- 



denly fallen upon the devoted Leonidas. The 
king himself nearly perished upon this occasion, 
and it has been reported, that in the night, the 
desperate Spartans sought, for a while, the royal 
tent, which they found deserted, and wandered 
through the Persian army slaughtering thou- 
sands before them. The battle of Thermopylae 
was the beginning of the disgrace of Xerxes, 
the more be advanced, it was to experience new 
disappointment, his fleet was defeated at Arte- 
misium and Salamis, and though he burnt the 
deserted city of A 'hens, and trusted to the art- 
ful insinuations of Theinistocles, yet he found 
his millions unable to conquer a nation that was 
superior to him in the knowledge of war and 
maritime affairs. Mortified with the ill success 
of his expedition, and apprehensive of imminent 
danger in an enemy's country, Xerxes hastened 
to Persia, and in 30 days he marched over all 
that territory which before he had passed with 
much pomp and parade in the space of six 
months. Mardonius, the best of hie geneifils, 
was left behind, with an army of 300,000 men, 
and the rest that had survived the ravages of 
war, of famine, and pestilence, followed their 
timid monarch into Thrace, where his steps 
were marked by the numerous birds of prey rhat 
ho\ered round him, and fed upon the dead car- 
casses of the Persians. When be reached the 
Hellespont, Xerxes found the bridge of boats 
which he had erected there, totally destroyed 
by the storms, and he crossed the straits in a 
small fishing vessel Restored to his kingdom 
and safety, he forgot his dangers, his losses, and 
his defeats, and gave himself up to riot and de- 
bauchery. His indolence and luxurious volup- 
tuousness offended his subjects, and Artabanus, ' 
the captain of his guards, conspired against him, 
and murdered him in his bed, in the. 21st year 
of his reign, about 464 years before the Christ- 
ian era. The personal accomplishments of 
Xerxes, have been commended by ancient au- 
thors, and Herodotus observes that there was 
not one man among the millions of his army, 
that was equal to the monarch in comeliness 
or stature, or that was as worthy to preside 
over a great and extensive empire. The pic- 
ture is finished, and the character of Xerxes 
completely known when we hear Justin exclaim, 
that the vast armament which invaded Greece 
was without a head. Xerxes has been cited as 
an instance of humanity. When he reviewed 
his millions from a stately throne in the plains 
of Asia, he suddenly shed a torrent of tears on 
the recollection that the multitude of men he 
saw before his eyes, in one hundred years should 
be no more. His pride and insolence have been 
deservedly censured, he ordered chains to be 
thrown into the sea, and the waves to be whip- 
ped because the first bridge he had laid across 
the Hellespont had been destroyed by a storm. 
He cut a channel through mount Athos, and 
saw his fleet sail in a place which before was dry 
ground The very rivers were dried up by his 
army as he advanced towards Greece, and the 
cities which he entered reduced to want and 
poverty. Herodot. 1, c. 183. 1. 7, c. 2, &c. — 
Diod. 11— Strab. §.—J£lian. 3, V. H. 25.— 
Justin. 2, c. 10, &c — Paus. 3,c. 4, 1. 8, c, 46. 



xu 



XY 



— -Lucan. 2, r. 672.— Ptut. in Them. &c— 
Val. Max. — Isocrat. in Panath. — Seneca, de 

Const. Sap 4. The 2d, succeeded his father 

Artaxerxes Longimanus on the throne of Persia, 
425 B. C. and was assassinated in the first year 

of his reign by his brother Sogdianus. A 

painter of Heraclea, who made a beautiful re- 
presentation of Venus. 

Xeuxes, an officer of Antiochus the Great, 
king of Syria. 

Xiline, a town of Colchis. 

Xiphonia, a promontory of Sicily, at the 
north of Syracuse, now Cruce. Strab. 6. — — 
Also a town near it, now Augusta. 

Xois, an island formed by the mouths of the 
Nile Strab. 17 

Xuthja, the ancient name of the plains of 
Leontiuni in Sicily. Diod. 5. 

Xuthus, a son of Hellen, grandson of Deu- 
calion. He was banished from Thessaly by his 
brothers, and came to Athens, where he mar- 
ried Creusa, the daughter of king Erechtheus, 
by whom he had Achaeus and Ion. He retired 



after the death of his father in-law into Achaia, 
where he died. According to some, he had no 
children, but adopted Ion, the son whom Creusa, 
before her marriage, had borne to Apollo. 
Apollod. I, c. 7. — Paus 7, c. 1. — Euripid. in 
Ion. 1. sc 1. 

Xychus, a Macedonian who told Philip of 
his cruelty when be had put his son Demetrius 
to death, at the instigation of Perseus 

Xylenopolis, a town at the mouth of the 
Indus, built by Alexander, supposed to be Lo- 
heri. Plin. 6, c. 23. 

Xyline, a town of Pamphylia. Liv. 38, c. 
15. 

XylopSlis, a town of Macedonia. Plin. 4, 
c. 10. 

Xynias, a lake of Thessaly, or, according to 
some, of Boeotia. Liv. 32. c. 13, 1. 33, c. 3. 

Xvnoichia, an auniversary day observed at 
Athens in honour of Minerva, and in comme- 
moration of the time in which the people of 
Attica left their country seats, and by advice of 
Theseus, all united in one body. 



ZA 



ZA 



ZABATUS, a river of Media, faliing into the 
Tigris, near which the ten thousand Greeks 
stopped in their return. Xenophon. 
Zabdicene, a province of Persia. 
Zabirna, a town of Libya, where Bacchus 
destroyed a large beast that infested the country. 
Diod. 3. 

Zabus, a river of Assyria, falling into the 
Tigris. 

Zacynthus, a native of Bceotia, who accom- 
panied Hercules when he went into Spain to 
destroy Geryon. At the end of the expedition 
he was entrusted with the care of Geryon's 
flocks, by the hero, and ordered to conduct them 
to Thebes. As he weut on his journey, he was 
bit by a serpent, and some time after died. 
His companions carried his body away, and 
buried it in an island of the Ionian sea, which 
from that time was called Zacyntlms. The 
island of Zacynthus, now called Zante 7 is situate 
at the south of Cephalenia, and at the west of 
the Peloponnesus. It is about 60 miles in cir- 
cumference. Liv. 26, c. 24. — Plin. 4, c. 12. 
— Slrab. 2 and 8 — Mela, 2, c 7. — Homer. Od. 
1, v. 246, I. 9, v. 24.— Ovid de Art. Am. 2, v. 
432.— Paus. 4, c. 23.— Virg. Mn. 3, v. 270. 
A son of Dardanus. Paus. 8. 

Zadris, a town of Colchis. 

Zagr.eus, a son of Jupiter and Proserpine, 
the same as the first Bacchus, of whom Cicero 
speaks. Some say tha»t Jupiter obtained Pro- 
serpine's favours in the form of a serpent in one 
of the caves of Sicily, where her mother had 
concealed her from his pursuits, and that from 
this union Zagraeus was born. 

Zagrus, a mountain on the confines of Me- 
«Ka and Babylonia. Strab. 11. 

ZkLATEs, an effeminate youth brought to 



Rome from Armenia as an hostage, &c. Juv- 
20. v. 164 

Zaleocus, a lawgiver of the Locrians in 
Italy, and one of the disciples of Pylhagoras, 
550 B. C. He was very humane, and at the 
same time very austere, and he attempted to 
enforce his laws more by inspiring shame than 
dread . He had wisely decreed, that a person 
guilty of adultery should lose both his eyes. 
His philosophy was called to a trial when he 
was informed that his son was an adulterer. 
He ordered the law to be executed; the people 
interfered. butZaleucus resisted, and rather than 
violate his own institutions, he commanded one 
of his own eyes, and one of those of his son, to 
be put out. This made such an impression up- 
on ihe people, that while Zaleucus presided 
over the Locrians, no person was again found 
guilty of adultery. Val. Max. 1. c. 2,1. 6, c. 
5. — Cic de Leg. 2, c. 6. ad Attic 6, ep. 1 — 
AZlian V. H. 2, c. 37, 1. 3, c. 17. I. 13, c. 24. 
—Strab. 6. 

Zama, or Zagma, a town of Numidia, 300 
miles from Carthage, celebrated for the victo- 
ry which Scipio obtained there over the. great 
Annibal, B. C. 202. Metellus besieged it, and 
was obliged to retire with great loss. After 
Juba's death it was destroyed by the Romans. 
Hirt. Af. 91.— C JVep. in Annib. -Liv. 30, c. 
29.— Sallust.de Jug.— Flor. 3. c. 1. -Hal. 3, 

v. 261. — Strab. 17. A town of Cappadocia 

of Mesopotamia. 

Zameis, a debauched king of Assyria, son of 
Semiramis and Ninus, as some report. He 
reigned 38 years. 

Zamolxis, or Zalmoxis, a slave and disci- 
ple of Pythagoras. He accompanied his masr 
ter in Egypt, and afterwards retired into the 
country of the Getae, which had given him 



ZE 



ZE 



birth. He began to civilize his countrymen, 
and the more easily to gam reputation, he con- 
cealed himself for three years in a subterra- 
neous cave, and afterwards made them believe 
that he was just raised from the dead. Some 
place him before the age of Pythagoras. Af- 
ter death he received divine honours. Diod. — 
Herodot. 4, c. 19, &c. 

Zancle, a town of Sicily, or the straits which 
Separate that island from Italy. It received its 
name from its appearing like a scythe, which 
was called gcLvx.xov in the language of the 
country, or as others say, because the scythe 
with which Saturn mutilated his father fell 
there, or because, as Diodorus reports, a per- 
son named Zanclus had either built it or ex- 
ercised its sovereignty. Zancle fell into the 
hands of the Samians, 497 years before the 
Christian era, and three years after it was re- 
covered by Anaxilaus, the Messenian tyrant 
of Rhegium, who gave it the name of his na- 
tive country, and called it Messana. It was 
founded, as most chronologists support, about 
1058 years before the Christian era, by the 
pirates of Cumse in Italy, and peopled by Sa- 
mians, Ionians, and Cha'cidians Strab. 6. — 
Diod. 4—Ital. 1, v. 662. — Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 
499. Met 14, v. 6, 1. 15, v. 290.— Pans. 4, 
C. 23. 

Zarax, a town of Peloponnesus. 

Zarbienus, a petty monarch of Asia, who 
was gained to the interest of the Romans by 
one of the officers of Lucullus. Tigranes put 
him to death for his desertion, and his funeral 
was celebrated with great magnificence by the 
Roman general. Piut. in Luc. 

Zariaspes, a Persian who attempted to re- 
volt from Alexander, &c. Curt. 9, c. 10. 

A river, now Dehash, on which Bactria, the 
capital of Bactriana, was built. It is called 
Bactrus by Curtius 7, c. 4. — Plin. 6, c. 15 and 
16. 

Zathes, a river of Armenia. 

Zaueces, a people of Libya. Herodot. 4, c. 
193. 

Zebina, Alexander, an impostor, who usurp- 
ed the throne of Syria at the instigation of 
Ptolemy Physcon. 

Zela, or Zelia, a town of Pontus near the 
river Lycus, where Csesar defeated Pharnaces, 
son of Mithridates. In expressing this victory, 
the general used the words veni, vidi, vici. 

Suet Cces. 37. — Hirt. Mex. 12. A town j 

of Troas at the foot of Ida. Another of 

Lycia. 

Zelasium, a promontory of Thessaly. Liv. 
31, c. 46. 

Zeles, a town of Spain. 

Zelus, a daughter, of Pallas. 

ZeNo, a philosopher of Elia or Velia in Italy, 
the disciple, or according to some, the adopted 
son of Parmenides, and the supposed inventor 
of dialectic. His opinions about the 1 universe, 
the unity, incomprehensibility, and immutability 
of all things, were the same with those of 
Xenophanes and the rest of the Elatic philoso- 
phers. It is said, that he attempted to deliver 
his country from the tyranny of Nearchus. His 
plot was discovered, and he was exposed to the 



most excruciating torments to reveal the names 
of his accomplices, but this he bore with unpa- 
ralleled fortitude, and not to be at last con- 
quered by tortures, he cut off his tongue with 
his teeth, and spit it into the face of the tyrant. 
Some say that he was pounded alive in a mor- 
tar, and that in the midst of his torments he 
called to Nearchus, as if to reveal something of 
importance; the tyrant approached him, and 
Zeno, as if willing to whisper to him, caught his 
ear with his teeth, and bit it off. Cic. Tusc. 
2, c. 22. de Nat. D. 3, c 33.— Diod. in Frag. 
— Val. Max. 3, c 3.— Diog. 9. The found- 
er of the sect of the stoics born at Citium, in 
the island of Cyprus. The first part of his life 
was^pent in commercial pursuits, but he was 
soon called to more elevated employments* 
As he was returning from Phoenicia a storm 
drove his ship on the coast of Attica, and he 
was shipwrecked near the Piraeus. This mo- 
ment of calamity he regarded as the beginning 
of his fame. He entered the house of a book- 
seller, and to dissipate his melancholy reflec- 
tions, he began to read. .The book was written 
by Xenophon, and the merchant was so pleased 
and captivated by the eloquence and beauties 
of the philosopher, that from that time he re- 
nounced the pursuits of a busy life, and applied 
himself to the study of philosophy. Ten years 
were spent in frequenting the school of Crates, 
and the same number under Stilpo, Xenocrates, 
and Polemon. Perfect in every branch of 
knowledge, and improved from experience as 
well as observation, Zeno opened a school at 
Athens, and soon saw himself attended oy the 
great, the learned, and the powerful His fol- 
lowers where called Stoics, because they receiv- 
ed the instructions of the philosopher in the 
portico called ?oct. He was so respected during 
his life-time, that the Athenians publicly de- 
creed him a brazen statue and a crown of gold, 
and engraved their decree to give it more pub- 
licity on two columns in the academy, and in 
the Lyceum. His life was an example of so- 
berness and moderation, his manners were 
austere, and to his temperance and regularity 
he was indebted for the continual flow of health 
which he always enjoyed. After he had taught 
publicly for 48 years, he died in the 96th year 
of his age, B. C. 264, a stranger to diseases, 
and never incommoded by a real indisposition. 
He was buried in that part of the city called 
Ceramicus, where the Athenians raised him a 
monument. The founder of the stoic philoso- 
phy shone before his followers as a pure exam- 
ple of imitation. Virtue he perceived to be 
the ultimate of his researches. He wished to 
live in the world as if nothing was properly his 
own; he loved others, and his affections 
were extended even to his enemies. He 
felt a pleasure in being kind, benevolent, 
and attentive, and he found that these senti- 
ments of pleasure were reciprocal. He saw a 
connexion and dependence in the universe, and 
perceived that from thence arose the harmony 
of civil society, the tenderness of parents, and 
filial gratitude. In the attainment of virtue the 
goods of the mind were to be pieferred to those 
of the body, and when that point was once 



ZE 



ZE 



gained, nothing could equal our happiness and 
perfection, and the stoic could view with indif- 
ference heai tu or sickness, riches or poverty, 
pain and pleasure, Which could neither move 
nor influence the serenity of his mind. Zeno 
recommended resignation; he knew that the laws 
©f the universe cannot be changed by man, and 
therefore he wished that his disciples should not 
in prayer deprecate impending calamities, but 
rather beseech Providence to grant them forti- 
tude to bear the severest trials with pleasure 
and due resignation to the will of heaven. An 
arbitrary command over the passions was one of 
the rules of stoicism, to assist our friends in the 
hour of calamity was our duty, but to give way 
to childish sensations was unbecoming our na- 
ture. Pity, therefore, and anger were to be 
banished from the heart, propriety and decorum 
were to be the guides in every thing, and the 
external actions of men were the best indications 
of their inward feelings, their secret inclinations, 
and their character. It was the duty of the 
stoic to study himself; in the evening he was 
enjoined to review with critical accuracy the 
events of the day, and to regulate his future 
conduct with more care, and always to find an 
impartial witness within his own breast. Such 
were the leading characters of the stoic philoso- 
phy, whose followers were so illustrious, so per- 
fect, and so numerous, and whose effects were 1 
productive of such exemplary virtues in the an- 
nals of the human mind Zeno in his maxims i 
used to say that with virtue men could live hap- 
py under the most pressing calamities. He 
said, that nature had given us two ears, and , 
only one mouth, to tell us that we ought to ! 
listen more than speak. He compared those I 
whose actions were dissonant with their profes- I 
sions to the coin of Alexandria, which appeared 
beautiful to the eye, though made of the basest I 
metals. He acknowledged only one God, the 
soul of the universe, which he conceived to be 
the body, and therefore believed that those two 
together united, the soul and the body formed 
one perfect animal, which was the god of the 
stoics. Amongst the most illustrious followers 
'of his doctrine, and as the most respectable wri- 
ters, may be mentioned Epictetus, Seneca, the em 
peror Antoninus, &c. Cic- Acad. 1, c. 12. de 
JVat. D. 1, c, 14, i. 2, c. 8 and 24, 1 3, c. 24. 
pro Mur. de Or at. 32. &c. Finib. — Seneca. — 
Epictetus — Arrian — JElian. V. H. 9, c. 26. 
— Diog. An Epicurean philosopher of Si- 
don, who numbered among his pupils Cicero, 
Pomponius Atticus, Cotta, Pompey, &c Cic. 

de Nat. D. 1, c. 21 and 34, A rhetorician, 

father to Pblemon, who was made king of Pon- 
tus. The son of Polemon who was king of 
Armenia, was also called Zeno. Strab. 12. — 

Tacit. Ann. 2, c- 56. A native of Lepreos, 

son of Calliteles, crowned at the Olympic games 
and honoured with a statue in the grove of Ju- 
piter and at Olympia. Paus. 6, c. 15. A 

general of Antiochus. A philosopher of Tar- 
sus, B. C. 207. The name of Zeno was 

common to some of the Roman emperors on the 
throne of Constantinople, in the 5th and 6th 
centuries. 

ZfeNOBiA, a queen of Iberia, wife to Rha- 



damistus. She accompanied her husband when 
he was banished from his kingdom by the Ar- 
menians, but as she was unable to follow him 
on account of her pregnancy, she entreated him 
to murder her. Rbadamistus long hesitated, 
but fearful of her falling into the hands of his 
enemy, he obeyed, and threw her body into the 
Araxes. Her clothes kept her upon the surface 
of the water, where she was found by some 
shepherds, and as the wound tvas not mortal, 
her life was preserved, and she was carried to 
Tiridates, who acknowledged her as queen. 
Tacit Ann, 12 c. 51. Septimia, a celebrat- 
ed princess of Palmyra, who married Odenatus, 
whom Gall ienus acknowledged as. his partner 
on the Roman throne. After the death of her 
husband, which according to some authors, she 
is said to have hastened, Zenobia reigned in 
the east as regent of her infant children, who 
were honoured with the title of Caesars. She 
assumed the name of Augusta, and she appear- 
ed in imperial robes, and ordered herself to be 
styled the queen of the east. The troubles which 
at that time agitated the western parts of the 
empire, prevented the emperor from checking 
the insolence and ambition of this princess, who 
boasted to be sprung from the Ptolemies of 
Egypt. Aurelian was no sooner invested with 
Ihe imperial purple than he marched into the 
east, determined to punish the pride of Zeno- 
bia. He well knew her valour, and he was not 
ignorantthat in her wars against the Persians, she 
had distinguished herself uo less than Odenatus. 
She was the mistress. of the east; Egypt acknow- 
ledged her power, and all the provinces of Asia 
Minor were subject to her command. W hen 
Aurelian approached the plains of Syria, the 
the Palmyrean queen appeared at the head of 
■700,000 men. She bore the labours of the field 
like the meanest of her soldiers, and walked on 
foot fearless of danger. Two battles were 
fought; the courage of the queen gained the su- 
periority, but an imprudent evolution of the 
Palmyrean cavalry ruined her cause; and while 
i they pursued with spirit the flying enemy, the 
! Roman infantry suddenly fell upon the main 
j body of Zenobia's army, and the defeat was 
| inevitable. The queen fled to Palmyra, dcter- 
j mined to support a siege. Aurelian followed 
j her, and after he had almost exhausted his 
stores, he proposed terms of accommodation, 
which were rejected with disdain by the war- 
like princess. Her hopes of victory however 
soon vanished, and though she harassed the Ro- 
mans night and day by continual sallies from 
her walls, and the working of ber military en- 
gines, she despaired of success when she heard 
that the armies which were marching to her re- 
lief from Armenia, Persia, and the east, had 
partly been defeated and partly bribed from 
her allegiance. She fled from Palmyra in the 
night, but Aurelian, who was apprized of her 
escape, pursued her, and she was caught as she 
was crossing the river Euphrates. She was 
brought into the presence of Aurelian, and 
though the soldiers were clamorous for her 
death, she was reserved to adorn the triumph 
of the conqueror- She was treated with great 
humanity, and Aurelian gave her large posses- 



ZE 



ZE 



sibns near Tibur, where she was permitted to 
live the rest of her days in peace, with all the 
gran ieur and majesty which became a queen of 
the east, and a warlike princess. Her children 
were patronized by the emperor, and married to 
persons of the first distinction at Home. Zeno- 
bia has been admired not only for her military 
abilities, but also for her literary talents. She 
was acquainted with every branch of useful 
learning, and spoke with fluency the language of 
the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Latins. 
She composed an abridgment of the history of 
the oriental nations, and of Egypt, which was 
greatly commended by the ancieats. She re- 
ceived no less honour from the patronage she 
afforded to cLe celebrated Longiuus, who was 
one of her favourites, and who taught her the 
Greek tongue. She has also been praised for 
her great chastity, and her constancy, though 
she betrayed too often her propensities to cru- 
elty and intoxication when in the midst of her 
officers. She fell into the hands of Aurelian 
about the 273d year of the Christian era. Jlxir 

Vict. — Zos. &c. A town of Syria, on the 

Euphrates. 

Zenobii insula, small islands at the mouth 
of the Arabian gulf. 

Zenodorus a sculptor in the age of Nero. 
He made a statue of Mercury, as also a colos- 
sus for the emperor, which was 110 or 120 
feet high, and which was consecrated to the 
sun. The head of this colossus was some time 
after broken by Vespasian, who placed there 
the head of an Apollo surrounded with seven 
beams, each of which was seven feet and a half 
long. From this famous colossus the modern 
coliseum, whose ruins are now so much admir- 
ed at Rome, took its name. Plin. 34, c, 7. 
Zenodotia, a town of Mesopotamia, near 
Nicephorium. Plut. in Crass. 

Zenodotcjs, a native of Trsezene, who wrote 
an history of Umbria. Dion. Hal. 2 — — A 
grammarian of Alexandria, in the age of Pto- 
lemy Soter, by whom he was appointed to take 
care of the celebrated library of Alexandria. 
He died B. C. 245. 

Zenothemis, a Greek writer. JElian. V. 
H. 17, c.30. 

Zephyrium, a promontory of Magna Greecia 
towards the Ionian sea, whence, according to 

some, the Locrians are called Epizcphyrii. 

A town of Cilicia. Liv. 33, c. 20 — —A cape 

of Crete, now San Zuane. Of Pontus, &c. 

Zephyrum, a promontory in the island of Cy- 
prus, where Venus had a temple built by Ptole- 
my Philadelphus, whence she was called Z<-p\iy- 
ria. It was in this temple that Arsinoe made an 
offering of her hair to the goddess of beauty. 

Zephyrus, one of the winds, son of Astreus 
and Aurora, the same as the Favonius of the 
Latins. He married a nymph called Chloris, 
or Flora, by whom he had a son called Carpos. 
Zephyr was said to produce flowers and fruits by 
the sweetness of his breath. He had a temple 
at Athens, where he was represented as a young 
man of delicate form, with two wings on his 
shoulders, and with his head covered with ail 
sorts of flowers. He was supposed to be the 
same as tbe west wind. Hesiod. Theog. 377. — 



Virg. JEn. 1, v. 135, 1. 2, v. 417, I. 4, v. 223, 
&c.— Ordd. Wef. I, v. 64, 1. 15, v. 700.— Pro- 
pert. 1, el. 16, v. 34, &c. 

Zerynthus, a town of Samothrace, with a 
cave sacred to Hecate. The epithet of Zryn- 
tkius is applied to Apollo, and also to Veous. 
'Ovid. Prist. 1, el. 9, v. 19 —Liv 38, c 41. 

Zethes, Zetes, or Zetus, a son of Boreas, 
king of Thrace and Orituya, who accompanied, 
with his brother Calais, the Argonauts to Col- 
chis. In Bithynia, the two brothers, who are 
represented with wiugs, delivered Phineus from 
the continual persecution of the Harpies, and 
drove these monsters as far as tbe islands calledL 
Strophades, where at last they were stopped by 
Iris, who promised them that Phineus should no 
longer be tormented by them. They were both 
killed, as some say, by Hercules during the Ar- 
gonautic expedition, and were changed into 
those winds which generally blow 8 or 10 days 
before the dog-star appears, and are called Pro- 
dromi by the Greeks. Their sister Cleopatra 
married Phineus king of Bithynia. Orpheus, 
rflrg. — Jipollod. 1, c. 9, 1.-3, c, 15. — Hygin. 
fab. 14.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 716.— Pans. 3, c. 
18 — Val. Flacc. 

Zetta, a town of Africa, near Thapsus, now 
Zerbi. Strab H.—Hirt. Jfr. 68. 

Zetus, or Zethus, a son of Jupiter and An- 
tiope, brother to Amphion. The two brothers 
were born on mount Cithaeron, where Antiope 
had fled to avoid the resentment of her father 
Nycteus. When they had attained the years of 
manhood, they collected a number of their friends 
to avenge the injuries which their mother had 
suffered from Lycus, the successor of Nycteus 
on the throne of Thebes, and his wife Dirce. 
Lycus was put to death, and his wife tied to the 
tail of a wild bull, that dragged her over rocks 
and precipices till she died. The crown of 
The'oes was seized by the two brothers, not only 
as the reward of this victory, but as their inheri- 
tance, and Zethus surrounded the capital of bis 
dominions with a strong wail, while his brother 
amused himself with playing on his lyre. Mu- 
sic and verses were disagreeable to Zethus, and 
according to some, he prevailed upon his bro- 
ther no longer to pursue so unproductive a study. 
Hygin. fab. 7. — Paus. 2, c. 6, &c. — Jipollod. 
3, c 5 and 10. Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 41. 

Zeugis, a portion of Africa, in which Car- 
thage was. The other division was called By- 
zacium. Isidor. 14, 5. — Plin. 5, c. 4. 

Zeugma, a town of Mesopotamia, on the 
western bank of the Euphrates, where was a 
well known passage across the river. It was 
the eastern boundary of the Roman empire, and 
in Pliny's age a chain of iron was said to extend 
across it. Plin. 5, c. 24. — Strab. 16. — Curt. 

3, c 7. — Tacit, rfnn. 12, c. 12. A town of 

Dacia. 

Zeus, a name of Jupiter among the Greeks, 
expressive of his being the father of mankind, 
and by whom all things live. Diod. 5. 

ZeuxidXmus, a king of Sparta, of the family 

of the Proclidae. He was father of Arehida- 

mus, and grandson of Theopompus, and wa? 

succeeded by his son Archidamus. Paus. 3, c. 7. 

Zeuxidas, a praetor of the Achaean league, 



zo 



zo 



deposed because he had proposed to his country- 
men an alliance with the Romans. 

Zeuxippe, a daughter of Eridanus, mother 
of Butes, one of the Argonauts, &c. Apollod. 

3, c. 15, A daughter of Laomedon. She 

married Sicyon, who after his father-iu-law's 
death became King of that city of Peloponnesus, 
which from him has been called Sicyon. Paus. 
2, c. 6. 

•» Zeuxis, a celebrated painter, born at Hera- 
clea, which some suppose to be the Heraclea 
of Sicily. He flourished about 468 years be- 
fore the Christian era, and was the disciple of 
Apollodorus. and contemporary with Parrha- 
sius. In the art of painting he not only sur- 
passed ail his contemporaries, but also his mas- 
ter, and became so sensible, ana at the same 
time so proud of the value of his pieces, that he 
refused to sell them, observing that no sum of 
money, however great, was sufficient to buy 
them. His most celebrated paintings were his 
Jupiter sitting on a throne, surrounded by the 
gods; his Hercules strangling the serpents in the 
presence of his affrighted parents; his modest 
Penelope; and his Helen, which was afterwards 
placed in the temple of Juno Lacinia, in Italy. 
This last piece he had painted at the request of 
the people of Crotona, and that he might not be 
without a model, they sent him the most beau- 
tiful of their virgins.. Zeuxis examined their 
naked beauties, and retained five, from whose 
elegance and graces united, he conceived in his 
mind the form of the most perfect woman in the 
universe, which his pencil at la?t executed with 
wonderful success. His contest with Parrha- 
siusis well known; [Vid. Parrhasius,] but though 
he represented nature in such perfection, and 
copied all her beauties with such exactness, he 
often found himself deceived. He painted 
grapes, and formed an idea of the goodness of 
his piece from the birds which came to eat the 
fruit on the canvass But he soon acknowledg- 
ed that the whole was an ill executed piece, as 
thf figure of the man who carried the grapes 
was not done with sufficient expression to terrify 
the birds. According to some, Zeuxis died from 
laughing at a comical picture he had made of 
an old woman. Cic. de Inv. 2, c. 1. — Plut. in 
Par. &c. — Quintil. 

Zeuxo, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 

Zilia, or Zelis, a town in Mauritania, at 
the mouth of a river of the same name. Ptin. 
5, c. 1. 

Zimara, a town of Armenia Minor, 12 miles 
from the sources of the Euphrates. Plin. 5, c. 24. 

Zingis, a promontory of ^Ethiopia, near the 
entrance of the Red Sea, now cape Orfui. 

Zioberis, a river of Hyrcania, whose rapid 
course is described by Curt. 6, c. 4 

Zip^tes, a king of Bithynia, who died in 
his 70th year, B. C 279. 

Zitha, a town of Mesopotamia. 

Ziza, a town of Arabia. 

Zoilus, a sophist and grammarian of Amphi- 
polis, B. C. 259. He rendeied himself known 
by his severe criticisms on the works of Isocrates 
and Plato, and the poems of Homer, for which 
he received the name of Homeromastic, or the 
chastiser of Homer. He presented his criti- 



cisms to Ptolemy Philadelpbus, but they were 
rejected with indignation, though the author de- 
clared that he starved for want of bread. Some 
say, that Zoilus was cruelly stoned to death, or 
exposed on a cross, by order of Ptolemy, while 
others support, that he was burnt alive at Smyr- 
na. The name of Zoilus is generally applied 
to austere critics. The wotks of this unfortu- 
nate grammarian are lost. JElian. V. H. 11, 
c. 10.— Diow,s Hal.— Ovid, de Rem. Am. 266. 
An officer in the army of Alexander. 

Zoippus, a son-in-law of Hicro of Sicily. 

Zona, a town of Africa. Dio. 48. Of 

Thrace on the iEgean sea, where the woods are 
said to have followed the strains of Orpheus. 
Mela, 2, c. 2. — Herodot. 

Zonaras, one of the Byzantine historians, 
whose Greek Annales were edited 2 vols. fol. 
Paris, 1686. 

Zopyrio, one of Alexander's officers left in 
Greece when the conqueror was in Asia, &c. 
Curt. 10, c. 1. 

Zopyrion, a governor of Pontus, who made 
war against Scythia, &c. Justin. 2, c. 3. 

Zopyrus, a Persian, son of Megabyzus, 
who, to show his attachment to Darius the son 
of Hyscaspes, while he besieged Babylon, cut off 
his ears and nose, and fled to the enemy, telling 
them that he had receivtd such a treatment 
from bis royal master because he had advised 
him to raise the siege, as the city was impreg- 
nable. This was credited by the Babylonians, 
and Zopyrus was appointed commander of all 
their forces. When he had totally gained their 
confidence, he betrayed the city into the hands 
of Danus, for which he was liberally rewarded. 
The regard of Darius for Zopyrus couid never 
be more strongly expressed than in what he used 
often to say, that he had rather have Zopyrus 
not mutilated than twenty Bahylons. Herodot. 
3, c. 154, &c — Plut. in Apcph. reg. 3. — Jus- 
tin. 1, c. 10 An orator of Clazomenae. 

Quintil. 3, c. 6 A physician in the age of 

Mithridates He gave the monarch a descrip- 
tion of an antidote which would prevail against 
all sorts of poisons. The experiment was tried 

upon criminals, and succeeded A physician 

in the age of Plutarch. An officer of Argos, 

who cut off the head of Pyrrhus. Plut.- A 

man appointed master of Alcibiades, by Peri- 
cles. Plut -A physiognomist. Cic de sat. 

5. A rhetorician of Colophon. Diog. 

Zoroanda, a part of Taurus, between Meso- 
potamia and Armenia, near which the Tigris 
flows. Plin. 6, c.27. 

Zoroaster, a king of Bactria, supposed to 
have lived in the age of Ninus, king of Assyria, 
some time before the Trojan war. According 
to Justin, he first invented magic, or the doc- 
trines of the Magi, and rendered himself known 
by his deep and acute researches in philosophy, 
the origin of the world, and the study of astrono- . 
my. He was respected by his subjects and con- 
temporaries for his abilities as a monarch, a law* 
giver, and a philosopher, and though many of 
his doctrines are puerile and ridiculous, yet his 
followers are still found in numbers in the wilds 
of Persia, and the extensive provinces of India. 
Like Pythagoras, Zoroaster admitted no visible 



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object of devotion, except fire, which he consid- 
ered as the most proper emblem of a supreme 
being; which doctrines seem to have been pre- 
served by Numa, in the worship and ceremonies 
he instituted in honour of Vesta. According to 
some of the moderns, the doctrines, the laws, 
and regulations of this celebrated Bactrian are 
still extant, and they have been lately introduc- 
ed in Europe in a French translation by M. An- 
quetil. The age of Zoroaster is so little known, 
that many speak of two, three, four, and even 
six law-givers of that name. Some authors, 
who support that two persons only of this name 
flourished, described the first as an astronomer, 
living in Babylon, 2459 years B. C. whilst tht 
era of the other, who is supposed to have been 
a native of Persia, and the restorer of the reli- 
gion of the Magi, is fixed 589, and by some 519 
years B. C. Justin, 1, c. 1, — August, de Civ- 
21, c- 14— Oros. \.—Plin. 7, c 10, 1. 30, c. 1. 
Zosimus, an officer in the reign of Theodo- 
sius the younger, about the year 410 of the 
Christian era. He wrote the history of the Ro- 
man emperors in Greek, from the age of Au- 
gustus to the beginning of the 5th century, of 
which only the five first books, and the begin- 
ning of the sixth, are extant. In the first of 
these he is very succinct in his account from the 
time of Augustus to the reign of Diocletian, but 
in the succeeding he becomes more diffuse and 
interesting His composition is written with 
elegance, but not much fidelity, and the author 
showed his malevolence against the Christians 



! in his history of Constantine, and some of his 
successors. The best editions of Zosimus are 
that of Cellarius, 8vo. Jena? 1728, and that of 
Reitemier, 8vo. Lips. 1784. 

Zosine, the wife of king Tigranes, led in 
triumph by Pompey. Plut. 

Zoster, a town, harbour, and promontory of 
Attica. Cic. ad Alt. 5, ep. 12. 

Zosteria, a surname of Minerva. She had 
two statues under that name in the city of 
Thebes in Boeotia. The word signified girt, or 
armed for battle, words synonymous among the 
ancients. Paus. 9, c. 17. — Homer. 11. 2. v. 
478, 1 11, v. 15. 

Zotale, a place near Antiocha in Margiana, 
where the Margus was divided into small 
streams. Plin. 6, c. 16. 

Zothraustes, a law-giver among the Ari- 
maspi. Diod. 

Zuchis, a lake to the east of the Syrtis Mi- 
nor, with a town of the same name, famous for 
a purple dye, and salt fish. Strab. 17. 

Zycantes, a people of Africa. 

Zygia, a surname of Juno, because she pre- 
sided over marriage, (a ^ivyvvfAtjungo.) She 
is the same as the Pronuba of the Latins. Pinr 
dar.— Pollux. 3, c. 3. 

Zygii, a savage nation at the north of Coir 
chis. Strab. 11. 

Zygopolis, a town of Cappadocia, on the 
borders of Colchis. Strab. 12. 

ZygrIt^;, a nation of Lybia. 





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Deacidified using the Bookkeeper proce 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: ftp-r ma^ 

PreservationTechnologie 

A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATH 
1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 
Cranberry Township, P£ 16066 
(724)779-21-11 



